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10.5446/44335 (DOI) | HWallet: The simplest Bitcoin hardware wallet | https://av.tib.eu/media/44335 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de9e8ec332aefd0514399bb33542d10a45db23e8a1cbd5965b0cbdbc44feb39574/HWallet__The_simplest_Bitcoin_hardware_wallet_ZwVF3xZ9q-g.mp4 | CC Attribution 2.0 Belgium:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2019 | Nikodijevic, Nemanja | null | All major cryptocurrency hardware wallets on the market either use general purpose microcontrollers that are never meant to be used as secure devices or break the Kerckhoffs's principle by using chips that require an NDA, thus making it impossible to completely release the source code. HWallet is a project developed as a proof of concept to show that it is possible to have a very secure microcontroller, signing Bitcoin transactions in hardware and still be completely open source. The code is released under GPLv3 and is meant to serve as the basis for some future devices or projects aiming to connect the real world to blockchain. This talk will give a brief introduction to the project and describe ways for it's customization. | Alright, so next talk is from Nemanja Nikodyevich. Sorry if I miss. It's about H-Wallet, the simplest Bitcoin hardware wallet. Can you hear me? So, contrary to what you expected, it's probably not going to be a talk about blockchain. It's more going to be talk about secure hardware. So, it's going to be a talk about secure hardware. And since I already gave a talk with the same slides, I didn't change these slides. You can already find this talk on YouTube. So, I want to move it a bit in a bit other direction. I will go through slides, of course. But first, I want to say that from all the promises that we got from blockchain, I know some people are going to throw tomatoes at me, but save it please for later. From all the promises we heard about blockchain, that it's going to save the world, it's going to cure cancer and everything. I believe that there are only two visible benefits for the whole community, for the general public. First of all, mining hardware can be reused for AI. And second, advancement in open source secure hardware will probably lead to growth in usage of U2F tokens, which will increase security of your accounts on various online services. But let's move on with the talk. And then later, I would also like to hear your opinion about what is a hardware wallet. Because when I gave this talk at other places, some people approached me later, telling me, actually, they disagree with me, and that a hardware wallet is not just something that I believe the hardware wallet is. And some people told me, like, yeah, but it's also, you know, saying hardware wallet is kind of a pleonasm, because wallet itself is hardware, right? So they say, yeah, also, like, using a smart card would be a hardware wallet for bitcoins and so, yeah, true. But you don't have a screen, so you are not sure what is actually being signed on that hardware. And I would really like to hear later if anyone else has other opinions what actually hardware wallet is and what it should be. But let's move on with slides now. So there were vulnerabilities in almost all widely used hardware wallets. So there was a really interesting talk at the last CCC where security researchers gave a really broad array of attacks, showed a really broad array of attacks on these hardware wallets. So, for example, that everyone with the physical access to that hardware can run, can execute any arbitrary code due to the flaw in the bootloader. So that's kind of the construction of ledger. So there is an OLED, there is a microcontroller, which is an insecure microcontroller, just off the shelf, STM32. And there is a secure MCU. So secure MCU stores all the keys and does all the signing. But if you infect this microcontroller that actually shows on the OLED what you are signing, then this is kind of a pointless scenario and this converges to the security that you can have, for example, on a smart card, so you don't need a wallet for this. On the other hand, yeah, there was also an interesting blog post from roughly a year ago, which basically came to the same conclusion with physical access. You can have the supply chain attack on these wallets where you can actually replace the firmware, even though, but the firmware is actually supposed to be verified by the secure microcontroller. But if you have some redundant parts of the firmware on the general purpose microcontroller, this can actually, you can just resend the same part and then put your malicious code in the redundant part of the code. For Trezor, there were actually, because I believe that hardware wallets should be resistant to remote attacks. So it means that nobody, like even if we consider a threat model that your computer, your laptop is compromised, your cold storage should be safe. Well, let's say that's not 100% the case with Trezor, because they actually wrote a really nice blog post about it. They have a really good security blog for that, for these purposes. But yeah, so in this theoretical attack, because of the fall in the USB software stack, which is the third-party code, actually that can lead to, if your computer is compromised, you can send malicious packets to the wallet, and then you can write up to 60 bytes of data into the protected part of the memory, which is definitely not good. And also, of course, like with physical access, blah, blah, you can do the same thing. So let's see how are they constructed, which hardware is used there. So for Trezor and for KeefKey, which is kind of a repo for Trezor, they use the same microcontroller, STM32F205, which is, as I said, a general-purpose microcontroller. It doesn't have any true random number generator. It doesn't have any acceleration for any cryptographic primitives. But because you don't need to sign an NDA to publish this software, it's completely open-source, which is awesome. On the other hand, Leisure has this secure microcontroller, which is under an NDA, so that's why I couldn't conclude whether it has or it doesn't have the hardware support, hardware acceleration for SHA-256, but it definitely cannot be open-source. Though the software for the general-purpose microcontroller can be open-source. And there is also another hardware wallet called ColdCard, which has an interesting construction, so it has this secure element, which is supposed to store keys. But on the other hand, even though it's AT-ECC, even though you would assume that it does support elliptic curve cryptography, but it doesn't support the elliptic curve that is needed for signing Bitcoin transactions, so the actual signing has to be done on the insecure microcontroller. But of course, this can be also open-source. And the construction that I just developed, because I wasn't happy really with the existing approach, was that I decided to move the OLED and then put the microcontroller in between the computer, like the communication microcontroller, because usually USB software stack is really heavy and it's also dependent on interrupts in most cases. And that can lead to many different cases where you can actually compromise the whole... So this way you maintain the same threat model as if your laptop was compromised, but you minimize, you close the door, close the gap by only using simple, stupid UART communication with the microcontroller that is actually kind of secure, and it's available without an NDA. So it has hardware acceleration for two... It has two random generator, hardware acceleration for SHA-256, and also supports in hardware elliptic curve SECP256K1, which is needed for signing Bitcoin transactions and Ethereum also. And thus, the whole setup can be completely open-sourced. So checking the library dependencies... I tried to be independent completely from any library in HWallet, so I didn't even use the standard C library, that therefore I actually had to do some tricks to do even division with big numbers, but we will see that later. So for Trezor, basically it's completely open-sourced, whereas Ledger has these closed-source components that they were unable to publish because of the NDA with SD. So if you see, both Trezor and Ledger, they depend also on lots of third-party libs, so that's how actually this buffer overflow happened in Trezor, because it was part of these third-party libraries that were actually just used as they are. They were never actually meant to be used in secure devices. I doubt that there was proper security audit carried out on them. So Kipke, as a repo, as I said, just adds some code on that, and coldcard uses... It has common code with all of these projects, and it has huge code base because of the usage of MicroPython. I know what you're saying, like you probably think, I'm crazy, I'm rolling my own crypto, well, I would disagree, because I'm actually just interfacing hardware primitives in the microcontroller. So that's why my code base can actually be really small. That's why the D8 wallet has really, really, really small code base compared to... So I actually pulled each of these projects from GitHub, and also including their submodules, and then counted the number of lines of code in C and.h files. And as we can see, 2.5 million lines of code for coldcard because of MicroPython, and it actually pulls code for different platforms, for different microcontrollers, just a bunch of everything. Whereas Ledger has around 346,000 lines of code, which is the only open source part, and Trezor and Kipkey expected that they have around the same number of lines of code. Whereas the H wallet that was written from scratch only has around 4,000 lines of code, and of these lines of code, only slightly above 2,000 lines of code is the actual meat. The rest is the font for displaying, like you don't even have to audit that code, and license headers, which don't even get compiled. So regarding the code layers, yeah, you can find the code on this link. It hasn't been updated for a while, but yeah, I don't have enough time to work on that at the moment. But if you see, this is the basic layer. These are the basic drivers that the code actually interfaces the hardware, the metal. So the construction looks like this. There is this microcontroller that communicates to another communication microcontroller and talks to the OLED. So this part is actually fixed the speed to 115.2 kilobot because that helped me optimize the whole code. I didn't have to calculate values for certain registers. Therefore, I made the code much easier to audit. You can audit it in a couple of days. You can perform proper security audit on the source code. And also, yeah, SPI bus is close to 1.0. I actually applied the same approach as with UART. And the other part, the crypto part over there, so basically I have the building blocks for all of these. So LTC is making sure that that part, that peripheral, is making sure that I can sign the transaction. MMCAU gives me the hash and I get the nonce from TRNG. And LTC supports 256-bit operation, arithmetic, for this elliptic or also for generating the signature. These are some operations that I used to implement the ECDSA algorithm here. And the upper layer is kind of split in three parts. So there is this packet part which is used for communication, let's say upstream to the communication, MCU and further to the computer and to the network, to the OLED, which is basically the interface that you get. OK, it includes also GPIO that is used for buttons, but I didn't have to show it here. It's obvious. And crypto part which is covering these three peripherals that I already mentioned. So, yeah, packet, there is really simple interface with send and receive, packet structure is like T, L, V and CRC. Super simple, not complicated, easy to audit. OLED part basically just clear the OLED and write the row with a certain string via SPI. And this is a bit more complicated part where the actual signing takes place and hashing. And the trickiest part was to actually implement the division because does anyone know why I would need big number division for signing Bitcoin transactions? Anyone? OK, it's because when you want to populate the string for someone of the foreign address, you need to use base 58. And in order to get base 58, you need to divide that number with, you need to divide the address with 58 and then get these human readable characters. And in order to do that, I had to implement this division which was not supported in hardware. So the way I did it, I actually abused the existing stuff. So I first used the inversion, so modular, multiplicative inverse, modular number B, so I get the B prime, and then I deduct the module, A module B from A to get the round number for the result. And what I do then is I basically multiply these two numbers. And in order for this to work, I have to make sure that I can get the multiplicative inverse module N. And for that to work, N has to be a large prime and larger than any A and B. So I looked at the code that I already had, and I found, yeah, there is a P from stack P to 56k1, which is a large prime number. And that's how this was implemented in least number of lines of code possible. Main loop is a stupid main loop that just reads packets via UART, so no interrupts. It's just waiting for these packets, and depending on the packet after it verifies the CRC, it sends it further up the stack to different modules. So for example, if it's intended to be used for Bitcoin module, it's just sending it to that part of the upper layer of the code. And then so the type field is actually divided in two, so packet type can be either module or actually can be, like the module part defines the module, and function defines a function within that module on the upper layer. So far, I only implemented the Bitcoin module, and this is how the process function looks like. Basically, it just has a switch case for the function, and then if the computer says, yeah, if the communication chip actually sends, like now initialize the transaction, this is the stuff that the transaction is consisted of, and then, okay, now ask the user to sign it, and then something like this shows up on the screen, and if you say yes, you're going to send 0.001 bitcoins to this address. So what's next? I don't actually plan to build it, because this microcontroller has a super crazy lead time, like last time I checked, it was almost a year, so it's kind of, I guess, pointless to start. But if you want to test it yourself, you can buy these boards that are easily available online from various websites. So yeah, I plan to probably at some point implement, or any one of you, you're welcome to commit the code. It's completely released under GPLv3. So for some future plans, maybe implementing the U2F, and also, yeah, there is another microcontroller in these series, which is if you want to go NDA, more secure, anti-temper, you can use that one and reuse the same code, but then you need to sign an NDA with the chip vendor, which is not really friendly for an event like Fosdm, right? And you can also put some other communication microcontroller, the one that I used was already on the board, which it was used actually for debugging purposes, but I kind of abused it to communicate. But if you put some other, for example, one of these Nordic chips that they support, also like Bluetooth, NFC, and USB, so you can actually connect your wallet to anything, and you don't care if there is a vulnerability in that communications tag, because all you care about is that this software runs as intended, because in the end, you are the one who has the last word if you want to sign a transaction. Maybe one of the next things to implement would be also the recovery seed to implement these three Bitcoin implementation proposals, and maybe more cryptocurrencies, but yeah, you're welcome to commit code for that. And any questions? Thank you. Any questions? Yeah, very nice. So the KL82 chip, and there's an 81 anti-tampering, I believe they're two separate chips. How do they differ? Do they require NDAs, and do they support other than the SECK256K1? Yeah, so first, yeah, sorry, I didn't elaborate that further. There is KL82, and there is KL82. So KL82 is based on Cortex M4, and KL82 is based on Cortex M0, and I think the board price is twice, two times smaller, so it's 50% cheaper, and therefore it's maybe better if you want to give it a shot to try this code yourself. But the only difference between these, KL82 and KL81, is because they have another peripheral that is responsible for, like, you would need to write the code for anti-tamper, for probably, they support, I think, mesh protection and stuff like that, but you need to sign an NDA for that. I didn't sign an NDA, I didn't even get in touch with the chip vendor, so yeah, I'm just expressing my opinion here. Are they useful at all without an NDA? Do they support the Koblitz curves? Yeah, exactly, everything is supported, except for this anti-tamper part. That's why I use them for this purpose. And they have the Edwards and Montgomery curves as well, so I have one there. Oh, that's very nice. Yeah, yeah, it's like that, that's why I use this one, because I've actually checked many different microcontrollers, and this one was by far the most advanced I could find. So, thank you. Any other questions? Any other questions? Okay, thank you very much. Thank you so much. Thanks a lot. So, time-wise, so you should talk for 10 minutes, I think. There's like a 20 minute slot. Yeah, 20 minute slot, and we get all the questions, and then a few minutes to switch speakers as well, but I'm saying 10 minutes, I guess it can be 12, that's it. Yeah, that's okay. I shouldn't be around so I'm going to switch over to the next one. So you should let your profit set be all right. You've HDMI, is that good? Sorry, what? HDMI cable, is that good? Yeah, HDMI is good too. Okay. There we go. You need to wear a microphone so people can... Can you do a test? Test? So it's... So you need to start in five minutes, and I'm sorry, we can... We need to wait five minutes because... Yeah, and I don't think we'll probably plan on being places. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. So yeah, so ten, twelve minutes, and then a few minutes for questions, and then next because... | {
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"text": [
" Alright, so next talk is from Nemanja Nikodyevich.",
" Sorry if I miss.",
" It's about H-Wallet, the simplest Bitcoin hardware wallet.",
" Can you hear me?",
" So, contrary to what you expected,",
" it's probably not going to be a talk about blockchain.",
" It's more going to be talk about secure hardware.",
" So, it's going to be a talk about secure hardware.",
" And since I already gave a talk with the same slides,",
" I didn't change these slides.",
" You can already find this talk on YouTube.",
" So, I want to move it a bit in a bit other direction.",
" I will go through slides, of course.",
" But first, I want to say that from all the promises that we got from blockchain,",
" I know some people are going to throw tomatoes at me,",
" but save it please for later.",
" From all the promises we heard about blockchain,",
" that it's going to save the world,",
" it's going to cure cancer and everything.",
" I believe that there are only two visible benefits for the whole community,",
" for the general public.",
" First of all, mining hardware can be reused for AI.",
" And second, advancement in open source secure hardware",
" will probably lead to growth in usage of U2F tokens,",
" which will increase security of your accounts on various online services.",
" But let's move on with the talk.",
" And then later, I would also like to hear your opinion about what is a hardware wallet.",
" Because when I gave this talk at other places,",
" some people approached me later, telling me, actually,",
" they disagree with me, and that a hardware wallet is not just something",
" that I believe the hardware wallet is.",
" And some people told me, like, yeah, but it's also, you know,",
" saying hardware wallet is kind of a pleonasm,",
" because wallet itself is hardware, right?",
" So they say, yeah, also, like, using a smart card would be a hardware wallet",
" for bitcoins and so, yeah, true.",
" But you don't have a screen, so you are not sure",
" what is actually being signed on that hardware.",
" And I would really like to hear later if anyone else has other opinions",
" what actually hardware wallet is and what it should be.",
" But let's move on with slides now.",
" So there were vulnerabilities in almost all widely used hardware wallets.",
" So there was a really interesting talk at the last CCC",
" where security researchers gave a really broad array of attacks,",
" showed a really broad array of attacks on these hardware wallets.",
" So, for example, that everyone with the physical access to that hardware",
" can run, can execute any arbitrary code due to the flaw in the bootloader.",
" So that's kind of the construction of ledger.",
" So there is an OLED, there is a microcontroller,",
" which is an insecure microcontroller, just off the shelf, STM32.",
" And there is a secure MCU.",
" So secure MCU stores all the keys and does all the signing.",
" But if you infect this microcontroller that actually shows on the OLED",
" what you are signing, then this is kind of a pointless scenario",
" and this converges to the security that you can have, for example,",
" on a smart card, so you don't need a wallet for this.",
" On the other hand, yeah, there was also an interesting blog post",
" from roughly a year ago, which basically came to the same conclusion",
" with physical access.",
" You can have the supply chain attack on these wallets",
" where you can actually replace the firmware, even though,",
" but the firmware is actually supposed to be verified by the secure microcontroller.",
" But if you have some redundant parts of the firmware on the general purpose microcontroller,",
" this can actually, you can just resend the same part",
" and then put your malicious code in the redundant part of the code.",
" For Trezor, there were actually, because I believe that hardware wallets",
" should be resistant to remote attacks.",
" So it means that nobody, like even if we consider a threat model",
" that your computer, your laptop is compromised,",
" your cold storage should be safe.",
" Well, let's say that's not 100% the case with Trezor,",
" because they actually wrote a really nice blog post about it.",
" They have a really good security blog for that, for these purposes.",
" But yeah, so in this theoretical attack,",
" because of the fall in the USB software stack,",
" which is the third-party code,",
" actually that can lead to, if your computer is compromised,",
" you can send malicious packets to the wallet,",
" and then you can write up to 60 bytes of data into the protected part of the memory,",
" which is definitely not good.",
" And also, of course, like with physical access, blah, blah, you can do the same thing.",
" So let's see how are they constructed, which hardware is used there.",
" So for Trezor and for KeefKey, which is kind of a repo for Trezor,",
" they use the same microcontroller, STM32F205,",
" which is, as I said, a general-purpose microcontroller.",
" It doesn't have any true random number generator.",
" It doesn't have any acceleration for any cryptographic primitives.",
" But because you don't need to sign an NDA to publish this software,",
" it's completely open-source, which is awesome.",
" On the other hand, Leisure has this secure microcontroller,",
" which is under an NDA,",
" so that's why I couldn't conclude whether it has or it doesn't have",
" the hardware support, hardware acceleration for SHA-256,",
" but it definitely cannot be open-source.",
" Though the software for the general-purpose microcontroller can be open-source.",
" And there is also another hardware wallet called ColdCard,",
" which has an interesting construction, so it has this secure element,",
" which is supposed to store keys.",
" But on the other hand, even though it's AT-ECC,",
" even though you would assume that it does support",
" elliptic curve cryptography,",
" but it doesn't support the elliptic curve that is needed for",
" signing Bitcoin transactions,",
" so the actual signing has to be done on the insecure microcontroller.",
" But of course, this can be also open-source.",
" And the construction that I just developed,",
" because I wasn't happy really with the existing approach,",
" was that I decided to move the OLED and then put the microcontroller",
" in between the computer, like the communication microcontroller,",
" because usually USB software stack is really heavy",
" and it's also dependent on interrupts in most cases.",
" And that can lead to many different cases where you can actually compromise the whole...",
" So this way you maintain the same threat model as if your laptop was compromised,",
" but you minimize, you close the door, close the gap",
" by only using simple, stupid UART communication",
" with the microcontroller that is actually kind of secure,",
" and it's available without an NDA.",
" So it has hardware acceleration for two...",
" It has two random generator, hardware acceleration for SHA-256,",
" and also supports in hardware elliptic curve SECP256K1,",
" which is needed for signing Bitcoin transactions and Ethereum also.",
" And thus, the whole setup can be completely open-sourced.",
" So checking the library dependencies...",
" I tried to be independent completely from any library in HWallet,",
" so I didn't even use the standard C library,",
" that therefore I actually had to do some tricks to do even division with big numbers,",
" but we will see that later.",
" So for Trezor, basically it's completely open-sourced,",
" whereas Ledger has these closed-source components",
" that they were unable to publish because of the NDA with SD.",
" So if you see, both Trezor and Ledger, they depend also on lots of third-party libs,",
" so that's how actually this buffer overflow happened in Trezor,",
" because it was part of these third-party libraries that were actually just used as they are.",
" They were never actually meant to be used in secure devices.",
" I doubt that there was proper security audit carried out on them.",
" So Kipke, as a repo, as I said, just adds some code on that,",
" and coldcard uses...",
" It has common code with all of these projects,",
" and it has huge code base because of the usage of MicroPython.",
" I know what you're saying, like you probably think,",
" I'm crazy, I'm rolling my own crypto, well, I would disagree,",
" because I'm actually just interfacing hardware primitives in the microcontroller.",
" So that's why my code base can actually be really small.",
" That's why the D8 wallet has really, really, really small code base compared to...",
" So I actually pulled each of these projects from GitHub,",
" and also including their submodules, and then counted the number of lines of code in C and.h files.",
" And as we can see, 2.5 million lines of code for coldcard because of MicroPython,",
" and it actually pulls code for different platforms, for different microcontrollers,",
" just a bunch of everything.",
" Whereas Ledger has around 346,000 lines of code, which is the only open source part,",
" and Trezor and Kipkey expected that they have around the same number of lines of code.",
" Whereas the H wallet that was written from scratch only has around 4,000 lines of code,",
" and of these lines of code, only slightly above 2,000 lines of code is the actual meat.",
" The rest is the font for displaying, like you don't even have to audit that code,",
" and license headers, which don't even get compiled.",
" So regarding the code layers, yeah, you can find the code on this link.",
" It hasn't been updated for a while, but yeah, I don't have enough time to work on that at the moment.",
" But if you see, this is the basic layer.",
" These are the basic drivers that the code actually interfaces the hardware, the metal.",
" So the construction looks like this.",
" There is this microcontroller that communicates to another communication microcontroller",
" and talks to the OLED.",
" So this part is actually fixed the speed to 115.2 kilobot",
" because that helped me optimize the whole code.",
" I didn't have to calculate values for certain registers.",
" Therefore, I made the code much easier to audit.",
" You can audit it in a couple of days.",
" You can perform proper security audit on the source code.",
" And also, yeah, SPI bus is close to 1.0.",
" I actually applied the same approach as with UART.",
" And the other part, the crypto part over there,",
" so basically I have the building blocks for all of these.",
" So LTC is making sure that that part, that peripheral,",
" is making sure that I can sign the transaction.",
" MMCAU gives me the hash and I get the nonce from TRNG.",
" And LTC supports 256-bit operation, arithmetic,",
" for this elliptic or also for generating the signature.",
" These are some operations that I used to implement the ECDSA algorithm here.",
" And the upper layer is kind of split in three parts.",
" So there is this packet part which is used for communication,",
" let's say upstream to the communication,",
" MCU and further to the computer and to the network,",
" to the OLED, which is basically the interface that you get.",
" OK, it includes also GPIO that is used for buttons,",
" but I didn't have to show it here.",
" It's obvious.",
" And crypto part which is covering these three peripherals",
" that I already mentioned.",
" So, yeah, packet, there is really simple interface",
" with send and receive, packet structure is like T, L, V and CRC.",
" Super simple, not complicated, easy to audit.",
" OLED part basically just clear the OLED",
" and write the row with a certain string via SPI.",
" And this is a bit more complicated part",
" where the actual signing takes place and hashing.",
" And the trickiest part was to actually implement the division",
" because does anyone know why I would need big number division",
" for signing Bitcoin transactions?",
" Anyone?",
" OK, it's because when you want to populate the string",
" for someone of the foreign address,",
" you need to use base 58.",
" And in order to get base 58, you need to divide that number with,",
" you need to divide the address with 58",
" and then get these human readable characters.",
" And in order to do that, I had to implement this division",
" which was not supported in hardware.",
" So the way I did it, I actually abused the existing stuff.",
" So I first used the inversion,",
" so modular, multiplicative inverse,",
" modular number B, so I get the B prime,",
" and then I deduct the module, A module B from A",
" to get the round number for the result.",
" And what I do then is I basically multiply these two numbers.",
" And in order for this to work, I have to make sure",
" that I can get the multiplicative inverse module N.",
" And for that to work, N has to be a large prime",
" and larger than any A and B.",
" So I looked at the code that I already had,",
" and I found, yeah, there is a P from stack P to 56k1,",
" which is a large prime number.",
" And that's how this was implemented",
" in least number of lines of code possible.",
" Main loop is a stupid main loop that just reads packets",
" via UART, so no interrupts.",
" It's just waiting for these packets,",
" and depending on the packet after it verifies the CRC,",
" it sends it further up the stack to different modules.",
" So for example, if it's intended to be used for Bitcoin module,",
" it's just sending it to that part of the upper layer of the code.",
" And then so the type field is actually divided in two,",
" so packet type can be either module or actually can be,",
" like the module part defines the module,",
" and function defines a function within that module",
" on the upper layer.",
" So far, I only implemented the Bitcoin module,",
" and this is how the process function looks like.",
" Basically, it just has a switch case for the function,",
" and then if the computer says, yeah,",
" if the communication chip actually sends,",
" like now initialize the transaction,",
" this is the stuff that the transaction is consisted of,",
" and then, okay, now ask the user to sign it,",
" and then something like this shows up on the screen,",
" and if you say yes, you're going to send 0.001 bitcoins",
" to this address.",
" So what's next?",
" I don't actually plan to build it,",
" because this microcontroller has a super crazy lead time,",
" like last time I checked, it was almost a year,",
" so it's kind of, I guess, pointless to start.",
" But if you want to test it yourself,",
" you can buy these boards that are easily available online",
" from various websites.",
" So yeah, I plan to probably at some point implement,",
" or any one of you, you're welcome to commit the code.",
" It's completely released under GPLv3.",
" So for some future plans, maybe implementing the U2F,",
" and also, yeah, there is another microcontroller",
" in these series, which is if you want to go NDA,",
" more secure, anti-temper, you can use that one",
" and reuse the same code, but then you need to sign",
" an NDA with the chip vendor, which is not really friendly",
" for an event like Fosdm, right?",
" And you can also put some other communication microcontroller,",
" the one that I used was already on the board,",
" which it was used actually for debugging purposes,",
" but I kind of abused it to communicate.",
" But if you put some other, for example,",
" one of these Nordic chips that they support,",
" also like Bluetooth, NFC, and USB,",
" so you can actually connect your wallet to anything,",
" and you don't care if there is a vulnerability",
" in that communications tag, because all you care about",
" is that this software runs as intended,",
" because in the end, you are the one who has the last word",
" if you want to sign a transaction.",
" Maybe one of the next things to implement",
" would be also the recovery seed to implement",
" these three Bitcoin implementation proposals,",
" and maybe more cryptocurrencies, but yeah,",
" you're welcome to commit code for that.",
" And any questions?",
" Thank you.",
" Any questions?",
" Yeah, very nice.",
" So the KL82 chip, and there's an 81 anti-tampering,",
" I believe they're two separate chips.",
" How do they differ? Do they require NDAs,",
" and do they support other than the SECK256K1?",
" Yeah, so first, yeah, sorry, I didn't elaborate that further.",
" There is KL82, and there is KL82.",
" So KL82 is based on Cortex M4,",
" and KL82 is based on Cortex M0,",
" and I think the board price is twice, two times smaller,",
" so it's 50% cheaper, and therefore it's maybe better",
" if you want to give it a shot to try this code yourself.",
" But the only difference between these,",
" KL82 and KL81, is because they have another peripheral",
" that is responsible for, like, you would need to write the code",
" for anti-tamper, for probably, they support,",
" I think, mesh protection and stuff like that,",
" but you need to sign an NDA for that.",
" I didn't sign an NDA, I didn't even get in touch with the chip vendor,",
" so yeah, I'm just expressing my opinion here.",
" Are they useful at all without an NDA?",
" Do they support the Koblitz curves?",
" Yeah, exactly, everything is supported, except for this anti-tamper part.",
" That's why I use them for this purpose.",
" And they have the Edwards and Montgomery curves as well,",
" so I have one there.",
" Oh, that's very nice.",
" Yeah, yeah, it's like that, that's why I use this one,",
" because I've actually checked many different microcontrollers,",
" and this one was by far the most advanced I could find.",
" So, thank you.",
" Any other questions?",
" Any other questions?",
" Okay, thank you very much.",
" Thank you so much.",
" Thanks a lot.",
" So, time-wise, so you should talk for 10 minutes, I think.",
" There's like a 20 minute slot.",
" Yeah, 20 minute slot, and we get all the questions,",
" and then a few minutes to switch speakers as well,",
" but I'm saying 10 minutes, I guess it can be 12, that's it.",
" Yeah, that's okay.",
" I shouldn't be around so I'm going to switch over to the next one.",
" So you should let your profit set be all right.",
" You've HDMI, is that good?",
" Sorry, what?",
" HDMI cable, is that good?",
" Yeah, HDMI is good too.",
" Okay.",
" There we go.",
" You need to wear a microphone so people can...",
" Can you do a test?",
" Test?",
" So it's...",
" So you need to start in five minutes, and I'm sorry, we can...",
" We need to wait five minutes because...",
" Yeah, and I don't think we'll probably plan on being places.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" So yeah, so ten, twelve minutes, and then a few minutes for questions, and then next",
" because..."
],
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10.5446/44484 (DOI) | Pocket Science Lab | https://av.tib.eu/media/44484 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de130b5e9ed4ef3b249087bdb2c80ac761aac75d0e90a611407a23031abac380b0/Pocket_Science_Lab_Developing_FOSS_Hardware_and_Scaling_up_to_Large_Scale_Production_db0CIL_P7ic.mp4 | CC Attribution 2.0 Belgium:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2019 | Behling, Mario | null | The goal of Pocket Science Lab is to miniaturize laboratories with FOSS and Open Hardware. We have released the first commercial FOSS version. The talk covers our journey from developing FOSS Hardware and to scaling up to large scale production. The goal of Pocket Science Lab is to miniaturize laboratories. We have released the first commercial FOSS version. The talk covers our journey from developing FOSS Hardware and to scaling up to large scale production. PSLab is a tiny pocket science lab that provides an array of test and measurement instruments for doing science and engineering experiments. It can function like an oscilloscope, waveform generator, frequency counter, programmable voltage and current source and also as a data logger. An Android app is developed and available on app stores. A desktop version is available in Python. In the session we will also explain how the software applications with their unique functionalities help to grow the PSLab and Open Science community. | Okay, so I'm really excited that so many people came to this talk. Thank you very much for joining. And I would like to present here the open hardware project that we are doing, PSLAB, Pocket Science Lab. I will give it a round at the moment as well. And yeah, I would like to share a bit of what we did, what's our background, and how we went to production. And I hope I get some questions from you guys. So we are really eager to help others also produce open hardware. So I can just hand this round here for the pros right away. And yeah, I will just go through a few slides first. So the background of Pocket Science Lab is that we developed this together with the First Asia community. I've lived for many years in Vietnam and Singapore and China. So I have a lot of relationships and we started First Asia 2009 as an event inspired by Foster. Because we thought like not so much is going on around us. So why not just make an event? And as it happens, people have ideas during events. So we started an organization on GitHub and we started to make like software projects, for example, for events that we could use ourselves so we can run an event more freely. So here are a few projects. A lot of things that we do. We're also in Google some of code and all kinds of programs. Please check it out. And recently in the last few years, we've become more interested in hardware. So this is a friend of ours, it's Praveen Kumar from India. And he joined the annual First Asia Summit 2014. And he brought us a lot of small hardware gadgets that, yeah, we thought this is really cool. He's a physics teacher in India. He also runs Science Hack Day in India. And he proposed to us why not develop something for physics students. And he had a hardware at that time. But the hardware wasn't open source. It was a C-Lablet hardware. And he showed to us how he uses it with his physics student. And we said, OK, cool. Let's further develop and like create new software that can be used with this hardware. But in order to get us really excited about this, if we could have open hardware, that would be so cool. And so the conversation started with the developer of C-Lablet. And yeah, we got an agreement after like a year because like open hardware, people like asked all these kind of questions that they used to ask for free and open source before. Oh, how can I make money? And I paid for this and I spent my time in this. So we found ways to convince them. And based on this first hardware, we developed the first version of the Arduino Uno form factor PS-Lab. So it's not an Arduino Uno. Many people ask that. But we think like it's always good if you have, for example, a casing or something like that. And it's the same form factor. You can just use it with this device as well. OK, so that was the first version. And then we went to many events. Like we always come to FOSTA and we also go to the Chaos Communication Congress. And you see it's very dark there. FOSTA is a very bright event for hackers and many developers. But I don't know if some of you can identify here. Some people, for example, this is Bunny Huang. This is Ming Ting Wei from the Debian community. And they had a lot of feedback on our hardware because I said, OK, it's all good. It's all working. And if you want to produce it, it's going to be super expensive. Because for example, the first versions that we made, they had components on both sides. And this is just one step more in production. It's very simple. But after we changed it, we could reduce the cost already by 25%. So that's pretty huge if you go to large scale production. So the next form factor that we then had was following again. Why not follow the Arduino so people can use the case? And this one also supported now an ESP8266. So we have Wi-Fi now. But we don't ship with Wi-Fi. You can solder it on the device. So when it goes around, you can see it. Reason here, for example, is in some countries it's more difficult to sell if you have wireless components like, let's say, in Japan, you need certification and so on. And we just leave the slot and people can solder it. And for now, it's good for us. And yeah, and many small enhancements plus four more digital pins that we added so you can actually plug in sensors into the device. So here's the roadmap. We started with C-Lablet. We made the first PSLab hardware. We developed a PSLab desktop app also. So we have an app for Android as well. So desktop app is a Python application. And the PSLab Android app is in Java and Kotlin. And the future we want a web app as well. So this is how it looks like from the top. And yeah, so what's the goal? Usually the question comes, what is the difference to Arduino? What's the difference to Raspberry? So Raspberry, I would say it's a computer, like they try to make it very cheap. They try to make it as open as possible, accessible for everyone. Arduino, I would say it's, yeah, you can build your own electronics with Arduino very easily. You can make your own firmware, make prototypes and so on. Our goal is science. So we want to enable students but also professionals to conduct scientific experiments. So it's not so much the goal that they add different components and upload a new firmware. The device already comes with a firmware. Of course, it's free and open, so you can change it. You can upload your own firmware. You can upload your changes. But maybe some people don't know how to do that. We want them to start right away. So what you do is you plug in different cables here into these small pins. There are many different pins and the device goes around. You can see on the backside there's a description. And then you can use it, for example, as an oscilloscope or multimeter. I will show you some screenshots in a moment as well. So there's an array of useful controls and measurement tools. The integrated components can be used by pins and functionalities can be accessed through the apps. And of course, you can make your own app. The communication is following the UART standard. So if you maybe have an app, it might be working already. And so this is how you connect it. Here you see an earlier version of PSLabs. So it's connected through the USB then directly to the phone. And this means we can power the PocketSignSlab directly through the phone via USB. And we can also get the data at the same time. On the left-hand side, you see a screenshot from the app. So we have many different tiles on the app. And behind each tile, there is an instrument. This is how they look like, for example. So on the left-hand side, you see an oscilloscope. So again, you connect the two wires, and then you can do your measurements and then get the output here in the oscilloscope. Here we have a power source, which is another instrument. We have a multimeter, a wave generator. There's a logic analyzer. So all kinds of tools. Also each tool has a guide. You can just scroll up like this. And then there will be a guide with some information. It looks like this, so to get newbies started. Then the desktop app. So during the last year, we focused on the Android app. Because the reason is, people have an Android phone. Many people have it. They can just install it from the Play Store, from Android, and can get started quickly and try it out. Whereas installing it on a desktop, yeah, it's more difficult. You need to set up a server. You need to set up Python, all these things. So we want to make it easy as well. It's our goal for this year. Have an X file, many universities and schools still use Windows, unfortunately. But make it easy, open it up more so people can use open source hardware. But there are already 50 different scientific instruments on the app, so it has some good start as well. In overview, what it can function as, this is already what we implemented. So we also implemented a Lux meter. It's cool because you can try out the app with a built-in Lux meter that the phones usually have here on top. And see how it works. Once you have the device, you connect the device that you can have, for example, a sensor connected to the device. So just to be clear, the device doesn't have all the sensors built in. It can measure electronics. But you can plug in any sensor, like that is the I squared C standard that Arduino also uses. So that can be plugged in and it should be working. Software stack, here's an overview. So for Python, we use the Python QT. And Android is pretty standard. Move to Kotlin mainly, still a few Java components in there as well. And the PS lab firmware is also available. OK, so hardware specs. I put this on here. It's a lot of text, always discouraged to use a lot of text in presentations. But people like it, right? I mean, like people in the hardware community like it. Because they can see what's on there and it gives them an idea what is the range and so on. Recently, for example, we had some discussions on the microcontroller forum. And I saw a lot of people coming over to the website and then checking it out. And then some people microcontroller said, oh, yeah, here I have this device for 300 euros. It's much better. Yeah? So yes, of course, we won't increase the range. We won't like to expand and see what other cool things we do. But right now, we actually started to sell for 55 euros. And that already includes the tax in Europe. So right? So when you compare, compare like the same kind of level. So four channel oscilloscope, many have only two channels. And yeah, we're supporting I squared C, SPI, UART. I already mentioned that. And yeah, more hardware specs here, two mega samples per seconds. So I think I just leave this for now. You can check this out in detail also on our website, PSLab I.O. OK. So because we wanted actually to talk more about production here in this session. So production, yeah, it's not easy. How many here in this room have experience with production? Yeah? Wait a minute. OK. The question is what kind of production? How many people have experience with production, like let's say batches larger than 1,000? OK, cool. So yeah, that would be good to get your feedback as well and to get to learn what you are doing. So a few people here in the room already. So it was our first time that we, with Pocket Science Lab, that we produced hardware in the larger scale. And so the project was already ongoing for nearly four years. And we got a lot of feedback. So that was our advantage. Here, for example, from the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany, they told us that, yeah, to make some changes, for example, to make the components a little bit further into the board, like not so much on the edge. And yeah, to use different soldering ways. So that helped a lot, really, with the details. And then we had one big advantage, because we are based in Asia. We actually have people who speak Chinese. So here is Weetat. And yeah, our main event and the main operations are in Singapore. And in Singapore, you have Indians, you have Malays, you have Chinese origins. And Weetat is a Singaporean who speaks Chinese. And at the beginning, he communicated, or helped us to communicate also in English. Because for them, it doesn't matter. Chinese, English, all good. And yeah, it was really interesting. And I'm always like, why do they answer this? And I don't understand. It doesn't make sense. So we went back and forth a few times. And then he also sometimes asked in Chinese. And then we realized that actually the answer in English was completely different to the answer in Chinese, really, in detail. So yeah, I mean, if you want to make large scale production, it's pretty good if you have somebody who can speak Chinese. And well, I'm always a fan of languages. Yeah, maybe you could, like, for example, talk to somebody in a university. It's always a good place. I don't know if there are many Chinese students here in the university in Belgium. But in Germany, we have many Chinese students. So why not go there and ask them if they want to do an internship for you, maybe, like, if you do hardware production, it could potentially save you a lot of money to help you with this and explain to you. And then here are some lessons learned. So and I thought it's unrealistic what the other team members thought. So they thought we just sent the bomb. We sent the details. We figured it all out, which components we want. We sent it over. Two months later, we get the components. Well, it's not like that, right? So creating a bomb and coordinating with producers is a full-time job. It really can keep you busy. And then there are parts and reels and tubes and prices are different. So I don't know, reels, yeah? Round and then tubes, you can put in. And also it depends. Like, they have different machines. So some machines can use sometimes just the reels or so. So when we actually checked out the prices, for example, for the chip, the difference can be $1. And that means $1,000 when you produce a batch of 1,000 devices. So this was something that we learned. And then expect components to become unavailable. So we might use old components that are not available anymore in China, but maybe they are many in the US or so. But when you produce in China, usually it doesn't make sense to re-import from the US. Would be very difficult. And actually the Chinese always charge for imports again. So even if you export, they charge for imports. So anything that you import into China, you have to pay for it, even though you take it out later again. It's very difficult for them to do this. So then understand when they offer re-manufactured. Who has heard this term re-manufactured? So I didn't understand. So you have such a small component. It could be resist a really small sense. And they say re-manufactured. How can you re-manufacture it? So what they do is actually sometimes during production, things can drop on the floor, or they could just be lying around. And then they have a reel. And they really have somebody who, for example, puts it back into a reel manually. Even the component is just a few cents, very cheap. But what happens then is that they could be broken. Maybe some broken components could go in. And that means maybe the whole device doesn't work, and you wasted all the money. Then we had a problem with the micro USB headers. So here we have the micro USB. And when you plug it in, there are different tolerances. And if they use a different tolerance than what you have in your Gerber file, that's pretty problematic. Because with the prototypes, we never had this problem. But we suddenly had this problem in production. We didn't know where it comes from. So we really got all the details from the different producers. And we saw that we have very tiny difference. And so what we had to do here was we actually had to get somebody manually to push it and solder it again. Otherwise it would go off with the micro USB. So check these kind of things with a producer. Then the female pin headers, they went straight. So here, for example, I have one that is not straight. I don't know. Maybe the front row can see that. So it's not like fit in straight these headers. And so what we did the first ones, there was somebody who then made them straight manually. But then we just built a component on top so they could be straight. So these are things like we don't know. We just think we sent our files there. We don't know. And some PSLabs didn't work due to refreshing problems. So you flash the chip. And then it should work. And you would think it's a standard. Everyone follows the standard. And then it's all good. But actually it wasn't the case. Because we used one device to flash it. And they used another device to flash it. And then it didn't work. So expect this. Here is a screenshot. And you can see that is what remanufactured means. So in the middle here, there you see some parts that were broken. And we had actually two companies that we engaged. So whatever something went wrong, they wanted to try to put it on the other one. So that was good that they informed us about this. So don't always think about finding the cheapest price. Please check. If it's like 20 times cheaper that happens, then the other price, something can't be right. So non-crucial components like resistors and capacitors that are already very low in price. Just forget about the lowest price. If you think it's OK and if all the other parts are OK, just follow that one. And be ready to anticipate extra charges while in production. So to get the pin header straight, we actually had to pay for the component that they built in order to make it straight, for example. So something might come up and they will charge for it. And let them know how to test the finished product. I mean, we always test manually when we make prototypes. But how do you test large badges? So you should develop a test case. And the perfect way would be if you have actually like a male or female, whatever, for your device to actually test it. For them. Like, one person tests it and another one. And always know the public holidays. So yeah, they have public holidays a whole week in October. So that might mean production stops for two or three weeks. Now is Chinese New Year. Production stops for a month. So yeah, because they always need some time to get back into production. And they don't tell you that. Because in China, they often live in Chinese. Everything is in Chinese. They don't think about it. Everyone should know. It's just like in their world. I mean, we're not working with super high-end manufacturers that have offices all around the world. We're working with Chinese producers in order to get a price that's acceptable. So yeah. So this is a bit of the story. And I already received the notes that we don't have so much time left. But what we are doing now, actually, we're doing open hardware. I think, yeah, I don't have to talk so much about why we do it and what is our goal. We want all the layers to be free. There are many different ideas about it. Like, my idea would be so cool if we could just send schematics around the world and just how we do it with 3D printers today. In future, we can just produce boards somewhere. And we want to share our knowledge. We want to learn from others what they do. And if we do open hardware, all this will be possible. I mean, we don't have to. Save the environment. We can do many things. And with our device, you can do many experiments and so on. So now, after we have the board ready, we are selling the board already to the interested public. But the next step is to make tutorials. The next step is to see what else we can do with the device. We use a microchip here. People said they would be interested in making the next version with ARM. We also have more ideas to make, for example, an EEG gadget to collect brainwaves. OpenBCI is an existing open hardware project already. We have some people that have some other ideas to make it. So these are our next steps. And what we want from you is feedback. Help us to make, for example, the desktop app better. Anyone doing Python here? Python, yeah? Yeah, if you're interested, please check it out. We need to upgrade to Python 3.7. We're also participating in GSOC. And we have our own internship program. So if there are any students who would like to spend some time either online, but you can also come to our office in Vietnam, we actually started an open source hotel. That's a completely different talk. So if you would like to stay with us for some weeks or have any other ideas, you can come and talk with me. And yeah, do the usual stuff. Solve issues, make YouTube videos or whatever you like, or just become part of the community. You can buy it on Seed Studios. It's a pretty good sale at the moment because we were on Hackaday the day before yesterday. And we're our largest market at the moment is Switch Science, if you want to sell in Japan. I can help you here at the event there's Yutaka Niba. Are you here? No, no, I met him earlier today. He could also give you feedback, and we are selling in more and more places. The next possibility to meet up is at our annual First Asia Summit that happens always in the middle of March from 14 to 17 in Singapore. And please join us. If you want to know more about the device, come also to our booth here on the ground floor. And yeah, you can check out a few of the sensors and so on that we are thinking of making a complete box, still checking out what we put into the box exactly. Yes, that was my last slide, so thank you very much. One quick question. What did you use for schematic hunting and layout of the routing of these boxes? Yes, we use Keycat. And yeah, it's pretty cool. It's like developed. Some people are religious, like just the same with Vim and Emacs, so they say, oh no, use another solution, use this and that, but Keycat works well for us. And everything is on GitHub, by the way, so you can just check out First Asia and PSLab. Here's also the QR code. And yeah, it's good for us. I mean, we have a few other people they say they still use Eagle. It's free, but not open. For free, it's always in English, right? But you know what I mean. Yeah? OK. Thank you very much. Thank you. | {
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"text": [
" Okay, so I'm really excited that so many people came to this talk.",
" Thank you very much for joining.",
" And I would like to present here the open hardware project that we are doing, PSLAB,",
" Pocket Science Lab.",
" I will give it a round at the moment as well.",
" And yeah, I would like to share a bit of what we did, what's our background, and how we",
" went to production.",
" And I hope I get some questions from you guys.",
" So we are really eager to help others also produce open hardware.",
" So I can just hand this round here for the pros right away.",
" And yeah, I will just go through a few slides first.",
" So the background of Pocket Science Lab is that we developed this together with the First",
" Asia community.",
" I've lived for many years in Vietnam and Singapore and China.",
" So I have a lot of relationships and we started First Asia 2009 as an event inspired by Foster.",
" Because we thought like not so much is going on around us.",
" So why not just make an event?",
" And as it happens, people have ideas during events.",
" So we started an organization on GitHub and we started to make like software projects,",
" for example, for events that we could use ourselves so we can run an event more freely.",
" So here are a few projects.",
" A lot of things that we do.",
" We're also in Google some of code and all kinds of programs.",
" Please check it out.",
" And recently in the last few years, we've become more interested in hardware.",
" So this is a friend of ours, it's Praveen Kumar from India.",
" And he joined the annual First Asia Summit 2014.",
" And he brought us a lot of small hardware gadgets that, yeah, we thought this is really",
" cool.",
" He's a physics teacher in India.",
" He also runs Science Hack Day in India.",
" And he proposed to us why not develop something for physics students.",
" And he had a hardware at that time.",
" But the hardware wasn't open source.",
" It was a C-Lablet hardware.",
" And he showed to us how he uses it with his physics student.",
" And we said, OK, cool.",
" Let's further develop and like create new software that can be used with this hardware.",
" But in order to get us really excited about this, if we could have open hardware, that",
" would be so cool.",
" And so the conversation started with the developer of C-Lablet.",
" And yeah, we got an agreement after like a year because like open hardware, people like",
" asked all these kind of questions that they used to ask for free and open source before.",
" Oh, how can I make money?",
" And I paid for this and I spent my time in this.",
" So we found ways to convince them.",
" And based on this first hardware, we developed the first version of the Arduino Uno form",
" factor PS-Lab.",
" So it's not an Arduino Uno.",
" Many people ask that.",
" But we think like it's always good if you have, for example, a casing or something like that.",
" And it's the same form factor.",
" You can just use it with this device as well.",
" OK, so that was the first version.",
" And then we went to many events.",
" Like we always come to FOSTA and we also go to the Chaos Communication Congress.",
" And you see it's very dark there.",
" FOSTA is a very bright event for hackers and many developers.",
" But I don't know if some of you can identify here.",
" Some people, for example, this is Bunny Huang.",
" This is Ming Ting Wei from the Debian community.",
" And they had a lot of feedback on our hardware because I said, OK, it's all good.",
" It's all working.",
" And if you want to produce it, it's going to be super expensive.",
" Because for example, the first versions that we made, they had components on both sides.",
" And this is just one step more in production.",
" It's very simple.",
" But after we changed it, we could reduce the cost already by 25%.",
" So that's pretty huge if you go to large scale production.",
" So the next form factor that we then had was following again.",
" Why not follow the Arduino so people can use the case?",
" And this one also supported now an ESP8266.",
" So we have Wi-Fi now.",
" But we don't ship with Wi-Fi.",
" You can solder it on the device.",
" So when it goes around, you can see it.",
" Reason here, for example, is in some countries it's more difficult to sell if you have wireless",
" components like, let's say, in Japan, you need certification and so on.",
" And we just leave the slot and people can solder it.",
" And for now, it's good for us.",
" And yeah, and many small enhancements plus four more digital pins that we added so you",
" can actually plug in sensors into the device.",
" So here's the roadmap.",
" We started with C-Lablet.",
" We made the first PSLab hardware.",
" We developed a PSLab desktop app also.",
" So we have an app for Android as well.",
" So desktop app is a Python application.",
" And the PSLab Android app is in Java and Kotlin.",
" And the future we want a web app as well.",
" So this is how it looks like from the top.",
" And yeah, so what's the goal?",
" Usually the question comes, what is the difference to Arduino?",
" What's the difference to Raspberry?",
" So Raspberry, I would say it's a computer, like they try to make it very cheap.",
" They try to make it as open as possible, accessible for everyone.",
" Arduino, I would say it's, yeah, you can build your own electronics with Arduino very",
" easily.",
" You can make your own firmware, make prototypes and so on.",
" Our goal is science.",
" So we want to enable students but also professionals to conduct scientific experiments.",
" So it's not so much the goal that they add different components and upload a new firmware.",
" The device already comes with a firmware.",
" Of course, it's free and open, so you can change it.",
" You can upload your own firmware.",
" You can upload your changes.",
" But maybe some people don't know how to do that.",
" We want them to start right away.",
" So what you do is you plug in different cables here into these small pins.",
" There are many different pins and the device goes around.",
" You can see on the backside there's a description.",
" And then you can use it, for example, as an oscilloscope or multimeter.",
" I will show you some screenshots in a moment as well.",
" So there's an array of useful controls and measurement tools.",
" The integrated components can be used by pins and functionalities can be accessed through",
" the apps.",
" And of course, you can make your own app.",
" The communication is following the UART standard.",
" So if you maybe have an app, it might be working already.",
" And so this is how you connect it.",
" Here you see an earlier version of PSLabs.",
" So it's connected through the USB then directly to the phone.",
" And this means we can power the PocketSignSlab directly through the phone via USB.",
" And we can also get the data at the same time.",
" On the left-hand side, you see a screenshot from the app.",
" So we have many different tiles on the app.",
" And behind each tile, there is an instrument.",
" This is how they look like, for example.",
" So on the left-hand side, you see an oscilloscope.",
" So again, you connect the two wires, and then you can do your measurements and then get",
" the output here in the oscilloscope.",
" Here we have a power source, which is another instrument.",
" We have a multimeter, a wave generator.",
" There's a logic analyzer.",
" So all kinds of tools.",
" Also each tool has a guide.",
" You can just scroll up like this.",
" And then there will be a guide with some information.",
" It looks like this, so to get newbies started.",
" Then the desktop app.",
" So during the last year, we focused on the Android app.",
" Because the reason is, people have an Android phone.",
" Many people have it.",
" They can just install it from the Play Store, from Android, and can get started quickly and",
" try it out.",
" Whereas installing it on a desktop, yeah, it's more difficult.",
" You need to set up a server.",
" You need to set up Python, all these things.",
" So we want to make it easy as well.",
" It's our goal for this year.",
" Have an X file, many universities and schools still use Windows, unfortunately.",
" But make it easy, open it up more so people can use open source hardware.",
" But there are already 50 different scientific instruments on the app, so it has some good",
" start as well.",
" In overview, what it can function as, this is already what we implemented.",
" So we also implemented a Lux meter.",
" It's cool because you can try out the app with a built-in Lux meter that the phones",
" usually have here on top.",
" And see how it works.",
" Once you have the device, you connect the device that you can have, for example, a sensor",
" connected to the device.",
" So just to be clear, the device doesn't have all the sensors built in.",
" It can measure electronics.",
" But you can plug in any sensor, like that is the I squared C standard that Arduino also",
" uses.",
" So that can be plugged in and it should be working.",
" Software stack, here's an overview.",
" So for Python, we use the Python QT.",
" And Android is pretty standard.",
" Move to Kotlin mainly, still a few Java components in there as well.",
" And the PS lab firmware is also available.",
" OK, so hardware specs.",
" I put this on here.",
" It's a lot of text, always discouraged to use a lot of text in presentations.",
" But people like it, right?",
" I mean, like people in the hardware community like it.",
" Because they can see what's on there and it gives them an idea what is the range and so",
" on.",
" Recently, for example, we had some discussions on the microcontroller forum.",
" And I saw a lot of people coming over to the website and then checking it out.",
" And then some people microcontroller said, oh, yeah, here I have this device for 300",
" euros.",
" It's much better.",
" Yeah?",
" So yes, of course, we won't increase the range.",
" We won't like to expand and see what other cool things we do.",
" But right now, we actually started to sell for 55 euros.",
" And that already includes the tax in Europe.",
" So right?",
" So when you compare, compare like the same kind of level.",
" So four channel oscilloscope, many have only two channels.",
" And yeah, we're supporting I squared C, SPI, UART.",
" I already mentioned that.",
" And yeah, more hardware specs here, two mega samples per seconds.",
" So I think I just leave this for now.",
" You can check this out in detail also on our website, PSLab I.O.",
" OK.",
" So because we wanted actually to talk more about production here in this session.",
" So production, yeah, it's not easy.",
" How many here in this room have experience with production?",
" Yeah?",
" Wait a minute.",
" OK.",
" The question is what kind of production?",
" How many people have experience with production,",
" like let's say batches larger than 1,000?",
" OK, cool.",
" So yeah, that would be good to get your feedback as well",
" and to get to learn what you are doing.",
" So a few people here in the room already.",
" So it was our first time that we, with Pocket Science Lab,",
" that we produced hardware in the larger scale.",
" And so the project was already ongoing for nearly four years.",
" And we got a lot of feedback.",
" So that was our advantage.",
" Here, for example, from the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany,",
" they told us that, yeah, to make some changes, for example,",
" to make the components a little bit further into the board,",
" like not so much on the edge.",
" And yeah, to use different soldering ways.",
" So that helped a lot, really, with the details.",
" And then we had one big advantage,",
" because we are based in Asia.",
" We actually have people who speak Chinese.",
" So here is Weetat.",
" And yeah, our main event and the main operations",
" are in Singapore.",
" And in Singapore, you have Indians, you have Malays,",
" you have Chinese origins.",
" And Weetat is a Singaporean who speaks Chinese.",
" And at the beginning, he communicated,",
" or helped us to communicate also in English.",
" Because for them, it doesn't matter.",
" Chinese, English, all good.",
" And yeah, it was really interesting.",
" And I'm always like, why do they answer this?",
" And I don't understand.",
" It doesn't make sense.",
" So we went back and forth a few times.",
" And then he also sometimes asked in Chinese.",
" And then we realized that actually the answer in English",
" was completely different to the answer in Chinese, really,",
" in detail.",
" So yeah, I mean, if you want to make large scale production,",
" it's pretty good if you have somebody who can speak Chinese.",
" And well, I'm always a fan of languages.",
" Yeah, maybe you could, like, for example, talk to somebody",
" in a university.",
" It's always a good place.",
" I don't know if there are many Chinese students here",
" in the university in Belgium.",
" But in Germany, we have many Chinese students.",
" So why not go there and ask them if they",
" want to do an internship for you, maybe,",
" like, if you do hardware production,",
" it could potentially save you a lot of money",
" to help you with this and explain to you.",
" And then here are some lessons learned.",
" So and I thought it's unrealistic what",
" the other team members thought.",
" So they thought we just sent the bomb.",
" We sent the details.",
" We figured it all out, which components we want.",
" We sent it over.",
" Two months later, we get the components.",
" Well, it's not like that, right?",
" So creating a bomb and coordinating with producers",
" is a full-time job.",
" It really can keep you busy.",
" And then there are parts and reels and tubes",
" and prices are different.",
" So I don't know, reels, yeah?",
" Round and then tubes, you can put in.",
" And also it depends.",
" Like, they have different machines.",
" So some machines can use sometimes just the reels or so.",
" So when we actually checked out the prices,",
" for example, for the chip, the difference",
" can be $1.",
" And that means $1,000 when you produce a batch of 1,000 devices.",
" So this was something that we learned.",
" And then expect components to become unavailable.",
" So we might use old components that",
" are not available anymore in China,",
" but maybe they are many in the US or so.",
" But when you produce in China, usually it",
" doesn't make sense to re-import from the US.",
" Would be very difficult.",
" And actually the Chinese always charge for imports again.",
" So even if you export, they charge for imports.",
" So anything that you import into China,",
" you have to pay for it, even though you take it out later",
" again.",
" It's very difficult for them to do this.",
" So then understand when they offer re-manufactured.",
" Who has heard this term re-manufactured?",
" So I didn't understand.",
" So you have such a small component.",
" It could be resist a really small sense.",
" And they say re-manufactured.",
" How can you re-manufacture it?",
" So what they do is actually sometimes during production,",
" things can drop on the floor, or they could just",
" be lying around.",
" And then they have a reel.",
" And they really have somebody who, for example, puts it back",
" into a reel manually.",
" Even the component is just a few cents, very cheap.",
" But what happens then is that they could be broken.",
" Maybe some broken components could go in.",
" And that means maybe the whole device doesn't work,",
" and you wasted all the money.",
" Then we had a problem with the micro USB headers.",
" So here we have the micro USB.",
" And when you plug it in, there are different tolerances.",
" And if they use a different tolerance than what you have",
" in your Gerber file, that's pretty problematic.",
" Because with the prototypes, we never had this problem.",
" But we suddenly had this problem in production.",
" We didn't know where it comes from.",
" So we really got all the details from the different",
" producers.",
" And we saw that we have very tiny difference.",
" And so what we had to do here was we actually had to get",
" somebody manually to push it and solder it again.",
" Otherwise it would go off with the micro USB.",
" So check these kind of things with a producer.",
" Then the female pin headers, they went straight.",
" So here, for example, I have one that is not straight.",
" I don't know.",
" Maybe the front row can see that.",
" So it's not like fit in straight these headers.",
" And so what we did the first ones, there was somebody who",
" then made them straight manually.",
" But then we just built a component on top so they could",
" be straight.",
" So these are things like we don't know.",
" We just think we sent our files there.",
" We don't know.",
" And some PSLabs didn't work due to",
" refreshing problems.",
" So you flash the chip.",
" And then it should work.",
" And you would think it's a standard.",
" Everyone follows the standard.",
" And then it's all good.",
" But actually it wasn't the case.",
" Because we used one device to flash it.",
" And they used another device to flash it.",
" And then it didn't work.",
" So expect this.",
" Here is a screenshot.",
" And you can see that is what remanufactured means.",
" So in the middle here, there you see some parts that were",
" broken.",
" And we had actually two companies that we engaged.",
" So whatever something went wrong, they wanted to try to",
" put it on the other one.",
" So that was good that they informed us about this.",
" So don't always think about finding the",
" cheapest price.",
" Please check.",
" If it's like 20 times cheaper that happens, then the other",
" price, something can't be right.",
" So non-crucial components like resistors and capacitors that",
" are already very low in price.",
" Just forget about the lowest price.",
" If you think it's OK and if all the other parts are OK, just",
" follow that one.",
" And be ready to anticipate extra charges while in",
" production.",
" So to get the pin header straight, we actually had to",
" pay for the component that they built in order to make it",
" straight, for example.",
" So something might come up and they will charge for it.",
" And let them know how to test the finished product.",
" I mean, we always test manually when we make prototypes.",
" But how do you test large badges?",
" So you should develop a test case.",
" And the perfect way would be if you have actually like a male",
" or female, whatever, for your device to actually test it.",
" For them.",
" Like, one person tests it and another one.",
" And always know the public holidays.",
" So yeah, they have public holidays a whole week in",
" October.",
" So that might mean production stops for two or three weeks.",
" Now is Chinese New Year.",
" Production stops for a month.",
" So yeah, because they always need some time to get back",
" into production.",
" And they don't tell you that.",
" Because in China, they often live in Chinese.",
" Everything is in Chinese.",
" They don't think about it.",
" Everyone should know.",
" It's just like in their world.",
" I mean, we're not working with super high-end",
" manufacturers that have offices all around the world.",
" We're working with Chinese producers in order to get a",
" price that's acceptable.",
" So yeah.",
" So this is a bit of the story.",
" And I already received the notes that we don't have so",
" much time left.",
" But what we are doing now, actually, we're doing open",
" hardware.",
" I think, yeah, I don't have to talk so much about why we do",
" it and what is our goal.",
" We want all the layers to be free.",
" There are many different ideas about it.",
" Like, my idea would be so cool if we could just send",
" schematics around the world and just how we do it with 3D",
" printers today.",
" In future, we can just produce boards somewhere.",
" And we want to share our knowledge.",
" We want to learn from others what they do.",
" And if we do open hardware, all this will be possible.",
" I mean, we don't have to.",
" Save the environment.",
" We can do many things.",
" And with our device, you can do many experiments and so on.",
" So now, after we have the board ready, we are selling the",
" board already to the interested public.",
" But the next step is to make tutorials.",
" The next step is to see what else we can do with the device.",
" We use a microchip here.",
" People said they would be interested in making the next",
" version with ARM.",
" We also have more ideas to make, for example, an EEG",
" gadget to collect brainwaves.",
" OpenBCI is an existing open hardware project already.",
" We have some people that have some other ideas to make it.",
" So these are our next steps.",
" And what we want from you is feedback.",
" Help us to make, for example, the desktop app better.",
" Anyone doing Python here?",
" Python, yeah?",
" Yeah, if you're interested, please check it out.",
" We need to upgrade to Python 3.7.",
" We're also participating in GSOC.",
" And we have our own internship program.",
" So if there are any students who would like to spend some",
" time either online, but you can also come to our office in",
" Vietnam, we actually started an open source hotel.",
" That's a completely different talk.",
" So if you would like to stay with us for some weeks or have",
" any other ideas, you can come and talk with me.",
" And yeah, do the usual stuff.",
" Solve issues, make YouTube videos or whatever you like,",
" or just become part of the community.",
" You can buy it on Seed Studios.",
" It's a pretty good sale at the moment because we were on",
" Hackaday the day before yesterday.",
" And we're our largest market at the moment is Switch Science,",
" if you want to sell in Japan.",
" I can help you here at the event there's Yutaka Niba.",
" Are you here?",
" No, no, I met him earlier today.",
" He could also give you feedback, and we are selling in",
" more and more places.",
" The next possibility to meet up is at our annual First Asia",
" Summit that happens always in the middle of March from 14",
" to 17 in Singapore.",
" And please join us.",
" If you want to know more about the device, come also to our",
" booth here on the ground floor.",
" And yeah, you can check out a few of the sensors and so on",
" that we are thinking of making a complete box, still",
" checking out what we put into the box exactly.",
" Yes, that was my last slide, so thank you very much.",
" One quick question.",
" What did you use for schematic hunting and layout",
" of the routing of these boxes?",
" Yes, we use Keycat.",
" And yeah, it's pretty cool.",
" It's like developed.",
" Some people are religious, like just the same with Vim and",
" Emacs, so they say, oh no, use another solution, use this",
" and that, but Keycat works well for us.",
" And everything is on GitHub, by the way, so you can just",
" check out First Asia and PSLab.",
" Here's also the QR code.",
" And yeah, it's good for us.",
" I mean, we have a few other people they say they still use",
" Eagle.",
" It's free, but not open.",
" For free, it's always in English, right?",
" But you know what I mean.",
" Yeah?",
" OK.",
" Thank you very much.",
" Thank you."
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10.5446/35892 (DOI) | CSIRO ASKAP Science Data Archive (CASDA) | https://av.tib.eu/media/35892 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/dee934b4412775c9a317aa62e8d78e55b068f4a42bb33b4447324919c36c019505/CSIRO_ASKAP_Science_Data_Archive__CASDA__1GYMB8QdT60.mp4 | CC Attribution 4.0 International:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2015 | Johnston, Simon
Chapman, Jessica | null | The CSIRO ASKAP Science Data Archive (CASDA) Project has been established to build and implement the archive at the Pawsey Centre and build the data transfer infrastructure required between MRO and Pawsey. The rates of data arriving at the Pawsey Centre are approximately 2.5 Gigabytes (GB) per second, equivalent to 75 Petabytes (PB) per year - hence the need for archiving. The best way to get a return on investment for this huge investment was to make the data open. Open data is crucial to getting the best science from your telescope - both original and derived science. | ASCAP is a radio telescope that we're building in Western Australia. It's a new generation of radio telescope which will be able to survey the whole sky to great depths. And what we want to find out is how do galaxies evolve over time? So the data comes off the telescope in raw form and gets transmitted via optical fiber to the supercomputer center in Perth. At that point the data gets processed and it gets converted into images of the sky. And those images will be made available to astronomers worldwide. We've asked at the data volumes are truly enormous and so to make it easier to archive it and also to make it easier for the astronomers who are going to use it, the data was actually processed quite a lot before it gets to be archived. So that raises a new paradigm in a sense if you want to be very sure that your data quality is very good before you do archive it. So the great thing about archives is that you put the data in a central location and then anybody can get it from there. The best way to get return on the investment of this big telescope was to have completely open access data policy. There were two reasons we did this. One is because of the internationalization of astronomy generally. The sky is up there for anybody to look at. The second reason was we've got these big teams set up who know the projects they want to do. It's important to keep them honest. It's important that they publish and do the stuff with the data they've got. They can't just leave it languishing for 10 years and then, oh yes, well maybe I'll do something with data now. They can't do that anymore because the data is freely available to anybody and somebody might nip in and steal their idea. Open data I think is really crucial to getting the best science from your telescope. We're building a very expensive telescope and it's important that the best science gets done. So let's say for example I have a really good idea for a science project and I want to look at this patch of sky over here. I go away and I look at it and I do my own thing. Then the data sits in the archive and somebody from somewhere else might have another completely different idea to do with the same data patch. They will go away, extract the data from the archive, have a look at it, do their own clever science and publish something completely different. So there for the same observation you've got two pieces of clever science. One piece that the original person never even thought of. So that's the really great advantage in having open access data. The questions that it can answer are maybe questions that you haven't even thought of yet. That's I think the beauty of a data archive. So I can carry out an experiment to do what I want to do because I've had that idea. But then maybe in the future, science always moves on and there's always different things to do. So in the future somebody will have a completely different question that I haven't thought of and they can use that data to answer their question. They don't need to go back and take expensive telescope time. They can just look at the data that exists already to help answer their questions. | {
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10.5446/54579 (DOI) | Keynote - KOLAB: Shaping the future through Kolaboration | https://av.tib.eu/media/54579 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de89ffb7d29309c2bf319c03800aaf4a98a8c16de2d19951a360eb47726ead965d/Keynote_-_Georg_Greve_N0B4_Kk44fw.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2016 | Greve, Georg Christof Florian | Chaos Computer Club e.V. | Georg is the CEO of Kolab Systems AG and is one of the leading entrepreneurs in the Free Software world: Self-taught software developer, traditionally trained physicist, author, and founding president of the Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE) and involved in most of the crucial battles for a society that is based on openness and freedom. | Good afternoon, everyone. My T-shirt is lying. I'm actually straight out of Vienna right now. We got in here like half an hour ago or so because we had our collab Taster event there yesterday. So I'm still halfway on the road with the brain, but it's all good. We're going to be good. I'm going to talk to you about shaping the future through collaboration because the primary role that I feel today is as the CEO of Collab Systems, a pure free software enterprise. In fact, what we do, I hope all of you already know, is collab, which does all these wonderful things from your email, of course. I mean, email keeps on dying, yet growing from year to year. So I think it's not going to go away anytime soon. So we do the whole range of calendaring, tasks, notes, email, contact, sharing. It runs wonderfully on OpenZooza, by the way. So Hans Derrath, who was here a second ago who just helped me set things up, has been working with the OpenZooza community for years. And so if you want to install it on OpenZooza, that's really, really easy. But I'm not going to talk so much about what Collab is or what it does. In fact, I think you can all find that out for yourself. What I want to talk about more is actually the why. Why does it matter? I mean, what is driving us as a group, as a company, as a team? There's quite a few of us around here, since we're having the call-up summit again in parallel to the OpenZooza conference. We did that last year in the Hague together. We all felt it was a great success because of the way in which people could switch between conferences. And so you have quite a few of the Collabians here. And we, at some point, set together trying to find out why it is that we do what we do. Like what is it that drives us forward as a team, as a company, as a solution? What are the important things for us to get up in the morning? And so we did what everyone does. We did a little retreat in the Bernese Alps. So that's an original picture from that retreat, in fact. And we tried to put our heads together. And strangely enough, when we wrote down what mattered to us, it very much came down to the same principles, and the word freedom ended up on there multiple times. So we condensed it a bit. And for us, the reason why we do what we do is that we want to provide freedom and choice through technology. It is the culture of the company, but also the culture we want to inspire into society. And we want to deliver that freedom through collaboration, because for us, collaboration, and the ability to work together is actually what binds human society together. It is what really, really drives this. So this is basically taken straight from the heart of what free software means, of what open source is. It's what drives our community. And in fact, for us, that is exactly what we put at the heart of our business. And that's why we don't do any open core. We've never done any proprietary bullshit. We do straight free software only. Have always done that. Now the problem is that when you do this, right, when you do things that matter to you, sometimes you think people need to get that straight away. They need to understand why it is that you do what you do and why that matters and why it should also matter to them. You think that they should use it just because it's open, but just because it's free. And we have as a community had a long, long history of trying to just say, look, of course, I mean, it may be a little bit worse, but you should still use it because it's open. It gives you freedom. And that is true. It is however, if we are fully honest with ourselves, very often not enough to grab the mainstream attention, to grab a sufficiently large number of people and make them want this. I mean, we need to grab them somewhere else. And so when we started Collab, we actually thought about what do we need to do to get this into the mainstream? I mean, we want to actually make a change. We can change things in our community. And that's wonderful. But that may not really reach the six, seven billion proverbial mailboxes that Jeroen keeps talking about. We want to have something that actually drives a larger change. So how do we get there? And for me, I mean, you see that actually what we have like proper design now, you will see during the Collab Summit, we have really good ways of presenting things. Now, because we're trying to make this appealing, that comes from an underlying, deeper motive. And the place where I personally took inspiration from as well, and the team shares that feeling. I mean, I myself, I called it what I usually call the Tesla moment. The Tesla moment for me is, I mean, besides Elon Musk being a very interesting guy and so on and so forth, is defined by the fact that Tesla decided to approach the subject of electrical mobility in a completely new way. Before Tesla, virtually all electric cars were pretty obviously built by people who hate cars, for people who hate cars. They were dinky toys, puny in comparison. You can see they're still reflected in some of the electrical cars that big automobile manufacturers built, right? They look like a cheap copy of their actual car. Tesla turned that around. They said, all right, we want to actually make people drive electric cars and enjoy driving electric cars because that's when they will buy them. And that's when we can actually get people to ride electric cars and only electric. So they said, we're going to build the best car and it's also going to be fully electric. There's going to be no fuel option here, none. So you do something that is better that grabs people where they are by what drives them, what motivates them, what interests them. And then you do it in the right way. You put the right substance into it. In order to actually be able to drive a mainstream change. And I think Tesla has done that to a very large extent with the automobile industry. When you see the amount of change that Tesla has affected into the automobile industry in such a short period of time, that's quite amazing. I mean, now everyone says, of course, you're going to do electric cars. And of course, all the recent scandals also helped, but it was really Tesla that set this change in motion in the way they approached this. They built cars that people wanted, like really wanted. In fact, I know many fans in the free software community of Tesla cars because they're rather interesting. I mean, yes, they have some issues. They're not perfect. It's all good. But the way that they decided to approach it, I think we can learn from. And it's funny because, I mean, Tesla does some things rather right. I mean, when they said, oh, all our patents are belong to you. You can use all our patents to build your own electric cars. The one thing you can then no longer do is sue us for patent infringement. We get to use your patents too. We're really building a no fly zone for patents, which should sound familiar to quite a few of you, I hope, because in fact, we as a community did that first. That concept is actually the very same concept that the open invention network has taken. And now I'm absolutely certain that Elon knew that and has seen that before also because I mean, you see that his other very famous company, Space Access, also a signatory to the OIN. The point here is to create a no fly zone for patents in order to allow networks of innovation to happen, to drive innovation in a broader sense, which is exactly what we do as a community. We drive innovation by working together, sometimes even with our competitors in order to build better technology that actually helps people, that builds something that is better. And it's through that collaboration again that we actually are able to achieve so much more with a diverse community of people that isn't... We have, yes, we have a lot of people, but when you look at the actual number of developers and the amount of change that they affect, we as the free software community are so much more efficient than most proprietary companies I've seen. We generate so much more in innovation. It's quite astounding. We achieve a lot more with much fewer resources. So in fact, even though Tesla didn't exist at the time, the company, obviously a person did before, but Linux to me is actually another example of where we had something like a Tesla moment. You see, Linux has spread much to the dismay of some people, we know, on its technical merits to a very substantial part. It has also transported the principles of open innovation, of collaboration, of working together into areas that before were really, really close to them. I mean, if you ask which company is using Linux today, the answer is pretty much everyone, right? There's not a single one that doesn't have it anywhere. So this actually was, even though we may not have known it at the time, another such moment. So I believe we can learn from this in the way we approach what we want to do by seeking out these moments, by understanding that if we can combine the better with the right, that we can actually bring about much faster change than we sometimes do by only focusing on doing whatever we think is right, but neglecting to also understand that we need to build something that's also better. Because the innovation that we have had, I mean, think about the world as it would be without free software, right? I mean, most of the internet and Android handys, obviously, all of this has been brought about by this amazing big ecosystem innovation. We must be thinking about groups of innovation, ecosystems of innovation. And when we look at the hardware side, and that's a story that I personally currently find rather interesting, which is why I thought I'd shared with you, we see that there we've had really dramatic absence of that. I mean, we have ARM still, yes, but most of the world right now, most of the servers in the data centers in particular run on Intel, the vast majority. So Intel is controlling this, and Intel is a very proprietary company, as most of you know. So Intel is controlling that space to a very, very large extent. And whenever something is proprietary, and I'm not telling you anything new here, the question for us is, can we actually know what is going on in there? I mean, anyone who's been in our community for more than a short while will have seen several of the conversations about what is going on with the hardware platform on which we stand. In fact, even though we knew it a while ago, recently we finally got mainstream attention on that in the sense that Intel actually has a CPU within the CPU that talks over the network, it effectively layer minus two in a way that we don't know, right? It bypasses our operating systems, it bypasses all sorts of control measures. So we can't really change that code, we don't know when it's compromised, we don't know what's going on in there, and that from a control perspective for all of us is actually an issue. Now what I find so interesting is that there is actually other things going on in the hardware field. For me, if we were thinking about what it is that we actually would want, right, we would want an open architecture, right? We would want an architecture that we can all understand, we know what's going on. We want the chip design to be open, we would want to know what is in that chip, we would want to be able to build our own chips, we would want our own open firmware, and then we would want to run actual free software on top of that. Because we want a fully free stack, because a fully open and a fully free stack is the only one that we can fully trust because we can fully understand it. Of course the problem is, if we were to start from scratch building something like this today, we'd have a problem, right? I mean, the level of investment that you would need to build something that on the hardware level would be able to compete with data center hardware that Intel provides, that's rather substantial. I mean, it's not very simple. It seems dubious that anyone would actually ever do this because even Intel didn't get here overnight, right? The Intel architecture is derived from ultimately, personally, what was in Z80, a SEMBA programmer actually at some point in my life, very early on. When I then saw the 386, after having spent some time on the 68K, boy was I disappointed because it was essentially the Z80 on steroids. And it kind of still is. I mean, they cannot change too fundamentally. So there is another architecture, obviously, which is the power architecture. Now power coming from IBM also not necessarily the company that's always been extremely open. I mean, a lot of the monopoly abuse rules were written by them. However, they've also reinvented themselves quite a few times recently and what they have done and what has gotten very little attention, and in fact, most of people in our community that I speak to about this have never heard of this, is that they have put that technology into the open power foundation, which is an actual membership open foundation where people can join and can collaborate on building machines, chips, their own designs, working together on the next generation of hardware. And in fact, people do. I mean, Google is involved in their rec space. In fact, they've recently announced that their next data center machine is going to be a Power 9 machine. They've put out the design at the open power summit and said, here, this is our next design. The Chinese are now building their own open, their own power CPUs and they disabled some parts that they don't trust in the crypto side and so on and so forth. We don't trust this. This comes from IBM. We choose not to include these parts. We build our own CPUs now. I think that is really, really fascinating, actually. It's a really fascinating story and I think it goes exactly in the right direction. Because what we now start seeing is that people start building their own boxes. They start contributing to the designs and they start working on this and again, open power then also has this principle of non-aggression on the patent side, which gives us a very, very fascinating way in order to have data center hardware that is actually really, really strong. I mean, when you look at the performance of power versus Intel, power is actually quite interesting. It is very good at heavy compute. It is very, very good at parallel. It is really extremely powerful hardware. And so we've been working with IBM now on actually supporting power as well officially. I know Zuzo is fully on power. Zuzo is red hat just for the record. But ultimately the power platform has some properties that are very, very fascinating, especially when you can split your architecture up into many parallel threads, which is what Colub does really well. So for us, it was very easy to actually support that kind of approach. Because in order to trust, right, we know we want openness, we want control, and we want the ability to build our own. That is the necessary prerequisite for us to actually be able to trust. With Intel, that's going to be hard to have. Because ARM, and it has a lot of very good use cases, which is a lot better. And now there's also power, which is actually handled through a foundation, which I find is a very interesting model. And in fact, you will hear tomorrow that we've also joined the OpenPower Foundation because we find this interesting enough to get engaged ourselves. Because while it's not perfect, and the patent rules make everyone cringe, who's from our community, these are hardware people, they think differently about some things, right? The hardware and software are not always thinking the same way. However, it's a big step in the right direction. And I believe that as a community, we should really think about how to engage with this because we need the things that we can actually build upon. So we're going to be talking about that subject as well at the Colab Summit. In fact, tomorrow, I believe, Dr. Meyer from IBM, who is the director of hardware research from Birblingen, will be talking about power, what they're thinking about, the new architectures. Because everything is so small already, right? Making it smaller becomes no longer really an option. So now we're thinking nanotubes and all these fancy things, so he has some things to talk about that. And I would like to invite all of you, in fact, to come and have a look at this and get an idea of what's going on on the technical side there because it's really quite fascinating. You also have some stats between power 8, power 9, and so on and so forth. So there's some interesting stuff that he has to tell us on what's going on with the power thing. And of course, we're going to be talking about freedom in the cloud in particular, given that safe harbor is dead. Privacy shield is just about to die. Everyone expects it to fall apart very soon now, and there is no really good answers. So this is a time where for us as a community, which has answers to the question of, can I host this myself? Do I have to buy this only from one vendor in the US that's giving it to me as a cloud service or can I actually run this under my own control or my own servers or on service of a provider that I trust? We have very good answers to that. In fact, we are the ones who have the best answers right now. So we've invited one of the lawyers from Jotbebe, Berlin, which you might also know because it's the company where Til Jäger works, who's been the number one GPO enforcer in the world. And one of his colleagues is going to come and join us and talk about safe harbor, privacy shield, and where he sees that going at the current state of affairs. And of course, as we've done yesterday in Vienna, there's going to be plenty of beer and meat. So I hope you'll also join the barbecue. And I hope you will all grab myself or any of the other fellow collabians and sit with us, drink with us, and talk with us about how we can actually use the moment that exists right now to drive openness further down as well as further up. The time for that has never been better. So let's do that together. Thank you very much. Yeah, sure. If we have questions, go ahead. Questions? Oh, come on. All right, well, thank you very much. Appreciate it. Thank you, Doug. Come tomorrow, the Collab Summit will be in gallery tomorrow, and we'll see you there. Thank you. Thank you. Doug. | {
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"text": [
" Good afternoon, everyone.",
" My T-shirt is lying.",
" I'm actually straight out of Vienna right now.",
" We got in here like half an hour ago or so because we had our collab Taster event there",
" yesterday.",
" So I'm still halfway on the road with the brain, but it's all good.",
" We're going to be good.",
" I'm going to talk to you about shaping the future through collaboration because the primary",
" role that I feel today is as the CEO of Collab Systems, a pure free software enterprise.",
" In fact, what we do, I hope all of you already know, is collab, which does all these wonderful",
" things from your email, of course.",
" I mean, email keeps on dying, yet growing from year to year.",
" So I think it's not going to go away anytime soon.",
" So we do the whole range of calendaring, tasks, notes, email, contact, sharing.",
" It runs wonderfully on OpenZooza, by the way.",
" So Hans Derrath, who was here a second ago who just helped me set things up, has been",
" working with the OpenZooza community for years.",
" And so if you want to install it on OpenZooza, that's really, really easy.",
" But I'm not going to talk so much about what Collab is or what it does.",
" In fact, I think you can all find that out for yourself.",
" What I want to talk about more is actually the why.",
" Why does it matter?",
" I mean, what is driving us as a group, as a company, as a team?",
" There's quite a few of us around here, since we're having the call-up summit again in parallel",
" to the OpenZooza conference.",
" We did that last year in the Hague together.",
" We all felt it was a great success because of the way in which people could switch between",
" conferences.",
" And so you have quite a few of the Collabians here.",
" And we, at some point, set together trying to find out why it is that we do what we do.",
" Like what is it that drives us forward as a team, as a company, as a solution?",
" What are the important things for us to get up in the morning?",
" And so we did what everyone does.",
" We did a little retreat in the Bernese Alps.",
" So that's an original picture from that retreat, in fact.",
" And we tried to put our heads together.",
" And strangely enough, when we wrote down what mattered to us, it very much came down to",
" the same principles, and the word freedom ended up on there multiple times.",
" So we condensed it a bit.",
" And for us, the reason why we do what we do is that we want to provide freedom and choice",
" through technology.",
" It is the culture of the company, but also the culture we want to inspire into society.",
" And we want to deliver that freedom through collaboration, because for us, collaboration,",
" and the ability to work together is actually what binds human society together.",
" It is what really, really drives this.",
" So this is basically taken straight from the heart of what free software means, of what",
" open source is.",
" It's what drives our community.",
" And in fact, for us, that is exactly what we put at the heart of our business.",
" And that's why we don't do any open core.",
" We've never done any proprietary bullshit.",
" We do straight free software only.",
" Have always done that.",
" Now the problem is that when you do this, right, when you do things that matter to you,",
" sometimes you think people need to get that straight away.",
" They need to understand why it is that you do what you do and why that matters and why",
" it should also matter to them.",
" You think that they should use it just because it's open, but just because it's free.",
" And we have as a community had a long, long history of trying to just say, look, of course,",
" I mean, it may be a little bit worse, but you should still use it because it's open.",
" It gives you freedom.",
" And that is true.",
" It is however, if we are fully honest with ourselves, very often not enough to grab the",
" mainstream attention, to grab a sufficiently large number of people and make them want",
" this.",
" I mean, we need to grab them somewhere else.",
" And so when we started Collab, we actually thought about what do we need to do to get",
" this into the mainstream?",
" I mean, we want to actually make a change.",
" We can change things in our community.",
" And that's wonderful.",
" But that may not really reach the six, seven billion proverbial mailboxes that Jeroen keeps",
" talking about.",
" We want to have something that actually drives a larger change.",
" So how do we get there?",
" And for me, I mean, you see that actually what we have like proper design now, you will",
" see during the Collab Summit, we have really good ways of presenting things.",
" Now, because we're trying to make this appealing, that comes from an underlying, deeper motive.",
" And the place where I personally took inspiration from as well, and the team shares that feeling.",
" I mean, I myself, I called it what I usually call the Tesla moment.",
" The Tesla moment for me is, I mean, besides Elon Musk being a very interesting guy and",
" so on and so forth, is defined by the fact that Tesla decided to approach the subject",
" of electrical mobility in a completely new way.",
" Before Tesla, virtually all electric cars were pretty obviously built by people who",
" hate cars, for people who hate cars.",
" They were dinky toys, puny in comparison.",
" You can see they're still reflected in some of the electrical cars that big automobile",
" manufacturers built, right?",
" They look like a cheap copy of their actual car.",
" Tesla turned that around.",
" They said, all right, we want to actually make people drive electric cars and enjoy",
" driving electric cars because that's when they will buy them.",
" And that's when we can actually get people to ride electric cars and only electric.",
" So they said, we're going to build the best car and it's also going to be fully electric.",
" There's going to be no fuel option here, none.",
" So you do something that is better that grabs people where they are by what drives them,",
" what motivates them, what interests them.",
" And then you do it in the right way.",
" You put the right substance into it.",
" In order to actually be able to drive a mainstream change.",
" And I think Tesla has done that to a very large extent with the automobile industry.",
" When you see the amount of change that Tesla has affected into the automobile industry in",
" such a short period of time, that's quite amazing.",
" I mean, now everyone says, of course, you're going to do electric cars.",
" And of course, all the recent scandals also helped, but it was really Tesla that set this",
" change in motion in the way they approached this.",
" They built cars that people wanted, like really wanted.",
" In fact, I know many fans in the free software community of Tesla cars because they're rather",
" interesting.",
" I mean, yes, they have some issues.",
" They're not perfect.",
" It's all good.",
" But the way that they decided to approach it, I think we can learn from.",
" And it's funny because, I mean, Tesla does some things rather right.",
" I mean, when they said, oh, all our patents are belong to you.",
" You can use all our patents to build your own electric cars.",
" The one thing you can then no longer do is sue us for patent infringement.",
" We get to use your patents too.",
" We're really building a no fly zone for patents, which should sound familiar to quite a few",
" of you, I hope, because in fact, we as a community did that first.",
" That concept is actually the very same concept that the open invention network has taken.",
" And now I'm absolutely certain that Elon knew that and has seen that before also because",
" I mean, you see that his other very famous company, Space Access, also a signatory to",
" the OIN.",
" The point here is to create a no fly zone for patents in order to allow networks of innovation",
" to happen, to drive innovation in a broader sense, which is exactly what we do as a community.",
" We drive innovation by working together, sometimes even with our competitors in order to build",
" better technology that actually helps people, that builds something that is better.",
" And it's through that collaboration again that we actually are able to achieve so much",
" more with a diverse community of people that isn't...",
" We have, yes, we have a lot of people, but when you look at the actual number of developers",
" and the amount of change that they affect, we as the free software community are so much",
" more efficient than most proprietary companies I've seen.",
" We generate so much more in innovation.",
" It's quite astounding.",
" We achieve a lot more with much fewer resources.",
" So in fact, even though Tesla didn't exist at the time, the company, obviously a person",
" did before, but Linux to me is actually another example of where we had something like a Tesla",
" moment.",
" You see, Linux has spread much to the dismay of some people, we know, on its technical",
" merits to a very substantial part.",
" It has also transported the principles of open innovation, of collaboration, of working",
" together into areas that before were really, really close to them.",
" I mean, if you ask which company is using Linux today, the answer is pretty much everyone,",
" right?",
" There's not a single one that doesn't have it anywhere.",
" So this actually was, even though we may not have known it at the time, another such moment.",
" So I believe we can learn from this in the way we approach what we want to do by seeking",
" out these moments, by understanding that if we can combine the better with the right,",
" that we can actually bring about much faster change than we sometimes do by only focusing",
" on doing whatever we think is right, but neglecting to also understand that we need to build",
" something that's also better.",
" Because the innovation that we have had, I mean, think about the world as it would be",
" without free software, right?",
" I mean, most of the internet and Android handys, obviously, all of this has been brought about",
" by this amazing big ecosystem innovation.",
" We must be thinking about groups of innovation, ecosystems of innovation.",
" And when we look at the hardware side, and that's a story that I personally currently",
" find rather interesting, which is why I thought I'd shared with you, we see that there we've",
" had really dramatic absence of that.",
" I mean, we have ARM still, yes, but most of the world right now, most of the servers",
" in the data centers in particular run on Intel, the vast majority.",
" So Intel is controlling this, and Intel is a very proprietary company, as most of you",
" know.",
" So Intel is controlling that space to a very, very large extent.",
" And whenever something is proprietary, and I'm not telling you anything new here, the",
" question for us is, can we actually know what is going on in there?",
" I mean, anyone who's been in our community for more than a short while will have seen",
" several of the conversations about what is going on with the hardware platform on which",
" we stand.",
" In fact, even though we knew it a while ago, recently we finally got mainstream attention",
" on that in the sense that Intel actually has a CPU within the CPU that talks over the network,",
" it effectively layer minus two in a way that we don't know, right?",
" It bypasses our operating systems, it bypasses all sorts of control measures.",
" So we can't really change that code, we don't know when it's compromised, we don't know",
" what's going on in there, and that from a control perspective for all of us is actually",
" an issue.",
" Now what I find so interesting is that there is actually other things going on in the hardware",
" field.",
" For me, if we were thinking about what it is that we actually would want, right, we",
" would want an open architecture, right?",
" We would want an architecture that we can all understand, we know what's going on.",
" We want the chip design to be open, we would want to know what is in that chip, we would",
" want to be able to build our own chips, we would want our own open firmware, and then",
" we would want to run actual free software on top of that.",
" Because we want a fully free stack, because a fully open and a fully free stack is the",
" only one that we can fully trust because we can fully understand it.",
" Of course the problem is, if we were to start from scratch building something like this",
" today, we'd have a problem, right?",
" I mean, the level of investment that you would need to build something that on the hardware",
" level would be able to compete with data center hardware that Intel provides, that's rather",
" substantial.",
" I mean, it's not very simple.",
" It seems dubious that anyone would actually ever do this because even Intel didn't get",
" here overnight, right?",
" The Intel architecture is derived from ultimately, personally, what was in Z80, a SEMBA programmer",
" actually at some point in my life, very early on.",
" When I then saw the 386, after having spent some time on the 68K, boy was I disappointed",
" because it was essentially the Z80 on steroids.",
" And it kind of still is.",
" I mean, they cannot change too fundamentally.",
" So there is another architecture, obviously, which is the power architecture.",
" Now power coming from IBM also not necessarily the company that's always been extremely open.",
" I mean, a lot of the monopoly abuse rules were written by them.",
" However, they've also reinvented themselves quite a few times recently and what they have",
" done and what has gotten very little attention, and in fact, most of people in our community",
" that I speak to about this have never heard of this, is that they have put that technology",
" into the open power foundation, which is an actual membership open foundation where people",
" can join and can collaborate on building machines, chips, their own designs, working together",
" on the next generation of hardware.",
" And in fact, people do.",
" I mean, Google is involved in their rec space.",
" In fact, they've recently announced that their next data center machine is going to be a",
" Power 9 machine.",
" They've put out the design at the open power summit and said, here, this is our next design.",
" The Chinese are now building their own open, their own power CPUs and they disabled some",
" parts that they don't trust in the crypto side and so on and so forth.",
" We don't trust this.",
" This comes from IBM.",
" We choose not to include these parts.",
" We build our own CPUs now.",
" I think that is really, really fascinating, actually.",
" It's a really fascinating story and I think it goes exactly in the right direction.",
" Because what we now start seeing is that people start building their own boxes.",
" They start contributing to the designs and they start working on this and again, open",
" power then also has this principle of non-aggression on the patent side, which gives us a very,",
" very fascinating way in order to have data center hardware that is actually really, really",
" strong.",
" I mean, when you look at the performance of power versus Intel, power is actually quite",
" interesting.",
" It is very good at heavy compute.",
" It is very, very good at parallel.",
" It is really extremely powerful hardware.",
" And so we've been working with IBM now on actually supporting power as well officially.",
" I know Zuzo is fully on power.",
" Zuzo is red hat just for the record.",
" But ultimately the power platform has some properties that are very, very fascinating,",
" especially when you can split your architecture up into many parallel threads, which is what",
" Colub does really well.",
" So for us, it was very easy to actually support that kind of approach.",
" Because in order to trust, right, we know we want openness, we want control, and we want",
" the ability to build our own.",
" That is the necessary prerequisite for us to actually be able to trust.",
" With Intel, that's going to be hard to have.",
" Because ARM, and it has a lot of very good use cases, which is a lot better.",
" And now there's also power, which is actually handled through a foundation, which I find",
" is a very interesting model.",
" And in fact, you will hear tomorrow that we've also joined the OpenPower Foundation because",
" we find this interesting enough to get engaged ourselves.",
" Because while it's not perfect, and the patent rules make everyone cringe, who's from our",
" community, these are hardware people, they think differently about some things, right?",
" The hardware and software are not always thinking the same way.",
" However, it's a big step in the right direction.",
" And I believe that as a community, we should really think about how to engage with this",
" because we need the things that we can actually build upon.",
" So we're going to be talking about that subject as well at the Colab Summit.",
" In fact, tomorrow, I believe, Dr. Meyer from IBM, who is the director of hardware research",
" from Birblingen, will be talking about power, what they're thinking about, the new architectures.",
" Because everything is so small already, right?",
" Making it smaller becomes no longer really an option.",
" So now we're thinking nanotubes and all these fancy things, so he has some things to talk",
" about that.",
" And I would like to invite all of you, in fact, to come and have a look at this and",
" get an idea of what's going on on the technical side there because it's really quite fascinating.",
" You also have some stats between power 8, power 9, and so on and so forth.",
" So there's some interesting stuff that he has to tell us on what's going on with the",
" power thing.",
" And of course, we're going to be talking about freedom in the cloud in particular, given",
" that safe harbor is dead.",
" Privacy shield is just about to die.",
" Everyone expects it to fall apart very soon now, and there is no really good answers.",
" So this is a time where for us as a community, which has answers to the question of, can",
" I host this myself?",
" Do I have to buy this only from one vendor in the US that's giving it to me as a cloud",
" service or can I actually run this under my own control or my own servers or on service",
" of a provider that I trust?",
" We have very good answers to that.",
" In fact, we are the ones who have the best answers right now.",
" So we've invited one of the lawyers from Jotbebe, Berlin, which you might also know because",
" it's the company where Til Jäger works, who's been the number one GPO enforcer in the world.",
" And one of his colleagues is going to come and join us and talk about safe harbor, privacy",
" shield, and where he sees that going at the current state of affairs.",
" And of course, as we've done yesterday in Vienna, there's going to be plenty of beer",
" and meat.",
" So I hope you'll also join the barbecue.",
" And I hope you will all grab myself or any of the other fellow collabians and sit with",
" us, drink with us, and talk with us about how we can actually use the moment that exists",
" right now to drive openness further down as well as further up.",
" The time for that has never been better.",
" So let's do that together.",
" Thank you very much.",
" Yeah, sure.",
" If we have questions, go ahead.",
" Questions?",
" Oh, come on.",
" All right, well, thank you very much.",
" Appreciate it.",
" Thank you, Doug.",
" Come tomorrow, the Collab Summit will be in gallery tomorrow, and we'll see you there.",
" Thank you.",
" Thank you.",
" Doug."
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10.5446/14796 (DOI) | Invited Keynote: Investigating Epistatic and Pleiotropic Genetic Architectures in Bioenergy and Human Health | https://av.tib.eu/media/14796 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/ded1122b13285e4a9a9121119505f95f9e703f7b5675b8afaed79aecd51ed02fe5/_Invited_Keynote__Investigating_Epistatic_and_Pleiotropic_Ge.mp4 | CC Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 2.5 Switzerland:
You are free to use, copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in unchanged form for any legal and non-commercial purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2019 | Jacobson, Dan | null | The new CoMet application consists of implementations of the 2-way and 3-way Proportional Similarity metric and Custom Correlation Coefficient using native or adapted GEMM kernels optimized for GPU architectures, and received the 2018 Gordon Bell Prize. Nearly 300 quadrillion element comparisons per second and over 2.3 mixed precision ExaOps are reached on Summit by use of Tensor Core hardware on the Nvidia Volta GPUs. These similarity metrics form the major parts of largescale Genome-Wide Epistasis Studies (GWES) and pleiotropy studies. These efforts seek to identify genetic variants that contribute to individual phenotypes, including susceptibility (or robustness) to disease. The team is using CoMet to investigate the genetic architectures underlying complex traits in applications from bioenergy to human clinical genomics. | Good morning. My name is Jack Wells. I'm from the Oak Ridge leadership computing facility and it's my pleasure and honor to chair the morning keynote and introduce my colleague Dan Jacobson. Dan is the chief computational scientist in the biosciences division at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Dan's group focuses on the development and subsequent application of mathematical, statistical, and computational methods to biological data sets in order to yield new insights into complex biological systems. Fundamentally, he's trying to discover and understand the higher order combinatorial interactions among these molecules and cellular components as they lead to emergent phenomena in organisms i.e. the phenotypes and how they interact with their environment. Dan and his team, including my colleague at OLCF, Wayne Joubert, one of the two Gordon Bell Prizes awarded at the Supercomputing 18 last year together with the team from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory studying climate data sets. Dan's group's contribution was the first to break the exascale barrier at 2.4 exoflops for a 16-bit arithmetic and their knowledge has performed, to their knowledge, has performed the largest and fastest scientific calculations ever performed. So this morning, his title, his topic is Investigating Epistatic and Pliotropic Genetic Architectures and Bioenergy and in Human Health. So I welcome Dan to the keynote this morning. Thanks, Jack. And thanks to the, and of course, the VPN strikes again. Thanks to the organizing committee for this wonderful invitation to speak to you today. And I'd really like to take you on a little bit of an adventure through our view of systems biology and how we're applying supercomputing to really solve, we think, new and interesting biological problems. The broad context we think about is on a planet where we have a effectively largely expanding human population, we have major challenges we need to address in the future. I'm having to do a sustainable energy and our approach to that is with bioenergy applications. Obviously we need to feed this population without actually destroying the planet that we live on. So we're very interested in solutions for precision agriculture and of course we're going to have to cure diseases of this population as we continue to grow and do better and better medicine and in this case precision medicine. We tend to think about biology on population scale. Biology for many, many decades was a discipline that focused on individuals of a species, individuals in a population. The seed change really since the past decade or so has been to really start to think about populations and variation across populations in the molecular components of organisms and how that leads to these emergent properties. So ranging from studying trees for bioenergy through humans for biomedicine and many organisms in between, we're collecting data sets that are very high dimensional data sets. So on the genome variation side we have ranging from sort of 10 to 85 million variants in the genome that we're studying in populations. In some of our populations we've already collected about 180,000 going on 200,000 phenotypes measurements of populations and collecting data across all what we call the omic layers. So gene expression and protein expression and metabolite expression. In fact the microbiome of an organism is really important. You've probably heard a lot about the importance of microbiome for human health as really a new frontier in medicine. The same thing is really true across all you care about. Plants are also dependent on their microbiome. So the more we can understand the interaction between microbiome and host and how the host controls its microbiome, whether they're friendly microbes or pathogens, is of great importance. So we're collecting all of these sort of different data layers, not for the joy of data collection, but really to try to build systems biology models of an organism and understand how it functions and interacts with its environment. The overall vision is to take all of these different omic layers, capture the interactions within and across them, often in the form of network models of various sorts. We now have the ability to fairly accurately predict the three-dimensional structure of the majority of the proteins in a proteome. Five years ago that was probably science fiction, now we have good methods coming out of various groups across the world, and we have a number of these pipelines up and running on summit and are showing through and creating three-dimensional models of most proteins and then working on docking them together so that we can reassemble in three dimensions the molecular machinery of the cell. One of the reasons we're doing this is we also have compound libraries of about 28 million small molecules that we want to dock against that with the idea that if you have proteins of interest for a specific function or disease that you want to stabilize or destabilize, these become intervention targets. So this becomes a large discovery engine that we can apply for various sides of biology. One of the workhorses as a community we've used for quite a while are genome-wide association studies which you can really look as a matrix problem. The idea of having genome variants that vary across the population, so every row is an individual in a population, every column is how an element of the genome varies across that population. And typically in genome-wide association studies you're just using mixed linear models to look for associations between these vectors of genome variants and phenotypes, properties of an organism that you've also measured across that same population. Now this has been a powerful method but also presumes on a really horrific precept that we know is not true and that all of these genome variants or SNPs are measured independently. You do an individual statistical test for every variant and that assumes independence in a biological system which we know is simply wrong. Bialogical systems are highly interconnected but this is where the community has been coming from. It is powerful but it also has the shortcomings. Typically you often for a single phenotype you view the results as what's called the Manhattan plot. This is just a negative log transformer, the p-values for each one of those independent tests and you see these, you do the magical p-value statistical game, you set an FDR threshold and you declare everything above that threshold to be significant. That ignores this sort of balance between type 1 and type 2 error. In being so worried about false discovery rates for false positives, you're also embracing lots of false negatives. So a lot of what we're trying to do is also dig much deeper in the signal and use other tools to figure out the biology that we've been historically ignoring. But irrespective of that, this is sort of one visualization if you're measuring one phenotype. But if you have 180,000 phenotypes, do you want to look at 180,000 Manhattan plots? Mostly that leads to blindness. I can testify. We've tried. And that turns out to be just this really lousy way to integrate information. So we're capturing often this information as networks. So in this case, the node in the middle is the phenotype that's been measured across the population. The surrounding nodes are SNPs, genome variants or genes that contain those genome variants and the edges are simply representing a statistically significant association. When you do that with several hundred thousand phenotypes, you get very dense networks that are starting to represent the complexity of the biological system. And you can start to ask questions of that. As good and skeptical scientists, though, any experimental result, you should not believe. Right? It's a result out of any experiment is really just the first step of a hypothesis. And typically from one result, especially G.O.A.'s result, you go and design a whole series of other orthogonal independent experiments to support that high support or refute that hypothesis coming out of the first one. What we realized along the way, often we do this with very painful wet lab experiments that can take years, we realize in all the data that we have collected across these populations and in orthogonal experiments on single genotypes as well as population scale that we've already have multiple lines of evidence built into these data sets. So in representing them as different network layers, representing the different experiments and the different types of data that are associating, we've written network algorithms that can go through and take a question and the question can be very specific or very vague. So in the in bioenergy research, one of the things we're very interested in is the cell wall of a plant. That's where all the sugars are. Cellulose and hemicellulose are all pumped in the cell wall. And that's where the energy is in bioenergy. So we're very interested in that as a field of study and how they're constructed and deconstructed. So in our first example of this algorithm, which we call a lines of evidence approach, we simply asked the question, show me new genes that are involved in cell wall biosynthesis or regulation that have not been associated with that before. Very vague, vague question. We started the query with genes that are known to be involved in cell wall biosynthesis and some metabolites that are known to be involved and ran it through the algorithm. And it gives us a rank order list of every gene in the genome in its likelihood. It's the number of lines of evidence it has to answer the question that you're asking. In this case, out of this came an immediate discovery of a gene regulatory network transcription factor circuit that controls how genes are expressed, that controls in this case how the organism, how the plant decides to pump carbon under different stress conditions. So in this case, we found the circuit that controls how the plant is responding to drought stress. When it's under dry conditions, it has choices as to how it uses its carbon and energy, whether it puts it in the cell wall or how it deals with abiotic stress. In bioenergy, we're always looking to deploy crops into marginal lands, lands currently not used for agriculture. So understanding the balance between how it responds to drought and how it produces things that we can later use for energy is very important. And we actually found this two-member switch that tells us exactly how it partitions carbon. So now we can use this to design a new genotype that can be adapted to drought stress and maximize our energy output, all from this network query. We're doing this over and over again. You can ask really any set of questions and pump out these subnetworks that are ready for further study or even genome editing to create new organisms. So a lot of this work has been, as I mentioned, based on traditional genome-wide association, very powerful methods, but they're also kind of crummy methods. And that we know that they often only explain a tiny bit of the genetic signal called heritability. So how well do you inherit a trait from your predecessor? Often a very good GWAS hit, a very, very good one, will explain maybe 5% or 10% of the genetic signal. So that's clearly suboptimal. There are multiple reasons for that. There are rare variant issues. We know that the variations, the mutations that are very infrequent in the population often have big effects on phenotypes, but for missing data reasons, they're sort of statistically inconvenient so people simply throw them away. And that's part of missing heritability. So pan-genome, I'll talk about in more detail. There's environmental impact. All of biological systems are plastic. They're responding to their environment. So phenotype is conditional on environment, and that's usually not included in GWAS approaches. And finally, epistasis, which I'll talk about in some detail. So we're trying to transition from this very traditional approach to finding the minority of the genetic signal to approaches that are going to capture, hopefully, the majority of the genetic signal of a system. So I mentioned rare variants. I won't talk about it today, but we are developing new methods to capture this side of the signal. And very importantly, we're going after the environmental impact, what we call the exposome. So we have from genome to exposome, the environment that an organism is reacting to. So to do this, we have to think about now this sort of signal, both in temporal and geospatial terms. An organism evolves across a wide range of environments, across its native habitat. We have to capture that geospatial range. It's also conditional on seasonality. We know that there's not just one temperature in the year unless you're living in the tropics. An organism is adapting to all sorts of fluctuations during the year. We have to have methods that can capture both geospatial and temporal patterns. We put together data sets of pretty much all the climate and environmental data that we can get our hands on around the world to start to capture everything from soil up through light spectral quality, things that are going to affect organisms. Often we get this at monthly resolutions. We're interpolating down to daily resolution. As you do this across these different environmental factors, what we're calling climat types, you'll see different seasonal patterns to different climat types across the year. And that allows us then to do the sort of association testing, a genome against climat type, for every day of the year. And we would expect that the adaptations are happening specific times of the year as you have different climate conditions changing throughout the seasons. And this is in fact exactly what we see. So on the top here is a heat map representation of the climate type, in this case, eridity, how dry an environment is. And if we look in the early part of the year, there appears to be no genetic adaptation to these climate conditions. But popping up in the middle of the year, we have this bimodal distribution. So what we're seeing here is the negative log transform of a p-value of a single mutation, a single SNP in the genome. And how it's adapting to this climate type condition at a specific time of the year. So if we had taken the mean average of the year, which is what's been done historically, we probably would have completely missed this association. If we'd taken it at other times of the year, we would have missed it. So again, capturing geospatial and temporal information. So every row in this heat map here represents the GPS coordinates of where a genotype came from to begin with, the environment that it evolved in. And we're finding specific associations across the population. In this case, in a gene involved in cuticle formation, how waxy the surface of a leaf is. So that's how a plant controls itself in a dry environment, how many layers of wax it builds up. So we're actually finding the gene responsible for that. In this case, we're looking at a different climate type. So this is wind speed. And here we see a different signature in a different gene popping up in the spring. And this gene happens to be involved in leaf development. And you can imagine as your tender little shoots are coming out in the spring, wind stress can do a lot of damage to the nascent leaves as they're just coming out of their buds. So adapting leaf development and timing of that becomes a very important adaptation. If we look at this exact same climate type, wind speed again, and we look at signatures on other genes, here we're finding a very different pattern and a very different time of year. So now popping up in the early winter in a cell wall-related gene. So this is probably trunk stress. How likely is the tree going to be blown over during the heavy winds of the winter? And so a completely different function, a completely different part of the plant showing up at a completely different time of the year. Again, we would have missed this entirely if we'd just taken a yearly average or not accounted for the spatial variation. So we've done this, we've calculated these for about 28,000 different climate types across the year, sort of running across as many components that are going to be relevant to biological organisms as we can think of. And of course, done all these associations and are capturing these as another network layer to help us interpret the biology of how an organism is adapting to its environment and what are the genetic controls for that. Pan genomes have been becoming a major focus in biological studies because they're representing a new type of genetic signal. Historically in genomics, we've taken a single individual from a population in deeply sequenced genome and assembled it, and that's become the representation of the entire species. And detecting genome variants has all been mapped against that one single individual of a species. Now, it turns out that that's sort of a lousy representation of all the genetic material in a species. There's all sorts of things in the rest of the population that are not in the reference. So we've built a series of pipelines running in OCF to take very large data sets that this one is Popula Strika Carpas, the first one of these we've done in eukaryotes. It's 70 terabases of DNA sequence. We're trying to assemble all together across the entire population. And when we do that, we find the baseline number of genes in the poplar reference genome is about 39,000 genes. We're finding a new 25,000 genes that are not in the reference at all. So there's a massive missing genetic signal that's present across the population that we've historically simply been ignoring. We can, of course, then create this into a matrix problem. You can represent the presence and absence of those genes across the population and use that for association testing across phenotypes. When we do that, again, in this case, metabolomics, so metabolites, how they're expressed across the individuals in the population, and some members of the microbiome, we see these patterns. So largely up at the top here, we're seeing the metabolomic associations, genes controlling metabolites, largely down at the bottom. We're seeing the microbiome, the bacterial associations with the host genome. When we zoom in on the bacterial association, so this is what we're all of a sudden starting to see, is a map of the plant defense system. Its immune system, how it's associating with different members of the microbiome across the population. So one of the real challenges for organisms are that they have a phenite number of genes, but nearly an infinite number of bacteria and fungi and archaea, they're going to be exposed to in the environment. So they have to come up with combinatorial responses to get multiple signals and use multiple genes to modulate their response to the different types of the different bacterial species, fungal species they're going to see in the environment. And here, we're starting to see across the population in different regions, how they've actually created new genes, or selected for new genes, to adapt to either friendly microbes or pathogens in the environment across the native range. Now we can look at the intersect between metabolites and bacteria, because we also know that another mechanism besides just the immune system that plants use to shape their microbiome is actually their own metabolites, their chemotype, their chemical environment they can use to shape their microbiome. These happen to be higher order salicylates, which is a very clever mechanism a plant can use because some of them are toxic to microbes and some of them are food for other microbes. So it's a great way to shape your neighborhood if you can feed your friends and poison your enemies. So we're not suggesting that as a human strategy, but plants use this very effectively. And so here we have selected out genes that are associating both with a higher order salicylate and specific microbial taxa. So this is actually what I call a PhD thesis in waiting. This is a set of hypotheses a student can run with and determine exactly those mechanisms and validate those mechanisms of how it uses these compounds specifically for different parts of the microbiome. So I've talked about this side of the sort of workflow and I'll focus quite a bit on epistasis now. We know epistasis is a major mechanism within inheritance, within genetics of biological organisms. We can see it through years and years of painstaking studies at very small scales. For human diseases, we think it's actually the rule, not the exception. We're seeing that really across the board in all organisms. And you can imagine the concept that a single mutation in a protein complex may not have a major effect on the complex. So the definition of epistasis is that you will see in association only when you look at multiple variants at the same time. If you measure them and test them together against the end phenotype, you won't see the signal looking at them one at a time. And biologically, we think this is because a single mutation doesn't destabilize the complex. You have to have multiple mutations to destabilize the complex or the binding sites. This can be protein complexes. This can be any interacting components of a biological system are going to have this sort of signature. Now we know it's there. The difficulties it's tough to look for because the combinatorics of a single genome of a eukaryotic cell is pretty large. It's on the order of 10 to the 170. Silence. For context, we think there are roughly 10 to the 82 atoms in the visible universe. So the complexity of a single cell is way beyond that. So I can tease my astrophysical colleagues to say if we talk about a big problem, we should stop saying, oh my god, that's astronomical. We should say, oh, hell, that's biological. The complexity is outstanding. And there's no amount of supercomputing we can brute force our way through numbers like 10 to the 170. But we still desperately need the supercomputing, but we need more clever algorithms to explore this space. Now the good news is, is that biological systems are under chemical, physical, and probably most importantly evolutionary constraints. So one, there have not been enough generations of any species that's ever lived on the planet to explore 10 to the 170. This has not been enough time. But more importantly, we see all the mutations we see in a population are viewed through the lens of selective pressure. So you have a mutation, and it will stay in a population or not based on if it's beneficial or deleterious to that organism. And therefore, we're selecting four patterns. We're selecting for these correlations between genome variants by the very mechanisms of evolution. So the true combinatorial space is not 10 to the 170, it's probably 10 to the 40 or 10 to the 50, still really big numbers. But with clever algorithms and the data sets that are getting large enough in biology are allowing us to represent the combinatorics that are truly there and then find ways to discover it. So the first, our first approach to this has been a co-evolution approach. This was an algorithm originally developed by Charlie Clymer, who's somewhere in the audience at the time at WashU now at Missouri St. Louis. And the underlying hypothesis here is that one mutation in an organism itself becomes a selective pressure for a compensatory mutation. Again, imagine that protein complex. You mutate one part of it. If it's falling apart, you're going to select for something that brings it back together. We know this is a phenomenon. We've seen this many, many times at smaller scales across all species. So we know it's there. The question is how do you look for it? So in collaboration with Wayne Jo Baer, we took this algorithm and ported it initially to Titan and then to Summit. And the very first step in this algorithm, depending on the species, is on the range of 10 to the 15th to 10 to the 16th vector comparisons you have to do. The vectors we did last year were in the order of 600,000 elements long. And that's just the first step. And you want to actually do this probably thousands of times to account for population structure in a population. We apply incredibly stringent thresholds. We only save one out of every three million comparisons that meet these thresholds. And then you can store the results as a network. So the edges are genome variants, SNPs in this case, and sorry, the nodes are genome variants, and the edges are the significant correlative relationship between them. And the topology that now is network is showing us the biology of how information is stored and related to each other within the genome. So we know that SNPs very close to each other on the genome are in linkage disequilibrium. This is the idea that they're simply co-inherited together all the time because there's no recombination between them. That's a well-known genetic phenomenon, and we capture that. These little blobs of tightly connected SNPs are a representation of local LD. What we're interested for the co-evolution hypothesis are these much longer edges marching across the entire genome that are representing this co-evolution signature of things that are one becomes the selective pressure for the other, and therefore is representing epistasis. It was mentioned, we managed to get this running as part of the early science program, thank you, Jack, on Summit last year, and Wayne was able to figure out how to port this algorithm to use the new tensor core features on the invidia GPUs. And that gave us this tremendous boost in performance that allowed us to cross the exascale barrier last summer in incremental performance since then. We're now up to 2.41 exaflops at 16-bit precision. I think our first reported result out of this was about 1.3 or 1.8 exaflops, and so in going up to 2.3 and 2.4, that's only a minor five or 600 petaflop incremental performance. Was at one point hoping we would get to 2.5 and say, okay, 2.4 is fantastic, and my post talk sort of slapped me and said, are you kidding me? Your incremental performance is more than twice the size of the normal capacity of Summit, as a 200 petaflop machine on the normal GPUs. So this sort of architecture is allowing us to really go way beyond where we thought we could get, but more importantly, it's allowing us to do new science, new biology that was literally impossible to do a year ago. We've been dreaming about these sorts of analyses for well over a decade, and last year it became possible for the first time. Compared to a competitive algorithm on another suit computer, this one was only 15,000 times faster than the state of the art. Again, new science all of a sudden becomes possible. Scaling behavior of this has been incredible. The melanox backplane with the adaptive routing means we don't have to worry about the backplane topology, so strong scaling as you saw was linear. Re-scaling is absolutely flat across these algorithms. The architecture is really, really helping us. And Wayne has done a fantastic job of designing the load balancing that makes this all possible. So we can take these resulting networks, use different network metrics, so you can do breadth first searches, you can do Markov clustering, you can do spectral clustering, and to create sets out of those networks that represents the underlying biology and use those sets for now epistatic discovery, epistatic testing, finding a lot of this missing heritability of the interacting components of a system. That gives us effectively a linear view of epistasis. We also know that there are nonlinear relationships, and for that we're turning to explainable AI approaches. So of course, AI has been in the news a lot. Traditional AI, machine learning, and deep learning historically have been great classification engines, but effectively black boxes. And many of them have been focused on problems that aren't necessarily near and dear to the heart of science. Picking out puppies in cats in pictures on Facebook is not a great scientific research challenge. But we don't want just classification, we want to understand the patterns that are leading that classification. That's the science, that's the biology. Just those common tutorial patterns we're actually searching for. So in collaboration with Ben Brown's lab at the Berkeley National Lab, and these efforts led in my lab by Jonathan Romero and Ashley Cliff, who are also in the audience, we're using iterative random forest that we have scaled and up and running on summit as a different take to explainable machine learning. So random forest have been a classification workhorse in machine learning for a long time, but they're effectively stochastic. You get slightly different results every time you run them on the same data set because of the random nature. So the beauty of iterative random forest is that you run a whole series of them. So random forest is a collection of decision trees, weak learners individually, strong learners collectively. You do one random forest, take the results of that, they become the weights for the input of the next random forest, and so on and so forth. So after about six or seven rounds of this, typically you start to get convergence. Your answer becomes consistent. You get the same answer every time. More importantly, in running all these random forest, you have all these different decision trees. And it turns out that your interaction space is in these pods in the splits of the decision trees. So with a different algorithm called random intersection trees, you can find these pods that occur over and over and over again as predictive, in this case, of the phenotype. And that turns out to be the epistatic space. So this is another way, really, to break that curse of dimensionality and find the combinatorial space that is represented in the data sets. So instead of doing individual tests at a time, we're now finding phenotypes that are conditional on all possible combinations of the genome variants in a population. This is a representation of doing this across all the metabolites across the population, so you get both an epistatic and a pleiotropic network, but genes are responsible for multiple functions. If we zoom in on this, we see the epistatic architecture around a single metabolite, which has traditionally been thought to be involved in the Lignin biosynthesis pathway. In this case, we actually find it's not involved in Lignin, it's actually been turned into a defense compound. It's another metabolite the plant is using to shape its neighborhood. And we see the genes associating with it are all screaming immune system, plant immune system. With the idea that we can now design new crops based on how we're understanding phenotypes in environmental associations, again, we're using random forests or iterative random forests to give us response surface representations of the combinations of genetic elements and how they can be optimized together to lead to phenotypes, to output of a system. We can also build in multiple layers of this, so in fact, in addition to the phenotypes, we can build in environmental layers and optimize an organism for both its productivity as well as its adaption to specific environments. So this is an IRF-driven genome selection algorithm. We can simulate the results in silica and pick the parents to actually breed a species into a targeted environment. Now that we can figure out the environment, wouldn't it be nice if we knew what all the possible environments were? So we did this trivial little task of taking every point of dry land on the planet at square kilometer resolution. So that's 156 million places on the planet. The tensors representing all these environmental conditions, it's about 414,000 elements long, and then compared them all to each other, again, on summit. Set a threshold and you can store the result as a network. In this case, it turns into a network with 156 million nodes and something in the order of 25 trillion edges that are representing the climate similarity, the environmental similarity of every point of land on the planet. We can start to view these networks in lots of different ways. This is a view of Markov clustering at low resolution. You start to break things out at different layers of resolution. Keep in mind, historically, the climate type maps have had 17 different environments, 17 clusters to represent the entire planet. Our lowest resolution clustering gives us 68 as we amp up the clustering. We start to see very different biographic patterns start to fall out across the planet. This gives us the ability to then choose areas that you want to design organisms to deploy for. At 715 clusters, we frankly run out of colors to represent them. It's a visualization. I think the real power of this approach is in the underlying network. You can start anywhere on the planet and say, what is similar to this? This has lots of applications in different areas. We've done it globally. We're doing it regionally in different parts of the globe. Again, higher resolution clustering, breaking out different environments that you can use for biotechnology, ecology, a whole range of other studies, even biomedicine. To our knowledge, this is the largest climate type map ever predicted. It has lots of different applications. Imagine using GWTS and using the genome selection algorithms. You can pick apart on the planet and design organisms specifically to thrive there. Very briefly, I'll run you through a little bit of the precision healthcare. Opioids addiction is a major, major issue in North America. Running in the cost of trillions of dollars. The CDC estimates that roughly 10% of people who are prescribed opioids will go on to develop a full-blown addiction. 10% from a morbidity point of view, from a clinical point of view, is a horrific number. From a biological point of view, it's a fascinating number. Why only 10%? Why are we not all addicted? Opioids are actually the result of an evolutionary arms race between insects and plants. Opioids are our second every metabolite of plants that have been selected for because it's a very clever strategy. If you have a caterpillar chewing on your leaves, if you get it stoned and happy and it falls off and stares at the stun, it's not eating you anymore. We are simply collateral damage of that evolutionary arms race because it's targeting fundamental neural mechanisms that are shared by all bilateral organisms. Pre-Cambrian evolution are these methods that are being selected for. I can show you sea slugs that will be stoned and happy and hallucinating on opioids. These are fundamental mechanisms. They're very difficult to understand historically because we think they're epistatic. This is gene by gene again and environment. This falls into methods that we know how to do now. We're fortunate to have this collaboration with the Veterans Administration where we have the clinical records for 23 million people going back 20 years sitting at Oak Ridge. We have 600,000 genotypes for them. That number is headed towards 2 million over the next few years. We have a great collaborator named Justice to study this problem. We can use these sorts of approaches, including the machine learning approaches, to discover the data-driven phenotypes associated with opioid addiction. We also need to study them in model organisms because the E component. When you're looking at historical electronic health records, you don't really have a great way to capture environment. Organisms usually complain if you experiment on them. IRBs are not fond of that. These are retrospective studies. We need model organisms that we can apply stress to. We're actually using Drosophila as an insect, the original target of opioids, as our discovery engine. It's been used for decades for biomedical research. We figured out very high-throughput ways to collect behavioral phenotypes across Drosophila genetic variant populations. We figured we can phenotype about 7 million flies in a five-year period. Really high-throughput phenotyping. Again, start to pump it through these discovery pipelines so that we can understand the epistatic architectures in humans and in insects and how they're conserved mechanisms into this sort of discovery pipeline so we can look for therapeutic outcomes, ways to address addiction, ways to predict it, and ways to prevent it. All that is great, but we're greedy. We want more. We know that there are also relationships between the phenotypes, not just the genomic elements. So we want algorithms that can look for all possible interactions of phenotypes, conditional and all possible interaction of genomic variants. Of course, as you go across all these omics and phonomics layers, you can represent each one of those as a matrix. You want all possible associations within and across matrices. As we add in all the environmental information, these very quickly become data cubes and in fact, arbitrary polytopes. To our knowledge, there's not an existing algorithm that can handle arbitrary polytopic space. So of course, we're creating one. Jonathan has a prototype of a method we're calling TERF that will start to be able to explore this arbitrary polytopic space and find these biological relationships within and across all polytopes representing a biological system. These sorts of approaches have applications to lots of different areas. I've talked a lot about explainable machine learning. We're also tackling deep learning and trying to make that explainable as well. The sort of things I've mentioned for eukaryotes, we're also doing a lot of work to make these methods amenable to microbes. In the interest of time, I'll sort of blaze through this. This is just a quick preliminary result of how in a collaboration with a group of the National Renewable Energy Lab, Greg Beckham's group, they came up with a gene that was important for their function of interest, but they had no idea what it was. It's my favorite gene annotation ever. Hypothetical protein of unknown function. But we threw it into our systems biology networks and saw that everything around it was an outer membrane porn, something that looks like a channel through a membrane. We predicted the 3D structure and, in fact, it's a beta-barrel channel. So when they've been confused about what this protein was doing for half a year, within a week we had experimental results and telling them exactly where to look for function. In fact, could explain the mutations they were seeing that were loss of function, how they're actually affecting the key components of the beta-barrel channel. So if you want to talk about multi-scale modeling, I would contend that we're going from single nucleotide resolution in genomes up through ecosystem interactions and all the way up to spectral light quality, which is coming from our nearest star. So that's from a nucleotide to an astrophysical phenotype. I think we're stepping across a few levels of scale here. The overall grand picture is this whole combination of all these representations and environmental data pumping through lots of different ensemble approaches of algorithms for the sort of unified vision that then leads to more and more hypotheses to generate more data in experimental systems that you can pump back in. We're able to do a lot of this work because of the fantastic resources at the OLCF and start to think about these crazy projects that a year ago would have been 2 billion hours untitled. So Jack wouldn't allow us to apply for that. Now that's only, well, that would be 340,000 years on a laptop. I'm not going to live that long. But that's 17 days on summit, which is starting to be a reasonable thing to ask for. Big shout-outs to all the collaborators. This is an incomplete list. A big shout-out to Charlie Clymer in the audience for the origination of the CCC algorithm for co-evolution, funding sources, student programs, et cetera. Ashley and Jonathan are in the audience and have posters here. Please talk to them. A big thank to Jack for all the support across the years in the introduction to Wayne. Peter Thornton and ORL is our climate scientist on the climate type clustering projects. I'm fortunate to lead a really, really fantastic group of students and postdocs and staff and faculty. The students decided we had to have a group acronym, so they came up with the Jacobson Advanced Institute for Learning, or JAIL. So when you join the group, you become an inmate and are incarcerated in science, and we have some fun with that. If you're interested in a broad range of topics, please talk to us. We're really, really collaborative. We love working with other groups to solve complex problems. If you're a student, we have full-time PhD programs. We have visiting, collaborative visits for PhD students, internships. A lot of postdoc slots open now and opportunities for sabbaticals and collaborative visits from faculty as well. And with that, I can take questions. | {
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"text": [
" Good morning.",
" My name is Jack Wells.",
" I'm from the Oak Ridge leadership computing facility and it's my pleasure and honor to",
" chair the morning keynote and introduce my colleague Dan Jacobson.",
" Dan is the chief computational scientist in the biosciences division at the Oak Ridge",
" National Laboratory.",
" Dan's group focuses on the development and subsequent application of mathematical, statistical,",
" and computational methods to biological data sets in order to yield new insights into complex",
" biological systems.",
" Fundamentally, he's trying to discover and understand the higher order combinatorial interactions",
" among these molecules and cellular components as they lead to emergent phenomena in organisms",
" i.e. the phenotypes and how they interact with their environment.",
" Dan and his team, including my colleague at OLCF, Wayne Joubert, one of the two Gordon",
" Bell Prizes awarded at the Supercomputing 18 last year together with the team from Lawrence",
" Berkeley Laboratory studying climate data sets.",
" Dan's group's contribution was the first to break the exascale barrier at 2.4 exoflops",
" for a 16-bit arithmetic and their knowledge has performed, to their knowledge, has performed",
" the largest and fastest scientific calculations ever performed.",
" So this morning, his title, his topic is Investigating Epistatic and Pliotropic Genetic Architectures",
" and Bioenergy and in Human Health.",
" So I welcome Dan to the keynote this morning.",
" Thanks, Jack.",
" And thanks to the, and of course, the VPN strikes again.",
" Thanks to the organizing committee for this wonderful invitation to speak to you today.",
" And I'd really like to take you on a little bit of an adventure through our view of systems",
" biology and how we're applying supercomputing to really solve, we think, new and interesting",
" biological problems.",
" The broad context we think about is on a planet where we have a effectively largely expanding",
" human population, we have major challenges we need to address in the future.",
" I'm having to do a sustainable energy and our approach to that is with bioenergy applications.",
" Obviously we need to feed this population without actually destroying the planet that",
" we live on.",
" So we're very interested in solutions for precision agriculture and of course we're",
" going to have to cure diseases of this population as we continue to grow and do better and better",
" medicine and in this case precision medicine.",
" We tend to think about biology on population scale.",
" Biology for many, many decades was a discipline that focused on individuals of a species,",
" individuals in a population.",
" The seed change really since the past decade or so has been to really start to think about",
" populations and variation across populations in the molecular components of organisms",
" and how that leads to these emergent properties.",
" So ranging from studying trees for bioenergy through humans for biomedicine and many organisms",
" in between, we're collecting data sets that are very high dimensional data sets.",
" So on the genome variation side we have ranging from sort of 10 to 85 million variants in",
" the genome that we're studying in populations.",
" In some of our populations we've already collected about 180,000 going on 200,000 phenotypes",
" measurements of populations and collecting data across all what we call the omic layers.",
" So gene expression and protein expression and metabolite expression.",
" In fact the microbiome of an organism is really important.",
" You've probably heard a lot about the importance of microbiome for human health as really a",
" new frontier in medicine.",
" The same thing is really true across all you care about.",
" Plants are also dependent on their microbiome.",
" So the more we can understand the interaction between microbiome and host and how the host",
" controls its microbiome, whether they're friendly microbes or pathogens, is of great importance.",
" So we're collecting all of these sort of different data layers, not for the joy of data collection,",
" but really to try to build systems biology models of an organism and understand how it",
" functions and interacts with its environment.",
" The overall vision is to take all of these different omic layers, capture the interactions",
" within and across them, often in the form of network models of various sorts.",
" We now have the ability to fairly accurately predict the three-dimensional structure of",
" the majority of the proteins in a proteome.",
" Five years ago that was probably science fiction, now we have good methods coming out of various",
" groups across the world, and we have a number of these pipelines up and running on summit",
" and are showing through and creating three-dimensional models of most proteins and then working on",
" docking them together so that we can reassemble in three dimensions the molecular machinery",
" of the cell.",
" One of the reasons we're doing this is we also have compound libraries of about 28 million",
" small molecules that we want to dock against that with the idea that if you have proteins",
" of interest for a specific function or disease that you want to stabilize or destabilize,",
" these become intervention targets.",
" So this becomes a large discovery engine that we can apply for various sides of biology.",
" One of the workhorses as a community we've used for quite a while are genome-wide association",
" studies which you can really look as a matrix problem.",
" The idea of having genome variants that vary across the population, so every row is an",
" individual in a population, every column is how an element of the genome varies across",
" that population.",
" And typically in genome-wide association studies you're just using mixed linear models to look",
" for associations between these vectors of genome variants and phenotypes, properties",
" of an organism that you've also measured across that same population.",
" Now this has been a powerful method but also presumes on a really horrific precept that",
" we know is not true and that all of these genome variants or SNPs are measured independently.",
" You do an individual statistical test for every variant and that assumes independence in a",
" biological system which we know is simply wrong.",
" Bialogical systems are highly interconnected but this is where the community has been coming",
" from.",
" It is powerful but it also has the shortcomings.",
" Typically you often for a single phenotype you view the results as what's called the Manhattan",
" plot.",
" This is just a negative log transformer, the p-values for each one of those independent",
" tests and you see these, you do the magical p-value statistical game, you set an FDR threshold",
" and you declare everything above that threshold to be significant.",
" That ignores this sort of balance between type 1 and type 2 error.",
" In being so worried about false discovery rates for false positives, you're also embracing",
" lots of false negatives.",
" So a lot of what we're trying to do is also dig much deeper in the signal and use other",
" tools to figure out the biology that we've been historically ignoring.",
" But irrespective of that, this is sort of one visualization if you're measuring one",
" phenotype.",
" But if you have 180,000 phenotypes, do you want to look at 180,000 Manhattan plots?",
" Mostly that leads to blindness.",
" I can testify.",
" We've tried.",
" And that turns out to be just this really lousy way to integrate information.",
" So we're capturing often this information as networks.",
" So in this case, the node in the middle is the phenotype that's been measured across",
" the population.",
" The surrounding nodes are SNPs, genome variants or genes that contain those genome variants",
" and the edges are simply representing a statistically significant association.",
" When you do that with several hundred thousand phenotypes, you get very dense networks that",
" are starting to represent the complexity of the biological system.",
" And you can start to ask questions of that.",
" As good and skeptical scientists, though, any experimental result, you should not believe.",
" Right?",
" It's a result out of any experiment is really just the first step of a hypothesis.",
" And typically from one result, especially G.O.A.'s result, you go and design a whole",
" series of other orthogonal independent experiments to support that high support or refute that",
" hypothesis coming out of the first one.",
" What we realized along the way, often we do this with very painful wet lab experiments",
" that can take years, we realize in all the data that we have collected across these populations",
" and in orthogonal experiments on single genotypes as well as population scale that we've already",
" have multiple lines of evidence built into these data sets.",
" So in representing them as different network layers, representing the different experiments",
" and the different types of data that are associating, we've written network algorithms",
" that can go through and take a question and the question can be very specific or very",
" vague.",
" So in the in bioenergy research, one of the things we're very interested in is the cell",
" wall of a plant.",
" That's where all the sugars are.",
" Cellulose and hemicellulose are all pumped in the cell wall.",
" And that's where the energy is in bioenergy.",
" So we're very interested in that as a field of study and how they're constructed and",
" deconstructed.",
" So in our first example of this algorithm, which we call a lines of evidence approach,",
" we simply asked the question, show me new genes that are involved in cell wall biosynthesis",
" or regulation that have not been associated with that before.",
" Very vague, vague question.",
" We started the query with genes that are known to be involved in cell wall biosynthesis",
" and some metabolites that are known to be involved and ran it through the algorithm.",
" And it gives us a rank order list of every gene in the genome in its likelihood.",
" It's the number of lines of evidence it has to answer the question that you're asking.",
" In this case, out of this came an immediate discovery of a gene regulatory network transcription",
" factor circuit that controls how genes are expressed, that controls in this case how",
" the organism, how the plant decides to pump carbon under different stress conditions.",
" So in this case, we found the circuit that controls how the plant is responding to drought",
" stress.",
" When it's under dry conditions, it has choices as to how it uses its carbon and energy, whether",
" it puts it in the cell wall or how it deals with abiotic stress.",
" In bioenergy, we're always looking to deploy crops into marginal lands, lands currently",
" not used for agriculture.",
" So understanding the balance between how it responds to drought and how it produces things",
" that we can later use for energy is very important.",
" And we actually found this two-member switch that tells us exactly how it partitions carbon.",
" So now we can use this to design a new genotype that can be adapted to drought stress and",
" maximize our energy output, all from this network query.",
" We're doing this over and over again.",
" You can ask really any set of questions and pump out these subnetworks that are ready",
" for further study or even genome editing to create new organisms.",
" So a lot of this work has been, as I mentioned, based on traditional genome-wide association,",
" very powerful methods, but they're also kind of crummy methods.",
" And that we know that they often only explain a tiny bit of the genetic signal called heritability.",
" So how well do you inherit a trait from your predecessor?",
" Often a very good GWAS hit, a very, very good one, will explain maybe 5% or 10% of the genetic",
" signal.",
" So that's clearly suboptimal.",
" There are multiple reasons for that.",
" There are rare variant issues.",
" We know that the variations, the mutations that are very infrequent in the population",
" often have big effects on phenotypes, but for missing data reasons, they're sort of statistically",
" inconvenient so people simply throw them away.",
" And that's part of missing heritability.",
" So pan-genome, I'll talk about in more detail.",
" There's environmental impact.",
" All of biological systems are plastic.",
" They're responding to their environment.",
" So phenotype is conditional on environment, and that's usually not included in GWAS approaches.",
" And finally, epistasis, which I'll talk about in some detail.",
" So we're trying to transition from this very traditional approach to finding the minority",
" of the genetic signal to approaches that are going to capture, hopefully, the majority",
" of the genetic signal of a system.",
" So I mentioned rare variants.",
" I won't talk about it today, but we are developing new methods to capture this side of the signal.",
" And very importantly, we're going after the environmental impact, what we call the exposome.",
" So we have from genome to exposome, the environment that an organism is reacting to.",
" So to do this, we have to think about now this sort of signal, both in temporal and geospatial",
" terms.",
" An organism evolves across a wide range of environments, across its native habitat.",
" We have to capture that geospatial range.",
" It's also conditional on seasonality.",
" We know that there's not just one temperature in the year unless you're living in the tropics.",
" An organism is adapting to all sorts of fluctuations during the year.",
" We have to have methods that can capture both geospatial and temporal patterns.",
" We put together data sets of pretty much all the climate and environmental data that we",
" can get our hands on around the world to start to capture everything from soil up through",
" light spectral quality, things that are going to affect organisms.",
" Often we get this at monthly resolutions.",
" We're interpolating down to daily resolution.",
" As you do this across these different environmental factors, what we're calling climat types,",
" you'll see different seasonal patterns to different climat types across the year.",
" And that allows us then to do the sort of association testing, a genome against climat",
" type, for every day of the year.",
" And we would expect that the adaptations are happening specific times of the year as you",
" have different climate conditions changing throughout the seasons.",
" And this is in fact exactly what we see.",
" So on the top here is a heat map representation of the climate type, in this case, eridity,",
" how dry an environment is.",
" And if we look in the early part of the year, there appears to be no genetic adaptation",
" to these climate conditions.",
" But popping up in the middle of the year, we have this bimodal distribution.",
" So what we're seeing here is the negative log transform of a p-value of a single mutation,",
" a single SNP in the genome.",
" And how it's adapting to this climate type condition at a specific time of the year.",
" So if we had taken the mean average of the year, which is what's been done historically,",
" we probably would have completely missed this association.",
" If we'd taken it at other times of the year, we would have missed it.",
" So again, capturing geospatial and temporal information.",
" So every row in this heat map here represents the GPS coordinates of where a genotype came",
" from to begin with, the environment that it evolved in.",
" And we're finding specific associations across the population.",
" In this case, in a gene involved in cuticle formation, how waxy the surface of a leaf",
" is.",
" So that's how a plant controls itself in a dry environment, how many layers of wax it",
" builds up.",
" So we're actually finding the gene responsible for that.",
" In this case, we're looking at a different climate type.",
" So this is wind speed.",
" And here we see a different signature in a different gene popping up in the spring.",
" And this gene happens to be involved in leaf development.",
" And you can imagine as your tender little shoots are coming out in the spring, wind",
" stress can do a lot of damage to the nascent leaves as they're just coming out of their",
" buds.",
" So adapting leaf development and timing of that becomes a very important adaptation.",
" If we look at this exact same climate type, wind speed again, and we look at signatures",
" on other genes, here we're finding a very different pattern and a very different time",
" of year.",
" So now popping up in the early winter in a cell wall-related gene.",
" So this is probably trunk stress.",
" How likely is the tree going to be blown over during the heavy winds of the winter?",
" And so a completely different function, a completely different part of the plant showing",
" up at a completely different time of the year.",
" Again, we would have missed this entirely if we'd just taken a yearly average or not",
" accounted for the spatial variation.",
" So we've done this, we've calculated these for about 28,000 different climate types",
" across the year, sort of running across as many components that are going to be relevant",
" to biological organisms as we can think of.",
" And of course, done all these associations and are capturing these as another network",
" layer to help us interpret the biology of how an organism is adapting to its environment",
" and what are the genetic controls for that.",
" Pan genomes have been becoming a major focus in biological studies because they're representing",
" a new type of genetic signal.",
" Historically in genomics, we've taken a single individual from a population in deeply sequenced",
" genome and assembled it, and that's become the representation of the entire species.",
" And detecting genome variants has all been mapped against that one single individual",
" of a species.",
" Now, it turns out that that's sort of a lousy representation of all the genetic material",
" in a species.",
" There's all sorts of things in the rest of the population that are not in the reference.",
" So we've built a series of pipelines running in OCF to take very large data sets that this",
" one is Popula Strika Carpas, the first one of these we've done in eukaryotes.",
" It's 70 terabases of DNA sequence.",
" We're trying to assemble all together across the entire population.",
" And when we do that, we find the baseline number of genes in the poplar reference genome",
" is about 39,000 genes.",
" We're finding a new 25,000 genes that are not in the reference at all.",
" So there's a massive missing genetic signal that's present across the population that",
" we've historically simply been ignoring.",
" We can, of course, then create this into a matrix problem.",
" You can represent the presence and absence of those genes across the population and use",
" that for association testing across phenotypes.",
" When we do that, again, in this case, metabolomics, so metabolites, how they're expressed across",
" the individuals in the population, and some members of the microbiome, we see these patterns.",
" So largely up at the top here, we're seeing the metabolomic associations, genes controlling",
" metabolites, largely down at the bottom.",
" We're seeing the microbiome, the bacterial associations with the host genome.",
" When we zoom in on the bacterial association, so this is what we're all of a sudden starting",
" to see, is a map of the plant defense system.",
" Its immune system, how it's associating with different members of the microbiome across",
" the population.",
" So one of the real challenges for organisms are that they have a phenite number of genes,",
" but nearly an infinite number of bacteria and fungi and archaea, they're going to be",
" exposed to in the environment.",
" So they have to come up with combinatorial responses to get multiple signals and use",
" multiple genes to modulate their response to the different types of the different bacterial",
" species, fungal species they're going to see in the environment.",
" And here, we're starting to see across the population in different regions, how they've",
" actually created new genes, or selected for new genes, to adapt to either friendly microbes",
" or pathogens in the environment across the native range.",
" Now we can look at the intersect between metabolites and bacteria, because we also know that another",
" mechanism besides just the immune system that plants use to shape their microbiome is actually",
" their own metabolites, their chemotype, their chemical environment they can use to shape",
" their microbiome.",
" These happen to be higher order salicylates, which is a very clever mechanism a plant can",
" use because some of them are toxic to microbes and some of them are food for other microbes.",
" So it's a great way to shape your neighborhood if you can feed your friends and poison your",
" enemies.",
" So we're not suggesting that as a human strategy, but plants use this very effectively.",
" And so here we have selected out genes that are associating both with a higher order salicylate",
" and specific microbial taxa.",
" So this is actually what I call a PhD thesis in waiting.",
" This is a set of hypotheses a student can run with and determine exactly those mechanisms",
" and validate those mechanisms of how it uses these compounds specifically for different",
" parts of the microbiome.",
" So I've talked about this side of the sort of workflow and I'll focus quite a bit on",
" epistasis now.",
" We know epistasis is a major mechanism within inheritance, within genetics of biological",
" organisms.",
" We can see it through years and years of painstaking studies at very small scales.",
" For human diseases, we think it's actually the rule, not the exception.",
" We're seeing that really across the board in all organisms.",
" And you can imagine the concept that a single mutation in a protein complex may not have",
" a major effect on the complex.",
" So the definition of epistasis is that you will see in association only when you look",
" at multiple variants at the same time.",
" If you measure them and test them together against the end phenotype, you won't see the",
" signal looking at them one at a time.",
" And biologically, we think this is because a single mutation doesn't destabilize the",
" complex.",
" You have to have multiple mutations to destabilize the complex or the binding sites.",
" This can be protein complexes.",
" This can be any interacting components of a biological system are going to have this",
" sort of signature.",
" Now we know it's there.",
" The difficulties it's tough to look for because the combinatorics of a single genome of a",
" eukaryotic cell is pretty large.",
" It's on the order of 10 to the 170.",
" Silence.",
" For context, we think there are roughly 10 to the 82 atoms in the visible universe.",
" So the complexity of a single cell is way beyond that.",
" So I can tease my astrophysical colleagues to say if we talk about a big problem, we",
" should stop saying, oh my god, that's astronomical.",
" We should say, oh, hell, that's biological.",
" The complexity is outstanding.",
" And there's no amount of supercomputing we can brute force our way through numbers like",
" 10 to the 170.",
" But we still desperately need the supercomputing, but we need more clever algorithms to explore",
" this space.",
" Now the good news is, is that biological systems are under chemical, physical, and probably",
" most importantly evolutionary constraints.",
" So one, there have not been enough generations of any species that's ever lived on the planet",
" to explore 10 to the 170.",
" This has not been enough time.",
" But more importantly, we see all the mutations we see in a population are viewed through",
" the lens of selective pressure.",
" So you have a mutation, and it will stay in a population or not based on if it's beneficial",
" or deleterious to that organism.",
" And therefore, we're selecting four patterns.",
" We're selecting for these correlations between genome variants by the very mechanisms of",
" evolution.",
" So the true combinatorial space is not 10 to the 170, it's probably 10 to the 40 or",
" 10 to the 50, still really big numbers.",
" But with clever algorithms and the data sets that are getting large enough in biology are",
" allowing us to represent the combinatorics that are truly there and then find ways to",
" discover it.",
" So the first, our first approach to this has been a co-evolution approach.",
" This was an algorithm originally developed by Charlie Clymer, who's somewhere in the",
" audience at the time at WashU now at Missouri St. Louis.",
" And the underlying hypothesis here is that one mutation in an organism itself becomes",
" a selective pressure for a compensatory mutation.",
" Again, imagine that protein complex.",
" You mutate one part of it.",
" If it's falling apart, you're going to select for something that brings it back together.",
" We know this is a phenomenon.",
" We've seen this many, many times at smaller scales across all species.",
" So we know it's there.",
" The question is how do you look for it?",
" So in collaboration with Wayne Jo Baer, we took this algorithm and ported it initially",
" to Titan and then to Summit.",
" And the very first step in this algorithm, depending on the species, is on the range",
" of 10 to the 15th to 10 to the 16th vector comparisons you have to do.",
" The vectors we did last year were in the order of 600,000 elements long.",
" And that's just the first step.",
" And you want to actually do this probably thousands of times to account for population",
" structure in a population.",
" We apply incredibly stringent thresholds.",
" We only save one out of every three million comparisons that meet these thresholds.",
" And then you can store the results as a network.",
" So the edges are genome variants, SNPs in this case, and sorry, the nodes are genome",
" variants, and the edges are the significant correlative relationship between them.",
" And the topology that now is network is showing us the biology of how information is stored",
" and related to each other within the genome.",
" So we know that SNPs very close to each other on the genome are in linkage disequilibrium.",
" This is the idea that they're simply co-inherited together all the time because there's no",
" recombination between them.",
" That's a well-known genetic phenomenon, and we capture that.",
" These little blobs of tightly connected SNPs are a representation of local LD.",
" What we're interested for the co-evolution hypothesis are these much longer edges marching",
" across the entire genome that are representing this co-evolution signature of things that",
" are one becomes the selective pressure for the other, and therefore is representing epistasis.",
" It was mentioned, we managed to get this running as part of the early science program, thank",
" you, Jack, on Summit last year, and Wayne was able to figure out how to port this algorithm",
" to use the new tensor core features on the invidia GPUs.",
" And that gave us this tremendous boost in performance that allowed us to cross the",
" exascale barrier last summer in incremental performance since then.",
" We're now up to 2.41 exaflops at 16-bit precision.",
" I think our first reported result out of this was about 1.3 or 1.8 exaflops, and so in going",
" up to 2.3 and 2.4, that's only a minor five or 600 petaflop incremental performance.",
" Was at one point hoping we would get to 2.5 and say, okay, 2.4 is fantastic, and my post",
" talk sort of slapped me and said, are you kidding me?",
" Your incremental performance is more than twice the size of the normal capacity of Summit,",
" as a 200 petaflop machine on the normal GPUs.",
" So this sort of architecture is allowing us to really go way beyond where we thought we",
" could get, but more importantly, it's allowing us to do new science, new biology that was",
" literally impossible to do a year ago.",
" We've been dreaming about these sorts of analyses for well over a decade, and last",
" year it became possible for the first time.",
" Compared to a competitive algorithm on another suit computer, this one was only 15,000 times",
" faster than the state of the art.",
" Again, new science all of a sudden becomes possible.",
" Scaling behavior of this has been incredible.",
" The melanox backplane with the adaptive routing means we don't have to worry about the backplane",
" topology, so strong scaling as you saw was linear.",
" Re-scaling is absolutely flat across these algorithms.",
" The architecture is really, really helping us.",
" And Wayne has done a fantastic job of designing the load balancing that makes this all possible.",
" So we can take these resulting networks, use different network metrics, so you can do",
" breadth first searches, you can do Markov clustering, you can do spectral clustering, and to create",
" sets out of those networks that represents the underlying biology and use those sets for",
" now epistatic discovery, epistatic testing, finding a lot of this missing heritability",
" of the interacting components of a system.",
" That gives us effectively a linear view of epistasis.",
" We also know that there are nonlinear relationships, and for that we're turning to explainable",
" AI approaches.",
" So of course, AI has been in the news a lot.",
" Traditional AI, machine learning, and deep learning historically have been great classification",
" engines, but effectively black boxes.",
" And many of them have been focused on problems that aren't necessarily near and dear to the",
" heart of science.",
" Picking out puppies in cats in pictures on Facebook is not a great scientific research",
" challenge.",
" But we don't want just classification, we want to understand the patterns that are leading",
" that classification.",
" That's the science, that's the biology.",
" Just those common tutorial patterns we're actually searching for.",
" So in collaboration with Ben Brown's lab at the Berkeley National Lab, and these efforts",
" led in my lab by Jonathan Romero and Ashley Cliff, who are also in the audience, we're",
" using iterative random forest that we have scaled and up and running on summit as a different",
" take to explainable machine learning.",
" So random forest have been a classification workhorse in machine learning for a long time,",
" but they're effectively stochastic.",
" You get slightly different results every time you run them on the same data set because",
" of the random nature.",
" So the beauty of iterative random forest is that you run a whole series of them.",
" So random forest is a collection of decision trees, weak learners individually, strong",
" learners collectively.",
" You do one random forest, take the results of that, they become the weights for the input",
" of the next random forest, and so on and so forth.",
" So after about six or seven rounds of this, typically you start to get convergence.",
" Your answer becomes consistent.",
" You get the same answer every time.",
" More importantly, in running all these random forest, you have all these different decision",
" trees.",
" And it turns out that your interaction space is in these pods in the splits of the decision",
" trees.",
" So with a different algorithm called random intersection trees, you can find these pods",
" that occur over and over and over again as predictive, in this case, of the phenotype.",
" And that turns out to be the epistatic space.",
" So this is another way, really, to break that curse of dimensionality and find the combinatorial",
" space that is represented in the data sets.",
" So instead of doing individual tests at a time, we're now finding phenotypes that are",
" conditional on all possible combinations of the genome variants in a population.",
" This is a representation of doing this across all the metabolites across the population,",
" so you get both an epistatic and a pleiotropic network, but genes are responsible for multiple",
" functions.",
" If we zoom in on this, we see the epistatic architecture around a single metabolite, which",
" has traditionally been thought to be involved in the Lignin biosynthesis pathway.",
" In this case, we actually find it's not involved in Lignin, it's actually been turned into",
" a defense compound.",
" It's another metabolite the plant is using to shape its neighborhood.",
" And we see the genes associating with it are all screaming immune system, plant immune",
" system.",
" With the idea that we can now design new crops based on how we're understanding phenotypes",
" in environmental associations, again, we're using random forests or iterative random forests",
" to give us response surface representations of the combinations of genetic elements and",
" how they can be optimized together to lead to phenotypes, to output of a system.",
" We can also build in multiple layers of this, so in fact, in addition to the phenotypes,",
" we can build in environmental layers and optimize an organism for both its productivity as well",
" as its adaption to specific environments.",
" So this is an IRF-driven genome selection algorithm.",
" We can simulate the results in silica and pick the parents to actually breed a species",
" into a targeted environment.",
" Now that we can figure out the environment, wouldn't it be nice if we knew what all the",
" possible environments were?",
" So we did this trivial little task of taking every point of dry land on the planet at square",
" kilometer resolution.",
" So that's 156 million places on the planet.",
" The tensors representing all these environmental conditions, it's about 414,000 elements long,",
" and then compared them all to each other, again, on summit.",
" Set a threshold and you can store the result as a network.",
" In this case, it turns into a network with 156 million nodes and something in the order",
" of 25 trillion edges that are representing the climate similarity, the environmental similarity",
" of every point of land on the planet.",
" We can start to view these networks in lots of different ways.",
" This is a view of Markov clustering at low resolution.",
" You start to break things out at different layers of resolution.",
" Keep in mind, historically, the climate type maps have had 17 different environments, 17",
" clusters to represent the entire planet.",
" Our lowest resolution clustering gives us 68 as we amp up the clustering.",
" We start to see very different biographic patterns start to fall out across the planet.",
" This gives us the ability to then choose areas that you want to design organisms to deploy",
" for.",
" At 715 clusters, we frankly run out of colors to represent them.",
" It's a visualization.",
" I think the real power of this approach is in the underlying network.",
" You can start anywhere on the planet and say, what is similar to this?",
" This has lots of applications in different areas.",
" We've done it globally.",
" We're doing it regionally in different parts of the globe.",
" Again, higher resolution clustering, breaking out different environments that you can use",
" for biotechnology, ecology, a whole range of other studies, even biomedicine.",
" To our knowledge, this is the largest climate type map ever predicted.",
" It has lots of different applications.",
" Imagine using GWTS and using the genome selection algorithms.",
" You can pick apart on the planet and design organisms specifically to thrive there.",
" Very briefly, I'll run you through a little bit of the precision healthcare.",
" Opioids addiction is a major, major issue in North America.",
" Running in the cost of trillions of dollars.",
" The CDC estimates that roughly 10% of people who are prescribed opioids will go on to develop",
" a full-blown addiction.",
" 10% from a morbidity point of view, from a clinical point of view, is a horrific number.",
" From a biological point of view, it's a fascinating number.",
" Why only 10%?",
" Why are we not all addicted?",
" Opioids are actually the result of an evolutionary arms race between insects and plants.",
" Opioids are our second every metabolite of plants that have been selected for because",
" it's a very clever strategy.",
" If you have a caterpillar chewing on your leaves, if you get it stoned and happy and",
" it falls off and stares at the stun, it's not eating you anymore.",
" We are simply collateral damage of that evolutionary arms race because it's targeting fundamental",
" neural mechanisms that are shared by all bilateral organisms.",
" Pre-Cambrian evolution are these methods that are being selected for.",
" I can show you sea slugs that will be stoned and happy and hallucinating on opioids.",
" These are fundamental mechanisms.",
" They're very difficult to understand historically because we think they're epistatic.",
" This is gene by gene again and environment.",
" This falls into methods that we know how to do now.",
" We're fortunate to have this collaboration with the Veterans Administration where we",
" have the clinical records for 23 million people going back 20 years sitting at Oak Ridge.",
" We have 600,000 genotypes for them.",
" That number is headed towards 2 million over the next few years.",
" We have a great collaborator named Justice to study this problem.",
" We can use these sorts of approaches, including the machine learning approaches, to discover",
" the data-driven phenotypes associated with opioid addiction.",
" We also need to study them in model organisms because the E component.",
" When you're looking at historical electronic health records, you don't really have a great",
" way to capture environment.",
" Organisms usually complain if you experiment on them.",
" IRBs are not fond of that.",
" These are retrospective studies.",
" We need model organisms that we can apply stress to.",
" We're actually using Drosophila as an insect, the original target of opioids, as our discovery",
" engine.",
" It's been used for decades for biomedical research.",
" We figured out very high-throughput ways to collect behavioral phenotypes across Drosophila",
" genetic variant populations.",
" We figured we can phenotype about 7 million flies in a five-year period.",
" Really high-throughput phenotyping.",
" Again, start to pump it through these discovery pipelines so that we can understand the epistatic",
" architectures in humans and in insects and how they're conserved mechanisms into this",
" sort of discovery pipeline so we can look for therapeutic outcomes, ways to address",
" addiction, ways to predict it, and ways to prevent it.",
" All that is great, but we're greedy.",
" We want more.",
" We know that there are also relationships between the phenotypes, not just the genomic",
" elements.",
" So we want algorithms that can look for all possible interactions of phenotypes, conditional",
" and all possible interaction of genomic variants.",
" Of course, as you go across all these omics and phonomics layers, you can represent each",
" one of those as a matrix.",
" You want all possible associations within and across matrices.",
" As we add in all the environmental information, these very quickly become data cubes and",
" in fact, arbitrary polytopes.",
" To our knowledge, there's not an existing algorithm that can handle arbitrary polytopic",
" space.",
" So of course, we're creating one.",
" Jonathan has a prototype of a method we're calling TERF that will start to be able to",
" explore this arbitrary polytopic space and find these biological relationships within",
" and across all polytopes representing a biological system.",
" These sorts of approaches have applications to lots of different areas.",
" I've talked a lot about explainable machine learning.",
" We're also tackling deep learning and trying to make that explainable as well.",
" The sort of things I've mentioned for eukaryotes, we're also doing a lot of work to make these",
" methods amenable to microbes.",
" In the interest of time, I'll sort of blaze through this.",
" This is just a quick preliminary result of how in a collaboration with a group of the",
" National Renewable Energy Lab, Greg Beckham's group, they came up with a gene that was important",
" for their function of interest, but they had no idea what it was.",
" It's my favorite gene annotation ever.",
" Hypothetical protein of unknown function.",
" But we threw it into our systems biology networks and saw that everything around it was an outer",
" membrane porn, something that looks like a channel through a membrane.",
" We predicted the 3D structure and, in fact, it's a beta-barrel channel.",
" So when they've been confused about what this protein was doing for half a year, within",
" a week we had experimental results and telling them exactly where to look for function.",
" In fact, could explain the mutations they were seeing that were loss of function, how",
" they're actually affecting the key components of the beta-barrel channel.",
" So if you want to talk about multi-scale modeling, I would contend that we're going from single",
" nucleotide resolution in genomes up through ecosystem interactions and all the way up",
" to spectral light quality, which is coming from our nearest star.",
" So that's from a nucleotide to an astrophysical phenotype.",
" I think we're stepping across a few levels of scale here.",
" The overall grand picture is this whole combination of all these representations and environmental",
" data pumping through lots of different ensemble approaches of algorithms for the sort of unified",
" vision that then leads to more and more hypotheses to generate more data in experimental systems",
" that you can pump back in.",
" We're able to do a lot of this work because of the fantastic resources at the OLCF and",
" start to think about these crazy projects that a year ago would have been 2 billion",
" hours untitled.",
" So Jack wouldn't allow us to apply for that.",
" Now that's only, well, that would be 340,000 years on a laptop.",
" I'm not going to live that long.",
" But that's 17 days on summit, which is starting to be a reasonable thing to ask for.",
" Big shout-outs to all the collaborators.",
" This is an incomplete list.",
" A big shout-out to Charlie Clymer in the audience for the origination of the CCC algorithm",
" for co-evolution, funding sources, student programs, et cetera.",
" Ashley and Jonathan are in the audience and have posters here.",
" Please talk to them.",
" A big thank to Jack for all the support across the years in the introduction to Wayne.",
" Peter Thornton and ORL is our climate scientist on the climate type clustering projects.",
" I'm fortunate to lead a really, really fantastic group of students and postdocs and staff and",
" faculty.",
" The students decided we had to have a group acronym, so they came up with the Jacobson",
" Advanced Institute for Learning, or JAIL.",
" So when you join the group, you become an inmate and are incarcerated in science, and",
" we have some fun with that.",
" If you're interested in a broad range of topics, please talk to us.",
" We're really, really collaborative.",
" We love working with other groups to solve complex problems.",
" If you're a student, we have full-time PhD programs.",
" We have visiting, collaborative visits for PhD students, internships.",
" A lot of postdoc slots open now and opportunities for sabbaticals and collaborative visits",
" from faculty as well.",
" And with that, I can take questions."
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10.5446/21281 (DOI) | Beneath the surface: New works from the Strata Series | https://av.tib.eu/media/21281 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de8f0b907d9af3bf1b08ee7e5a3b7a4cb04973deae1a9fe5d23363a45fc1c3778f/Beneath_the_surface__New_works_from_the_Strata_Series.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2012 | Weber, Sally | null | The Strata Series explores the relationship between the physiology of matter and the depth of mind. While the black and white photographic works delineate the surface contours of the figure, the pulsed light images use holographic interferometry to capture the micro-motions of breath, muscle and blood from within the body. Currently on exhibition at the Center for the Holographic Arts in New York from May 6–June 30, 2006, the pulsed light images are reconstructed using high-powered LED illuminators designed by Craig Newswanger which offer an alternative to laser illumination. | It gives me great pleasure to introduce to you one of my favorite artists, Sally Weber. Thank you, good morning. Well, I guess we'll find the right place here and we'll put on the glasses. Luckily I switched the glasses from last night off my head or we would all be in trouble. Okay. What I'm going to present today is a talk about work that is new in that it's being seen for the first time in an exhibition at the Center for the Holographic Arts in New York. And as a result I would like to extend my thanks to Anna Marie Nicholson, Akuo who is here, Nakamura, and he'll be speaking later today. And also Sam Marie and Anita Patin who have been really helpful and instrumental in making that exhibition come to be. And I'd also like to thank Fuji Hunt for their kind consideration and for which I am here. This work called the Stratoceries actually began as an investigation into photography in the mid-90s and became the Holographic version, both parts of which will be in the exhibition that I'll be showing in the slides here. And the Holograms, the Masters were taken in 2001 but are gradually now being completed. There's a series of six which I'll be talking about and three of those including another Holographic piece are in the exhibition. So let's begin here. The Stratoceries explores different ways of knowing and its relationship between the physiology of matter and depth of mind. While the black and white photographic works delineate the surface contours of the figure, pulsed light images of the Stratoceries use Holographic interferometry to capture the micro motions of breath, muscle, and blood from within the body. Stratoceries usually refers to the layering of geologic levels over millennia. But as I see it, it's a metaphor for the peeling back of our own internal depths. Loss and deep grief that just comes through our life can dive us down into the very core of our own being. Curiously, it's our resonance with others' grief like the infectiousness of joy and enthusiasm which binds humans to each other. In ancient civilizations from the Paleolithic on, people traveled down into the caves in an attempt to access the deeper reaches of both the outer and inner worlds. This descent was a passage or transition, journey, or transformation. Bound by rituals and tradition, a person entering a state of unusual psychic appeal or illness might be instructed by a shaman, healer, or cherished leader, and become a shaman, healer, or cherished leader of great vision. In our culture, such a descent might be considered a clinical condition. Joseph Campbell, the noted scholar of comparative religion and mythology, recounts in Myths to Live By the similarity of pattern between a schizophrenic breakdown and the mythic journey of discovery. The usual pattern is, first, of a break away or departure from the local social order and context. Next, a long, deep retreat inward and backward. Backward as it were in time, inward, deep into the psyche, a chaotic series of encounters there, darkly terrifying experiences, and presently, if the victim is fortunate, encounters of a centering kind, fulfilling, harmonizing, giving new courage, and finally, in some fortunate cases, a return journey of rebirth to life. And this is the universal formula, also of the mythological hero journey, which I have described as one separation, two initiation, and three return. The passage of descent is often a journey that reveals depth long hidden. Previous cultures knew and developed rituals to exercise this aspect of human character and reintegrated into the social fabric. Joseph Henderson's work on cultural consciousness and its effects on cultural attitude in individuals suggests that core beliefs dramatically alter the premise and path of transformation. He maintains that in polyism, the rights take place down in the underground or in a courtyard. The God image is a symbol of emergence and growth taking place within it, like a plant growing in a well cultivated garden. In monotheism, the initiation is conceived as a journey, a mythical approach to the Godhead leading to spiritual perfection, a sort of pilgrim's progress. Polytheistic transformation takes place down in the dark of the underworld or in a courtyard, while monotheistic transformation takes place as a linear journey towards the light. Now we see different ways of knowing through functional MRIs. These are scans, brain scans, lateral brain scans, and other imaging techniques that can pinpoint the brain's activity. The circle white area on the left over here, if I can find this, is the area that's being activated by analytic thinking or language, which is associated with the right side of the brain. Whereas, how do I get this over here? Okay, there we go. The circle area on the right is associated with metaphoric thinking, music, and image. The two sides of the brain really come up with the different aspects of our thought process. And our brain has the magical quality of crossing these and being able to integrate those different types of knowledge. But in essence, the silent right side of the brain, wherever this is over here, feels while the verbal side on the other over here communicates. And they can conclude very different things. And a lot of testing has been done on this where people have had a stroke or something that is limited one side is another. A lot of you, I'm sure, are very aware of all this research. This, certainly our brain integrates these thoughts, but a deep transferring personal experience or deep grief can alter one's outlook and subsequent view. One has returned from the experience of a different way of knowing than the usual cognitive state of mind. This is a brain scan if it comes up here. There we go. Luckily, it was a healthy brain. As Campbell notes, the inward journey of the mythological hero, the shaman, the mystic and the schizophrenic are in principle the same. And when the return or admission occurs, it is experienced as a rebirth, the birth that is to say of a twice born ego, no longer bound in by its daylight world horizon. One is now no longer afraid of nature nor nature's child society. The new ego is in accord with all this in harmony at peace. And as those who have journeyed, those who have returned from the journey tell life is then richer, stronger and more joyous. And we go on. Hello. Oh, there we go. In the mid 90s, I began a series of black and white photographic studies of figures inspired in part by Margaret Benyon's Terecias and Niels Ebersen and Hans Bill Coggins, interferometry studies of a man using a jackhammer. Using white light, I was searching for a way to suggest the depths beneath the skin. So over a period of about four years, I just did a series of study. At the time, I was doing a lot of public art in California and elsewhere, mostly working with large scale gradings, which was my previous work. And some of you are well acquainted with that. Many people ask if that was Craig. No, it wasn't. In the spring of 2001, I received an AIR at the Center for the Holographic Arts to produce interferomic masters. Six of these masters are, as I said before, part of a new work, which will be called Descent, and three of them are in the exhibition. The first work I transferred from the Pulse series was in the fall of 2001, and it's a reduction. And Melissa Krenshaw, who will be speaking on Friday, happened to be visiting, and she had done a series of reductions herself. So she gave me great aid in helping out on the setup for this particular work. I was completing it when 9-11 happened. That day of trauma interconnected us through a grave tragedy. I had calls from all over the world, and I was in California. I wasn't in New York. So there was a sense that there was a binding. Loss has this ability, somehow, very deeply, to touch us as it should, just as we've been touched this week by the losses who are not here. And yet, it also has the transformative process of giving us great joy in their remembrance. Anyway, the pose of this figure is one of both loss and hope. I titled it, Chasm 2001, and it is in honor of all those who have suffered such losses. Loss is essentially human. It manifests deep within us and is carried through our cultures, expressed deeply as our tradition and belief systems change, excuse me, over time. Some of my research goes into ancient cultures, and this is, I'm going to be recounting here, a tale from Pre-Sumeria mythology that comes down and ends up getting integrated in many different stories. But this is actually from a seal from, let's see, I've got a date here, 2012 B.C. of a goddess, a Pre-Sumerian goddess named Inanna, sometimes called Ishtar, various other names down through time. But she was a major goddess of heaven and earth and represented by the planet Venus. Very powerful. Inanna decides to take a journey down to the underworld to visit her sister, Erkashigal, who is the queen of the underworld. In passing through the seven gates of the underworld, she's gradually stripped of all of her finery and at last her robes. How could she stand before Erkashigal? But instead of bowing to her sister as proper tribute would require, Inanna tries to usurp Erkashigal's throne and is immediately killed for her tempt. Her body flayed and hung on a peg to rot. Back in heaven, Inanna's servant laments to the other gods that Inanna is not returned after three days. Only Enki, the god of water and wisdom, comes to her aid. Enki creates two emissaries and sends them to the underworld with the instructions to retrieve Inanna. Enki's emissaries find that Erkashigal is pregnant and suffering. They console her with lavish attention. In appreciation, Erkashigal offers them gifts which they have been told to refuse, saying that only that old skin, that leather bag over there hanging from a peg would be quite sufficient, much more than we deserve. Enki's emissaries bring Inanna back out of the underworld, but clinging to her back are demons instructed to seize and bring back Inanna's replacement. As her payment for leaving the underworld. Inanna returns to the worlds above, both the earth and to heaven, with the knowledge of death and destruction in the core of her being. She has become the goddess that has fully realized the sum total of nature, both as the creator and destroyer. This fully realized goddess of heaven, earth, and the underworld knows now what death entails. These works of what will be called the Descent series are not directly related to the story, but it was part of the inspirational background. This first one, which was first exhibited at Paula Dawson's and John Gage's show in Australia in 2003, is called Terrain. It's composed of three transfers and illuminated by now is illuminated by an LED. During their show it was illuminated by a very nice laser. This is the second image of the series called Fissure, which was completed in 2005. And this is the third most recent. It's actually the fourth of the series in Descent and it's called Fossil and it's illuminated by a blue LED. All of these works are illuminated by some new LEDs that Craig researched and he's going to give you details after I complete my portion of the talk about how, where we found these and how these illuminators were made because they act virtually like laser, allow us to go back to laser transmission without the expense of the lasers. This is some images from the show in New York with the photos. The work in the back here is threshold of a singularity. It was done in 1989. It's a water installation and water drips from a separatory or glass separatory funnel to a pan below and that's illuminating a holographic optical element panel here. It was a memorial for my father. This is this other side of the gallery and you can see these, the three illuminated works. There's a, the fourth one is down around the corner here. But they create another light installation on the floor. I'd like to introduce Craig Neuswanger who many of you know, he's, what is your position? Who are you? He's my husband. Director of Optical Engineering at Zebra Imaging but very conveniently an excellent engineer who was able to make LED illuminators. Thank you. This will be very quick. Basically, I just, we just wanted to share what we found. Certainly there's a, oh one more thing. Pardon me. There's a number of single device LEDs available. One being the Luxion Star Series. And you can certainly easily find those Luxion if you Google them. And this is an example of a 5 watt Luxion with an ellipsoidal reflector. I think the batteries are running a little bit low but the, these are very efficient and they're a very small source. They're really a Lambertian source. You need some pretty nice optics. The optics that Luxion provides can be used with some diffusion to get an even field. The next step from that and we found, we found the, this company called Innovations and Optics as you see here. And their website name is innovationsandoptics.com. And what they are, it's a very, I don't know, maybe, hey, I'll hear you. This is a series of, of wavelengths that they have. And you can probably barely make that out. We've got 405, 450, 470, 505, 527, 591, 620, and 629. And then there's some whites. And if you look over the currents, these are pulling two and three amps of current. And the optical power you see here up to 1.2 watts of optical power. And the red is just brilliant. I'm not sure the bandwidths here, but the bandwidths are somewhat typical of LEDs. The amber, the 591 being the most narrow. And, but the others are quite adequate for image plane transfer, image plane open aperture transfers, as you saw in Sally's work. And the, finally, we, this is just a little CAD drawing of the lamp. The cyan colored gadget there is the lamp and it has a large TIR lens on it, but a very small hexagonal heatsink base that you have to be very careful in attaching it. Because these are delicate. I'm told they're designing new, a new system which is much more robust. And these, you have to be very careful. Currently they're very expensive in small quantities, around $500. If you get 10 of them, they're like $295, something like that. But they have, what's interesting, they will take any chip from any manufacturer and integrate it into this device. And they'll take the chips and they take up to 60 chips and put them into a 3 millimeter circle. And then wire them together. And they can also blend, they could mix RG and B in the same device. And you end up with a whatever, really whatever mix you want. They also make mixtures of blue, phosphor, plus red to give a better performance from white light. Where the usual blue excited phosphor devices are deficient in red. And basically, then it's very simple. You have to make your own regulator basically. And this is in Sally's paper. It's very, it's straightforward, it's using a voltage regulator as a current regulation device. And we used a little fan in the box. We supplied it with 12 volts from a unit which you can buy from electronic store, which is typically used for supplying voltage to a ham radio or stereo equipment that you would normally use in a car. And again, you see here's some, I'll show some resistances for supplying the two or three amps for these devices depending on the wavelength. And that's it. Thank you very much, Sally and Craig. Newsman or leather? We got it mixed up all the time. I was brilliant. Great stuff. So the marriage of, you know, science and art. We have any questions for us? Fred. How did we get this? Fred. Microphone, Fred. Oh, Fred doesn't need a microphone. Oh, we do. Oh, we do. Okay. Yeah. What's the cost and the handhelds of this? This one here. I'm not sure. What we do is we buy this one. It's called a 5 watt LED torch. I'll figure out more about it. It's a, you know, it's like, can I see your license, please, sir? It's usually white and we take the 5 watt Luxian star and swap it out because they don't make a green one. So we physically do it ourselves at Zebra. And this is what I was showing the holograms with before. But again, Luxian makes quite a series as well, but you can't nearly get the same optical power as you can get out with also. The other thing about the other, the innovations device is it's only about 15 millimeters in diameter. It makes a very nice source for illumination and it has about a 20 degree cone without any extra optics and it's very smooth profile. Thank you. Any more? Thank you very much. Thank you. | {
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"text": [
" It gives me great pleasure to introduce to you one of my favorite artists, Sally Weber.",
" Thank you, good morning.",
" Well, I guess we'll find the right place here and we'll put on the glasses.",
" Luckily I switched the glasses from last night off my head or we would all be in trouble.",
" Okay.",
" What I'm going to present today is a talk about work that is new in that it's being seen for the first time in an exhibition at the Center for the Holographic Arts in New York.",
" And as a result I would like to extend my thanks to Anna Marie Nicholson, Akuo who is here, Nakamura, and he'll be speaking later today.",
" And also Sam Marie and Anita Patin who have been really helpful and instrumental in making that exhibition come to be.",
" And I'd also like to thank Fuji Hunt for their kind consideration and for which I am here.",
" This work called the Stratoceries actually began as an investigation into photography in the mid-90s and became the Holographic version,",
" both parts of which will be in the exhibition that I'll be showing in the slides here.",
" And the Holograms, the Masters were taken in 2001 but are gradually now being completed.",
" There's a series of six which I'll be talking about and three of those including another Holographic piece are in the exhibition.",
" So let's begin here.",
" The Stratoceries explores different ways of knowing and its relationship between the physiology of matter and depth of mind.",
" While the black and white photographic works delineate the surface contours of the figure, pulsed light images of the Stratoceries use Holographic interferometry",
" to capture the micro motions of breath, muscle, and blood from within the body.",
" Stratoceries usually refers to the layering of geologic levels over millennia.",
" But as I see it, it's a metaphor for the peeling back of our own internal depths.",
" Loss and deep grief that just comes through our life can dive us down into the very core of our own being.",
" Curiously, it's our resonance with others' grief like the infectiousness of joy and enthusiasm which binds humans to each other.",
" In ancient civilizations from the Paleolithic on, people traveled down into the caves in an attempt to access the deeper reaches of both the outer and inner worlds.",
" This descent was a passage or transition, journey, or transformation.",
" Bound by rituals and tradition, a person entering a state of unusual psychic appeal or illness might be instructed by a shaman, healer, or cherished leader,",
" and become a shaman, healer, or cherished leader of great vision.",
" In our culture, such a descent might be considered a clinical condition.",
" Joseph Campbell, the noted scholar of comparative religion and mythology, recounts in Myths to Live By the similarity of pattern between a schizophrenic breakdown and the mythic journey of discovery.",
" The usual pattern is, first, of a break away or departure from the local social order and context.",
" Next, a long, deep retreat inward and backward.",
" Backward as it were in time, inward, deep into the psyche, a chaotic series of encounters there, darkly terrifying experiences,",
" and presently, if the victim is fortunate, encounters of a centering kind, fulfilling, harmonizing, giving new courage, and finally, in some fortunate cases, a return journey of rebirth to life.",
" And this is the universal formula, also of the mythological hero journey, which I have described as one separation, two initiation, and three return.",
" The passage of descent is often a journey that reveals depth long hidden.",
" Previous cultures knew and developed rituals to exercise this aspect of human character and reintegrated into the social fabric.",
" Joseph Henderson's work on cultural consciousness and its effects on cultural attitude in individuals suggests that core beliefs dramatically alter the premise and path of transformation.",
" He maintains that in polyism, the rights take place down in the underground or in a courtyard.",
" The God image is a symbol of emergence and growth taking place within it, like a plant growing in a well cultivated garden.",
" In monotheism, the initiation is conceived as a journey, a mythical approach to the Godhead leading to spiritual perfection, a sort of pilgrim's progress.",
" Polytheistic transformation takes place down in the dark of the underworld or in a courtyard, while monotheistic transformation takes place as a linear journey towards the light.",
" Now we see different ways of knowing through functional MRIs.",
" These are scans, brain scans, lateral brain scans, and other imaging techniques that can pinpoint the brain's activity.",
" The circle white area on the left over here, if I can find this, is the area that's being activated by analytic thinking or language, which is associated with the right side of the brain.",
" Whereas, how do I get this over here?",
" Okay, there we go.",
" The circle area on the right is associated with metaphoric thinking, music, and image.",
" The two sides of the brain really come up with the different aspects of our thought process.",
" And our brain has the magical quality of crossing these and being able to integrate those different types of knowledge.",
" But in essence, the silent right side of the brain, wherever this is over here, feels while the verbal side on the other over here communicates.",
" And they can conclude very different things.",
" And a lot of testing has been done on this where people have had a stroke or something that is limited one side is another.",
" A lot of you, I'm sure, are very aware of all this research.",
" This, certainly our brain integrates these thoughts, but a deep transferring personal experience or deep grief can alter one's outlook and subsequent view.",
" One has returned from the experience of a different way of knowing than the usual cognitive state of mind.",
" This is a brain scan if it comes up here.",
" There we go.",
" Luckily, it was a healthy brain.",
" As Campbell notes, the inward journey of the mythological hero, the shaman, the mystic and the schizophrenic are in principle the same.",
" And when the return or admission occurs, it is experienced as a rebirth, the birth that is to say of a twice born ego, no longer bound in by its daylight world horizon.",
" One is now no longer afraid of nature nor nature's child society. The new ego is in accord with all this in harmony at peace.",
" And as those who have journeyed, those who have returned from the journey tell life is then richer, stronger and more joyous.",
" And we go on. Hello.",
" Oh, there we go.",
" In the mid 90s, I began a series of black and white photographic studies of figures inspired in part by Margaret Benyon's Terecias and Niels Ebersen and Hans Bill Coggins,",
" interferometry studies of a man using a jackhammer. Using white light, I was searching for a way to suggest the depths beneath the skin.",
" So over a period of about four years, I just did a series of study.",
" At the time, I was doing a lot of public art in California and elsewhere, mostly working with large scale gradings, which was my previous work.",
" And some of you are well acquainted with that.",
" Many people ask if that was Craig. No, it wasn't.",
" In the spring of 2001, I received an AIR at the Center for the Holographic Arts to produce interferomic masters.",
" Six of these masters are, as I said before, part of a new work, which will be called Descent, and three of them are in the exhibition.",
" The first work I transferred from the Pulse series was in the fall of 2001, and it's a reduction.",
" And Melissa Krenshaw, who will be speaking on Friday, happened to be visiting, and she had done a series of reductions herself.",
" So she gave me great aid in helping out on the setup for this particular work.",
" I was completing it when 9-11 happened. That day of trauma interconnected us through a grave tragedy.",
" I had calls from all over the world, and I was in California. I wasn't in New York.",
" So there was a sense that there was a binding. Loss has this ability, somehow, very deeply, to touch us as it should,",
" just as we've been touched this week by the losses who are not here.",
" And yet, it also has the transformative process of giving us great joy in their remembrance.",
" Anyway, the pose of this figure is one of both loss and hope.",
" I titled it, Chasm 2001, and it is in honor of all those who have suffered such losses.",
" Loss is essentially human. It manifests deep within us and is carried through our cultures, expressed deeply as our tradition and belief systems change,",
" excuse me, over time.",
" Some of my research goes into ancient cultures, and this is, I'm going to be recounting here, a tale from Pre-Sumeria mythology that comes down",
" and ends up getting integrated in many different stories.",
" But this is actually from a seal from, let's see, I've got a date here, 2012 B.C.",
" of a goddess, a Pre-Sumerian goddess named Inanna, sometimes called Ishtar, various other names down through time.",
" But she was a major goddess of heaven and earth and represented by the planet Venus.",
" Very powerful.",
" Inanna decides to take a journey down to the underworld to visit her sister, Erkashigal, who is the queen of the underworld.",
" In passing through the seven gates of the underworld, she's gradually stripped of all of her finery and at last her robes.",
" How could she stand before Erkashigal?",
" But instead of bowing to her sister as proper tribute would require, Inanna tries to usurp Erkashigal's throne and is immediately killed for her tempt.",
" Her body flayed and hung on a peg to rot.",
" Back in heaven, Inanna's servant laments to the other gods that Inanna is not returned after three days.",
" Only Enki, the god of water and wisdom, comes to her aid.",
" Enki creates two emissaries and sends them to the underworld with the instructions to retrieve Inanna.",
" Enki's emissaries find that Erkashigal is pregnant and suffering.",
" They console her with lavish attention.",
" In appreciation, Erkashigal offers them gifts which they have been told to refuse, saying that only that old skin, that leather bag over there hanging from a peg would be quite sufficient, much more than we deserve.",
" Enki's emissaries bring Inanna back out of the underworld, but clinging to her back are demons instructed to seize and bring back Inanna's replacement.",
" As her payment for leaving the underworld.",
" Inanna returns to the worlds above, both the earth and to heaven, with the knowledge of death and destruction in the core of her being.",
" She has become the goddess that has fully realized the sum total of nature, both as the creator and destroyer.",
" This fully realized goddess of heaven, earth, and the underworld knows now what death entails.",
" These works of what will be called the Descent series are not directly related to the story, but it was part of the inspirational background.",
" This first one, which was first exhibited at Paula Dawson's and John Gage's show in Australia in 2003, is called Terrain.",
" It's composed of three transfers and illuminated by now is illuminated by an LED.",
" During their show it was illuminated by a very nice laser.",
" This is the second image of the series called Fissure, which was completed in 2005.",
" And this is the third most recent.",
" It's actually the fourth of the series in Descent and it's called Fossil and it's illuminated by a blue LED.",
" All of these works are illuminated by some new LEDs that Craig researched and he's going to give you details after I complete my portion of the talk",
" about how, where we found these and how these illuminators were made because they act virtually like laser,",
" allow us to go back to laser transmission without the expense of the lasers.",
" This is some images from the show in New York with the photos.",
" The work in the back here is threshold of a singularity.",
" It was done in 1989.",
" It's a water installation and water drips from a separatory or glass separatory funnel to a pan below",
" and that's illuminating a holographic optical element panel here.",
" It was a memorial for my father.",
" This is this other side of the gallery and you can see these, the three illuminated works.",
" There's a, the fourth one is down around the corner here.",
" But they create another light installation on the floor.",
" I'd like to introduce Craig Neuswanger who many of you know, he's, what is your position?",
" Who are you? He's my husband.",
" Director of Optical Engineering at Zebra Imaging but very conveniently an excellent engineer who was able to make LED illuminators.",
" Thank you.",
" This will be very quick.",
" Basically, I just, we just wanted to share what we found.",
" Certainly there's a, oh one more thing.",
" Pardon me.",
" There's a number of single device LEDs available.",
" One being the Luxion Star Series.",
" And you can certainly easily find those Luxion if you Google them.",
" And this is an example of a 5 watt Luxion with an ellipsoidal reflector.",
" I think the batteries are running a little bit low but the, these are very efficient and they're a very small source.",
" They're really a Lambertian source.",
" You need some pretty nice optics.",
" The optics that Luxion provides can be used with some diffusion to get an even field.",
" The next step from that and we found, we found the, this company called Innovations and Optics as you see here.",
" And their website name is innovationsandoptics.com.",
" And what they are, it's a very, I don't know, maybe, hey, I'll hear you.",
" This is a series of, of wavelengths that they have.",
" And you can probably barely make that out.",
" We've got 405, 450, 470, 505, 527, 591, 620, and 629.",
" And then there's some whites.",
" And if you look over the currents, these are pulling two and three amps of current.",
" And the optical power you see here up to 1.2 watts of optical power.",
" And the red is just brilliant.",
" I'm not sure the bandwidths here, but the bandwidths are somewhat typical of LEDs.",
" The amber, the 591 being the most narrow.",
" And, but the others are quite adequate for image plane transfer, image plane open aperture transfers, as you saw in Sally's work.",
" And the, finally, we, this is just a little CAD drawing of the lamp.",
" The cyan colored gadget there is the lamp and it has a large TIR lens on it,",
" but a very small hexagonal heatsink base that you have to be very careful in attaching it.",
" Because these are delicate.",
" I'm told they're designing new, a new system which is much more robust.",
" And these, you have to be very careful.",
" Currently they're very expensive in small quantities, around $500.",
" If you get 10 of them, they're like $295, something like that.",
" But they have, what's interesting, they will take any chip from any manufacturer and integrate it into this device.",
" And they'll take the chips and they take up to 60 chips and put them into a 3 millimeter circle.",
" And then wire them together.",
" And they can also blend, they could mix RG and B in the same device.",
" And you end up with a whatever, really whatever mix you want.",
" They also make mixtures of blue, phosphor, plus red to give a better performance from white light.",
" Where the usual blue excited phosphor devices are deficient in red.",
" And basically, then it's very simple.",
" You have to make your own regulator basically.",
" And this is in Sally's paper.",
" It's very, it's straightforward, it's using a voltage regulator as a current regulation device.",
" And we used a little fan in the box.",
" We supplied it with 12 volts from a unit which you can buy from electronic store,",
" which is typically used for supplying voltage to a ham radio or stereo equipment that you would normally use in a car.",
" And again, you see here's some, I'll show some resistances for supplying the two or three amps for these devices depending on the wavelength.",
" And that's it.",
" Thank you very much, Sally and Craig. Newsman or leather?",
" We got it mixed up all the time.",
" I was brilliant. Great stuff.",
" So the marriage of, you know, science and art.",
" We have any questions for us?",
" Fred.",
" How did we get this?",
" Fred.",
" Microphone, Fred.",
" Oh, Fred doesn't need a microphone.",
" Oh, we do.",
" Oh, we do. Okay.",
" Yeah.",
" What's the cost and the handhelds of this?",
" This one here. I'm not sure.",
" What we do is we buy this one. It's called a 5 watt LED torch.",
" I'll figure out more about it.",
" It's a, you know, it's like, can I see your license, please, sir?",
" It's usually white and we take the 5 watt Luxian star and swap it out because they don't make a green one.",
" So we physically do it ourselves at Zebra. And this is what I was showing the holograms with before.",
" But again, Luxian makes quite a series as well, but you can't nearly get the same optical power as you can get out with also.",
" The other thing about the other, the innovations device is it's only about 15 millimeters in diameter.",
" It makes a very nice source for illumination and it has about a 20 degree cone without any extra optics and it's very smooth profile.",
" Thank you.",
" Any more?",
" Thank you very much.",
" Thank you."
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10.5446/15555 (DOI) | Past, Present, & Future of MapProxy | https://av.tib.eu/media/15555 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de3d6dc699b3a89af0495144d59235ef057b3313c4a7fb8826e999ed5f1b9f2e08/MapProxy_--_Past__Present__Future__720p_.mp4 | CC Attribution - NonCommercial - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal and non-commercial purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor and the work or content is shared also in adapted form only under the conditions of this | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2013 | Tonnhofer, Oliver (Omniscale) | null | More than three years ago MapProxy started as a small tile cache with the ability to serve regular WMS clients. MapProxy grew from that to a powerful and flexible proxy for maps. Features like the security API, the ability to reproject tiles, support for coverages from Shapefiles or PostGIS and the various tools are just a few things that make MapProxy to stand out. MapProxy is used in countless projects - by federal or state agencies and institutions, by universities, students and hobbyists, by small, national and international companies - all around the world. It is used to combine multiple WMS services to one, make WMS servers available in tiled clients or to restict access to georaphic boundaries. This presentation will show you the most important features that were added to MapProxy in the last years. All features will be explained with practical use cases. Topics: - Cascading WMS: combine multiple heterogeneous WMS services to one, with coverages and unified FeatureInfo - Tiling: create Google Maps/OpenStreetMap compatible tile services from WMS services that do not support the web mercator projection - Tiling: reproject tiles from web mercator to a local projection - Security: give users access to single layers, restricted to user-dependent polygons - Render server: directly integrate MapServer or Mapnik into MapProxy - Tools: calculate scales, estimate the number of tiles, read capabilities, re-seed areas, ... This presentation will also be about the future of MapProxy and the road to version 2.0. | And I'm really happy to introduce you on the topic of the Peace, Wonster, Sounders of Omniscape, something that I've talked to a lot in Germany. And yeah, I think you're presenting something like your baby or whatever you call that. So you're talking about past, present, and future of that talk to you, and I'm sure they only will be in the future. Thank you, Till. And hi, I'm Oliver Tonopoul. I'm the core developer of MapRoxy, and as Till said, I'm one of the co-founders of Omniscale with a small company in the northwest of Germany. And we do a lot of open source and open-sreenap stuff. And today, I want to talk about the past, the present, and the future of MapRoxy. And the past. Well, how we started with MapRoxy, it was at the end of 2008. And we had the idea for MapRoxy. We knew that tile caching is past, and that it will be the future. But we also knew that the government requires WMS services. And our idea was we just combined a tile cache with a full WMS and make a product out of it. And this is how the first version of the MapRoxy looked like as a schema. We have, on one side, we have clients that communicate with MapRoxy, and MapRoxy itself communicates with other WMS servers or tile servers. And the first features of MapRoxy, of course, was that it supported tile requests. So clients make requests to MapRoxy, and MapRoxy delivers tiles. When these tiles are missing, MapRoxy would request the service to fill the cache. We also supported WMS from the first version on, cascaded request. So MapRoxy just forwarded the request for the same exact bounding box and WSNA and projection to the source. And MapRoxy would return that image. But we also supported responding to a WMS request from cached data. And this is quite unique for MapRoxy. And it does it by, maybe you can see here, just a map with these should be tiles. And when a request comes in, MapRoxy just combines multiple tiles that are all affected by that request. We'll create one image, merge the tiles together, scale them to the exact resolution that was requested by the user. And it even supports the reprojection. So when your cache is in one projection, but the user requests another projection, it does it. Yeah, it does the reprojection. It does it outbound, inbound, and on the fly. So when you have a cache in one projection, it can reproject outbound data. But it also can reproject on the inbound when you want to build up a cache in one projection, but your source doesn't support it. So we project it then. And on the fly for cascaded request. And we used MapRoxy in production since 2009. But it was only used by us. And software only gets better when you have more users, when you get more feedback. And when people with other use cases come to you and say, it would be great if MapRoxy could do that. And so we open source MapRoxy. And all the features are listed, where in our first open source release. We started with version 0.8. And it was in May 2010. And from then on to the present, we had now six major releases in the last three and a half years. And we added lots of features, most of the time to make things easier, and also to solve completely new use cases. And now I want to highlight some of the features that we added in the last three and a half years. One feature was with the 0.8.3 release that we now supported, basically any tile source. You can just write down your own URL template. And you can access any XYZ tile source or WMSC that requires a fixed parameter order. We also improved the seeding tool. Seeding is a process of pre-generating the tiles so that your cache is not empty at the beginning. And since then, the seeding tool supports parallel seeding. So MapRoxy makes multiple retress to the same source. And we also support a feature that we call coverages. And with that, you only seed the required areas instead of the complete bounding box. And you can see it in this image. If you want to seed the UK, and you just would use a bounding box, you see that you're seeding a lot of water areas and neighboring countries. And with MapRoxy, you can just load up a polygon and just seed within that polygon. And this makes seeding a lot faster. And you're saving a lot of disk space. And you can load polygons from geojazen files, shapefiles, even databases like postures and Oracle, all thanks to the OGR library. With 0.9, we added a multi-MapRoxy, which is a tool to have multiple MapRoxy configurations run all in the same instance of MapRoxy. So if you want to run different WMS services, you don't have to start up multiple MapRoxy. Since then, we support coverage also for sources. And I will show that later. And we also added a demo service. Since then, you have the ability to easily check all your layers that you've configured with a simple open-layers client. With the 1.0 release, we added a security API where you can write your own functions to define what a user is allowed to do. And I will also show you go into detail with that in a minute. And MapRoxy supports WMS feature info. And you can optionally add XSL scripts to transform the feature information. So if you have two different WMS servers and the format is different of the feature info, you can write your own scripts to unify that format. Then we added WMTS support and MapRoxy Utils, which is a tool that combines multiple subcommands. And one subcommand is the serve develop. And with that command, you can easily start a testing server for MapRoxy. It will check if your MapRoxy configuration changes and will then just reload it. And you don't have to deal with deployment in Apache, et cetera. And we also support, since then, MapNIC and MapServer directly. So you don't have to set up a MapServer inside Apache, for example. With the next releases, we added a few new cache backends. Before that, MapRoxy always stored the tiles on the file system as simple files. And we added MB tiles and cache to be backends. We added more Utils, for example, the Scales tool that allows you to convert between scales and resolutions, which is quite handy when you deal with MapRoxy configuration. With 1.4, one of the larger features was the clipping of repress in the security API. And I will show you that also in a minute. With 1.5, we supported reprojection of tiles on the fly. So you have tiles in one projection, MapRoxy can transform them into another projection. We support mixed image mode, which is useful for aerial images, which you want to store in SJPEC. But at the boundaries where the aerial images are, where you don't have aerial images, where you want to have transparency, MapRoxy will store these tiles as PNG. And even more MapRoxy Utils, like the Grid tool, which shows you how many tiles are there for each zoom level in your grid definition, and even how many tiles are within a coverage, as you defined. 1.6 released last week, I think. We added more cache back ends, and also the Decorate Image API, which allows you to write your own code that can manipulate the images to go to the client. You could add watermarks or something like that. So now we are at the present. And yeah, lots of features. We now had nearly 2,000 commits. The change log lists 260 bullet points. I just highlighted the most important. And so you might ask, this must be a lot of code. But MapRoxy itself is written in Python. Python is a very powerful programming language. And so the code base is relatively small. It's just a bit over 30,000 lines of code. And on top of that, we have nearly the same amount of code for tests, which I think is really great for a software like that. We have a lot of low level tests, and we also have a lot of high level tests, system tests that take a complete MapRoxy configuration. Start up a MapRoxy, make requests to it, check if the response is valid XML document. If everything is valid, and it also checks the request MapRoxy makes to source request. And we have a Jenkins instance, which runs all tests of each commit. It's also integrated into our GitHub repository. So we get a warning when someone makes a pull request that breaks the build. And you see the small red green marker when everything is fine. Help, documentation now is 110G pages when you get that as PDF. We have a mailing list. You can get support. There are now a lot of local open source companies that use MapRoxy that have knowledge in MapRoxy. And of course, we do support for that. So the interesting part is what can you do with it? And now some use cases of MapRoxy. Well, of course, it is a tile case, so you can use it for simple tile caching. It's used in the German broadband Atlas for one example. The nice thing about the tile cache of MapRoxy is, of course, the seeding tool. You can accelerate existing WMS services. This is used a lot in Germany, where we have a lot of old and rusty and slow WMS service. And they want you to accelerate them. As I said, you can transform tiles. And this is used by a few open street map contributors. And they have access to open data tiles from a local tile server. But these tiles are not in the WebMercator projection. And they use MapRoxy to get the data into a jostem, an open street map editor, so that they can digitize roads and buildings. Another example is you have your own WMS server. But unfortunately, that WMS doesn't support the WebMercator projection. But you want to overlay your WMS server with open street map tiles, with Google Maps, et cetera. You can use MapRoxy to re-project the data. Now the security API. MapRoxy can restrict access to your source services. And it does this with a security API. So you can write your own code that connects to your own user database, for example. And your code can decide what the user is allowed to do. You can limit services, like WMS or tile request, the request type, like feature info, and the layers, but also the areas. And for example, you can say, use A is allowed to see layer X, but only within the boundaries of Germany, for example. And everything else is clipped. And in this case, it's made transparent so that you can see the layer below. And this is quite powerful. Satellite provider uses this to restrict the access to paid customers. And it also works with tile request. And last but not least, one larger use case. This is from an actual national network operator in Germany. And their customers, they have a network on the last mile to the customers. And that requires them to have access to official cadastral maps. And in case of Germany, that means Germany, we have 16 federated states. And so we also have 16 cadastral WMS services. So WMS is a standard, so it's quite easy to use it. That's what you would think. But when you look in detail to all these WMS services, you will see that the cadastral services are mostly not free. So you have to have some user credentials. And they all use different authorization methods. Some of the WMS implementations are just broken. They don't return any G codes. They return invalid bounding boxes. They don't behave like the OTC standard says. And there's not a single projection that's handled by all, et cetera. So when you want to make these WMS services available to hundreds of in-house users, then good luck. But you can use MapRoxy for that to unify all services. You can have a single URL for all cadastral maps. And you can use the coverage feature for all your sources. So you can say that this source is only a database data in this region, and when a request comes in for this region, MapRoxy will only make a request to that server and not to the other one. The authorization is hidden from the user. The capabilities are valid. All sources are transformed to a single projection. And we can even make the background transparent for services that do not support that. So make one WMS available to hundreds of in-house users. That's easy. OK, that's with the present and the use cases. I now want to give you a quick look into the future. Now 1.6 is out, so we're now working on 1.7. We don't have any larger features planned, because we already are making plans for the 2.0 release. And we will make some backwards incompatible changes used to refactor some parts. We will also support Python 3. And we will add a new background service. And we will support Python 3. We will skip the 2.5. And new background service. This is the last point I want to make. First, I have to explain the process model of MapRoxy. MapRoxy is a retrace base. The retrace comes in when a threat deals with a process and the response goes out. But as soon as the response is out, you can't do anything anymore, because the next request comes in. And this is given by the web service gateway interface that MapRoxy implements. And it's similar to how CGI and Apache modules and Java setlets work. So limitations are that you don't have any long-running processes. As soon as the request ends, your process stops. And you can't really communicate between requests. There are workarounds. MapRoxy uses, for example, an external tool to have a long-running process to see tiles. And MapRoxy also uses file logs for some synchronization, so that not two processes make the same request to the source. But it's all limited. If we had a long-running background service, we could implement all these features. We could add something like a priority queue, so that we could limit the load to the sources. Now, because one process would now, OK, we have two running queries to the source. We are not making any more. We're just queuing that. We could add seeding without having cron task, et cetera. We could rate limit request and implement adaptive pre-seeding, et cetera. So a lot of features that would be possible with that. And we have a MapRoxy render daemon that's available at GitHub. It works with 1.6. We already use it for two projects. It's not officially announced. And with MapRoxy 2.0, we will add a MapRoxy daemon. It will be an optional feature. And it will not include all these features, but it will be the framework to implement all these features in the future. And summary, MapRoxy is smaller than just tile cache. There's a steady growth of features that we hope that we test them all well with all the test suites. And yeah, there's more to come in the next releases in the next years. And yeah, that's it. Thank you, Mario. Thank you. | {
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"text": [
" And I'm really happy to introduce you on the topic of the",
" Peace, Wonster, Sounders of Omniscape,",
" something that I've talked to a lot in Germany.",
" And yeah, I think you're presenting something like your baby",
" or whatever you call that.",
" So you're talking about past, present, and future of that talk",
" to you, and I'm sure they only will be",
" in the future.",
" Thank you, Till.",
" And hi, I'm Oliver Tonopoul.",
" I'm the core developer of MapRoxy,",
" and as Till said, I'm one of the co-founders of Omniscale",
" with a small company in the northwest of Germany.",
" And we do a lot of open source and open-sreenap stuff.",
" And today, I want to talk about the past, the present,",
" and the future of MapRoxy.",
" And the past.",
" Well, how we started with MapRoxy, it was at the end of 2008.",
" And we had the idea for MapRoxy.",
" We knew that tile caching is past,",
" and that it will be the future.",
" But we also knew that the government requires WMS services.",
" And our idea was we just combined a tile cache",
" with a full WMS and make a product out of it.",
" And this is how the first version of the MapRoxy",
" looked like as a schema.",
" We have, on one side, we have clients",
" that communicate with MapRoxy, and MapRoxy itself",
" communicates with other WMS servers or tile servers.",
" And the first features of MapRoxy, of course,",
" was that it supported tile requests.",
" So clients make requests to MapRoxy,",
" and MapRoxy delivers tiles.",
" When these tiles are missing, MapRoxy",
" would request the service to fill the cache.",
" We also supported WMS from the first version on,",
" cascaded request.",
" So MapRoxy just forwarded the request",
" for the same exact bounding box and WSNA",
" and projection to the source.",
" And MapRoxy would return that image.",
" But we also supported responding to a WMS request",
" from cached data.",
" And this is quite unique for MapRoxy.",
" And it does it by, maybe you can see here, just a map with",
" these should be tiles.",
" And when a request comes in, MapRoxy just combines",
" multiple tiles that are all affected by that request.",
" We'll create one image, merge the tiles together, scale",
" them to the exact resolution that was",
" requested by the user.",
" And it even supports the reprojection.",
" So when your cache is in one projection, but the user",
" requests another projection, it does it.",
" Yeah, it does the reprojection.",
" It does it outbound, inbound, and on the fly.",
" So when you have a cache in one projection, it can",
" reproject outbound data.",
" But it also can reproject on the inbound when you want to",
" build up a cache in one projection, but your source",
" doesn't support it.",
" So we project it then.",
" And on the fly for cascaded request.",
" And we used MapRoxy in production since 2009.",
" But it was only used by us.",
" And software only gets better when you have more users, when",
" you get more feedback.",
" And when people with other use cases come to you and say,",
" it would be great if MapRoxy could do that.",
" And so we open source MapRoxy.",
" And all the features are listed, where in our first",
" open source release.",
" We started with version 0.8.",
" And it was in May 2010.",
" And from then on to the present, we had now six",
" major releases in the last three and a half years.",
" And we added lots of features, most of the time to make",
" things easier, and also to solve completely new use cases.",
" And now I want to highlight some of the features that we",
" added in the last three and a half years.",
" One feature was with the 0.8.3 release that we now",
" supported, basically any tile source.",
" You can just write down your own URL template.",
" And you can access any XYZ tile source or WMSC that requires",
" a fixed parameter order.",
" We also improved the seeding tool.",
" Seeding is a process of pre-generating the tiles so",
" that your cache is not empty at the beginning.",
" And since then, the seeding tool supports parallel seeding.",
" So MapRoxy makes multiple retress to the same source.",
" And we also support a feature that we call coverages.",
" And with that, you only seed the required areas instead of",
" the complete bounding box.",
" And you can see it in this image.",
" If you want to seed the UK, and you just would use a",
" bounding box, you see that you're seeding a lot of water",
" areas and neighboring countries.",
" And with MapRoxy, you can just load up a polygon and just",
" seed within that polygon.",
" And this makes seeding a lot faster.",
" And you're saving a lot of disk space.",
" And you can load polygons from",
" geojazen files, shapefiles, even databases like",
" postures and Oracle, all thanks to the OGR library.",
" With 0.9, we added a multi-MapRoxy, which is a tool to",
" have multiple MapRoxy configurations run all in the",
" same instance of MapRoxy.",
" So if you want to run different WMS services, you",
" don't have to start up multiple MapRoxy.",
" Since then, we support coverage also for sources.",
" And I will show that later.",
" And we also added a demo service.",
" Since then, you have the ability to easily check all",
" your layers that you've configured with a simple",
" open-layers client.",
" With the 1.0 release, we added a security API where you can",
" write your own functions to define what a user is",
" allowed to do.",
" And I will also show you go into detail with that in a",
" minute.",
" And MapRoxy supports WMS feature info.",
" And you can optionally add XSL scripts to transform the",
" feature information.",
" So if you have two different WMS servers and the format is",
" different of the feature info, you can write your own",
" scripts to unify that format.",
" Then we added WMTS support and MapRoxy Utils, which is a",
" tool that combines multiple subcommands.",
" And one subcommand is the serve develop.",
" And with that command, you can easily start a testing",
" server for MapRoxy.",
" It will check if your MapRoxy configuration changes and",
" will then just reload it.",
" And you don't have to deal with deployment in Apache, et",
" cetera.",
" And we also support, since then, MapNIC and MapServer",
" directly.",
" So you don't have to set up a MapServer inside Apache, for",
" example.",
" With the next releases, we added a few new cache backends.",
" Before that, MapRoxy always stored the tiles on the file",
" system as simple files.",
" And we added MB tiles and cache to be backends.",
" We added more Utils, for example, the Scales tool that",
" allows you to convert between scales and resolutions, which",
" is quite handy when you deal with MapRoxy configuration.",
" With 1.4, one of the larger features was the clipping of",
" repress in the security API.",
" And I will show you that also in a minute.",
" With 1.5, we supported reprojection of tiles on the",
" fly.",
" So you have tiles in one projection, MapRoxy can",
" transform them into another projection.",
" We support mixed image mode, which is useful for aerial",
" images, which you want to store in SJPEC.",
" But at the boundaries where the aerial images are, where you",
" don't have aerial images, where you want to have",
" transparency, MapRoxy will store these tiles as PNG.",
" And even more MapRoxy Utils, like the Grid tool, which shows",
" you how many tiles are there for each zoom level in your",
" grid definition, and even how many tiles are within a",
" coverage, as you defined.",
" 1.6 released last week, I think.",
" We added more cache back ends, and also the Decorate Image",
" API, which allows you to write your own code that can",
" manipulate the images to go to the client.",
" You could add watermarks or something like that.",
" So now we are at the present.",
" And yeah, lots of features.",
" We now had nearly 2,000 commits.",
" The change log lists 260 bullet points.",
" I just highlighted the most important.",
" And so you might ask, this must be a lot of code.",
" But MapRoxy itself is written in Python.",
" Python is a very powerful programming language.",
" And so the code base is relatively small.",
" It's just a bit over 30,000 lines of code.",
" And on top of that, we have nearly the same amount of",
" code for tests, which I think is really great for a",
" software like that.",
" We have a lot of low level tests, and we also have a lot",
" of high level tests, system tests that take a complete",
" MapRoxy configuration.",
" Start up a MapRoxy, make requests to it, check if the",
" response is valid XML document.",
" If everything is valid, and it also checks the request MapRoxy",
" makes to source request.",
" And we have a Jenkins instance, which runs all tests of",
" each commit.",
" It's also integrated into our GitHub repository.",
" So we get a warning when someone makes a pull request",
" that breaks the build.",
" And you see the small red green marker when",
" everything is fine.",
" Help, documentation now is 110G pages when you get that as",
" PDF.",
" We have a mailing list.",
" You can get support.",
" There are now a lot of local open source companies that use",
" MapRoxy that have knowledge in MapRoxy.",
" And of course, we do support for that.",
" So the interesting part is what can you do with it?",
" And now some use cases of MapRoxy.",
" Well, of course, it is a tile case, so you can use it for",
" simple tile caching.",
" It's used in the German broadband Atlas for one example.",
" The nice thing about the tile cache of MapRoxy is, of",
" course, the seeding tool.",
" You can accelerate existing WMS services.",
" This is used a lot in Germany, where we have a lot of old",
" and rusty and slow WMS service.",
" And they want you to accelerate them.",
" As I said, you can transform tiles.",
" And this is used by a few open street map contributors.",
" And they have access to open data tiles from a local tile",
" server.",
" But these tiles are not in the WebMercator projection.",
" And they use MapRoxy to get the data into a jostem, an",
" open street map editor, so that they can digitize roads",
" and buildings.",
" Another example is you have your own WMS server.",
" But unfortunately, that WMS doesn't support the WebMercator",
" projection.",
" But you want to overlay your WMS server with open street map",
" tiles, with Google Maps, et cetera.",
" You can use MapRoxy to re-project the data.",
" Now the security API.",
" MapRoxy can restrict access to your source services.",
" And it does this with a security API.",
" So you can write your own code that connects to your own",
" user database, for example.",
" And your code can decide what the user is allowed to do.",
" You can limit services, like WMS or tile request, the",
" request type, like feature info, and the layers, but also",
" the areas.",
" And for example, you can say, use A is allowed to see",
" layer X, but only within the boundaries of Germany, for",
" example.",
" And everything else is clipped.",
" And in this case, it's made transparent so that you can see",
" the layer below.",
" And this is quite powerful.",
" Satellite provider uses this to restrict the access to paid",
" customers.",
" And it also works with tile request.",
" And last but not least, one larger use case.",
" This is from an actual national network operator in",
" Germany.",
" And their customers, they have a network on the last mile",
" to the customers.",
" And that requires them to have access to official",
" cadastral maps.",
" And in case of Germany, that means Germany, we have 16",
" federated states.",
" And so we also have 16 cadastral WMS services.",
" So WMS is a standard, so it's quite easy to use it.",
" That's what you would think.",
" But when you look in detail to all these WMS services, you",
" will see that the cadastral services are mostly not free.",
" So you have to have some user credentials.",
" And they all use different authorization methods.",
" Some of the WMS implementations are just broken.",
" They don't return any G codes.",
" They return invalid bounding boxes.",
" They don't behave like the OTC standard says.",
" And there's not a single projection that's",
" handled by all, et cetera.",
" So when you want to make these WMS services available to",
" hundreds of in-house users, then good luck.",
" But you can use MapRoxy for that to unify all services.",
" You can have a single URL for all cadastral maps.",
" And you can use the coverage feature for all your sources.",
" So you can say that this source is only a",
" database data in this region, and when a request comes in for",
" this region, MapRoxy will only make a request to that",
" server and not to the other one.",
" The authorization is hidden from the user.",
" The capabilities are valid.",
" All sources are transformed to a single projection.",
" And we can even make the background transparent for",
" services that do not support that.",
" So make one WMS available to hundreds of in-house users.",
" That's easy.",
" OK, that's with the present and the use cases.",
" I now want to give you a quick look into the future.",
" Now 1.6 is out, so we're now working on 1.7.",
" We don't have any larger features planned, because we",
" already are making plans for the 2.0 release.",
" And we will make some backwards incompatible changes",
" used to refactor some parts.",
" We will also support Python 3.",
" And we will add a new background service.",
" And we will support Python 3.",
" We will skip the 2.5.",
" And new background service.",
" This is the last point I want to make.",
" First, I have to explain the process model of MapRoxy.",
" MapRoxy is a retrace base.",
" The retrace comes in when a threat deals with a",
" process and the response goes out.",
" But as soon as the response is out, you can't do anything",
" anymore, because the next request comes in.",
" And this is given by the web service gateway interface",
" that MapRoxy implements.",
" And it's similar to how CGI and Apache modules and",
" Java setlets work.",
" So limitations are that you don't have any long-running",
" processes.",
" As soon as the request ends, your process stops.",
" And you can't really communicate between requests.",
" There are workarounds.",
" MapRoxy uses, for example, an external tool to have a",
" long-running process to see tiles.",
" And MapRoxy also uses file logs for some synchronization,",
" so that not two processes make the same",
" request to the source.",
" But it's all limited.",
" If we had a long-running background service, we could",
" implement all these features.",
" We could add something like a priority queue, so that we",
" could limit the load to the sources.",
" Now, because one process would now, OK, we have two",
" running queries to the source.",
" We are not making any more.",
" We're just queuing that.",
" We could add seeding without having cron task, et cetera.",
" We could rate limit request and implement adaptive",
" pre-seeding, et cetera.",
" So a lot of features that would be possible with that.",
" And we have a MapRoxy render daemon that's available at",
" GitHub.",
" It works with 1.6.",
" We already use it for two projects.",
" It's not officially announced.",
" And with MapRoxy 2.0, we will add a MapRoxy daemon.",
" It will be an optional feature.",
" And it will not include all these features, but it will",
" be the framework to implement all these features in the",
" future.",
" And summary, MapRoxy is smaller than just tile cache.",
" There's a steady growth of features that we hope that",
" we test them all well with all the test suites.",
" And yeah, there's more to come in the next releases in the",
" next years.",
" And yeah, that's it.",
" Thank you, Mario.",
" Thank you."
],
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10.5446/19217 (DOI) | Lecture 01. Arrow Pushing. Part 1. | https://av.tib.eu/media/19217 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/deccf3088ae48e55522f2abc39aa19a72fe1a981c72d70be8c3c7614d482d12cec/Chem_201_Organic_Reaction_Mechanisms_I_Lecture_01_Arrow_Pushing_Part_1.mp4 | CC Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal and non-commercial purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor and the work or content is shared also in adapted form only under the conditions of this | Chemistry | Lecture | 2012 | Vranken, David Van | null | Advanced treatment of basic mechanistic principles of modern organic chemistry. Topics include molecular orbital theory, orbital symmetry control of organic reactions, aromaticity, carbonium ion chemistry, free radical chemistry, the chemistry of carbenes and carbanions, photochemistry, electrophilic substitutions, aromatic chemistry. | Hi, my name is David Van Vrenken and I'm here to present to you Organic Chemistry 201, Organic Reaction Mechanisms 1 at the University of California at Irvine. And this is a course that's sponsored by the UCI Open Courseware Consortium. And let me start off by explaining to you the differences between Chemistry 201 and the second quarter in this two-course sequence, Organic Reaction Mechanisms Chem 202. In Chem 201, the primary concern of this class is arrow pushing. We evaluated our curriculum about 10 years ago and realized that the courses that we were offering were not giving one-quarter students a good introduction to how to push arrows in Organic Reaction Mechanisms. And so we divided our course content into two different courses. So the first quarter, that's this course, which involves about 20 different topics covered over 2,000 lectures or so, covers arrow pushing and attendant concepts like energy, confirmation, and structure. In Chemistry 202, which is not part of this course, we cover concepts like paricyclic reactions, the Diels-Alder reaction, Ene reactions, sigmatropic rearrangements, things like that. We also cover radical chemistry, confirmation, and stereoelectronics, and mechanistic tools like kinetics and kinetic isotope effects and linear franergy relationships. So these concepts are not covered in this quarter, and this quarter we'll focus on arrow pushing. So let me go ahead and start off with a fundamental question in Organic Chemistry, and that is, what does it mean when you draw a mechanism? So let me start off by presenting you with a simple mechanism or a simple reaction. And let's ask some basic questions about that reaction. This is a hydration reaction of a carbonyl compound, something that's covered in most sophomore Organic Chemistry textbooks. And so what would you draw for a mechanism like this? I think you can see that in the product we formed bonds between this oxygen and that hydrogen and a bond between this oxygen and that carbon atom. And so if you were to draw a mechanism, you know that this oxygen atom needs to be attached and you need to break the pi bond. And so why not draw something like that? And you know that you need to break an OH bond in the starting material, and so why not draw something like this? This mechanism is fundamentally incorrect. And if I go to the literature or if I go to the World Wide Web and I ask, what's the mechanism for this kind of simple hydration reaction, I will get every single possible conceivable answer for that by looking around at what people say. Even just the first step of this multi-step mechanism. So if I go onto the web and I ask, what's the mechanism for this reaction? I'll find things like this as the starting point for this reaction. You might think that if this is really a stepwise mechanism, maybe I should use the oxygen lone pairs and attack this carbonyl carbon first. I can find other places that say that maybe the mechanism involves a small amount of hydroxide anion present in solution. And so I'll draw that mechanism like this. There's other mechanisms that suggest that maybe I should activate the carbonyl by using the lone pairs on oxygen to pull a proton off of the water as the first step for that mechanism. And I can find other reactions that suggest that maybe I ought to use a better acid to protonate that carbonyl. Maybe something like this small amount of hydronium ion would be present in the reaction mixture and could protonate some part of that carbonyl. So when I look all around, I find all different kinds of mechanisms for a very simple reaction. And so let's try to address that problem. Why is there so much diversity in an answer that ought to be very simple? What is the mechanism for a simple reaction? Let's start off with a simple question and answer session here. And I'll start off with a simple question, why? Why is it that if I ask any two organic chemists, so not students but bonafide organic chemists, teachers, instructors, the people who grade your exams, a mechanism for a reaction, I never seem to get the same answer? And so the problem is there's just simply no agreement. It seems that nobody can agree on what the mechanism is. Why is it that when you look at the answer that you draw for a mechanism, when you're answering a question and you look at the textbook, you find that what you drew is not equal to what's in the textbook? How frustrating is that? And there's no explanation as to why your mechanism is wrong and the textbook is correct. Why is it that if you go to a journal article, you write a mechanism for a reaction and then you look at the published mechanism and your mechanism doesn't match? Does that mean your mechanism is wrong? What does that mean that we never seem to find that kind of agreement? And there is a simple reason for all of these discrepancies. And the answer to this fundamental question of why there's so much diversity is that there is no definition for what an arrow pushing mechanism is. Organic chemists have never sat down and agreed on what does it mean to draw an arrow pushing mechanism? And so that's a question that we have to confront at the beginning of this course. If we are all going to agree that there's a difference between a correct mechanism or a plausible mechanism and an incorrect mechanism or one that's implausible, we need to create a definition that works and that's consistent with what has been done in the past and what people should do in the future. And so let's start by that. Let's go ahead and give ourselves a definition for what an arrow pushing reaction means. Okay. So the first and most important feature of an arrow pushing mechanism and you have to satisfy this is that you need to break the reaction down into elementary reaction steps. A good mechanism is a series of elementary reactions. And that's critical. And I'll explain what that means. So let me redraw this hydration reaction so that we can discuss these aspects of an arrow pushing mechanism in terms of these two components of the definition. So if I draw out this reaction, this hydration reaction and I ask what's the mechanism for this? The key answer to this, the key to the answer has to be a series of elementary reaction steps. The true mechanism for this reaction under typical conditions involves acid catalysis. So I need to start this mechanism by drawing an acid and I'll abbreviate that with this depiction HA. Let me draw it a little closer here. And I'll use the lone pair here on oxygen to deprotonate that hydrogen, that proton that's attached to my acid, which I've symbolized with HA. And so when I draw the next intermediate, I now have that proton on this oxygen with three bonds to oxygen, I call that an oxonium ion. And so now that I've activated this, this carbonyl carbon, I can now use the lone pairs on my water nucleophile to attack that carbonyl. So I now have the first step. And the second step for this reaction, I've created this new bond to oxygen and now all I need to do is to deprotonate my nucleophile in order to create the final product. And here I can use the counter ion, the conjugate base for my acid to release the proton. So this is a correctly drawn mechanism. So the important thing that I've done here is that I have broken this down into a series of elementary reaction steps. And how do I know that these reaction steps are elementary? What's the definition of an elementary reaction? So first of all, an elementary reaction is defined as a reaction that has a single transition state. Each of these elementary reactions in this mechanism has a single transition state. There's a second important property of each one of these elementary reactions that makes up my mechanism. And that is that they are microscopically reversible. What these two things mean in practice is that if I look at a free energy diagram, a reaction coordinate diagram for this reaction, I should have a series of hills and valleys that has two intermediates, I've got two intermediates in my mechanism, and three hills that would represent transition states. So if I draw an energy diagram for this, it needs to have three transition states to match the three steps in my reaction. The principle of microscopic reversibility is not so important for Chem 201 in this course. But what it means is, microscopic reversibility means if I ask you the mechanism for the reverse reaction, it has to involve exactly the same intermediates. That's the importance of microscopic reversibility. Okay, so criterion number one, elementary reactions. That's what a mechanism is. It's a series of elementary reactions. Criterion number two for a correctly drawn mechanism is the curved arrows. Those are secondary to the fact that I broke this down into a series of elementary reactions. I've got curved arrows on each of these steps. Now the problem is, how do we define what a curved arrow is supposed to mean? We may have drawn all the structures correctly, but how do we know that we drew the curved arrows correctly? So let's go ahead and talk more about this idea of what do curved arrows mean in organic chemistry. So to help us understand what does an arrow mean, these curved arrows that we draw in organic reaction mechanisms. Let me take what looks like a detour and stop and consider some distance dependent equations for comparing things in chemistry. For comparing one transition state to another. For comparing one conformation to another. For comparing reactants to products in terms of their energies. So there's two different types of equations that are typically used. And I'm going to start off with one of the first types of equations that students are introduced to in general chemistry classes. And it has to do with how you factor out the energy of non-bonding interactions. So how do you estimate the energy when any two molecules or species are interacting without forming bonds? And you can break this down or decompose it into these mathematical terms. And don't be put off by the math for now. We'll talk about this in just a second. I'm not going to use equations very much in this class. So here's a well known equation that's used for estimating the energy of any two things interacting. It could be a substrate in the active site of a protein. It could be two substituents on a molecule when they're interacting. So there's three different terms, three different things we need to think about when any two molecules or any two species come together. I think you will recognize this first part of the equation, the first term is a coulomic potential. So I'll go ahead and just write here coulomb. So what is it that's important about this? There's two different charges. And whenever two charges interact, the distance between them matters. The farther apart they are, the less of an interaction between two charges. You may or may not recognize this second term, but this is a Van der Waals interaction. And commonly quantified with something called the Leonard Jones 612 potential. There's two different distance dependence term here. One of them leads to higher energies. When you push two things very, very close together, two molecules, two substituents, they start to repel each other. The energy gets higher. But when things start very far apart, when they, sorry, this should be r to the 6, when things are very far apart, initially there's an attractive interaction. The energy gets lower. These are good equations for thinking about non-bonding interactions. For thinking about charges on the inside of a protein. If I think about some sort of a lysine side chain that has a positive charge and a substrate that has a negative charge, this is a good equation for thinking about that. Or if I want to think about the interaction of two methane molecules with each other. There's nothing about this that suggests a chemical reaction to me. But the fact is that methane forms a liquid. There must be some attractive interaction between methane molecules that doesn't make or break bonds, but that causes the attraction. And if you compress the methane too much, it suddenly gets very hard to compress. And that's this term taking over. So this is a great equation for thinking about non-bonding interactions. So what's the equation that organic chemists use to think about the interaction between different species? We're all right here, bonding energy. But it turns out that this equation, this set of equations that we're going to talk about will also work for non-bonding interactions. So the way that organic chemists factor out these different aspects of what leads to higher or lower energy starts off. Well, let me give you the classical definition first. If I go back and I ask organic chemists from 20 to 30 years ago about what it is that dominates the interaction between two molecules, two species, two functional groups, they would typically answer, oh, it's sterics or electronics. Sterics plus electronics. And I will urge you not to decompose interactions in this simplified way. This is oversimplified. And so let's simply erase this. This is a bad idea to decompose organic interactions into these two terms. If you really want to understand the differences between two transition states, between two reaction pathways, between two confirmations, we need to do just like this equation on top and decompose those interactions into three different terms. So I'm going to start off by drawing something that should look familiar to you. And that's this Coulomb's equation again. Molecules or even parts of molecules have a charge associated with them. The second part of this equation. I'm going to be very vague about the form of this equation. But it's distant-dependent. As I take two organic molecules and I push them together, or two methyl groups in a molecule and I push them together, that interaction will start to lead to a higher energy. And then finally, the last part of this equation. You'll just have to hold on for a second and put up with my math. And I'll explain what these terms mean in just a second or what they should suggest to you. Okay, so here's what I see when I see this term here. When I see this term here, what I see is that it's a negative term. That suggests that it's an attractive force. It leads to an overall stabilization or lowering in energy. We want things like that when we're trying to judge something to be favorable. What I see here is I'm supposed to be summing over something related to electrophiles and nucleophiles. That's this symbolism here. And when I peek inside of this term, what I see are coefficients on atoms. If I sum over all the atoms in a nucleophile, times some coefficient on all the atoms in the electrophile, and then there's this beta term that suggests orbital overlap. And then in the denominator for this term, there's a difference in energies. The energy of an electrophile orbital and the energy of a nucleophile orbital, this is about molecular orbital interactions. And the structure of this term suggests that these are going to be favorable. So let me just summarize using simple terms here. What do these terms mean? When I look at a chemical reaction and I try to judge whether that reaction is good, what three things do I need to think about? I need to think about charges. That seems kind of obvious. We just discussed that. That's Coulomb's law, the Coulombic potential. I need to think about sterics. 182 things interact and bump really close to each other. The closer I get, the more it costs me. And then finally there's this mysterious third term here that relates to the interaction of filled orbitals with unfilled orbitals. That third term is molecular orbital interactions. Every time you see two reagents reacting, two parts of a molecule interacting, you need to think about these three features. So we have to decide what we're going to use arrow pushing to represent. Let me start off by drawing out a reaction here. And we can try to think about how these different factors come into play. So let me go ahead and draw out some sort of a nucleophile. That's this lithium enolate that I've drawn right here. And I'll draw an electrophile. This is methyl iodide. There's a lot of different possible reactions that I can imagine here. So let's start off with a simple one. Let's think about this lithium oxygen bond attacking this carbon atom. I think you can all see that the iodide is ready to act as a leaving group. So one possibility is that this lithium oxygen bond attacks carbon and in so doing it breaks the lithium oxygen bond. As the oxygen gets closer and closer to this carbon, if this really is the mechanism, the lithium should get farther and farther away. I should be breaking the lithium oxygen bond as we attack. That's what that arrow means. Another possible alternative would be to keep the lithium atom attached to the oxygen throughout the entire reaction mechanism and instead have the lone pair on oxygen attack the carbon. This second possibility, the second arrow that starts with the lone pair means that the oxygen lithium bond does not break in this step. And then there's a third possibility that has nothing to do with the oxygen bonding to carbon, it has to do with this C-C double bond attacking and forming a bond ultimately to this carbon atom at the end. So do I form an oxygen carbon bond or do I form a carbon carbon bond? If I want to break this down into its different components and judge which of these three possibilities is correct, I have to resort to these three different terms here. If I were to use charge as the meaning of my arrows and ultimately we need our arrows to mean one and only one thing, we can't make it so that sometimes our curved arrows mean charge and then sometimes our curved arrows mean sterics and then sometimes they mean this molecular orbital thing because if arrows can mean anything then they don't mean anything. So let's decide what should we have our arrows mean. If we look at the charges here, most of the negative charges on oxygen, I would predict that you would make an oxygen carbon bond if I pay attention to charges. Most of the negative charge on this enolate is on the oxygen atom. If I pay attention to sterics, I definitely would not want to make a bond to carbon. That's much more sterically hindered than this oxygen-lithium bond or the oxygen. And finally, if I pay attention to molecular orbital interactions, that's the aspect of this equation that would correctly predict that it is this carbon-carbon bond forming reaction on the bottom which is correct as opposed to these incorrect predictions of the oxygen-lithium bond or the oxygen lone pair attacking. Ultimately, when you look at what will provide us with the best predictive power in organic chemistry, it's molecular orbital interactions. This is what our arrow pushing, our curved arrows should be taken to represent. The interaction of filled orbitals with unfilled orbitals. We're going to spend the rest of the quarter thinking about this and learning how to use this equality between curved arrows and arrow pushing and the interaction of filled orbitals with unfilled orbitals. I'm going to read a little bit from a book that dates back to the mid-1970s. This is a book by Ian Fleming called Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions. And since then, there's been a new addition that has come out that's got much more information in it. But it's missing some of the art that really drove my generation of organic chemists. And there's a section in this book that discusses electrophilic aromatic substitution. And somewhere here in this discussion, I'll read to you this little section. And I'll point out to you what's important and what's important to organic chemists. So in this discussion by Fleming, he says, however, we ought to be clear that this is a superficial argument which fortunately works. Curly arrows, when used with a molecular orbital description of bonding, work as well as they do simply because they illustrate the electron distribution in the frontier orbital. And for reaction kinetics, it is the frontier orbital that is most important. These are seismic words. And so let me extract from that what you need to take home from that because it defines our course. What Fleming said was that curly arrows or curved arrows work when they are used to represent the interaction of frontier orbitals, of filled orbitals with unfilled orbitals. And if you really care about kinetics, then you need to focus on those frontier orbitals. And I can tell you that I am interested in kinetics. And if you are taking this course, then you are interested in kinetics too. If you are interested in which reactions are fast and which reactions are slow, if you're interested in which reactions are plausible and which reactions are implausible, if you are interested in which mechanisms are right and which mechanisms are not right or which reactions, mechanisms are plausible and which mechanisms are implausible, then you need to focus on frontier orbitals. Therefore, we are going to, that's why we are going to make a rule out of this, that that's what our curly arrows will represent. And so let's set down this central canon of mechanistic arrow pushing. We'll define this so that now when any two people in this class draw out a curved arrow mechanism, we're all drawing the same thing. So the test that you'll apply, every time to check whether you're mechanically correct with the correct arrows is have you used curved arrows to depict the interaction of filled molecular orbitals with unfilled orbitals. And in particular with filled frontier orbitals and unfilled frontier orbitals. So let me give you an example that you've, just to suggest that you've probably been doing this whether you recognize it or not. This isn't something new. In fact, you've probably been doing this from your first days drawing out reaction mechanisms as a sophomore in an organic chemistry course. Here's an extended enolate that you could get by deprotonating an aldehyde. And if I make this interact with some sort of an electrophile, in this case iodoethane, the mechanism I would tend to draw would involve carbon-carbon bond formation between this carbon right here that has a dot and this reactant ethyl iodide, the electrophile. These correctly drawn arrows represent the interaction of filled orbitals with unfilled orbitals. When I draw this out, I can think about the structure of an enolate as being the result of the interaction of this non-bonding orbital on oxygen. We have a label that we give it. It's this italics N which means basically lone pair, non-bonding orbital, centered on oxygen. And it's donating into pi star. So there's an unfilled orbital here that's called a pi star orbital between two carbons. Likewise I have a filled orbital here and that's this pi orbital between two carbon atoms that's donating into a sigma star orbital between a carbon and an iodine. So even without these fancy looking labels here, this mechanism is correct. And I know that it's at least plausible because I've drawn out the interaction of a filled orbital with an unfilled orbital and a filled orbital with an unfilled orbital. And so this is the intent of arrow pushing. Okay, so let me just remind you of what our goal is for this class. Our goal for this class is to break down reactions and draw arrow pushing mechanisms. And every arrow pushing mechanism should be composed of a series of elementary reactions. That's reactions that have a single transition state. That's how I know that it's elementary, not multiple transition states. And then secondarily, I add curved arrows to that, to that series of elementary reactions. And each one of those curved arrows represents the interaction of some sort of a filled orbital with an unfilled orbital. And that's the goal for this class. So when we come back for our next sort of topic, I'll give you seven rules for mechanistic arrow pushing that allow you to make sure that you are doing this correctly. Thank you. | {
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"text": [
" Hi, my name is David Van Vrenken and I'm here to present to you Organic Chemistry 201, Organic",
" Reaction Mechanisms 1 at the University of California at Irvine.",
" And this is a course that's sponsored by the UCI Open Courseware Consortium.",
" And let me start off by explaining to you the differences between Chemistry 201 and the",
" second quarter in this two-course sequence, Organic Reaction Mechanisms Chem 202.",
" In Chem 201, the primary concern of this class is arrow pushing.",
" We evaluated our curriculum about 10 years ago and realized that the courses that we",
" were offering were not giving one-quarter students a good introduction to how to push",
" arrows in Organic Reaction Mechanisms.",
" And so we divided our course content into two different courses.",
" So the first quarter, that's this course, which involves about 20 different topics covered",
" over 2,000 lectures or so, covers arrow pushing and attendant concepts like energy, confirmation,",
" and structure.",
" In Chemistry 202, which is not part of this course, we cover concepts like paricyclic reactions,",
" the Diels-Alder reaction, Ene reactions, sigmatropic rearrangements, things like that.",
" We also cover radical chemistry, confirmation, and stereoelectronics, and mechanistic tools",
" like kinetics and kinetic isotope effects and linear franergy relationships.",
" So these concepts are not covered in this quarter, and this quarter we'll focus on arrow pushing.",
" So let me go ahead and start off with a fundamental question in Organic Chemistry, and that is,",
" what does it mean when you draw a mechanism?",
" So let me start off by presenting you with a simple mechanism or a simple reaction.",
" And let's ask some basic questions about that reaction.",
" This is a hydration reaction of a carbonyl compound, something that's covered in most",
" sophomore Organic Chemistry textbooks.",
" And so what would you draw for a mechanism like this?",
" I think you can see that in the product we formed bonds between this oxygen and that",
" hydrogen and a bond between this oxygen and that carbon atom.",
" And so if you were to draw a mechanism, you know that this oxygen atom needs to be attached",
" and you need to break the pi bond.",
" And so why not draw something like that?",
" And you know that you need to break an OH bond in the starting material, and so why",
" not draw something like this?",
" This mechanism is fundamentally incorrect.",
" And if I go to the literature or if I go to the World Wide Web and I ask, what's the mechanism",
" for this kind of simple hydration reaction, I will get every single possible conceivable",
" answer for that by looking around at what people say.",
" Even just the first step of this multi-step mechanism.",
" So if I go onto the web and I ask, what's the mechanism for this reaction?",
" I'll find things like this as the starting point for this reaction.",
" You might think that if this is really a stepwise mechanism, maybe I should use the oxygen",
" lone pairs and attack this carbonyl carbon first.",
" I can find other places that say that maybe the mechanism involves a small amount of hydroxide",
" anion present in solution.",
" And so I'll draw that mechanism like this.",
" There's other mechanisms that suggest that maybe I should activate the carbonyl by using",
" the lone pairs on oxygen to pull a proton off of the water as the first step for that",
" mechanism.",
" And I can find other reactions that suggest that maybe I ought to use a better acid to",
" protonate that carbonyl.",
" Maybe something like this small amount of hydronium ion would be present in the reaction mixture",
" and could protonate some part of that carbonyl.",
" So when I look all around, I find all different kinds of mechanisms for a very simple reaction.",
" And so let's try to address that problem.",
" Why is there so much diversity in an answer that ought to be very simple?",
" What is the mechanism for a simple reaction?",
" Let's start off with a simple question and answer session here.",
" And I'll start off with a simple question, why?",
" Why is it that if I ask any two organic chemists, so not students but bonafide organic chemists,",
" teachers, instructors, the people who grade your exams, a mechanism for a reaction, I",
" never seem to get the same answer?",
" And so the problem is there's just simply no agreement.",
" It seems that nobody can agree on what the mechanism is.",
" Why is it that when you look at the answer that you draw for a mechanism, when you're",
" answering a question and you look at the textbook, you find that what you drew is not equal to",
" what's in the textbook?",
" How frustrating is that?",
" And there's no explanation as to why your mechanism is wrong and the textbook is correct.",
" Why is it that if you go to a journal article, you write a mechanism for a reaction and then",
" you look at the published mechanism and your mechanism doesn't match?",
" Does that mean your mechanism is wrong?",
" What does that mean that we never seem to find that kind of agreement?",
" And there is a simple reason for all of these discrepancies.",
" And the answer to this fundamental question of why there's so much diversity is that there",
" is no definition for what an arrow pushing mechanism is.",
" Organic chemists have never sat down and agreed on what does it mean to draw an arrow pushing",
" mechanism?",
" And so that's a question that we have to confront at the beginning of this course.",
" If we are all going to agree that there's a difference between a correct mechanism or",
" a plausible mechanism and an incorrect mechanism or one that's implausible, we need to create",
" a definition that works and that's consistent with what has been done in the past and what",
" people should do in the future.",
" And so let's start by that.",
" Let's go ahead and give ourselves a definition for what an arrow pushing reaction means.",
" Okay.",
" So the first and most important feature of an arrow pushing mechanism and you have to",
" satisfy this is that you need to break the reaction down into elementary reaction steps.",
" A good mechanism is a series of elementary reactions.",
" And that's critical.",
" And I'll explain what that means.",
" So let me redraw this hydration reaction so that we can discuss these aspects of an arrow",
" pushing mechanism in terms of these two components of the definition.",
" So if I draw out this reaction, this hydration reaction and I ask what's the mechanism for",
" this?",
" The key answer to this, the key to the answer has to be a series of elementary reaction steps.",
" The true mechanism for this reaction under typical conditions involves acid catalysis.",
" So I need to start this mechanism by drawing an acid and I'll abbreviate that with this",
" depiction HA.",
" Let me draw it a little closer here.",
" And I'll use the lone pair here on oxygen to deprotonate that hydrogen, that proton",
" that's attached to my acid, which I've symbolized with HA.",
" And so when I draw the next intermediate, I now have that proton on this oxygen with",
" three bonds to oxygen, I call that an oxonium ion.",
" And so now that I've activated this, this carbonyl carbon, I can now use the lone pairs",
" on my water nucleophile to attack that carbonyl.",
" So I now have the first step.",
" And the second step for this reaction, I've created this new bond to oxygen and now all",
" I need to do is to deprotonate my nucleophile in order to create the final product.",
" And here I can use the counter ion, the conjugate base for my acid to release the proton.",
" So this is a correctly drawn mechanism.",
" So the important thing that I've done here is that I have broken this down into a series",
" of elementary reaction steps.",
" And how do I know that these reaction steps are elementary?",
" What's the definition of an elementary reaction?",
" So first of all, an elementary reaction is defined as a reaction that has a single transition",
" state.",
" Each of these elementary reactions in this mechanism has a single transition state.",
" There's a second important property of each one of these elementary reactions that makes",
" up my mechanism.",
" And that is that they are microscopically reversible.",
" What these two things mean in practice is that if I look at a free energy diagram, a",
" reaction coordinate diagram for this reaction, I should have a series of hills and valleys",
" that has two intermediates, I've got two intermediates in my mechanism, and three hills that would",
" represent transition states.",
" So if I draw an energy diagram for this, it needs to have three transition states to match",
" the three steps in my reaction.",
" The principle of microscopic reversibility is not so important for Chem 201 in this course.",
" But what it means is, microscopic reversibility means if I ask you the mechanism for the reverse",
" reaction, it has to involve exactly the same intermediates.",
" That's the importance of microscopic reversibility.",
" Okay, so criterion number one, elementary reactions.",
" That's what a mechanism is.",
" It's a series of elementary reactions.",
" Criterion number two for a correctly drawn mechanism is the curved arrows.",
" Those are secondary to the fact that I broke this down into a series of elementary reactions.",
" I've got curved arrows on each of these steps.",
" Now the problem is, how do we define what a curved arrow is supposed to mean?",
" We may have drawn all the structures correctly, but how do we know that we drew the curved",
" arrows correctly?",
" So let's go ahead and talk more about this idea of what do curved arrows mean in organic",
" chemistry.",
" So to help us understand what does an arrow mean, these curved arrows that we draw in",
" organic reaction mechanisms.",
" Let me take what looks like a detour and stop and consider some distance dependent equations",
" for comparing things in chemistry.",
" For comparing one transition state to another.",
" For comparing one conformation to another.",
" For comparing reactants to products in terms of their energies.",
" So there's two different types of equations that are typically used.",
" And I'm going to start off with one of the first types of equations that students are",
" introduced to in general chemistry classes.",
" And it has to do with how you factor out the energy of non-bonding interactions.",
" So how do you estimate the energy when any two molecules or species are interacting",
" without forming bonds?",
" And you can break this down or decompose it into these mathematical terms.",
" And don't be put off by the math for now.",
" We'll talk about this in just a second.",
" I'm not going to use equations very much in this class.",
" So here's a well known equation that's used for estimating the energy of any two things",
" interacting.",
" It could be a substrate in the active site of a protein.",
" It could be two substituents on a molecule when they're interacting.",
" So there's three different terms, three different things we need to think about when any two",
" molecules or any two species come together.",
" I think you will recognize this first part of the equation, the first term is a coulomic",
" potential.",
" So I'll go ahead and just write here coulomb.",
" So what is it that's important about this?",
" There's two different charges.",
" And whenever two charges interact, the distance between them matters.",
" The farther apart they are, the less of an interaction between two charges.",
" You may or may not recognize this second term, but this is a Van der Waals interaction.",
" And commonly quantified with something called the Leonard Jones 612 potential.",
" There's two different distance dependence term here.",
" One of them leads to higher energies.",
" When you push two things very, very close together, two molecules, two substituents,",
" they start to repel each other.",
" The energy gets higher.",
" But when things start very far apart, when they, sorry, this should be r to the 6, when",
" things are very far apart, initially there's an attractive interaction.",
" The energy gets lower.",
" These are good equations for thinking about non-bonding interactions.",
" For thinking about charges on the inside of a protein.",
" If I think about some sort of a lysine side chain that has a positive charge and a substrate",
" that has a negative charge, this is a good equation for thinking about that.",
" Or if I want to think about the interaction of two methane molecules with each other.",
" There's nothing about this that suggests a chemical reaction to me.",
" But the fact is that methane forms a liquid.",
" There must be some attractive interaction between methane molecules that doesn't make",
" or break bonds, but that causes the attraction.",
" And if you compress the methane too much, it suddenly gets very hard to compress.",
" And that's this term taking over.",
" So this is a great equation for thinking about non-bonding interactions.",
" So what's the equation that organic chemists use to think about the interaction between",
" different species?",
" We're all right here, bonding energy.",
" But it turns out that this equation, this set of equations that we're going to talk",
" about will also work for non-bonding interactions.",
" So the way that organic chemists factor out these different aspects of what leads to higher",
" or lower energy starts off.",
" Well, let me give you the classical definition first.",
" If I go back and I ask organic chemists from 20 to 30 years ago about what it is that dominates",
" the interaction between two molecules, two species, two functional groups, they would",
" typically answer, oh, it's sterics or electronics.",
" Sterics plus electronics.",
" And I will urge you not to decompose interactions in this simplified way.",
" This is oversimplified.",
" And so let's simply erase this.",
" This is a bad idea to decompose organic interactions into these two terms.",
" If you really want to understand the differences between two transition states, between two",
" reaction pathways, between two confirmations, we need to do just like this equation on top",
" and decompose those interactions into three different terms.",
" So I'm going to start off by drawing something that should look familiar to you.",
" And that's this Coulomb's equation again.",
" Molecules or even parts of molecules have a charge associated with them.",
" The second part of this equation.",
" I'm going to be very vague about the form of this equation.",
" But it's distant-dependent.",
" As I take two organic molecules and I push them together, or two methyl groups in a molecule",
" and I push them together, that interaction will start to lead to a higher energy.",
" And then finally, the last part of this equation.",
" You'll just have to hold on for a second and put up with my math.",
" And I'll explain what these terms mean in just a second or what they should suggest",
" to you.",
" Okay, so here's what I see when I see this term here.",
" When I see this term here, what I see is that it's a negative term.",
" That suggests that it's an attractive force.",
" It leads to an overall stabilization or lowering in energy.",
" We want things like that when we're trying to judge something to be favorable.",
" What I see here is I'm supposed to be summing over something related to electrophiles and",
" nucleophiles.",
" That's this symbolism here.",
" And when I peek inside of this term, what I see are coefficients on atoms.",
" If I sum over all the atoms in a nucleophile, times some coefficient on all the atoms in",
" the electrophile, and then there's this beta term that suggests orbital overlap.",
" And then in the denominator for this term, there's a difference in energies.",
" The energy of an electrophile orbital and the energy of a nucleophile orbital, this",
" is about molecular orbital interactions.",
" And the structure of this term suggests that these are going to be favorable.",
" So let me just summarize using simple terms here.",
" What do these terms mean?",
" When I look at a chemical reaction and I try to judge whether that reaction is good, what",
" three things do I need to think about?",
" I need to think about charges.",
" That seems kind of obvious.",
" We just discussed that.",
" That's Coulomb's law, the Coulombic potential.",
" I need to think about sterics.",
" 182 things interact and bump really close to each other.",
" The closer I get, the more it costs me.",
" And then finally there's this mysterious third term here that relates to the interaction",
" of filled orbitals with unfilled orbitals.",
" That third term is molecular orbital interactions.",
" Every time you see two reagents reacting, two parts of a molecule interacting, you need",
" to think about these three features.",
" So we have to decide what we're going to use arrow pushing to represent.",
" Let me start off by drawing out a reaction here.",
" And we can try to think about how these different factors come into play.",
" So let me go ahead and draw out some sort of a nucleophile.",
" That's this lithium enolate that I've drawn right here.",
" And I'll draw an electrophile.",
" This is methyl iodide.",
" There's a lot of different possible reactions that I can imagine here.",
" So let's start off with a simple one.",
" Let's think about this lithium oxygen bond attacking this carbon atom.",
" I think you can all see that the iodide is ready to act as a leaving group.",
" So one possibility is that this lithium oxygen bond attacks carbon and in so doing it breaks",
" the lithium oxygen bond.",
" As the oxygen gets closer and closer to this carbon, if this really is the mechanism, the",
" lithium should get farther and farther away.",
" I should be breaking the lithium oxygen bond as we attack.",
" That's what that arrow means.",
" Another possible alternative would be to keep the lithium atom attached to the oxygen throughout",
" the entire reaction mechanism and instead have the lone pair on oxygen attack the carbon.",
" This second possibility, the second arrow that starts with the lone pair means that",
" the oxygen lithium bond does not break in this step.",
" And then there's a third possibility that has nothing to do with the oxygen bonding",
" to carbon, it has to do with this C-C double bond attacking and forming a bond ultimately",
" to this carbon atom at the end.",
" So do I form an oxygen carbon bond or do I form a carbon carbon bond?",
" If I want to break this down into its different components and judge which of these three",
" possibilities is correct, I have to resort to these three different terms here.",
" If I were to use charge as the meaning of my arrows and ultimately we need our arrows",
" to mean one and only one thing, we can't make it so that sometimes our curved arrows mean",
" charge and then sometimes our curved arrows mean sterics and then sometimes they mean",
" this molecular orbital thing because if arrows can mean anything then they don't mean anything.",
" So let's decide what should we have our arrows mean.",
" If we look at the charges here, most of the negative charges on oxygen, I would predict",
" that you would make an oxygen carbon bond if I pay attention to charges.",
" Most of the negative charge on this enolate is on the oxygen atom.",
" If I pay attention to sterics, I definitely would not want to make a bond to carbon.",
" That's much more sterically hindered than this oxygen-lithium bond or the oxygen.",
" And finally, if I pay attention to molecular orbital interactions, that's the aspect of",
" this equation that would correctly predict that it is this carbon-carbon bond forming",
" reaction on the bottom which is correct as opposed to these incorrect predictions of",
" the oxygen-lithium bond or the oxygen lone pair attacking.",
" Ultimately, when you look at what will provide us with the best predictive power in organic",
" chemistry, it's molecular orbital interactions.",
" This is what our arrow pushing, our curved arrows should be taken to represent.",
" The interaction of filled orbitals with unfilled orbitals.",
" We're going to spend the rest of the quarter thinking about this and learning how to use",
" this equality between curved arrows and arrow pushing and the interaction of filled orbitals",
" with unfilled orbitals.",
" I'm going to read a little bit from a book that dates back to the mid-1970s.",
" This is a book by Ian Fleming called Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions.",
" And since then, there's been a new addition that has come out that's got much more information",
" in it.",
" But it's missing some of the art that really drove my generation of organic chemists.",
" And there's a section in this book that discusses electrophilic aromatic substitution.",
" And somewhere here in this discussion, I'll read to you this little section.",
" And I'll point out to you what's important and what's important to organic chemists.",
" So in this discussion by Fleming, he says, however, we ought to be clear that this is",
" a superficial argument which fortunately works.",
" Curly arrows, when used with a molecular orbital description of bonding, work as well as they",
" do simply because they illustrate the electron distribution in the frontier orbital.",
" And for reaction kinetics, it is the frontier orbital that is most important.",
" These are seismic words.",
" And so let me extract from that what you need to take home from that because it defines",
" our course.",
" What Fleming said was that curly arrows or curved arrows work when they are used to represent",
" the interaction of frontier orbitals, of filled orbitals with unfilled orbitals.",
" And if you really care about kinetics, then you need to focus on those frontier orbitals.",
" And I can tell you that I am interested in kinetics.",
" And if you are taking this course, then you are interested in kinetics too.",
" If you are interested in which reactions are fast and which reactions are slow, if you're",
" interested in which reactions are plausible and which reactions are implausible, if you",
" are interested in which mechanisms are right and which mechanisms are not right or which",
" reactions, mechanisms are plausible and which mechanisms are implausible, then you need to",
" focus on frontier orbitals.",
" Therefore, we are going to, that's why we are going to make a rule out of this, that",
" that's what our curly arrows will represent.",
" And so let's set down this central canon of mechanistic arrow pushing.",
" We'll define this so that now when any two people in this class draw out a curved arrow",
" mechanism, we're all drawing the same thing.",
" So the test that you'll apply, every time to check whether you're mechanically",
" correct with the correct arrows is have you used curved arrows to depict the interaction",
" of filled molecular orbitals with unfilled orbitals.",
" And in particular with filled frontier orbitals and unfilled frontier orbitals.",
" So let me give you an example that you've, just to suggest that you've probably been",
" doing this whether you recognize it or not.",
" This isn't something new.",
" In fact, you've probably been doing this from your first days drawing out reaction mechanisms",
" as a sophomore in an organic chemistry course.",
" Here's an extended enolate that you could get by deprotonating an aldehyde.",
" And if I make this interact with some sort of an electrophile, in this case iodoethane,",
" the mechanism I would tend to draw would involve carbon-carbon bond formation between",
" this carbon right here that has a dot and this reactant ethyl iodide, the electrophile.",
" These correctly drawn arrows represent the interaction of filled orbitals with unfilled",
" orbitals.",
" When I draw this out, I can think about the structure of an enolate as being the result",
" of the interaction of this non-bonding orbital on oxygen.",
" We have a label that we give it.",
" It's this italics N which means basically lone pair, non-bonding orbital, centered on",
" oxygen.",
" And it's donating into pi star.",
" So there's an unfilled orbital here that's called a pi star orbital between two carbons.",
" Likewise I have a filled orbital here and that's this pi orbital between two carbon atoms",
" that's donating into a sigma star orbital between a carbon and an iodine.",
" So even without these fancy looking labels here, this mechanism is correct.",
" And I know that it's at least plausible because I've drawn out the interaction of a filled",
" orbital with an unfilled orbital and a filled orbital with an unfilled orbital.",
" And so this is the intent of arrow pushing.",
" Okay, so let me just remind you of what our goal is for this class.",
" Our goal for this class is to break down reactions and draw arrow pushing mechanisms.",
" And every arrow pushing mechanism should be composed of a series of elementary reactions.",
" That's reactions that have a single transition state.",
" That's how I know that it's elementary, not multiple transition states.",
" And then secondarily, I add curved arrows to that, to that series of elementary reactions.",
" And each one of those curved arrows represents the interaction of some sort of a filled orbital",
" with an unfilled orbital.",
" And that's the goal for this class.",
" So when we come back for our next sort of topic, I'll give you seven rules for mechanistic",
" arrow pushing that allow you to make sure that you are doing this correctly.",
" Thank you."
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10.5446/45709 (DOI) | Hermes Message Dispatching | https://av.tib.eu/media/45709 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/dea9fbb8b3254de86af5b77744119a94c4a3cb56fc67540d52346fca6c26e290fa/Hermes_Message_Dispatching_gzyPp8OoqaQ.mp4 | CC Attribution 2.0 Belgium:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2010 | Freitag, Klaas | null | Hermes is a message digesting and distribution system which is aimed to give back control to the user. Many already existing systems produce a lot of information for users, mostly by flooding with email. That was a very practical and quick solution in the past, but nowadays there are more elegant methods of notifying. Hermes lets the user control, which information approaches him and how. It collects information from connected sources, manages user subscriptions to the various notification types and provides the user with a selection of the messages he wants to get, as mails, feeds or jabber messages and more. This talk is an introduction to Hermes and the way the openSUSE project uses it for all kinds of notifications about the distribution. | Anyway, our first speaker today is class phytarch. Sorry, but don't get to remember your name. He's going to talk about Hermes message dispatching, as you can see here, which, as I understood, is a system meant to have several store-bought each other, so I mean, very interesting, and which you guys use it too. So please, everybody, welcome class phytarch. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks a lot. So yeah, my name is class phytarch. I work for SUSE in our more than 10 years, and over the time, I was doing a lot of projects in the tools area that we use at SUSE, how to build and databases we used for stuff to build packages and distributions. And now I'm part of the so-called open SUSE boosters team. We try to do activity to enable the community better to work with open SUSE, and use open SUSE as a platform for the upstream and projects activities. Today, I'd like to talk about Hermes. Hermes is a project I was setting up, I think, three or four years ago. We use it in the open SUSE build service, because there are problems I'd like to talk about in the first. And the first part of this talk, the second part of the talk, will be the solution, which is called Hermes in this case. And the third part, I give you some technical details about this system. And in the fourth part, you're invited to ask questions if you have some. So what's the problem? The problem, I'm talking about problems with emails or notifications at all. So in the beginning, most of you probably remember that. You said to people, send me a quick email, and I can sort it out and do stuff. You got important information with email. Email was fun and was a new thing. And your work organization used a lot of email over the time, and it got very, very efficient. And then, machines started to send email. With machines, I mean stuff like build systems, like bug trackers, like maybe feature trackers, and stuff like that. And I send out emails to you. If your package doesn't build on this and this platform, it doesn't build for this distribution, which is three years old, and stuff like that. So you end up with a lot of emails. And all these emails look similar. You got too much of them. You're not interested in stuff like this one week ago. So with this machine sending email, everything just turns upside down. You got tons of emails. You lose important information, because if you have 1,500 emails in your inbox, you're not able to sort out which are really important and pushing off. It's not fun anymore, and your work organization probably breaks. So what we were thinking about was the possibility to get back control. So we set up hammers with the intention to give the decision back to you which information you want and which you don't want. So don't let the machine, the system, the build system, the system send email to you. But you go to Hermes and say, I'm interested in this particular message from the build system. So it's not any more longer that you've got 10 emails from the build system, because one of your package fails. Because it fails in 10 different distributions, while you're only interested in one at this moment. So with Hermes, you can configure very detailed which information you want to have. So that works in the way that the client system, in case, in the example, the build system, doesn't deliver the message directly to you as a user. But it delivers its notification of an event to the Hermes system, and you configure and decide in Hermes which notification you are interested in. And it's a conscious decision, of course. So you don't get flooded with unwanted stuff, but you decide consciously with what you want to have. The messages are, of course, kept in a system which stores it securely, and it's predictable and visible, which messages were sent out. And also the message itself is configurable by the Hermes admin and yourself. So you can decide how the message should look like. Because the style of the message is no longer part of the implementation of the build system, which simply dumps a text file to a setmate. But it's part of the Hermes system where you have a configuration to configure it as you need it. We have various deliveries. Also I'm talking here about mail a lot. We have other deliveries such as RSA feeds or Jabber or Twittering, which is interesting because what I said up recently was that Opens with the Build Service now fills a Twitter channel with information about package updates in the factory project. So of course, not every individual sets up a Twitter thing that's more a general approach to set up interesting sources of information for people. But also it's possible as an HTTP post that gives the possibility to send information to other systems like on a push approach. Whenever a package, for example, changes in the Opens with the Build Service, we can do an HTTP post to another system which can do stuff with information. So this is something that goes away from a personal messaging approach. It's more an interdisciplinar communication style. There's a web client where you can read messages and there are tons of other possibilities which could be implemented. The idea is that every user can pick for himself in which way a message should be delivered. So it's up to the user to decide if he wants package build failure messages, for example, as S feeds or as a Jabber notification. Another feature is our digest. This is an example for an example mail that is sent off by Hermes for, I think it's a submit request in the Build Service. So the actual information is this part. This is just a footer. And for some messages, you will get a lot of these messages which just have a little bit of information. And you get them every two minutes. So what digesting means is you can combine them. You tell Hermes, please don't send this kind of message every two minutes to me, but collect them and send them hourly digest, for example. And then all the interesting parts are collected together, combined with a header and footer. And then it's sent out on a timely basis. So we can send the digest once a minute hourly daily or weekly. Let's come to some technical details. Hermes consists of four parts at the moment, four important parts. This is Terminator. It's a web server-based little script that receives a notification from the clients, for example, a build system. The generator, which connects the incoming notifications and the receivers. The worker, which actually sends out messages. And Starship is a configuration and user web application. So why did we split that up? We started over with one big tool that did most of the stuff. It turned out that, for example, the actual sending of the messages takes too long, takes time, as sometimes there are issues, stuff like that. So it's better if it runs isolated. The same is for the web application. This is where we have rates up, which is better isolated. And in the future, we could, for example, combine Herminator and Starship again. But it's nothing really important. As a data storage, we use a MySQL database at the moment. There's a pretty optimized schema over time. Of course, as most of you might have noticed, you have to pay attention to the database schema if you want performance and reliability. So I think most of the attention went into the database schema. All the applications work on the database. It's pretty performant. Let's take a deeper look into each of them. The Herminator thing is a policy-GI application-based script that runs on lite or Apache. I think we run it in lite at the moment on the build service. The client interface is nothing but an overall where the clients, for example, the build service, can post a notification. And the notification is basically just a string. So one string identifies the kind of notification that is happening. For example, package build fail. This is a complete notification. And because you need more information about this event, for example, the package name, the platform, the architecture, what else, this can come as key value pairs as much as you want. And the system works that way that you don't have to set up notification types of stuff. You just send them once, and then it's there. And after that, since your client often or frequently sends the same notification type, they come in more and more messages from the same type. So just send one, and it's there. Later, there's an admin interface where stuff can be administered. The notification type, the string, identifies the only required parameter. Together with Terminator comes an admin interface where you can see which notification types were sent up by just sending them in. And also, as an admin, can administer the text template that is sent out for mail and for all the other things. This is publicly available under notifyopenscruiser.org. But you have to have an admin account, of course. The generator is just a false script that connects incoming notifications to the subscriptions. Subscriptions are people have to subscribe to the notifications. So you have to say, I'm interested in package space, or I'm interested in feature changes, or I'm interested in whatever. This is called a subscription. So the connection between a message type or a notification type and the user as a subscription. And with the subscription, you also state in which way you want to receive the message. And when, if you want an immediate view or if it should come as a digest thing. The worker is a person that actually sends out the messages. It does mail sending, connects to send mail, and sends it out, or does the RSS stuff and twittering, these kind of things, jabber. It runs in an infinite loop on the server with breaks, so that it doesn't cause too much load on the machine. And whenever something gets generated from the generator, it sends out afterwards. This does it. It's the Ruby on Rails application. It's a harmless user interface for users, where you maintain your subscriptions, where you can read actual messages, where you can configure RSS feeds you want to see, and you want to fill with your messages. It has a user mode, which is pretty simple. It's set up as an abstraction layer where people just can say, I'm interested in feature changes, for example. And in the background, there's subscription with subscription filters, and some more complex stuff is set up for the people. And if you want to go one step beyond and look into the details, you can go to the expert interface and set up stuff more in detail. Again, an overview diagram. Here's how Minata, which is just a server-based web application. The client system posts the raw notifications in there. They are stored in the notifications and parameters tables in the database. The generator frequently checks if there are new raw notifications, and combines it with the subscriptions and the filters, and generates the messages that should go out to the people based on the settings here and the subscriptions. The messages are stored in this part of the database, and the worker all the time checks if there's something in and sends it out as mail or RSS. And Starship is editing subscriptions and the filters, and you can read messages and view stuff and so on. So far, I have run some production for our OpenSuser project for OBS and OpenFate. Currently, we are filling up and connect more and more stuff to it, since we have now fixed all the stuff that comes in the beginning. So when you start over with such a project, you run into a lot of tiny problems. Currently, we are processing more than 50,000 notifications a day. Of course, there's stuff like cleanup scripts in the background, which again clean up the database and stuff like that. There's a project page in the OpenSuser Biki, if you are interested. And it's free software, of course. It's independent from the OpenSuser Build service, so you can run Hermes for any other purpose than the OpenSuser Build service. It's not connected. It's not using the Build service code base or something. So it's just an independent project. But of course, it's developed along the Build service, so it's pretty part of that. So I'm finished. I'm probably we have plenty of time left, right? Yeah, 10 to 15 minutes. Are there any questions from your side? You said clients send a message to the Herminator. So there's some kind of age-eater in the client? Or is this an email, actually? No, it's just an HTTP post. So you need an HTTP connection between the client and the Herminator. And of course, you have to make sure that you do your network configuration right, because otherwise, if you, for example, open up your Herminator to the internet, you're, of course, the perfect spammer. Because people could send notifications, and if everything is set up accordingly, Hermes would send all messages. You have to be careful with that. For example, for the OpenSuser stuff, we have it configured that way that only internal network can reach the Herminator. So what exactly needs to be stored in the client's systems? It's simple. On the client's systems, you can either use a Perl script, which provides another Perl script, a Perl module that provides one function to send out a notification. I think it takes as parameters the notification name or a string, and then hash reference, which contains the parameters. So if you use other languages, you would have to implement an HTTP post, which is easy for most systems, I guess. Other questions? All right, then thank you very much, Dupar. Thank you very much. Thank you. | {
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"text": [
" Anyway, our first speaker today is class phytarch.",
" Sorry, but don't get to remember your name.",
" He's going to talk about Hermes message dispatching,",
" as you can see here, which, as I understood,",
" is a system meant to have several store-bought",
" each other, so I mean, very interesting,",
" and which you guys use it too.",
" So please, everybody, welcome class phytarch.",
" Thank you.",
" Thank you.",
" Thank you.",
" Thank you.",
" Thanks a lot.",
" So yeah, my name is class phytarch.",
" I work for SUSE in our more than 10 years,",
" and over the time, I was doing a lot of projects",
" in the tools area that we use at SUSE,",
" how to build and databases we used for stuff",
" to build packages and distributions.",
" And now I'm part of the so-called open SUSE boosters team.",
" We try to do activity to enable the community better",
" to work with open SUSE, and use open SUSE as a platform",
" for the upstream and projects activities.",
" Today, I'd like to talk about Hermes.",
" Hermes is a project I was setting up, I think,",
" three or four years ago.",
" We use it in the open SUSE build service,",
" because there are problems I'd like to talk about in the first.",
" And the first part of this talk, the second part of the talk,",
" will be the solution, which is called Hermes in this case.",
" And the third part, I give you some technical details",
" about this system.",
" And in the fourth part, you're invited to ask questions",
" if you have some.",
" So what's the problem?",
" The problem, I'm talking about problems",
" with emails or notifications at all.",
" So in the beginning, most of you probably remember that.",
" You said to people, send me a quick email,",
" and I can sort it out and do stuff.",
" You got important information with email.",
" Email was fun and was a new thing.",
" And your work organization used a lot of email over the time,",
" and it got very, very efficient.",
" And then, machines started to send email.",
" With machines, I mean stuff like build systems, like bug",
" trackers, like maybe feature trackers, and stuff like that.",
" And I send out emails to you.",
" If your package doesn't build on this and this platform,",
" it doesn't build for this distribution, which is three",
" years old, and stuff like that.",
" So you end up with a lot of emails.",
" And all these emails look similar.",
" You got too much of them.",
" You're not interested in stuff like this one week ago.",
" So with this machine sending email, everything just turns",
" upside down.",
" You got tons of emails.",
" You lose important information, because if you have 1,500",
" emails in your inbox, you're not able to sort out which are",
" really important and pushing off.",
" It's not fun anymore, and your work organization",
" probably breaks.",
" So what we were thinking about was the possibility to get",
" back control.",
" So we set up hammers with the intention to give the decision",
" back to you which information you want and which you don't",
" want.",
" So don't let the machine, the system, the build system, the",
" system send email to you.",
" But you go to Hermes and say, I'm interested in this",
" particular message from the build system.",
" So it's not any more longer that you've got 10 emails from",
" the build system, because one of your package fails.",
" Because it fails in 10 different distributions,",
" while you're only interested in one at this moment.",
" So with Hermes, you can configure very detailed",
" which information you want to have.",
" So that works in the way that the client system, in case,",
" in the example, the build system, doesn't deliver the",
" message directly to you as a user.",
" But it delivers its notification of an event to the",
" Hermes system, and you configure and decide in",
" Hermes which notification you are interested in.",
" And it's a conscious decision, of course.",
" So you don't get flooded with unwanted stuff, but you decide",
" consciously with what you want to have.",
" The messages are, of course, kept in a system which stores",
" it securely, and it's predictable and visible,",
" which messages were sent out.",
" And also the message itself is configurable by the Hermes",
" admin and yourself.",
" So you can decide how the message should look like.",
" Because the style of the message is no longer part of the",
" implementation of the build system, which simply dumps a",
" text file to a setmate.",
" But it's part of the Hermes system where you have a",
" configuration to configure it as you need it.",
" We have various deliveries.",
" Also I'm talking here about mail a lot.",
" We have other deliveries such as RSA feeds or Jabber or",
" Twittering, which is interesting because what I",
" said up recently was that Opens with the Build Service now",
" fills a Twitter channel with information about package",
" updates in the factory project.",
" So of course, not every individual sets up a Twitter",
" thing that's more a general approach to set up interesting",
" sources of information for people.",
" But also it's possible as an HTTP post that gives the",
" possibility to send information to other systems like on a",
" push approach.",
" Whenever a package, for example, changes in the",
" Opens with the Build Service, we can do an HTTP post to",
" another system which can do stuff with information.",
" So this is something that goes away from a personal",
" messaging approach.",
" It's more an interdisciplinar communication style.",
" There's a web client where you can read messages and there",
" are tons of other possibilities which could be",
" implemented.",
" The idea is that every user can pick for himself in which way",
" a message should be delivered.",
" So it's up to the user to decide if he wants package build",
" failure messages, for example, as S feeds or as a Jabber",
" notification.",
" Another feature is our digest.",
" This is an example for an example mail that is sent",
" off by Hermes for, I think it's a submit request in the",
" Build Service.",
" So the actual information is this part.",
" This is just a footer.",
" And for some messages, you will get a lot of these",
" messages which just have a little bit of information.",
" And you get them every two minutes.",
" So what digesting means is you can combine them.",
" You tell Hermes, please don't send this kind of message",
" every two minutes to me, but collect them and send them",
" hourly digest, for example.",
" And then all the interesting parts are collected",
" together, combined with a header and footer.",
" And then it's sent out on a timely basis.",
" So we can send the digest once a minute hourly daily or",
" weekly.",
" Let's come to some technical details.",
" Hermes consists of four parts at the moment, four",
" important parts.",
" This is Terminator.",
" It's a web server-based little script that receives a",
" notification from the clients, for example, a build",
" system.",
" The generator, which connects the incoming",
" notifications and the receivers.",
" The worker, which actually sends out messages.",
" And Starship is a configuration and user",
" web application.",
" So why did we split that up?",
" We started over with one big tool that did most of the",
" stuff.",
" It turned out that, for example, the actual sending of",
" the messages takes too long, takes time, as sometimes",
" there are issues, stuff like that.",
" So it's better if it runs isolated.",
" The same is for the web application.",
" This is where we have rates up, which is better isolated.",
" And in the future, we could, for example, combine Herminator",
" and Starship again.",
" But it's nothing really important.",
" As a data storage, we use a MySQL database at the moment.",
" There's a pretty optimized schema over time.",
" Of course, as most of you might have noticed, you have to",
" pay attention to the database schema if you want",
" performance and reliability.",
" So I think most of the attention went into the",
" database schema.",
" All the applications work on the database.",
" It's pretty performant.",
" Let's take a deeper look into each of them.",
" The Herminator thing is a policy-GI application-based",
" script that runs on lite or Apache.",
" I think we run it in lite at the moment on the build",
" service.",
" The client interface is nothing but an",
" overall where the clients, for example, the build service,",
" can post a notification.",
" And the notification is basically just a string.",
" So one string identifies the kind of notification that",
" is happening.",
" For example, package build fail.",
" This is a complete notification.",
" And because you need more information about this event,",
" for example, the package name, the platform, the",
" architecture, what else, this can come as key value pairs",
" as much as you want.",
" And the system works that way that you don't have to set",
" up notification types of stuff.",
" You just send them once, and then it's there.",
" And after that, since your client often or frequently",
" sends the same notification type, they come in more and",
" more messages from the same type.",
" So just send one, and it's there.",
" Later, there's an admin interface where stuff can be",
" administered.",
" The notification type, the string, identifies the",
" only required parameter.",
" Together with Terminator comes an admin interface where you",
" can see which notification types were sent up by just",
" sending them in.",
" And also, as an admin, can administer the text template",
" that is sent out for mail and for all the other things.",
" This is publicly available under notifyopenscruiser.org.",
" But you have to have an admin account, of course.",
" The generator is just a false script that connects",
" incoming notifications to the subscriptions.",
" Subscriptions are people have to subscribe to the",
" notifications.",
" So you have to say, I'm interested in package space, or",
" I'm interested in feature changes, or",
" I'm interested in whatever.",
" This is called a subscription.",
" So the connection between a message type or a notification",
" type and the user as a subscription.",
" And with the subscription, you also state in which way you",
" want to receive the message.",
" And when, if you want an immediate view or if it",
" should come as a digest thing.",
" The worker is a person that actually sends out the",
" messages.",
" It does mail sending, connects to send mail, and sends it",
" out, or does the RSS stuff and twittering, these kind of",
" things, jabber.",
" It runs in an infinite loop on the server with breaks, so",
" that it doesn't cause too much load on the machine.",
" And whenever something gets generated from the generator,",
" it sends out afterwards.",
" This does it.",
" It's the Ruby on Rails application.",
" It's a harmless user interface for users, where you",
" maintain your subscriptions, where you can read actual",
" messages, where you can configure RSS feeds you want",
" to see, and you want to fill with your messages.",
" It has a user mode, which is pretty simple.",
" It's set up as an abstraction layer where people just can",
" say, I'm interested in feature changes, for example.",
" And in the background, there's subscription with",
" subscription filters, and some more complex stuff is set",
" up for the people.",
" And if you want to go one step beyond and look into the",
" details, you can go to the expert interface and set up",
" stuff more in detail.",
" Again, an overview diagram.",
" Here's how Minata, which is just a server-based",
" web application.",
" The client system posts the raw notifications in there.",
" They are stored in the notifications and parameters",
" tables in the database.",
" The generator frequently checks if there are new raw",
" notifications, and combines it with the subscriptions and",
" the filters, and generates the messages that should go out",
" to the people based on the settings here and the",
" subscriptions.",
" The messages are stored in this part of the database, and",
" the worker all the time checks if there's something in and",
" sends it out as mail or RSS.",
" And Starship is editing subscriptions and the filters,",
" and you can read messages and view stuff and so on.",
" So far, I have run some production for our OpenSuser",
" project for OBS and OpenFate.",
" Currently, we are filling up and connect more and more stuff",
" to it, since we have now fixed all the stuff that",
" comes in the beginning.",
" So when you start over with such a project, you run into a lot",
" of tiny problems.",
" Currently, we are processing more than 50,000",
" notifications a day.",
" Of course, there's stuff like cleanup scripts in the",
" background, which again clean up the database and stuff like",
" that.",
" There's a project page in the OpenSuser Biki, if you are",
" interested.",
" And it's free software, of course.",
" It's independent from the OpenSuser Build service, so you",
" can run Hermes for any other purpose than the OpenSuser",
" Build service.",
" It's not connected.",
" It's not using the Build service code base or something.",
" So it's just an independent project.",
" But of course, it's developed along the Build service, so",
" it's pretty part of that.",
" So I'm finished.",
" I'm probably we have plenty of time left, right?",
" Yeah, 10 to 15 minutes.",
" Are there any questions from your side?",
" You said clients send a message to the Herminator.",
" So there's some kind of age-eater in the client?",
" Or is this an email, actually?",
" No, it's just an HTTP post.",
" So you need an HTTP connection between the client and the",
" Herminator.",
" And of course, you have to make sure that you do your",
" network configuration right, because otherwise, if you,",
" for example, open up your Herminator to the internet,",
" you're, of course, the perfect spammer.",
" Because people could send notifications, and if everything",
" is set up accordingly, Hermes would send",
" all messages.",
" You have to be careful with that.",
" For example, for the OpenSuser stuff, we have it",
" configured that way that only internal network can reach",
" the Herminator.",
" So what exactly needs to be stored in the client's",
" systems?",
" It's simple.",
" On the client's systems, you can either use a Perl script,",
" which provides another Perl script, a Perl module that",
" provides one function to send out a notification.",
" I think it takes as parameters the notification name or a",
" string, and then hash reference, which",
" contains the parameters.",
" So if you use other languages, you would have to",
" implement an HTTP post, which is easy for most systems, I",
" guess.",
" Other questions?",
" All right, then thank you very much, Dupar.",
" Thank you very much.",
" Thank you."
],
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10.5446/36213 (DOI) | The Remote Metamorphic Engine | https://av.tib.eu/media/36213 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de1226b90c56694ab0ace636bbf4e369b02501166291bd1017ca28bb6cf8a9c0fe/DEF_CON_24_-_Amro_Abdelgawad_-_The_Remote_Metamorphic_Engine_QvxNo9j70DU.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2016 | Abdelgawad, Amro | null | As a matter of fact, it is all about time to reverse engineer the most complex piece of code. Code complicity techniques are usually used just to increase the time and effort needed for reverse engineering. The desired effect of code complicity can be magnified using mechanisms that decrease and narrow the allowed time frame for any reverse engineering attempt into few milliseconds. Such approach can be applied using a metamorphic engine that is aware of the time dimension. Beyond metamorphic applications for AV evasion, in this talk, we will present a novel approach to resist and evade reverse engineering using a remote metamorphic engine that generates diversified morphed machine code of a very short expiration lifetime. Our approach is based on a client-server model using challenge-response communication protocol made of morphed machine code rather than data. We will show how any reverse engineering attempt on such model will be forced to execute or emulate the morphed code. Thus the code will always have an upper hand to detect, evade and attack the reverse engineering environment. Our approach is immune to static code analysis as the functionalities and the communication protocol used are dynamically diversified remotely and do not exist in packed executable files. On the other hand, clock synchronized morphed machine code driven by a remote metamorphic engine would trap dynamic RE attempts in the maze of metamorphism. One that is immune to code tampering and reversing by detecting the non-self. We will present the fundamental difference between metamorphic and polymorphic techniques used to evade AV compared to the ones that can be used to resist RE. We will show how a remote diversified metamorphic self-modifying code with a very short expiration lifetime can detect, evade, and resist any code analysis, reverse engineering, machine learning and tampering attempts. Bio: Amor Abdelgawad is a security researcher and the founder of Immuneye. He has more than 15 years experience in software security and reverse engineering. He has experienced both sides of software security in vulnerability researching, penetration testing, reverse engineering, exploit development and the defensive side as a chief security officer for software companies running wide infrastructures. Amor is currently working as a security researcher where his main interests are analyzing malware, vulnerability researching and developing artificial software immunity. | We have a super interesting talk for you up next by Amro Abdelgawad. He's a security researcher with Immunai. Sorry, my speech is getting a little slurred today. I'm not even drunk. So without further ado, I'm going to let him take off his talk. Let's get a big round of applause for him. So when I started working on the remote metamorphic engine research, the last thing I was thinking about back then was metamorphism. I wasn't thinking about metamorphic at all. I was mainly trying to create unbreakable code, a piece of code that cannot be reverse engineered, cannot be tampered, cannot be analyzed. So anyone who has limited experience with reverse engineering will know that it's actually not possible to create unbreakable code. It's possible to resist reverse engineering, but it's really impossible to create a piece of code that would have high resistance to the degree that it cannot be analyzed. So I researched the subject. I read about a lot of papers and learned about a lot of obfuscation techniques, amazing obfuscation techniques, and I applied a lot of techniques, but unfortunately I failed. Sequence of failure attempts kept going up until the moment that I decided to simplify the problem and treat the problem as a security problem. Well, at first, that actually turned to complicate the problem rather than simplifying it because unfortunately we don't know what security is. We know what security is not, and we learn about weaknesses based on knowledge of vulnerabilities, and we learn about strengths and security based on weaknesses and defined weaknesses, but we really don't know what security really is. If you asked me 15 years ago when I started my career, what is security, you would have lost your whole day receiving my response to your question. Today if you ask me the same question, you will really make me think something amazing about security that the more we learn about it, the less likely we are capable to define it. But there is no wonder. As at a certain point in my research, I came into a very satisfying view for security that security actually meant to be undefined, that security is all about undefined expressions, undefined expressions that aim to take probabilities out of the equation that you're trying to secure. So the remote metamorphic engine research of resisting reverse engineering started by defining security as an undefined expression, taking the lessons learned from there and applied to the binary protection problem, and that resulted in flux binary mutation. And only then with flux binary mutation, I started to have satisfying results for resisting reverse engineering. But resisting reverse engineering or resisting reverse engineering turned to be not enough. Once you have high rates of satisfying results of resisting reverse engineering, you will then realize that the problem is much bigger than that. You need to also count automated tools. You need to count AI tools or machine learning. And then the problem is not only about the code, the problem is also about data. How are we going to secure the data, input, output, even the data is being processed inside the code. So that resulted in the end by adding techniques to secure the data and the code that resulted in sort of artificial immunity. So that's the outline of the presentation today. And the remote metamorphic engine is actually the name that I've given to the approach. Which is a new approach for resisting reverse engineering. But it's more like a new approach rather than an actual engine. And I decided to name the approach like that because it's not possible without metamorphism or mutation. And it's not possible without having the engine or the morphic engine isolated remotely or away from the reverse engineering environment. And I'm applying all these techniques using very simple, very simple techniques that I'm going to go through with all with you today within the coming few minutes. So I define security as an undefined expression following very simple analysis flow. If we don't know what security is, but we know about a lot of successful security solutions. So if we analyze these successful security solutions enough, we can then find patterns that keep repeating itself everywhere. And then we can, by defining these patterns, probably that will help us to better understand security and will help us to better approach security. So that's exactly what I've done. If you ever do that, you will find something pretty interesting. The randomization and isolation are two major patterns that we rely on in everything to the degree that if you take these two patterns out of the equation or out of any security solution, security is not going to be possible. Randomization like, let me give you an example, like stack buffer of fruit protection where we insert random number and then we check on the random number when the function returns. And then we add this space layout randomization to disable jumping into hard coded locations, encryption, asymmetric, asymmetric and symmetric encryption, almost everywhere. You will find random numbers. Without random numbers, we cannot apply a lot of security solutions. And on the other hand, a much stronger security pattern is isolation. And if you just treat these patterns based on their meaning, randomization and isolation, you wouldn't really gain much from their meaning. But analyzing them in abstract mathematics, you can then be able to isolate the patterns away from their meaning and then you would be able to extend their strength and to find their ultimate strength and then you will be able to move freely with these patterns to apply it on other problems. So I've done just that and then I arrived into defining randomization in its ultimate security pattern as division by infinity in an inverse relation to probabilities where like you increase the random number as much as possible to reduce probabilities as much as possible to zero. And on the other hand, I defined isolation as a division by zero which is an undefined mathematical expression. And by then, you can actually take probabilities totally out of the equation. So only then, when I return back to solve the binary protection problem, only then I started to see another dimension to the problem. From that perspective, all the researches that I read about and learned about and all the failure attempt that I went through, they were all going toward infinity in an attempt to increase the time and effort needed to disable reverse engineering or to resist reverse engineering. So how about going toward zero? In this case, instead of increasing the time and effort needed for reverse engineering, we will just reduce the time as much as possible to zero. So allow just few milliseconds for the code to be executed. And by that, there will be no way for the code to be reverse engineered. Imagine that you are just generating a code that will be valid only for six milliseconds. There will be no way that it will be reverse engineered unless it will be saved and then analyzed and then reverse engineer will return back to try to attack the system based on knowledge of previous execution. But then if you do that, it means that the code is expired. The code is not going to be used anymore. So you need to generate new code and hence we need to have metamorphic engine. But not a metamorphic engine from the perspective of viruses or malware where they use metamorphism just to change the way the code looks like or to change the pattern or to change the signature of the code. We need to have actually more like mutation engines more than just morphic engines. So I went by and I defined the unbreakable code as an unpredictable code, but the code that cannot be determined and cannot be and will keep on changing and it cannot be expected before it gets executed. And while trying to apply the randomization and isolation techniques that we talked about, I found that the major weakness is actually the static code dynamic data, which is the model that we use to everywhere. This is the way we learn how to program. This is the way we learn how to develop our software. The code is static and the data is dynamic and that enables all sorts of reverse engineering and also enables all sorts of replicable software exploits. So I tried to change that model into the dynamic code dynamic data that the code will keep on changing and the code will keep on evolving while it's being executed and the code will not remain the same, will not remain static. So if you look at the code now and try to analyze it, it should look totally different than the way it looked just a minute ago or a few seconds ago. So any reverse engineering attempt goes through three main stages, locating the code, analyzing the code and then breaking the code in order to have very high rates of RE resistance, we need to resist all these stages. We need to make the code unlocatable. So we're going to make that by storing the code remotely and perform remote execution. And we're going to disable analyzing the code by using flux binary mutation and by setting the lifetime of the code into a few milliseconds. And then we'll make the code unbreakable by allowing the code to know more about itself that it would detect any tampering attempt if any happened while it's being executed. So the remote metamorphic engine architecture looks, as you see here, will divide the engine into two separate areas, trusted area and untrusted area. The trusted zone here is the area where the reverse engineer has no access to and the untrusted zone is where the reverse engineer would have access to. We'll have mutation engine stored in the trusted zone that will keep generating code and keep mutating the code and then push the code to be executed in the untrusted zone by using challenge response metamorphic protocol. So why remote? Why we have to store the engine, the morphic engine remotely away from the reverse engineering environment? Well, if you keep the engine next to the interverse engineering environment, a reverse engineer will just simply go and reverse the engine itself and will break the engine. So in order to secure the engine itself, the engine has to be stored in a secure area and an area where the reverse engineer doesn't have any access to. But you don't really have to do that. It all comes to what you're trying to defend against. If you are trying to make the code keep morphing itself and keep changing because you're trying to defend against intrusion or malware or external intrusion, so you can then have the engine in the same trusted area. But today I'm mainly focused on or the presentation is mainly focused on resisting reverse engineering rather than using metamorphism to secure the trusted environment. So the remote metamorphic engine is based on challenge response protocol, challenge response communication protocol that is made of morphed machine code rather than data. And the protocol is pretty simple is that the trusted area will push four bytes of code size and then will push the morphed code and then the untrusted area will just receive the code and execute the code and then respond back, respond to the engine. And trusted area and untrusted area here can be client and server. It can be kernel and user mode. It can be guest and host machine. It can be even like an oil reader in an oil field and then you need to check its integrity to make sure that it's secure. It's not tampered. And on the other hand, we also should count the offensive approach which is, in this case, a malware can use the trusted area as a command and control server and untrusted area as the infected machine where it's untrusted because reverse engineers will have access to. So by doing that, we would actually split the execution flow into two different areas. An area that the reverse engineer has access to and another area where the reverse engineer doesn't have access to. And that on its own will create a lot of challenges to any reverse engineer because the reverse engineer will never see the whole picture. He'll see just, you know, parts of the code being executed and it wouldn't even determine what decision is going to be made on the responses or return values. So here is a list of samples of the challenges that can be pushed into that protocol which is mainly, here I'm mainly focused on challenges that will check on the integrity of the environment such as in memory code integrity check, execution environment integrity check, detecting hoax or trying to determine if the execution environment is real or it's emulated or it's instrumented. Clock synchronization, clock synchronized challenges is actually empty challenges. It has no functionality at all where you can just create a challenge that has to be executed to be solved and then you would push it to the untrusted area to make sure that it's not analyzed. And then detect virtual machines or detect or collect hardware, IDs to check on the integrity of the hardware. So once you start to work on these challenges you will find that not all the challenges will have the same strength. Some challenges will be so easy to be broken and some challenges will be much harder to be broken from a reverse engineering perspective. The challenges, the more you're going to rely on the CPU and the execution and the process itself that you will create challenges that will only execute inside the process, this will be the most solid challenges. But if you're going to create challenges that will communicate with the operating system or resolve or communicate with APIs in the system, these are weak challenges that can be fooled easily. So that makes the approach if it's going to be used by any malware will be weak enough to be analyzed. The only trick will be just to know that a malware is analyzing the execution environment while you're analyzing the malware and to make sure that you wouldn't slow down the malware while it's being executed so it will reveal all its functionality and you can go on and reveal its functionality. So in order to ensure, in order to ensure to secure the challenges, we will use morphing techniques where we will have the function that we need to execute and then we have to mutate the function in a manner that the challenge cannot be solved unless the code is executed. And the way we will do that, we will have to rely on other morphing techniques, not just like the malware morphing techniques. We need to use mutation techniques that will change the functionality of the code, not just changing the code structure or not just changing the code semantics. So here's how we can, here's how I'm creating these challenges in the remote metamorphic engine is getting the function and then applying morphing techniques on the function, changing the function structure totally and then add a head and a tail to the function and the head is just unused in instructions and the tail is where we will perform response mutation. So every time the function is going to get executed, it will return different response. Here is the sample of the code being executed. Changes are being generated and being sent to be executed in the untrusted area. And as you can see, the encrypted response, every time the challenge is being executed, it will return back different return value and then the morphing engine will receive the response and then decrypt it back to its original value. And the main reason why you need to do that is to make sure that no one can fool the responses or can hook into the response and then just send fake responses. So in order to perform mutation for every single challenge, I'm mainly using reversible instructions and the reversible instruction, what they do is that when the function returns, before the function returns, a set of instructions will take the return value and then mutate the return value. So the remote metamorphic engine will generate mutation key and then use that key to create dynamic encryption routine and then insert the encryption routine in the end of the function to encrypt the response. And then once the response is returned to the remote metamorphic engine, it will use the same mutation key to generate a decryptor that will decrypt the response and return it back to its original value. So here, as you can see, these are samples of the mutation that we will use to mutate the response. And this mutation is actually, as you can see here, we're using a set of reversible instructions like addition, subtraction, XOR, bit rotation to the left or to the right. And then once the response returns back, you will apply the opposite instruction to reverse the response back to its original value. So once you start to use these instructions, and as you can see here, if you use these instructions in detail, any AI or reverse engineer trying to analyze the code will be able to detect that this set of instructions is actually in the tail of the function. So in order to disable that, we have to use the same exact instructions in the body of the function. We'll use that in the morphing techniques that we're going to do to the function. And also we'll use the same instructions in the head where we will insert useless instructions. So this how, like, anyone analyzing the function will not be able to determine the beginning of or the end or the body of the function. So here, after performing the morphing techniques that I'm going to show you now, what you need to do is to disable any reverse engineer or AI trying to, automated tools trying to analyze the code. You need to disable them from determining the beginning or the end or the middle of the function by mixing the same instruction sets everywhere in the function. So the mutation techniques that we will need to use to resist reverse engineering, it's totally different than the mutation techniques or the morphing techniques that malware would use. Malware, they use morphing or polymorphic techniques to evade antiviruses. They use polymorphic techniques simply by encrypting the code and then when the code executes it will fold memory and then decrypt and then will be in its original form. And on the other hand, they use metamorphic techniques to make the code operate in the same exact way but would look totally different. I use totally different instruction sets. So no encryption is used in metamorphism. Here are some samples of what, here are some techniques that are used by malware, metamorphic techniques, which is like all aiming to change the structure of the code or evading signatures. But what we're trying to do here is not really to evade signatures. We need actually to resist reverse engineering. If you make some few changes to the code to make it look different, still reverse engineer can easily determine what's going on. But more importantly, because we need to evade artificial intelligence or any automated tools, we need to use morphic techniques that will make it expensive for automated tools in terms of time rather than just changing the signature. So the flux mutation goals that we're going to have is to extend the trust. So the notion is that if you have few milliseconds of trusted execution, we need to be able to extend that trust from few milliseconds to cover the whole untrusted area by checking on the integrity of the execution area. In short, trusted execution, we need to make sure that the challenges that we're creating will not be solved unless the code get executed. And while doing that, we also need to disable the code being emulated or instrumented. And we need to also detect reverse engineering or an evade reverse engineering while the code is being executed. So in order to make it expensive for any automated tool or reverse engineer trying to reverse engineer the code, we need to have, we need to use morphic techniques that will require time for any automated tool to analyze the code. So I'm using here mainly structure obfuscation. So every time the code is being morphed, the structure of the code will be totally different. And I'm actually changing the structure of the code not by making the structure look different, but actually by making the structure look the same. So all the functions while they are being morphed, though they are different functions, at the end they will look all the same. And that's how you can make it harder for any automated tools to determine the difference between the functions. So we'll make it harder for any automated tool to attack the code while it's being executed. So these are actually basic blocks. So we take a function, simple function, and then we would morph it into thousands of basic blocks that they all look the same. And these basic blocks will be totally disconnected. There's no edges connecting these basic blocks with one another. And then we will have to use self-modifying techniques where every single basic block, when the basic block is executed, it will modify itself and then connect to the next block only after it gets executed. So here as you can see, reverse engineer will just receive the code as totally disconnected basic blocks. And then only when these blocks start to get executed, they will start to connect to one another. And that's how we can make it more expensive for any reverse engineer or automated tool to analyze the code. In order for any automated tool to analyze that code, it has to emulate the execution of these basic blocks or analyze it. So it will be expensive at the end of the day in terms of time. And then at the end, you want to make sure that in order for the challenges to be solved, it will only be solved if the code gets executed only natively or even on an emulator but not on an instrumentation tool or any tool that tries to understand, try to understand the code or break the code while it's being executed. So here, sample of these basic blocks. Every basic block here is actually just one instruction. And the morphic techniques that I'm using is actually taking every single instruction. As you can see up here, this is the original instruction. And then taking the instruction and then transform every single instruction into a basic block. And that basic block will encrypt the instruction. And then the only way that the real instruction will appear is by executing the basic block. So the morphic techniques that we can use to resist reverse engineering in the context of clock synchronization that you're allowing the code only to execute for a few milliseconds is totally different than the morphic techniques that is used by malware to change the structure of the code or to evade signatures. So here is the list of the techniques that I found to be very helpful. You need to use metamorphic techniques plus polymorphic techniques. You cannot really rely on metamorphism only. You need to use polymorphic techniques. Why you need to use polymorphic techniques? Because you have to do self-modifying code. You have to generate self-modifying code to make it more expensive in terms of time for any automated tool to reverse engineer the code. And you need to make code structure obfuscation so any AI wouldn't determine which function is which because not all the challenges will have the same strength. Some challenges will be weak and some challenges will be strong. So you need to disable any reverse engineer to determine which function is which. And the way we'll do that is to make all the function look the same. And all the function will have the same structure as I showed you. And then challenge response mutation, which we talked about in the beginning, is that we need to, you're generating code that will expire in few milliseconds. So you need to actually make the code function differently. Because if it wouldn't function differently, it can easily be faked. So every time we execute the function, it should function in a different way and return different, return value. So it will transform into a real challenge. And slices permutation is where if you have 100 functions, if you send a code to a different function, these functions to be executed in the same sequence that will be a weakness as well. You have to morph the sequence of the functions. So every time you send functions to be executed, you will have to rearrange the sequence of these functions while being executed. And code size magnification is also very important here because if you're expiring the code in few milliseconds and you're trying to determine if the code is being executed natively or the code is being analyzed, if you're sending just a few instructions, it will be so hard for you to determine the difference. So you have to magnify the code. You have to magnify it enough that will enable you to determine or you will have a larger difference between if the code is being executed natively or the code is being emulated. And by saying emulated here, I don't really mean like emulated CPU, but rather instrumentation, that the code is being instrumented while it's being executed. And then a reverse engineer or an AI would patch or like would tamper the code while it's being executed. So here's a sample. This is just a very simple function that you can define in the remote metamorphic engine. This function is just checking if the debugger is connected to the process. And I've chosen this function because it's just very short and small and enough to fit into the screen. So we'll start morphic techniques by inserting useless instructions, unused instructions. And then after inserting these unused instructions and randomizing, every time you would insert different set of instructions, this is how you can change a little bit the structure of the code on the first stage. And then here we're also can use expansion so you can replace one instruction that does memory operation. You can change it with a different set of instructions that perform the same exact operation, but in a different way and using different instructions. So the first morphing stage, you will reach that code. And then in the second morphing stage, because we need to make it harder for any reverse engineer to analyze the code, we need actually to change the structure of the code and make it much harder for any automated tool to hook into any part of the code. So every single instruction should look totally different and should be moved into totally different position inside the function or inside the binary code. So what I'm doing here is actually I'm taking that code and then inserting a label into every single instruction and then inserting a jump after every single instruction. And by that, I'm totally free to move any instruction anywhere because the sequence of execution will always be the same. So this code here that you see is exactly the same as that one. By inserting labels and inserting jumps after every instruction to the next one, you are free to move any instruction anywhere. You are free to move any of these basic blocks anywhere. These two are exactly the same. Just doing trun position here. So after doing that and changing the structure of the code and doing transposition and moving every single instruction in a different location, we will take every single basic block and then use polymorphic techniques to transform this basic block into self-modifying code. So that basic block, we're going to take it and transform it into that morphed basic block, which is a self-modifying basic block. As you can see here, this is a mutation, a randomly generated mutation key that I'm using to create randomly encryption and decryption routines. And here, as you can see, this is a randomly generated self-modifying code. So every single basic block, which is actually every single instruction, will be transformed into a self-modifying basic block on its own. And here is a helper function that just helps to allocate the location of the code and memory. And as you can see, these parts actually will transform into self-modifying and it will modify itself while it's being executed to unfold into the original instruction or the original basic block. And also the jump that you see here, the jump that is after the instruction is also going to be morphed. So any AI or reverse engineer trying to understand which instruction will be next, he wouldn't be able to know or any automated tool trying to analyze the code, they wouldn't be able to know which instruction, which instruction will be next until the code is executed and the code self-modify and decrypt itself and then will jump to the next basic block. And then the next basic block will self-modify and decrypt itself in memory and then will reveal the next instruction and so on. And we need to do that because we only have few milliseconds for the code to be executed and we want to make it very expensive for any automated tool to try to solve the code within that allowed time frame. Like these techniques might not be that interesting if you just give the reverse engineer as much time as he want to reverse engineer the code. But in the context of the code has to be executed in few milliseconds, these techniques are very helpful. And for sure it's going to be helpful if you want to add, if you would add multiple layers of self-modifying. So at the end you will, the code will be morphed into these structures. Here as you can see these are like three basic blocks. So every single instruction will be transformed into these randomly generated basic blocks. Here is a sample of the code being executed and self-modifying just to give you a feel. All the basic blocks they will end up looking exactly the same and while being executed they will change and they will connect and they will unfold the memory. As you can see here this code will change now and reveal that instruction. So these morphic techniques if it's used normally to just to morph a piece of code it wouldn't be helpful at all. But the point is that the code will have only few milliseconds to be executed and to respond back to the remote metamorphic engine with the right response. So here as you can see these are four different generation, four different samples of the same function being morphed. And every time the function is morphed it will respond back with a totally different return value and then the engine will receive the return value and then decrypt it and return it back to its original value. And as you can see here the response time is six milliseconds. I was here connecting the trusted and untrusted area, the remote metamorphic engine and the client on the same machine and the local host. If you're going to connect it remotely it might be much longer than that. And here as you can see every time the code is being morphed it will be, it will result in a totally different code size. So the code size will be different, the structure will be different and the instruction sets that are used will be totally different. As you can see the first time the original code actually if you just assemble it it will be around maybe 30 or 40 bytes and here these 30, 40 bytes of the original code are being transformed into 15,000 bytes or around like 2,000 or 5,000, 5 or 6,000 instructions. Now in order to determine if the code is being really executed or if the challenge really been solved without being tampered or without being reverse engineered or without being emulated or instrumented, if someone just hooked into the challenge response protocol and then tried to just set the return value into any value and trying to fool the protocol the remote metamorphic engine can easily detect that. So any immunity system in nature actually is based on knowing the self. So the remote metamorphic engine actually tries to learn and know about the self by comparing the responses or the challenges that are returned comparing it to the previous execution. So we have the same function. We would execute it maybe five times and every time the code will look different, the structure will look different and the function will actually include totally different functionalities because it's mutated and every time the function get morphed and being sent to be executed it will return a different return value but then the engine will use the randomly generated decryption or mutation key to solve the challenge and return it back to the original value. So as you can see here, if anyone tries to tamper the code while it's being executed or try to tamper the response while the response is being returned by just simply hooking into a response and then sending, faking the response, the engine can easily determine that by comparing the responses with the previously returned responses. So as you can see here, these are seven different mutated functions of the same exact functions. Every time the function is being sent to be executed it will return back totally different value and then all these values should decrypt back to the same exact value. So the remutably the morphic engine can determine if there's any tampering attempts if the decrypted value will look totally different or result in a different value than all the previously generated code. On the other hand, the engine can be able to determine if the code being executed natively or in a healthy way compared to being instrumented or being analyzed based on time. So we, in this challenge, for example, we're allowing 500 milliseconds for the code to be executed and to return back and then the engine can determine if the code is being analyzed or the code is being emulated or being instrumented if the response returns back in a higher time frame than the allowed time frame. So the way I actually said the allowed time frame, I'm actually doing it manually by executing the code natively and then measuring the code, the execution time of the code and then would allow, because every time you send the code to be executed it will return back in a different time frame. So you have to enable a time frame because the code will keep on fluctuating. So I'm mainly allowing the average of the execution time multiplied by three to five factors and this way it's like it's based on the assumption that if the code is being analyzed there must be at least two or three instructions being inserted to analyze the code or there must be at least comparison instructions. So as you can see here, these are all the same functions. These are all same generation, seven different generations of the same function. Every time it's being executed it will return back in a slightly different time frame. The first time return back in 45 milliseconds, second one, 65 milliseconds and then in this sample I'm allowing only 500 milliseconds for the code to be executed and then once the return value returns back in a higher time frame the engine can determine that the code is being analyzed and then it can act in a different way. In case of a malware using these techniques perhaps that would be the most tricky part of it. A malware wouldn't really be able to change the behavior because the malware would still have to communicate with API, it still will have to communicate with operating system. So still you can determine or you can signature the malware based on behavior analysis but the tricky part is that the malware can be analyzing the code or analyzing the reverse engineer while the reverse engineer is analyzing the code or the malware can analyze the execution or the instrumentation environment while the instrumentation environment is analyzing the malware. So that might eliminate or it's just a tricky part. Once you know about it it's going to be so easy to bypass it but if you don't know about it a malware can evade the analysis and maybe act in a totally different way. In this case the functionality is even not stored in the executable file that you're analyzing all the functionalities are stored remotely and then you wouldn't be able to go to the next step in analyzing the code. So it's just this trick that the malware can use to evade reverse engineering so the technique is not really that wouldn't really add much to malware evading malware as much as it can be used for defensive approaches trying to eliminate the code from being reverse engineered or pushing integrity checking functions to check on the integrity of the code or the integrity of the environment you're executing the code in. And this is actually the most, this is the most challenging part is that how can you really trust in any nodes that you are connecting to? How can you trust on the integrity of things in your network? How can you trust the integrity of the processes that are running in your network where you are relying on static code? If you're relying on static code and that static code can be hooked, can be patched, can be tampered in memory and then you wouldn't really be able to determine or trust its input or output. So the remote metamorphic engine can be used to check on the integrity of connected things and to ensure that things cannot be reverse engineered or it will be much harder to be reverse engineered or get tampered. On the other hand, execution time also you can determine that the code is being analyzed or the code is being faked if the response returned back in a lower time frame than the allowed time frame. In this case maybe someone is trying to fake the responses and executing it in a much faster CPU or performing any tampering attempts that would result in the code being returned very fast. So these two variants would help a lot to determine if the code is being executed natively or it's being tampered or it's being reverse engineered. So I'm running out of time so if you have any question you can feel free to email me. I'm going to be using this email address for the coming couple of weeks and with that it's been an honor to be part of your day today. Thank you for joining me. Have a good day. Thank you. | {
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"text": [
" We have a super interesting talk for you up next by Amro Abdelgawad.",
" He's a security researcher with Immunai.",
" Sorry, my speech is getting a little slurred today.",
" I'm not even drunk.",
" So without further ado, I'm going to let him take off his talk.",
" Let's get a big round of applause for him.",
" So when I started working on the remote metamorphic engine research, the last thing I was thinking",
" about back then was metamorphism.",
" I wasn't thinking about metamorphic at all.",
" I was mainly trying to create unbreakable code, a piece of code that cannot be reverse",
" engineered, cannot be tampered, cannot be analyzed.",
" So anyone who has limited experience with reverse engineering will know that it's actually",
" not possible to create unbreakable code.",
" It's possible to resist reverse engineering, but it's really impossible to create a piece",
" of code that would have high resistance to the degree that it cannot be analyzed.",
" So I researched the subject.",
" I read about a lot of papers and learned about a lot of obfuscation techniques, amazing obfuscation",
" techniques, and I applied a lot of techniques, but unfortunately I failed.",
" Sequence of failure attempts kept going up until the moment that I decided to simplify",
" the problem and treat the problem as a security problem.",
" Well, at first, that actually turned to complicate the problem rather than simplifying it because",
" unfortunately we don't know what security is.",
" We know what security is not, and we learn about weaknesses based on knowledge of vulnerabilities,",
" and we learn about strengths and security based on weaknesses and defined weaknesses,",
" but we really don't know what security really is.",
" If you asked me 15 years ago when I started my career, what is security, you would have",
" lost your whole day receiving my response to your question.",
" Today if you ask me the same question, you will really make me think something amazing",
" about security that the more we learn about it, the less likely we are capable to define",
" it.",
" But there is no wonder.",
" As at a certain point in my research, I came into a very satisfying view for security that",
" security actually meant to be undefined, that security is all about undefined expressions,",
" undefined expressions that aim to take probabilities out of the equation that you're trying to",
" secure.",
" So the remote metamorphic engine research of resisting reverse engineering started by",
" defining security as an undefined expression, taking the lessons learned from there and",
" applied to the binary protection problem, and that resulted in flux binary mutation.",
" And only then with flux binary mutation, I started to have satisfying results for resisting",
" reverse engineering.",
" But resisting reverse engineering or resisting reverse engineering turned to be not enough.",
" Once you have high rates of satisfying results of resisting reverse engineering, you will",
" then realize that the problem is much bigger than that.",
" You need to also count automated tools.",
" You need to count AI tools or machine learning.",
" And then the problem is not only about the code, the problem is also about data.",
" How are we going to secure the data, input, output, even the data is being processed inside",
" the code.",
" So that resulted in the end by adding techniques to secure the data and the code that resulted",
" in sort of artificial immunity.",
" So that's the outline of the presentation today.",
" And the remote metamorphic engine is actually the name that I've given to the approach.",
" Which is a new approach for resisting reverse engineering.",
" But it's more like a new approach rather than an actual engine.",
" And I decided to name the approach like that because it's not possible without metamorphism",
" or mutation.",
" And it's not possible without having the engine or the morphic engine isolated remotely or",
" away from the reverse engineering environment.",
" And I'm applying all these techniques using very simple, very simple techniques that I'm",
" going to go through with all with you today within the coming few minutes.",
" So I define security as an undefined expression following very simple analysis flow.",
" If we don't know what security is, but we know about a lot of successful security solutions.",
" So if we analyze these successful security solutions enough, we can then find patterns",
" that keep repeating itself everywhere.",
" And then we can, by defining these patterns, probably that will help us to better understand",
" security and will help us to better approach security.",
" So that's exactly what I've done.",
" If you ever do that, you will find something pretty interesting.",
" The randomization and isolation are two major patterns that we rely on in everything to",
" the degree that if you take these two patterns out of the equation or out of any security",
" solution, security is not going to be possible.",
" Randomization like, let me give you an example, like stack buffer of fruit protection where",
" we insert random number and then we check on the random number when the function returns.",
" And then we add this space layout randomization to disable jumping into hard coded locations,",
" encryption, asymmetric, asymmetric and symmetric encryption, almost everywhere.",
" You will find random numbers.",
" Without random numbers, we cannot apply a lot of security solutions.",
" And on the other hand, a much stronger security pattern is isolation.",
" And if you just treat these patterns based on their meaning, randomization and isolation,",
" you wouldn't really gain much from their meaning.",
" But analyzing them in abstract mathematics, you can then be able to isolate the patterns",
" away from their meaning and then you would be able to extend their strength and to find",
" their ultimate strength and then you will be able to move freely with these patterns",
" to apply it on other problems.",
" So I've done just that and then I arrived into defining randomization in its ultimate",
" security pattern as division by infinity in an inverse relation to probabilities where",
" like you increase the random number as much as possible to reduce probabilities as much",
" as possible to zero.",
" And on the other hand, I defined isolation as a division by zero which is an undefined",
" mathematical expression.",
" And by then, you can actually take probabilities totally out of the equation.",
" So only then, when I return back to solve the binary protection problem, only then I",
" started to see another dimension to the problem.",
" From that perspective, all the researches that I read about and learned about and all",
" the failure attempt that I went through, they were all going toward infinity in an attempt",
" to increase the time and effort needed to disable reverse engineering or to resist reverse",
" engineering.",
" So how about going toward zero?",
" In this case, instead of increasing the time and effort needed for reverse engineering,",
" we will just reduce the time as much as possible to zero.",
" So allow just few milliseconds for the code to be executed.",
" And by that, there will be no way for the code to be reverse engineered.",
" Imagine that you are just generating a code that will be valid only for six milliseconds.",
" There will be no way that it will be reverse engineered unless it will be saved and then",
" analyzed and then reverse engineer will return back to try to attack the system based on",
" knowledge of previous execution.",
" But then if you do that, it means that the code is expired.",
" The code is not going to be used anymore.",
" So you need to generate new code and hence we need to have metamorphic engine.",
" But not a metamorphic engine from the perspective of viruses or malware where they use metamorphism",
" just to change the way the code looks like or to change the pattern or to change the",
" signature of the code.",
" We need to have actually more like mutation engines more than just morphic engines.",
" So I went by and I defined the unbreakable code as an unpredictable code, but the code",
" that cannot be determined and cannot be and will keep on changing and it cannot be expected",
" before it gets executed.",
" And while trying to apply the randomization and isolation techniques that we talked about,",
" I found that the major weakness is actually the static code dynamic data, which is the",
" model that we use to everywhere.",
" This is the way we learn how to program.",
" This is the way we learn how to develop our software.",
" The code is static and the data is dynamic and that enables all sorts of reverse engineering",
" and also enables all sorts of replicable software exploits.",
" So I tried to change that model into the dynamic code dynamic data that the code will keep on",
" changing and the code will keep on evolving while it's being executed and the code will",
" not remain the same, will not remain static.",
" So if you look at the code now and try to analyze it, it should look totally different",
" than the way it looked just a minute ago or a few seconds ago.",
" So any reverse engineering attempt goes through three main stages, locating the code, analyzing",
" the code and then breaking the code in order to have very high rates of RE resistance,",
" we need to resist all these stages.",
" We need to make the code unlocatable.",
" So we're going to make that by storing the code remotely and perform remote execution.",
" And we're going to disable analyzing the code by using flux binary mutation and by setting",
" the lifetime of the code into a few milliseconds.",
" And then we'll make the code unbreakable by allowing the code to know more about itself",
" that it would detect any tampering attempt if any happened while it's being executed.",
" So the remote metamorphic engine architecture looks, as you see here, will divide the engine",
" into two separate areas, trusted area and untrusted area.",
" The trusted zone here is the area where the reverse engineer has no access to and the untrusted",
" zone is where the reverse engineer would have access to.",
" We'll have mutation engine stored in the trusted zone that will keep generating code and keep",
" mutating the code and then push the code to be executed in the untrusted zone by using",
" challenge response metamorphic protocol.",
" So why remote?",
" Why we have to store the engine, the morphic engine remotely away from the reverse engineering",
" environment?",
" Well, if you keep the engine next to the interverse engineering environment, a reverse engineer",
" will just simply go and reverse the engine itself and will break the engine.",
" So in order to secure the engine itself, the engine has to be stored in a secure area and",
" an area where the reverse engineer doesn't have any access to.",
" But you don't really have to do that.",
" It all comes to what you're trying to defend against.",
" If you are trying to make the code keep morphing itself and keep changing because you're trying",
" to defend against intrusion or malware or external intrusion, so you can then have the",
" engine in the same trusted area.",
" But today I'm mainly focused on or the presentation is mainly focused on resisting reverse engineering",
" rather than using metamorphism to secure the trusted environment.",
" So the remote metamorphic engine is based on challenge response protocol, challenge",
" response communication protocol that is made of morphed machine code rather than data.",
" And the protocol is pretty simple is that the trusted area will push four bytes of code",
" size and then will push the morphed code and then the untrusted area will just receive",
" the code and execute the code and then respond back, respond to the engine.",
" And trusted area and untrusted area here can be client and server.",
" It can be kernel and user mode.",
" It can be guest and host machine.",
" It can be even like an oil reader in an oil field and then you need to check its integrity",
" to make sure that it's secure.",
" It's not tampered.",
" And on the other hand, we also should count the offensive approach which is, in this case,",
" a malware can use the trusted area as a command and control server and untrusted area as the",
" infected machine where it's untrusted because reverse engineers will have access to.",
" So by doing that, we would actually split the execution flow into two different areas.",
" An area that the reverse engineer has access to and another area where the reverse engineer",
" doesn't have access to.",
" And that on its own will create a lot of challenges to any reverse engineer because the reverse",
" engineer will never see the whole picture.",
" He'll see just, you know, parts of the code being executed and it wouldn't even determine",
" what decision is going to be made on the responses or return values.",
" So here is a list of samples of the challenges that can be pushed into that protocol which",
" is mainly, here I'm mainly focused on challenges that will check on the integrity of the environment",
" such as in memory code integrity check, execution environment integrity check, detecting hoax",
" or trying to determine if the execution environment is real or it's emulated or it's instrumented.",
" Clock synchronization, clock synchronized challenges is actually empty challenges.",
" It has no functionality at all where you can just create a challenge that has to be executed",
" to be solved and then you would push it to the untrusted area to make sure that it's",
" not analyzed.",
" And then detect virtual machines or detect or collect hardware, IDs to check on the integrity",
" of the hardware.",
" So once you start to work on these challenges you will find that not all the challenges",
" will have the same strength.",
" Some challenges will be so easy to be broken and some challenges will be much harder to",
" be broken from a reverse engineering perspective.",
" The challenges, the more you're going to rely on the CPU and the execution and the process",
" itself that you will create challenges that will only execute inside the process, this",
" will be the most solid challenges.",
" But if you're going to create challenges that will communicate with the operating system",
" or resolve or communicate with APIs in the system, these are weak challenges that can",
" be fooled easily.",
" So that makes the approach if it's going to be used by any malware will be weak enough",
" to be analyzed.",
" The only trick will be just to know that a malware is analyzing the execution environment",
" while you're analyzing the malware and to make sure that you wouldn't slow down the",
" malware while it's being executed so it will reveal all its functionality and you can go",
" on and reveal its functionality.",
" So in order to ensure, in order to ensure to secure the challenges, we will use morphing",
" techniques where we will have the function that we need to execute and then we have to",
" mutate the function in a manner that the challenge cannot be solved unless the code is executed.",
" And the way we will do that, we will have to rely on other morphing techniques, not",
" just like the malware morphing techniques.",
" We need to use mutation techniques that will change the functionality of the code, not",
" just changing the code structure or not just changing the code semantics.",
" So here's how we can, here's how I'm creating these challenges in the remote metamorphic",
" engine is getting the function and then applying morphing techniques on the function, changing",
" the function structure totally and then add a head and a tail to the function and the",
" head is just unused in instructions and the tail is where we will perform response mutation.",
" So every time the function is going to get executed, it will return different response.",
" Here is the sample of the code being executed.",
" Changes are being generated and being sent to be executed in the untrusted area.",
" And as you can see, the encrypted response, every time the challenge is being executed,",
" it will return back different return value and then the morphing engine will receive",
" the response and then decrypt it back to its original value.",
" And the main reason why you need to do that is to make sure that no one can fool the responses",
" or can hook into the response and then just send fake responses.",
" So in order to perform mutation for every single challenge, I'm mainly using reversible",
" instructions and the reversible instruction, what they do is that when the function returns,",
" before the function returns, a set of instructions will take the return value and then mutate",
" the return value.",
" So the remote metamorphic engine will generate mutation key and then use that key to create",
" dynamic encryption routine and then insert the encryption routine in the end of the function",
" to encrypt the response.",
" And then once the response is returned to the remote metamorphic engine, it will use",
" the same mutation key to generate a decryptor that will decrypt the response and return",
" it back to its original value.",
" So here, as you can see, these are samples of the mutation that we will use to mutate",
" the response.",
" And this mutation is actually, as you can see here, we're using a set of reversible",
" instructions like addition, subtraction, XOR, bit rotation to the left or to the right.",
" And then once the response returns back, you will apply the opposite instruction to reverse",
" the response back to its original value.",
" So once you start to use these instructions, and as you can see here, if you use these",
" instructions in detail, any AI or reverse engineer trying to analyze the code will be",
" able to detect that this set of instructions is actually in the tail of the function.",
" So in order to disable that, we have to use the same exact instructions in the body of",
" the function.",
" We'll use that in the morphing techniques that we're going to do to the function.",
" And also we'll use the same instructions in the head where we will insert useless instructions.",
" So this how, like, anyone analyzing the function will not be able to determine the beginning",
" of or the end or the body of the function.",
" So here, after performing the morphing techniques that I'm going to show you now, what you need",
" to do is to disable any reverse engineer or AI trying to, automated tools trying to analyze",
" the code.",
" You need to disable them from determining the beginning or the end or the middle of",
" the function by mixing the same instruction sets everywhere in the function.",
" So the mutation techniques that we will need to use to resist reverse engineering, it's",
" totally different than the mutation techniques or the morphing techniques that malware would",
" use.",
" Malware, they use morphing or polymorphic techniques to evade antiviruses.",
" They use polymorphic techniques simply by encrypting the code and then when the code",
" executes it will fold memory and then decrypt and then will be in its original form.",
" And on the other hand, they use metamorphic techniques to make the code operate in the",
" same exact way but would look totally different.",
" I use totally different instruction sets.",
" So no encryption is used in metamorphism.",
" Here are some samples of what, here are some techniques that are used by malware, metamorphic",
" techniques, which is like all aiming to change the structure of the code or evading signatures.",
" But what we're trying to do here is not really to evade signatures.",
" We need actually to resist reverse engineering.",
" If you make some few changes to the code to make it look different, still reverse engineer",
" can easily determine what's going on.",
" But more importantly, because we need to evade artificial intelligence or any automated",
" tools, we need to use morphic techniques that will make it expensive for automated tools",
" in terms of time rather than just changing the signature.",
" So the flux mutation goals that we're going to have is to extend the trust.",
" So the notion is that if you have few milliseconds of trusted execution, we need to be able to",
" extend that trust from few milliseconds to cover the whole untrusted area by checking",
" on the integrity of the execution area.",
" In short, trusted execution, we need to make sure that the challenges that we're creating",
" will not be solved unless the code get executed.",
" And while doing that, we also need to disable the code being emulated or instrumented.",
" And we need to also detect reverse engineering or an evade reverse engineering while the",
" code is being executed.",
" So in order to make it expensive for any automated tool or reverse engineer trying to reverse",
" engineer the code, we need to have, we need to use morphic techniques that will require",
" time for any automated tool to analyze the code.",
" So I'm using here mainly structure obfuscation.",
" So every time the code is being morphed, the structure of the code will be totally different.",
" And I'm actually changing the structure of the code not by making the structure look",
" different, but actually by making the structure look the same.",
" So all the functions while they are being morphed, though they are different functions,",
" at the end they will look all the same.",
" And that's how you can make it harder for any automated tools to determine the difference",
" between the functions.",
" So we'll make it harder for any automated tool to attack the code while it's being executed.",
" So these are actually basic blocks.",
" So we take a function, simple function, and then we would morph it into thousands of",
" basic blocks that they all look the same.",
" And these basic blocks will be totally disconnected.",
" There's no edges connecting these basic blocks with one another.",
" And then we will have to use self-modifying techniques where every single basic block,",
" when the basic block is executed, it will modify itself and then connect to the next",
" block only after it gets executed.",
" So here as you can see, reverse engineer will just receive the code as totally disconnected",
" basic blocks.",
" And then only when these blocks start to get executed, they will start to connect to one",
" another.",
" And that's how we can make it more expensive for any reverse engineer or automated tool",
" to analyze the code.",
" In order for any automated tool to analyze that code, it has to emulate the execution",
" of these basic blocks or analyze it.",
" So it will be expensive at the end of the day in terms of time.",
" And then at the end, you want to make sure that in order for the challenges to be solved,",
" it will only be solved if the code gets executed only natively or even on an emulator but",
" not on an instrumentation tool or any tool that tries to understand, try to understand",
" the code or break the code while it's being executed.",
" So here, sample of these basic blocks.",
" Every basic block here is actually just one instruction.",
" And the morphic techniques that I'm using is actually taking every single instruction.",
" As you can see up here, this is the original instruction.",
" And then taking the instruction and then transform every single instruction into a basic block.",
" And that basic block will encrypt the instruction.",
" And then the only way that the real instruction will appear is by executing the basic block.",
" So the morphic techniques that we can use to resist reverse engineering in the context",
" of clock synchronization that you're allowing the code only to execute for a few milliseconds",
" is totally different than the morphic techniques that is used by malware to change the structure",
" of the code or to evade signatures.",
" So here is the list of the techniques that I found to be very helpful.",
" You need to use metamorphic techniques plus polymorphic techniques.",
" You cannot really rely on metamorphism only.",
" You need to use polymorphic techniques.",
" Why you need to use polymorphic techniques?",
" Because you have to do self-modifying code.",
" You have to generate self-modifying code to make it more expensive in terms of time for",
" any automated tool to reverse engineer the code.",
" And you need to make code structure obfuscation so any AI wouldn't determine which function",
" is which because not all the challenges will have the same strength.",
" Some challenges will be weak and some challenges will be strong.",
" So you need to disable any reverse engineer to determine which function is which.",
" And the way we'll do that is to make all the function look the same.",
" And all the function will have the same structure as I showed you.",
" And then challenge response mutation, which we talked about in the beginning, is that",
" we need to, you're generating code that will expire in few milliseconds.",
" So you need to actually make the code function differently.",
" Because if it wouldn't function differently, it can easily be faked.",
" So every time we execute the function, it should function in a different way and return",
" different, return value.",
" So it will transform into a real challenge.",
" And slices permutation is where if you have 100 functions, if you send a code to a different",
" function, these functions to be executed in the same sequence that will be a weakness",
" as well.",
" You have to morph the sequence of the functions.",
" So every time you send functions to be executed, you will have to rearrange the sequence of",
" these functions while being executed.",
" And code size magnification is also very important here because if you're expiring the code in",
" few milliseconds and you're trying to determine if the code is being executed natively or",
" the code is being analyzed, if you're sending just a few instructions, it will be so hard",
" for you to determine the difference.",
" So you have to magnify the code.",
" You have to magnify it enough that will enable you to determine or you will have a larger",
" difference between if the code is being executed natively or the code is being emulated.",
" And by saying emulated here, I don't really mean like emulated CPU, but rather instrumentation,",
" that the code is being instrumented while it's being executed.",
" And then a reverse engineer or an AI would patch or like would tamper the code while it's",
" being executed.",
" So here's a sample.",
" This is just a very simple function that you can define in the remote metamorphic engine.",
" This function is just checking if the debugger is connected to the process.",
" And I've chosen this function because it's just very short and small and enough to fit",
" into the screen.",
" So we'll start morphic techniques by inserting useless instructions, unused instructions.",
" And then after inserting these unused instructions and randomizing, every time you would insert",
" different set of instructions, this is how you can change a little bit the structure",
" of the code on the first stage.",
" And then here we're also can use expansion so you can replace one instruction that does",
" memory operation.",
" You can change it with a different set of instructions that perform the same exact operation, but",
" in a different way and using different instructions.",
" So the first morphing stage, you will reach that code.",
" And then in the second morphing stage, because we need to make it harder for any reverse",
" engineer to analyze the code, we need actually to change the structure of the code and make",
" it much harder for any automated tool to hook into any part of the code.",
" So every single instruction should look totally different and should be moved into totally",
" different position inside the function or inside the binary code.",
" So what I'm doing here is actually I'm taking that code and then inserting a label into",
" every single instruction and then inserting a jump after every single instruction.",
" And by that, I'm totally free to move any instruction anywhere because the sequence",
" of execution will always be the same.",
" So this code here that you see is exactly the same as that one.",
" By inserting labels and inserting jumps after every instruction to the next one, you are",
" free to move any instruction anywhere.",
" You are free to move any of these basic blocks anywhere.",
" These two are exactly the same.",
" Just doing trun position here.",
" So after doing that and changing the structure of the code and doing transposition and moving",
" every single instruction in a different location, we will take every single basic block and",
" then use polymorphic techniques to transform this basic block into self-modifying code.",
" So that basic block, we're going to take it and transform it into that morphed basic",
" block, which is a self-modifying basic block.",
" As you can see here, this is a mutation, a randomly generated mutation key that I'm",
" using to create randomly encryption and decryption routines.",
" And here, as you can see, this is a randomly generated self-modifying code.",
" So every single basic block, which is actually every single instruction, will be transformed",
" into a self-modifying basic block on its own.",
" And here is a helper function that just helps to allocate the location of the code and memory.",
" And as you can see, these parts actually will transform into self-modifying and it will",
" modify itself while it's being executed to unfold into the original instruction or the",
" original basic block.",
" And also the jump that you see here, the jump that is after the instruction is also going",
" to be morphed.",
" So any AI or reverse engineer trying to understand which instruction will be next, he wouldn't",
" be able to know or any automated tool trying to analyze the code, they wouldn't be able",
" to know which instruction, which instruction will be next until the code is executed and",
" the code self-modify and decrypt itself and then will jump to the next basic block.",
" And then the next basic block will self-modify and decrypt itself in memory and then will",
" reveal the next instruction and so on.",
" And we need to do that because we only have few milliseconds for the code to be executed",
" and we want to make it very expensive for any automated tool to try to solve the code",
" within that allowed time frame.",
" Like these techniques might not be that interesting if you just give the reverse engineer as much",
" time as he want to reverse engineer the code.",
" But in the context of the code has to be executed in few milliseconds, these techniques are",
" very helpful.",
" And for sure it's going to be helpful if you want to add, if you would add multiple layers",
" of self-modifying.",
" So at the end you will, the code will be morphed into these structures.",
" Here as you can see these are like three basic blocks.",
" So every single instruction will be transformed into these randomly generated basic blocks.",
" Here is a sample of the code being executed and self-modifying just to give you a feel.",
" All the basic blocks they will end up looking exactly the same and while being executed",
" they will change and they will connect and they will unfold the memory.",
" As you can see here this code will change now and reveal that instruction.",
" So these morphic techniques if it's used normally to just to morph a piece of code it wouldn't",
" be helpful at all.",
" But the point is that the code will have only few milliseconds to be executed and to respond",
" back to the remote metamorphic engine with the right response.",
" So here as you can see these are four different generation, four different samples of the",
" same function being morphed.",
" And every time the function is morphed it will respond back with a totally different",
" return value and then the engine will receive the return value and then decrypt it and return",
" it back to its original value.",
" And as you can see here the response time is six milliseconds.",
" I was here connecting the trusted and untrusted area, the remote metamorphic engine and the",
" client on the same machine and the local host.",
" If you're going to connect it remotely it might be much longer than that.",
" And here as you can see every time the code is being morphed it will be, it will result",
" in a totally different code size.",
" So the code size will be different, the structure will be different and the instruction sets",
" that are used will be totally different.",
" As you can see the first time the original code actually if you just assemble it it will",
" be around maybe 30 or 40 bytes and here these 30, 40 bytes of the original code are being",
" transformed into 15,000 bytes or around like 2,000 or 5,000, 5 or 6,000 instructions.",
" Now in order to determine if the code is being really executed or if the challenge really",
" been solved without being tampered or without being reverse engineered or without being",
" emulated or instrumented, if someone just hooked into the challenge response protocol",
" and then tried to just set the return value into any value and trying to fool the protocol",
" the remote metamorphic engine can easily detect that.",
" So any immunity system in nature actually is based on knowing the self.",
" So the remote metamorphic engine actually tries to learn and know about the self by",
" comparing the responses or the challenges that are returned comparing it to the previous",
" execution.",
" So we have the same function.",
" We would execute it maybe five times and every time the code will look different, the structure",
" will look different and the function will actually include totally different functionalities",
" because it's mutated and every time the function get morphed and being sent to be executed",
" it will return a different return value but then the engine will use the randomly generated",
" decryption or mutation key to solve the challenge and return it back to the original value.",
" So as you can see here, if anyone tries to tamper the code while it's being executed",
" or try to tamper the response while the response is being returned by just simply hooking into",
" a response and then sending, faking the response, the engine can easily determine that by comparing",
" the responses with the previously returned responses.",
" So as you can see here, these are seven different mutated functions of the same exact functions.",
" Every time the function is being sent to be executed it will return back totally different",
" value and then all these values should decrypt back to the same exact value.",
" So the remutably the morphic engine can determine if there's any tampering attempts if the",
" decrypted value will look totally different or result in a different value than all the",
" previously generated code.",
" On the other hand, the engine can be able to determine if the code being executed natively",
" or in a healthy way compared to being instrumented or being analyzed based on time.",
" So we, in this challenge, for example, we're allowing 500 milliseconds for the code to be",
" executed and to return back and then the engine can determine if the code is being analyzed",
" or the code is being emulated or being instrumented if the response returns back in a higher time",
" frame than the allowed time frame.",
" So the way I actually said the allowed time frame, I'm actually doing it manually by executing",
" the code natively and then measuring the code, the execution time of the code and then would",
" allow, because every time you send the code to be executed it will return back in a different",
" time frame.",
" So you have to enable a time frame because the code will keep on fluctuating.",
" So I'm mainly allowing the average of the execution time multiplied by three to five",
" factors and this way it's like it's based on the assumption that if the code is being",
" analyzed there must be at least two or three instructions being inserted to analyze the",
" code or there must be at least comparison instructions.",
" So as you can see here, these are all the same functions.",
" These are all same generation, seven different generations of the same function.",
" Every time it's being executed it will return back in a slightly different time frame.",
" The first time return back in 45 milliseconds, second one, 65 milliseconds and then in this",
" sample I'm allowing only 500 milliseconds for the code to be executed and then once",
" the return value returns back in a higher time frame the engine can determine that the",
" code is being analyzed and then it can act in a different way.",
" In case of a malware using these techniques perhaps that would be the most tricky part",
" of it.",
" A malware wouldn't really be able to change the behavior because the malware would still",
" have to communicate with API, it still will have to communicate with operating system.",
" So still you can determine or you can signature the malware based on behavior analysis but",
" the tricky part is that the malware can be analyzing the code or analyzing the reverse",
" engineer while the reverse engineer is analyzing the code or the malware can analyze the execution",
" or the instrumentation environment while the instrumentation environment is analyzing the",
" malware.",
" So that might eliminate or it's just a tricky part.",
" Once you know about it it's going to be so easy to bypass it but if you don't know about",
" it a malware can evade the analysis and maybe act in a totally different way.",
" In this case the functionality is even not stored in the executable file that you're",
" analyzing all the functionalities are stored remotely and then you wouldn't be able to",
" go to the next step in analyzing the code.",
" So it's just this trick that the malware can use to evade reverse engineering so the technique",
" is not really that wouldn't really add much to malware evading malware as much as it can",
" be used for defensive approaches trying to eliminate the code from being reverse engineered",
" or pushing integrity checking functions to check on the integrity of the code or the",
" integrity of the environment you're executing the code in.",
" And this is actually the most, this is the most challenging part is that how can you",
" really trust in any nodes that you are connecting to?",
" How can you trust on the integrity of things in your network?",
" How can you trust the integrity of the processes that are running in your network where you",
" are relying on static code?",
" If you're relying on static code and that static code can be hooked, can be patched,",
" can be tampered in memory and then you wouldn't really be able to determine or trust its input",
" or output.",
" So the remote metamorphic engine can be used to check on the integrity of connected things",
" and to ensure that things cannot be reverse engineered or it will be much harder to be",
" reverse engineered or get tampered.",
" On the other hand, execution time also you can determine that the code is being analyzed",
" or the code is being faked if the response returned back in a lower time frame than the",
" allowed time frame.",
" In this case maybe someone is trying to fake the responses and executing it in a much faster",
" CPU or performing any tampering attempts that would result in the code being returned",
" very fast.",
" So these two variants would help a lot to determine if the code is being executed natively",
" or it's being tampered or it's being reverse engineered.",
" So I'm running out of time so if you have any question you can feel free to email me.",
" I'm going to be using this email address for the coming couple of weeks and with that it's",
" been an honor to be part of your day today.",
" Thank you for joining me.",
" Have a good day.",
" Thank you."
],
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10.5446/19168 (DOI) | Call your NetBSD | https://av.tib.eu/media/19168 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de4f3d4399b740df2af3ab839d0526b42d7956e60c41fa134e1da14a41a883e3ab/Call_your_NetBSD.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2013 | Pronchery, Pierre | null | After focusing on improving NetBSD support for tablet hardware, NetBSD enthusiast and DeforaOS developer Pierre Pronchery (khorben@) is working on running NetBSD on smartphone hardware, with the OMAP-based Nokia N900 as the main target. After a quick summary of the different steps taken, he will introduce the user interface, installation procedure and underlying specificities to this setup. If all goes well, he will even be able to give a call! NetBSD is a very portable Operating System, which supports a plethora of hardware devices based on an ARM CPU and SoC (System on a Chip). Among them is the OMAP family from Texas Instruments; popularized by the BeagleBoard demonstration board, it is well supported by a number of Open Source systems. As it happens, there is at least one smartphone built around the same platform, namely the N900 from Nokia. Being well supported by Linux already, it is an ideal candidate for introducing modern telephony support to NetBSD. The user interface used as part of this effort originates from the DeforaOS project. Its graphical environment is based on the Gtk+ visual toolkit, and has already been declined for several embedded designs, including a phone: the Openmoko Freerunner. Introduced within pkgsrc as of the 2012Q4 release, it will hopefully provide a functional telephony environment on a NetBSD-based phone by the time of the presentation. | Okay, so let's go. Thanks everyone for joining. Hi, good morning. Usually I don't like to speak on mornings, but since I'm based in Germany, I like to travel this way because it makes the Saturday a worst day, and I'm actually awake. Which is good because I spent most of last night writing these slides. I'm still heavily working on this. This meaning I'm trying to port net-psd onto this phone. I'm not the first guy to do this, but first let's say who I am. So I'm Pierre Pocherie, as I mentioned, I'm based in Germany. I'm freelance. I've been working on operating system development as a hobby for many years now, about 10 years, and I'm a net-psd developer as of May last year, so it's been a little more than a year now. So first I'm going to say why I'm doing this because there's a lot of history behind it, lots of different reasons, and I happen to have the Nokia N900 here. I got it a few years ago. I'm going to explain how. It's kind of a funny story. I'm going to tell a bit about the ARM architecture, because this phone runs an ARM processor, and net-psd was already running on ARM before I started working on this. I'm going to tell a bit about the net-psd in particular. Of course, this work that I'm doing here is not exactly trivial, so I faced a number of challenges, and by the time I submitted my talk and hadn't really started with this work, I was hoping I would be able to give a phone call with this hardware. Unfortunately, it's not the case, but I have still quite a few things to say. I'm going, of course, to mention where I am right now with this work, and what I want to run on this phone, the Dufrawa project, which is the result of my work as a hobbyist, about operating system development, and I'm going to speak a bit about how I see the future, what I want to work on after this talk. All right, but first, a lot of things happened for in the last 13, 15 years. So, a first friend gave me a Linux CD back in 1999, when I was still 18. My computer was not really happy with Linux, so I got a free-based CD shipped from the US, because at the time I didn't even have DSL at home, I had only an old PST and Modem. Although free-based CD was working good, I sticked with Linux for a while, then I played with open-based on some circuit hardware. Then a friend of mine got a Zoros PDA. It was a small device, I have a picture after these few slides, that was embedded at a retractable screen, which could pivot, and the device could become a tablet. In the meantime, I switched my desktop and laptop environment to an SD. I bought myself a Zoros PDA as well. I tried open-based on the Zoros PDA, it was working very slow, but working at the time. So then, my ex-boyfriend got invited to a bar camp. I was playing with this Zoros during her talk. One of the bar camp attenders saw me doing this. I began to work after that on the Diffresd desktop. I got some of it to work on the Zoros on OpenBSD. I attended the CCC camp near Berlin, I was 2007, I think. I was doing my birthday, my ex-boyfriend offered me an OpenMoco phone, which was an open hardware phone. I ported the Diffresd desktop to the OpenMoco phone, so this is not the first phone I'm working on. The bar camp attender happened to be at the CCC camp too. He was head of a hosting company in France. As part of his research and development initiative, we began to sell the OpenMco coffee runner. We sold Europe-wide. We created a linse distribution to support it, which was Debian-based, because at the time there was hardware, but none of the software solutions were really satisfying to us, and we had to support it, so we decided to take Debian and improve it. OpenMoco was end of life after that. Splitways with Versteck, who was reselling this device. Another friend gave me some Spark64 boxes. I got a lot more involved with NetBSD doing this, because I was trying to run my desktop on Spark, and so I ported my Diffresd desktop on Spark, on NetBSD. Then Nokia invited me to join a developer event, where they gave me an N900, this device here, which is not exactly a phone, but can be used as a phone. The bar tender pointed me to a contest. The contest was about creating an open source software-based tablet, so I took my software again, adapted it to the tablet environment. I co-won the contest this way. I shared the prize with another guy who was doing Android stuff. Yet another friend put in NetBSD on the N900, and he's the reason why I'm here. After giving a talk about the withapp tablet, which is the one with which I co-won this contest, I promised to work on this phone next. I applied to BSD Can, and I had basically nothing working at the time. I tested Maple syrup for the first time in Canada two days ago, and here I am in front of you. I need some water. How was the maple syrup? Awesome. I love it. I'm going to get a keg when I get back. I'm going to go through the airport with this. I'm going to have it in the airplane with me. Share it with you. Great. I will make sure that I have that with me on the plane, because I won't lose it. That would be a shame. Yeah. It's funny. Usually there's a leaker over there, and here maybe it's a local leaker. Equivalent. I'm sort of sugar addicted anyway. Yeah, so this is the Zorus PDA. So I had been... OpenBSD was ported on this, and I ported my software on OpenBSD on this at the time. A few years back. This is the OpenMoco Free Runner. It was developed by an off-spin of FIC, which was a Taiwanese which is a Taiwanese manufacturer. Usually they do mainboards and consumer electronics for auto companies, and they had this research group started as a spin-off, and OpenMoco was therefore developed as an open hardware solution in Roser and Linux. Everything open-source, the hardware included. You can still find it online if you want, but it's a bit outdated now, the hardware. This is the WeTab. It's not really great here on this slide, black and black, but I'm sorry I didn't bring it this time. You can watch my TouchonetBSD talk which I gave at EuroBSDCon, or I presented this a bit longer. This is D4OS, what is this? Just a logo. I'm just teasing you now. I'm going to show a bit more of its new slides. Alright, this is the 900, which you can also see here in my hand. It has quite a big screen. Keyboard, which is great for debugging. USB ports, two cameras, and it's the it's the one, two, three, four device in this series, the N series of Nokia, I mean the N series tablet of Nokia, but the first one to have a GSM chip. It's based on Nomap, which is an ARM socket system on a chip integrated solution, ARM based. It has a reasonably fast processor, quite a bit of RAM especially by the time for an updated platform. It was released late 2009. The touch screen is single touch, but other than that, it's pretty modern. Lots and lots of connectivity, Bluetooth, GPS, GSM, FM receiver, transmitter, as I mentioned, it's a 3G. And it ships with native Linux already when it was released. Memo was based on different GNU Linux. Here I use the pass because Memo is pretty much dead, unfortunately. So this is a hybrid tablet with a very funny platform. It's switched from DTK Plus for user interface to Qt with the 900. Most components are open source though. There is a good community around the project which is still alive even if Nokia gave up supporting it. I think now there is an independent company or group taking care of the project, so it was migrated to a new platform, but the Wiki still exists and there is a lot of documentation and so on. So it died because of some debatable political decisions at Nokia where they partnered for a while with Intel. Intel had Moblin, Nokia had Memo, it became Migo, but Intel was doing its thing and Nokia was doing its thing and in the end it didn't really turn out really well. So this is the outcome of it. The one and only Migo phone publicly released and available. And it was really Memo with some compatibility layer to be able to claim it was Migo. So really it's still Debian based and so on. Whereas Migo supposedly supports only LPMs. Which is kind of poor. But it's dead anyway. Now it's Tizen and something else. But there is a new company called Jola which was created by some ex-Nokia employees which is working on a new phone and is continuing the Migo development their own way. So we can watch online there are a few presentations on how it should look like and I think they expect to launch next month also in China. But anyway, what's good for us now is that there was lots of documentation available and a working code for almost everything. GPL but still something to read in order to try to understand how to get all of this working. So it looks like this when it was released. So very well integrated to-do lists, calendar, it's connected to exchange. So it was already windows-oriented at the time. Lots of applications, very easy to customize and so on. So now let's get a little bit more into details. If you don't know much about ARM, I believe you mostly don't know about ARM. But anyway, it looks very much like a regular PC inside. So you get CPUs and DDR RAM, some storage space, there are some buses, it's a PCI but it's sort of the same. There is user input, lots of interfaces, connectors, 3D acceleration for graphics, video acceleration. However, there are additional constraints. It's a mobile device which means it has to be autonomous. So there is a battery. You have strong constraints on voltage, frequencies, how long it's going to run if you set the CPU a bit too much. Of course the physical size is a constraint also here, it has to fit your pocket. However, nothing prevents running BSD on it, except maybe in the future for secure boot, which is the new way to boot devices coming up with UEFI and so on. Whereas on x86 secure boot still allows you to boot whichever system you want, you can disable it. On ARM it's not the case. So it's pretty much, now it's going to be a completely closed platform because all of the new devices shipping with Windows 8, or most of them, supposedly you cannot jailbreak them and run your own OS. I'm sure people will figure it out, but it's getting more and more difficult with this new hardware. So I prefer not to invest in this and work on my own shit. So, very short introduction to the ARM processor itself. It's risk based. There is now 64 bits version but usually you will find it in so little bits and in little Indian, although it supports also big Indian. The company ARM doesn't manufacture any processor themselves. They license the design to bigger companies like Samsung or TixxS Instruments and so on. There are lots of different generations. This company has been around for many years. Maybe sorry or something like that, I don't remember. And as a consequence, there are as many different ARM platforms as there are combinations of processor design generations and instances of like boards and chipsets. So it's not really just one coherent platform or sort of coherent like X86. You cannot run just any ARM code on any ARM processor. It's not many this way. So it's a bit particular and then about the OMAP solution in particular. So it's based around a general purpose ARM core which is completed by lots of different core processors and extension chips. It was popularized in the open source world by the Bigel Board which is based around the third generation of the OMAP processor, 3530 and it's luckily very similar to what's inside the 9900. It has a different name, 3430 but really it's the same chip inside. It's just that the packaging is different because I guess they had to they needed a different version of their core for smaller constraints, different physical formats and so on. So the Bigel Board looks like this. You have the main processor here. Lots of connectors companionships here. I guess one of them is the power companion which actually has a lot more connectors because the OMAP processor doesn't do much in itself in terms of user input and so on. It just exposes buses basically. So yeah, there is RAM and everything fits in a small board which is maybe 6 centimeters wide where it's 3 inches, that's 7.50 or something like that. 7 centimeters. So main TPU has inter-uplines, like you would have on x86. The buses are not PCI or ISAR whatever, they are I2C, SPI, GPIO and so on. GPIO in particular means general purpose input-output which means it's just a bunch of pins and you can use them whatever way you want. They can be input pins or output pins and your input or output data or you can abuse them as interact pins where you just listen to whatever is happening and the chips that knows about this and you tell it to wake you up when some event is happening. Either when the pin is low or when it's high meaning 1 or 0 basically or when it's changing state which means then that it's edge triggered. So level triggered is when it's a given level, it wakes you up low or high and edge triggered is when it's going from low to high or high to low. This is going to be very important when developing this. So you have after the OMAP processor, a companion processor typically interrupting inside the OMAP CPU so it has a special line, special connection to the CPU on the PCB so it's however connected on a separate bus and you have lots of additional processors between each of the different functionalities that you're going to require like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth or you name it. It's just lots and lots of different processors and typically they interrupt via GPIO pins which means they are connected to the main processor over the GPIO bus. Sorry if I'm very fast here I have a lot to cover. Just tell me if there is anything you want to emphasize on. Just as a reminder, this is the old NetBSD which was also ARM based. So it was just a regular toaster which was extended with some embedded board running NetBSD and it was fully operational using the NetBSD system. Alright, so NetBSD EVB ARM is the actual port that I'm using for doing this. It means evaluation board. Typically companies like the SES instruments and others develop typical designs for people to grasp the platform and experiment and prototype before shipping an actual product and this is pretty much what the big old board is. And this port explicitly supports aims at supporting as many of such prototype boards as possible. And JSON top is the maintainer of this port. Alright, so if you look at how many kernel configuration files are available right now inside this port you have quite a few boards which are supported. Some of them are maybe familiar to you like the panda board or the raspberry pi the Anandjord is here. You have the big old board, the big old board exam, the plain big old board and a bunch of others. They are not all all map, of course. There are lots of different designs from Samsung from multi-eye, the toaster is there and so on. So NetBSD why is it a cool platform and why is it found on so many devices? It's because it's clean, so it's portable and it's portable so it has to be clean. Which is a nice way to abstract the system and it means there are lots of constraints in the way all of the drivers are organized and the way the system is is organized and what you have to deal with therefore when you work on this. So bus access is abstracted typically you use the same interface to talk on different buses. The same APIs are used as much as possible across different architectures which means you can typically only expose what's supported by all of them. And so specificities are kind of tricky to to get by in some cases. Especially if you want to write generic code. This was a problem in my case. So the device tree model in particular you have a virtual root device which is just a way on which to attach the real physical buses. Then devices attach on buses. They have exactly one parent node so it's really just like a tree. And in turn these devices may expose more buses and have more other devices attaching to them and so on. That's what you see in the message when you boot the system on iCleanlux which is just a big soup. On NBSD it's really telling you okay this device attaches to which bus going to this other device going to the root node. And with all of that devices typically register sorry on interrupt lines and they handle them. And that's pretty much all they do. Interrupts. It's a very important notion here. Typically whatever happens on a device there is an interrupt for it. Typically when you touch the screen there's going to be an interrupt telling the processor okay there was an event, handle it now. Interrupts are expensive because they are directly you can only have as many as you have CPU cycles. And they occur all the time because whatever happens the clock tick watchdog and alarm user interfacing packets on the network it's all going to be interrupts. So you have to handle them as fast as possible with therefore as little code as possible. And it's forbidden to sleep and be lazy while handling an interrupt. Because the longer you sleep the more interrupts you lose. Because when you handle one you cannot handle others. So typically you just differ or you set a flag or whatever and you accuse some job to be done and then you're back to regular mode and the scheduler is going to do your job. So for this you have different mechanisms. One of them is the work use but then you have also software interrupts or bunch of other stuff. I should have listed them here maybe but next time. So as a consequence I had to write dozens of writers because there are lots of different devices especially on a smartphone when you have to handle audio, USB, touch screen, keyboard all of the network interfaces and so on. Of course this represents a lot of different interrupts. Not enough I mean there are too many for the main processor. And as I mentioned I mentioned separate buses. The interrupts are on GPIO which is one bus and devices are usually on I2C or on SPI and in different buses and in NetBSD you can only attach to one bus. So it's really tricky to address this model. The bad news is yes it's tricky. However there are mechanisms to address that which are actually pretty good just that you know about them when I started and it took me a while. So yes let's get on with it. So let's prepare. Let's make sure the NoCard and Android boots on a microSD card. So typically what you do when you walk on this you open the phone like the Steers is a great tool to do that because you have to be gentle because you have to do it all the time. So when it opens you have the battery here and so on you can remove it. And the microSD slot is here which is pretty good because you can remove the card put it on your laptop and test whatever you have. It's however very slow and it requires some modifications to the phone in the first place. You have to switch it to developer mode with the regular firmware flashing tool. I think the wiki page for this disappeared or is no longer reachable from the migration of Memo from the Nokia platform to the new one. But there is another page called Memo Flasher which sort of covers it. You have to run this Flasher tool, check the flags and be very careful there. So it would be good to find a cache for this old page and put it online again. Basically you have to flash the bootloader to enable multi-boot so that it boots no longer just on flash but on your card optionally. And you have to set the phone inside developer mode because otherwise some watchdogs are not addressed and the phone just reboots after like 10 seconds. Which is a pain when you don't have enough time to boot and see whatever is happening and then the phone reboots. Yeah. So the alternative is to film it. But yeah. So can you develop any of this or at least have a model of the development of your phone machine and you have to do all of the hardware for all of the stuff? So the question is if there is some emulation platform a way to emulate the hardware and test it on emulation, right? There is a special QMU fork aimed at emulating the bigger board which was also extended a bit for the 900. However the code is very difficult to compile outside of Linux. I managed to do that then I managed to emulate a bigger board bootloader and for this you had to create a fake flash file. However for some reason it refused my flash file because the checksome was awesome. And I followed some weird instructions from a Chinese guy somewhere on Google code whatever because it was the only place where I found this really new available. Typically other than that the only thing you can do is take an existing Migo image which is going to be like 4 gigs and you have to start from there. Or yeah for the flash it's a bit smaller but I didn't want to start from a complex system I wanted to start from scratch and so it's really tricky. You have to run Linux or spend a lot of time compiling it and then I wasn't able to actually get NetVisit to run on this. Yeah. There has been some development in the last couple of months that there is a port of QMU that does work better and will lose some net net that's right. Yeah. Not one map 3 yet. But yes we're getting there. So yes be very careful and if you can use emulation. However emulation is not always 100% like the hardware. So sometimes you have something working on emulation and not on hardware or the other way around and then it's another challenge altogether to figure out what is really right and how you should address everything so it's never 100% solution. So if you want to boot the 900 and microSD you need to set up partitions like this. Inside the MBR you want your NetVisit partition to be the first one. The third one has to be a DOS FAT on which you put a UIMH file and the boot loader is going to load it and start the kernel. And then it's up to your kernel to find whatever it has to boot. So good news is we can use FFS and create it this way. You can just untar the different sets. Run makedev and slashdev which is going to help the booting faster. The FSTab looks like this. Then you set the RC.conf to be configured. You can even enable xdm here and if things are alright it's going to boot x all the way through. It needs to be very patient right now but I guess this is also going to be worked on. We know already why some things are very slow. So yes, it's slow. It's a tedious test procedure that I already mentioned. You have no network boots. You have no serial line interface on this phone. Actually there is one but it's low voltage and even if you use the regular consumer USB serial adapter's fallout voltage it's still too high for this phone and you're going to break it. So we know what the serial connections are but they are a bit tricky to connect to and I don't want to solder on my phone. They are under the battery cover and there are like 20 of them and you have to pick the right ones. I don't remember what the rest is. Maybe JTAG, I'm not even sure. So yes, another tricky part is that initially I had no keyboard support. So I could not even go into the debugger and type in stuff. I had to update the microsd card every time and boot it again. That's a very, very slow process. On top of that, the documentation is extensive which is good but it means the data sheet for the main processor is over 3,000 pages. You don't need to read all of this if you want to instead what's going on. You're going to have to read a lot and read it again and again and again. The companionship for keyboard support is another 1,000 pages. So the way I worked on this is I really forced myself to do one change at a time and test every time and try to remember write down, note inside the code what was working, what wasn't in combination with what and then, yeah not get stuck on one given bug because sometimes you don't understand enough of the platform to understand what's going on and so if you lose hours on this it's just lost. Often you just switch to something else and understand something about the first thing while doing this other thing and you come back to the first one test and go back and forth this way at least it worked for me. So anyway the first step was to differentiate the platform with the Bigelboard because even if there are very similar platforms the Bigelboard has a serial line and you don't and it doesn't have a screen and you do. So the first thing was to change the Bigelboard initialization code to enable the screen and disable the serial line for the console. Otherwise you just had a black screen which is useless. So I have introduced the Canon Option OMAP 34 30 for this which is not the cleanest way to do this but for now it works because it's the only platform that has this chipset at the moment and we're going to have to find another mechanism if we ever have more devices this way. So that's minor really. Challenge 2 I mentioned GPIO many sensors just attach on GPIO and tell you okay I'm a button when I'm low it means I'm pressed when I'm high it means I'm not pressed released and you just they change states and you just want to know when they change states and you report it. Unfortunately it took me a while to figure out that the OMAP GPIO bus driver supported edge interrupts but only rising or falling. Low from too high or high to low. So I just had to add these two lines to add support for this and then I could not only see buttons being pushed but also being released. And it's also this way for many sensors like when you insert a node in your plug inside the jack here it's also on GPIO yes? How do you distinguish between interrupts and interrupts and what's data in that scenario? It's hard coded basically you know this device is going to be on this GPIO pin and you know it's going to be interrupting or that its data can be abused as interrupts or you can tell okay I'm always going to output data here or I'm always going to input data here. So in a way interrupts are just inputs but you react automatically on this input. But what I mean is if you're sending data where you've got open serial writing by definition which means your signal is going high and low all the time how do you distinguish between data of the signal going high and low and an interrupt event with the signal going higher and low? I think the way it's done you're not going to be the same open? Yes. So either your data is just one bit in which case it doesn't matter because just at the time when you need the data you check if it's high or low and then it's 0 or 1 or you're using multiple GPIO pins in this case you can transfer a word at a time and you have another pin which is working as interrupts which is telling you okay read now read now, read now, read now and then you can use pretty much what happens in a regular bus. Yeah I think generally just to clarify the confusion and then I may be unclear about this but you can't usually use a single GDI token for both at the same time you set up as an interrupt and then you know oh I'm going to be an interrupt on that and support it and I'm going to do the first line of the slide and then we can read the message. Okay maybe this is confusing. Yes so say you have a button and you press it. It's an input pin because when it's pressed it's going to return 1 and when it's released it's going to return 0 and you abuse it as an interrupt. Really it's input and you react when this input changes. You tell the processor okay monitor this pin and wake me up when there is a change. So when you're in some circumstances your data and your interrupt are the same? Yes that's right. Yeah. This isn't for your data which is fast. This is for user function buttons. Yeah. Slow enough that you can get your interrupt service in time to read what the pin state is so that you can know whether it's up or down the rest of the system. However sometimes it gets really hairy and people implement I2C over GPIO which is really really slow but in some cases you want this. Yeah. You don't have an I2C bus and you want to talk to some I2C device because some devices only come bundled this way and so you have to do this. We support this in the BSD by the way. We have a driver for this. Yes that's right. But in my case I need to handle I2C devices which interrupts which is next challenge. Now it gets interesting because of course you can only attach to one bus but then this I2C device is going to tell you okay I'm the keyboard here and I want you to read me now because the user just pressed the key and yeah so how is this happening? Well GPIO pins are mapped as interrupts. It's not specific to ARM or as a whole. It's only a few ARM platforms which are implemented this way. I don't know if it's just an NBSD thing or some kind of official thing for a given platform. But typically on ARM interrupts are integers. You have the system ones which go from like 0 to 31 or something like this and then you have your own convention and you start virtual interrupts from typically GPIO buses on starting on another number altogether. So here in our case we have the OMAP GPIO bus driver which is found on this internal bus at this address for accessing registers and checking the status of the bus and everything. It takes this much amount of memory to address the registers and it's going to interrupt starting at 96 and this one has 32 pins. So from 96 to 96 plus 31 you have virtual interrupts and you really will catch interrupts coming from GPIO while hooking the same way as you would with the main CPU. So this is really practical and it means you can handle interrupts from different buses using GPIO lines and it's transparent because it's just a number with the same interface. You establish the interrupt, you register it and then you can handle it. So there is generic code in NBSD for this which is called PIC code. I don't know why I guess it's very similar to what microcontrollers do. Yeah, okay. Programmer will interrupt the controller. That makes sense. Alright, so this way you can easily handle interrupts while having a device on the bus which typically doesn't. But in practice this breaks portability because it means in order to see an SPI code you will try to hook interrupts. But these devices may exist on different platforms where interrupts are not integers. There are something else. Or there are no interrupts available for these devices in the first place. So it's typically machine dependent. This code is different on each and every architecture. Or you cannot assume it's going to be the same. So I proposed a patch at some point adding an interrupt locator to these buses but it was rejected. And this was the right decision because it's just not the right way to handle this. It's not portable. So I created my own branch called Corbin900 where I have committed this version of the code that I wrote. And inside the main tree I committed stuff with hardcoded values because there was no way I could obtain these values from the kernel configuration file and there was no way of doing things. In Linux it's well hardcoded inside the code also. Inside the code specific to each and every different board. So you don't have a single file where you can just tweak things and have a working kernel directly. You need specific code for each and every one of the platforms, young platforms. All right. So for the keypad in particular it was very, very tricky because the keypad is on the companion ship. The companion ship is on I2C. It interrupts on the main CPU because it's a special device which is located on the main CPU. Talking to the I2C bus requires sleeping because you send data and you wait for the answer. But you're not allowed to sleep in interrupt contexts. So typically you just want to defer the hand-rock. You tell the scheduler to wake you up when it's available and you just hold the interrupt. But the interrupt is not handled in the first place which means it's just coming back to you repeatedly and the scheduler is never giving you the chance to address it. Which means you need to disable the interrupt while you handle it and re-enable it again. And so far in NBSD for ARM at least it was impossible to do this. It was assumed that devices would just register an interrupt and never disable it. Just handle them all the time. And in this case it's not possible. So I've implemented this. I had to modify the PIC code to allow for this. In a way that's affecting much more hardware than just this one. So I couldn't commit it directly. I have to check all of the other drivers to see if they return the value that I expect or not. Did I mention it here? Yes. So typically what in practice the compendium chip it gets even worse. It's connected to five different addresses on two different I2C buses. Meaning the keypad registers are reachable on one given address not on the others. But the interrupt handling address is on a separate place. So what I do is my main interrupt handler is differing a first handler returning 0 to abuse whatever was done before and telling disabled interrupts it's not handled yet. This first handler uses a global handler to wake the keyboard driver at this other address and it should use another handler again at lower priority. So this intermediate handler reports the key pressed by accessing the bus at the right address and then the other handler that's running at lower priority, very important re-enables the interrupt because otherwise you don't get your key pressed and you lose it and you get back to step one. And yeah, this took me a while to figure out with lots of booting and black screens because this code happens before the initialization of the frame buffer. And if it keeps interrupting all the time it never goes further and you just wait. Is it going to pop up again? Please. Do you ever want the reason you're not the solder serial for an undercurrent? Well, I figured it out pretty quickly and I found another way. I was abusing other interrupts so I wrote a specific driver for just differing this work and waking up the other driver to do all of this initialization stuff. Once the frame buffer was started so typically I was booting an interrupt for the touch screen and I was just pressing on the screen and then my keyboard code was starting and I saw how it crashed. And then I was asking on IOC how can I solve this and thankfully I got an answer usually pretty fast. Thanks guys. So are you actually removing the interrupt handler for the other stuff that's handling or are you just masking them in the right way? So what the pick code does is it keeps a list and then it masks it again for the next time which means if you disable the interrupt using a separate code that I added during interrupt context it's going to be re-enabled anyway because after you disable the interrupt this pick code is listing whatever you did and then it's enabling interrupts again. So it means I had to really patch deep down the pick code for this because even if I was adding code to disable and tell the processor to stop masking it I don't even remember which one is mask or unmask you tell the processor to stop waking you up when there is an interrupt but when the pick code was done handling every interrupt it was just re-enabling all of the ones it had just handled. So yeah this didn't work and I had to abuse the written value of the interrupt handler to tell the pick code don't re-enable this one and this works but I cannot commit it directly this way. I have no idea how to do this. But when it's unmasked in the case of the keyboard the register to tell the device to stop interrupting was on a serpent bus. Right, but you could since you're using the GPIO registers to say I want an interrupt on this you can mask it as the GPIO and set that up. In here because it was interrupting on the main CPU line. Yeah, I feel my pain. Well I got past this one. Yeah, yeah and initially I was assuming it would so I was trying this and like what's going on? No it's fine, it's fine, it took me two months. That's right, that's another way to do it. Yes. Yeah, that's right. I can see how we do that. But it's please. Sorry? It's time to stop. Well there's like half an hour before the next stop. Yeah. Yeah, I think so. Because I have quite a bit, I'm going to go even faster. So yes, another thing I added recently is a speed locator to make sure that we no longer assume the lowest clock speed available. But because like on Linux, the I2C bus is running for the keypad, keypad part at least at 2 MHz, 200 KHz. We assume 100 KHz because it's the lowest safest setting there is. And which means when I type a key, I have to wait one second before I can type another one. Yeah, so we need a way to specify that each device is allowed to run faster. But different devices can go only as fast as they can. And so you need a way to tell this per device on a given bus. And yeah, the keypad driver is not complete yet. At least it was well enough for debugging and logging in and stuff. So there were minor issues. One of them is that I don't have a driver for charging the battery, so I have to charge it every now and then, otherwise it drains out. Some calls are not documented to not be allowed in interrupt context, like this one, which I got to know only yesterday. Otherwise, it was crashing just seconds after I was done booting. So I was like, yeah, no. Okay, what wrong? And of course, it was rebooting. So I had to film the device, frame by frame, and thankfully, it was giving me a full trace back before rebooting, so I could figure out, hey, do you know how to address this? Oh, check out this code. Oh, I need to ask you when there is a call for this. Awesome. I should modify the manual page. And I currently need to crash course on SPI because I'm writing the SPI bus driver, but I have issues. And I realized stuff only two days ago. I think you have to read as much as you transmit before you actually read. Yeah, it took me a while. I didn't know. I was reading one through the diagrams which say, electrically, what happens and how it's shifting stuff. I read the SPI driver for flash memory. And I heard that part of it by not reading what I wrote before I needed to read it. I wrote the cellless and the data. Yeah. In the case of OMAP, it says there is a register shift. I was like, where is the shift register? But actually, no, it's just that the register is the data that's online. And then it's shifted to the receive buffer before you can actually receive anything. So, yeah. And first I was reading the Marvel code and it was doing this, but I was like, this is so wrong. But actually, no, it was actually exactly what I had to do. Yeah, just didn't. So, yes, as I mentioned, I'm trying to get as much as possible in the main tree. I'm using Git for convenience to not spam people with commits that are half working. So it's on GitHub right now. I created a specific branch 10 days ago. This is not very easy to read. I'm sorry. But basically, the OMAP, the OMAP CPU support and main buses are mostly there. This is the companion chip. I got quite a few bits working. Some of it was already working. We first started working on this. Like the watchdog, LEDs, which I couldn't test. RTC clock, and so on. There is also USB on this chip and audio and another GPIO bus which I implemented but couldn't test. And, yeah, some more which I didn't even list here. It's massive. And all of this is over at I2C with the same mechanism that I explained for the keypad. So it's going to be implemented this way also. These are some generic sensors like the camera cover when you slide it open and close. The camera focus button, the audio jack, the lock button, and so on. The keypad slide, the source 1 GPIO when you open and close. So I implemented all of this and it's working for the most part. I2C devices. There is a battery monitoring device which I did implement. Same for the headphone amplifier, the audio. I implemented the accelerator but right now it's interrupting too often and I have to calibrate it. I implemented the beginning of the backlight support but it's not there yet. I have just a temperature meter. Great. Light sensor is also on there to handle the backlight. You know how much light is coming in and you have to give back for the user not to face this kind of situation with low contrast. The panel controller is on SPI. I don't support it yet. The touchscreen driver is on SPI. I almost have it working but I have this issue with the bus driver. It was tricky to know what was wrong between my touchscreen driver or my bus driver. It's a bit like the emulation versus hardware problem. You don't know which part is wrong and you have to just assume stuff and try them out. SPI is also on this chip so obviously it will require DMA to be fast and efficient because SPI is not so fast. Other devices which I have to figure out where they are and how I have the data sheets for most of these except for GPS, GSM and maybe some camera. So there is the LED torch for taking pictures. Both cameras front and back Bluetooth and so on which is still left to be done. However, right now I have the system booting multi-user and it starts X. We don't have the time to show it boot all the way through but I just took a video moments ago and I can show it to you right now during Eric's talk. Sorry Eric if I wasn't listening closely but I wanted to show this to you guys. This is booting multi-user here. It's just the last bit of the channel part. I think it's WSconce and it's focusing again a bit better now. Right there it's starting XTM. It's a bit slow. It has started poverty and a couple other services. Here initially I thought it was crashing but no you just have to wait longer. Longer. Longer. Oh it's black. Something is happening. What's going on? Longer. Oh, some gray and net-based logo on the right side. Closing close to victory and oops sorry. And so yes it's going to focus a bit more and we have XTM running with X console popping up and you can try to log in. The key map is wrong at that point but yeah. Next step. Okay so the touch screen doesn't work yet which is a bummer but hopefully soon. Quick watch on D4OS. The user learned part of it. This is the desktop running on a tablet device. The widget that I mentioned earlier with the telephony support because it also has a GSM chip inside so I can send SMS's and so on and say which is the operator and I was running because I took this during EuroBSG account in Poland and I'm based in Germany. Virtual keyboard. A bunch of applications available. This is when running simulated on a phone with a zoo which is nicely putting an extra skin around the screen which is running Z4 or XNAS with the right resolution and then you can test your user applications with a regular screen size and make it finger friendly and stuff. This should be big enough for my finger. And so on. This is an old screenshot. I improved quite a bit since then but you have icons on the desktop to emulate like the home screen and usually I use matchbox even if I have a few bugs with it and so on. This is D4OS on a real phone on the OpenMoco. Well I had performance issues so it looks ugly. It's no gradients, nothing. Just grey, white, black. But it was working as a proper phone even giving phone calls with full audio support and everything. It could even suspend, resume, spare battery and so on. But this was on Linux where a lot of work was already done. I have to do the same for NetBSD now. Booting NetBSD I just showed it. It goes all the way there. So the future. Get rid of these non-diplomented comments in my tables in the driver support slides. Get as much as possible inside NetBSD proper. Try to polish things for 7. This is going to be difficult. Maybe it's going to be much better than NetBSD 8 or whatever. Let's see how it goes. I'm going to of course keep working on D4OS at the same time. Try to support more devices including my regular phone the N9 which is pretty much the same hardware actually so that's kind of neat. And there is documentation on how to flash it. So when I maybe I'm going to just buy another one and it's still possible to acquire it on eBay. So yeah, thanks to all of you for listening. Thanks to these people in particular and companies for making this possible. And I hope we all learned something today. If not, there are lots of other talks after mine. And if you want to reach me feel free. LibroFist is really bad at handling styles as you can see. But yeah maybe I could select all of that. It's even worse. Yeah, LibroFist. Okay, let's cheat. Not huge. It should be big enough. Very important. And please, please, no. Okay. Yes. So that's it for me. And see you soon. Yeah. And people get to work on them when the hardware is on the fly. Because then they stop using it as the regular daily stuff. And that's what I did. Just with a lot of the the expertise in doing this sort of thing that you're developing and using and some of the public approach you gave you at the end. Have you managed to form any other relationships where you might be able to get stuff a little bit earlier in the development cycle? Not exactly. Because I have a day job. I would gladly do some consultancy work and work on this. I like my job. It's also like this. So it's kind of tricky. However, yes, I would like to have access to more devices earlier and to be able to work on this earlier. And this would be great, of course. If you're free to reach me, if there is anything. If you know of hardware where you have access to it where sufficient documentation is available already. Yeah, sure. I wanted to mention also that the first one to port NetBSD to a phone. I think on YouTube you can find videos of people putting NetBSD on some Windows CE devices. Running ARM also. HPCR and maybe some more. But of course it's also obsolete hardware. Yeah. I think older HPC devices also include NetBSD. Yeah, certainly. I have several of those devices in my garage. But they don't have GSM chips today. They don't have GSM chips. No, they don't. GSM is going to be another puzzle because there is no documentation, I guess, for the baseband. And it's going to be tricky to support telephony as well. But we could use soft phones over Wi-Fi. Which would be, yeah, already something. Have you worked at all of running an Android user on NetBSD kernel? I haven't. And I don't want to do this because right now what saves Android from my consideration is that it's GPL. And so they have to play by the rules. And if we begin to support Android on BSD, maybe they're going to switch to BSD. And then we will have no save in the matter anymore. No access to source code or anything like that. Yeah, I think the user-run part of Android is not in BPL. It's BSD license. And sometimes you can get the source of some kind of can. The kernel parts being part of Linux, sometimes you can and sometimes you can only in theory. And I don't think Android devices are trying to get the Linux source that I have in my hands. I get 3 year old and I have a bad experience with Android too because I was training in-out just to see how it goes on some device that was not running it originally, some Windows SE device. So I booted a community-based distribution which had ported it very nicely, everything worked perfect, including the Google account, which means Google has complete control over a phone that it didn't sell contribute to. It's not the operator. It's the hardware manufacturer. And when I wanted to download an application myself, faking the phone on the main Google portal, it installed it on the phone directly. So I was surprised and I checked what was going on because it couldn't be the first to possibly see this. And in Google I.O., Google said, okay, now you can manage your phone from the browser. And people were like, yeah, woohoo, but it's 1994 all over the place because you give control and everybody running Android basically gives control to this company even if they run a community-based distribution. It's really difficult. The FSF did it. Yeah. Anymore. It has to be a separate and supported. Yeah. But I really don't like the situation. I mean, if you're aware of it and you accept it for yourself, perfectly fine. But I do not for one thing and I think that the the way that it works is but I do not for one thing and I think many users do not know the possible consequences of running Android because this private company in the States has control over everything that's running on your phone. And that's a fact. So, yeah. That's why I'm doing all of this. Thanks. | {
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"text": [
" Okay, so let's go.",
" Thanks everyone for joining.",
" Hi, good morning.",
" Usually I don't like to speak on mornings,",
" but since I'm based in Germany,",
" I like to travel this way",
" because it makes the Saturday a worst day,",
" and I'm actually awake.",
" Which is good because",
" I spent most of last night",
" writing these slides.",
" I'm still heavily working on this.",
" This meaning I'm trying",
" to port net-psd",
" onto this phone.",
" I'm not the first guy to do this,",
" but first let's say",
" who I am.",
" So I'm Pierre Pocherie, as I mentioned,",
" I'm based in Germany.",
" I'm freelance. I've been working on",
" operating system development",
" as a hobby for many years now,",
" about 10 years, and I'm a",
" net-psd developer as of May last year,",
" so it's been a little more than a year now.",
" So",
" first I'm going to say why I'm doing this",
" because",
" there's a lot of history behind it,",
" lots of different reasons,",
" and I happen to have",
" the Nokia N900 here.",
" I got it a few years ago.",
" I'm going to explain how.",
" It's kind of a funny story.",
" I'm going to tell a bit about",
" the ARM architecture, because this phone",
" runs an ARM processor,",
" and net-psd was already running on ARM",
" before I started working on this.",
" I'm going to tell a bit about the net-psd",
" in particular.",
" Of course, this work",
" that I'm doing here is not exactly trivial,",
" so I faced a number of challenges,",
" and by the time I submitted",
" my talk and hadn't really",
" started with this work,",
" I was hoping I would be able to give a phone call",
" with this hardware. Unfortunately, it's not the case,",
" but I have still",
" quite a few things to say.",
" I'm going, of course, to mention",
" where I am right now with this work,",
" and what I want",
" to run on this phone, the Dufrawa",
" project, which is the result of my",
" work as a hobbyist,",
" about operating system",
" development, and I'm going to",
" speak a bit about how I see the future,",
" what I want to work on after this talk.",
" All right, but first,",
" a lot of things",
" happened for",
" in the last",
" 13, 15 years.",
" So, a first friend gave me a Linux CD",
" back in 1999, when I was",
" still 18.",
" My computer was not",
" really happy with Linux, so I got a free-based",
" CD shipped from the US,",
" because at the time I didn't even have DSL at home,",
" I had only an old",
" PST and Modem.",
" Although",
" free-based CD was working good, I",
" sticked with Linux for a while, then I played with open-based",
" on some circuit hardware.",
" Then a friend of mine got a Zoros PDA.",
" It was a small device,",
" I have a picture after these few slides,",
" that was",
" embedded at a retractable screen,",
" which could pivot, and the device",
" could become a tablet.",
" In the meantime, I switched",
" my desktop and laptop environment to an",
" SD. I bought myself a Zoros PDA",
" as well. I tried open-based",
" on the Zoros PDA, it was working",
" very slow, but working at the time.",
" So then, my ex-boyfriend got invited",
" to a bar camp. I was playing with this Zoros",
" during her talk. One of the",
" bar camp attenders saw me doing this.",
" I began to work",
" after that on the Diffresd desktop.",
" I got some of it to work on the Zoros",
" on OpenBSD.",
" I attended the CCC",
" camp near Berlin, I was 2007,",
" I think.",
" I was doing my birthday, my ex-boyfriend offered me",
" an OpenMoco phone, which was an open",
" hardware phone. I ported",
" the Diffresd desktop to the OpenMoco phone,",
" so this is not the first phone I'm working on.",
" The bar camp attender",
" happened to be at the CCC camp too.",
" He was head of a",
" hosting company in France.",
" As part of his research and development",
" initiative, we began to sell",
" the OpenMco coffee runner.",
" We sold Europe-wide.",
" We created a linse distribution to support",
" it, which was Debian-based, because at the time",
" there was hardware, but none of",
" the software solutions were really",
" satisfying to us, and we had to support",
" it, so we decided to take",
" Debian and improve it. OpenMoco",
" was end of life after that.",
" Splitways with Versteck, who was",
" reselling this device. Another friend",
" gave me some Spark64 boxes.",
" I got a lot more involved with NetBSD doing",
" this, because I was trying to run my desktop",
" on Spark, and so I ported my",
" Diffresd desktop on Spark, on NetBSD.",
" Then Nokia invited me to join",
" a developer event, where they",
" gave me an N900, this",
" device here, which is not",
" exactly a phone, but can be used as a phone.",
" The bar",
" tender pointed me to a contest.",
" The contest was about creating",
" an open source",
" software-based tablet, so I",
" took my software again, adapted",
" it to the tablet environment.",
" I",
" co-won the contest this way.",
" I shared the prize with another guy who",
" was doing Android stuff.",
" Yet another friend",
" put in NetBSD on the N900,",
" and he's the reason why I'm here.",
" After giving a talk about the withapp",
" tablet, which is the one with which",
" I co-won this contest,",
" I promised to work on this phone",
" next. I applied to BSD Can,",
" and I had basically nothing working",
" at the time. I tested",
" Maple syrup for the first time in Canada two days ago,",
" and here I am in front of you.",
" I need some water.",
" How was the maple syrup?",
" Awesome. I love it.",
" I'm going to get a keg when I get back.",
" I'm going to go through the airport with this.",
" I'm going to have it in the airplane with me.",
" Share it with you.",
" Great.",
" I will make sure that I have that",
" with me on the plane, because I won't lose it.",
" That would be a shame.",
" Yeah.",
" It's funny. Usually there's a leaker over there,",
" and here maybe it's a local leaker.",
" Equivalent.",
" I'm sort of sugar addicted anyway.",
" Yeah, so this is the Zorus",
" PDA.",
" So I had been...",
" OpenBSD was ported on this, and I ported my software",
" on OpenBSD on this at the time.",
" A few years back. This is the OpenMoco",
" Free Runner.",
" It was developed by",
" an off-spin of",
" FIC, which was a Taiwanese",
" which is a Taiwanese manufacturer.",
" Usually they do mainboards",
" and consumer electronics",
" for auto companies,",
" and they had this research",
" group",
" started as a spin-off,",
" and OpenMoco was therefore",
" developed as an open hardware solution",
" in Roser and Linux.",
" Everything open-source, the hardware included.",
" You can still find it online",
" if you want, but it's a bit",
" outdated now, the hardware.",
" This is the WeTab.",
" It's not really great here on this slide,",
" black and black, but",
" I'm sorry I didn't bring it",
" this time.",
" You can watch my TouchonetBSD talk",
" which I gave at EuroBSDCon,",
" or I presented this",
" a bit longer.",
" This is D4OS, what is this? Just a logo.",
" I'm just teasing you now.",
" I'm going to show a bit more of its",
" new slides.",
" Alright, this is the 900,",
" which you can also see here in my hand.",
" It has quite a big screen.",
" Keyboard, which is great for debugging.",
" USB ports,",
" two cameras,",
" and it's the",
" it's the",
" one, two, three, four",
" device in this series, the N series of Nokia,",
" I mean the N series tablet",
" of Nokia, but the first one",
" to have a GSM chip.",
" It's based on Nomap, which is an ARM",
" socket system on a chip",
" integrated solution,",
" ARM based. It has a reasonably",
" fast processor, quite a bit of RAM",
" especially by the time for an updated platform.",
" It was released late 2009.",
" The touch screen is single touch,",
" but other than that, it's pretty modern.",
" Lots and lots of connectivity,",
" Bluetooth, GPS, GSM,",
" FM receiver, transmitter,",
" as I mentioned, it's a 3G.",
" And it ships with native Linux",
" already when it was released.",
" Memo",
" was based on",
" different GNU Linux. Here I use the pass because",
" Memo is pretty much dead, unfortunately.",
" So this is a hybrid tablet",
" with a very funny platform.",
" It's switched from DTK Plus",
" for user interface to Qt",
" with the 900.",
" Most components are open source though.",
" There is a good community around the project",
" which is still alive",
" even if Nokia gave up",
" supporting it.",
" I think now there is an independent",
" company",
" or group taking care of the project,",
" so it was migrated to a new platform,",
" but the Wiki still exists",
" and there is a lot of documentation and so on.",
" So it died",
" because of some debatable political decisions",
" at Nokia where they partnered",
" for a while with Intel. Intel had",
" Moblin, Nokia had Memo, it became",
" Migo, but Intel was doing its thing",
" and Nokia was doing its thing",
" and in the end",
" it didn't really turn out really well.",
" So this is the outcome of it.",
" The one and only Migo phone publicly",
" released and available.",
" And it was really Memo with some compatibility",
" layer to be able to claim it was Migo.",
" So really it's still Debian based",
" and so on.",
" Whereas Migo supposedly",
" supports only LPMs.",
" Which is kind of poor.",
" But it's dead anyway.",
" Now it's Tizen and something else.",
" But there is a new company",
" called Jola which was created by some",
" ex-Nokia employees",
" which is working on a new phone",
" and is continuing the Migo",
" development their own way.",
" So we can watch online there are a few presentations",
" on how it should look like",
" and I think they expect to launch",
" next month also in China.",
" But anyway, what's good for us now",
" is that there was lots of documentation",
" available and a working code for almost",
" everything. GPL but still",
" something to read in order to",
" try to understand how to get all of this",
" working. So it looks like this",
" when it was released.",
" So very well integrated",
" to-do lists, calendar,",
" it's connected to",
" exchange. So it was already",
" windows-oriented at the time.",
" Lots of applications, very",
" easy to customize and so on.",
" So now",
" let's get a little bit more",
" into details.",
" If you don't know much",
" about ARM, I believe you",
" mostly don't know about ARM.",
" But anyway, it looks very much like a regular",
" PC inside. So you get CPUs",
" and DDR RAM, some storage",
" space, there are some buses, it's",
" a PCI but it's sort of the same.",
" There is user input,",
" lots of interfaces, connectors,",
" 3D acceleration for graphics,",
" video acceleration.",
" However, there are additional constraints.",
" It's a mobile device which means",
" it has to be autonomous. So there is a battery.",
" You have strong constraints",
" on voltage,",
" frequencies,",
" how long it's going to run if you",
" set the CPU a bit too much. Of course",
" the physical size is a constraint also",
" here, it has to fit your pocket.",
" However, nothing prevents running BSD",
" on it, except maybe in the future for",
" secure boot, which is the",
" new way to boot devices",
" coming up with UEFI",
" and so on.",
" Whereas on x86 secure boot",
" still allows you to boot whichever",
" system you want, you can disable it.",
" On ARM it's not the case.",
" So it's pretty much, now it's going to",
" be a completely closed platform",
" because all of the new devices shipping",
" with Windows 8, or most of them,",
" supposedly you cannot jailbreak them",
" and run your own OS.",
" I'm sure people will figure it out,",
" but it's getting more and more difficult",
" with this new hardware.",
" So I prefer not to invest in this",
" and work on my own shit.",
" So, very short introduction",
" to the ARM processor itself.",
" It's risk based.",
" There is now 64 bits version",
" but usually you will find it in so little bits",
" and in little Indian, although",
" it supports also big Indian.",
" The company ARM",
" doesn't manufacture any processor themselves.",
" They license the design",
" to bigger companies like Samsung",
" or TixxS Instruments",
" and so on.",
" There are lots of different generations.",
" This company has been around for many years.",
" Maybe sorry or something like that,",
" I don't remember.",
" And as a consequence, there are",
" as many different ARM platforms",
" as there are combinations of",
" processor design generations",
" and instances",
" of like",
" boards and chipsets.",
" So it's not really just",
" one coherent platform",
" or sort of coherent like X86.",
" You cannot run just any ARM code",
" on any ARM processor.",
" It's not many this way.",
" So it's a bit particular",
" and then about the OMAP solution in particular.",
" So it's",
" based around a general purpose ARM core",
" which is completed by",
" lots of different core processors and extension chips.",
" It was popularized in the open source world",
" by the Bigel Board",
" which",
" is based around the third generation",
" of the OMAP processor, 3530",
" and it's",
" luckily very similar to what's inside",
" the 9900.",
" It has a different name, 3430",
" but really it's the same chip inside.",
" It's just that the packaging is different",
" because I guess they had to",
" they needed a different version of their core",
" for smaller constraints, different physical",
" formats and so on.",
" So the Bigel Board looks like this.",
" You have the main processor here.",
" Lots of connectors",
" companionships here.",
" I guess one of them is the power companion",
" which actually has a lot more",
" connectors",
" because the OMAP processor doesn't do much in itself",
" in terms of",
" user input and so on.",
" It just exposes buses basically.",
" So yeah,",
" there is RAM and everything fits",
" in a small board which is",
" maybe 6 centimeters wide",
" where it's 3 inches, that's 7.50",
" or something like that.",
" 7 centimeters.",
" So main TPU",
" has inter-uplines, like you would have",
" on x86. The buses",
" are not PCI or ISAR",
" whatever, they are I2C, SPI,",
" GPIO and so on.",
" GPIO in particular",
" means general purpose input-output",
" which means it's just a bunch of pins",
" and you can use them whatever",
" way you want. They can be input pins",
" or output pins and your input or output",
" data or you can abuse them",
" as interact pins where you just",
" listen to whatever is happening and the chips that",
" knows about this and you tell it to wake you up",
" when some event is",
" happening. Either when the pin",
" is low or when it's high",
" meaning 1 or 0 basically",
" or when it's changing state",
" which means then that it's",
" edge triggered. So level triggered",
" is when it's a given level, it wakes you up",
" low or high and edge triggered is when",
" it's going from low to high or high to low.",
" This is going to be very important",
" when developing this.",
" So you have after",
" the OMAP processor, a companion",
" processor typically interrupting inside",
" the OMAP CPU so it has a special",
" line, special connection to the",
" CPU on the PCB",
" so it's",
" however connected on a separate bus",
" and you have lots of additional processors",
" between each of the different functionalities",
" that you're going to require like Wi-Fi",
" or Bluetooth or you name it.",
" It's just",
" lots and lots of different processors",
" and typically they interrupt",
" via GPIO pins which means they are",
" connected to the main processor",
" over the GPIO bus.",
" Sorry if I'm very fast here",
" I have a lot to cover. Just tell me",
" if there is anything you want",
" to",
" emphasize on.",
" Just as a reminder,",
" this is the old NetBSD",
" which was also ARM based.",
" So it was just a regular toaster which was extended",
" with some embedded board",
" running NetBSD and",
" it was fully operational using",
" the NetBSD system.",
" Alright, so NetBSD",
" EVB ARM is the actual port that I'm using",
" for doing this. It means",
" evaluation board.",
" Typically companies like the SES instruments",
" and others",
" develop",
" typical designs",
" for people",
" to grasp the platform",
" and experiment and prototype",
" before shipping an actual product",
" and this is pretty much what the big old board is.",
" And this port",
" explicitly supports",
" aims at supporting as many",
" of such prototype boards as",
" possible. And JSON top",
" is the maintainer of this port.",
" Alright, so",
" if you look at how many kernel",
" configuration files are available",
" right now inside this port",
" you have quite a few boards which are supported.",
" Some of them are maybe",
" familiar to you like the panda board",
" or the raspberry pi",
" the Anandjord is",
" here.",
" You have the big old board, the big old",
" board exam, the plain big old board",
" and a bunch of others. They are not all",
" all map, of course. There are lots",
" of different designs from Samsung",
" from",
" multi-eye, the toaster is there",
" and so on.",
" So NetBSD",
" why is it a cool platform",
" and why is it found on so many",
" devices? It's because",
" it's clean, so it's portable and it's portable",
" so it has to be clean.",
" Which is",
" a nice way to",
" abstract the system",
" and it means there are",
" lots of constraints in the way",
" all of the drivers are organized",
" and the way the system is is organized",
" and what you have to deal with therefore when you",
" work on this.",
" So bus access is abstracted typically",
" you use the same interface to talk",
" on different buses.",
" The same APIs are used",
" as much as possible across different architectures",
" which means you can typically",
" only expose what's supported by all",
" of them. And so specificities",
" are kind of tricky to",
" to get by in some cases.",
" Especially if you want to write generic code.",
" This was a problem in my case.",
" So the device tree model in particular",
" you have a virtual root device",
" which is just a way on which",
" to attach the real physical",
" buses. Then devices",
" attach on buses. They have exactly one",
" parent node so it's really just like a tree.",
" And in turn these devices",
" may expose more buses",
" and have more other devices attaching",
" to them and so on.",
" That's what you see in the message when you boot",
" the system on iCleanlux which is just",
" a big soup. On NBSD",
" it's really telling you okay this",
" device attaches to which bus",
" going to this other device going to the root",
" node.",
" And with all of that devices",
" typically register",
" sorry on interrupt lines",
" and they handle them.",
" And that's pretty much all they do.",
" Interrupts.",
" It's a very important notion here.",
" Typically whatever happens",
" on a device there is an interrupt for it.",
" Typically when you touch the screen there's going to be",
" an interrupt telling the processor",
" okay there was an event, handle it now.",
" Interrupts are expensive",
" because they are",
" directly you can only have",
" as many as you have CPU cycles.",
" And they occur all the time",
" because whatever happens the clock",
" tick",
" watchdog and alarm",
" user interfacing",
" packets on the network it's all going to be interrupts.",
" So you have to handle them as fast as possible",
" with therefore as little",
" code as possible. And it's forbidden",
" to sleep and be lazy while handling an interrupt.",
" Because the longer you sleep",
" the more interrupts you lose. Because when you handle one",
" you cannot handle others.",
" So typically you just differ",
" or you set a flag or whatever",
" and you accuse some",
" job to be done",
" and then you're back to regular mode",
" and the scheduler is going to do your job.",
" So for this you have different mechanisms.",
" One of them is the work use",
" but then you have also software interrupts",
" or",
" bunch of other stuff.",
" I should have listed them here maybe but",
" next time.",
" So as a consequence",
" I had to write dozens of writers",
" because there are lots of different devices",
" especially on a smartphone",
" when you have to handle audio, USB, touch screen,",
" keyboard",
" all of the network interfaces and so on.",
" Of course this",
" represents a lot of different",
" interrupts. Not enough",
" I mean there are too many for the main",
" processor.",
" And as I mentioned",
" I mentioned separate buses. The interrupts",
" are on GPIO which is one",
" bus and devices are usually on I2C",
" or on SPI",
" and in different buses",
" and in NetBSD you can only attach",
" to one bus.",
" So it's really tricky",
" to address this model.",
" The bad news is",
" yes it's tricky. However",
" there are mechanisms",
" to address that which are actually",
" pretty good just that you know about them",
" when I started",
" and it took me a while.",
" So yes let's get on with it.",
" So let's prepare.",
" Let's make sure the NoCard",
" and Android boots on",
" a microSD card.",
" So typically what you do when you walk on this",
" you open the phone",
" like the Steers is a great tool",
" to do that because you have to be gentle",
" because you have to do it all the time.",
" So when it opens",
" you have the battery here and so on",
" you can remove it.",
" And the microSD slot is here",
" which is pretty good because you can remove the card",
" put it on your laptop",
" and test whatever you have.",
" It's however very slow",
" and it requires",
" some modifications to the phone in the first place.",
" You have to switch it to developer mode",
" with the regular firmware flashing tool.",
" I think the wiki page",
" for this disappeared or is no longer reachable",
" from the migration",
" of Memo from the Nokia platform to the new one.",
" But there is another page",
" called Memo Flasher which sort of covers it.",
" You have to run this",
" Flasher tool, check the flags",
" and be very careful there.",
" So it would be good to find a cache",
" for this old page and put it online again.",
" Basically you have to flash",
" the bootloader to enable multi-boot",
" so that it boots no longer just on flash",
" but on your card optionally.",
" And you have to set the phone",
" inside developer mode because otherwise",
" some watchdogs are not addressed",
" and the phone just reboots after like 10 seconds.",
" Which is a pain when you",
" don't have enough time to boot and see",
" whatever is happening and then the phone reboots.",
" Yeah.",
" So the alternative is to film it.",
" But yeah.",
" So can you develop any of this",
" or at least",
" have a model of the development",
" of your phone machine",
" and you have to do all of the hardware",
" for all of the stuff?",
" So the question is if there is some",
" emulation platform",
" a way to emulate the hardware",
" and test it on emulation, right?",
" There is",
" a special QMU fork",
" aimed at emulating the",
" bigger board which was also",
" extended a bit for the",
" 900. However the code",
" is very difficult to compile outside of Linux.",
" I managed to do that",
" then I managed to emulate",
" a bigger board bootloader",
" and for this you had",
" to create a fake flash",
" file.",
" However for some reason it refused",
" my flash file",
" because the checksome was awesome.",
" And I followed some weird instructions",
" from a Chinese guy somewhere",
" on Google code whatever",
" because it was the only place where I found",
" this",
" really new available.",
" Typically other than that the only thing you can do",
" is take an existing Migo image",
" which is going to be like 4 gigs",
" and you have to start from there.",
" Or yeah for the flash it's a bit smaller",
" but I didn't want to start from",
" a complex system I wanted to start from scratch",
" and so it's really tricky.",
" You have to run Linux",
" or spend a lot of time compiling it",
" and then I",
" wasn't able to actually",
" get NetVisit to run on this.",
" Yeah.",
" There has been some",
" development in the last couple of months",
" that there is a",
" port of QMU that does",
" work better and will",
" lose some net net",
" that's right.",
" Yeah.",
" Not one map 3 yet.",
" But yes we're getting there.",
" So yes be very careful",
" and if you can use emulation.",
" However emulation is not always 100%",
" like the hardware.",
" So sometimes you have something working on emulation",
" and not on hardware or the other way around",
" and then it's another",
" challenge altogether to figure out",
" what is really right",
" and how you should address everything",
" so it's never",
" 100% solution.",
" So if you want to boot",
" the 900 and microSD",
" you need to set up partitions like this.",
" Inside the MBR",
" you want your NetVisit partition",
" to be the first one.",
" The third one has to be a DOS",
" FAT on which you put a UIMH file",
" and the boot loader is going to load it",
" and start the kernel.",
" And then it's up to your kernel to find",
" whatever it has to boot.",
" So good news is we can use",
" FFS",
" and create it this way.",
" You can just untar the different sets.",
" Run makedev",
" and slashdev which is going to help",
" the booting faster.",
" The FSTab looks like this.",
" Then you set the RC.conf",
" to be configured.",
" You can even enable xdm here",
" and if things are",
" alright it's going to boot",
" x all the way through.",
" It needs to be very patient right now",
" but I guess this is also going to be worked on.",
" We know",
" already why some things",
" are very slow.",
" So yes, it's",
" slow. It's a tedious test procedure",
" that I already mentioned.",
" You have no network boots.",
" You have no serial line interface",
" on this phone.",
" Actually there is one but it's low voltage",
" and even if you use the regular consumer",
" USB",
" serial adapter's fallout voltage",
" it's still too high for this phone",
" and you're going to break it.",
" So we know what the serial",
" connections are",
" but they are a bit tricky to connect to",
" and I don't want to solder on my phone.",
" They are under the battery cover",
" and there are like 20 of them",
" and you have to pick the right ones.",
" I don't remember what the rest is.",
" Maybe JTAG, I'm not even sure.",
" So yes, another",
" tricky part is that initially I had no",
" keyboard support.",
" So I could not even go into the debugger",
" and type in stuff.",
" I had to",
" update the microsd card every time",
" and boot it again.",
" That's a very, very slow process.",
" On top of that, the documentation",
" is extensive which is good",
" but it means the",
" data sheet for the main processor is",
" over 3,000 pages.",
" You don't need to read all of this",
" if you want to instead what's going on.",
" You're going to have to read a lot and read it again",
" and again and again.",
" The companionship",
" for keyboard support is another",
" 1,000 pages.",
" So the way I worked on this is",
" I really forced myself",
" to do one change at a time",
" and test every time and try to remember",
" write down, note inside the code",
" what was working, what wasn't",
" in combination with what",
" and then, yeah",
" not get stuck on one given bug",
" because sometimes you don't understand",
" enough of the platform to understand what's going on",
" and so if you lose hours on this",
" it's just lost.",
" Often you just switch to something else",
" and understand something about the first thing",
" while doing this other thing and you come back to the first one",
" test and go back and forth this way",
" at least it worked for me.",
" So anyway",
" the first step was to differentiate",
" the platform with the Bigelboard",
" because even if there are very",
" similar platforms",
" the Bigelboard has a serial line and you don't",
" and it doesn't have a screen and you do.",
" So the first thing was to",
" change the Bigelboard",
" initialization code",
" to enable the screen and disable the serial line",
" for the console. Otherwise",
" you just had a black screen which is useless.",
" So I have introduced",
" the Canon Option OMAP 34",
" 30 for this",
" which is not",
" the cleanest way to do this",
" but for now it works because it's the only platform",
" that has this chipset",
" at the moment and we're going to have to find another",
" mechanism if we ever have more devices",
" this way.",
" So that's minor really.",
" Challenge 2",
" I mentioned GPIO",
" many sensors",
" just attach on GPIO and tell you",
" okay I'm a button",
" when I'm low it means I'm pressed",
" when I'm high it means I'm not pressed",
" released",
" and you just",
" they change states and you just",
" want to know when they change states and you report it.",
" Unfortunately it took me a while",
" to figure out that the OMAP GPIO",
" bus driver supported",
" edge interrupts but only",
" rising or falling. Low from",
" too high or high to low.",
" So I just had to add these two lines",
" to add support for this and then",
" I could not only see buttons being pushed",
" but also being released.",
" And it's also this way for many sensors",
" like when you insert",
" a node in your plug inside the jack here",
" it's also on GPIO",
" yes?",
" How do you distinguish between",
" interrupts and interrupts and what's data in that scenario?",
" It's hard coded",
" basically you know this",
" device is going to be on this GPIO pin",
" and you know",
" it's going to be interrupting",
" or that its data can be abused as interrupts",
" or you can tell okay I'm always going to",
" output data here or I'm always going to input",
" data here.",
" So in a way interrupts are just inputs",
" but you react automatically",
" on this input.",
" But what I mean is if you're sending",
" data where you've got open",
" serial writing",
" by definition",
" which means your signal is going high and low all the time",
" how do you distinguish",
" between data",
" of the signal going high and low",
" and an interrupt event with the signal going",
" higher and low?",
" I think the way it's done",
" you're not going to be the same open?",
" Yes.",
" So either your data is just one bit",
" in which case it",
" doesn't matter because just at the time when you need",
" the data you check if it's high or low",
" and then it's 0 or 1",
" or you're using multiple GPIO pins",
" in this case you can transfer a word at a time",
" and you have another pin",
" which is working as interrupts",
" which is telling you okay read now",
" read now, read now, read now",
" and then you can use pretty much what happens",
" in a regular bus.",
" Yeah I think generally just to clarify",
" the confusion and then",
" I may be unclear about this but",
" you can't usually use a single",
" GDI token for both at the same time",
" you set up as an interrupt",
" and then you know oh I'm going to be",
" an interrupt on that and support it",
" and I'm going to do the first line",
" of the slide and then we can",
" read the message.",
" Okay maybe this is confusing.",
" Yes so say you have a button",
" and you press it.",
" It's an input pin because when it's pressed",
" it's going to return 1 and when it's released",
" it's going to return 0 and you abuse it",
" as an interrupt. Really it's input",
" and you react when this input changes.",
" You tell the processor",
" okay monitor this pin",
" and wake me up when there is a change.",
" So when you're in some circumstances",
" your data and your interrupt are the same?",
" Yes that's right.",
" Yeah.",
" This isn't for your data",
" which is fast.",
" This is for user function buttons.",
" Yeah.",
" Slow enough that you can get your interrupt service",
" in time to read what the pin state is",
" so that you can know",
" whether it's up or down",
" the rest of the system.",
" However sometimes it gets really hairy",
" and people implement I2C",
" over GPIO which is",
" really really slow but in some cases you want this.",
" Yeah.",
" You don't have an I2C bus and you want to talk",
" to some I2C device because some devices",
" only come bundled this way",
" and so you have to do this.",
" We support this in the BSD by the way.",
" We have a driver for this.",
" Yes that's right.",
" But in my case",
" I need to handle I2C devices",
" which interrupts",
" which is",
" next challenge.",
" Now it gets interesting",
" because of course you can only attach to one bus",
" but then this I2C device",
" is going to tell you",
" okay I'm the keyboard here",
" and I want you to read me now",
" because the user just pressed the key",
" and yeah so how is this",
" happening?",
" Well",
" GPIO pins are mapped",
" as interrupts.",
" It's not specific to",
" ARM or as a whole.",
" It's only a few ARM",
" platforms which are implemented this way.",
" I don't know if it's just an NBSD",
" thing or some kind of official thing",
" for a given platform.",
" But typically on ARM",
" interrupts are integers.",
" You have the system ones which go from",
" like 0 to 31 or something like this",
" and then",
" you have your own convention",
" and you start virtual interrupts",
" from typically GPIO buses",
" on",
" starting on another number altogether.",
" So here",
" in our case we have the",
" OMAP GPIO bus driver",
" which is found on this internal",
" bus",
" at this address for accessing registers",
" and checking the status of the bus and everything.",
" It takes this much",
" amount of memory to address",
" the registers",
" and it's going to interrupt starting",
" at 96 and this one",
" has 32 pins. So from 96",
" to 96 plus 31",
" you have",
" virtual interrupts and",
" you really will catch interrupts coming from GPIO",
" while hooking the same way as you would",
" with the main CPU.",
" So this is really practical",
" and it means you can",
" handle interrupts from different buses",
" using GPIO lines",
" and it's transparent because it's just",
" a number with the same interface.",
" You establish the interrupt, you register it",
" and",
" then you can handle it.",
" So there is generic code in NBSD",
" for this which is called",
" PIC code.",
" I don't know why I guess it's very similar to",
" what microcontrollers do.",
" Yeah, okay.",
" Programmer will interrupt the controller.",
" That makes sense.",
" Alright, so this way you can easily",
" handle interrupts",
" while having a device on the bus which typically doesn't.",
" But in practice this breaks portability",
" because it means in",
" order to see an SPI code",
" you will try to hook interrupts.",
" But these devices may exist",
" on different platforms where interrupts are not integers.",
" There are something else.",
" Or there are no interrupts available for these devices",
" in the first place.",
" So it's typically machine dependent.",
" This code is different",
" on each and every architecture.",
" Or you cannot assume it's going to be the same.",
" So",
" I proposed a patch at some point",
" adding an interrupt locator to these buses",
" but it was rejected.",
" And this was the right decision",
" because it's just not the right way",
" to handle this.",
" It's not portable.",
" So I created my own branch called",
" Corbin900",
" where I have committed",
" this version of the code",
" that I wrote.",
" And inside the main tree I committed",
" stuff with hardcoded values because there was no way",
" I could obtain these values from the",
" kernel configuration file",
" and there was no way of doing things.",
" In Linux it's well hardcoded",
" inside the code also.",
" Inside the code specific",
" to each and every different board.",
" So you don't have a single file where you can just tweak things",
" and have a working kernel directly.",
" You need specific code",
" for each and every one of the",
" platforms, young platforms.",
" All right.",
" So for the keypad in particular",
" it was very, very tricky",
" because the keypad is on",
" the companion ship.",
" The companion ship is on I2C.",
" It interrupts on the main CPU",
" because it's a special device which is",
" located on the main CPU.",
" Talking to the I2C",
" bus requires sleeping because",
" you send data and you wait for the answer.",
" But you're not allowed to sleep",
" in interrupt contexts.",
" So typically you just",
" want to defer the hand-rock.",
" You tell the scheduler to wake you up",
" when it's available",
" and you just hold the interrupt.",
" But the interrupt is not handled in the first place",
" which means it's just coming back to you",
" repeatedly and the scheduler",
" is never giving you the chance",
" to address it.",
" Which means you need to disable the interrupt",
" while you handle it and re-enable it again.",
" And so far in",
" NBSD for ARM at least",
" it was impossible to do this.",
" It was assumed that devices would just",
" register an interrupt",
" and never disable it. Just handle them all the time.",
" And in this case it's not possible.",
" So I've implemented this.",
" I had to modify the PIC code",
" to allow for this.",
" In a way that's affecting",
" much more hardware than just this one.",
" So I couldn't commit it directly.",
" I have to check all of the other drivers",
" to see if they",
" return the value that I expect or not.",
" Did I mention it here? Yes.",
" So typically",
" what in practice the compendium chip",
" it gets even worse.",
" It's connected to five different addresses",
" on two different I2C buses.",
" Meaning",
" the keypad registers",
" are reachable on one given address",
" not on the others.",
" But the interrupt",
" handling address is on a",
" separate place.",
" So what I do is",
" my main interrupt handler",
" is differing a first handler",
" returning 0",
" to abuse whatever was done",
" before and telling disabled interrupts",
" it's not handled yet.",
" This first handler uses a global",
" handler to wake",
" the keyboard driver at this other address",
" and it should use",
" another handler again",
" at lower priority.",
" So this intermediate",
" handler reports the key pressed",
" by accessing the bus at the right address",
" and then the other handler",
" that's running at lower priority, very important",
" re-enables the interrupt",
" because otherwise you don't get your key pressed",
" and you lose it",
" and you get back to step one.",
" And yeah, this took me a while",
" to figure out",
" with lots of",
" booting and black screens",
" because this code happens before the",
" initialization of the frame buffer.",
" And if it keeps interrupting",
" all the time it never goes",
" further and you just wait.",
" Is it going to pop up again?",
" Please.",
" Do you ever want the",
" reason you're not the solder serial",
" for an undercurrent?",
" Well, I figured it out pretty quickly",
" and I found another way.",
" I was abusing other interrupts",
" so I wrote a specific driver",
" for just differing this work",
" and waking up the other driver",
" to do all of this",
" initialization stuff.",
" Once the frame buffer was started",
" so typically I was booting",
" an interrupt for the touch screen",
" and I was just pressing on the screen",
" and then my keyboard code was starting",
" and I saw how it crashed.",
" And then I was asking on IOC",
" how can I solve this",
" and thankfully I got an answer",
" usually pretty fast.",
" Thanks guys.",
" So are you actually removing the interrupt handler",
" for the other stuff that's handling",
" or are you just masking them in the right way?",
" So what the pick code does",
" is it keeps a list",
" and then it",
" masks it again for the next time",
" which means if you",
" disable the interrupt",
" using a separate code that I added",
" during interrupt context",
" it's going to be re-enabled anyway",
" because after you disable the interrupt",
" this",
" pick code is listing whatever you did",
" and then it's enabling interrupts again.",
" So it means I had to really patch",
" deep down the pick code for this",
" because even if I was adding code",
" to disable and tell the processor",
" to stop masking it",
" I don't even remember which one is mask",
" or unmask",
" you tell the processor to stop",
" waking you up when there is an interrupt",
" but",
" when the pick code was done handling every interrupt",
" it was just re-enabling",
" all of the ones it had just handled.",
" So yeah this didn't work and I had to abuse",
" the written value of the interrupt",
" handler to tell",
" the pick code don't re-enable",
" this one",
" and this works",
" but I cannot commit it directly this way.",
" I have no idea how to do this.",
" But when it's",
" unmasked",
" in the case of the keyboard",
" the register to tell the device",
" to stop interrupting was on a serpent bus.",
" Right, but you could",
" since you're using the GPIO registers",
" to say I want an interrupt on this",
" you can mask it as the GPIO",
" and set that up.",
" In here because it was interrupting",
" on the main CPU line.",
" Yeah, I feel my pain.",
" Well I got past this one.",
" Yeah, yeah",
" and initially I was assuming it would",
" so I was trying this and like",
" what's going on?",
" No it's fine, it's fine, it took me two months.",
" That's right, that's another way to do it.",
" Yes.",
" Yeah, that's right.",
" I can see how we do that.",
" But it's",
" please.",
" Sorry?",
" It's time to stop.",
" Well there's like half an hour before the next stop.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah, I think so.",
" Because I have quite a bit,",
" I'm going to go even faster.",
" So yes, another thing I",
" added recently is a speed locator",
" to make sure that",
" we no longer assume the lowest",
" clock speed available.",
" But because",
" like on Linux, the",
" I2C bus is running for",
" the keypad,",
" keypad part at least at 2 MHz,",
" 200 KHz.",
" We assume 100 KHz",
" because it's the lowest",
" safest setting there is.",
" And which means when I type a key,",
" I have to wait one second before I can type another one.",
" Yeah, so we need",
" a way to specify that",
" each device is allowed to run",
" faster. But",
" different devices can go",
" only as fast as they can.",
" And so you need a way to",
" tell this per device on a given bus.",
" And yeah, the keypad",
" driver is not complete yet.",
" At least it was well enough for debugging",
" and logging in and stuff.",
" So there were",
" minor issues. One of them is that",
" I don't have a driver for charging the battery,",
" so I have to charge it every now and then,",
" otherwise it drains out.",
" Some calls are not documented to not",
" be allowed",
" in interrupt context, like this one,",
" which I got to know only yesterday.",
" Otherwise, it was crashing",
" just seconds after I was done booting.",
" So I was like, yeah, no.",
" Okay, what wrong?",
" And of course, it was rebooting.",
" So I had to film the device, frame by",
" frame, and",
" thankfully, it was giving me a full trace back",
" before rebooting, so I could figure out,",
" hey, do you know how to address this? Oh, check out this",
" code. Oh, I need to ask you when there",
" is a call for this. Awesome.",
" I should modify the manual page.",
" And I currently need to crash",
" course on SPI",
" because I'm writing the SPI bus",
" driver, but I have issues.",
" And I realized stuff only two days ago.",
" I think you have to read as much as you transmit",
" before you actually read.",
" Yeah, it took me a while.",
" I didn't know. I was reading one",
" through the diagrams which say,",
" electrically, what happens and how it's shifting stuff.",
" I read the SPI driver",
" for flash memory.",
" And I heard that part of it by not reading",
" what I wrote before I needed to",
" read it. I wrote",
" the cellless and",
" the",
" data.",
" Yeah.",
" In the case of OMAP, it says",
" there is a register shift.",
" I was like, where is the shift register?",
" But actually, no, it's just that the register",
" is the data that's online.",
" And then it's shifted to the",
" receive buffer before you can",
" actually receive anything.",
" So, yeah.",
" And first I was reading the Marvel code",
" and it was doing this, but I was like, this is so wrong.",
" But actually, no, it was actually",
" exactly what I had to do.",
" Yeah, just didn't.",
" So, yes, as I mentioned, I'm trying to get as much",
" as possible in the main",
" tree. I'm using Git for",
" convenience to not spam",
" people with commits that are half working.",
" So it's on GitHub right now.",
" I created a specific branch",
" 10 days ago.",
" This is",
" not very easy to read.",
" I'm sorry. But basically,",
" the OMAP, the OMAP CPU support",
" and main buses are mostly there.",
" This is",
" the companion chip.",
" I got quite a few bits working.",
" Some of it was already working.",
" We first started working on this.",
" Like the watchdog, LEDs,",
" which I couldn't test.",
" RTC clock, and so on.",
" There is also USB on this chip",
" and audio and another GPIO bus",
" which I implemented but couldn't test.",
" And, yeah, some more which I",
" didn't even list here. It's massive.",
" And all of this is over at I2C",
" with the same mechanism that I explained for the",
" keypad. So it's going to",
" be implemented this way also.",
" These are some generic sensors",
" like the camera cover when you",
" slide it open and",
" close.",
" The camera focus button,",
" the audio jack, the lock button, and so on.",
" The keypad slide, the source 1 GPIO",
" when you open and close. So I",
" implemented all of this and it's working for the most",
" part. I2C devices.",
" There is a battery monitoring device",
" which I did implement.",
" Same for the headphone amplifier, the audio.",
" I implemented the accelerator",
" but right now it's interrupting too often",
" and I have to calibrate it.",
" I implemented",
" the beginning of the backlight support",
" but it's not there yet.",
" I have just a temperature meter.",
" Great.",
" Light sensor is also on there to handle",
" the backlight.",
" You know how much light is coming in",
" and you have to give back for the user",
" not to face this kind of situation",
" with low contrast.",
" The panel",
" controller is on SPI.",
" I don't support it yet. The touchscreen driver",
" is on SPI. I almost",
" have it working but I have this issue with the bus driver.",
" It was tricky to know what was wrong",
" between my touchscreen driver or my bus",
" driver. It's a bit like the emulation",
" versus hardware problem. You don't know which part",
" is wrong and you have to just assume stuff",
" and try them out.",
" SPI is also on this chip so obviously",
" it will require DMA",
" to be fast and efficient because SPI",
" is not so fast.",
" Other devices",
" which I have to figure out where they are",
" and how",
" I have the data sheets for most of these except",
" for GPS, GSM",
" and maybe some camera.",
" So there is the LED torch",
" for taking pictures.",
" Both cameras front and back",
" Bluetooth and so on which is still left to",
" be done.",
" However, right now I have the system booting",
" multi-user and it starts X.",
" We don't have the time to",
" show it boot all the way through but",
" I just took a video",
" moments ago and I can show it to you",
" right now",
" during Eric's talk.",
" Sorry Eric if I wasn't listening",
" closely but I wanted to show this to you guys.",
" This is",
" booting multi-user here.",
" It's just the last bit of the channel part.",
" I think it's WSconce",
" and it's focusing again",
" a bit better now.",
" Right there it's starting XTM.",
" It's a bit slow. It has started poverty",
" and a couple other",
" services.",
" Here initially I thought it was crashing",
" but no you just have to wait longer.",
" Longer.",
" Longer. Oh it's black.",
" Something is happening.",
" What's going on? Longer.",
" Oh, some gray",
" and net-based logo on the right side.",
" Closing close to victory",
" and oops sorry.",
" And so yes it's going to",
" focus a bit more and we have",
" XTM running with X console popping up",
" and you can try to log in.",
" The key map is wrong at that point",
" but yeah.",
" Next step.",
" Okay so the touch screen",
" doesn't work yet which is a bummer",
" but hopefully soon.",
" Quick watch on D4OS.",
" The user",
" learned part of it.",
" This is the desktop running on a tablet device.",
" The widget that I mentioned earlier",
" with the telephony support",
" because it also has a GSM chip inside",
" so I can send SMS's and so on",
" and say which is the",
" operator and I was running because",
" I took this during EuroBSG account in Poland",
" and I'm based in Germany.",
" Virtual keyboard.",
" A bunch of applications available.",
" This is when running simulated",
" on a phone with",
" a zoo which is nicely",
" putting an extra skin around",
" the screen which is",
" running Z4 or XNAS",
" with the right resolution",
" and then you can test your user",
" applications with a regular screen size",
" and make it finger friendly",
" and stuff. This should be big enough",
" for my finger. And so on.",
" This is an old screenshot.",
" I improved quite a bit since then",
" but you have icons on the desktop",
" to emulate like the home screen",
" and usually I use matchbox even if I have",
" a few bugs with it and so on.",
" This is D4OS on a real phone",
" on the OpenMoco. Well I had performance",
" issues so it looks ugly.",
" It's no gradients, nothing.",
" Just grey,",
" white, black.",
" But it was",
" working as a proper phone even giving phone calls",
" with full audio support",
" and everything.",
" It could even suspend, resume,",
" spare battery and so on. But this was on Linux",
" where a lot of work",
" was already done.",
" I have to do the same for NetBSD now.",
" Booting NetBSD",
" I just showed it.",
" It goes all the way",
" there.",
" So the future. Get rid of these",
" non-diplomented",
" comments in my tables",
" in the driver support slides.",
" Get as much as possible",
" inside NetBSD proper.",
" Try to polish things",
" for 7.",
" This is going to be difficult.",
" Maybe it's going to be much",
" better than NetBSD 8",
" or whatever.",
" Let's see how it goes.",
" I'm going to of course keep working on D4OS",
" at the same time.",
" Try to support more devices",
" including my regular phone",
" the N9 which is pretty much the same hardware",
" actually so that's kind of neat.",
" And there is documentation on how to flash it.",
" So",
" when I",
" maybe I'm going to just buy another one",
" and it's still possible to acquire it",
" on eBay.",
" So yeah, thanks to",
" all of you for listening.",
" Thanks to these people in particular",
" and companies for making this possible.",
" And I hope we all learned something today.",
" If not, there are lots of other talks",
" after mine.",
" And if you want to reach me feel free.",
" LibroFist is really bad",
" at handling styles",
" as you can see.",
" But yeah",
" maybe I could select all of that.",
" It's even worse.",
" Yeah, LibroFist.",
" Okay, let's cheat.",
" Not huge.",
" It should be big enough.",
" Very important.",
" And please, please, no.",
" Okay.",
" Yes.",
" So that's it for me.",
" And see you soon.",
" Yeah. And people get to work on them",
" when the hardware is on the fly.",
" Because then they stop using it as the regular daily stuff.",
" And that's what I did.",
" Just with a lot of the",
" the expertise",
" in doing this sort of thing",
" that you're developing and using",
" and some of the public approach",
" you gave you at the end.",
" Have you managed to form",
" any other relationships",
" where you might be able to get",
" stuff a little bit earlier",
" in the development cycle?",
" Not exactly.",
" Because I have a day job.",
" I would gladly do some",
" consultancy work and work on this.",
" I",
" like my job.",
" It's also like this.",
" So it's kind of tricky.",
" However, yes, I would like",
" to have access to more devices earlier",
" and to be able to work on this",
" earlier. And this would be great, of course.",
" If you're free to reach me, if there is anything.",
" If you know of hardware where you have access to it",
" where sufficient documentation is available",
" already.",
" Yeah, sure.",
" I wanted to mention also",
" that the first one to port NetBSD to a phone.",
" I think on YouTube you can find",
" videos of people putting NetBSD",
" on some Windows CE devices.",
" Running ARM also.",
" HPCR and maybe some more.",
" But of course it's also",
" obsolete hardware.",
" Yeah.",
" I think older HPC devices also",
" include NetBSD.",
" Yeah, certainly.",
" I have several of those devices in my garage.",
" But they don't have GSM chips today.",
" They don't have GSM chips.",
" No, they don't.",
" GSM is going to be another",
" puzzle because there is no documentation, I guess,",
" for the baseband.",
" And it's going to be tricky to support telephony",
" as well.",
" But we could use soft phones",
" over Wi-Fi.",
" Which would be, yeah, already something.",
" Have you worked at all",
" of running an Android user",
" on NetBSD kernel?",
" I haven't.",
" And I don't want to do this",
" because right now what saves Android",
" from my consideration is that it's",
" GPL. And so they have to",
" play by the rules.",
" And if we begin to support",
" Android on BSD, maybe they're going to switch to BSD.",
" And then we will have no save",
" in the matter anymore. No access to source code",
" or anything like that.",
" Yeah, I think the user-run part",
" of Android is not in BPL.",
" It's BSD license.",
" And sometimes you can get the source of some kind of can.",
" The kernel parts being part of Linux,",
" sometimes you can",
" and sometimes you can only in theory.",
" And I don't think",
" Android devices are",
" trying to get the Linux source that",
" I have in my hands.",
" I get 3 year old",
" and I have a bad experience with Android",
" too because I was training",
" in-out just to see how it goes",
" on some",
" device that was not running it originally,",
" some Windows SE device.",
" So I booted a community-based distribution",
" which had ported it",
" very nicely, everything worked perfect,",
" including the Google account,",
" which means Google has complete control",
" over a phone that it didn't sell",
" contribute to.",
" It's not the operator.",
" It's the hardware manufacturer.",
" And when I wanted to",
" download an application myself,",
" faking the phone on the main Google portal,",
" it installed it on the phone directly.",
" So I was surprised",
" and I checked what was going on because it couldn't be",
" the first to possibly see this.",
" And in Google I.O., Google said,",
" okay, now you can manage your phone from the browser.",
" And people were like, yeah, woohoo, but it's",
" 1994 all over the place because",
" you give control and everybody running Android",
" basically gives control to this company",
" even if they run a community-based distribution.",
" It's really difficult.",
" The FSF did it.",
" Yeah.",
" Anymore.",
" It has to be a separate",
" and supported.",
" Yeah.",
" But I really don't like the situation.",
" I mean, if you're aware of it",
" and you accept it for yourself, perfectly fine.",
" But I do not for one thing",
" and I think that the",
" the way that it works is",
" but I do not for one thing",
" and I think many users do not know",
" the possible consequences of running Android",
" because this private company in the States",
" has control over everything that's running on your phone.",
" And that's a fact.",
" So,",
" yeah.",
" That's why I'm doing all of this.",
" Thanks."
],
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10.5446/39708 (DOI) | Booby Trapping Boxes: Running Private Services as a High Value Target | https://av.tib.eu/media/39708 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de5c5c5f92dd8f96ba549fdb3d3d176e77b9d76e83ebdd2b69451f9ac8ef55fe7d2a/DEF_CON_26_-_Ladar_Levison__hon1nbo_-_Booby_Trapping_Boxes_XrzIjxO8MOs.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2018 | Levison, Ladar
hon1nbo | null | Ever worry about the hardware you leave behind? In a world where servers are co-located, and notebooks get left in hotel rooms, the ability to resist tampering, and if necessary actively respond to attack, has become increasingly important. And of course everybody knows the best booby traps are the ones you don't know are there. This talk will prepare you for life in 1984, where the maids are evil, and step brothers can't be trusted. Whether your running servers as a high value target, or simply want to protect your Monero private key, this talk will show you to achieve FIPS 140-2 level 4 security, without the FIPS 140-2 level 4 price tag. Specifically, we'll cover acquisition considerations, physical hardening, firmware mitigation, tamper detection and more. | All right, good morning. I say good morning because I know by this point in DEF CON, we're better off using the same time zone as Tokyo, which makes this about 7 AM. So thank you for getting out of bed. The good news is we have an interesting topic ahead. We'll get to spend the next hour talking about boobies. Or more specifically, strategies designed to protect an execution environment for manipulation with a specific eye towards ensuring cryptographic keys can't be exfiltrated via physical access. Try three times fast. Oh, man. There we go. Yeah, I tried to change the slide over here, and Google was asking me for a question. Your presenters today are myself, Ladar Levison, and I'm Hanimbo. Hanimbo Tales, what we're going to be talking about are essential skills for life in the world of 1984, where the maids can't be trusted and your big brother is out to get you. For my part, I'm the operator of LavaBit and encrypted email service. I'm a technological warlock, a corporate kingpin, and some would say a team linchpin. My assistant, Hanimbo, is the proprietor of hacking and coffee, and he enjoys robbing banks under the cover of darkness. Assistant, come on, man. I'm your web host at this point. I'm a little more than that. Let's talk about security. As an industry, I think we've come a long way. Speaking for myself, it's been a few years since I've seen anybody try to log into their box via Telnet. One of the key factors pushing that security is encryption and its proliferation. Encryption is important because it provides a mathematical guarantee that the data can't be accessed without the corresponding key. Of course, the problem is that as we've evolved, so have the attacks. Unfortunately, as good as we are at architecting and building secure systems, we still need a reliable and friendly environment to run our bug-free, ultra-secure code. With encryption specifically, we've seen a new breed of attacks where all the security measures we put in place get simply via physical access. Now, there's a picture of an altair because that was probably the last computer you could look at and kind of understand how it worked on the inside. Before we go any further, we should talk about our assumptions. For our purposes, we're focused on targeted physical attacks, which means we're making the assumption there is no universal backdoor in x86 hardware. As always, when it comes to assumptions, your mileage may vary. Unfortunately, we don't have time to cover it today, but it makes sense that if your threat model requires you to install booby traps in your hardware, you probably want to do to your IME as well. For those of you who spent some time in this building, what we're talking about will look familiar. Essentially, we're talking about taking commodity hardware and modifying it to afford you some of the security guarantees provided by FIPS Level 4. So we can run our common criteria EAL 4 plus software in a secure environment. Unlike the actual FIPS Level 4, our recommendations don't come with certificates from the government though. If you aren't familiar with those standards, don't fret. It only means you haven't spent much time working for the man. For those folks, I'll summarize by saying FIPS Level 4 is what the State Department would use for a classified information terminal. They have located in the basement of the American Embassy in Taylor. Some place interesting like that, if a machine can stay secure in an environment like that, is that the same computer would be worthy of being placed in a co-located facility and be safe from legal, extra legal, and illegal access, probably. There are plenty of commercial solutions available. And they'll work great if you don't mind paying too much for five-year-old technology. Personally, I have a problem trusting Black Box crypto modules, particularly when the vendor's largest customer happens to be the government that you may be trying to protect yourself from. There's some notable open projects, the most notable being Orwell as in 1984. And for those of you looking for a secure solution to place at home just to protect your Monero private key, that might be a good way to go. Unfortunately, running a service like LavaBit takes a few more MIPS than a sixth gen mobile processor can give you. Unfortunately, even if that was enough, unfortunately, their RAC solution leaves something to be desired. So I decided to go with commodity hardware. And while I have my concerns about Dell, it's easy to find warehouses that let you pay cash and carry away the equipment. It's always good to purchase your gear anonymously. As a tip, if you have trouble finding a local vendor, try searching eBay for sellers selling what you want in your local area. Odds are, if they have multiple listings, they're simply a vendor with a warehouse full of gear. More than happy to sell it to you. Bo. Am I? OK. If you're a high value target, I'd certainly recommend against ordering equipment online and having it shipped. You never know what can happen to it in route. In case you didn't catch the subtext in this note, Apple even has problems with their servers being intercepted and modified during shipping. If the largest company in the world can't do it, what chance do we have? Interesting factoid. If you look at the SEC filings for Intel, you'll find out the three of their biggest customers for custom x86 chips are the NSA, Google, and Facebook. Makes you wonder what customizations they're having done to their particular chips. If there are any FOIA fans in the audience, they may want to go after those details. Be sure to pick a commodity hardware vendor with a reasonably robust and competent security team. So you could probably meet a big portion of the security team here, and you can make your own judgments about whether or not they're competent. You also want to look for one that's going to use signed firmware updates and will continue to publish firmware updates for some time after you purchase the hardware. Unfortunately, when it comes to commodity hardware, most servers do ship with tamper detection circuits, but they tend to be rudimentary and thus easy to bypass. It doesn't help that their location is known in advance. That's one of the benefits to the do-it-yourself approach. You can randomize the location, even add a reverse switch. To demonstrate just how easy it is to bypass these tamper detection circuits, Honimbo is going to demonstrate on this R710. So we need some volunteers in the audience who can see the front LED and tell us if he manages to trip the circuit. The trick in this case is to take the shim and go through the regulatory label hole in the top of the case, find the tamper circuit, depress it. They said it would be fast. We may have had a malfunction earlier. You know that always helps. Who's got something? Hey, you try getting up in front of 1,000 people at 7 in the morning and doing this. Here. Yeah, I did. Once you have the tamper circuit depressed, you can lift the top cover. Is that safe? Will it pop off? And remove the case, remove the lid, giving you access to all sorts of different ways of attacking the system. Most notably, being those exposed JTAG ports. Yeah, I didn't take it off now. Moving on, if you think about security as an absolute where something is either secure or it isn't, then you're going about it all wrong. I like to think about security in the same way physical safe manufacturers do. The first and most important job of a safe is to defend against spoofed access. If you can break into the safe without leading a trail, like by using this particular dialing that was demonstrated last year, the safe has failed. So our first mission in modifying our servers was to ensure that nobody could access them without us knowing. The second consideration is the degree of difficulty that an attacker would need in order to brute force their way past the locks. Presumably, with a physical safe, it's a blowtorch. With our approach, it's the same thing. And the goal is that the amount of force and heat required to remove our modifications are efficient to destroy the machine, thus accomplishing our goal. To continue, I'm going to turn the mic over to Honimbo, who's going to talk about how we made those modifications. So the first thing to know about all of these Dell systems is there's a very large debug headers, expansion modules, and available on these boards. Some of these are for legitimate things for businesses. You've got your iDRAC. You've got your various OpenManage. You've got these that sometimes have additional hands. And the next thing you do is take whatever hardware you end up with, and you've got to do a little bit of engineering and in our case, we took the little bit messy approach for some of this. So some people may recognize this as PC7 epoxy that we went through a lot of the boards. So anything that can't be physically removed from the board, we basically are unable to remove it. That they're not going to be able to practically do it while the sensors are still in place. So all over the other things that we also do the connectors. So these whole sides of the chassis, all for a very easy spot to pick probes through. And with those probes, there are various things, like the front header of the USB bus on the underneath the front bezel. And part of this is not just the debug interfaces, but the ones that you're actually using to conduct operation you have. There's only so much that you can actually turn off and still have a working system. PCI risers, we just went ahead and go for that. And just wear some gloves to take skin off. I know this the hard way. One thing some people may notice, I have some very cruddy solder joints on here. There is a reason for this is if someone were to start physically removing this switch, we would have the server fail off. So you may notice that we have a few different types of contacts here. One, we have just a sample of a simple lever switch or the roller next to the original Dell chassis sensor. So we have a few different types. Again, solder joints. And this is really interesting. So we take advantage of the actual disassembly for these servers. In this case, assembly module inside of one of these Dell R710s. Fan module comes out as a big tray. And we can pull out any hands. Luckily for us, Dell has lots of alerts for the system failure. What we started doing is in the modules, we added a lot of our circuitry and sensors for some of the units. And part of this is that in order to get to the initial components, not only do you have to try and bypass our sensors, but at the same time, you've got the existing diagnostic sensors that weren't even tamper intrusion working for you. So all of these extra fans, the speed sensors, there are tons of diagnostic information that lets you know something's wrong with your environment. Because inside of a co-location facility, any decent quality data center, you know what the environment is. And you take that to see whether or not the airflow is starting to lessen that something's in the room with you, whether or not the temperature is really going up in a way that's not related to hardware. And it comes down to a lot of monitoring. I'd just like to add that bearing the switch in the assembly here, you'll notice the lip, which protects an attacker against an attacker accessing it unless they go directly because they can't get the shim past this little lip here. It's important to take advantage of the natural character of your particular server when deciding where to place it. So we take advantage of that from the top, but also we actually will modify the frame as well. One thing that drilled to the top and risked that power supply are causing some kind of faults, which is quite nice enough to do this with various types of equipment from a hole on the side, a fiber laser on the government side. But going through the actual motherboard on the bottom, you're getting into the SATA buses that run underneath the particular area that we chose. And you're getting into a lot of other interfaces where if you started drilling through, it's going to be very, very difficult to get to those sensors. Take advantage of everything from your traces to your layout, just how tiny you can get these little microcontrollers in place. So we use the internal headers for connecting up our equipment rather than running it back out, obviously. And we just slathered everything on there. And you may notice we explicitly did not use pin headers. Again, just very, very cruddy solder joints in this epoxy. As a lot of people, like my challenge here, know, is that it is very easy to make a mistake and cause something to slip. And we want to take advantage of that, where a minor slip that normally wouldn't trigger will cause damage. As again, failing off is exactly what we want. And when you get to the code that we have available right now, it's currently in its older state. It's just a simple Arduino script that's currently up. We're uploading our new version of this talk. And we've since added tilt sensors. We've added other types of contact sensors besides shown. And one of the ones that we're actually working on right now is a challenge response NFC tag inside of some of the components. And with that, you'll actually be able to authenticate not just a little magnetic read sensor, but the particular tag inside of the chassis being used. We're doing great on time, so keep talking. So when we get into these challenge response systems in the box village just next door, you will notice that a lot of people just bring magnets and bypass the sensors directly. One of the unique things that you can get away with when you get into the DIY approach is you can have sensors that aren't documented outside of your own design. So we actually can have unique tags per contact point inside of this chassis on top of the more traditional methods. Because in a certain environment, you may be able to get the NFC signal out reliably. For practical purposes, these servers might as well be Faraday cages, as well as they're well-grounded. If someone were to try and tamper with the power supply to try to damage that, you have another Dell sensor that has a potential to kick in. And with this environment, you also have some other interesting approaches you can take. So we actually also control the server cabinets as well. And with control of the server cabinets, you know whether or not someone's supposed to be doing maintenance or whether or not someone's opening your doors to try and get access to the fiber line that's running into it. And actually, this is where you get to a little bit of the balance act that you have to do, is that it is very easy to shoot yourself in the foot with these sensors. So test your switches before you install them. Yes, test your switches before you install them. The hard drives that were originally going to come here succumb to that. The other thing to test is not just whether or not your own the individual server sensors work, but whether or not what you're sensing for the environment as a whole is not going to just come back to bite you. So overall, any operation, any home lab, any rack, and a data center, it's going to need maintenance. So if I were servicing this box right now, I could easily just shut off the sensors from the servicing purpose, lock the data, do whatever is necessary. But what about the server above and below it? Well, contact sensors won't be an issue. But let's say you start adding in things like various motion, tilt, and one of the more interesting ones to play with is light sensors. You have to maintain good airflow through your server still. So such sensors become very effective at detecting anything in your environment that's changed. But at the same time, you have to make sure the servers are still functional and what you can actually block off. The tilt sensors are actually one of the ones that we found the most problematic. Those server racks in particular, if you're not fortunate enough to have the ones anchored to the ground, will vibrate quite a bit when unracking the server beneath it and promptly lock or erase everything. Yeah. I mean, I can take over. Yeah, the great thing about those ball bearing tilt sensors is that if somebody tries to pull the server out on its rails, the tilt sensor will get switched from the movement, the inertia. So try drilling a hole in the top of a case when you've got two other computers on top of it that are equally protected. Like I said, it's about taking advantage of your environment. I wanted to talk about briefly how you go about building these particular modifications. It's a pretty simple process. Takes a little bit of practice. But it involves purchasing switches like this along with some ribbon cables. You solder it to the two pins, mount it in your chassis in various parts, and then wire everything back to the port on this little Arduino, which we protected with electrical tape to keep it from grounding. And copious amounts of epoxy. And then, of course, epoxy did in. You then connect that to your internal USB port. And you can use the Python script, the rudimentary version of it, which is in this repo, to monitor that Arduino and detect when any of your switches or detection modules get tripped and then choose to take the appropriate action. Presumably, if you have a fully encrypted system, it would be to shut down. Once you get all your modifications in place, one of the things we like to do, I didn't bring it, is use thread locker to ensure you can't even unscrew it. We didn't have the screw in this particular lid, but most of these servers have at least one optional screw that you can use. Another great tip is to cover your joints with something like varnish or my personal favorite, nail polish. The more glitter, the better. Sprinkle that on. Take a photo of the glitter pattern. And if anybody tries to remove the case, they won't be able to replicate the exact dispersion of the glitter. Foreman's holographic seals. Now, I'd like to talk a little bit about operational considerations when you're working in a high-thread environment and you have one of your sensors actually get tripped. One of the recommendations that I would make is to take advantage of the fact that Luxe supports multiple key slots. I don't have a lot of time to do that. But you can see that it supports up to eight different passwords. All you need to do is write a little script that when somebody enters the password in one of those high numbered key slots, it wipes the slot. That way, if you need to tell somebody the boot password, they can type it in. And if that password were intercepted, they wouldn't be able to use it again. We didn't talk about it earlier, but one of the reasons that we used PC7 epoxy is because it has the right thermal and electrical properties. You want to pick something that isn't going to create a short circuit with your board or trap the heat and destroy the heat. We also chose PC7 because it's incredibly difficult to remove as he mentioned. Don't get it on your hands. There are also other advantages or things that you can take advantage of if you're not using enterprise grade equipment. One of the things you want to look for, for example, is to look at the things you want to look for, for example, is ECC registered memory. The reason being, it's incredibly difficult to remove ECC memory and still read the information off the chip after the system is shut down because ECC memory, by default, cycles itself every time it powers on. You also want to add things like this project, USB kill, which will detect if anybody inserts a USB drive into any of your ports and can take appropriate action in that situation as well. Anything else we should cover? Let me pull up my notes. I feel like I'm forgetting something important. So actually that's a really good question. So there's a couple of options. Repeat the question. So he asked, how are we killing our hard drives? So the first method is simple. If you have Lux enabled, you're going to zero out your memory and shut down. The second is a little more aggressive and the reason that I had to drive out here. The hard drives that we use for some of the equipment actually has a two ounce thermite charge embedded inside of it next to the platters. I thought we weren't going to mention that. Well, good luck dealing with it. Yeah, don't nobody tell our Kolo. It's OK. Just a little smoke. It won't throw much fire. So the big trick to using a thermite drive, however, is choosing the right composition. The most common alloy used is FE304 based, I'm sorry, FE203. And FE304 is the variant that you want to use. It has a higher instantaneous heat output. And depending on how aggressive you really want to get, there's various other types of compounds that can be added in with it. Using a hobby rocketry igniter with a potassium permainate mixture gives a reliable ignition at a low voltage that can be delivered by the computer's power supplies. In terms of actually building the drives, the big difficulty is doing it in a clean environment. So with the hard drives, they're so dense now that a single speck of dust can kill a lot of sectors. So either A, if you can finagle your local university to let you use your clean room for a little bit in exchange for some beer, which is what I did. Or you can instead do the improvised clean room method in which you actually raise the humidity very high inside of an enclosed space. But the problem is that when you do this, you have to have some very good method of drying out the drives air after the fact. I take some fresh desiccant and I make sure it's in every drive when I do this. So when the air has a high moisture content, the dust will actually sit to the ground and you have a safe working environment to modify your drives. Don't assume a single drive will have good sectors afterwards. They won't. But over a large array of drives, like a sand, you'll end up with enough reliability that you can safely do it. Yeah. One of the things to consider is the fact that the old fashioned spinning magnetic disks are easy to destroy. All you need is to breach the case. And like you said, get a little dust in there and it'll be impossible to read the data. The problem with SSDs is they're a little bit more robust. And that's where the thermite patch or something of that nature might be required to physically destroy. Now, we're not recommending you go that route because we like to think that encryption software still provides the mathematical guarantee that you need so that if you shut power off to the device, it's just as good as if you would destroy it physically. In lieu of that, if you're using something like Opal to do your encryption, you can do an instant key erasure on the flash ROM and then nobody will ever be able to recover that data. The downside to Opal is that it's a black box module. It's implemented by the drive manufacturer. You're never going to get a chance at looking any code for it. There's a free PBA available from the Drive Trust Alliance and the self-encrypting drive utilities. However, that just talks to the drive. The actual encryption is still done on the drive itself, which if you choose to trust Samsung or Micron or one of the other manufacturers, it's a very fast and high-performance encryption system that actually erases it instantaneously. The downside is it's not testing a black box again. Did we talk about the NFC switches? I guess we have time for questions. I wasn't expecting that. Any questions? How do we test it? I will tell you right now, do not test in prod. What we actually do is I'll have usually a couple friends of mine that are various involvements and levels of tamper evidence are bypassing and I will not tell them what I did to a particular system and I will let them have at it. Beer goes a long way to bribe hackers. Pay your testers. We intended to actually bring a system out here for the tamper evidence village, but travel disruptions got in the way. Yeah. Basically, in terms of testing, you have to think about the entirety of your state machine, what possible attacks that you're considering, what your switchers are designed to do, and what exactly you're working on in the event of an intrusion. You may choose to say, I have different ranks of intrusion that I'm going to switch to just simply raising an alert or actually shutting down or even erasing the data. So, for example, the internal contact sensors, when we test those, we'll have people using various types of shims, various types of cutting tools, and various types of probes to try and bypass them. We actually use a randomized mixture per deployment on whether or not it's an open-ly contacted switch or a normally closed switch. So that way, you actually don't know, except per device for the person who built it, whether or not that switch is going to open or close if someone tried to short or bypass it. So when testing, we'll load up some data, and the goal is for whoever's looking at it, can they get this data off, whether they do it through a cold boot attack via USB, whether they do it through actually pulling out a drive and trying to keep power to it if you're using an OPAL method, or whether or not they can simply get, if they can get the chassis off without triggering it, that's considered a failed unit. You can just get the lid off, regardless of whether or not they do any memory-based attacks yet. Yeah, one of the photos that we showed, Chromebooks having trouble keeping up with the 700 megabyte PDF, is we actually epoxied the power cable from the PSU to the motherboard to ensure that somebody couldn't swap it out and remove the board that way while maintaining power to the system. And this is a photo that we took after just doing the connector. We actually slathered parts of the cables as well that are exposed. One of the attacks that actually is done for forensic purposes is they will actually slice the sheath of a power cable and apply power from a secondary source to try and keep the system running. Hot jacking. Yeah, hot jacking. And with that as a concern, we took kind of precautions in terms of epoxying over the existing power so that basically any attack that will remove the sheathing with it and cause a short. So we will accept the hard fail and data corruption as a path in that environment. Be sure to epoxy all of the places that an attacker could plug into and get direct memory access. As you can see here, we covered up the ports on the riser card so that nobody could insert anything into them and add something to the system. I didn't show it, but... You want to look for the BIOS chip, and we don't have a picture of it here, but the pins on the side of some of these integrated ports, you also want to cover those up so that nobody can add a lead to it and directly manipulate the integrated circuit. You also want to cover up the battery so nobody can kill power to your BIOS, particularly if you're using hardware level protection methods like OPAL. Most of the modern UEFI BIOS is for OPAL. If it detects a warm reboot, it will send the lock commands to the drives. However, if you don't have the ability for the BIOS to actually process and update to the current system status, that enables a possible hot jacking attack, this is again specific to OPAL when you have the encryption on the drive itself rather than using a method such as LUX where you're offloading it to memory. Also, be sure you don't overlook your integrated lights out management board. One of the problems we found with Dell equipment in particular is that it's possible to disable IPv4 access to the DRAC controller. What we ended up doing was setting the IP address to... A slash 32. Yep, make your subnet all 255s so that it can only talk to itself. And then you can sit there and wonder what it's saying. A non-existent broadcast domain is something that in some of the Dell firmwares you can actually set. So take that to your advantage since they don't allow you to actually turn the features off. You also want to cover up some of these unused ports in the back. You can swap out these default covers, which have convenient little holes in them, with ones that don't... You don't really have to worry about airflow because the rear air can still eject out the back of the power supply. And of course, it's a lot easier, or sorry, a lot harder, to get into the machine by sticking a fiber optic camera through an active power supply. We tried this and it ended in a lot of fireworks. We were curious. We had an old system. Any more questions? I think people install webcams inside the processor before... Yeah, we do it at the rack level. One of the things you want to look for is a motion. Oh, so he is asking if we install webcams inside of the hardware so we can watch anyone trying to manipulate it. So we install the webcam at the rack level, and then if you have a good one that can trigger on motion, you can see when anybody approaches the environment. And then presumably email the photo to you. Make sure that the photo actually gets transmitted. You don't want to have a situation where the only copy of the image happens to be in the device in the environment that the person is accessing. We actually also recommend that you have a secondary link going out besides your primary routers, especially in a Colo facility where the facility provides every bit of internet access otherwise. We actually experimented with cellular modules. Kalex actually has the sprint devices. And you can also, of course, for the various embedded hardware, various Arduino add-ons, etc., add GSM chipsets as well for Excel trading. Don't overlook hardening your routers as well. We use PF Sense machines, which run on commodity hardware. So we can do the same modifications to that as we do to the machines that run the encrypted services. It seems like most of this is geared around preventing a tap that you would be otherwise not aware of. If your goal is simply to deny them the hard disk, wouldn't it be straightforward and simple to use those switches to simply set the power of the hard drives and then when they go back up, they're not going to have access? So the question was, is that it seems this is geared around denying access in an undetected fashion to our data and whether or not the switches should just kill power to the system. So the reason that it doesn't just immediately kill power in every case is that first, some of the sensors are particularly sensitive. Regular maintenance in the racks around it will trigger them. So you first want an alert for that because you do have to balance what your actual operational goal is and what your security goal is. The contact sensors are designed to just kill things immediately because the contact sensor is not something that will go off via traditional rack maintenance like the tilt sensor might. Yeah, you'll find out through experimentation which sensors are more reliable than others. That's where the testing comes into play. And if you look at that Python script I posted a link to, all it does is monitor the sensors, the area of the script where you actually have to decide what happens is left blank. But presumably as I mentioned earlier, our recommendation isn't physical destruction. It's to rely on the mathematical guarantee provided by the encryption when you cut power. That at least affords you the option of restoring. You do have to be careful about using the same hardware that may have actually been tripped. So if you have a confirmed breach situation, you may just want to remove the hard drives and place them in a new chassis. I actually have a funny story. At Hope a couple of years back, the guys from Rise Up had the server that the FBI had confiscated and held on to for a year, and they brought it back to the hacking conference. They lifted the top of the cover off, and the challenge was to see if you could spot the modification. Any more questions? We're almost out of time. I'm actually recalling. Not yet. We've had a few false alarms when a prior facility of ours would actually do maintenance in our racks without notice, and they generated zero audit logs when they did this. They didn't tell us, they told no one. They wouldn't tell us what they were doing at one point, and I had to pry that information out of them. And while they didn't open up any of the chassis, they were moving the racks around, and at one point, recabling some of the... We found out later with the PDUs when we looked at the camera. So while that wasn't a particular intrusion attempt from the hard drive perspective, the sensors did catch it, and that's already a very suspicious thing just to be inside of someone's rack. Then recabling above the racks is very typical. Recabling the PDU inside of the rack is a very rare thing. What encryption do you guys recommend to guarantee the... So the question is, what encryption do we recommend to guarantee the security of the drives? I use AES-256 for my symmetric cipher. I've traditionally, for all my pub key stuff, have been switching to elliptical curve, although I heard yesterday at one of the talks that it's possible the National Security Agency might have a quantum computer in the very near future capable of breaking ECC and is now recommending that we use very large RSA keys. I don't know if I believe it yet because I'm not looking forward to switching back to 8K RSA keys. When it comes to the AES, you also have to choose what mode you want to use, whether you're using something as XTS or the CVC modes. Stick with an authenticated protocol if you can. If you have it and it supports it, you want to be operating in GCM block mode. Unfortunately, that won't work with a full disk encryption because it's a chain cipher. So in order to decrypt block, you have to know the previous block. So it's a stream cipher, sorry. You have to use a block mode like XTS. I do have pretty high hopes. I haven't implemented it yet in prod, but Chacha and Poly 1305 look like very promising replacements for AES. But when it comes to crypto, what I like to say is that speed kills. You move too fast and you're guaranteed to make a mistake and do something wrong, particularly when it comes to picking a new cipher or a new implementation. It's always good to go with the tried and true. The nice thing about symmetric ciphers is that they're much harder to break because of the mathematical principles behind them. They're essentially random number generators that are doing a one-time pat. So if nobody can break the random number generator, either by brute forcing the key or by taking the stream and determining what comes next, the algorithm stays secure. It's the public key algorithms that you have to worry about. And on a related note, cryptographic hash algorithms are an interesting discussion because traditionally SHA-256 and 512 have been very secure alternatives. But what we're seeing is that with the emergence of Bitcoin and all of the investment in A6 is the speed at which they run reduces the security of those older algorithms. One more question if we have it. All right, well, if you think of something later, just come find me at the pool. I'll be at the 303 party tonight. | {
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"text": [
" All right, good morning.",
" I say good morning because I know by this point in DEF CON,",
" we're better off using the same time zone as Tokyo, which",
" makes this about 7 AM.",
" So thank you for getting out of bed.",
" The good news is we have an interesting topic ahead.",
" We'll get to spend the next hour talking about boobies.",
" Or more specifically, strategies designed",
" to protect an execution environment for manipulation",
" with a specific eye towards ensuring cryptographic keys",
" can't be exfiltrated via physical access.",
" Try three times fast.",
" Oh, man.",
" There we go.",
" Yeah, I tried to change the slide over here,",
" and Google was asking me for a question.",
" Your presenters today are myself, Ladar Levison,",
" and I'm Hanimbo.",
" Hanimbo Tales, what we're going to be talking about",
" are essential skills for life in the world of 1984,",
" where the maids can't be trusted and your big brother",
" is out to get you.",
" For my part, I'm the operator of LavaBit and encrypted email",
" service.",
" I'm a technological warlock, a corporate kingpin,",
" and some would say a team linchpin.",
" My assistant, Hanimbo, is the proprietor of hacking and coffee,",
" and he enjoys robbing banks under the cover of darkness.",
" Assistant, come on, man.",
" I'm your web host at this point.",
" I'm a little more than that.",
" Let's talk about security.",
" As an industry, I think we've come a long way.",
" Speaking for myself, it's been a few years",
" since I've seen anybody try to log into their box via Telnet.",
" One of the key factors pushing that security is encryption",
" and its proliferation.",
" Encryption is important because it provides",
" a mathematical guarantee that the data can't be accessed",
" without the corresponding key.",
" Of course, the problem is that as we've evolved,",
" so have the attacks.",
" Unfortunately, as good as we are at architecting and building",
" secure systems, we still need a reliable and friendly",
" environment to run our bug-free, ultra-secure code.",
" With encryption specifically, we've",
" seen a new breed of attacks where all the security measures",
" we put in place get simply via physical access.",
" Now, there's a picture of an altair",
" because that was probably the last computer you could look at",
" and kind of understand how it worked on the inside.",
" Before we go any further, we should talk about our assumptions.",
" For our purposes, we're focused on targeted physical attacks,",
" which means we're making the assumption there is no universal",
" backdoor in x86 hardware.",
" As always, when it comes to assumptions,",
" your mileage may vary.",
" Unfortunately, we don't have time to cover it today,",
" but it makes sense that if your threat model requires you",
" to install booby traps in your hardware,",
" you probably want to do to your IME as well.",
" For those of you who spent some time in this building,",
" what we're talking about will look familiar.",
" Essentially, we're talking about taking commodity hardware",
" and modifying it to afford you some of the security guarantees",
" provided by FIPS Level 4.",
" So we can run our common criteria EAL 4 plus software",
" in a secure environment.",
" Unlike the actual FIPS Level 4, our recommendations",
" don't come with certificates from the government though.",
" If you aren't familiar with those standards, don't fret.",
" It only means you haven't spent much time working for the man.",
" For those folks, I'll summarize by saying FIPS Level 4",
" is what the State Department would",
" use for a classified information terminal.",
" They have located in the basement of the American Embassy",
" in Taylor.",
" Some place interesting like that,",
" if a machine can stay secure in an environment like that,",
" is that the same computer would be worthy of being placed",
" in a co-located facility and be safe from legal, extra legal,",
" and illegal access, probably.",
" There are plenty of commercial solutions available.",
" And they'll work great if you don't mind paying",
" too much for five-year-old technology.",
" Personally, I have a problem trusting Black Box crypto",
" modules, particularly when the vendor's largest customer happens",
" to be the government that you may be trying",
" to protect yourself from.",
" There's some notable open projects, the most notable being",
" Orwell as in 1984.",
" And for those of you looking for a secure solution to place",
" at home just to protect your Monero private key,",
" that might be a good way to go.",
" Unfortunately, running a service like LavaBit",
" takes a few more MIPS than a sixth gen mobile processor",
" can give you.",
" Unfortunately, even if that was enough,",
" unfortunately, their RAC solution",
" leaves something to be desired.",
" So I decided to go with commodity hardware.",
" And while I have my concerns about Dell,",
" it's easy to find warehouses that let you pay cash",
" and carry away the equipment.",
" It's always good to purchase your gear anonymously.",
" As a tip, if you have trouble finding a local vendor,",
" try searching eBay for sellers selling what you want",
" in your local area.",
" Odds are, if they have multiple listings,",
" they're simply a vendor with a warehouse full of gear.",
" More than happy to sell it to you.",
" Bo.",
" Am I?",
" OK.",
" If you're a high value target, I'd certainly",
" recommend against ordering equipment online and having",
" it shipped.",
" You never know what can happen to it in route.",
" In case you didn't catch the subtext in this note,",
" Apple even has problems with their servers being intercepted",
" and modified during shipping.",
" If the largest company in the world can't do it,",
" what chance do we have?",
" Interesting factoid.",
" If you look at the SEC filings for Intel,",
" you'll find out the three of their biggest customers",
" for custom x86 chips are the NSA, Google, and Facebook.",
" Makes you wonder what customizations",
" they're having done to their particular chips.",
" If there are any FOIA fans in the audience,",
" they may want to go after those details.",
" Be sure to pick a commodity hardware vendor",
" with a reasonably robust and competent security team.",
" So you could probably meet a big portion of the security team",
" here, and you can make your own judgments about whether or not",
" they're competent.",
" You also want to look for one that's",
" going to use signed firmware updates",
" and will continue to publish firmware updates for some time",
" after you purchase the hardware.",
" Unfortunately, when it comes to commodity hardware,",
" most servers do ship with tamper detection circuits,",
" but they tend to be rudimentary and thus easy to bypass.",
" It doesn't help that their location is known in advance.",
" That's one of the benefits to the do-it-yourself approach.",
" You can randomize the location, even add a reverse switch.",
" To demonstrate just how easy it is",
" to bypass these tamper detection circuits,",
" Honimbo is going to demonstrate on this R710.",
" So we need some volunteers in the audience",
" who can see the front LED and tell us",
" if he manages to trip the circuit.",
" The trick in this case is to take the shim",
" and go through the regulatory label hole in the top of the case,",
" find the tamper circuit, depress it.",
" They said it would be fast.",
" We may have had a malfunction earlier.",
" You know that always helps.",
" Who's got something?",
" Hey, you try getting up in front of 1,000 people",
" at 7 in the morning and doing this.",
" Here.",
" Yeah, I did.",
" Once you have the tamper circuit depressed,",
" you can lift the top cover.",
" Is that safe?",
" Will it pop off?",
" And remove the case, remove the lid,",
" giving you access to all sorts of different ways",
" of attacking the system.",
" Most notably, being those exposed JTAG ports.",
" Yeah, I didn't take it off now.",
" Moving on, if you think about security as an absolute",
" where something is either secure or it isn't,",
" then you're going about it all wrong.",
" I like to think about security in the same way",
" physical safe manufacturers do.",
" The first and most important job of a safe",
" is to defend against spoofed access.",
" If you can break into the safe without leading a trail,",
" like by using this particular dialing",
" that was demonstrated last year, the safe has failed.",
" So our first mission in modifying our servers",
" was to ensure that nobody could access them",
" without us knowing.",
" The second consideration is the degree of difficulty",
" that an attacker would need in order",
" to brute force their way past the locks.",
" Presumably, with a physical safe, it's a blowtorch.",
" With our approach, it's the same thing.",
" And the goal is that the amount of force",
" and heat required to remove our modifications",
" are efficient to destroy the machine,",
" thus accomplishing our goal.",
" To continue, I'm going to turn the mic over to Honimbo,",
" who's going to talk about how we made those modifications.",
" So the first thing to know about all of these Dell systems",
" is there's a very large debug headers, expansion modules,",
" and available on these boards.",
" Some of these are for legitimate things for businesses.",
" You've got your iDRAC.",
" You've got your various OpenManage.",
" You've got these that sometimes have additional hands.",
" And the next thing you do is take whatever hardware you end up",
" with, and you've got to do a little bit of engineering",
" and in our case, we took the little bit messy approach",
" for some of this.",
" So some people may recognize this as PC7 epoxy",
" that we went through a lot of the boards.",
" So anything that can't be physically removed from the board,",
" we basically are unable to remove it.",
" That they're not going to be able to practically do it",
" while the sensors are still in place.",
" So all over the other things that we also do the connectors.",
" So these whole sides of the chassis,",
" all for a very easy spot to pick probes through.",
" And with those probes, there are various things,",
" like the front header of the USB bus",
" on the underneath the front bezel.",
" And part of this is not just the debug interfaces,",
" but the ones that you're actually using to conduct",
" operation you have.",
" There's only so much that you can actually turn off",
" and still have a working system.",
" PCI risers, we just went ahead and go for that.",
" And just wear some gloves to take skin off.",
" I know this the hard way.",
" One thing some people may notice, I have some very",
" cruddy solder joints on here.",
" There is a reason for this is if someone were to start",
" physically removing this switch, we would have the server fail",
" off.",
" So you may notice that we have a few different types of contacts",
" here.",
" One, we have just a sample of a simple lever switch",
" or the roller next to the original Dell chassis sensor.",
" So we have a few different types.",
" Again, solder joints.",
" And this is really interesting.",
" So we take advantage of the actual disassembly",
" for these servers.",
" In this case, assembly module inside of one of these",
" Dell R710s.",
" Fan module comes out as a big tray.",
" And we can pull out any hands.",
" Luckily for us, Dell has lots of alerts",
" for the system failure.",
" What we started doing is in the modules,",
" we added a lot of our circuitry and sensors",
" for some of the units.",
" And part of this is that in order",
" to get to the initial components, not only do you",
" have to try and bypass our sensors, but at the same time,",
" you've got the existing diagnostic sensors that",
" weren't even tamper intrusion working for you.",
" So all of these extra fans, the speed sensors,",
" there are tons of diagnostic information",
" that lets you know something's wrong with your environment.",
" Because inside of a co-location facility,",
" any decent quality data center, you know what the environment is.",
" And you take that to see whether or not",
" the airflow is starting to lessen that something's",
" in the room with you, whether or not",
" the temperature is really going up in a way that's not",
" related to hardware.",
" And it comes down to a lot of monitoring.",
" I'd just like to add that bearing the switch in the assembly",
" here, you'll notice the lip, which protects",
" an attacker against an attacker accessing it",
" unless they go directly because they can't get the shim past",
" this little lip here.",
" It's important to take advantage of the natural character",
" of your particular server when deciding where to place it.",
" So we take advantage of that from the top,",
" but also we actually will modify the frame as well.",
" One thing that drilled to the top and risked that power supply",
" are causing some kind of faults, which",
" is quite nice enough to do this with various types of equipment",
" from a hole on the side, a fiber laser on the government side.",
" But going through the actual motherboard on the bottom,",
" you're getting into the SATA buses that run underneath",
" the particular area that we chose.",
" And you're getting into a lot of other interfaces",
" where if you started drilling through,",
" it's going to be very, very difficult to get to those sensors.",
" Take advantage of everything from your traces to your layout,",
" just how tiny you can get these little microcontrollers",
" in place.",
" So we use the internal headers for connecting up",
" our equipment rather than running it back out, obviously.",
" And we just slathered everything on there.",
" And you may notice we explicitly did not use pin headers.",
" Again, just very, very cruddy solder joints in this epoxy.",
" As a lot of people, like my challenge here,",
" know, is that it is very easy to make a mistake",
" and cause something to slip.",
" And we want to take advantage of that, where a minor slip that",
" normally wouldn't trigger will cause damage.",
" As again, failing off is exactly what we want.",
" And when you get to the code that we have available right now,",
" it's currently in its older state.",
" It's just a simple Arduino script that's currently up.",
" We're uploading our new version of this talk.",
" And we've since added tilt sensors.",
" We've added other types of contact sensors besides shown.",
" And one of the ones that we're actually working on right now",
" is a challenge response NFC tag inside of some of the components.",
" And with that, you'll actually be able to authenticate not just",
" a little magnetic read sensor, but the particular tag",
" inside of the chassis being used.",
" We're doing great on time, so keep talking.",
" So when we get into these challenge response systems",
" in the box village just next door,",
" you will notice that a lot of people just bring magnets",
" and bypass the sensors directly.",
" One of the unique things that you can get away with when",
" you get into the DIY approach is you",
" can have sensors that aren't documented outside",
" of your own design.",
" So we actually can have unique tags per contact point",
" inside of this chassis on top of the more traditional methods.",
" Because in a certain environment, you",
" may be able to get the NFC signal out reliably.",
" For practical purposes, these servers",
" might as well be Faraday cages, as well as they're well-grounded.",
" If someone were to try and tamper with the power supply",
" to try to damage that, you have another Dell sensor",
" that has a potential to kick in.",
" And with this environment, you also",
" have some other interesting approaches you can take.",
" So we actually also control the server cabinets as well.",
" And with control of the server cabinets,",
" you know whether or not someone's supposed",
" to be doing maintenance or whether or not someone's",
" opening your doors to try and get access to the fiber line that's",
" running into it.",
" And actually, this is where you get to a little bit of the balance",
" act that you have to do, is that it is very easy to shoot yourself",
" in the foot with these sensors.",
" So test your switches before you install them.",
" Yes, test your switches before you install them.",
" The hard drives that were originally going to come here",
" succumb to that.",
" The other thing to test is not just whether or not",
" your own the individual server sensors work,",
" but whether or not what you're sensing for the environment",
" as a whole is not going to just come back to bite you.",
" So overall, any operation, any home lab, any rack,",
" and a data center, it's going to need maintenance.",
" So if I were servicing this box right now,",
" I could easily just shut off the sensors",
" from the servicing purpose, lock the data,",
" do whatever is necessary.",
" But what about the server above and below it?",
" Well, contact sensors won't be an issue.",
" But let's say you start adding in things like various motion,",
" tilt, and one of the more interesting ones to play with",
" is light sensors.",
" You have to maintain good airflow through your server still.",
" So such sensors become very effective at detecting anything",
" in your environment that's changed.",
" But at the same time, you have to make sure the servers are",
" still functional and what you can actually block off.",
" The tilt sensors are actually one of the ones",
" that we found the most problematic.",
" Those server racks in particular,",
" if you're not fortunate enough to have the ones anchored",
" to the ground, will vibrate quite a bit",
" when unracking the server beneath it",
" and promptly lock or erase everything.",
" Yeah.",
" I mean, I can take over.",
" Yeah, the great thing about those ball bearing tilt sensors",
" is that if somebody tries to pull the server out on its rails,",
" the tilt sensor will get switched from the movement,",
" the inertia.",
" So try drilling a hole in the top of a case",
" when you've got two other computers on top of it",
" that are equally protected.",
" Like I said, it's about taking advantage of your environment.",
" I wanted to talk about briefly how",
" you go about building these particular modifications.",
" It's a pretty simple process.",
" Takes a little bit of practice.",
" But it involves purchasing switches",
" like this along with some ribbon cables.",
" You solder it to the two pins, mount it in your chassis",
" in various parts, and then wire everything back",
" to the port on this little Arduino, which we protected",
" with electrical tape to keep it from grounding.",
" And copious amounts of epoxy.",
" And then, of course, epoxy did in.",
" You then connect that to your internal USB port.",
" And you can use the Python script, the rudimentary version",
" of it, which is in this repo, to monitor that Arduino",
" and detect when any of your switches or detection modules",
" get tripped and then choose to take the appropriate action.",
" Presumably, if you have a fully encrypted system,",
" it would be to shut down.",
" Once you get all your modifications in place,",
" one of the things we like to do, I didn't bring it,",
" is use thread locker to ensure you can't even unscrew it.",
" We didn't have the screw in this particular lid,",
" but most of these servers have at least one optional screw",
" that you can use.",
" Another great tip is to cover your joints with something",
" like varnish or my personal favorite, nail polish.",
" The more glitter, the better.",
" Sprinkle that on.",
" Take a photo of the glitter pattern.",
" And if anybody tries to remove the case,",
" they won't be able to replicate the exact dispersion",
" of the glitter.",
" Foreman's holographic seals.",
" Now, I'd like to talk a little bit about operational",
" considerations when you're working in a high-thread",
" environment and you have one of your sensors actually",
" get tripped.",
" One of the recommendations that I would make",
" is to take advantage of the fact that Luxe supports",
" multiple key slots.",
" I don't have a lot of time to do that.",
" But you can see that it supports up to eight",
" different passwords.",
" All you need to do is write a little script",
" that when somebody enters the password in one of those high",
" numbered key slots, it wipes the slot.",
" That way, if you need to tell somebody the boot password,",
" they can type it in.",
" And if that password were intercepted,",
" they wouldn't be able to use it again.",
" We didn't talk about it earlier, but one of the reasons",
" that we used PC7 epoxy is because it has the right",
" thermal and electrical properties.",
" You want to pick something that isn't going to create a short",
" circuit with your board or trap the heat and destroy the",
" heat.",
" We also chose PC7 because it's incredibly difficult to remove",
" as he mentioned.",
" Don't get it on your hands.",
" There are also other advantages or things that you can take",
" advantage of if you're not using enterprise grade equipment.",
" One of the things you want to look for, for example,",
" is to look at the",
" things you want to look for, for example,",
" is ECC registered memory.",
" The reason being, it's incredibly difficult to remove",
" ECC memory and still read the information off the chip after",
" the system is shut down because ECC memory, by default,",
" cycles itself every time it powers on.",
" You also want to add things like this project,",
" USB kill, which will detect if anybody inserts a USB drive",
" into any of your ports and can take appropriate action in",
" that situation as well.",
" Anything else we should cover?",
" Let me pull up my notes.",
" I feel like I'm forgetting something important.",
" So actually that's a really good question.",
" So there's a couple of options.",
" Repeat the question.",
" So he asked, how are we killing our hard drives?",
" So the first method is simple.",
" If you have Lux enabled, you're going to zero out your memory",
" and shut down.",
" The second is a little more aggressive and the reason that",
" I had to drive out here.",
" The hard drives that we use for some of the equipment actually",
" has a two ounce thermite charge embedded inside of it next",
" to the platters.",
" I thought we weren't going to mention that.",
" Well, good luck dealing with it.",
" Yeah, don't nobody tell our Kolo.",
" It's OK.",
" Just a little smoke.",
" It won't throw much fire.",
" So the big trick to using a thermite drive, however,",
" is choosing the right composition.",
" The most common alloy used is FE304 based, I'm sorry,",
" FE203.",
" And FE304 is the variant that you want to use.",
" It has a higher instantaneous heat output.",
" And depending on how aggressive you really want to get,",
" there's various other types of compounds",
" that can be added in with it.",
" Using a hobby rocketry igniter with a potassium permainate",
" mixture gives a reliable ignition at a low voltage that can be",
" delivered by the computer's power supplies.",
" In terms of actually building the drives,",
" the big difficulty is doing it in a clean environment.",
" So with the hard drives, they're so dense now that a single",
" speck of dust can kill a lot of sectors.",
" So either A, if you can finagle your local university to let",
" you use your clean room for a little bit in exchange",
" for some beer, which is what I did.",
" Or you can instead do the improvised clean room method",
" in which you actually raise the humidity very high inside of an",
" enclosed space.",
" But the problem is that when you do this,",
" you have to have some very good method of drying out the drives",
" air after the fact.",
" I take some fresh desiccant and I make sure it's in every drive",
" when I do this.",
" So when the air has a high moisture content,",
" the dust will actually sit to the ground and you have a safe",
" working environment to modify your drives.",
" Don't assume a single drive will have good sectors afterwards.",
" They won't.",
" But over a large array of drives, like a sand,",
" you'll end up with enough reliability that you can safely do it.",
" Yeah.",
" One of the things to consider is the fact that the old fashioned",
" spinning magnetic disks are easy to destroy.",
" All you need is to breach the case.",
" And like you said, get a little dust in there and it'll be impossible",
" to read the data.",
" The problem with SSDs is they're a little bit more robust.",
" And that's where the thermite patch or something of that nature",
" might be required to physically destroy.",
" Now, we're not recommending you go that route because we like",
" to think that encryption software still provides the mathematical",
" guarantee that you need so that if you shut power off to the device,",
" it's just as good as if you would destroy it physically.",
" In lieu of that, if you're using something like Opal to do your",
" encryption, you can do an instant key erasure on the flash ROM",
" and then nobody will ever be able to recover that data.",
" The downside to Opal is that it's a black box module.",
" It's implemented by the drive manufacturer.",
" You're never going to get a chance at looking any code for it.",
" There's a free PBA available from the Drive Trust Alliance",
" and the self-encrypting drive utilities.",
" However, that just talks to the drive.",
" The actual encryption is still done on the drive itself,",
" which if you choose to trust Samsung or Micron or one of the other manufacturers,",
" it's a very fast and high-performance encryption system that actually erases it",
" instantaneously. The downside is it's not testing a black box again.",
" Did we talk about the NFC switches?",
" I guess we have time for questions.",
" I wasn't expecting that.",
" Any questions?",
" How do we test it?",
" I will tell you right now, do not test in prod.",
" What we actually do is I'll have usually a couple friends of mine",
" that are various involvements and levels of tamper evidence are bypassing",
" and I will not tell them what I did to a particular system",
" and I will let them have at it.",
" Beer goes a long way to bribe hackers.",
" Pay your testers.",
" We intended to actually bring a system out here for the tamper evidence village,",
" but travel disruptions got in the way.",
" Yeah.",
" Basically, in terms of testing, you have to think about the entirety of your state machine,",
" what possible attacks that you're considering,",
" what your switchers are designed to do,",
" and what exactly you're working on in the event of an intrusion.",
" You may choose to say, I have different ranks of intrusion",
" that I'm going to switch to just simply raising an alert",
" or actually shutting down or even erasing the data.",
" So, for example, the internal contact sensors, when we test those,",
" we'll have people using various types of shims, various types of cutting tools,",
" and various types of probes to try and bypass them.",
" We actually use a randomized mixture per deployment",
" on whether or not it's an open-ly contacted switch or a normally closed switch.",
" So that way, you actually don't know, except per device for the person who built it,",
" whether or not that switch is going to open or close",
" if someone tried to short or bypass it.",
" So when testing, we'll load up some data,",
" and the goal is for whoever's looking at it, can they get this data off,",
" whether they do it through a cold boot attack via USB,",
" whether they do it through actually pulling out a drive",
" and trying to keep power to it if you're using an OPAL method,",
" or whether or not they can simply get, if they can get the chassis off",
" without triggering it, that's considered a failed unit.",
" You can just get the lid off, regardless of whether or not they do any memory-based attacks yet.",
" Yeah, one of the photos that we showed,",
" Chromebooks having trouble keeping up with the 700 megabyte PDF,",
" is we actually epoxied the power cable from the PSU to the motherboard",
" to ensure that somebody couldn't swap it out",
" and remove the board that way while maintaining power to the system.",
" And this is a photo that we took after just doing the connector.",
" We actually slathered parts of the cables as well that are exposed.",
" One of the attacks that actually is done for forensic purposes is",
" they will actually slice the sheath of a power cable",
" and apply power from a secondary source to try and keep the system running.",
" Hot jacking.",
" Yeah, hot jacking.",
" And with that as a concern, we took kind of precautions",
" in terms of epoxying over the existing power",
" so that basically any attack that will remove the sheathing with it and cause a short.",
" So we will accept the hard fail and data corruption as a path in that environment.",
" Be sure to epoxy all of the places that an attacker could plug into and get direct memory access.",
" As you can see here, we covered up the ports on the riser card",
" so that nobody could insert anything into them and add something to the system.",
" I didn't show it, but...",
" You want to look for the BIOS chip, and we don't have a picture of it here,",
" but the pins on the side of some of these integrated ports,",
" you also want to cover those up so that nobody can add a lead to it",
" and directly manipulate the integrated circuit.",
" You also want to cover up the battery so nobody can kill power to your BIOS,",
" particularly if you're using hardware level protection methods like OPAL.",
" Most of the modern UEFI BIOS is for OPAL.",
" If it detects a warm reboot, it will send the lock commands to the drives.",
" However, if you don't have the ability for the BIOS to actually process and update",
" to the current system status, that enables a possible hot jacking attack,",
" this is again specific to OPAL when you have the encryption on the drive itself",
" rather than using a method such as LUX where you're offloading it to memory.",
" Also, be sure you don't overlook your integrated lights out management board.",
" One of the problems we found with Dell equipment in particular",
" is that it's possible to disable IPv4 access to the DRAC controller.",
" What we ended up doing was setting the IP address to...",
" A slash 32.",
" Yep, make your subnet all 255s so that it can only talk to itself.",
" And then you can sit there and wonder what it's saying.",
" A non-existent broadcast domain is something that in some of the Dell firmwares",
" you can actually set.",
" So take that to your advantage since they don't allow you to actually turn the features off.",
" You also want to cover up some of these unused ports in the back.",
" You can swap out these default covers,",
" which have convenient little holes in them,",
" with ones that don't...",
" You don't really have to worry about airflow",
" because the rear air can still eject out the back of the power supply.",
" And of course, it's a lot easier, or sorry, a lot harder,",
" to get into the machine by sticking a fiber optic camera through an active power supply.",
" We tried this and it ended in a lot of fireworks.",
" We were curious. We had an old system.",
" Any more questions?",
" I think people install webcams inside the processor before...",
" Yeah, we do it at the rack level.",
" One of the things you want to look for is a motion.",
" Oh, so he is asking if we install webcams inside of the hardware",
" so we can watch anyone trying to manipulate it.",
" So we install the webcam at the rack level,",
" and then if you have a good one that can trigger on motion,",
" you can see when anybody approaches the environment.",
" And then presumably email the photo to you.",
" Make sure that the photo actually gets transmitted.",
" You don't want to have a situation where the only copy of the image happens to be in the device",
" in the environment that the person is accessing.",
" We actually also recommend that you have a secondary link going out besides your primary routers,",
" especially in a Colo facility where the facility provides every bit of internet access otherwise.",
" We actually experimented with cellular modules.",
" Kalex actually has the sprint devices.",
" And you can also, of course, for the various embedded hardware, various Arduino add-ons, etc.,",
" add GSM chipsets as well for Excel trading.",
" Don't overlook hardening your routers as well.",
" We use PF Sense machines, which run on commodity hardware.",
" So we can do the same modifications to that as we do to the machines that run the encrypted services.",
" It seems like most of this is geared around preventing a tap that you would be otherwise not aware of.",
" If your goal is simply to deny them the hard disk, wouldn't it be straightforward and simple to use those switches",
" to simply set the power of the hard drives and then when they go back up, they're not going to have access?",
" So the question was, is that it seems this is geared around denying access in an undetected fashion to our data",
" and whether or not the switches should just kill power to the system.",
" So the reason that it doesn't just immediately kill power in every case is that first,",
" some of the sensors are particularly sensitive.",
" Regular maintenance in the racks around it will trigger them.",
" So you first want an alert for that because you do have to balance what your actual operational goal is",
" and what your security goal is.",
" The contact sensors are designed to just kill things immediately",
" because the contact sensor is not something that will go off via traditional rack maintenance like the tilt sensor might.",
" Yeah, you'll find out through experimentation which sensors are more reliable than others.",
" That's where the testing comes into play.",
" And if you look at that Python script I posted a link to,",
" all it does is monitor the sensors,",
" the area of the script where you actually have to decide what happens is left blank.",
" But presumably as I mentioned earlier, our recommendation isn't physical destruction.",
" It's to rely on the mathematical guarantee provided by the encryption when you cut power.",
" That at least affords you the option of restoring.",
" You do have to be careful about using the same hardware that may have actually been tripped.",
" So if you have a confirmed breach situation,",
" you may just want to remove the hard drives and place them in a new chassis.",
" I actually have a funny story.",
" At Hope a couple of years back, the guys from Rise Up had the server that the FBI had confiscated",
" and held on to for a year, and they brought it back to the hacking conference.",
" They lifted the top of the cover off, and the challenge was to see if you could spot the modification.",
" Any more questions? We're almost out of time.",
" I'm actually recalling.",
" Not yet.",
" We've had a few false alarms when a prior facility of ours would actually do maintenance in our racks",
" without notice, and they generated zero audit logs when they did this.",
" They didn't tell us, they told no one.",
" They wouldn't tell us what they were doing at one point, and I had to pry that information out of them.",
" And while they didn't open up any of the chassis, they were moving the racks around,",
" and at one point, recabling some of the...",
" We found out later with the PDUs when we looked at the camera.",
" So while that wasn't a particular intrusion attempt from the hard drive perspective,",
" the sensors did catch it, and that's already a very suspicious thing just to be inside of someone's rack.",
" Then recabling above the racks is very typical.",
" Recabling the PDU inside of the rack is a very rare thing.",
" What encryption do you guys recommend to guarantee the...",
" So the question is, what encryption do we recommend to guarantee the security of the drives?",
" I use AES-256 for my symmetric cipher.",
" I've traditionally, for all my pub key stuff, have been switching to elliptical curve,",
" although I heard yesterday at one of the talks that it's possible the National Security Agency",
" might have a quantum computer in the very near future capable of breaking ECC",
" and is now recommending that we use very large RSA keys.",
" I don't know if I believe it yet because I'm not looking forward to switching back to 8K RSA keys.",
" When it comes to the AES, you also have to choose what mode you want to use,",
" whether you're using something as XTS or the CVC modes.",
" Stick with an authenticated protocol if you can.",
" If you have it and it supports it, you want to be operating in GCM block mode.",
" Unfortunately, that won't work with a full disk encryption because it's a chain cipher.",
" So in order to decrypt block, you have to know the previous block.",
" So it's a stream cipher, sorry.",
" You have to use a block mode like XTS.",
" I do have pretty high hopes.",
" I haven't implemented it yet in prod,",
" but Chacha and Poly 1305 look like very promising replacements for AES.",
" But when it comes to crypto, what I like to say is that speed kills.",
" You move too fast and you're guaranteed to make a mistake and do something wrong,",
" particularly when it comes to picking a new cipher or a new implementation.",
" It's always good to go with the tried and true.",
" The nice thing about symmetric ciphers is that they're much harder to break",
" because of the mathematical principles behind them.",
" They're essentially random number generators that are doing a one-time pat.",
" So if nobody can break the random number generator, either by brute forcing the key",
" or by taking the stream and determining what comes next, the algorithm stays secure.",
" It's the public key algorithms that you have to worry about.",
" And on a related note, cryptographic hash algorithms are an interesting discussion",
" because traditionally SHA-256 and 512 have been very secure alternatives.",
" But what we're seeing is that with the emergence of Bitcoin",
" and all of the investment in A6 is the speed at which they run",
" reduces the security of those older algorithms.",
" One more question if we have it.",
" All right, well, if you think of something later, just come find me at the pool.",
" I'll be at the 303 party tonight."
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10.5446/53775 (DOI) | Kodaira dimension of algebraic fiber spaces over abelian varieties or projective surfaces | https://av.tib.eu/media/53775 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de23506e663e49bc6b747741afb33be052e716bacad88d7cdf1835d35022c74f7f/2019-02-07_Cao.mp4 | CC Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 2.0 Generic:
You are free to use, copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in unchanged form for any legal and non-commercial purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Mathematics | Conference/Talk | 2019 | Cao, Junyan | Hennenfent, Guillaume (Filmmaker)
Paun, Mihai | Let f:X→Y be a fibration between two projective manifolds. The Iitaka’s conjecture predicts that the Kodaira dimension of X is larger than the sum of the Kodaira dimension of X and the Kodaira dimension of the generic fiber. We explain a proof of the Iitaka conjecture for algebraic fiber spaces over abelian varieties or projective surfaces. | Okay. Thanks a lot for the invitation. So today I will explain a joint work with Mihaly So it's essentially an application of the productivity of the image which he explained which he has explained before. So to begin with in the first part introduction, I will first explain a little bit what is the Itaka furniture and after that I will explain what's our main theorems. So to begin with I first record the definition of Kodaiyara dimension. So to begin with we assume that x is a projected manifold defined over c. It also holds in the compact color case. In this case for the Kodaiyara dimension, kappa x is defined as follows. If the k-ac cannot bundle of x is not creative, it's not creative. In this case we define the kappa x as equals to minus infinity. If not, if this one is a creative saying in this case the kappa x is defined as the largest number d such that once we calculate the dimension of the global section over x of the current bundle tensors of times divided by m. So in the case one this one is not equals to zero, so in this case we define the Kodaiyara dimension of x is the largest number d such that for the dimension it's really positive. So one remark here is that and so a very simple remark here is that so in this case by the monarchy it's easy to see that in this case the kappa x should take the values minus infinity 0, 1, 2 and 2 the dimension of x. And also another remark is yes that if we replace the kappa bundle x by a line bundle by a homomorphic line bundle, line bundle over x so by using the same definition here we can also define the kappa error with respect to error. We just replaced the kappa kappa by the line bundle error here. And so for this one we call it's the Itaka dimension of the line bundle error. So now I can explain what's the Itaka conjecture. So for the Itaka conjecture it says as follows. So letter p via fibrillation, so I explain later what the fibrillation means between two projective manifolds x and y. And so for the fibrillation here I just means that she has a projective and the fiber and the fibers are connected. So for the general fiber is so in this case since we have set it smooth so in this case so for the general fiber is a smoother connected manifold. So in this case the Itaka conjecture states that in this case we have the sub-adjectivity of the correct dimension. So in this case it's conjectured at kappa x here is much bigger than the kappa y plus the kappa f. So where the f is the general fiber is the general fiber of the fibrillation p. So that's the Itaka conjecture. So there are a lot of thoughts about the Itaka conjecture. So here I just so here I just just a little bit. So in the case one the dimension of y is equals to 1 in the case the base years of dimension one it's solved a long ago 40 years ago by Kamata. He proved that in this case the conjecture holds and also another extreme case is in the case one the fiber one the fiber f years of general type of general type. That means set the kappa f years the extremo in this case for this conjecture it's also solved by it's also solved by Kola and also there was another proof by Fieberg and also in the case one f years of log general type case it's of log general type case. So in this case it's also same this case for this conjecture it's also solved recently by Kovac and Pata. And yes so here yeah so there is also another very important relater which is due to Kamata. He says that f for f at the midter a good minimum model minimum model sets means that sets means that so for this fiber it's biogenally equivalent to your manifold so for the fiber is biogenally equivalent to a variety of such that it's kind of the window is some example in this case Kamata proves that it holds Kamata proves that the conjecture holds so in particular so in particular so in particular abundance conjecture so in particular abundance conjecture implies the attack conjecture. Yeah so so now I can explain our result so for our result we prove that yeah so maybe I need that also to say that there is also so there is also so there is also another more simple proof or prove that by a little better simple proof by a proportionella and also there is a former worker due to Chen and the Haken we can prove the following since and yes so if set up so later at P yeah fibrations yeah fibrations between between two projective manifolds and the letter and now we consider a KLT case that to be a KLT if at the advisor on X so in this case yeah for yeah for so in this case yeah for yeah for the base is a billion variety if it's a projective polys saying this case we can prove that for the high dimension of this one should be at least the the current dimension of the fiber plus the restriction of the pair on the general fiber plus kappa y and so in this case the same so in this case the same so why is a billion variety so we know that for this one it equals to zero in fact and yeah and the and and and the biasing and the biasing document and biasing document and the biasing that argument that developed so biasing document developed in our paper we can also prove another router so so we can prove another router yeah set if for the base yes if the base yes dimension equals to two so in this case we can have also this equality so you try improve a little bit the result of karma saying this yes no no no tenness as way so I see no no no so so so yeah for you in this case so in this case yeah for straight away in this father since ever since ever since ever since ever we take it to be the junk fiber so in this case from this one equals to zero so in this case by by so in this case by using our two windows that this one is much bigger than this one and if we add a pair it has more more sections yeah so so yeah so for the proof of our router so for the proof of our router it's based on the worker so for the proof of our for a lot so it's based on a lot of folks so for the proof of our reality it's based on the productivity of the relative kind of bundle which is already explained in the talks of me hi so in the second part I just record briefly so in the second part I just record briefly what he has explained in his course so single party is the productivity of the relative kind of window and also the productivity of the direct image so here we take a so so here we so for the end here we take a n to be a number and then maybe we assume certain and and maybe we assume set the m e as much as and true and and we assume set for the direct image is not equals to zero that's just a means to set a set that's just a means that a fall for sets means just set just means that a four generative point in why for this dark image here yeah yeah yes sorry so so so so for our proof so for now on so for now on so for now on we just assume set up for the pair data equals to zero so for the reason of simplicity so in the general case for the proof it's almost the same proof as before so far now for simplicity we just assume that the data equals to zero the general proof will be essentially the same proof so in this case so in this case it's not equal to zero the sets just means that for the gem here which is equals to this one yes not equals to zero we have at least one section for every for generic fiber same this case same this case so maybe I just recall thanks to Bob Watson and he has already explained in his course in this case we said that we can find a so-called data m so-called the m relative for m backman kernel type matrix kernel type matrix which we write here as the edge B on the relative kind of window such that once we calculate the curvature of it it might be a singular matrix in this case it's a curvature is semi-polytive for on the total space of x in the sense of current yeah I need to recall that's also so so so I just say a particular side x the recall a little bit of set up so I just explained a little bit of set up so by the definition here so the restriction of the dysmetric on the fiber on a generic fiber is constructed by yes constructed by by the sections yes constructed by the sections of this one yeah so for the so for the construction so I think that is already explained by me hi and I need also another router which is also proved by and which is also proved in his paper in his paper with both and that's a set it's proved by hi and Takayama still in this setting still in this setting and now we take a we just take air to be the m minus one take kind of window and on air we equipped it with the matrix as as the HB so HB is on the relative it should tensile m minus times say in this case say in this case say in this case let let y1 in y be the be the locally free free locus of the direct image plus air which is equals to the to this one because apioki for this dark image is just a coherent shifu so we just take the locally free locus of it so for the complementary is of could measuring at least two in y let y1 so let y1 be the locally free locus of it and and the vector y zero in y1 yeah we can prove so uh so yeah so yeah so so that so so that y zero be the smooth locus be the smooth locus of the vibration p that's just the main set of for mb fiber over y zero so for the fiber so so for the fiber is smoother and the by and the by and by the inverse of the shunher window center is in fact included in y1 so so so let y be this one say in this case say in this case they prove that the Ix is a possible so so the Ix is a possible single metric possible singular matrix which is coded which is related to the nashimha matrix on the direct image so here we just defined over the locally free locus on this one such set such set this one such that so for this possible single metric so for this possible single image here it's not necessarily smoother but it's in fact bounded but in fact it's bounded on y zero and and it's positively curved in the sense of a griffith y1 so so so for this one that's uh so for the productivity of this one I don't know if it's already explained the you you have already explained okay yeah so so yeah so so maybe I just explained a little bit of the construction of for h maybe I explained that a little bit the construction of h so under so so let y be a pointer in y zero say in this case so let y be a pointer in y zero so in this case so so for the dark image here we know that it's just equal to this one so therefore we want to define the metric on this space how we define it we take a section here say in this case you wish I'd have defined the metric h it's defined as the integration of the section s and with respect to hr yeah so in this case we know that for this one it's a volume form and by the construction of and by the construction of the backman chronotype metric it's easy to check set up for this one it's finite so therefore that's it's plain set up for this metric it's in fact bounded on y zero so and so and and so therefore we know that for this metric here it's in fact bounded on y zero and after set and after set we can prove that and after set we can prove that in fact we can extend the metric as a possible singular metric on y one and so and so for the notion of for weakly positive curve that's just means set and so for this one here's the weakly positive curve that's just means set on on y one that's just means set that's just means set for uh that's just means set uh that's just means a letter e be the dual yeah that's just a means that for every open set for every open set in y one every open set and for every open set uh for every open set uh for every topological open sets in y one And every section in the dual of this vector bundle, here we know that also for every section here, we see that it's weakly semi-partitive. So we see that it's weakly, we see that it's polydiped in the sense of gray surface. That just means that for every topological bundle set in Y1 and every section here, so in this case, we can consider the function log S. So here we take the dual of this one. So therefore, we should take the dual of this matrix. Yes, PSH function. Yeah. Yeah. Because we know that Y1, because we know that Y0, it might be a straight thing subset in Y1. So in this case, by the construction here, we know only that for the matrix H here, it's bounded on this set. It's bounded on this set. So on the complementary in Y0, it might be infinity. But for this definition, it still holds. And one more remark here is that if in the case H here, smooth, if the matrix is a smooth commission matrix, in this case, for this notation, it's your current to say that it's positively curved. It's positively curved. It's your current to say that it's gray surface semi-quality. It's gray surface semi-positive. Yeah. So that's the explanation of the result of Mihaly and Takayama. And as a color, by using a lot of roof feed, we know that in this case, actually, in use a matrix, we write as determinant H on the determinant of the draft image. And in this case, since it's of rank 1, we can take the double dual. It's a line bundle on the total space Y, such that once we calculate the curvature of it, it will be semi-positive in the sense of current on the total space Y. And so now I will explain two propositions, which will be crucial in the proof of our results. So for the first proposition, it is that still under this condition here, still under the construction here, one proposition is that later, let you be some open set in Y, not necessarily in Y1. Be some open set, topological open set in Y. Therefore, the curvature of the determinant of the draft image here is identically equals 2 0 on U. So in this case, in fact, we can prove that for the draft image here, with respect to H, it's Hermitian flat. It's a Hermitian flat vector bundle. Vect bundle on U, not only on U intersect with Y1. I think that I don't have enough time to explain the proof. So I just explained the idea of the proof of proposition 1. In the case 1, H is smooth. In this case, for the proof, it's very simple. If H is a smooth Hermitian matrix, say in this case, it's rather entry. So in this case, it's very easy to see. It's very elementary to see that for this draft image here. Yes, it's just equals to the trace of the curvature. We have this one on U intersect with Y1. And now we assume that for this one, it's identically equals 2 0. So here we know that in the case 1, it's smooth. So here in the case 1, H is smooth. We know that in the case 1, H is smooth. So we know that since to the root of my head, Takayama, we know that for the draft image curvature here, it's semi-prolative in the sense of graph. So for this one, it's semi-prolative matrix. And if the trace equals to 0, so that's where you imply set. And the source sets will imply set for the draft image here. Should there be Hermitian flat? Are you intersect with Y1? And after set by using a little bit more argument, we can prove that it's in fact a Hermitian flat on the total space U. Since here, it comes from the draft image here. So I have no time to explain the last one. And so to prove our result, we need also another proposition, which is essentially proved by Fievega. And also we follow a proof of 2G, which says that the following is so in the talk of Mihai, so we know that in the talk of Mihai, he proved that if the direct image of relative kind of kind of plane is not equal to 0, say in this case, he proved that set for the relative kind of plane, kx over y, it's considered effective. That means that we can find a possible singular matrix such that it's semi-prolative in the sense of current on x. But for the following proposition here, in fact, so in the proposition 2 here, in fact, we want to compare the productivity of the relative kind of bundle and the direct image of the relative kind of bundle. So the proposition 2 says that in fact, the probability 2 says that in fact, so for the relative kind of bundle here, it's in fact more positive than the direct image. So that's as follows. So still in this setting, say in this case, we can prove that we can find some small epsilon positive, which depends on m. And some divisor on x such set for such set of so forth, this divisor here, it's in fact very small. It's in fact, it's all for co-dimension, complex co-dimension at least a 2 at least a 2 in y. And more importantly, we can prove that for the relative kind of bundle plus e. It's much bigger than the direct image. That means that it's much bigger than the. So for the direct image, it comes from the base. So we need to take the determinant of this one. So now this one becomes a lambda on the base. And we prove back it on the total space x. So for here, it's a class in on x such that it's considered effective on the total space x. So in particular, for this one, it's a big line bundle on the base. So therefore, the progression implies that for the relative kind of bundle, model since modifies here, it will be straight and positive in the horizontal direction. And so that's the population too. Now I'll explain the proof of our loss. In fact, for the divisor e here, it's in fact harmless because of the factor set for its image on y is of co-dimension into when we prove the itaqa conjecture, it's either to get rid of this divisor e. So now for the third part, I will explain the proof of our theorem. So we talk about the results in two cases. So for the first case, we let P be a vibration between two projective manifolds. And in the case, we first explained the case 1, y is a Bayesian variety. So in this case, we want to show that, so in this case, we need to prove that for the co-dimension of x, y is much bigger than the colloidal dimension of the fiber. Because in this case, y is an Bayesian variety. So for the colloidal dimension of y is equals to 0. So that's namely, we want to construct a lot of sections in the direct image for this one, which is just equals to since y is a Bayesian variety, so we know that it's kind of complicated as trivial. So it's just equal to this one. So it's going to say that once we can find a lot of global section here, so for this one, it's just equal to x minus x. So it's therefore to prove the eta connoisseur, in fact, we just want to find a lot of global sections on the direct image here. So here, we have already, thanks to the lot of time, we have already no setter. We can find a simple matrix on it. So now we want to construct a lot of global sections. So for the step one, in fact, we need a simplification. In fact, we can assume that in fact, in the step one, we would like to show that we can assume that y is a simple torus. It is a simple torus. That's just a means that there is no structure sub torus in y. Why we can assume this one? So for the reading, you said in fact, for this inequality, it's in fact, in fact, for this inequality, it's in fact invariant after finite eta cover. That means that if we take some y theta, which is a finite eta cover, which is mean setter sub torus 1, it's a finite eta cover and no ramified locus. And here it's the product. If we can prove that inequality, for this vibration, say in this case, it will imply that we have also the inequality on this vibration. So for this fact, it's well known. So you want to increase the possibility? So we assume that it's a finite eta cover. Yeah, but you want to increase the possibility? No, no. So since there is no ramified locus, so for the collier dimension of this one, it's because all the collier dimension sequence sets. Yeah, so it's literature. Yeah, so by reading this route, so by using this route, we know that y is not simple. It's not a simple torus. So in this case, it will imply that, say in this case, by Bronga's reductive theorem, it will imply that after some finite eta cover, after some finite eta cover, so for example, once y is a torus, after some finite eta cover, it's also a torus. So for the collier dimension, it's sort of weird. We can assume, if it's not a simple torus, say in this case, after some finite eta cover, we know that y can be written as the product of two torus. There are two sub-torus in y. And so in fact, in this case, we can prove that, and once we have this route, so in this case, for the fibrous here, we have another projection to another torus setter. So in this case, for the inequality here, we can prove it by the induction on the dimension of the base. So we can prove the inequality here. Can be proved by induction on the dimension of y. Yeah. So for the advantage of this construction here, setter. So for the advantage of this construction here, setter. So the advantage of this construction here, setter, in fact, in this case, once y is a simple torus, say in this case, for every pursuit effect of lambda on y, there is only two possible cases. So the advantage of this one is setter. If y is a simple torus, in this case, we can easily prove that if y is pursuit effective for, say it will imply the setter y, if it's a pursuit effective lambda on y. So in this case, it will imply setter is y, where the topological true lambda sets mean setter, if C1 plus equals to 1. Or there is ample. So for this one, it seems quite easy to check. But I have no time to explain it. So sets the advantage of this assumption. So now for step two, now we can use. So now for step two, we can use the result of behind the takayama. So in this case, by the result of takayama, we know setter for the black image of this one. By applying their result, we know that it's positively curved on y1. And also, we know setter by using the result of Rufi. We know setter for the determined window. It's semi-political in the sense of current on the total space y. And in particular, we know setter for this one, it's pursuit effective. And now by using this route, we know setter for this pursuit effective window, it should be whether it equals ample or its topological attribute. So setter for the determined. Setter for the determined. It's topological attribute or ample. So now there are essentially two cases we need to check. Now step three, we check the case of when it's topological attribute. If the determined window is c1 class equals to 0, if it's topological attribute, say in this case, since for this current, you see in the class of this determinant. And for this one, it's equals to 0. So for semi-political current, it's equals to 0. So in this case, it's identically equals to 0. So that means setter. So for this one, for the determinant, this one, it's better identically equals to 0 on the total space y. So now we are in a position to apply proposition 1. Now by using proposition 1, we know setter for the direct image here, it's in vector Hermitian flat. It's a Hermitian flat vector bundle on y. Once we know that it's Hermitian flat vector bundle on y, since y is an Abellion variety, we know setter. Since y is an Abellion variety, we know setter. So for the fundamental group of y, it is also Abellion. So in this case, once it's representation, it's in the unitary group. So therefore, since for the fundamental group, it's Abellion, we know setter. We know setter. We know setter in fact. For the direct image here, it can be split as the direct sum of numerical trival and bundle on y. So here, r is the rank of the direct image. So by using this variety, so here we use the factor setter. The fundamental group is Abellion. And so we are, they are numerical trival. So how many times I have? I'll take a minute. Yeah. So once we know this, we have to solve the setter. So by using a route of Kampana, Kampana and Paternela. So by using a route of Kampana and Paternela, which based on a route of Simpson, we can easily prove that for the, since for the direct image here, we know that it's in fact a numerical trival. And by using a route of Kampana and Paternela, we can prove that we can construct a lot of global sections. So setter will imply setter for this one. It's much bigger than this one. So I have no time to, so I'm sorry. So for the last set, I have not enough time to explain it. But it's essentially based on a route of Kampana and Paternela. And now I explain the last step. And so for the step four, we have already explained setter for the direct image here. Since we assume setter, why is it simple to us? So for the determinant of direct image, it's equals to a topological trival lavender or an ample lavender. So in the second part, we use that case when the direct image is ample. Therefore, the direct image is ample. So in this case, because I list also the second proposition, we are throwing the second case, so we need to apply the second proposition. So in this case, by using proposition two, setter will imply setter, it will imply setter for this one. It's it will be very critical. Well, yes, so in fact, as we explained before, so in fact, as we explained before, since the image here is of co-dimension at least two, since for this derisers, it's in fact a small derisers. So in this case, there are the standard, so in this case, there are the standard method to get rid of this small divisor. So for simplicity, we just assume that E is equals to 0. So in this case, that's imply setter. Since this one is ample, so that's where imply setter for this kind of window is political. Yes, it's really political in the horizontal direction. So setter will, and so setter for by using the relative for both and the power, and after setter and together with essentially by using the oscillatory gosh extension theorem, we can prove setter. So for this one, maybe another M, so for M large enough, we can prove setter by using the result and together with oscillatory gosh extension, we can prove setter for this further restructuring map is such a tip. So setter for setter will imply setter. kappa x is much bigger than kappa f. So I have one minute of, yeah, so in the last one minute, so maybe I explained that a little bit of the idea of the proof in case one y is a surface, and one y is a surface, and one y is a surface, and one y is a surface. In fact, in this case, it's quite easy to check setter for the collinear dimension. It's an imagined random number after birectional equivalent. So in this case, we can run the MMP on y. So therefore, in particular, we can assume setter for the kind of window of y is semi-ample. And in this case, in the case, if the collinear dimension is much bigger than when, then in this case, it's well known due to the relative of Flegger. So the only interesting case is in the case when the collinear dimension of base is equals to 0. So in this case, so after some finite a dot cover, since we assume that it's minimal, then in this case, we know that y should be a torus or k-3 surface. In the case 1, y is torus. It's already proved. And in the case 1, it's a k-3 surface. So in this case, we still, and so therefore, we still studied the direct image here. And we know that for this one, it's a pseudo-effective lambda on y. And in the case 1, y is a k-3 surface. So in this case, we know that if y is k-3 surface, it's k-3 surface. And 1, y is pseudo-effective by using the Savatsky decomposition and by using the Karmata-Flegger vanishing theorem and the He-Man-Rohlker. It's easy to check that for the collinear dimension of y, should be equals to the numerical dimension of y. And in the case 1, the collinear dimension of y is at least 1. So in this case, by following almost the same proof as here, we can prove the Idyac furniture. So the difficulty case is in the case 1, the collinear dimension equals 2, 0. So in this case, that just means that so for the collinear dimension of this one, equals 2, 0. So that's the difficult case. But in this case, by using the Savatsky decomposition, we know that for the direct image here, it should be equivalent to the sum of some exceptional locus. So it's an expression of divisor. So for this one, it's in fact the minus y rational curve. And by using a lot of compana, we can prove that we can in fact prove that for the fundamental group for outside the exceptional locus, we'll be very simple. So by following almost the same proof as in step 3, we can also prove the Idyac infinity. So that's the finished proof. Sick. Thank you. | {
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"text": [
" Okay. Thanks a lot for the invitation. So today I will explain a joint work with Mihaly",
" So it's essentially an application of the productivity of the image which he explained",
" which he has explained before. So to begin with in the first part introduction, I will",
" first explain a little bit what is the Itaka furniture and after that I will explain what's",
" our main theorems. So to begin with I first record the definition of Kodaiyara dimension.",
" So to begin with we assume that x is a projected manifold defined over c. It also holds in the",
" compact color case. In this case for the Kodaiyara dimension, kappa x is defined as follows. If",
" the k-ac cannot bundle of x is not creative, it's not creative. In this case we define the kappa x",
" as equals to minus infinity. If not, if this one is a creative saying in this case the kappa x is",
" defined as the largest number d such that once we calculate the dimension of the global section",
" over x of the current bundle tensors of times divided by m. So in the case one this one is not",
" equals to zero, so in this case we define the Kodaiyara dimension of x is the largest number",
" d such that for the dimension it's really positive. So one remark here is that and so a very simple",
" remark here is that so in this case by the monarchy it's easy to see that in this case the kappa x",
" should take the values minus infinity 0, 1, 2 and 2 the dimension of x. And also another remark is",
" yes that if we replace the kappa bundle x by a line bundle by a homomorphic line bundle,",
" line bundle over x so by using the same definition here we can also define the kappa",
" error with respect to error. We just replaced the kappa kappa by the line bundle error here.",
" And so for this one we call it's the Itaka dimension of the line bundle error. So now I can explain",
" what's the Itaka conjecture. So for the Itaka conjecture it says as follows. So letter p",
" via fibrillation, so I explain later what the fibrillation means between two projective manifolds",
" x and y. And so for the fibrillation here I just means that she has a projective and the fiber",
" and the fibers are connected. So for the general fiber is so in this case since we have",
" set it smooth so in this case so for the general fiber is a smoother connected manifold.",
" So in this case the Itaka conjecture states that in this case we have the sub-adjectivity of the",
" correct dimension. So in this case it's conjectured at kappa x here is much bigger than the kappa y",
" plus the kappa f. So where the f is the general fiber is the general fiber of the fibrillation p.",
" So that's the Itaka conjecture. So there are a lot of thoughts about the Itaka conjecture. So here I",
" just so here I just just a little bit. So in the case one the dimension of y is equals to 1",
" in the case the base years of dimension one it's solved a long ago 40 years ago by Kamata.",
" He proved that in this case the conjecture holds and also another extreme case is in the case",
" one the fiber one the fiber f years of general type of general type. That means set the kappa f",
" years the extremo in this case for this conjecture it's also solved by it's also solved by Kola and",
" also there was another proof by Fieberg and also in the case one f years of log general type case",
" it's of log general type case. So in this case it's also same this case for this conjecture it's",
" also solved recently by Kovac and Pata. And yes so here yeah so there is also another very",
" important relater which is due to Kamata. He says that f for f at the midter a good minimum model",
" minimum model sets means that sets means that so for this fiber it's biogenally equivalent to your",
" manifold so for the fiber is biogenally equivalent to a variety of such that it's kind of the",
" window is some example in this case Kamata proves that it holds Kamata proves that the",
" conjecture holds so in particular so in particular so in particular abundance conjecture so in",
" particular abundance conjecture implies the attack conjecture. Yeah so so now I can explain our",
" result so for our result we prove that yeah so maybe I need that also to say that there is also",
" so there is also so there is also another more simple proof or prove that by a little better",
" simple proof by a proportionella and also there is a former worker due to Chen and the Haken we can",
" prove the following since and yes so if set up so later at P yeah fibrations yeah fibrations",
" between between two projective manifolds and the letter and now we consider a KLT case that",
" to be a KLT if at the advisor on X so in this case yeah for yeah for so in this case yeah for yeah",
" for the base is a billion variety if it's a projective polys saying this case we can prove",
" that for the high dimension of this one should be at least the the current dimension of the fiber",
" plus the restriction of the pair on the general fiber plus kappa y and so in this case the same",
" so in this case the same so why is a billion variety so we know that for this one it equals",
" to zero in fact and yeah and the and and and the biasing and the biasing document and biasing",
" document and the biasing that argument that developed so biasing document developed in",
" our paper we can also prove another router so so we can prove another router yeah set if for the",
" base yes if the base yes dimension equals to two so in this case we can have also this equality",
" so you try improve a little bit the result of karma saying this yes no no no tenness",
" as way so I see no no no so so so yeah for you in this case so in this case yeah for straight away",
" in this father since ever since ever since ever since ever we take it to be the junk fiber so in",
" this case from this one equals to zero so in this case by by so in this case by using our",
" two windows that this one is much bigger than this one and if we add a pair it has more more",
" sections yeah so so yeah so for the proof of our router so for the proof of our router it's based",
" on the worker so for the proof of our for a lot so it's based on a lot of folks",
" so for the proof of our reality it's based on the productivity of the relative kind of",
" bundle which is already explained in the talks of me hi so in the second part I just",
" record briefly so in the second part I just record briefly what he has explained in his course",
" so single party is the productivity of the relative kind of window and also the productivity of the",
" direct image so here we take a so so here we so for the end here we take a n to be a number and",
" then maybe we assume certain and and maybe we assume set the m e as much as and true and and",
" we assume set for the direct image is not equals to zero that's just a means to set a",
" set that's just a means that a fall for sets means just set just means that a four",
" generative point in why for this dark image here yeah yeah yes sorry so so so so for our proof",
" so for now on so for now on so for now on we just assume set up for the pair data equals to zero",
" so for the reason of simplicity so in the general case for the proof it's almost the same proof as",
" before so far now for simplicity we just assume that the data equals to zero the general proof",
" will be essentially the same proof so in this case so in this case it's not equal to zero",
" the sets just means that for the gem here which is equals to this one yes not equals to zero we",
" have at least one section for every for generic fiber same this case same this case so maybe I",
" just recall thanks to Bob Watson and he has already explained in his course in this case",
" we said that we can find a so-called data m so-called the m relative for m backman kernel",
" type matrix kernel type matrix which we write here as the edge B on the relative kind of window",
" such that once we calculate the curvature of it it might be a singular matrix in this case",
" it's a curvature is semi-polytive for on the total space of x in the sense of current yeah",
" I need to recall that's also so so so I just say a particular side x the recall a little bit of",
" set up so I just explained a little bit of set up so by the definition here so the restriction of",
" the dysmetric on the fiber on a generic fiber is constructed by yes constructed by by the sections",
" yes constructed by the sections of this one yeah so for the so for the construction so I think",
" that is already explained by me hi and I need also another router which is also proved by and",
" which is also proved in his paper in his paper with both and that's a set it's proved by hi and",
" Takayama still in this setting still in this setting and now we take a we just take air to be",
" the m minus one take kind of window and on air we equipped it with the matrix as as the HB so HB",
" is on the relative it should tensile m minus times say in this case say in this case say in this",
" case let let y1 in y be the be the locally free free locus of the direct image plus air which is",
" equals to the to this one because apioki for this dark image is just a coherent shifu so we just",
" take the locally free locus of it so for the complementary is of could measuring at least",
" two in y let y1 so let y1 be the locally free locus of it and and the vector y zero in y1 yeah",
" we can prove so uh so yeah so yeah so so that so so that y zero be the smooth locus",
" be the smooth locus of the vibration p that's just the main set of for mb fiber over y zero",
" so for the fiber so so for the fiber is smoother and the by and the by and by the inverse of the",
" shunher window center is in fact included in y1 so so so let y be this one say in this case",
" say in this case they prove that the Ix is a possible so so the Ix is a possible single",
" metric possible singular matrix which is coded which is related to the nashimha matrix on the",
" direct image so here we just defined over the locally free locus on this one such set such set",
" this one such that so for this possible single metric so for this possible single image here",
" it's not necessarily smoother but it's in fact bounded but in fact it's bounded on y zero and",
" and it's positively curved in the",
" sense of a griffith y1 so",
" so so for this one that's uh so for the productivity of this one I don't know if it's already explained",
" the you you have already explained okay yeah so so yeah so",
" so maybe I just explained a little bit of the construction of for h maybe I explained that",
" a little bit the construction of h so under so so let y be a pointer in y zero say in this case",
" so let y be a pointer in y zero so in this case so so for the dark image here",
" we know that it's just equal to this one",
" so therefore we want to define the metric on this space how we define it",
" we take a section here say in this case you wish I'd have defined the metric h it's defined as the",
" integration of the section s and with respect to hr yeah so in this case we know that for this one",
" it's a volume form and by the construction of and by the construction of the backman",
" chronotype metric it's easy to check set up for this one it's finite so therefore that's",
" it's plain set up for this metric it's in fact bounded on y zero so",
" and so and and so therefore we know that for this metric here it's in fact bounded on y zero",
" and after set and after set we can prove that and after set we can prove that in fact we can",
" extend the metric as a possible singular metric on y one and so and so for the notion of for",
" weakly positive curve that's just means set and so for this one here's the weakly",
" positive curve that's just means set on on y one that's just means set that's just means set for",
" uh that's just means set uh that's just means a letter e be the dual yeah",
" that's just a means that for every open set for every open set in y one every open set and",
" for every open set uh for every open set uh for every topological open sets in y one",
" And every section in the dual of this vector bundle,",
" here we know that also for every section here,",
" we see that it's weakly semi-partitive.",
" So we see that it's weakly, we see that it's",
" polydiped in the sense of gray surface.",
" That just means that for every topological bundle set in Y1",
" and every section here, so in this case,",
" we can consider the function log S. So here we take the dual",
" of this one.",
" So therefore, we should take the dual of this matrix.",
" Yes, PSH function.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" Because we know that Y1, because we know that Y0,",
" it might be a straight thing subset in Y1.",
" So in this case, by the construction here,",
" we know only that for the matrix H here,",
" it's bounded on this set.",
" It's bounded on this set.",
" So on the complementary in Y0, it might be infinity.",
" But for this definition, it still holds.",
" And one more remark here is that if in the case H here,",
" smooth, if the matrix is a smooth commission matrix,",
" in this case, for this notation, it's",
" your current to say that it's positively curved.",
" It's positively curved.",
" It's your current to say that it's gray surface semi-quality.",
" It's gray surface semi-positive.",
" Yeah.",
" So that's the explanation of the result of Mihaly and Takayama.",
" And as a color, by using a lot of roof feed,",
" we know that in this case, actually,",
" in use a matrix, we write as determinant H",
" on the determinant of the draft image.",
" And in this case, since it's of rank 1,",
" we can take the double dual.",
" It's a line bundle on the total space Y,",
" such that once we calculate the curvature of it,",
" it will be semi-positive in the sense of current",
" on the total space Y.",
" And so now I will explain two propositions, which",
" will be crucial in the proof of our results.",
" So for the first proposition, it is",
" that still under this condition here,",
" still under the construction here,",
" one proposition is that later, let you",
" be some open set in Y, not necessarily in Y1.",
" Be some open set, topological open set in Y.",
" Therefore, the curvature of the determinant",
" of the draft image here is identically",
" equals 2 0 on U. So in this case, in fact,",
" we can prove that for the draft image here,",
" with respect to H, it's Hermitian flat.",
" It's a Hermitian flat vector bundle.",
" Vect bundle on U, not only on U intersect with Y1.",
" I think that I don't have enough time to explain the proof.",
" So I just explained the idea of the proof of proposition 1.",
" In the case 1, H is smooth.",
" In this case, for the proof, it's very simple.",
" If H is a smooth Hermitian matrix,",
" say in this case, it's rather entry.",
" So in this case, it's very easy to see.",
" It's very elementary to see that for this draft image here.",
" Yes, it's just equals to the trace of the curvature.",
" We have this one on U intersect with Y1.",
" And now we assume that for this one,",
" it's identically equals 2 0.",
" So here we know that in the case 1, it's smooth.",
" So here in the case 1, H is smooth.",
" We know that in the case 1, H is smooth.",
" So we know that since to the root of my head,",
" Takayama, we know that for the draft image curvature here,",
" it's semi-prolative in the sense of graph.",
" So for this one, it's semi-prolative matrix.",
" And if the trace equals to 0, so that's where you imply set.",
" And the source sets will imply set for the draft image here.",
" Should there be Hermitian flat?",
" Are you intersect with Y1?",
" And after set by using a little bit more argument,",
" we can prove that it's in fact a Hermitian flat",
" on the total space U. Since here,",
" it comes from the draft image here.",
" So I have no time to explain the last one.",
" And so to prove our result, we need also another proposition,",
" which is essentially proved by Fievega.",
" And also we follow a proof of 2G, which says that the following",
" is so in the talk of Mihai, so we know that in the talk of Mihai,",
" he proved that if the direct image of relative kind of",
" kind of plane is not equal to 0, say in this case,",
" he proved that set for the relative kind of plane,",
" kx over y, it's considered effective.",
" That means that we can find a possible singular matrix",
" such that it's semi-prolative in the sense of current on x.",
" But for the following proposition here,",
" in fact, so in the proposition 2 here,",
" in fact, we want to compare the productivity of the relative",
" kind of bundle and the direct image",
" of the relative kind of bundle.",
" So the proposition 2 says that in fact,",
" the probability 2 says that in fact,",
" so for the relative kind of bundle here,",
" it's in fact more positive than the direct image.",
" So that's as follows.",
" So still in this setting, say in this case,",
" we can prove that we can find some small epsilon",
" positive, which depends on m.",
" And some divisor on x such set for such set of so forth,",
" this divisor here, it's in fact very small.",
" It's in fact, it's all for co-dimension,",
" complex co-dimension at least a 2",
" at least a 2 in y.",
" And more importantly, we can prove that for the relative",
" kind of bundle plus e.",
" It's much bigger than the direct image.",
" That means that it's much bigger than the.",
" So for the direct image, it comes from the base.",
" So we need to take the determinant of this one.",
" So now this one becomes a lambda on the base.",
" And we prove back it on the total space x.",
" So for here, it's a class in on x such",
" that it's considered effective on the total space x.",
" So in particular, for this one, it's a big line bundle",
" on the base.",
" So therefore, the progression implies",
" that for the relative kind of bundle,",
" model since modifies here, it will",
" be straight and positive in the horizontal direction.",
" And so that's the population too.",
" Now I'll explain the proof of our loss.",
" In fact, for the divisor e here,",
" it's in fact harmless because of the factor set for its image",
" on y is of co-dimension into when we prove the itaqa",
" conjecture, it's either to get rid of this divisor e.",
" So now for the third part, I will explain the proof",
" of our theorem.",
" So we talk about the results in two cases.",
" So for the first case, we let P be a vibration between two",
" projective manifolds.",
" And in the case, we first explained the case 1,",
" y is a Bayesian variety.",
" So in this case, we want to show that, so in this case,",
" we need to prove that for the co-dimension of x,",
" y is much bigger than the colloidal dimension of the fiber.",
" Because in this case, y is an Bayesian variety.",
" So for the colloidal dimension of y is equals to 0.",
" So that's namely, we want to construct a lot of sections",
" in the direct image for this one, which is just",
" equals to since y is a Bayesian variety,",
" so we know that it's kind of complicated as trivial.",
" So it's just equal to this one.",
" So it's going to say that once we can find a lot of global",
" section here, so for this one, it's just equal to x minus x.",
" So it's therefore to prove the eta connoisseur,",
" in fact, we just want to find a lot of global sections",
" on the direct image here.",
" So here, we have already, thanks to the lot of time,",
" we have already no setter.",
" We can find a simple matrix on it.",
" So now we want to construct a lot of global sections.",
" So for the step one, in fact, we need a simplification.",
" In fact, we can assume that in fact, in the step one,",
" we would like to show that we can assume that y is a simple",
" torus.",
" It is a simple torus.",
" That's just a means that there is no structure",
" sub torus in y.",
" Why we can assume this one?",
" So for the reading, you said in fact,",
" for this inequality, it's in fact,",
" in fact, for this inequality, it's",
" in fact invariant after finite eta cover.",
" That means that if we take some y theta, which",
" is a finite eta cover, which is mean setter sub torus 1,",
" it's a finite eta cover and no ramified locus.",
" And here it's the product.",
" If we can prove that inequality, for this vibration,",
" say in this case, it will imply that we have also",
" the inequality on this vibration.",
" So for this fact, it's well known.",
" So you want to increase the possibility?",
" So we assume that it's a finite eta cover.",
" Yeah, but you want to increase the possibility?",
" No, no.",
" So since there is no ramified locus,",
" so for the collier dimension of this one,",
" it's because all the collier dimension sequence sets.",
" Yeah, so it's literature.",
" Yeah, so by reading this route, so",
" by using this route, we know that y is not simple.",
" It's not a simple torus.",
" So in this case, it will imply that,",
" say in this case, by Bronga's reductive theorem,",
" it will imply that after some finite eta cover,",
" after some finite eta cover, so for example,",
" once y is a torus, after some finite eta cover,",
" it's also a torus.",
" So for the collier dimension, it's sort of weird.",
" We can assume, if it's not a simple torus,",
" say in this case, after some finite eta cover,",
" we know that y can be written as the product of two torus.",
" There are two sub-torus in y.",
" And so in fact, in this case, we can prove that,",
" and once we have this route, so in this case,",
" for the fibrous here, we have another projection",
" to another torus setter.",
" So in this case, for the inequality here,",
" we can prove it by the induction on the dimension of the base.",
" So we can prove the inequality here.",
" Can be proved by induction on the dimension of y.",
" Yeah.",
" So for the advantage of this construction here,",
" setter.",
" So for the advantage of this construction here, setter.",
" So the advantage of this construction here,",
" setter, in fact, in this case, once y is a simple torus,",
" say in this case, for every pursuit effect of lambda",
" on y, there is only two possible cases.",
" So the advantage of this one is setter.",
" If y is a simple torus, in this case,",
" we can easily prove that if y is",
" pursuit effective for, say it will imply",
" the setter y, if it's a pursuit effective lambda on y.",
" So in this case, it will imply setter",
" is y, where the topological true lambda",
" sets mean setter, if C1 plus equals to 1.",
" Or there is ample.",
" So for this one, it seems quite easy to check.",
" But I have no time to explain it.",
" So sets the advantage of this assumption.",
" So now for step two, now we can use.",
" So now for step two, we can use the result of behind the takayama.",
" So in this case, by the result of takayama,",
" we know setter for the black image of this one.",
" By applying their result, we know",
" that it's positively curved on y1.",
" And also, we know setter by using the result of Rufi.",
" We know setter for the determined window.",
" It's semi-political in the sense of current",
" on the total space y.",
" And in particular, we know setter for this one,",
" it's pursuit effective.",
" And now by using this route, we know setter for this pursuit",
" effective window, it should be whether it",
" equals ample or its topological attribute.",
" So setter for the determined.",
" Setter for the determined.",
" It's topological attribute or ample.",
" So now there are essentially two cases we need to check.",
" Now step three, we check the case",
" of when it's topological attribute.",
" If the determined window is c1 class equals to 0,",
" if it's topological attribute, say in this case,",
" since for this current, you see in the class of this",
" determinant.",
" And for this one, it's equals to 0.",
" So for semi-political current, it's equals to 0.",
" So in this case, it's identically equals to 0.",
" So that means setter.",
" So for this one, for the determinant,",
" this one, it's better identically equals to 0",
" on the total space y.",
" So now we are in a position to apply proposition 1.",
" Now by using proposition 1, we know setter for the direct image",
" here, it's in vector Hermitian flat.",
" It's a Hermitian flat vector bundle on y.",
" Once we know that it's Hermitian flat vector bundle on y,",
" since y is an Abellion variety, we know setter.",
" Since y is an Abellion variety, we know setter.",
" So for the fundamental group of y, it is also Abellion.",
" So in this case, once it's representation,",
" it's in the unitary group.",
" So therefore, since for the fundamental group,",
" it's Abellion, we know setter.",
" We know setter.",
" We know setter in fact.",
" For the direct image here, it can be split as the direct sum",
" of numerical trival and bundle on y.",
" So here, r is the rank of the direct image.",
" So by using this variety, so here we use the factor setter.",
" The fundamental group is Abellion.",
" And so we are, they are numerical trival.",
" So how many times I have?",
" I'll take a minute.",
" Yeah.",
" So once we know this, we have to solve the setter.",
" So by using a route of Kampana, Kampana and Paternela.",
" So by using a route of Kampana and Paternela,",
" which based on a route of Simpson,",
" we can easily prove that for the,",
" since for the direct image here, we",
" know that it's in fact a numerical trival.",
" And by using a route of Kampana and Paternela,",
" we can prove that we can construct a lot of",
" global sections.",
" So setter will imply setter for this one.",
" It's much bigger than this one.",
" So I have no time to, so I'm sorry.",
" So for the last set, I have not enough time to explain it.",
" But it's essentially based on a route of Kampana and Paternela.",
" And now I explain the last step.",
" And so for the step four, we have already explained setter",
" for the direct image here.",
" Since we assume setter, why is it simple to us?",
" So for the determinant of direct image,",
" it's equals to a topological trival",
" lavender or an ample lavender.",
" So in the second part, we use that case",
" when the direct image is ample.",
" Therefore, the direct image is ample.",
" So in this case, because I list also the second proposition,",
" we are throwing the second case, so we need to apply",
" the second proposition.",
" So in this case, by using proposition two,",
" setter will imply setter, it will imply setter for this one.",
" It's it will be very critical.",
" Well, yes, so in fact, as we explained before,",
" so in fact, as we explained before,",
" since the image here is of co-dimension at least two,",
" since for this derisers, it's in fact a small derisers.",
" So in this case, there are the standard,",
" so in this case, there are the standard method",
" to get rid of this small divisor.",
" So for simplicity, we just assume that E is equals to 0.",
" So in this case, that's imply setter.",
" Since this one is ample, so that's",
" where imply setter for this kind of window is political.",
" Yes, it's really political in the horizontal direction.",
" So setter will, and so setter for by using the relative for both",
" and the power, and after setter and together with essentially",
" by using the oscillatory gosh extension theorem,",
" we can prove setter.",
" So for this one, maybe another M, so for M large enough,",
" we can prove setter by using the result",
" and together with oscillatory gosh extension,",
" we can prove setter for this further restructuring map",
" is such a tip.",
" So setter for setter will imply setter.",
" kappa x is much bigger than kappa f.",
" So I have one minute of, yeah, so in the last one minute,",
" so maybe I explained that a little bit",
" of the idea of the proof in case one y is a surface,",
" and one y is a surface, and one y is a surface,",
" and one y is a surface.",
" In fact, in this case, it's quite easy to check setter",
" for the collinear dimension.",
" It's an imagined random number after birectional equivalent.",
" So in this case, we can run the MMP on y.",
" So therefore, in particular, we can assume setter",
" for the kind of window of y is semi-ample.",
" And in this case, in the case, if the collinear dimension is",
" much bigger than when, then in this case,",
" it's well known due to the relative of Flegger.",
" So the only interesting case is in the case",
" when the collinear dimension of base is equals to 0.",
" So in this case, so after some finite a dot cover,",
" since we assume that it's minimal,",
" then in this case, we know that y",
" should be a torus or k-3 surface.",
" In the case 1, y is torus.",
" It's already proved.",
" And in the case 1, it's a k-3 surface.",
" So in this case, we still, and so therefore, we still",
" studied the direct image here.",
" And we know that for this one, it's",
" a pseudo-effective lambda on y.",
" And in the case 1, y is a k-3 surface.",
" So in this case, we know that if",
" y is k-3 surface, it's k-3 surface.",
" And 1, y is pseudo-effective by using the Savatsky",
" decomposition and by using the Karmata-Flegger vanishing",
" theorem and the He-Man-Rohlker.",
" It's easy to check that for the collinear dimension of y,",
" should be equals to the numerical dimension of y.",
" And in the case 1, the collinear dimension of y",
" is at least 1.",
" So in this case, by following almost the same proof as here,",
" we can prove the Idyac furniture.",
" So the difficulty case is in the case 1,",
" the collinear dimension equals 2, 0.",
" So in this case, that just means that so for the collinear",
" dimension of this one, equals 2, 0.",
" So that's the difficult case.",
" But in this case, by using the Savatsky decomposition,",
" we know that for the direct image here,",
" it should be equivalent to the sum of some exceptional locus.",
" So it's an expression of divisor.",
" So for this one, it's in fact the minus y rational curve.",
" And by using a lot of compana, we can prove that",
" we can in fact prove that for the fundamental group",
" for outside the exceptional locus,",
" we'll be very simple.",
" So by following almost the same proof as in step 3,",
" we can also prove the Idyac infinity.",
" So that's the finished proof.",
" Sick.",
" Thank you."
],
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10.5446/40523 (DOI) | Look At What My Car Can Do | https://av.tib.eu/media/40523 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/deb324dc448cb867a5b71a209ab346c153404bf173edf04aef313bc286dcc12bae/DEF_CON_19_-_Tyler_Cohen_-_Look_At_What_My_Car_Can_Do_ESmYO4VMyiw_1.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2013 | Cohen, Tyler | null | This presentation is an introduction to the new world of automobile communication, data and entertainment systems, highlighting the Ford Sync System. The Ford Sync System is a remarkable technological advance that has changed the automobile industry. While hard drives have been used in automobile entertainment applications for some time now, the Ford Sync System is different. It allows the user to interact with the car's communication system in a brand new way. If a vehicle with the Ford Sync system is used to commit a crime or to hide data, how would examiners be able to determine what data might be contained in the Ford Sync System? How does it get there? What forensic process or type of exploitation can be used to determine what traces are left behind on the car's hard drive? This presentation will take the audience through the process of various methods of infilling, hiding, acquiring data, and conducting a forensic exam on the Ford Sync System. Tyler Cohen is known in the digital forensic community for her work with forensics on alternate media devices and has given presentations at conferences all over the country on the topic, including the Defense Cybercrime Conference, High Tech Crime Investigation Association, Defcon, TechnoSecuity, Technoforensics, and the California District Attorney Association. She has co-authored a book entitled Alternate Data Storage Forensics (ISBN - 13: 978-1-59749-163-1) and was featured in Best Damn Cybercrime and Digital Forensics Book Period (ISBN-13: 978-1-59749-228-7). She currently works for the Department of Defense. Prior to that she worked for General Dynamics, assigned to the Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center (DC3) where she was a lead digital forensic examiner. Here she used her expertise in intrusion analysis and major crimes to successfully complete digital forensic exams. Before joining DC3, she was employed at ISS/IBM as an emergency incident responder and forensic examiner where she also showcased her expertise in intrusion analysis, major crimes and PCI standards. Prior to that, she worked for NASA as a Computer Forensic Examiner under the computer crimes division for the Inspector General. | So what we're gonna do since you guys were so cool, we're gonna kind of turn this into a drinking game. So Digi has brought some booze with him. We're gonna kind of pass some of it out as much as we can. Every time I say the word um, you have to drink. And I say um a lot. Do you want to just like pass them around? But you can just, alcohol kills all the germs. So whoever has it, you just keep passing whoever has it. When I say um, you have to drink. This is your official invitation to Toast Musters. Oh. Thanks. Actually I'll get with you later because I am interested in that. So my name is Tyler Cohen. This presentation is Look What My Car Can Do. I want to give a special thanks to Ben Joel, Mark, Rob, Peter, Zach, Matt, Kate, Maddie, and Charles. Some of these people know that they help me. Some of these people do not. So you'd be kind of surprised at how many people I asked if I could rip apart their cars and they said no. Like it's for science, come on. So we had to come up with creative ways to get access to these cars. This car that I'm standing in front of is a Ford Fusion 2011. And in one of the photographs, there's a little hint from where that car came from. If any of you guys can see the hint, pick up on it and say where that car came from, Zach over here will buy you a beer. So just call it out when you see it. But it's in one of the photos. Alright, so this is a disclaimer. Yes, I work for the Department of Defense. This presentation reflects my own views and not any of those of my employer. Anything that I show in here or talk about potential things that you can do, I take no responsibility if you happen to avoid your warranties. I also unfortunately had to tailor my presentation at the last minute. I didn't want to get fired or sued by Ford. So there are things that I'm not going to be able to say, but I can hint to them. So I'm going to give you an overview, just a quick introduction. We're going to talk about the technology, avenues of exploitation, resources, and then the future. So also I am a, I've had about 10 years of experience doing digital forensics. I've worked for the Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, IBM, NASA. Everyone's like, what, you did forensics for NASA? What were you like, going after people from Uranus or something? Ah! Sorry, I think that was funny. It never gets old either. So that's what this presentation is going to be geared toward. It's going to be geared toward a forensic analyst and what they can get from these cars. But also as a user, you have to understand that there's information that you're putting out there on these cars that is giving away stuff about you. So cars are not just for transportation anymore. They are now becoming entertainment centers, communication hubs. These vehicle systems now store and stream digital content, and they're used as communication mediums. So it's not like the old days where your car was just your car. This is now, you know, in today's world, people want to be connected to their social networks. They want to be able to find everything. They want access at their fingertips. And they should. I do too. So manufacturers are coming up with really innovative ways to market and sell vehicles. Emphasis has been on technology, integration, and safety. And Ford has been leading the way since 2007 with the inclusion of the Microsoft Sync system in its vehicles. So I kind of look at Ford as what Apple did, how Apple reinvented the digital music players. Ford is paving the way for cars. So their systems are much more advanced than any of the other systems. So what are the designers thinking when they're designing these cars? Obviously they're concerned about safety. But aside from safety, Ford is really, really, really concerned with digital rights management. Now, since they're using the Microsoft OS, we know that it's Microsoft DRM technology. Now, I bet you there's some of you in the audience who are experts at DRM vulnerabilities and cracking, and know a bunch of research that applies to that. But basically what I'm saying is that the Microsoft DRM is vulnerable in ways, in any way that Microsoft DRM would be vulnerable, it's vulnerable in this capacity too, because it's using the same technology. Designers are also thinking about connectivity, user-to-user, and car-to-car ease of use. You just want your stuff to work and reliability. So what do I mean by connectivity? Cars are really concerned with users connecting to their user stuff. Your gadgets and their functions are being integrated into your driving experience. So I want my content and I want it now. I want all my music that's stored in the cloud, and I want to be able to access it wherever I am. I want to be able to connect my phone and have it stream all of my information. I want to be able to use voice-dialing. I want it all just there. I want it to be easy. And then you also want to be connected to your user environment. You want to have your social applications available to you, and you want your car to do it. My car, why shouldn't it give me the cheapest price of gas? Why shouldn't it tell me happy hour specials? My brother Zach over here, he likes using social applications to look for hot chicks and dudes. He puts it up, the augmented reality, and he can see how far away a hot chick is from him, and he can chat with her, he can say, yeah, I'm going to check in, and I'm going to check in with you, and let's meet up. Why can't your car do that for you? Ease of use, your stuff should just work. I mean, most of us are pretty lazy. We just want our stuff to work. We buy it, we spend a lot of money. There shouldn't be any issues. The car companies are moving toward driving, not interfering with your social life, and things just working. That means more automation, more integration, and more inner operability. That's a tough word. Exactly. So what does that mean for us? Well, the more automation, that means the more vulnerabilities and more vectors of attack. So these are things that I want us to just kind of be keeping in our minds. Reliability, again, things should just work. There have been some complaints with the Ford systems that I've been reading on the forums, and then from people who actually have these cars. There's complaints that the car entertainment system reboots while driving, which is kind of a problem. It's a mic yourself, for what I've been trying to say. Actually, not all of it, as you're going to see in a second. Not all of it is. Changing songs shouldn't take 15 seconds, and stored data should be accurate. I know that you guys are all familiar with that story. I don't know if it's a true story or not, but woman was using her GPS data, and it essentially told her to drive off a cliff, so she did, and she died. I don't know if that's true or not, but basically you want your data to be accurate, so stuff like that doesn't happen. Alright, so what are users thinking? They're thinking we want safety, again, ease of use, and connectivity. Something that they should be thinking about is confidentiality of their data. There's a lot of data that I'm going to show you is actually stored on these devices. They need to be thinking of a friend could come into their car and get their data if they have devices set up for that. These devices have remote access now, they have wireless on them, there's Bluetooth, or a forensic analyst could come and take and get your data. So they really need to be cognizant of what's being put on there. So, you know, if there's photographs or things on there that you don't want to be found, just don't put them on there. I mean, simple as that. What are hackers thinking? Well, what do hackers do? They make something do what it's not meant to do. So some things that have actually happened, some things that are going to be happening probably in the future, controlling the car remotely. So using the wireless, the communication system is connected, and that's been proven, I believe, at this conference, and then there was a study, a school study, where they've dealt with attire pressure. It's been proven that these communication systems are connected to the car's onboard computer. So it is very possible to get a piece of malware, get it in through the communication system on the car, and then control the car. You can stop it, start it, really whatever you want to do. So hackers, good hackers, black, white hackers, they're both thinking about protecting or stealing personal data. So again, there's a lot of data that you have on this device. You really have to think of these devices like a computer. Anything you wouldn't want to put on your computer, you don't want to put on your car. Side channel comms. These cars can be used as communication devices when speaking to other cars. And I'm going to show you at the end of this presentation, the IntelliDrive, which is coming out in about five years. And cars are broadcasting, Wi-Fi coordinates, and essentially you can use this for communication. You can use the Bluetooth for communication. You can use the wireless for communication. And you can do these in such a way that your traffic is not necessarily going to be intercepted. And I'll let you guys kind of ponder that one. Use these cars as peer-to-peer devices. Share your music, share your content. Surveillance. I can get something in the car so that I can monitor the car. I can see where it's been. There's... So that's surveillance, or again, just using it like Zach's going to do to just find hot chicks. It can also be used these vehicles for propagating viruses and malware. So my vehicle, get it vehicle for propagation because it's a vehicle. So you can use this car, and this car can actually be a virus that is infecting other cars as I drive past it. These are just potential things for the future, but not that far off in the future. And then forensics, which is where I kind of come into this, and that's where the rest of this presentation is going to kind of go. If anyone has any questions, please just jump in. So what is stored? What are stored on these devices? Now, these systems can store navigation data where you've been, where you're going. It can save track data, save locations, previous destinations, which is a good thing too. Because you kind of have to find that mix between privacy and then usability. I personally like it saving my data because then that way I don't have to type it in, because I never remember addresses and it's just already there. Phone-related information, when you pair your phone up, it's going to save the Bluetooth Mac ID, pretty much most of the information on the phone. Your contacts, call logs, SMS messages, call history, save numbers, that's going to be maintained. So if you rent a car from like enterprise Hertz or whatever and you pair up your phone, just make sure you delete the profile. It's not going to be completely gone, but at least it'll make it a lot harder for someone to get your data. Music files, image files, the Ford Sync Generation 1, you can put 32 photos on the car. User voice profiles, information about the car, potentially this is a kind of now, kind of in the future. Stats on how am I driving, do I speed, all that kind of good stuff. Previously connected USB devices, wireless access points where you've been with the wireless, and then in the future like I said the driving habits. And if anyone can think of more that I missed out, just let me know after, because there's a ton of data that's contained in those cars. Okay, so as a forensic examiner, why would I care about photos or songs? Well, these photos, oh sorry, by the way Zach, I rated your music collection, you don't mind that I barge your AESA base, do you? Alright, so you think that that's just a MP3 file of AESA base? It's not. It's a stag with Zach's ways to pick up hot chicks. Just a regular photograph, by the way, is that the cutest dog you've ever seen in the world? Yeah, he is. Like his little mohawk, maybe. So that's a stag photo as well. Or child porn images, malware, really anything that you want to hide in there, because if you upload any one of these files, whether it's stagged or you've manipulated it, as long as the head or foot are going to match, the car's going to accept it in. So you can use it as storage. Alright, so these are two pictures of vehicles. They're embedded fully integrated systems with the vehicles. There's two different styles that I'm showing you right now in the first generation. The first is a Ford Fusion 2011 without the navigation system. So you can see it's just kind of got the little teeny faceplate on the radio. And then you've got the full navigation system. Now, the navigation system gives you the ability to store data. Without the navigation system, the only way you have the ability to store data is on the Flash Ron chip in the Sync module, which I'm going to get to a little bit later. But that's kind of what they look like. That's, I think, a Ford Edge 2011. Excuse me? Yes. Oh, no, no, no, no, no. It's much more subtle and it's later in the presentation. But you know this free beer means you have to sit and talk with Zach for a while, but maybe he'll go over his rules of finding hot chicks. So the first generation, Ford started doing this in 2007 and the first generation is to 2011-ish, maybe 2012-ish, because some cars still have this. Some cars are moving on to the second generation. Now, there are two separate components. Yes. This brings the question, is there a movement for the future to put the SD cards in the machines and have all the forces be able to come up, pop out your car, pop it in and it will read your second. Here's your $2,000 ticket. That's, there is that potential, but that's coming up in the end of the presentation. That's Gen 2. So this is still the Gen 1. So it has separate components on the head unit. So you have a, well, I'll get deeper into that. It's got storage. It's got a hard drive in it. The second generation, some of the 2011's already have it, but it's really going to be the 2012's and 13's and up. It's a single integrated unit. So the sync module and the NAV system are all going to be in one. And the storage, some of them will still have hard drives, but they're moving away from hard drives as storage. They're going to have a SD card that has a software lock on it and external USB storage and streaming for your data. So they're moving away from them having the integrated mass storage. Both of these generations are updatable through USB, which is going to be important later. All right, so the first generation, which is what you probably see on the road right now. The sync module, the operating system is Microsoft Automotive and it's a Windows CE based operating system. Data is stored in this module, this chip, which I'm going to show you a picture of later. You can get all the phone-related information, music indexes, user voice profiles. And then there's a couple of other little stuff that's going to be in there too that could be relevant or might not be relevant too, but it's stored in this NAN flash chip. The head unit, which is the nav system, it's got the operating system, it's Clarion VX Works. And the way that we first found out that there were two different operating systems on the nav and on the sync module, we took the sync module out of the car and the navigation system still worked. And we're like, huh, so that was a hint for us that there were two different operating systems. It's got a 40 gigabyte Peta hard drive with a TPM style protection on it. Data stored, you can get music files, photos, navigation data. So this is the inside of the sync module. You can see where the little arrow is pointing. That's the Samsung NAN flash. Now, when you open these up, it doesn't mean that in every car you're going to have a Samsung NAN flash. It could be a different manufacturer. It just kind of depends on where that car was built. But it's going to be in roughly the same place and it's going to work the same way. So again, this is going to contain the Microsoft operating system, previously paired Bluetooth information, contacts, call logs, SMS messages, phone history, save numbers. So it is of relevance if you're a forensic examiner. If you're trying to hide the data, it's also of relevance because you don't want it to be accessed. So you want to again delete the profile or wipe it or whatever. Now, I don't know how many of you guys have done a lot of work with doing forensics on NAN flash, but it's not fun. So what you have to do is there's a few ways you can do it. As you saw, there's a spare USB port on this device that you could try to acquire the NAN flash from. We actually didn't do that, so I don't know. There's also the JTAG ports right over here, kind of at the bottom. You can see them. We also didn't do that. What we did was we, not what we did, because we didn't do anything necessarily remember, hint, hint. But what could be done is you could take the chip, you could remove it, put it in this flash pack device, stick it in one of the sockets that it fits, and what's going to happen is it's going to spit out a binary file. And for those of you who have done any forensics on the NAN flash, it's kind of a pain. Because the way that it works is you have the ware leveling, which is going to be different for each chip manufacturer, but you can still figure it out. So for this one, you have every sector on the flash can be written over only 10,000 times. So what's going to happen is you're not going to have consecutive sectors. And there's going to be, I've always forgotten, if it's a 4K chunk or if it's a 16K chunk, that has a numbering sequence. So it's numbered a chunk right in front of each sector that tells you where that sector goes. So what you have to do is you have to get this binary file out of this thing, and you have to manually remove those chunks that tell you the number of where each chunk is, reorder them, and then you can pop it into any forensic tool. It'll just be a regular raw DD image file. So that's how you have to do it. Maybe it sounds complicated to you, maybe for some of you it doesn't, but it's really not that difficult. It sounds a lot worse than it is, so it is doable. So removing the sync module, I had a lot of other pictures. I mean, we just tore these cars apart. And this one actually I got permission, my good friend Ben, who I wish he was here, when I asked him if I could tear apart his car, he not only said, yeah, of course, he said I'll help you. So he did. And this is a Ford Edge 2010. The Ford sync module is located behind the center console. Really easy to get to. It's just held in place with clips, and then there's four screws, and you just remove it. And then you take the faceplate off, and then you have access to what I saw. Oh, one thing quickly, with this, when you pop out the chip to do the analysis on it, you're probably not going to get it back in. Just saying, you will board the warranty, and unless you're a pro with a soldering iron, you're not getting it back in. Sorry, Ben. So this is the head unit. This is the front of it. It's got, again, the 40 gig, paid-a-hard drive. This would happen to be a Hitachi Endura Star. That doesn't necessarily mean that you'll have a Hitachi if you were to get one out or if you were to buy the car. I think they just kind of use whatever they have in batches. This is going to contain, because it's generation one, navigation data, track data, breadcrumbs, saved locations, previous destinations, and all your music files, which as we know could be stagged files. So acquiring the head unit. So I'm going to go over a couple of techniques that will probably work. Hint, hint, hint. Drake. Just kidding. All right. So this is, we remove the head unit. That's kind of what it looked like. There's also a picture that Ben wouldn't let me use of Ben, like standing there, like with almost a heart attack on his face that I ripped his car apart. And that's the back. You can kind of see on the second one where the hard drive was. You just pull it out. It's really easy to get the hard drive. Although I got to tell you, when you take the car apart, it's a lot easier to take apart again than it is to put back together. So any of you who are forensic analysts, you see this, you see that the drive is connected to a right blocker and I've got it into some forensic tool. Yeah, that's not going to work. Now, why is that not going to work? Because Ford is really concerned with digital rights management and protecting music being imported to the hard drive. So they've implemented this TPM lock style protection where the hard drive is essentially looking for a serial number on a module in the head unit, so in the chassis. So without that, it's locked and it's really difficult to get around that. But it is doable. So, for example, if the hard drive gets corrupt or breaks, Ford's just going to replace the entire chassis. They're not going to get stuff off your hard drive. They're not going to fix it for you. They're just going to give you a whole new head unit with a new drive. So you can't take this hard drive and put it in another unit and have it work. It just won't, well, without some manipulation. So ways to get around this. Clarion maintains a master password that will help you unlock this device. If you can get to Clarion and you're nice to them and not necessarily lie, but tell them what you're interested in doing, they might give you that master password. Just saying. But if you're not nice, what you've got to do is you've got to find a way to get around the TPM style lock. And how do you do that the easiest way? You just keep the car running. You keep power to the vehicle and then it's not going to be an issue. So there's a hardware component that is in creation that what it does is it connects the head unit, the hard drive, and the laptop. So you can actually image this device. You can see in that map, it's a middleware component that keeps power to the car. So the car is still going. So you can just image it like you would normally image a drive. And that's probably the easiest way to do it. Now, my favorite way to do this, and you might want to look at these pictures because they're interesting. Hint, hint. Maybe. Why do you say that? Yeah. Where's it from? Enterprise. You have no idea how hard it is to go to Enterprise and actually request a specific car. They don't do it. I mean, it took a lot of social engineering to just be nice and friendly and say, you know, I really am trying to buy this car, but I want to test it first, you know. And the woman was so nice. She kept the car for me, hid the key in the fridge so no one else would get that car. It was nice. I appreciated that. I actually thanked her in the beginning. So this is a way that actually is probably going, might be your easiest bet. This is exploiting the update process. So you go to the Ford website, you update the latest file, and you put it on your USB stick, and then you stick it in the car, and you go through this update process that you can see that we're doing right here. And it's a cab file. Now, if you were to able, if you were able to get some code into this cab file and still make it readable as a cab file, you would be able to put software on the device that would allow you to exfil a drive through Bluetooth or through the wireless. So I don't want to call it malware because it's not necessarily malware because the purpose of it is different. It's malware, whatever. Whatever, you know what? Sorry, DoD, it's malware. You can exploit this update process, customize this cab file, put your malware on there that will then allow you to exploit the Bluetooth and use it to image your file. And that way you're getting around the TPM log. Now this way is kind of cool too. There's a guy in Florida, kind of a bit of a hermit, ecoastal.com, and what he's done is he's created some hardware that you put on the back. He puts the system into a canned diagnostic mode and what he does is he flashes the radio with predefined options. So again, you could use this method, you could flash the radio with these predefined options and some of those options you put on are again malware that allow you to access the car. And I'm saying this because this is what a forensic analyst would do, but keep in mind that these are also things that someone with not so good intentions could do as well. So they could put stuff so they could constantly get access to your car. Would it be possible to flash the radio files on the hard drive itself to remove the check consider number? I don't know, we haven't tried that. It could be something worth trying. So the second generation is going to be a little bit different. It's going to be a single integrated component. So the Microsoft sync chip is going to be in the head unit. And they're getting away from the Clarion VX works and the operating system for the nav unit and for the chip is going to be Microsoft Office and again, Windows CE based. So again, exploits that we're going to work against Windows CE might work against this as well. They're moving away from having a hard drive. They're moving toward having all of their storage be an external USB drive or an SD card. And the SD card has software lock protection on it. I haven't been able to get one yet, but I'm going to get one and play around with that. How come no one's drinking? I just said, oh, come on. So they have a full suite of wireless products. You can turn your car into a wireless hotspot. You can connect to any wireless network that you want. Again, that information is going to be stored in the chip. So that's information that you can get access to as well. Yeah, drink. How come no one's drinking? Someone drink. I saw you drink, all right. All right, so this is the second generation 2012 Ford Explorer with the second generation system. And I thought that I was being a master social engineer here. I thought I was being so smart. So we dress up. We go to the Ford dealer and I started asking him all kinds of questions, pretending like I'm going to buy the car, and ask if I can take pictures of stuff so that I could show you guys what's going to be there. And I should have known that the true social engineer masters are car salesmen, because if my husband hadn't been there with me, I would have walked out with that car and an $800 car payment because my car is still in release. Yeah, I hate they're like, what can I do to get you in this car today? And I've got stars. I'm like, anything. Yeah, that was, but that car is really nice, really nice. So again, this includes the SD card in the center console. You can see it. This is the Ford Explorer 2012. Or is this the F-150 Explorer? It's got two USB ports. Oh, that's important to note too. The USB ports are not connected to the head unit, the hard drive. So you can stream stuff from it, but you can't use them as points of doing a forensic acquisition. And this is important to note too. The only way that you can get information onto the hard drive, the photos, currently is through the CD, but then again, using some of these methods that I spoke about are ways of cracking that so that you can get your music on there through Bluetooth, through wireless, if you put that piece of malware on there using those other methods. It is. Yeah, it is. Can you say that loud? It is. Ford has attempted to firewall it off. But, and I'm saying Ford is really leading this. They've really thought of a lot of things, but GM hasn't, Dodge hasn't. And as pretty much everyone in this audience knows, you can find ways to get around a firewall. But at least they're making an effort. So you can see on this SD card case, this contains the maps. It says on there, this card is right protected. It can't be used in any other system. So that just kind of shows you also it's software protected. But then I had my boy, like, there is no information about this stuff on the Internet. There just really isn't. So we had to do a lot of work. And Ford, Ford dealers know nothing about this because they ship out the systems to Claryon or to some other radio manufacturer. And they just bring it back. No one fixes them. They just go away through Ford dealer to a radio manufacturer to Claryon and to Ford, finally, Ford engineer. So there wasn't a lot of information out there. So anyway, so this is the plastic case that comes with it. It's your maps. I think you can see that when the card is not in, the navigation system will just not work. So you have no access to your nav data. And since this is an all-in-one component, you need that SD card in there. So I think one of these is SD card fault. You need to insert it. And then the other one says it's now enabled so it can work. This is kind of an OK picture. I mean, the guy was, like, standing over me, like telling me all the options on the car. So I'm, like, sitting here drooling while Matt's, like, trying to lean over me to, like, take photos. So this is just showing you what it looks like, the second generation. The wireless and internet is what I was most interested in. So you see you've got your Wi-Fi settings, USB mobile broadband, Bluetooth, and then the prioritized connection methods. So you have a lot of options here. Oh, it even has a nice little map that kind of shows you what you can do, too. And then here, this is just to show you the wireless options. You can go to Starbucks and get on their network. And I don't know. I mean, I guess this really means you could really, really do war driving because you're in your car. Hey, I think I'm funny. So, again, I haven't done a ton with the wireless, but I will tell you that most of the wireless hacks that you've seen at this conference that you know about, that you've researched about, they're going to work here. So, again, what my concern is is I saw this CSI episode, which is the way they did it wasn't accurate, but what they said kind of was that they had a hacker who wirelessly got into a car and he was able to make the car drive to some location that a guy ended up getting murdered at, or something crazy like that. But there are ways to get in wirelessly to the car and eventually control the car, as these young gentlemen will probably be talking about later today at three. So just kind of be thinking about that. So what's the future? So future integration, one thing that I'm kind of interested and I'm sure is going to happen is what I had mentioned before, using your car itself as a virus, whether you send the virus out over wireless Bluetooth or this new IntelliDrive that I'm going to show you or various other methods. I mean, it's kind of cool, but it's kind of scary, too. I mean, you could set up some kind of hotspot and have someone drive by and their car just shuts down. And using the car as a communication channel, say I had something that I had to talk to Matt about and I didn't want for Zane to be able to read it. So I used my car and his car and we communicate on a protocol that Zane might not be looking for. And obviously that's not something you'd really use it for. You broaden your mind, like think about it in covert channels, ways that you need to hide your data. So I'm going to show you this video because it's damn cool. And this is showing you the future of this IntelliDrive. And while you're watching it, think about the possibilities and the potentials for this technology, using it as a communication device, surveillance, sending out viruses, or just saving lives, which is what it was meant to do. Back now at 745 with remarkable new technology designed to keep you safer behind the wheel. CMDC's Phil LeBeau is at RFK Stadium in Washington, DC with an exclusive first look at something that could prevent thousands of potentially deadly collisions. Good morning to you, Phil. Good morning, Meredith. Imagine your car could talk to any other car truck on the road and warn you if you were about to crash into each other. It's called IntelliDrive and it may sound like something out of the Jetsons, but it's closer than you think to becoming reality. It happens every six seconds in the U.S. Car crashes, head-on side impact, or rear-end collisions. More than 5 million in 2009, killing almost 34,000 and injuring 2 million more. A group of major automakers, including Ford, GM, and Toyota, are developing a technology called IntelliDrive that will allow cars to communicate with each other and warn drivers when they're about to crash. We feel that the IntelliDrive program fully implemented can save up to 80% of traffic accidents for non-impaired drivers. Here's how it works. Using GPS transmitters and Wi-Fi, cars constantly send out signals with their location and speed. So a driver about to be broad-sided at an intersection would be warned to hit the brakes and avoid a collision. We wanted to be like a vigilante copilot that they have with them all the time. We tested the technology with engineers from Ford, first at a blind intersection. Looks like it's safe for me to go, so at this point I'm going to accelerate. Whoa! Not a good idea. And attempting to change lanes. With this system, it warns you if you're going to lane change into another car. So here's an example. Right there, the system warns me that in the lane right next to me, there was a car that I would have hit. With technology that helps prevent rollovers and drifting across lanes, cars are already doing some of the thinking for you. And Google is testing a car that does the driving for you. It's possible that someday cars will drive themselves like the space vehicles on the Jetsons. Hey! Looks like I'm opening up ahead! Until that day, Intellidrive will make a big impact on safety. I think this has huge potential, a huge potential to reduce crashes on our freeways. And save lives. And save lives, which is really the ultimate goal. So when might we see Intellidrive in all new cars and trucks? Well, maybe five or six years down the road. It'll take the federal government some time to make the rules and mandate everything for the automakers. But make no mistake, Meredith, talking cars are coming and it could save thousands of lives. Yeah, I love the idea. Phil Levo, thank you so much. Alright, thank you, Meredith. So you can see where that's going and I hope that your gears are turning. We're probably going to be presenting this at the DoD Cyber Crime Conference. Maybe I might submit for Shmucon, I don't know. But I think at those conferences we'll be able to release the tool that we were talking about through the update file that will actually enable you to get the Bluetooth back and hopefully demo it. If there's enough room to bring one of the cars in, I might try to do that too. Does anyone have any questions? Yeah, see this, will you say that louder? Oh, he wanted to know if you could go get one of the pineapples and use it against cars? The answer is yes. And any other questions? The operating system is on top of the chip. So there's firmware that's the chip manufacturer that's going to be in there, and there's also the Microsoft that does have the firmware on there. Yes? Yeah, not in the exact way, but yes, every car is affected. Hey, before you guys leave, wait, stop. Which one of you guys was the one who picked out that that was an enterprise car and gets to have Zach buy you a drink? Who was that? It was you? Oh, come on up to the front then. My time? Three minutes. Three minutes? All right, any other questions? All right, thank you. | {
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"text": [
" So what we're gonna do since you guys were so cool, we're gonna kind of turn this into a drinking game.",
" So Digi has brought some booze with him.",
" We're gonna kind of pass some of it out as much as we can.",
" Every time I say the word um, you have to drink.",
" And I say um a lot.",
" Do you want to just like pass them around?",
" But you can just, alcohol kills all the germs.",
" So whoever has it, you just keep passing whoever has it.",
" When I say um, you have to drink.",
" This is your official invitation to Toast Musters.",
" Oh.",
" Thanks.",
" Actually I'll get with you later because I am interested in that.",
" So my name is Tyler Cohen.",
" This presentation is Look What My Car Can Do.",
" I want to give a special thanks to Ben Joel, Mark, Rob, Peter, Zach, Matt, Kate, Maddie, and Charles.",
" Some of these people know that they help me.",
" Some of these people do not.",
" So you'd be kind of surprised at how many people I asked if I could rip apart their cars and they said no.",
" Like it's for science, come on.",
" So we had to come up with creative ways to get access to these cars.",
" This car that I'm standing in front of is a Ford Fusion 2011.",
" And in one of the photographs, there's a little hint from where that car came from.",
" If any of you guys can see the hint, pick up on it and say where that car came from, Zach over here will buy you a beer.",
" So just call it out when you see it.",
" But it's in one of the photos.",
" Alright, so this is a disclaimer.",
" Yes, I work for the Department of Defense.",
" This presentation reflects my own views and not any of those of my employer.",
" Anything that I show in here or talk about potential things that you can do, I take no responsibility if you happen to avoid your warranties.",
" I also unfortunately had to tailor my presentation at the last minute.",
" I didn't want to get fired or sued by Ford.",
" So there are things that I'm not going to be able to say, but I can hint to them.",
" So I'm going to give you an overview, just a quick introduction.",
" We're going to talk about the technology, avenues of exploitation, resources, and then the future.",
" So also I am a, I've had about 10 years of experience doing digital forensics.",
" I've worked for the Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, IBM, NASA.",
" Everyone's like, what, you did forensics for NASA?",
" What were you like, going after people from Uranus or something?",
" Ah!",
" Sorry, I think that was funny.",
" It never gets old either.",
" So that's what this presentation is going to be geared toward.",
" It's going to be geared toward a forensic analyst and what they can get from these cars.",
" But also as a user, you have to understand that there's information that you're putting out there on these cars",
" that is giving away stuff about you.",
" So cars are not just for transportation anymore.",
" They are now becoming entertainment centers, communication hubs.",
" These vehicle systems now store and stream digital content, and they're used as communication mediums.",
" So it's not like the old days where your car was just your car.",
" This is now, you know, in today's world, people want to be connected to their social networks.",
" They want to be able to find everything.",
" They want access at their fingertips.",
" And they should. I do too.",
" So manufacturers are coming up with really innovative ways to market and sell vehicles.",
" Emphasis has been on technology, integration, and safety.",
" And Ford has been leading the way since 2007 with the inclusion of the Microsoft Sync system in its vehicles.",
" So I kind of look at Ford as what Apple did, how Apple reinvented the digital music players.",
" Ford is paving the way for cars.",
" So their systems are much more advanced than any of the other systems.",
" So what are the designers thinking when they're designing these cars?",
" Obviously they're concerned about safety.",
" But aside from safety, Ford is really, really, really concerned with digital rights management.",
" Now, since they're using the Microsoft OS, we know that it's Microsoft DRM technology.",
" Now, I bet you there's some of you in the audience who are experts at DRM vulnerabilities and cracking,",
" and know a bunch of research that applies to that.",
" But basically what I'm saying is that the Microsoft DRM is vulnerable in ways,",
" in any way that Microsoft DRM would be vulnerable, it's vulnerable in this capacity too,",
" because it's using the same technology.",
" Designers are also thinking about connectivity, user-to-user, and car-to-car ease of use.",
" You just want your stuff to work and reliability.",
" So what do I mean by connectivity?",
" Cars are really concerned with users connecting to their user stuff.",
" Your gadgets and their functions are being integrated into your driving experience.",
" So I want my content and I want it now.",
" I want all my music that's stored in the cloud, and I want to be able to access it wherever I am.",
" I want to be able to connect my phone and have it stream all of my information.",
" I want to be able to use voice-dialing.",
" I want it all just there.",
" I want it to be easy.",
" And then you also want to be connected to your user environment.",
" You want to have your social applications available to you, and you want your car to do it.",
" My car, why shouldn't it give me the cheapest price of gas?",
" Why shouldn't it tell me happy hour specials?",
" My brother Zach over here, he likes using social applications to look for hot chicks and dudes.",
" He puts it up, the augmented reality, and he can see how far away a hot chick is from him,",
" and he can chat with her, he can say, yeah, I'm going to check in, and I'm going to check in with you, and let's meet up.",
" Why can't your car do that for you?",
" Ease of use, your stuff should just work.",
" I mean, most of us are pretty lazy.",
" We just want our stuff to work.",
" We buy it, we spend a lot of money.",
" There shouldn't be any issues.",
" The car companies are moving toward driving, not interfering with your social life, and things just working.",
" That means more automation, more integration, and more inner operability.",
" That's a tough word.",
" Exactly.",
" So what does that mean for us?",
" Well, the more automation, that means the more vulnerabilities and more vectors of attack.",
" So these are things that I want us to just kind of be keeping in our minds.",
" Reliability, again, things should just work.",
" There have been some complaints with the Ford systems that I've been reading on the forums,",
" and then from people who actually have these cars.",
" There's complaints that the car entertainment system reboots while driving, which is kind of a problem.",
" It's a mic yourself, for what I've been trying to say.",
" Actually, not all of it, as you're going to see in a second. Not all of it is.",
" Changing songs shouldn't take 15 seconds, and stored data should be accurate.",
" I know that you guys are all familiar with that story.",
" I don't know if it's a true story or not, but woman was using her GPS data,",
" and it essentially told her to drive off a cliff, so she did, and she died.",
" I don't know if that's true or not, but basically you want your data to be accurate,",
" so stuff like that doesn't happen.",
" Alright, so what are users thinking?",
" They're thinking we want safety, again, ease of use, and connectivity.",
" Something that they should be thinking about is confidentiality of their data.",
" There's a lot of data that I'm going to show you is actually stored on these devices.",
" They need to be thinking of a friend could come into their car and get their data",
" if they have devices set up for that.",
" These devices have remote access now, they have wireless on them, there's Bluetooth,",
" or a forensic analyst could come and take and get your data.",
" So they really need to be cognizant of what's being put on there.",
" So, you know, if there's photographs or things on there that you don't want to be found,",
" just don't put them on there.",
" I mean, simple as that.",
" What are hackers thinking?",
" Well, what do hackers do?",
" They make something do what it's not meant to do.",
" So some things that have actually happened, some things that are going to be happening",
" probably in the future, controlling the car remotely.",
" So using the wireless, the communication system is connected, and that's been proven,",
" I believe, at this conference, and then there was a study, a school study,",
" where they've dealt with attire pressure.",
" It's been proven that these communication systems are connected to the car's onboard computer.",
" So it is very possible to get a piece of malware, get it in through the communication system on the car,",
" and then control the car.",
" You can stop it, start it, really whatever you want to do.",
" So hackers, good hackers, black, white hackers, they're both thinking about protecting or stealing personal data.",
" So again, there's a lot of data that you have on this device.",
" You really have to think of these devices like a computer.",
" Anything you wouldn't want to put on your computer, you don't want to put on your car.",
" Side channel comms.",
" These cars can be used as communication devices when speaking to other cars.",
" And I'm going to show you at the end of this presentation, the IntelliDrive,",
" which is coming out in about five years.",
" And cars are broadcasting, Wi-Fi coordinates, and essentially you can use this for communication.",
" You can use the Bluetooth for communication.",
" You can use the wireless for communication.",
" And you can do these in such a way that your traffic is not necessarily going to be intercepted.",
" And I'll let you guys kind of ponder that one.",
" Use these cars as peer-to-peer devices.",
" Share your music, share your content.",
" Surveillance.",
" I can get something in the car so that I can monitor the car.",
" I can see where it's been.",
" There's...",
" So that's surveillance, or again, just using it like Zach's going to do to just find hot chicks.",
" It can also be used these vehicles for propagating viruses and malware.",
" So my vehicle, get it vehicle for propagation because it's a vehicle.",
" So you can use this car, and this car can actually be a virus that is infecting other cars as I drive past it.",
" These are just potential things for the future, but not that far off in the future.",
" And then forensics, which is where I kind of come into this, and that's where the rest of this presentation is going to kind of go.",
" If anyone has any questions, please just jump in.",
" So what is stored? What are stored on these devices?",
" Now, these systems can store navigation data where you've been, where you're going.",
" It can save track data, save locations, previous destinations, which is a good thing too.",
" Because you kind of have to find that mix between privacy and then usability.",
" I personally like it saving my data because then that way I don't have to type it in, because I never remember addresses and it's just already there.",
" Phone-related information, when you pair your phone up, it's going to save the Bluetooth Mac ID, pretty much most of the information on the phone.",
" Your contacts, call logs, SMS messages, call history, save numbers, that's going to be maintained.",
" So if you rent a car from like enterprise Hertz or whatever and you pair up your phone, just make sure you delete the profile.",
" It's not going to be completely gone, but at least it'll make it a lot harder for someone to get your data.",
" Music files, image files, the Ford Sync Generation 1, you can put 32 photos on the car.",
" User voice profiles, information about the car, potentially this is a kind of now, kind of in the future.",
" Stats on how am I driving, do I speed, all that kind of good stuff.",
" Previously connected USB devices, wireless access points where you've been with the wireless, and then in the future like I said the driving habits.",
" And if anyone can think of more that I missed out, just let me know after, because there's a ton of data that's contained in those cars.",
" Okay, so as a forensic examiner, why would I care about photos or songs?",
" Well, these photos, oh sorry, by the way Zach, I rated your music collection, you don't mind that I barge your AESA base, do you?",
" Alright, so you think that that's just a MP3 file of AESA base? It's not.",
" It's a stag with Zach's ways to pick up hot chicks. Just a regular photograph, by the way, is that the cutest dog you've ever seen in the world?",
" Yeah, he is. Like his little mohawk, maybe. So that's a stag photo as well.",
" Or child porn images, malware, really anything that you want to hide in there, because if you upload any one of these files, whether it's stagged or you've manipulated it, as long as the head or foot are going to match, the car's going to accept it in.",
" So you can use it as storage.",
" Alright, so these are two pictures of vehicles. They're embedded fully integrated systems with the vehicles.",
" There's two different styles that I'm showing you right now in the first generation.",
" The first is a Ford Fusion 2011 without the navigation system.",
" So you can see it's just kind of got the little teeny faceplate on the radio.",
" And then you've got the full navigation system. Now, the navigation system gives you the ability to store data.",
" Without the navigation system, the only way you have the ability to store data is on the Flash Ron chip in the Sync module, which I'm going to get to a little bit later.",
" But that's kind of what they look like. That's, I think, a Ford Edge 2011.",
" Excuse me? Yes.",
" Oh, no, no, no, no, no. It's much more subtle and it's later in the presentation.",
" But you know this free beer means you have to sit and talk with Zach for a while, but maybe he'll go over his rules of finding hot chicks.",
" So the first generation, Ford started doing this in 2007 and the first generation is to 2011-ish, maybe 2012-ish, because some cars still have this.",
" Some cars are moving on to the second generation. Now, there are two separate components. Yes.",
" This brings the question, is there a movement for the future to put the SD cards in the machines and have all the forces be able to come up, pop out your car, pop it in and it will read your second. Here's your $2,000 ticket.",
" That's, there is that potential, but that's coming up in the end of the presentation. That's Gen 2. So this is still the Gen 1.",
" So it has separate components on the head unit. So you have a, well, I'll get deeper into that.",
" It's got storage. It's got a hard drive in it. The second generation, some of the 2011's already have it, but it's really going to be the 2012's and 13's and up.",
" It's a single integrated unit. So the sync module and the NAV system are all going to be in one. And the storage, some of them will still have hard drives, but they're moving away from hard drives as storage.",
" They're going to have a SD card that has a software lock on it and external USB storage and streaming for your data. So they're moving away from them having the integrated mass storage.",
" Both of these generations are updatable through USB, which is going to be important later.",
" All right, so the first generation, which is what you probably see on the road right now. The sync module, the operating system is Microsoft Automotive and it's a Windows CE based operating system.",
" Data is stored in this module, this chip, which I'm going to show you a picture of later. You can get all the phone-related information, music indexes, user voice profiles.",
" And then there's a couple of other little stuff that's going to be in there too that could be relevant or might not be relevant too, but it's stored in this NAN flash chip.",
" The head unit, which is the nav system, it's got the operating system, it's Clarion VX Works.",
" And the way that we first found out that there were two different operating systems on the nav and on the sync module, we took the sync module out of the car and the navigation system still worked.",
" And we're like, huh, so that was a hint for us that there were two different operating systems. It's got a 40 gigabyte Peta hard drive with a TPM style protection on it.",
" Data stored, you can get music files, photos, navigation data. So this is the inside of the sync module.",
" You can see where the little arrow is pointing. That's the Samsung NAN flash.",
" Now, when you open these up, it doesn't mean that in every car you're going to have a Samsung NAN flash.",
" It could be a different manufacturer. It just kind of depends on where that car was built.",
" But it's going to be in roughly the same place and it's going to work the same way.",
" So again, this is going to contain the Microsoft operating system, previously paired Bluetooth information, contacts, call logs, SMS messages, phone history, save numbers.",
" So it is of relevance if you're a forensic examiner. If you're trying to hide the data, it's also of relevance because you don't want it to be accessed.",
" So you want to again delete the profile or wipe it or whatever.",
" Now, I don't know how many of you guys have done a lot of work with doing forensics on NAN flash, but it's not fun.",
" So what you have to do is there's a few ways you can do it. As you saw, there's a spare USB port on this device that you could try to acquire the NAN flash from.",
" We actually didn't do that, so I don't know. There's also the JTAG ports right over here, kind of at the bottom. You can see them.",
" We also didn't do that. What we did was we, not what we did, because we didn't do anything necessarily remember, hint, hint.",
" But what could be done is you could take the chip, you could remove it, put it in this flash pack device, stick it in one of the sockets that it fits,",
" and what's going to happen is it's going to spit out a binary file. And for those of you who have done any forensics on the NAN flash, it's kind of a pain.",
" Because the way that it works is you have the ware leveling, which is going to be different for each chip manufacturer, but you can still figure it out.",
" So for this one, you have every sector on the flash can be written over only 10,000 times. So what's going to happen is you're not going to have consecutive sectors.",
" And there's going to be, I've always forgotten, if it's a 4K chunk or if it's a 16K chunk, that has a numbering sequence.",
" So it's numbered a chunk right in front of each sector that tells you where that sector goes.",
" So what you have to do is you have to get this binary file out of this thing, and you have to manually remove those chunks that tell you the number of where each chunk is,",
" reorder them, and then you can pop it into any forensic tool. It'll just be a regular raw DD image file.",
" So that's how you have to do it. Maybe it sounds complicated to you, maybe for some of you it doesn't, but it's really not that difficult.",
" It sounds a lot worse than it is, so it is doable.",
" So removing the sync module, I had a lot of other pictures. I mean, we just tore these cars apart.",
" And this one actually I got permission, my good friend Ben, who I wish he was here, when I asked him if I could tear apart his car,",
" he not only said, yeah, of course, he said I'll help you. So he did.",
" And this is a Ford Edge 2010. The Ford sync module is located behind the center console. Really easy to get to.",
" It's just held in place with clips, and then there's four screws, and you just remove it.",
" And then you take the faceplate off, and then you have access to what I saw.",
" Oh, one thing quickly, with this, when you pop out the chip to do the analysis on it, you're probably not going to get it back in.",
" Just saying, you will board the warranty, and unless you're a pro with a soldering iron, you're not getting it back in.",
" Sorry, Ben. So this is the head unit. This is the front of it. It's got, again, the 40 gig, paid-a-hard drive.",
" This would happen to be a Hitachi Endura Star. That doesn't necessarily mean that you'll have a Hitachi if you were to get one out",
" or if you were to buy the car. I think they just kind of use whatever they have in batches.",
" This is going to contain, because it's generation one, navigation data, track data, breadcrumbs, saved locations, previous destinations,",
" and all your music files, which as we know could be stagged files.",
" So acquiring the head unit. So I'm going to go over a couple of techniques that will probably work.",
" Hint, hint, hint. Drake. Just kidding. All right. So this is, we remove the head unit. That's kind of what it looked like.",
" There's also a picture that Ben wouldn't let me use of Ben, like standing there, like with almost a heart attack on his face",
" that I ripped his car apart. And that's the back. You can kind of see on the second one where the hard drive was.",
" You just pull it out. It's really easy to get the hard drive. Although I got to tell you, when you take the car apart,",
" it's a lot easier to take apart again than it is to put back together.",
" So any of you who are forensic analysts, you see this, you see that the drive is connected to a right blocker",
" and I've got it into some forensic tool. Yeah, that's not going to work. Now, why is that not going to work?",
" Because Ford is really concerned with digital rights management and protecting music being imported to the hard drive.",
" So they've implemented this TPM lock style protection where the hard drive is essentially looking for a serial number on a module",
" in the head unit, so in the chassis. So without that, it's locked and it's really difficult to get around that.",
" But it is doable. So, for example, if the hard drive gets corrupt or breaks, Ford's just going to replace the entire chassis.",
" They're not going to get stuff off your hard drive. They're not going to fix it for you.",
" They're just going to give you a whole new head unit with a new drive.",
" So you can't take this hard drive and put it in another unit and have it work.",
" It just won't, well, without some manipulation.",
" So ways to get around this. Clarion maintains a master password that will help you unlock this device.",
" If you can get to Clarion and you're nice to them and not necessarily lie, but tell them what you're interested in doing,",
" they might give you that master password. Just saying.",
" But if you're not nice, what you've got to do is you've got to find a way to get around the TPM style lock.",
" And how do you do that the easiest way? You just keep the car running.",
" You keep power to the vehicle and then it's not going to be an issue.",
" So there's a hardware component that is in creation that what it does is it connects the head unit, the hard drive, and the laptop.",
" So you can actually image this device. You can see in that map, it's a middleware component that keeps power to the car.",
" So the car is still going. So you can just image it like you would normally image a drive.",
" And that's probably the easiest way to do it.",
" Now, my favorite way to do this, and you might want to look at these pictures because they're interesting.",
" Hint, hint.",
" Maybe. Why do you say that?",
" Yeah. Where's it from? Enterprise.",
" You have no idea how hard it is to go to Enterprise and actually request a specific car.",
" They don't do it. I mean, it took a lot of social engineering to just be nice and friendly and say,",
" you know, I really am trying to buy this car, but I want to test it first, you know.",
" And the woman was so nice. She kept the car for me, hid the key in the fridge so no one else would get that car.",
" It was nice. I appreciated that. I actually thanked her in the beginning.",
" So this is a way that actually is probably going, might be your easiest bet.",
" This is exploiting the update process.",
" So you go to the Ford website, you update the latest file, and you put it on your USB stick,",
" and then you stick it in the car, and you go through this update process that you can see that we're doing right here.",
" And it's a cab file. Now, if you were to able, if you were able to get some code into this cab file",
" and still make it readable as a cab file, you would be able to put software on the device that would allow you to",
" exfil a drive through Bluetooth or through the wireless.",
" So I don't want to call it malware because it's not necessarily malware because the purpose of it is different.",
" It's malware, whatever. Whatever, you know what? Sorry, DoD, it's malware.",
" You can exploit this update process, customize this cab file, put your malware on there that will then allow you to",
" exploit the Bluetooth and use it to image your file. And that way you're getting around the TPM log.",
" Now this way is kind of cool too. There's a guy in Florida, kind of a bit of a hermit, ecoastal.com,",
" and what he's done is he's created some hardware that you put on the back.",
" He puts the system into a canned diagnostic mode and what he does is he flashes the radio with predefined options.",
" So again, you could use this method, you could flash the radio with these predefined options and some of those options",
" you put on are again malware that allow you to access the car.",
" And I'm saying this because this is what a forensic analyst would do, but keep in mind that these are also things",
" that someone with not so good intentions could do as well.",
" So they could put stuff so they could constantly get access to your car.",
" Would it be possible to flash the radio files on the hard drive itself to remove the check consider number?",
" I don't know, we haven't tried that. It could be something worth trying.",
" So the second generation is going to be a little bit different.",
" It's going to be a single integrated component.",
" So the Microsoft sync chip is going to be in the head unit.",
" And they're getting away from the Clarion VX works and the operating system for the nav unit and for the chip",
" is going to be Microsoft Office and again, Windows CE based.",
" So again, exploits that we're going to work against Windows CE might work against this as well.",
" They're moving away from having a hard drive.",
" They're moving toward having all of their storage be an external USB drive or an SD card.",
" And the SD card has software lock protection on it.",
" I haven't been able to get one yet, but I'm going to get one and play around with that.",
" How come no one's drinking? I just said, oh, come on.",
" So they have a full suite of wireless products.",
" You can turn your car into a wireless hotspot.",
" You can connect to any wireless network that you want.",
" Again, that information is going to be stored in the chip.",
" So that's information that you can get access to as well.",
" Yeah, drink. How come no one's drinking? Someone drink.",
" I saw you drink, all right.",
" All right, so this is the second generation 2012 Ford Explorer with the second generation system.",
" And I thought that I was being a master social engineer here.",
" I thought I was being so smart.",
" So we dress up.",
" We go to the Ford dealer and I started asking him all kinds of questions,",
" pretending like I'm going to buy the car, and ask if I can take pictures of stuff",
" so that I could show you guys what's going to be there.",
" And I should have known that the true social engineer masters are car salesmen,",
" because if my husband hadn't been there with me, I would have walked out with that car",
" and an $800 car payment because my car is still in release.",
" Yeah, I hate they're like, what can I do to get you in this car today?",
" And I've got stars. I'm like, anything.",
" Yeah, that was, but that car is really nice, really nice.",
" So again, this includes the SD card in the center console.",
" You can see it. This is the Ford Explorer 2012.",
" Or is this the F-150 Explorer?",
" It's got two USB ports. Oh, that's important to note too.",
" The USB ports are not connected to the head unit, the hard drive.",
" So you can stream stuff from it, but you can't use them as points of doing a forensic acquisition.",
" And this is important to note too.",
" The only way that you can get information onto the hard drive, the photos,",
" currently is through the CD, but then again, using some of these methods that I spoke about",
" are ways of cracking that so that you can get your music on there through Bluetooth,",
" through wireless, if you put that piece of malware on there using those other methods.",
" It is. Yeah, it is.",
" Can you say that loud?",
" It is. Ford has attempted to firewall it off.",
" But, and I'm saying Ford is really leading this.",
" They've really thought of a lot of things, but GM hasn't, Dodge hasn't.",
" And as pretty much everyone in this audience knows, you can find ways to get around a firewall.",
" But at least they're making an effort.",
" So you can see on this SD card case, this contains the maps.",
" It says on there, this card is right protected.",
" It can't be used in any other system.",
" So that just kind of shows you also it's software protected.",
" But then I had my boy, like, there is no information about this stuff on the Internet.",
" There just really isn't.",
" So we had to do a lot of work.",
" And Ford, Ford dealers know nothing about this because they ship out the systems to",
" Claryon or to some other radio manufacturer.",
" And they just bring it back.",
" No one fixes them.",
" They just go away through Ford dealer to a radio manufacturer to Claryon and to Ford,",
" finally, Ford engineer.",
" So there wasn't a lot of information out there.",
" So anyway, so this is the plastic case that comes with it.",
" It's your maps.",
" I think you can see that when the card is not in, the navigation system will just not work.",
" So you have no access to your nav data.",
" And since this is an all-in-one component, you need that SD card in there.",
" So I think one of these is SD card fault.",
" You need to insert it.",
" And then the other one says it's now enabled so it can work.",
" This is kind of an OK picture.",
" I mean, the guy was, like, standing over me, like telling me all the options on the car.",
" So I'm, like, sitting here drooling while Matt's, like, trying to lean over me to, like, take photos.",
" So this is just showing you what it looks like, the second generation.",
" The wireless and internet is what I was most interested in.",
" So you see you've got your Wi-Fi settings, USB mobile broadband, Bluetooth,",
" and then the prioritized connection methods.",
" So you have a lot of options here.",
" Oh, it even has a nice little map that kind of shows you what you can do, too.",
" And then here, this is just to show you the wireless options.",
" You can go to Starbucks and get on their network.",
" And I don't know.",
" I mean, I guess this really means you could really, really do war driving because you're in your car.",
" Hey, I think I'm funny.",
" So, again, I haven't done a ton with the wireless, but I will tell you that most of the wireless hacks",
" that you've seen at this conference that you know about, that you've researched about, they're going to work here.",
" So, again, what my concern is is I saw this CSI episode, which is the way they did it wasn't accurate,",
" but what they said kind of was that they had a hacker who wirelessly got into a car",
" and he was able to make the car drive to some location that a guy ended up getting murdered at,",
" or something crazy like that.",
" But there are ways to get in wirelessly to the car and eventually control the car,",
" as these young gentlemen will probably be talking about later today at three.",
" So just kind of be thinking about that.",
" So what's the future?",
" So future integration, one thing that I'm kind of interested and I'm sure is going to happen is what I had mentioned before,",
" using your car itself as a virus, whether you send the virus out over wireless Bluetooth",
" or this new IntelliDrive that I'm going to show you or various other methods.",
" I mean, it's kind of cool, but it's kind of scary, too.",
" I mean, you could set up some kind of hotspot and have someone drive by and their car just shuts down.",
" And using the car as a communication channel, say I had something that I had to talk to Matt about",
" and I didn't want for Zane to be able to read it.",
" So I used my car and his car and we communicate on a protocol that Zane might not be looking for.",
" And obviously that's not something you'd really use it for.",
" You broaden your mind, like think about it in covert channels, ways that you need to hide your data.",
" So I'm going to show you this video because it's damn cool.",
" And this is showing you the future of this IntelliDrive.",
" And while you're watching it, think about the possibilities and the potentials for this technology,",
" using it as a communication device, surveillance, sending out viruses, or just saving lives, which is what it was meant to do.",
" Back now at 745 with remarkable new technology designed to keep you safer behind the wheel.",
" CMDC's Phil LeBeau is at RFK Stadium in Washington, DC with an exclusive first look at something that could prevent thousands of potentially deadly collisions.",
" Good morning to you, Phil.",
" Good morning, Meredith. Imagine your car could talk to any other car truck on the road and warn you if you were about to crash into each other.",
" It's called IntelliDrive and it may sound like something out of the Jetsons, but it's closer than you think to becoming reality.",
" It happens every six seconds in the U.S.",
" Car crashes, head-on side impact, or rear-end collisions.",
" More than 5 million in 2009, killing almost 34,000 and injuring 2 million more.",
" A group of major automakers, including Ford, GM, and Toyota, are developing a technology called IntelliDrive",
" that will allow cars to communicate with each other and warn drivers when they're about to crash.",
" We feel that the IntelliDrive program fully implemented can save up to 80% of traffic accidents for non-impaired drivers.",
" Here's how it works. Using GPS transmitters and Wi-Fi, cars constantly send out signals with their location and speed.",
" So a driver about to be broad-sided at an intersection would be warned to hit the brakes and avoid a collision.",
" We wanted to be like a vigilante copilot that they have with them all the time.",
" We tested the technology with engineers from Ford, first at a blind intersection.",
" Looks like it's safe for me to go, so at this point I'm going to accelerate.",
" Whoa! Not a good idea.",
" And attempting to change lanes.",
" With this system, it warns you if you're going to lane change into another car.",
" So here's an example.",
" Right there, the system warns me that in the lane right next to me, there was a car that I would have hit.",
" With technology that helps prevent rollovers and drifting across lanes, cars are already doing some of the thinking for you.",
" And Google is testing a car that does the driving for you.",
" It's possible that someday cars will drive themselves like the space vehicles on the Jetsons.",
" Hey! Looks like I'm opening up ahead!",
" Until that day, Intellidrive will make a big impact on safety.",
" I think this has huge potential, a huge potential to reduce crashes on our freeways.",
" And save lives.",
" And save lives, which is really the ultimate goal.",
" So when might we see Intellidrive in all new cars and trucks?",
" Well, maybe five or six years down the road.",
" It'll take the federal government some time to make the rules and mandate everything for the automakers.",
" But make no mistake, Meredith, talking cars are coming and it could save thousands of lives.",
" Yeah, I love the idea.",
" Phil Levo, thank you so much.",
" Alright, thank you, Meredith.",
" So you can see where that's going and I hope that your gears are turning.",
" We're probably going to be presenting this at the DoD Cyber Crime Conference.",
" Maybe I might submit for Shmucon, I don't know.",
" But I think at those conferences we'll be able to release the tool that we were talking about through the update file",
" that will actually enable you to get the Bluetooth back and hopefully demo it.",
" If there's enough room to bring one of the cars in, I might try to do that too.",
" Does anyone have any questions?",
" Yeah, see this, will you say that louder?",
" Oh, he wanted to know if you could go get one of the pineapples and use it against cars?",
" The answer is yes.",
" And any other questions?",
" The operating system is on top of the chip.",
" So there's firmware that's the chip manufacturer that's going to be in there,",
" and there's also the Microsoft that does have the firmware on there.",
" Yes?",
" Yeah, not in the exact way, but yes, every car is affected.",
" Hey, before you guys leave, wait, stop.",
" Which one of you guys was the one who picked out that that was an enterprise car",
" and gets to have Zach buy you a drink?",
" Who was that?",
" It was you?",
" Oh, come on up to the front then.",
" My time?",
" Three minutes.",
" Three minutes?",
" All right, any other questions?",
" All right, thank you."
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} | en |
10.5446/55669 (DOI) | 2/3 Disordered systems and random graphs | https://av.tib.eu/media/55669 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/defd2d14e2dae453062833f64235fcbcac2cedb6f416228c2796df6c33df94f708/202007021132-Coja-Oghlan.mp4 | CC Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0 International:
You are free to use, copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in unchanged form for any legal and non-commercial purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Mathematics
Physics | Lecture | 2020 | Coja-Oghlan, Amin | Perkins, Edwin (Organization)
Addario-Berry, Louigi (Organization)
Angel, Omer (Organization)
Hernandez-Torres, Sarai (Organization)
Hughes, Thomas (Organization)
Fribergh, Alexander (Moderation) | Besides being a classical research topic at the junction of combinatorics and probability with applications in several other disciplies, random graphs and their phase transitions have been attracting the interest of the statistical physics community. From a statistical physics viewpoint, random graphs can be viewed as disordered systems, real-world examples of which include glasses and spin glasses. Physicists have thus brought to bear techniques centered around the notion of "replica symmetry breaking", thereby putting forward a multitude of predictions. In this course we will learn about the present state of the art with respect to rigorising these predictions, and about the new mathematical tools developed over the recent years. Additionally, we will look at applications, particularly in the area of Bayesian inference. | Okay, so what I'm going to do today is I'm going to talk you more precisely, more or less talk you back to back through the physics intuition and the mathematical corroboration of the two-set result. So what we are going to look at is a random two-set formula like we talked about in the previous lecture. So we have n Boolean variables and clauses that look like this, propositional clauses that look like this. And so we are looking at a random two-set formula with a also dn on two number of clauses. So the average number of clauses in which a variable appears is just d. And what we would like to determine is the number of satisfying assignment that such a formula typically has to be more precise because that number scales exponentially. We would like to compute the limit as n goes to infinity of 1 on n, knock off number of satisfying assignments. And we saw last time that unfortunately something as simple as first and the second moment calculation go to the trick. So we need to dig a bit deeper. And this is where the physics intuition comes in. And in particular, the favorite toy of our very good friends from physics called belief propagation. We already saw that we can turn this random two-set problem into a graph. On the one side, we have the propositional Boolean variables. And on the other side, we have the clauses which are constraints that bind variables. And the colors of the edges between them indicate whether a variable appears in the clause positively or negatively. And we already spoke a little bit about the structure of this resulting random graph, namely, locally, this random graph resembles a Gordon Watson tree. And in particular, this graph doesn't contain a whole lot of short cycles. Locally it is tree-like. And the degrees are bounded. Obviously the degrees of the clauses are always precisely two. And the number of neighbors of a specific variable is approximately more so d. Now we already also spoke about the Boltzmann distribution, which unsurprisingly is the protagonist of this problem from the physics perspective. And that's just the uniform distribution on the set of satisfying assignments. And I'm going to write this built sigma for a sample from this Boltzmann distribution. Because a built sigma is just a uniformly random satisfying assignment of our formula. Now the main challenge in this problem is to actually get a handle on the Boltzmann distribution. And in particular, to understand the marginals of Boltzmann distribution, that is the probability that under a randomly chosen satisfying assignment, a specific variable is set to the value true. And the device that physicists came up with in order to get a grip on the Boltzmann distribution and its marginals is a message passing process called belief propagation. The messages in this case are associated with the edges of the graph. And more precisely for any pair of adjacent variables and clauses for any edge of the factor graph, there's two messages traveling across that edge. One message goes in the direction from the variable to the clause. And the other message is going to go in the reverse direction from the clause to the value. What's the combinatorial meaning of the message from a variable to a clause? Well, the combinatorial meaning is that this is going to be the marginal of that variable in the absence of this particular clause. So what would this variable do if I were to remove this clause from the formula? So the message is simply the probability that this variable here is set to plus one or to minus one if I remove this clause here from the graph. So in particular, it's a probability distribution on plus minus one on the two Boolean values. How about the message in the reverse direction from a clause to a variable? The idea is similar, but this time the message from A to X, from for example, A1 to X1, is simply going to be the marginal of this variable if I remove all the other clauses apart from A where X appears in. So in this specific case, the message from A1 to X1 would be the marginal of X1 if I remove A2. So in other words, this is effectively the influence of A1 on X1 if I forget everybody else. So this is essentially what A1 would like X to do if there was nobody else interfering. And the nice thing about these messages by comparison to plain old marginals is that we can actually write a system of self-consistent equations for them. So we can actually relate these messages to one another through a reasonably conceivable system of equations. And these are the so-called belief propagation equations. These equations essentially express our intuition that in this problem there's no long-range correlations. So the gist of it is no long-range correlations. There's short-range correlations only. And the short-range correlations can be expressed because of this particular structure that we introduced for the messages. And to be more precise, what these equations express is the following. So suppose I look at a variable X like this one here, and I want to calculate the message that X sends to some clause A that sits up here. Then I can hope that there's no correlations between these different influences that come to X from down below from these three branches down here. Why can I hope that? Well, I can hope that because my formula is locally tree-like. So it is very unlikely that these different branches down here will meet within a short period of time other than through X itself. So if I were to remove X from the graph, then there would be a large distance between these different clauses here and these different variables. So the only way they interact is presumably, unless there's long-range interactions, through this variable right up here. And so this notion, this idea of independence of these different branches is precisely what we can express in terms of messages. And this intuition, if you work it out a little bit, tells you that the message that X sends to A has a product structure. So it's essentially the product of the influences on X that result from these different branches down below. To be precise, because we want our messages to be probability distributions on plus or minus one, we have to do a normalization. And I didn't write the normalization. It's hidden in this proportional symbol here. And so like I said, these self-consistent equations that link the messages to each other essentially express the independence of these different branches. That's for the messages from X, from this variable up here to some other clause that's maybe somewhere up there. And we can write even simpler equations, even simpler recurrence relations for the clauses because each clause only has a single child. So for the clauses, it turns out that we can actually write the message in this particular simple form. Again, there's a normalization missing. And what this expresses is simply the probability that this variable here is going to satisfy the clause if I set the variable up here to some particular value sigma. So I don't expect you to fully grasp these equations in an instant. You can read up on them later if you care about it. But like I said, the gist of it is no long-range correlations means I can write down a recurrence relation that expresses short-range correlations. And so actually, coming back to the previous slide again, actually, if my formula would be completely acyclic, if there weren't any cycles in the graph at all, then a simple inductive argument tells you that these equations are actually 100% spot on. They are 100% accurate. And in fact, if you do a bit of induction, you find that on an acyclic formula, on an acyclic graph, you can even write a formula for the partition function purely in terms of these messages. And this formula for the partition function is something called the beta-free entropy in physics language. And so this formula is, like I said, 100% accurate if your formula happens to be acyclic. The graph doesn't contain any cycles at all. And again, I don't expect you to grasp this completely right here on the spot, but just bear with me. And this is something that you can work out essentially as an exercise if there's no cycles. Now like I said, locally, our formula is acyclic. Locally, it looks like a tree. There's few short cycles. And so we might hope that in the absence of long-range correlations, maybe we are in luck, and the same formula for the partition function like on a tree still applies in this scenario here. And this is what physicists would call the replicastometric answers. Now one drawback of this formula here is that, unfortunately, it speaks about the specific messages that visit along the edges of a specific two-sub formula. And so it seems that in order to calculate this monster here, you would actually have to first generate your formula and then maybe try and find the fixed point or the solution to these equations somehow and plug that into this slightly awe-inspiring formula here. And so obviously, that's not what we want. What we would like is we would like to be able to write a function that comes just in terms of the model parameters, in this case, just in terms of the average number of clauses that a variable appears in. And so our good friends from physics have a trick up their sleeves for this too. It is something called density evolution. And the big idea is to grossly simplify the belief propagation equations along the following lines. So suppose I forget about the identities of the edges of my graph. I don't care anymore which variable precisely is connected to which particular clause and so on and so forth. But what I do is I just take the messages, the belief propagation messages on my graph and I put them into one big back. And so mathematically, this back is of course called an empirical distribution. So pi phi is just the empirical distribution of all the messages from variables to clauses that actually travel along my random formula. Now given that locally the structure of the graph resembles a Gordon Watson tree, I can try and actually write down a fixed point equation not for individual messages one by one, but kind of statistically in distribution for all of this, I mean for this entire empirical distribution in one sweep. And so the intuition behind this would be that well, if I forget about the identities of the variables and clauses, then maybe I can do the following. A variable in my formula has Poisson d children. So I just generate a Poisson d variable. To be more precise, I generate two Poisson d on two variables, one representing the plus children, the children where my variable appears as a positive literal, and one representing the remaining minus children. And then I label under the hypothesis that these messages that come in from down here below, well, any old messages that travel along the edges of my factor graph, that is, I'm going to presume that these messages that come in from below are actually independent samples from this empirical distribution. So I'm going to presume that actually in some sense, what matters is only the structure of the graph, only the geometry, how the geometry is distributed and not so much precisely which variable talks to which particular clause. And so this is again something where this construction of messages comes in handy because the message from X to A only essentially cares about the structure that lies on the other side of X that doesn't involve A. So maybe because of this particular message construction, this is a sensible thing to write down. And so what I'm writing down is, well, the message up here is essentially what I get if I generate these Poisson variables and stick in samples from my empirical distribution down below here. And this means that I'm arriving at this simplified belief propagation version. That's something called the density evolution equation in physics. So this is kind of like the belief propagation equation with the numerator and the normalizing term. But this time instead of meticulously tracing the incoming messages, I just take independent samples from this empirical distribution up here. And what this equation expresses is essentially the self-consistency of belief propagation, namely that the distribution of the message that I get out when I perform this operation is precisely pi phi, is precisely the empirical distribution of messages that I stick in. So you may find this a bit adventurous. And in fact, that's how many of us felt when we first saw this. But if you, I mean, it will grow on you. It's not as outlandish as it might at first seem. And so the big plus of this is that we get one equation, I mean, one fixed point equation, admittedly a more complicated fixed point equation because now the objects that we are talking about in this equation are random variables. But we get one single equation whose only parameter is a number, namely d. And so while you're in this mindset, you can also write along similar lines a simplified version of the beta free entropy in terms of this empirical distribution and along similar lines like similar reasoning, you see that this complicated free line formula with the various different logarithms and sums and products and so on and so forth actually simplifies in terms of this empirical distribution and boils down to this one line formula here. But these mu i's are independent samples from the probability distribution and again these d plus and d minus are independent plus or d on two variables. And so this finally leads to the so-called replicasometric solution or mathematically speaking replicasometric prediction for the number of satisfying assignments first derived by Monasson and Zekina in 96. And so this prediction holds that there's precisely one probability distribution, there's precisely one distribution on the unit interval that satisfies this stochastic fixed point equation that satisfies this equation that if you draw independent samples mu i from pi d you will get a random and apply this formula you will get something out that is distributed as pi d. And the prediction is that log Z is actually in the limit as n goes to infinity given by the beta free entropy that you get if you plug independent samples from this fixed point distribution into the beta free entropy. So I mean again let me emphasize that this is quite a bit more complicated than what we would get from the plane first moment calculation. And so the big plus of this more elaborate prediction is that it takes into account precisely the short range effects that take place on this random two-sub formula and it labors under the assumption that there's no long range effects going. And what we are going to do next is we are going to turn this prediction into a rigorous theorem. So we are going to prove in fact that this stochastic fixed point equation has a unique solution and that if you draw a bunch of independent samples from this distribution, from this fixed point distribution you get the number of satisfying assignments out. Now we prove that, let me show you what the result looks like. On the right hand side here you see on the x-axis D which ranges between 0 and 2, remember that the satisfiability threshold occurs at D equals 2. So there's no satisfying assignments left once D is greater than 2. The red line that you see here is this function B of D from the previous slide. So the red line is precisely the beta free entropy applied to our wondrous unique fixed point distribution. This blue dotted line here is the formula that you would get from the first moment. You can see that the blue line and the red line are reasonably close together but remember this is on an exponential scale, on a logarithmic scale. So a small difference here actually translates into an exponential factor between the first moment and the actual number of satisfying assignments. And something that you can maybe not quite as easily see in this plot is that the blue dotted line and the red line are never identical for any positive D. So the first moment is always for any specific D an overestimate of the actual number of solutions. So another thing to observe is that like I said the satisfiability threshold occurs at D equals 2. At D equals 2 our beta free entropy still has a positive value. So write the moment before your formula becomes unsatisfiable, it still has an exponential number of satisfying assignments. So it falls right off a cliff at the satisfiability threshold. On the left here what you see is the CDF of this fixed point distribution that comes out of this equation here for various values of D. For D equals 1.2 up to 1.9 and what you can see is that this fixed point distribution is something that is rather non-trivial. So this is not something that this is not presumably the thing you would first guess. And the reason is that this probability distribution here captures precisely the possible or the statistics of the short range correlations in your random two-sub formula up to any finite correlation length. And so we obtained this result using a computer calculation using a numerical calculation. And it turns out that actually this equation here, this fixed point equation converges rapidly so you can get very good estimates using relatively little computational resources. Anyway, so this much about the physics prediction, let's now see how we can prove such a thing, how we can turn this prediction into a theory. And the proof strategy has four items. The first item is something that is called the contraction method. And this is a trick that we are going to use in order to prove that this density evolution equation possesses a unique solution, that there's a unique way of solving this distributional equation. The second stop is going to be spatial mixing. So we are going to actually prove that in this random two-sub problem, there's no long range correlations. And this part of the proof is the core of the matter. This is where the meat is and where we will have to work the most. The next step is a coupling argument known as the Eisenman-Sim star scheme. And here we are going to combine the results of the first two steps in order to prove that the beta-free, the beta formula, the beta-free entropy actually correctly gives the expectation of log z phi. Now in this problem because we are looking at zero temperature at hard constraints that all simultaneously have to be satisfied, we are going to have to follow this up by another argument known as the interpolation method that will allow us to prove concentration of log z. So I think it's a good idea to maybe take a break at this point before we launch into the proof, before we actually begin with the contraction method. So why don't we take five minutes off? That sounds good. So if you have any questions feel free to ask them in the chat and I think we'll restart at 2 p.m. Do you have access to the chat, I mean? Yeah, I'm working on it. Okay, I can just read it out. Would you briefly say the meaning of the expectation of a random probability measure in the last two lines of the two slides ago? This slide right here. So the expectation right here at the bottom in the beta-free entropy formula. Right. Okay, so what this means is, so this means the expectation over everything. So this probability distribution pi d here is actually not a random probability measure, but it's a fixed probability measure, namely the unique probability measure so that if you draw a sample from this measure, which is mu zero, that sample is distributed precisely like the number that you would obtain if you were to draw independent samples mu i, multiply them up to an independent Poisson d over 2 variable d plus and then normalize accordingly. Now this expectation, oops, this expectation down here is the expectation over everything. So you generate an infinite sequence of independent samples from this distribution. So these mu i's are an infinite family of samples from pi d and d plus and d minus are again independent samples from the Poisson d over 2 distribution. So you just plug in the numbers that you get and you average over everything. Any other questions? Yeah, it's looking good. I think you can go to the proof. I'm looking a little dark, but I can try to maybe switch. I'm writing up matters a little. So did I manage to completely lose everybody? I think it's good you had just had the one question. Good. I'm happy to rumble on if you want me to. Okay, so we will try to now carry out this program. Yeah, so that's, in principle, I should say a few words about how this strategy compares to some prior work, not all of which deals with the two sub-proc. But let me just, let's just cut to the chase. I mean, the main difference really is that here we are talking about hard constraints, so you want to count assignments that satisfy every single clause simultaneously. And so that's basically the main difference between this and, for example, work on the easing model on random graphs. So, like I said, the first step on the agenda is going to be the contraction method. So we want to show that there that this stochastic fixed point equation here. So, so just out of curiosity, it would be interesting to see how many of you have dealt with stochastic fixed point equations before. I don't know if there's a way of indicating that in the chat, but I will be curious about this. So if you if you know them from some other context, maybe drop a line in the chat. Anyway, so we want to show that this stochastic fixed point equation where these new eyes are independent random variables and also the D plus and D minus random variables that this stochastic fixed point equation possesses a unique solution. And so one thing that is a bit unpleasant about this equation, I mean, even though it's one of the more amenable specimens that you will encounter in the context of the cavity method, one thing that is a bit unpleasant about it is that we have this complicated sum product structure here in the denominator. And so one trick that is often useful to get rid of this kind of nasty denominators is to look at log likelihood ratios. So this means that instead of studying the new eyes themselves the messages themselves which are numbers between zero and one. And what we are going to do is we are going to look at these log likelihood ratios log new I on one minus mu I, and that's a positive or negative real number. And by going to new I on one minus mu I be immediately get rid of this denominator and we are left with a product of quotients. And so upon taking the log this product turns into a sum. And so a fixed point equation from the previous slide turns into a sudden into any equation about sums of independent random variables, namely that the random variable eta zero is distributed precisely as a sum of a personal number of independent summons and has two Rademacher variables si and si prime, and then okay admittedly this log and 10 which are an acquired taste, but at least we have some of independent things so that's maybe something that we can work with and this equation now is precisely equivalent up to this transformation to the equation that we had on the previous slide. Now what we are going to do is we are going to look at this equation here this fixed point problem here. And we are going to use some tools from analysis. In order to solve this fixed point equation. And in particular what we are going to do is we are going to turn the space of probability measures into a complete metric space so that we can apply the fixed point theorems about metric spaces that we know and love. And it turns out the right space to look in this example is the wastes steins space. And the wastes steins steins space w two of us defined as the space of all probability measures on the real line with a finite second moment. The metric on the space is this wastes stein metric delta two of row and row prime. And this metric is defined as follows. So you first take a coupling of these two probability measures so you take one random variable X that is distributed as row and another random variable X prime that is distributed as well prime. And now these two random variables need not be independent instead they are they live on is on the same probability space. And you try to align them as best as you can. So as to minimize the resulting distance. And the minimum possible L two distance that you can accomplish in such a way is the wastes stein distance of these two probability measures. It's a simple exercise to show that this turns the W two space into a complete separable space. And on the space therefore we have our favorite better fixed point theory, which says the following if you have a contraction from this complete metric space into itself. That is a map that that decreases distances so if you take if you put two probability distributions row and row prime in and apply your map. Then the resulting distance is going to be smaller than the distance that you had previously that you started from. If you have such a map that is a contraction, then this map possesses a unique fixed point. So that's going to be our tool in order to show that there's a unique solution to this stochastic fixed point equation. And we will apply this map to our recurrent to our fixed point equation for log likelihood ratios. And what we are going to show to show is that this map that takes a probability distribution row and maps it to the distribution of this beautiful random variable down here actually is a contraction on the W two space. So effectively, the uniqueness of the solution to this density evolution equation follows from the Anak fixed point theory. The proof of this fact the proof of this contraction fact is given on this slide. I'm not going to talk you through it. It's it's not rocket science. It's just, as you can see, one, two, three, four, five steps. Six, okay, six steps. And none of them is difficult about the most sophisticated tool that you use is the coaching Schwarz inequality. And at the end of this calculation, you're convinced that your map is a contraction so long as D is less than two. And in fact, it is. So in fact, we are assuming that D is less than two, because for the greater than two, there's no satisfying. Okay, so using the butter fixed point theory and this was a science space. We are now sure that there's only one single solution to our density evolution fixed point equation to this simplified version of belief propagation on the random form. Let's move on to step two step two is that we are going to show spatial mixing. We are going to show that there's no long range correlations in our formula. And as an application of this, we will prove this proposition displayed here. If you take any D less than two. And you look at the empirical distribution of your Boltzmann marginals on your random formula. So you look at the, so you take all the Boltzmann marginals and you put them into one big bag. And so that gives you a probability distribution, a discrete probability distribution with support up to end points. And we will prove that this distribution here converges in the limit as n goes to infinity to the unique solution of your density evolution equation. So this pi D is the unique solution to the stochastic fixed point equation that we just derived using the Banach fixed point theory. And what we prove is that as you make n bigger and bigger as you take the number of variables in your formula to infinity, the empirical distribution of the Boltzmann marginals actually converges to this magical fixed point distribution. Okay, like I said, the main step is going to be spatial mixing. The main step is going to be to prove that if I take two variables in my formula that are far apart from each other, then their joint distribution factorizes. The true value here doesn't tell me a whole lot about the true value over here. And in order to prove the spatial mixing property, it turns out that fortunately, we can exclusively work on tree formulas on two set formulas that don't contain any cycles. Specifically, we can exclusively work on the two set formulas that are described by this gold Watson tree that captures the local structure of my random formula. So we are going to look at a gold Watson tree that starts at a root variable x zero. Every variable in this tree spawns a porcelain D number of clauses as offspring. For each clause we choose with probability one half, whether the variable appears positively or negatively in that clause. And with every clause spawns obviously a single variable as its child, which again spawns for some D clauses and so on. And what we are going to do is we are going to look at this gold Watson tree and truncated after L after two L steps for some large number L. And we are going to investigate how the true value of the root correlates with the true values at the boundary of the tree at the variables at level to L. And yeah, so what we are going to show is a very strong spatial mixing property known as the Gibbs uniqueness property. So here is your tree, here is your tree expanded up to level to L and now the Gibbs uniqueness property provides the following. Suppose I put in any consistent boundary condition on this tree. So I write down specific true values, blue representing true I think and red representing false. Any collection of true values for the leaves or for the boundary of this tree that can be extended to a satisfying assignment of the entire tree. So there must be a way of actually satisfying all the clauses in such a way that the boundary variables get these particular true values. So suppose I take any, any reasonable any conceivable boundary condition and I plug it in down here. And now I asked myself, given this boundary condition. What is the distribution of the true value of the root. So subject to this boundary condition. Draw a random satisfying assignment of the tree. And inspect the distribution of the true value assigned to the root. So that's some distribution on the true values plus one minus one true and false. And now I would like you to compare this distribution that you get for particular boundary condition with the free boundary distribution with the distribution that you would get. If you wouldn't plug in any boundary condition at all if you leave the boundary free you just take a uniformly random uniformly random satisfying assignment of this entire tree formula and inspect the distribution of the true value of Excel. And what this gives you need this property says is that these two numbers these two marginals are close to each other and actually the distance goes to zero as I make the tree taller and taller. So for in the limit of large L in the limit of limit of large trees. You cannot influence the value of the route by plugging in any boundary condition that you like. You cannot nudge the root out of place with any possible boundary condition. It's simply not possible. Now observe that this is a property that purely speaks about trees, but because the local structure of my random to start formula is described precisely by this tree. This property directly translates to the random to start formula. It directly implies that if I take a variable x zero in my to start formula and carve out a large depth neighborhood around this formula I draw a circle of radius to L around this variable and now ask, what is the impact. If I write down specific true values on that on on level to L of this circle that that has a diminishing influence on x zero itself. And like I said this is simply because the local structure of the formula is described precisely by this tree here. And right so what we are going to show is that in fact in the random to start problem this gives you need this property always holds. So the strong spatial mixing property here is always satisfied. Now, the proof of this is really the core of the matter, and it's not a trivial argument so maybe your first step at this might be that you write down the recurrence that given the boundary condition actually gives you the root marginal. And in fact you can do that in fact you can write this down meticulously. And what you end up writing down this way is precisely belief propagation. So let's start and maybe try take derivatives. So if I change the boundary values, how much this that actually influenced the root. You could try and trace this by using calculus. And we tried that for quite a while but it doesn't work very well. So you simply hit the ball and you turns out you hit the ball at equals one more deepers to like we want to accomplish. And you can try as you could simply try and take a union bound over all the possible boundary conditions. But unfortunately there's quite a few of them. Maybe in a god Watson tree like this normally the boundary dominates everything. So the number of possible boundary conditions is rather enormous so that doesn't work either. What we did instead is or what you can try instead is maybe you can try and recurs and try and try and take recourse to a combinatorial construction. And I thought that in this problem you can actually construct an extremal boundary condition so you can construct a boundary condition that will maximize the probability for example that that the root gets set to plus one. How do you do that. Well, it turns out to be more complicated than in many other problems like for example the using model or the hardcore model. So in this case is you actually have to look at the tree itself in order to come up with this extremal boundary condition. Here's how it works. Suppose I want to nudge the root variable as much as possible towards plus one. So I want to maximize the probability that the root is assigned to plus one. How do I do that. Well, I first look at all the clauses where the root appears positively all the clauses where the root appears with a plus sign. And now these clauses have another child and I'm going to go to that other child. And I'm going to try and nudge it away from the value that will satisfy this clause as much as I can. So in order to nudge the root, I have to nudge its children. I have to tell them, try as much as you can to steer clear of the value that will satisfy this clause because if this clause is unsatisfied by the child, it will ask the root, can you please satisfy me. And that will encourage the root to take the value plus one. On the other hand, I can look at the minus one children of the root. And I don't want the root dragged into the minus one direction by this clause here. So I'm going to look at the child of that clause and I'm going to try and tell this child, well, you know what, whatever you can do to satisfy this clause, do it. Try and satisfy this clause as much as you can. So I'm going to try and nudge this guy here in the plus one direction, simply so that it tries to satisfy this clause and simply so that this clause doesn't drag plus one in the wrong direction, leads plus one up here, the straight. And so you can you can now iterate this process, you can now recurse the same process on these child variables. We have some particular direction in mind that we want to nudge them. So we are going to pass to their children at in turn and try and nudge them in some particular direction and so on, until we reach the boundary of the tree. And you can prove by an induction that this will actually work and this process will actually give you the boundary condition that maximizes the probability of plus one at the root. So now in the second step what we would like to do is we would like to take this particular boundary condition that be meticulously constructed in this top down fashion, and now calculate, given this extremal boundary condition, the probability that actually the root is going to be plus one. Now at first glance, this seems rather challenging because in the process of constructing the boundary condition, we actually had to expose the entire tree we actually had to walk down the tree top to bottom look at every sign in the tree all the children and all the clauses and so on, in order to reach the extremal boundary condition so it seems that at this point we are actually stuck. There's no randomness left that could aid us pass this boundary condition back up no. There's no stochastic process anymore but we are just facing a deterministic problem so at first glance this seems rather hopeless, but at second glance it turns out that actually it isn't. Actually, you can fold the top down process and the bottom up process into a single recursion into a single message passing equation. So we can solve these two problems in one sweep. And you can express these two two processes that go hand in hand by a modified version of the density evolution equation that encoded leaf propagation. And so, again, formulating this equation in log likelihood ratios we end up with this equation here. So, this again is stochastic fixed point equation and it again has the same form that we saw previously, namely that you have the sum of independent random variables. And the only difference between the previous equation that we had in this one here is that here we have the same sign as I occurring twice. So previously this was an independent random sign. Now these two signs are identical. And if you work for maybe half an hour or so you will see that this actually corresponds precisely to this construction of the extremal boundary condition. So all we have to do in other words is we have to show that this fixed point equation here has a unique solution. And that this unique solution is identical to the solution that we got from the plane density evolution equation that this one here was an independent sign independent of this other guy over here. And turns out that this is actually correct. And you can use the contraction method again just like we did before a slightly modified version of the same calculation is going to show you that this guy also has a unique fixed point and actually for symmetry reasons it turns out that you can easily check that pi d the solution of the old density evolution equation also is the unique solution to this fixed point equation here. So the consequence of this is that this nudging here, even though it gives you the extremal probability, it maximizes the probability that the root is going to be plus one. Still doesn't move you away from the distribution that you had previously so as a conclusion, we can derive the fact that this problem here in fact has the Gibbs uniqueness property. So if you make your tree taller and taller, there's no way to construct a boundary condition that will match the root marginal away from the free boundary condition. Okay, so one coronary one immediate application of this fact is this asymptotic independent statement here. So what is this saying, this is saying that if you take any K specific variables in your random formula, for example, the first K variables. Or more generally some you choose K variables in your formula at random and this is for any fixed K for example K is 500. And you look at the joint probability that these variables these Boolean variables are assigned specific values. Then this probability here is approximately equal to the product of the individual marginal probability so the true values assigned to a bunch of far away variables in your propositional formula is essentially a product distribution. How do we how do we see that well we take a large number L we draw a large radius L around each of our variables. If you choose either the first K variables in our formula or otherwise K random variables. It's unlikely that they have distance, less than L that there's a pair wise distance less than L. So, we can draw these circles around x one up to x K. We can actually not just fix the value of, let's say x one and x two, but we can, in order to study x three but we can actually fix the entire depth L boundary here. And it's not going to influence x three. So that's a stronger statement than saying I'm going to fix x one and x two specific values and look at the impact on x three. In fact, something stronger is true, even if I fix this entire ball of radius L. It's not going to influence x three. So this is an immediate consequence of the Gibbs uniqueness property. Okay, so now let's move on to the next item to wants to prove of the main theory, namely the Eisenman Sim star coupling argument. So here's, here's the core of the matter. What we are going to do is we are going to look at the change in that the change in the number of satisfying assignments. If we move from a formula with n variables and random formula with n variables to a random formula with n plus one variables. So how does the number of satisfying assignments change. If I make my system a bit bigger, if I add one more variable, and of course it's adjacent clauses to my random formula, how much is my number of satisfying assignments going to change. And what we are going to prove is that this change is given precisely by the beta free entropy precisely by this crazy expectation of log of some product and so on and so forth. And in fact, in the course of this we are going to see very precisely the combinatorial meaning of this beta free entropy formula. Now, one or two words about this. I put this maximum of partition function and one here to avoid that by accident, the small minority of unsatisfiable formulas formulas without any satisfying assignments, drag this expectation to minus infinity. So just to be sure just to be on the same side I put this maximum of one and set here. And another thing is how this is actually related to the original partition function to the log of set. Well, it's the following trick. And this is actually what I would probably call the Eisenmann Simstar trick or Eisenmann Simstar scheme if you like. So as an immediate implication of this proposition here we can derive a corollary that says that as n goes to infinity one on an expectation long set I mean never mind this max between one and set here that's just a technicality. So the limit as n goes to infinity one on an expectation long set is equal to beta free entropy. How do we see that. Now what we simply do is we write this out here this expectation. We write out as a telescoping some so we just write this expectation here as a difference of changes as we go from a system of size M to a system of size and plus one. Now these individual summons here according to our proposition or converge to be D or converge to the beta free entropy. So if I average them, the result is going to converge to the beta free entropy as well. So that's how I'm getting the corollary out of this proposition. So once we understand the change of our free energy upon increasing the system size by one, we can actually calculate expectation long set. Okay, so how does this Eisenmann Simstar scheme work. How do we pull off this. How do we prove the proposition up here. Well, we use a coupling argument. And so more precisely we are going to use this two way coupling. Starting from a formula phi n prime, a random two set formula phi n prime that contains almost as many clauses as the random formula of size M. And it contains m prime clauses. So that's by bounded amount less by something like D over to less than the real formula on n variables. So starting from this formula phi n prime here in the middle, we are going to construct phi n on the one side and phi n plus one, the random formula with n plus one variables on the other side. And to be precise, we are going to obtain phi m by simply adding in the missing course or D over to random clauses. So we will supplement. So we are going to add the new clauses to turn fire and prime into fire and on the other side, what we are going to do is we are going to add one variable X n plus one and poison D adjacent clauses that link this new variable with the bulk of the random formula with prime. So that's going to be our coupling on the one side we add the bounded number of random clauses. And on the other side, we add one variable and again, the small number of random clauses. And so we are going to meticulously calculate the change in partition function upon going along this arrow and upon going upon going along that arrow. And then we will take the difference. And if you take the difference between these two quantities, of course, the partition function of the guy in the middle is going to cancel. So we end up with the quantity that we aim to compute. So how do we, how do we do this calculation? What does this computation work? Well, the beautiful thing now is that all we have to do is you only have to control local changes to our random formula. We don't have to look at a very big change. We only add, for example, following this error, we only add a small number of clauses, not a lot of clauses. What we have to do is we have to check out what happens if we add Poisson D over two clauses, how the partition function changes. And if you remember the definition of these partition functions, this actually means that we have to compute the Boltzmann probability. So that's what these brackets are supposed to indicate. So the Boltzmann probability that a random satisfying assignment of phi and prime of this guy up here also happens to satisfy the two new clauses, or the Poisson D over two new clauses. So this is going to tell you how much the partition function changes because all of the satisfying assignments are going to survive that happen to satisfy the additional clauses. So how do we do this calculation here? Well, now we use our spatial mixing property because these clauses that we are adding in here are random. It is very unlikely that the variables that they connect are close together. With overwhelming probability, these two variables that this clause here connects to are going to be far apart. So we can apply our spatial mixing result. And we can say, well, presumably the true values assigned to these two variables are actually stochastically independent or nearly stochastically independent because we already proved thanks to Gibbs uniqueness that there's no long range correlations in our model. So we can write the probability that this particular clause here will be satisfied as well, one minus the probability that both these variables fail to satisfy it. And because of independence, we can write this probability here as a product of probabilities, namely the probability that the first variable fails to satisfy it times the probability that the second variable fails to satisfy. And because the number of clauses that we are adding is so small, the clauses that we are adding are not going to interfere with each other. So this product here simply comes out of the logarithm and turns into a d over two. So we end up with this expression d over two expectation log one minus mu one times mu two. If you remember the formula for the beta free entropy from a few slides back. So it's not so easy to go back with my mouse. So if you. So if you so this is precisely this expression back here. So the formula combinatorial calculation explains this expression here in front. And therefore, using this Eisenman-Sintz-Stahl scheme coupling argument together with the absence of long range correlations, we actually get not just this expression but also a combinatorial understanding of where this expression comes from. We are almost done with the proof of this two sub theorem. There's one ingredient missing. Namely, the missing ingredient is that up to this point I only computed the expectation of log Z of phi. What I still have to show to you is that this convergence here also holds in probability that, in fact, log Z phi concentrates about its expectation. And that I'm going to do tomorrow using the interpolation method. It's not going to take long. It's going to take probably less than 10 minutes to finish this. And after that, I'm going to show you an application of a belief propagation and this cavity method technology to a statistical inference problem, namely to the group testing problem of finding a small number of infected individuals in a large population. So thanks for today. Thanks for your attention and I'm going to stick around to answer any questions. We'll give everyone the possibility to unmute themselves. Now you should have the, you can unmute yourself and we'll give a round of applause for Amin. And now we'll do the usual turning off all the recordings and this way you can stand and now you can feel free to unmute yourself. | {
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"text": [
" Okay, so what I'm going to do today is I'm going to talk you more precisely, more or",
" less talk you back to back through the physics intuition and the mathematical corroboration",
" of the two-set result.",
" So what we are going to look at is a random two-set formula like we talked about in the",
" previous lecture.",
" So we have n Boolean variables and clauses that look like this, propositional clauses",
" that look like this.",
" And so we are looking at a random two-set formula with a also dn on two number of clauses.",
" So the average number of clauses in which a variable appears is just d.",
" And what we would like to determine is the number of satisfying assignment that such",
" a formula typically has to be more precise because that number scales exponentially.",
" We would like to compute the limit as n goes to infinity of 1 on n, knock off number of",
" satisfying assignments.",
" And we saw last time that unfortunately something as simple as first and the second moment calculation",
" go to the trick.",
" So we need to dig a bit deeper.",
" And this is where the physics intuition comes in.",
" And in particular, the favorite toy of our very good friends from physics called belief",
" propagation.",
" We already saw that we can turn this random two-set problem into a graph.",
" On the one side, we have the propositional Boolean variables.",
" And on the other side, we have the clauses which are constraints that bind variables.",
" And the colors of the edges between them indicate whether a variable appears in the clause positively",
" or negatively.",
" And we already spoke a little bit about the structure of this resulting random graph,",
" namely, locally, this random graph resembles a Gordon Watson tree.",
" And in particular, this graph doesn't contain a whole lot of short cycles.",
" Locally it is tree-like.",
" And the degrees are bounded.",
" Obviously the degrees of the clauses are always precisely two.",
" And the number of neighbors of a specific variable is approximately more so d.",
" Now we already also spoke about the Boltzmann distribution, which unsurprisingly is the",
" protagonist of this problem from the physics perspective.",
" And that's just the uniform distribution on the set of satisfying assignments.",
" And I'm going to write this built sigma for a sample from this Boltzmann distribution.",
" Because a built sigma is just a uniformly random satisfying assignment of our formula.",
" Now the main challenge in this problem is to actually get a handle on the Boltzmann distribution.",
" And in particular, to understand the marginals of Boltzmann distribution, that is the probability",
" that under a randomly chosen satisfying assignment, a specific variable is set to the value true.",
" And the device that physicists came up with in order to get a grip on the Boltzmann distribution",
" and its marginals is a message passing process called belief propagation.",
" The messages in this case are associated with the edges of the graph.",
" And more precisely for any pair of adjacent variables and clauses for any edge of the",
" factor graph, there's two messages traveling across that edge.",
" One message goes in the direction from the variable to the clause.",
" And the other message is going to go in the reverse direction from the clause to the value.",
" What's the combinatorial meaning of the message from a variable to a clause?",
" Well, the combinatorial meaning is that this is going to be the marginal of that variable",
" in the absence of this particular clause.",
" So what would this variable do if I were to remove this clause from the formula?",
" So the message is simply the probability that this variable here is set to plus one",
" or to minus one if I remove this clause here from the graph.",
" So in particular, it's a probability distribution on plus minus one on the two Boolean values.",
" How about the message in the reverse direction from a clause to a variable?",
" The idea is similar, but this time the message from A to X, from for example, A1 to X1, is",
" simply going to be the marginal of this variable if I remove all the other clauses apart from",
" A where X appears in.",
" So in this specific case, the message from A1 to X1 would be the marginal of X1 if I",
" remove A2.",
" So in other words, this is effectively the influence of A1 on X1 if I forget everybody",
" else.",
" So this is essentially what A1 would like X to do if there was nobody else interfering.",
" And the nice thing about these messages by comparison to plain old marginals is that",
" we can actually write a system of self-consistent equations for them.",
" So we can actually relate these messages to one another through a reasonably conceivable",
" system of equations.",
" And these are the so-called belief propagation equations.",
" These equations essentially express our intuition that in this problem there's no long-range",
" correlations.",
" So the gist of it is no long-range correlations.",
" There's short-range correlations only.",
" And the short-range correlations can be expressed because of this particular structure that",
" we introduced for the messages.",
" And to be more precise, what these equations express is the following.",
" So suppose I look at a variable X like this one here, and I want to calculate the message",
" that X sends to some clause A that sits up here.",
" Then I can hope that there's no correlations between these different influences that come",
" to X from down below from these three branches down here.",
" Why can I hope that?",
" Well, I can hope that because my formula is locally tree-like.",
" So it is very unlikely that these different branches down here will meet within a short",
" period of time other than through X itself.",
" So if I were to remove X from the graph, then there would be a large distance between these",
" different clauses here and these different variables.",
" So the only way they interact is presumably, unless there's long-range interactions, through",
" this variable right up here.",
" And so this notion, this idea of independence of these different branches is precisely what",
" we can express in terms of messages.",
" And this intuition, if you work it out a little bit, tells you that the message that",
" X sends to A has a product structure.",
" So it's essentially the product of the influences on X that result from these different branches",
" down below.",
" To be precise, because we want our messages to be probability distributions on plus or",
" minus one, we have to do a normalization.",
" And I didn't write the normalization.",
" It's hidden in this proportional symbol here.",
" And so like I said, these self-consistent equations that link the messages to each other",
" essentially express the independence of these different branches.",
" That's for the messages from X, from this variable up here to some other clause that's",
" maybe somewhere up there.",
" And we can write even simpler equations, even simpler recurrence relations for the clauses",
" because each clause only has a single child.",
" So for the clauses, it turns out that we can actually write the message in this particular",
" simple form.",
" Again, there's a normalization missing.",
" And what this expresses is simply the probability that this variable here is going to satisfy",
" the clause if I set the variable up here to some particular value sigma.",
" So I don't expect you to fully grasp these equations in an instant.",
" You can read up on them later if you care about it.",
" But like I said, the gist of it is no long-range correlations means I can write down a recurrence",
" relation that expresses short-range correlations.",
" And so actually, coming back to the previous slide again, actually, if my formula would",
" be completely acyclic, if there weren't any cycles in the graph at all, then a simple",
" inductive argument tells you that these equations are actually 100% spot on.",
" They are 100% accurate.",
" And in fact, if you do a bit of induction, you find that on an acyclic formula, on an",
" acyclic graph, you can even write a formula for the partition function purely in terms",
" of these messages.",
" And this formula for the partition function is something called the beta-free entropy",
" in physics language.",
" And so this formula is, like I said, 100% accurate if your formula happens to be acyclic.",
" The graph doesn't contain any cycles at all.",
" And again, I don't expect you to grasp this completely right here on the spot, but just",
" bear with me.",
" And this is something that you can work out essentially as an exercise if there's no cycles.",
" Now like I said, locally, our formula is acyclic.",
" Locally, it looks like a tree.",
" There's few short cycles.",
" And so we might hope that in the absence of long-range correlations, maybe we are in luck,",
" and the same formula for the partition function like on a tree still applies in this scenario",
" here.",
" And this is what physicists would call the replicastometric answers.",
" Now one drawback of this formula here is that, unfortunately, it speaks about the specific",
" messages that visit along the edges of a specific two-sub formula.",
" And so it seems that in order to calculate this monster here, you would actually have",
" to first generate your formula and then maybe try and find the fixed point or the solution",
" to these equations somehow and plug that into this slightly awe-inspiring formula here.",
" And so obviously, that's not what we want.",
" What we would like is we would like to be able to write a function that comes just in",
" terms of the model parameters, in this case, just in terms of the average number of clauses",
" that a variable appears in.",
" And so our good friends from physics have a trick up their sleeves for this too.",
" It is something called density evolution.",
" And the big idea is to grossly simplify the belief propagation equations along the following",
" lines.",
" So suppose I forget about the identities of the edges of my graph.",
" I don't care anymore which variable precisely is connected to which particular clause and",
" so on and so forth.",
" But what I do is I just take the messages, the belief propagation messages on my graph",
" and I put them into one big back.",
" And so mathematically, this back is of course called an empirical distribution.",
" So pi phi is just the empirical distribution of all the messages from variables to clauses",
" that actually travel along my random formula.",
" Now given that locally the structure of the graph resembles a Gordon Watson tree, I can",
" try and actually write down a fixed point equation not for individual messages one by",
" one, but kind of statistically in distribution for all of this, I mean for this entire empirical",
" distribution in one sweep.",
" And so the intuition behind this would be that well, if I forget about the identities",
" of the variables and clauses, then maybe I can do the following.",
" A variable in my formula has Poisson d children.",
" So I just generate a Poisson d variable.",
" To be more precise, I generate two Poisson d on two variables, one representing the plus",
" children, the children where my variable appears as a positive literal, and one representing",
" the remaining minus children.",
" And then I label under the hypothesis that these messages that come in from down here",
" below, well, any old messages that travel along the edges of my factor graph, that is,",
" I'm going to presume that these messages that come in from below are actually independent",
" samples from this empirical distribution.",
" So I'm going to presume that actually in some sense, what matters is only the structure",
" of the graph, only the geometry, how the geometry is distributed and not so much precisely",
" which variable talks to which particular clause.",
" And so this is again something where this construction of messages comes in handy because",
" the message from X to A only essentially cares about the structure that lies on the other",
" side of X that doesn't involve A.",
" So maybe because of this particular message construction, this is a sensible thing to write",
" down.",
" And so what I'm writing down is, well, the message up here is essentially what I get",
" if I generate these Poisson variables and stick in samples from my empirical distribution",
" down below here.",
" And this means that I'm arriving at this simplified belief propagation version.",
" That's something called the density evolution equation in physics.",
" So this is kind of like the belief propagation equation with the numerator and the normalizing",
" term.",
" But this time instead of meticulously tracing the incoming messages, I just take independent",
" samples from this empirical distribution up here.",
" And what this equation expresses is essentially the self-consistency of belief propagation,",
" namely that the distribution of the message that I get out when I perform this operation",
" is precisely pi phi, is precisely the empirical distribution of messages that I stick in.",
" So you may find this a bit adventurous.",
" And in fact, that's how many of us felt when we first saw this.",
" But if you, I mean, it will grow on you.",
" It's not as outlandish as it might at first seem.",
" And so the big plus of this is that we get one equation, I mean, one fixed point equation,",
" admittedly a more complicated fixed point equation because now the objects that we are",
" talking about in this equation are random variables.",
" But we get one single equation whose only parameter is a number, namely d.",
" And so while you're in this mindset, you can also write along similar lines a simplified",
" version of the beta free entropy in terms of this empirical distribution and along similar",
" lines like similar reasoning, you see that this complicated free line formula with the",
" various different logarithms and sums and products and so on and so forth actually simplifies",
" in terms of this empirical distribution and boils down to this one line formula here.",
" But these mu i's are independent samples from the probability distribution and again these",
" d plus and d minus are independent plus or d on two variables.",
" And so this finally leads to the so-called replicasometric solution or mathematically",
" speaking replicasometric prediction for the number of satisfying assignments first derived",
" by Monasson and Zekina in 96.",
" And so this prediction holds that there's precisely one probability distribution, there's",
" precisely one distribution on the unit interval that satisfies this stochastic fixed point",
" equation that satisfies this equation that if you draw independent samples mu i from",
" pi d you will get a random and apply this formula you will get something out that is",
" distributed as pi d.",
" And the prediction is that log Z is actually in the limit as n goes to infinity given by",
" the beta free entropy that you get if you plug independent samples from this fixed point",
" distribution into the beta free entropy.",
" So I mean again let me emphasize that this is quite a bit more complicated than what",
" we would get from the plane first moment calculation.",
" And so the big plus of this more elaborate prediction is that it takes into account precisely",
" the short range effects that take place on this random two-sub formula and it labors",
" under the assumption that there's no long range effects going.",
" And what we are going to do next is we are going to turn this prediction into a rigorous",
" theorem.",
" So we are going to prove in fact that this stochastic fixed point equation has a unique",
" solution and that if you draw a bunch of independent samples from this distribution, from this fixed",
" point distribution you get the number of satisfying assignments out.",
" Now we prove that, let me show you what the result looks like.",
" On the right hand side here you see on the x-axis D which ranges between 0 and 2, remember",
" that the satisfiability threshold occurs at D equals 2.",
" So there's no satisfying assignments left once D is greater than 2.",
" The red line that you see here is this function B of D from the previous slide.",
" So the red line is precisely the beta free entropy applied to our wondrous unique fixed",
" point distribution.",
" This blue dotted line here is the formula that you would get from the first moment.",
" You can see that the blue line and the red line are reasonably close together but remember",
" this is on an exponential scale, on a logarithmic scale.",
" So a small difference here actually translates into an exponential factor between the first",
" moment and the actual number of satisfying assignments.",
" And something that you can maybe not quite as easily see in this plot is that the blue",
" dotted line and the red line are never identical for any positive D.",
" So the first moment is always for any specific D an overestimate of the actual number of",
" solutions.",
" So another thing to observe is that like I said the satisfiability threshold occurs at",
" D equals 2.",
" At D equals 2 our beta free entropy still has a positive value.",
" So write the moment before your formula becomes unsatisfiable, it still has an exponential number",
" of satisfying assignments.",
" So it falls right off a cliff at the satisfiability threshold.",
" On the left here what you see is the CDF of this fixed point distribution that comes out",
" of this equation here for various values of D.",
" For D equals 1.2 up to 1.9 and what you can see is that this fixed point distribution",
" is something that is rather non-trivial.",
" So this is not something that this is not presumably the thing you would first guess.",
" And the reason is that this probability distribution here captures precisely the possible or the",
" statistics of the short range correlations in your random two-sub formula up to any finite",
" correlation length.",
" And so we obtained this result using a computer calculation using a numerical calculation.",
" And it turns out that actually this equation here, this fixed point equation converges",
" rapidly so you can get very good estimates using relatively little computational resources.",
" Anyway, so this much about the physics prediction, let's now see how we can prove such a thing,",
" how we can turn this prediction into a theory.",
" And the proof strategy has four items.",
" The first item is something that is called the contraction method.",
" And this is a trick that we are going to use in order to prove that this density evolution",
" equation possesses a unique solution, that there's a unique way of solving this distributional",
" equation.",
" The second stop is going to be spatial mixing.",
" So we are going to actually prove that in this random two-sub problem, there's no long",
" range correlations.",
" And this part of the proof is the core of the matter.",
" This is where the meat is and where we will have to work the most.",
" The next step is a coupling argument known as the Eisenman-Sim star scheme.",
" And here we are going to combine the results of the first two steps in order to prove that",
" the beta-free, the beta formula, the beta-free entropy actually correctly gives the expectation",
" of log z phi.",
" Now in this problem because we are looking at zero temperature at hard constraints that",
" all simultaneously have to be satisfied, we are going to have to follow this up by another",
" argument known as the interpolation method that will allow us to prove concentration",
" of log z.",
" So I think it's a good idea to maybe take a break at this point before we launch into",
" the proof, before we actually begin with the contraction method.",
" So why don't we take five minutes off?",
" That sounds good.",
" So if you have any questions feel free to ask them in the chat and I think we'll restart",
" at 2 p.m.",
" Do you have access to the chat, I mean?",
" Yeah, I'm working on it.",
" Okay, I can just read it out.",
" Would you briefly say the meaning of the expectation of a random probability measure in the last",
" two lines of the two slides ago?",
" This slide right here.",
" So the expectation right here at the bottom in the beta-free entropy formula.",
" Right.",
" Okay, so what this means is, so this means the expectation over everything.",
" So this probability distribution pi d here is actually not a random probability measure,",
" but it's a fixed probability measure, namely the unique probability measure so that if",
" you draw a sample from this measure, which is mu zero, that sample is distributed precisely",
" like the number that you would obtain if you were to draw independent samples mu i, multiply",
" them up to an independent Poisson d over 2 variable d plus and then normalize accordingly.",
" Now this expectation, oops, this expectation down here is the expectation over everything.",
" So you generate an infinite sequence of independent samples from this distribution.",
" So these mu i's are an infinite family of samples from pi d and d plus and d minus are",
" again independent samples from the Poisson d over 2 distribution.",
" So you just plug in the numbers that you get and you average over everything.",
" Any other questions?",
" Yeah, it's looking good.",
" I think you can go to the proof.",
" I'm looking a little dark, but I can try to maybe switch.",
" I'm writing up matters a little.",
" So did I manage to completely lose everybody?",
" I think it's good you had just had the one question.",
" Good.",
" I'm happy to rumble on if you want me to.",
" Okay, so we will try to now carry out this program.",
" Yeah, so that's, in principle, I should say a few words about how this strategy compares to some prior work, not all of which deals with the two sub-proc.",
" But let me just, let's just cut to the chase. I mean, the main difference really is that here we are talking about hard constraints, so you want to count assignments that satisfy every single clause simultaneously.",
" And so that's basically the main difference between this and, for example, work on the easing model on random graphs.",
" So, like I said, the first step on the agenda is going to be the contraction method. So we want to show that there that this stochastic fixed point equation here.",
" So, so just out of curiosity, it would be interesting to see how many of you have dealt with stochastic fixed point equations before. I don't know if there's a way of indicating that in the chat, but I will be curious about this.",
" So if you if you know them from some other context, maybe drop a line in the chat.",
" Anyway, so we want to show that this stochastic fixed point equation where these new eyes are independent random variables and also the D plus and D minus random variables that this stochastic fixed point equation possesses a unique solution.",
" And so one thing that is a bit unpleasant about this equation, I mean, even though it's one of the more amenable specimens that you will encounter in the context of the cavity method, one thing that is a bit unpleasant about it is that we have this complicated sum product structure here in the denominator.",
" And so one trick that is often useful to get rid of this kind of nasty denominators is to look at log likelihood ratios.",
" So this means that instead of studying the new eyes themselves the messages themselves which are numbers between zero and one.",
" And what we are going to do is we are going to look at these log likelihood ratios log new I on one minus mu I, and that's a positive or negative real number.",
" And by going to new I on one minus mu I be immediately get rid of this denominator and we are left with a product of quotients. And so upon taking the log this product turns into a sum.",
" And so a fixed point equation from the previous slide turns into a sudden into any equation about sums of independent random variables, namely that the random variable eta zero is distributed precisely as a sum of a personal number of independent summons",
" and has two Rademacher variables si and si prime, and then okay admittedly this log and 10 which are an acquired taste, but at least we have some of independent things so that's maybe something that we can work with and this equation now is precisely equivalent up to this transformation to the equation that we had on the previous slide.",
" Now what we are going to do is we are going to look at this equation here this fixed point problem here.",
" And we are going to use some tools from analysis.",
" In order to solve this fixed point equation. And in particular what we are going to do is we are going to turn the space of probability measures into a complete metric space so that we can apply the fixed point theorems about metric spaces that we know and love.",
" And it turns out the right space to look in this example is the wastes steins space. And the wastes steins steins space w two of us defined as the space of all probability measures on the real line with a finite second moment.",
" The metric on the space is this wastes stein metric delta two of row and row prime. And this metric is defined as follows.",
" So you first take a coupling of these two probability measures so you take one random variable X that is distributed as row and another random variable X prime that is distributed as well prime.",
" And now these two random variables need not be independent instead they are they live on is on the same probability space. And you try to align them as best as you can. So as to minimize the resulting distance.",
" And the minimum possible L two distance that you can accomplish in such a way is the wastes stein distance of these two probability measures.",
" It's a simple exercise to show that this turns the W two space into a complete separable space.",
" And on the space therefore we have our favorite better fixed point theory, which says the following if you have a contraction from this complete metric space into itself.",
" That is a map that that decreases distances so if you take if you put two probability distributions row and row prime in and apply your map.",
" Then the resulting distance is going to be smaller than the distance that you had previously that you started from.",
" If you have such a map that is a contraction, then this map possesses a unique fixed point.",
" So that's going to be our tool in order to show that there's a unique solution to this stochastic fixed point equation.",
" And we will apply this map to our recurrent to our fixed point equation for log likelihood ratios.",
" And what we are going to show to show is that this map that takes a probability distribution row and maps it to the distribution of this beautiful random variable down here actually is a contraction on the W two space.",
" So effectively, the uniqueness of the solution to this density evolution equation follows from the Anak fixed point theory.",
" The proof of this fact the proof of this contraction fact is given on this slide. I'm not going to talk you through it.",
" It's it's not rocket science.",
" It's just, as you can see, one, two, three, four, five steps.",
" Six, okay, six steps.",
" And none of them is difficult about the most sophisticated tool that you use is the coaching Schwarz inequality.",
" And at the end of this calculation, you're convinced that your map is a contraction so long as D is less than two.",
" And in fact, it is.",
" So in fact, we are assuming that D is less than two, because for the greater than two, there's no satisfying.",
" Okay, so using the butter fixed point theory and this was a science space. We are now sure that there's only one single solution to our density evolution fixed point equation to this simplified version of belief propagation on the random form.",
" Let's move on to step two step two is that we are going to show spatial mixing. We are going to show that there's no long range correlations in our formula.",
" And as an application of this, we will prove this proposition displayed here. If you take any D less than two.",
" And you look at the empirical distribution of your Boltzmann marginals on your random formula.",
" So you look at the, so you take all the Boltzmann marginals and you put them into one big bag.",
" And so that gives you a probability distribution, a discrete probability distribution with support up to end points.",
" And we will prove that this distribution here converges in the limit as n goes to infinity to the unique solution of your density evolution equation.",
" So this pi D is the unique solution to the stochastic fixed point equation that we just derived using the Banach fixed point theory.",
" And what we prove is that as you make n bigger and bigger as you take the number of variables in your formula to infinity, the empirical distribution of the Boltzmann marginals actually converges to this magical fixed point distribution.",
" Okay, like I said, the main step is going to be spatial mixing. The main step is going to be to prove that if I take two variables in my formula that are far apart from each other, then their joint distribution factorizes.",
" The true value here doesn't tell me a whole lot about the true value over here.",
" And in order to prove the spatial mixing property, it turns out that fortunately, we can exclusively work on tree formulas on two set formulas that don't contain any cycles.",
" Specifically, we can exclusively work on the two set formulas that are described by this gold Watson tree that captures the local structure of my random formula.",
" So we are going to look at a gold Watson tree that starts at a root variable x zero.",
" Every variable in this tree spawns a porcelain D number of clauses as offspring.",
" For each clause we choose with probability one half, whether the variable appears positively or negatively in that clause.",
" And with every clause spawns obviously a single variable as its child, which again spawns for some D clauses and so on.",
" And what we are going to do is we are going to look at this gold Watson tree and truncated after L after two L steps for some large number L.",
" And we are going to investigate how the true value of the root correlates with the true values at the boundary of the tree at the variables at level to L.",
" And yeah, so what we are going to show is a very strong spatial mixing property known as the Gibbs uniqueness property.",
" So here is your tree, here is your tree expanded up to level to L and now the Gibbs uniqueness property provides the following.",
" Suppose I put in any consistent boundary condition on this tree.",
" So I write down specific true values, blue representing true I think and red representing false.",
" Any collection of true values for the leaves or for the boundary of this tree that can be extended to a satisfying assignment of the entire tree.",
" So there must be a way of actually satisfying all the clauses in such a way that the boundary variables get these particular true values.",
" So suppose I take any, any reasonable any conceivable boundary condition and I plug it in down here.",
" And now I asked myself, given this boundary condition.",
" What is the distribution of the true value of the root.",
" So subject to this boundary condition.",
" Draw a random satisfying assignment of the tree.",
" And inspect the distribution of the true value assigned to the root.",
" So that's some distribution on the true values plus one minus one true and false.",
" And now I would like you to compare this distribution that you get for particular boundary condition with the free boundary distribution with the distribution that you would get.",
" If you wouldn't plug in any boundary condition at all if you leave the boundary free you just take a uniformly random uniformly random satisfying assignment of this entire tree formula and inspect the distribution of the true value of Excel.",
" And what this gives you need this property says is that these two numbers these two marginals are close to each other and actually the distance goes to zero as I make the tree taller and taller.",
" So for in the limit of large L in the limit of limit of large trees.",
" You cannot influence the value of the route by plugging in any boundary condition that you like.",
" You cannot nudge the root out of place with any possible boundary condition.",
" It's simply not possible.",
" Now observe that this is a property that purely speaks about trees, but because the local structure of my random to start formula is described precisely by this tree.",
" This property directly translates to the random to start formula.",
" It directly implies that if I take a variable x zero in my to start formula and carve out a large depth neighborhood around this formula I draw a circle of radius to L around this variable and now ask, what is the impact.",
" If I write down specific true values on that on on level to L of this circle that that has a diminishing influence on x zero itself.",
" And like I said this is simply because the local structure of the formula is described precisely by this tree here.",
" And right so what we are going to show is that in fact in the random to start problem this gives you need this property always holds.",
" So the strong spatial mixing property here is always satisfied.",
" Now, the proof of this is really the core of the matter, and it's not a trivial argument so maybe your first step at this might be that you write down the recurrence that given the boundary condition actually gives you the root marginal.",
" And in fact you can do that in fact you can write this down meticulously.",
" And what you end up writing down this way is precisely belief propagation.",
" So let's start and maybe try take derivatives. So if I change the boundary values, how much this that actually influenced the root. You could try and trace this by using calculus.",
" And we tried that for quite a while but it doesn't work very well.",
" So you simply hit the ball and you turns out you hit the ball at equals one more deepers to like we want to accomplish.",
" And you can try as you could simply try and take a union bound over all the possible boundary conditions. But unfortunately there's quite a few of them.",
" Maybe in a god Watson tree like this normally the boundary dominates everything.",
" So the number of possible boundary conditions is rather enormous so that doesn't work either.",
" What we did instead is or what you can try instead is maybe you can try and recurs and try and try and take recourse to a combinatorial construction.",
" And I thought that in this problem you can actually construct an extremal boundary condition so you can construct a boundary condition that will maximize the probability for example that that the root gets set to plus one.",
" How do you do that. Well, it turns out to be more complicated than in many other problems like for example the using model or the hardcore model.",
" So in this case is you actually have to look at the tree itself in order to come up with this extremal boundary condition. Here's how it works.",
" Suppose I want to nudge the root variable as much as possible towards plus one. So I want to maximize the probability that the root is assigned to plus one. How do I do that.",
" Well, I first look at all the clauses where the root appears positively all the clauses where the root appears with a plus sign.",
" And now these clauses have another child and I'm going to go to that other child.",
" And I'm going to try and nudge it away from the value that will satisfy this clause as much as I can.",
" So in order to nudge the root, I have to nudge its children. I have to tell them, try as much as you can to steer clear of the value that will satisfy this clause because if this clause is unsatisfied by the child,",
" it will ask the root, can you please satisfy me. And that will encourage the root to take the value plus one.",
" On the other hand, I can look at the minus one children of the root.",
" And I don't want the root dragged into the minus one direction by this clause here.",
" So I'm going to look at the child of that clause and I'm going to try and tell this child, well, you know what, whatever you can do to satisfy this clause, do it.",
" Try and satisfy this clause as much as you can. So I'm going to try and nudge this guy here in the plus one direction, simply so that it tries to satisfy this clause and simply so that this clause doesn't drag plus one in the wrong direction,",
" leads plus one up here, the straight.",
" And so you can you can now iterate this process, you can now recurse the same process on these child variables. We have some particular direction in mind that we want to nudge them.",
" So we are going to pass to their children at in turn and try and nudge them in some particular direction and so on, until we reach the boundary of the tree. And you can prove by an induction that this will actually work and this process will actually give you the boundary condition that maximizes the probability of plus one at the root.",
" So now in the second step what we would like to do is we would like to take this particular boundary condition that be meticulously constructed in this top down fashion, and now calculate, given this extremal boundary condition, the probability that actually the root is going to be plus one.",
" Now at first glance, this seems rather challenging because in the process of constructing the boundary condition, we actually had to expose the entire tree we actually had to walk down the tree top to bottom look at every sign in the tree all the children and all the clauses and so on,",
" in order to reach the extremal boundary condition so it seems that at this point we are actually stuck.",
" There's no randomness left that could aid us pass this boundary condition back up no.",
" There's no stochastic process anymore but we are just facing a deterministic problem so at first glance this seems rather hopeless, but at second glance it turns out that actually it isn't.",
" Actually, you can fold the top down process and the bottom up process into a single recursion into a single message passing equation.",
" So we can solve these two problems in one sweep. And you can express these two two processes that go hand in hand by a modified version of the density evolution equation that encoded leaf propagation.",
" And so, again, formulating this equation in log likelihood ratios we end up with this equation here. So, this again is stochastic fixed point equation and it again has the same form that we saw previously, namely that you have the sum of independent random variables.",
" And the only difference between the previous equation that we had in this one here is that here we have the same sign as I occurring twice. So previously this was an independent random sign.",
" Now these two signs are identical. And if you work for maybe half an hour or so you will see that this actually corresponds precisely to this construction of the extremal boundary condition.",
" So all we have to do in other words is we have to show that this fixed point equation here has a unique solution.",
" And that this unique solution is identical to the solution that we got from the plane density evolution equation that this one here was an independent sign independent of this other guy over here.",
" And turns out that this is actually correct. And you can use the contraction method again just like we did before a slightly modified version of the same calculation is going to show you that this guy also has a unique fixed point and actually for symmetry reasons it turns out that you can easily check that",
" pi d the solution of the old density evolution equation also is the unique solution to this fixed point equation here.",
" So the consequence of this is that this nudging here, even though it gives you the extremal probability, it maximizes the probability that the root is going to be plus one.",
" Still doesn't move you away from the distribution that you had previously so as a conclusion, we can derive the fact that this problem here in fact has the Gibbs uniqueness property.",
" So if you make your tree taller and taller, there's no way to construct a boundary condition that will match the root marginal away from the free boundary condition.",
" Okay, so one coronary one immediate application of this fact is this asymptotic independent statement here.",
" So what is this saying, this is saying that if you take any K specific variables in your random formula, for example, the first K variables.",
" Or more generally some you choose K variables in your formula at random and this is for any fixed K for example K is 500.",
" And you look at the joint probability that these variables these Boolean variables are assigned specific values.",
" Then this probability here is approximately equal to the product of the individual marginal probability so the true values assigned to a bunch of far away variables in your propositional formula is essentially a product distribution.",
" How do we how do we see that well we take a large number L we draw a large radius L around each of our variables.",
" If you choose either the first K variables in our formula or otherwise K random variables.",
" It's unlikely that they have distance, less than L that there's a pair wise distance less than L. So, we can draw these circles around x one up to x K.",
" We can actually not just fix the value of, let's say x one and x two, but we can, in order to study x three but we can actually fix the entire depth L boundary here.",
" And it's not going to influence x three. So that's a stronger statement than saying I'm going to fix x one and x two specific values and look at the impact on x three. In fact, something stronger is true, even if I fix this entire ball of radius L.",
" It's not going to influence x three. So this is an immediate consequence of the Gibbs uniqueness property.",
" Okay, so now let's move on to the next item to wants to prove of the main theory, namely the Eisenman Sim star coupling argument.",
" So here's, here's the core of the matter. What we are going to do is we are going to look at the change in that the change in the number of satisfying assignments.",
" If we move from a formula with n variables and random formula with n variables to a random formula with n plus one variables.",
" So how does the number of satisfying assignments change. If I make my system a bit bigger, if I add one more variable, and of course it's adjacent clauses to my random formula, how much is my number of satisfying assignments going to change.",
" And what we are going to prove is that this change is given precisely by the beta free entropy precisely by this crazy expectation of log of some product and so on and so forth.",
" And in fact, in the course of this we are going to see very precisely the combinatorial meaning of this beta free entropy formula.",
" Now, one or two words about this. I put this maximum of partition function and one here to avoid that by accident, the small minority of unsatisfiable formulas formulas without any satisfying assignments, drag this expectation to minus infinity.",
" So just to be sure just to be on the same side I put this maximum of one and set here.",
" And another thing is how this is actually related to the original partition function to the log of set.",
" Well, it's the following trick. And this is actually what I would probably call the Eisenmann Simstar trick or Eisenmann Simstar scheme if you like.",
" So as an immediate implication of this proposition here we can derive a corollary that says that as n goes to infinity one on an expectation long set I mean never mind this max between one and set here that's just a technicality.",
" So the limit as n goes to infinity one on an expectation long set is equal to beta free entropy.",
" How do we see that. Now what we simply do is we write this out here this expectation.",
" We write out as a telescoping some so we just write this expectation here as a difference of changes as we go from a system of size M to a system of size and plus one.",
" Now these individual summons here according to our proposition or converge to be D or converge to the beta free entropy.",
" So if I average them, the result is going to converge to the beta free entropy as well.",
" So that's how I'm getting the corollary out of this proposition. So once we understand the change of our free energy upon increasing the system size by one, we can actually calculate expectation long set.",
" Okay, so how does this Eisenmann Simstar scheme work. How do we pull off this. How do we prove the proposition up here.",
" Well, we use a coupling argument. And so more precisely we are going to use this two way coupling.",
" Starting from a formula phi n prime, a random two set formula phi n prime that contains almost as many clauses as the random formula of size M.",
" And it contains m prime clauses. So that's by bounded amount less by something like D over to less than the real formula on n variables.",
" So starting from this formula phi n prime here in the middle, we are going to construct phi n on the one side and phi n plus one, the random formula with n plus one variables on the other side.",
" And to be precise, we are going to obtain phi m by simply adding in the missing course or D over to random clauses.",
" So we will supplement.",
" So we are going to add the new clauses to turn fire and prime into fire and on the other side, what we are going to do is we are going to add one variable X n plus one and poison D adjacent clauses that link this new variable with the bulk of the random formula with",
" prime. So that's going to be our coupling on the one side we add the bounded number of random clauses. And on the other side, we add one variable and again, the small number of random clauses.",
" And so we are going to meticulously calculate the change in partition function upon going along this arrow and upon going upon going along that arrow.",
" And then we will take the difference. And if you take the difference between these two quantities, of course, the partition function of the guy in the middle is going to cancel.",
" So we end up with the quantity that we aim to compute.",
" So how do we, how do we do this calculation? What does this computation work?",
" Well, the beautiful thing now is that all we have to do is you only have to control local changes to our random formula. We don't have to look at a very big change.",
" We only add, for example, following this error, we only add a small number of clauses, not a lot of clauses.",
" What we have to do is we have to check out what happens if we add Poisson D over two clauses, how the partition function changes.",
" And if you remember the definition of these partition functions, this actually means that we have to compute the Boltzmann probability.",
" So that's what these brackets are supposed to indicate.",
" So the Boltzmann probability that a random satisfying assignment of phi and prime of this guy up here also happens to satisfy the two new clauses, or the Poisson D over two new clauses.",
" So this is going to tell you how much the partition function changes because all of the satisfying assignments are going to survive that happen to satisfy the additional clauses.",
" So how do we do this calculation here?",
" Well, now we use our spatial mixing property because these clauses that we are adding in here are random.",
" It is very unlikely that the variables that they connect are close together.",
" With overwhelming probability, these two variables that this clause here connects to are going to be far apart.",
" So we can apply our spatial mixing result.",
" And we can say, well, presumably the true values assigned to these two variables are actually stochastically independent or nearly stochastically independent because we already proved thanks to Gibbs uniqueness that there's no long range correlations in our model.",
" So we can write the probability that this particular clause here will be satisfied as well, one minus the probability that both these variables fail to satisfy it.",
" And because of independence, we can write this probability here as a product of probabilities, namely the probability that the first variable fails to satisfy it times the probability that the second variable fails to satisfy.",
" And because the number of clauses that we are adding is so small, the clauses that we are adding are not going to interfere with each other.",
" So this product here simply comes out of the logarithm and turns into a d over two.",
" So we end up with this expression d over two expectation log one minus mu one times mu two.",
" If you remember the formula for the beta free entropy from a few slides back.",
" So it's not so easy to go back with my mouse.",
" So if you.",
" So if you so this is precisely this expression back here.",
" So the formula combinatorial calculation explains this expression here in front.",
" And therefore, using this Eisenman-Sintz-Stahl scheme coupling argument together with the absence of long range correlations, we actually get not just this expression but also a combinatorial understanding of where this expression comes from.",
" We are almost done with the proof of this two sub theorem. There's one ingredient missing.",
" Namely, the missing ingredient is that up to this point I only computed the expectation of log Z of phi.",
" What I still have to show to you is that this convergence here also holds in probability that, in fact, log Z phi concentrates about its expectation.",
" And that I'm going to do tomorrow using the interpolation method.",
" It's not going to take long. It's going to take probably less than 10 minutes to finish this.",
" And after that, I'm going to show you an application of a belief propagation and this cavity method technology to a statistical inference problem, namely to the group testing problem of finding a small number of infected individuals in a large population.",
" So thanks for today. Thanks for your attention and I'm going to stick around to answer any questions.",
" We'll give everyone the possibility to unmute themselves.",
" Now you should have the, you can unmute yourself and we'll give a round of applause for Amin.",
" And now we'll do the usual turning off all the recordings and this way you can stand and now you can feel free to unmute yourself."
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10.5446/57204 (DOI) | Going viral in the pandemic | https://av.tib.eu/media/57204 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de885db3de158fdec8b2525b94f0a2b4c8578abaaa40916ffdaae5b54dcb7b82db/FOSS4G_-_Going_viral_in_the_pandemic_DC4Fr8350q0.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2021 | Pericay, Martí | Sanz, Jorge (Moderation) | How to build a map website in one afternoon? How to get 1 million visits in less than 24 hours? How to technically survive to an unexpectedly high traffic without spending a huge amount of money? A story about a small GIS company that developed a website that helped millions in a very difficult moment. A tale of collaboration, generosity, open source software and luck. The ‘Keep it simple’ motto to the highest extent. Starring Geomatico, Mapbox, COVID-19, Github, Amazon, Alejandro Sanz and Nicolás Maduro. On March the 23rd, after five weeks of COVID-19 lockdown, president Sanchez announced that Spain will begin easing restrictions. In this first attempt at loosening measures across the country, children under the age of 14 would be allowed to go outside of their homes for one hour a day, accompanied by an adult. The measure limits travel to no further than 1 kilometer from home. But just how far is 1 kilometer? To help navigate these new rules, Geomatico, a Spanish GIS company, developed a non-profit web application using Open Source tools and donated services from Mapbox that allows adults and children to visualize a 1 kilometer radius around their home. In ten days, 1km.geomatico.es became a reference for individuals and families throughout Spain looking to safely leave their house for the first time in over a month. Thanks in part to Mapbox’s support, the team has been able to deliver this mapping service for free to over 7 million users in multiple languages. | Okay, thank you. Welcome again. This is going to be the last talk on this session in Puerto Madri. Now we have Martí, Martí Periquei from Geomático. He's a GIS developer and analyst. In 2015 he joined Geomático to work on web development and training in open source special technologies. He's going to talk about a different corona, this time the one you know about, unfortunately. So very interesting to learn more about this going viral in the pandemic. You want to share your screen? Okay. Yes. Thank you, Jorge. So my name is Martí Periquei from Geomático. Our sponsors are funds, our city also are in the room also. I'll do the talk, but he might answer some questions later. Okay, so thank you all for being here. Geomático is a small Spanish company specialized in analysis and publication of geographic information. And we usually make technical talks. So this will be totally a new experience for us. It's more a light speech about a beautiful adventure or a tale of success in the pandemic. So perfect for the last beach before lunch. We have always worked with a traditional GIS stack, our players, geo server, post GIS, SDIs, now of course vector tiles also. And we've developed solutions for many years in many fields. Here I just highlighted mobility and environmental, but there are many more agriculture, public transportation, harbors and satellite analysis also. And to finish for a fast presentation of who we are, at least of some of our clients, a majority from Spain, but some from Europe or Australia. And what do we do for them? We call it tailored suits, like we offer custom solutions to complex geographical problems that don't fit into a standard product. That's what we generally do. Okay, so let's start with the tale. Let's start with the adventure. Let's make a flashback to April 2020. I think you all remember. In Spain, it was a complete lockdown. There were times you were only allowed to go to buy food, to go outside to buy food for emergencies. Well, you know about that. And we all look like this in our homes, except that we always look like this in Geomatica, because we work remotely since long time ago. But those were times of fear and of stress, but also of great solidarity and good intention, like everybody wanted to help others. So what can we do to help? There were already many projects, some of them very popular. I remember those charts for the countries, for dead people, infected people. And Italy's first, now Spain's first, a bit tragic, but they were useful. Or ambitious projects like a friend of mine did a project to detect COVID-19 and the excrement of people from the water collected in the sewers to try to prevent outbreaks. So what can we do from Geomatica? Let's think about something. Spain had a very painful first wave. Many people were not allowed even to make sport, and kids were getting crazy. And parents with kids were getting crazy. So after almost two months of lockdown, the government decided that they were allowed outside with adults, but only one kilometer away from their homes. So big happiness for everyone, but of course, how far is one kilometer? The average person can calculate that. That's a GIS question, a very simple one, but a GIS question. So many GIS friends were already calculating their kilometer. They took a QG, it's a buffer of one kilometer, and they printed their map, whatever. But what can we do for people, not GIS experts? Well, in Geomatica, the same day the new law was announced, Micho Garcia had the idea to build a website and to call it simply, how far is one kilometer to solve this problem? Okay, so how to build it? The challenge is to show a one kilometer circle, shouldn't be a big deal. Usually we develop advanced solutions, so we thought about some complicated applications, but in the end it was clear that we needed something very simple, and that we can code very fast. Like we did the simplest approach possible, because everybody must use it. So go find your home and click. And that's all, and you get your one kilometer radius, and the kids will be able to travel inside the circle, so very simple to use. We coded that in two hours, so that it could be deployed the same afternoon, the president announced the law. It's still live at this onekilometer.geomatica.es, but I don't know, maybe if you want to calculate one kilometer for some reason, you can use it, but it's not used anymore, and we hope we won't use it anymore for lockdowns. Okay, we wanted to be easy to use, beautiful, deployed very fast. We end the tool that everybody, everyone needed in the right time. So as a technology, we use Mapbox GL as a JavaScript library and this is one line, and one line of turf to make the magic, so just a circle of one kilometer, that's all. An important thing, we use Mapbox base maps, because they had a free tire of 50,000 map loads, so this would have to be largely enough for what we expected. And there's the GitHub repository down with a mid license, if you're interested. Okay, let's start with the spreading. We finish the application, we deploy it in GitHub pages, we make one tweet, we don't have, we have I think a thousand followers, so not that much. And we put a dozen WhatsApp messages to friends. We hope that our friends would put this, our link into the WhatsApp parents groups from schools, you know, and then it would be possible that they would be retweeted. So we went to bed, it's eight o'clock at night, and we went to bed, and in the morning at 10 a.m. we had 10,000 visitors. So from 10 messages to 10,000 visitors. We were happy, but a bit shocked. We went to analytics to see the sources, and it's what we thought, but much faster. I mean, you can see 80% is direct, so from WhatsApp, it clearly went viral on WhatsApp. These stats are not the stats of the first night, these are the stats of the whole two weekends that it was, the law was enforced, but at that moment it was like 95% WhatsApp, so it was almost everything WhatsApp and some social media. So parents sending and we're sending the link. So we were very happy. But three hours later, we have 20,000 visitors per hour. So the famous exponential growth, keep calm. It was funny because often newspapers then were trying to explain exponential growth to citizens, if you remember, stay home because if you spread the virus to 10 people, blah, blah, blah, we went viral in the pandemic. So okay, so what to do, what to do, back to problems. We're running out of base maps. You remember we have 50,000, we're almost done, we need something to do. And we run out of the free time, so let's pay, pay Mapbox. We took $400, we thought, okay, it's also some publicity for GeoMatica, so we can spend $400. They immediately disappeared like flushed in the toilet and we were running out of cash completely. It was insane, we couldn't do that. So keep calm and think of alternatives. Do it yourself, base maps. We don't have time. We don't have time. Put some ads to pay Mapbox. Well, the idea was a non-profit application, so not possible as well. Another alternative, Mapbox posted a few days before that they were supporting COVID-related applications. So we decided to email Eric Gunderson, the CEO of Mapbox, for a Mapbox unlimited account. But of course, when it's noon in Spain, it's 5 a.m. in America, so Eric Gunderson is sleeping. And we got thousands and thousands of simultaneous requests. We need to do something. Keep calm. What can we do? What can we do? Finally, we got the solution. The open source community pointed out to the right direction. A free and unlimited dial service from the Catalan Geologic Institute. So thank you to the Institute Cartographic, to RAF, to Jane Kietz, and all the awesome Spanish FOSS4G community. They helped us a lot. And okay, it was on. So we could relax. Well, relax a little bit because the media were calling. We were on almost all Spanish media at some point. Some 10% of the traffic came from referrals, as we've seen before, the news links. And well, and some of the media were very nice. They put our name like in big letters. Some of them were not so nice. We'll see that later on. But suddenly we were in trouble again. The traffic continued to grow. It continued and continued to grow. We had four million visitors the first weekend. So the servers were burning. I mean, it was growing and growing and growing. So we decided that we must cache them. Only solution. We cache the cartographic tiles with Amazon Cloudfront, which is very, very scalable and affordable. That's what we needed also. So that we were able to resist all the traffic and make the servers relax. And it worked. It worked very well. Here you can see the bytes transferred. I mean, it's every hour, it's like 100, more than 150 gigabytes, which is maybe usually the monthly maximum of a normal hosting, maybe. So it worked well. It worked well. And two days later, Mapbox agreed on a super free account. So finally we decided to put Mapbox. So thank you also to Mapbox. And it worked. It worked well. But we hit some hard limits also on Mapbox servers. So too many concurrent geocodings, even for Mapbox, they also had to work and change some limits, some parameters for these massive concurrent users. We had eight million users in two weekends. You can see the first weekend and then the second weekend even more. Okay, that's it. The adventure is over. Some final considerations, some anecdotes, maybe. I will start complaining a little bit. For example, La Sexta, which is one of the biggest TVs in Spain, they put an iFrame in their web page and they encrusted our application. I don't know. Maybe it's legal. I don't know. But I didn't like that. Or once, one time, a girl contacted us. I have a blog called Pientelo Actuo, which is, I think, therefore, I act. I would be very happy if I could put your application in my web and my blog. And we said, of course, you can. And then they showed this in El Armiguero, which is the main late show in Spain, but presented with a sponsor, like Yoigo sponsors this section. So we didn't sponsorize our app, not to make profit. We didn't get any money, but El Armiguero got sponsored by these presentations. I don't know. Maybe it's legal as well, but I don't know. I found it ugly. Okay. Complaints from people. We got hundreds of tweets and mails that we put an answer almost. And like always, it's mainly complaints. A lot of people concerned for the privacy. I mean, if it's a free application, they thought if it's free, they are using our data for whatever reasons. And so we received a lot of mails complaining of and asking for privacy policy, privacy settings, blah, blah, blah. And other funny people were the ones who instead of clicking, went to find our mail and emailed us asking, sending their street and their number, like I live in the street this and with the number that, and please calculate my kilometer. Okay. Compliments. Compliments to end the talk. There were many, many compliments posted in virtual Spanish media, press, TV, in social media, many public organizations from the smallest local police, for instance, or to virtually all political parties also, like from left to right. Even some famous people like posted about us like Alejandro Shant. Sorry, I don't have the image, but believe me. And also some controversial people also posted about us like the president of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro. And why would he do that? It's because they used it in Venezuela. The one kilometer became popular in Spain, but it was a world map, so it could be used anywhere. And when Venezuela made an identical law one week later, one kilometer, they thought they could use our app as the official way to calculate the kilometer. So they promoted us in Venezuela. And it was a complete surprise. And let's finish. If we have time, I think we have, it's very short video. With probably the most awkward moment of all, when the vice president of Venezuela makes a tutorial on how to use our app on prime time on TV. Okay, enough. I know it's very weird to finish like that, but I feel like after 15 years of politicians ignoring amazing GIS applications we've done, it's a fair compensation that the vice president makes a presentation of our simplest web map ever and on prime time on TV. So as a conclusion, also I would say for the whole experience, I would say that we should try to make useful things and not only complex things. So thank you. Yeah, thank you very much, Martín. That was a very nice presentation. Thank you. Yeah, as you were mentioning, we don't have questions for the audience, so I can maybe digress a little bit until they come. It's funny that, yeah, the simplest tool can be the most useful. And that's a very, it's a recurring lesson that we learn that we try to build very complex user interfaces and then nobody uses them because they are not for the usual people. But yeah, probably you didn't know what you were doing when you were creating a tool that does these very deep zoom levels because that's the hardest thing to serve as probably the people from Mathalium in the room can also at best. Also maybe you can't disallow next time iframes or at least from very specific referrals. Maybe you can redirect them to some landing page or something like that. That's something that they do, media do this all the time because they are experts in serving large scale but then they are doing this kind of, I understand that this was probably because I looked down, everyone was busy, everyone was super stressed and they did just what they so fit. We didn't have time to make these things Jorge, we were just like… No, I'm talking about those guys, not you. Creating the iframe instead of maybe calling you and giving you some money to maintain the site instead of killing you with requests. Oh no, nobody offers money. Okay, I don't know if there are no more questions. Thank you very much Martí and Oscar and the rest of the Geomatical people. I think with this we can close this session. Thank you everyone who attended and enjoy the rest of the conference and see you around. Bye bye. | {
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"text": [
" Okay, thank you.",
" Welcome again.",
" This is going to be the last talk on this session in Puerto Madri.",
" Now we have Martí, Martí Periquei from Geomático.",
" He's a GIS developer and analyst.",
" In 2015 he joined Geomático to work on web development and training in open source special",
" technologies.",
" He's going to talk about a different corona, this time the one you know about, unfortunately.",
" So very interesting to learn more about this going viral in the pandemic.",
" You want to share your screen?",
" Okay.",
" Yes.",
" Thank you, Jorge.",
" So my name is Martí Periquei from Geomático.",
" Our sponsors are funds, our city also are in the room also.",
" I'll do the talk, but he might answer some questions later.",
" Okay, so thank you all for being here.",
" Geomático is a small Spanish company specialized in analysis and publication of geographic",
" information.",
" And we usually make technical talks.",
" So this will be totally a new experience for us.",
" It's more a light speech about a beautiful adventure or a tale of success in the pandemic.",
" So perfect for the last beach before lunch.",
" We have always worked with a traditional GIS stack, our players, geo server, post GIS,",
" SDIs, now of course vector tiles also.",
" And we've developed solutions for many years in many fields.",
" Here I just highlighted mobility and environmental, but there are many more agriculture, public",
" transportation, harbors and satellite analysis also.",
" And to finish for a fast presentation of who we are, at least of some of our clients,",
" a majority from Spain, but some from Europe or Australia.",
" And what do we do for them?",
" We call it tailored suits, like we offer custom solutions to complex geographical problems",
" that don't fit into a standard product.",
" That's what we generally do.",
" Okay, so let's start with the tale.",
" Let's start with the adventure.",
" Let's make a flashback to April 2020.",
" I think you all remember.",
" In Spain, it was a complete lockdown.",
" There were times you were only allowed to go to buy food, to go outside to buy food for",
" emergencies.",
" Well, you know about that.",
" And we all look like this in our homes, except that we always look like this in Geomatica,",
" because we work remotely since long time ago.",
" But those were times of fear and of stress, but also of great solidarity and good intention,",
" like everybody wanted to help others.",
" So what can we do to help?",
" There were already many projects, some of them very popular.",
" I remember those charts for the countries, for dead people, infected people.",
" And Italy's first, now Spain's first, a bit tragic, but they were useful.",
" Or ambitious projects like a friend of mine did a project to detect COVID-19 and the excrement",
" of people from the water collected in the sewers to try to prevent outbreaks.",
" So what can we do from Geomatica?",
" Let's think about something.",
" Spain had a very painful first wave.",
" Many people were not allowed even to make sport, and kids were getting crazy.",
" And parents with kids were getting crazy.",
" So after almost two months of lockdown, the government decided that they were allowed",
" outside with adults, but only one kilometer away from their homes.",
" So big happiness for everyone, but of course, how far is one kilometer?",
" The average person can calculate that.",
" That's a GIS question, a very simple one, but a GIS question.",
" So many GIS friends were already calculating their kilometer.",
" They took a QG, it's a buffer of one kilometer, and they printed their map, whatever.",
" But what can we do for people, not GIS experts?",
" Well, in Geomatica, the same day the new law was announced, Micho Garcia had the idea",
" to build a website and to call it simply, how far is one kilometer to solve this problem?",
" Okay, so how to build it?",
" The challenge is to show a one kilometer circle, shouldn't be a big deal.",
" Usually we develop advanced solutions, so we thought about some complicated applications,",
" but in the end it was clear that we needed something very simple, and that we can code",
" very fast.",
" Like we did the simplest approach possible, because everybody must use it.",
" So go find your home and click.",
" And that's all, and you get your one kilometer radius, and the kids will be able to travel",
" inside the circle, so very simple to use.",
" We coded that in two hours, so that it could be deployed the same afternoon, the president",
" announced the law.",
" It's still live at this onekilometer.geomatica.es, but I don't know, maybe if you want to calculate",
" one kilometer for some reason, you can use it, but it's not used anymore, and we hope",
" we won't use it anymore for lockdowns.",
" Okay, we wanted to be easy to use, beautiful, deployed very fast.",
" We end the tool that everybody, everyone needed in the right time.",
" So as a technology, we use Mapbox GL as a JavaScript library and this is one line, and",
" one line of turf to make the magic, so just a circle of one kilometer, that's all.",
" An important thing, we use Mapbox base maps, because they had a free tire of 50,000 map",
" loads, so this would have to be largely enough for what we expected.",
" And there's the GitHub repository down with a mid license, if you're interested.",
" Okay, let's start with the spreading.",
" We finish the application, we deploy it in GitHub pages, we make one tweet, we don't",
" have, we have I think a thousand followers, so not that much.",
" And we put a dozen WhatsApp messages to friends.",
" We hope that our friends would put this, our link into the WhatsApp parents groups from",
" schools, you know, and then it would be possible that they would be retweeted.",
" So we went to bed, it's eight o'clock at night, and we went to bed, and in the morning",
" at 10 a.m. we had 10,000 visitors.",
" So from 10 messages to 10,000 visitors.",
" We were happy, but a bit shocked.",
" We went to analytics to see the sources, and it's what we thought, but much faster.",
" I mean, you can see 80% is direct, so from WhatsApp, it clearly went viral on WhatsApp.",
" These stats are not the stats of the first night, these are the stats of the whole two",
" weekends that it was, the law was enforced, but at that moment it was like 95% WhatsApp,",
" so it was almost everything WhatsApp and some social media.",
" So parents sending and we're sending the link.",
" So we were very happy.",
" But three hours later, we have 20,000 visitors per hour.",
" So the famous exponential growth, keep calm.",
" It was funny because often newspapers then were trying to explain exponential growth",
" to citizens, if you remember, stay home because if you spread the virus to 10 people, blah,",
" blah, blah, we went viral in the pandemic.",
" So okay, so what to do, what to do, back to problems.",
" We're running out of base maps.",
" You remember we have 50,000, we're almost done, we need something to do.",
" And we run out of the free time, so let's pay, pay Mapbox.",
" We took $400, we thought, okay, it's also some publicity for GeoMatica, so we can spend",
" $400.",
" They immediately disappeared like flushed in the toilet and we were running out of cash",
" completely.",
" It was insane, we couldn't do that.",
" So keep calm and think of alternatives.",
" Do it yourself, base maps.",
" We don't have time.",
" We don't have time.",
" Put some ads to pay Mapbox.",
" Well, the idea was a non-profit application, so not possible as well.",
" Another alternative, Mapbox posted a few days before that they were supporting COVID-related",
" applications.",
" So we decided to email Eric Gunderson, the CEO of Mapbox, for a Mapbox unlimited account.",
" But of course, when it's noon in Spain, it's 5 a.m. in America, so Eric Gunderson is sleeping.",
" And we got thousands and thousands of simultaneous requests.",
" We need to do something.",
" Keep calm.",
" What can we do?",
" What can we do?",
" Finally, we got the solution.",
" The open source community pointed out to the right direction.",
" A free and unlimited dial service from the Catalan Geologic Institute.",
" So thank you to the Institute Cartographic, to RAF, to Jane Kietz, and all the awesome",
" Spanish FOSS4G community.",
" They helped us a lot.",
" And okay, it was on.",
" So we could relax.",
" Well, relax a little bit because the media were calling.",
" We were on almost all Spanish media at some point.",
" Some 10% of the traffic came from referrals, as we've seen before, the news links.",
" And well, and some of the media were very nice.",
" They put our name like in big letters.",
" Some of them were not so nice.",
" We'll see that later on.",
" But suddenly we were in trouble again.",
" The traffic continued to grow.",
" It continued and continued to grow.",
" We had four million visitors the first weekend.",
" So the servers were burning.",
" I mean, it was growing and growing and growing.",
" So we decided that we must cache them.",
" Only solution.",
" We cache the cartographic tiles with Amazon Cloudfront, which is very, very scalable and",
" affordable.",
" That's what we needed also.",
" So that we were able to resist all the traffic and make the servers relax.",
" And it worked.",
" It worked very well.",
" Here you can see the bytes transferred.",
" I mean, it's every hour, it's like 100, more than 150 gigabytes, which is maybe usually",
" the monthly maximum of a normal hosting, maybe.",
" So it worked well.",
" It worked well.",
" And two days later, Mapbox agreed on a super free account.",
" So finally we decided to put Mapbox.",
" So thank you also to Mapbox.",
" And it worked.",
" It worked well.",
" But we hit some hard limits also on Mapbox servers.",
" So too many concurrent geocodings, even for Mapbox, they also had to work and change",
" some limits, some parameters for these massive concurrent users.",
" We had eight million users in two weekends.",
" You can see the first weekend and then the second weekend even more.",
" Okay, that's it.",
" The adventure is over.",
" Some final considerations, some anecdotes, maybe.",
" I will start complaining a little bit.",
" For example, La Sexta, which is one of the biggest TVs in Spain, they put an iFrame in",
" their web page and they encrusted our application.",
" I don't know.",
" Maybe it's legal.",
" I don't know.",
" But I didn't like that.",
" Or once, one time, a girl contacted us.",
" I have a blog called Pientelo Actuo, which is, I think, therefore, I act.",
" I would be very happy if I could put your application in my web and my blog.",
" And we said, of course, you can.",
" And then they showed this in El Armiguero, which is the main late show in Spain, but",
" presented with a sponsor, like Yoigo sponsors this section.",
" So we didn't sponsorize our app, not to make profit.",
" We didn't get any money, but El Armiguero got sponsored by these presentations.",
" I don't know.",
" Maybe it's legal as well, but I don't know.",
" I found it ugly.",
" Okay.",
" Complaints from people.",
" We got hundreds of tweets and mails that we put an answer almost.",
" And like always, it's mainly complaints.",
" A lot of people concerned for the privacy.",
" I mean, if it's a free application, they thought if it's free, they are using our data for",
" whatever reasons.",
" And so we received a lot of mails complaining of and asking for privacy policy, privacy",
" settings, blah, blah, blah.",
" And other funny people were the ones who instead of clicking, went to find our mail and emailed",
" us asking, sending their street and their number, like I live in the street this and",
" with the number that, and please calculate my kilometer.",
" Okay.",
" Compliments.",
" Compliments to end the talk.",
" There were many, many compliments posted in virtual Spanish media, press, TV, in social",
" media, many public organizations from the smallest local police, for instance, or to",
" virtually all political parties also, like from left to right.",
" Even some famous people like posted about us like Alejandro Shant.",
" Sorry, I don't have the image, but believe me.",
" And also some controversial people also posted about us like the president of Venezuela,",
" Nicolás Maduro.",
" And why would he do that?",
" It's because they used it in Venezuela.",
" The one kilometer became popular in Spain, but it was a world map, so it could be used",
" anywhere.",
" And when Venezuela made an identical law one week later, one kilometer, they thought they",
" could use our app as the official way to calculate the kilometer.",
" So they promoted us in Venezuela.",
" And it was a complete surprise.",
" And let's finish.",
" If we have time, I think we have, it's very short video.",
" With probably the most awkward moment of all, when the vice president of Venezuela makes",
" a tutorial on how to use our app on prime time on TV.",
" Okay, enough.",
" I know it's very weird to finish like that, but I feel like after 15 years of politicians",
" ignoring amazing GIS applications we've done, it's a fair compensation that the vice president",
" makes a presentation of our simplest web map ever and on prime time on TV.",
" So as a conclusion, also I would say for the whole experience, I would say that we should",
" try to make useful things and not only complex things.",
" So thank you.",
" Yeah, thank you very much, Martín.",
" That was a very nice presentation.",
" Thank you.",
" Yeah, as you were mentioning, we don't have questions for the audience, so I can maybe",
" digress a little bit until they come.",
" It's funny that, yeah, the simplest tool can be the most useful.",
" And that's a very, it's a recurring lesson that we learn that we try to build very complex",
" user interfaces and then nobody uses them because they are not for the usual people.",
" But yeah, probably you didn't know what you were doing when you were creating a tool that",
" does these very deep zoom levels because that's the hardest thing to serve as probably the",
" people from Mathalium in the room can also at best.",
" Also maybe you can't disallow next time iframes or at least from very specific referrals.",
" Maybe you can redirect them to some landing page or something like that.",
" That's something that they do, media do this all the time because they are experts in serving",
" large scale but then they are doing this kind of, I understand that this was probably because",
" I looked down, everyone was busy, everyone was super stressed and they did just what",
" they so fit.",
" We didn't have time to make these things Jorge, we were just like…",
" No, I'm talking about those guys, not you.",
" Creating the iframe instead of maybe calling you and giving you some money to maintain the",
" site instead of killing you with requests.",
" Oh no, nobody offers money.",
" Okay, I don't know if there are no more questions.",
" Thank you very much Martí and Oscar and the rest of the Geomatical people.",
" I think with this we can close this session.",
" Thank you everyone who attended and enjoy the rest of the conference and see you around.",
" Bye bye."
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10.5446/18588 (DOI) | Physical Metallurgy of Steels - Part 4 | https://av.tib.eu/media/18588 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/dee64afe4261d3c76cb4332d573077b5c5af75421512dd1e0564f8310b47dc9930/Physical_Metallurgy_of_Steels_-_Part_4.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Engineering | Lecture | 2012 | Bhadeshia, Harry | null | A series of 12 lectures on the physical metallurgy of steels by Professor H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. Part 4 deals with the design of carbide-free bainitic steels. | Okay, welcome to the third lecture, fourth lecture. Okay, and today we're going to actually apply some of the theory that we've learned to design new steel. So just to remind you of the mechanism that we came up with for the transformation to bainite, imagine that bainite forms exactly like martensite where the plate of ferrite is fully supersaturated with carbon, but because we are transforming at a relatively high temperature, the carbon has an opportunity to escape into the austenite. If we are at a relatively high temperature then the carbon escapes completely leaving the plate of ferrite free from carbon and eventually this excess carbon will precipitate as cementite between the plates of ferrite. If we transform to lower bainite, that means a relatively lower transformation temperature, then there is an opportunity for carbides to precipitate inside the plate rather like tempering of martensite. And because we precipitate some carbides inside the ferrite, we get less carbon partitioning into the remaining austenite and therefore we have finer precipitates of cementite in a lower bainite microstructure. So I explained that this is actually tougher than this microstructure because of the fine scale of the carbides here. Even though lower bainite is stronger. Now of course when we go to even higher strength steels, these are like inclusions, they cause fracture. Cementite particles are harder than brittle and if you apply large enough stress then they will crack. And when we make high strength steels, we make them extremely clean, you know, very free from non-metallic inclusions. So then the cementite particles become the particles which initiate fracture. So bainitic steels of this kind containing fairly coarse carbides have not really succeeded in achieving the same toughness and strength combinations that you can get with tempered martensite because in tempered martensite you can control the tempering process and achieve fine carbides. So typically these are the sort of carbide particles that we see inside normal bainitic steels which have a high carbon concentration. So when I say a high carbon concentration of the order of 0.3, 0.4 weight percent carbon, you see fairly coarse cementite particles. And in the case of cleavage fractures, these particles initiate cleavage cracks and in the case of ductile fracture initiate the nucleation of voids. So inside the dimples that you see on the fracture surface you'll be able to find cementite particles. And the consequence of those particles is that you get a reduction in toughness. So here is the test temperature for a CHARPY test and the CHARPY impact energy and supposing we create a steel with a bainitic microstructure and coarse carbides then you get a reduction in toughness and an increase in the impact transition temperature. So these carbides are bad in the context of very high strength steels and when you have a medium carbon concentration. Obviously if you reduce the carbon concentration to less than 0.05 weight percent then the carbides will be fine. So in that case they are not the initiating sites for fracture. So how can I stop these carbides from precipitating? Any ideas? What elements can I add to the steel which stops cementite from precipitating? Titanium will capture the carbon and form titanium carbides which are cubic in shape and coarse because they form at a very high temperature. So we don't want that either. Silicon and anything else? You are right, you are quite right. How does silicon and aluminium stop the precipitation of cementite? What is the mechanism? We know very well even from history if you take cast iron, cast iron contains something like 3 weight percent of carbon, if you add silicon to the cast iron then instead of a white cast iron you get a grey cast iron. White cast iron is full of cementite, grey cast iron is full of graphite. So we have known this for more than a century that if you add elements like silicon to cast iron then we stop primary cementite from forming and you end up with cast iron containing graphite instead of very hard cast iron full of cementite. So how does silicon stop the precipitation of cementite? What is the mechanism? Any ideas? I think you all know about this because tripped steels are designed like this but do you know why these elements stop the precipitation of cementite from austenite? Let me give you a clue. So the mechanism involves partitioning of carbon from the super saturated plate into the remaining austenite. So it's this precipitation from austenite that we have to stop the formation of cementite from austenite. Now if you look at the solubility of carbon in cementite it's almost zero. It has virtually zero solubility in cementite but when you form cementite at a low temperature there is no opportunity for the carbon to escape while the cementite is growing. So when we talk about low temperature I'm saying 400 degrees centigrade the cementite is forced to absorb any silicon which is in your steel even though it does not want it. So once you force silicon into cementite its energy increases. It becomes less stable and here are some first principles calculations done by Jaehoon Jang and Indi Kim in GIFT where when you substitute an ion atom with a silicon atom so here is Fe3C and this is Fe3C but one of the ion atoms is substituted with silicon you get a dramatic increase in energy and here two silicon atoms have been substituted in different sites within the unit cell of cementite and again you get a large increase in the energy of the cementite. So if you force the silicon to go into the cementite then it becomes much less stable and in some circumstances if you've added enough silicon then it doesn't form at all and the same should apply to aluminium. Now why did we need to do this analysis by first principles calculations? Because if you have virtually zero solubility of silicon in cementite then you cannot actually make measurements. You cannot make thermodynamic measurements. So if you try to do a phase diagram calculation you don't have the thermodynamic data. So these thermodynamic data were created using first principles calculations and this is a wonderful application of first principles calculations because here you cannot even in principle do an experiment. So that's where you can only do calculations. So just to summarize that the mechanism by which cementite forms, cementite precipitation is prevented. So cementite precipitation is prevented. Let me just make this pen finer. Prevented because one the solubility of silicon in cementite is negligible. So this is important. Solubility of silicon, I'll use the same symbol theta for cementite throughout. Alpha is ferrite, gamma is austenite and theta is cementite. So solubility of silicon in cementite is negligible. And the second crucial thing is that during the bay night reaction you are forming cementite at a low temperature. So during bay night reaction theta forms at a low temperature. That means that the silicon cannot partition during the growth of the cementite. Therefore silicon cannot partition during cementite growth. It is basically forced to be in the cementite. It is forced into theta and therefore theta becomes unstable. So the important point is that if the cementite formed at a high temperature, you know above let's say 600 degree centigrade, then the silicon could partition and there is no problem in precipitating cementite. So in the same steel, if I form pearlite, pearlite forms at a relatively high temperature around 600 degree centigrade, silicon slightly retards the transformation but it doesn't stop the precipitation of cementite. So you have to have two conditions. First, that the silicon is forced into the cementite lattice. In other words, that you have to form it at the cementite at a low temperature in order to use silicon to suppress the precipitation of cementite. Is everyone happy with that? So that is the mechanism by which silicon stops the precipitation of cementite from austenite and probably aluminium works in the same way but we don't have the same kind of evidence that I've shown you here for the effect of aluminium on cementite precipitation. So it's possible now, you know, given this kind of thermodynamic data to do calculations on the growth rate of cementite in which you force the silicon and therefore to calculate how much silicon you need in order to suppress the precipitation of cementite. Roughly speaking, you know, for the kind of steels that we are interested in, you need in excess of about one weight percent of silicon to stop the precipitation of cementite. Okay, so let's carry on. Let's imagine that we study three different alloys, very simple alloys. All of them contain a certain level of silicon to stop the precipitation of cementite and we've got carbon concentrations that I'll explain to you later and some elements to give you hard nability because you want to stop the precipitation of other kinds of transformation products such as pearlite and so forth. Okay. Now when we transform these isothermally into bainite, we get the microstructure which I've shown you previously. Extremely fine plates of bainitic ferrite. So remember this scale is one micrometer. So when you have a thin plate shape, the grain size is approximately twice the thickness of the plate. Okay, because the grain size is a mean linear intercept. Right? You measure grain size as a mean linear intercept and when you have a thin plate shape, the probability of slip happening in the plane of the plate is negligible. So the mean linear intercept is about twice the thickness. So here we are achieving a grain size which is a fraction of a micrometer just by phase transformation. You don't need any complex thermomechanical processing. Second is we've suppressed cementite precipitation. So in between these plates, we've got these regions of austenite and austenite does not have a ductile brittle transition temperature. So if I plot that diagram which I drew in the last lecture where I'm doing the cleavage stress as a function of temperature. Okay, so here we have temperature and this is the stress and this is the stress required to cleave the crystal, cleavage. And if I now plot on this the temperature dependence of the strength of austenite, then for all temperatures it's easier to flow by plastic deformation. So this is austenite and therefore you do not get austenite breaking by a cleavage mechanism. You do not have a ductile brittle transition for austenite. In the case of ferrite, I pointed out to you that you get an intersection between the flow curve and the cleavage stress and that's why you get a ductile brittle transition. So one major advantage of having austenite in the microstructure is that we have no ductile brittle transition temperature for these regions of retained austenite. Now is there any other advantage of having the austenite there that you can think of? Why do we often want austenite in our steel? Trim effect, so transformation induced plasticity. Now we are going to do this in a bit more detail later but when you pull the material the transformation of the austenite into martensite actually adds to the plasticity of your steel. So even though the material is strong you can get a high ductility and the solubility of hydrogen in austenite is high but the diffusion rate of hydrogen into the austenite is orders of magnitude smaller than that in ferrite. What that means is that hydrogen will have difficulty in getting into your steel. That's a good thing because when you put your steel into service you don't really want hydrogen to get into the steel by corrosion reactions etc. So hydrogen embrittlement becomes less of a problem if you have sufficient austenite surrounding the ferrite regions. So there are many advantages to having this beautiful microstructure which is extremely fine and I am just going to list the advantages. Forgotten how to change this page? Okay let me clear it. Okay so let's list the advantages. The first one is that we achieve an incredibly fine structure just by phase transformation. So we achieve incredibly fine structure by phase transformation. Now we've got a mixture of ferrite and austenite and this austenite is created using an extremely cheap alloying element. It's basically stabilized by the partitioning of carbon and you cannot get a cheaper alloying element than carbon. So the austenite is stabilized by an extremely cheap alloying element. So gamma is stabilized by cheap solute which is carbon whereas you know the original trip steels were actually with very large concentrations of nickel something in excess of 28%. Here we are just using carbon to stabilize the austenite. Average carbon concentration is quite low about 0.4 but when you partition it the austenite ends up with a carbon concentration in excess of 1 weight percent and therefore it becomes stable. So we are using extremely cheap solute. Number 3 is that hydrogen has a very low diffusivity in austenite and that is always a good thing when you are dealing with high strength steels. So hydrogen has very low diffusivity in gamma. So you should reduce hydrogen embrittlement problems. Because we have removed the carbon from the bainite and partitioned it into the austenite that makes the bainitic ferrite ductile as well. Because if ferrite contains carbon in solid solution that definitely embrittles it. That's why you have to temper martensite when you use martensite. So number 4 is that the carbon concentration of the bainitic ferrite is much less than the average value. So carbon concentration of bainitic ferrite is much lower than average of steel. So that makes it tough. Makes the ferrite. And we are also getting our strength from the very fine grain structure. And grain size is one of the only mechanisms by which you can increase both the strength and toughness. Very often when you try to increase the strength the toughness will deteriorate. But with grain size refinement you increase both strength and toughness. So we have a very fine grain size. Really the strength is produced by grain size effect. Strength due to fine grain structure. And grain refinement is the only mechanism for both increasing the strength and toughness. For increasing strength and toughness. So the very simple addition of silicon to our steel together with transformation into a mixture of bainitic ferrite and austenite gives us what appears to be an ideal microstructure. So this appears to be ideal microstructure. One happy sofa. And of course if you remember each plate is only about 10 micrometers in length because the plasticity associated with the shape deformation stops it from growing once it reaches about that length. So it's actually finer than martensite. Okay let's have a look at the toughness of this wonderful microstructure. Right. When we actually do an experiment to measure the toughness it's terrible. You can see here that the impact transition temperature is more than 100 degrees centigrade. So that's completely unacceptable for any engineering material that below 100 degrees centigrade you get fracture by cleavage. And this is the alloy that I listed in one of those tables earlier. No.4 carbon, 3 manganese and 2 silicon. So something is very wrong with our science here that we have an ideal microstructure and it's giving extremely poor properties. So let's just try and think what is the problem. So I'm going to show you an optical micrograph of this structure. Here we are. So look at the scale over here. It's 50 micrometers. So this is an optical micrograph. And if I looked at these bainite sheaves in a transmission electron micrograph then they would look exactly like the ones that I showed you earlier which are extremely fine and with films of austenite in between them. But notice one more thing. We have these large regions of untransformed high carbon austenite. You can see these large white regions which have a scale of the order of 50 micrometers which are untransformed high carbon austenite. Now when you increase the size of austenite it becomes easier for it to transform into martensite. So as soon as I apply a stress to this material the first regions which trip are these regions and therefore 50 micrometer sized regions of untempered high carbon martensite. So it's like creating a beautiful fine structure and then throwing a huge rock into the structure which is brittle. Now why do we have these large regions of austenite left in our material even though we have transformed isothermally for a long time to generate bainite? Any ideas? Why does this material refuse to transform further? Because I don't want those large regions of austenite. I want them to transform into the fine mixture of bainitic ferrite and films of retained austenite. Why does the reaction stop? T0 curve. We have a thermodynamic limit that as soon as the composition of the austenite reaches the T0 boundary it cannot transform further. So here is the T0 curve and this is the average carbon concentration of the steel and if I'm transforming at this temperature then I can only get bainite until the austenite composition reaches the red line. So if I apply the lever rule to the T0 curve then I should be able to calculate the maximum amount of bainitic ferrite that I can obtain. The lever rule is basically that the amount of bainitic ferrite is given by this distance here divided by this distance assuming that the ferrite has zero carbon concentration. So everyone happy with the lever rule? You apply it to a phase diagram to work out the volume fraction of a phase, the maximum volume fraction of a phase. So it's this distance here divided by this distance which if I express mathematically is the carbon concentration given by T0 minus the average carbon concentration of the steel divided by the carbon concentration given by the T0 curve and the carbon concentration of ferrite which we are going to assume is zero. So I want you to give me three ways, three ways in which I can increase the volume fraction of bainite so that I can get rid of the large regions of austenite. If you look at this equation there should be three ways of doing this. So I am waiting for you to give me the answer. What are the three ways in which I can increase the volume fraction of bainite? Because if I can't then we are stuck. This is a thermodynamic limit to the amount of transformation. Even if you can't think metallurgically, think mathematically. What are the three ways I could increase the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite? This is the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite, right? This is the symbol for bainitic ferrite. Yeah, I think you have an idea. How can I increase this? Come on guys. Guys is refers to both men and women. It's an asexual word. Yeah, so if I reduce the average concentration of carbon, that means I shift this line towards the vertical axis, then I can increase the volume fraction of bainite. So what this says is if I actually reduce the carbon concentration of the steel, I should get more bainite, get rid of those large regions of austenite, and I would not compromise strength because I am increasing the amount of bainite. So it goes against our normal thinking that if I reduce the carbon concentration, I actually get an increase in strength because I am increasing the amount of bainite. Second method? See this curve depends on the substitutional solids in our material. So if you modify the substitutional solids, for example manganese and so forth, then we can shift this curve to higher carbon concentrations. So that's the second method. And the third method is why not lower the transformation temperature? There is of course a limit. What is that limit? How low can I go? Martensize temperature. So the three ways of improving the toughness of increasing the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite. One is reduce x bar, the average carbon concentration of the material. Two is modify substitutional solids to move the t0 curve to higher carbon. And the third is to reduce the transformation temperature. But this is limited by the fact that we mustn't produce martensite. So the lowest I can go is close to MS. So but limited by the martensite start temperature. I remember we started with a steel which was Fe 0.4 carbon, three manganese and two silicon weight percent. So the first thing I'm going to do is I'm going to cut the carbon concentration by a factor of 2. So the prediction from this very simple theory is that if I make a new steel which is Fe 0.2 carbon, three manganese, two silicon, I should get an improvement in toughness without a loss of strength. And I know and I'll illustrate to you later that if I substitute manganese by nickel, then the t0 curve moves to a higher carbon concentration. So the second modification that we make, t0 curve you can calculate very easily. Just download some software from our website. So we will keep the carbon concentration the same because we are trying to prove a point here. And instead of manganese, we will use nickel and two silicon. So these are the two steels which are predicted from our simple theory that if we do as we expect, we will improve the toughness without a loss of strength. So here are those three alloys that I just wrote about. In one case, we are going to cut the carbon concentration by a factor of 2. And in the second case, we are going to change the substitutional alloying addition to shift the t0 curve to the right hand side to higher carbon concentrations. So we made these alloys and we achieved the required refinement of the structure in terms of getting rid of the large regions of austenite. So this is the one with half the carbon concentration. And we have this beautiful microstructure without the large regions of austenite. And this is the high carbon, 0.4 carbon, but with a higher nickel concentration. The next slide that I will show you is absolutely amazing because this is the original impact transition curve with, you know, transition temperature being more than 100 degrees centigrade. And these are the two new alloys where we have shifted the transition temperature by 200 degrees centigrade just by a simple equation. So the toughness has improved dramatically in one case, maintaining the carbon concentration in the other case by reducing the carbon concentration by a factor of 2. And without compromising the strength, anybody can improve the toughness by reducing the strength. But here we are both maintaining the strength and dramatically improving the toughness. So large regions of austenite which are unstable to applied stress and which decompose into high carbon martensite, untempered martensite, obviously are going to be bad for your steel. What we want is the nice thin films of austenite between the plates of ferrite. Everyone happy with that? Okay, so now I am going to show you some products which come out of this very simple theory. So does anybody recognize what these are? Sections of railway lines, yeah, and they are made in different sizes depending on applications. What is the normal structure of railway lines? Pearlite, yeah. And somebody else now tell me what is the structure of pearlite? Sorry? Yeah, but describe to me how is the mixture. Is it spherical particles of cementite in ferrite or lamella which means, you know, alternating layers of cementite and ferrite, yeah? Okay. Here, so this is the typical structure that you would see in an optical micrograph of pearlite where it appears that you have got these separate layers of cementite and ferrite. And for the past 60 or so years the performance of railway lines has increased enormously by refining the spacing of the pearlite. Yeah, because if you refine the distance between the cementite and ferrite then you improve the strength, the hardness of your material. But actually the way that I describe the structure is wrong. It doesn't consist of alternating layers of cementite and ferrite. Let me show you what it really looks like. I really enjoy this slide. Okay. So this is a cabbage. And a cabbage has leaves which are all connected in three dimensions, right? So think of that as the crystal of cementite. It's a single crystal of cementite. And inside this I've got water and the water is a single crystal of ferrite. So when I put the cabbage inside the bucket, I've got a bicrystal of cementite and ferrite. And the toughness is determined by the size of that bicrystal, not by the spacing between the planes because the crystallography is identical within a colony. You've got a single crystal of cementite which is intimately mixed with a single crystal of ferrite. So if you have a crack then it propagates across the whole colony of pearlite. But the strength depends on the distance between the leaves of this cabbage. We section that cabbage, it looks like pearlite, right? So although rails have improved in terms of their hardness, their toughness remains quite low. Yeah? So if we replace this by the structure that we've just created from a mixture of very fine plates of ferrite and carbon enriched films of retained austenite, we have no carbide particles in the material. And both the toughness and the strength depend on the scale of the bainitic ferrite and films of austenite. So we made railway lines out of this material, the bainitic ferrite and austenite. And there are two main characteristics that are required from railway lines. One is called rolling contact fatigue. So when you have a wheel going over a surface, it induces a stress under the surface, the cyclic stress every time a wheel goes. And that causes fatigue. And then you get a bit of the steel just coming off. And of course, once you've damaged the surface, that damage grows every time something goes over it. And it can ultimately lead to fracture. This is the normal, polytic rail. These are full scale tests. Normal, polytic rail. This is a rail which is hardened on the surface. And this is the new bainitic rail which didn't break. So we stopped the test because these are extremely expensive tests. Now the second characteristics that you require is wear resistance. Because you cause a little bit of damage every time a wheel goes over the surface and that causes wear of the rail. And certainly if you're going around a curve, then you also have specific areas from which you get wear. This is a rail which has been in service, but one part of it is ordinary rail and the other part is the new bainitic rail. So here is the carbide free bainitic rail. And you can see that the damage here from wear processes is much bigger. And why is the wear resistance better? Well, if you have hard particles in your microstructure and they come off, then they will act like an abrasive. But we don't have these hard particles in the carbide free bainite. It's just a mixture of austenite and ferrite. So if you look at the damage that you cause at the surface, it's more like plastic flow rather than wear mechanism. And here are some quantitative results. The wear process is quite complicated. You know, it's not just rolling but also slip. So the tests involve a certain amount of slip deformation between the two objects in contact. And we are looking both at the wheel and the railway line. So this is the wear rate on the wheel caused by moving on an ordinary, pearlitic rail. And this is for martensite. And this is the only structure which actually reduces the wear rate on the wheel as well. And this is the tunnel which goes under the sea between Britain and France. And these are the rails made from carbide free bainitic ferrite. So just from three lectures, okay, you have the theory to be able to design a steel which can go into service. So if ever you come to Britain or to France, make sure you go through the Euro tunnel and you will be travelling on carbide free bainitic rail. Okay. Right. I can show you some more examples. This is a torpedo car which carries molten steel going over a bainitic rail and so on. Now, of course, there are many other applications that you can think of of this particular structure. And here I'm plotting the toughness, fracture toughness versus the ultimate tensile strength. And there's a whole collection of data from many different studies. And what I'd like you to see is this is maraging steel. Maraging steel is a martensitic steel, okay, a very highly alloyed martensitic steel. And it has almost zero carbon and you quench it and then you heat treat it at around 500 degrees centigrade to precipitate intermetallic compounds and that makes it hard. But because it doesn't have the carbon, it's very tough. And it's used for example for rocket motor casings. In some cases, we are matching the properties of maraging steels using much cheaper alloying addition. So here you're looking at incredible toughness, you know, about 130 megapascal root meters of toughness at a strength level of about 1600 megapascals. And these are quenched and tempered martensitic steels and these are all of these are carbide free bainitic steels. There is much more potential with this structure because of the absence of carbides. And for example, in GIFT itself, we have worked on producing these steels by continuous annealing. You know, just like you produce the trip assistive steels, we can produce without the electromorphic ferrite and therefore get a much stronger trip steel as opposed to a trip assisted steel means there are other phases, you know, just like equiaxed ferrite in the structure. So any questions? The most important point I want to get over to you is that if you understand the mechanisms of phase transformations, then you can find a logical way of creating a better steel instead of just making many, many different chemistries and looking at their properties. The simple equation here and the recognition that large regions of austenite are no good for the toughness helps to create actual products which go into service. Okay, that's all for today. | {
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"text": [
" Okay, welcome to the third lecture, fourth lecture. Okay, and today we're going to actually",
" apply some of the theory that we've learned to design new steel. So just to remind you",
" of the mechanism that we came up with for the transformation to bainite, imagine that",
" bainite forms exactly like martensite where the plate of ferrite is fully supersaturated",
" with carbon, but because we are transforming at a relatively high temperature, the carbon",
" has an opportunity to escape into the austenite. If we are at a relatively high temperature",
" then the carbon escapes completely leaving the plate of ferrite free from carbon and",
" eventually this excess carbon will precipitate as cementite between the plates of ferrite.",
" If we transform to lower bainite, that means a relatively lower transformation temperature,",
" then there is an opportunity for carbides to precipitate inside the plate rather like",
" tempering of martensite. And because we precipitate some carbides inside the ferrite, we get less",
" carbon partitioning into the remaining austenite and therefore we have finer precipitates of",
" cementite in a lower bainite microstructure. So I explained that this is actually tougher",
" than this microstructure because of the fine scale of the carbides here. Even though lower",
" bainite is stronger. Now of course when we go to even higher strength",
" steels, these are like inclusions, they cause fracture. Cementite particles are harder than",
" brittle and if you apply large enough stress then they will crack. And when we make high",
" strength steels, we make them extremely clean, you know, very free from non-metallic inclusions.",
" So then the cementite particles become the particles which initiate fracture. So bainitic",
" steels of this kind containing fairly coarse carbides have not really succeeded in achieving",
" the same toughness and strength combinations that you can get with tempered martensite because",
" in tempered martensite you can control the tempering process and achieve fine carbides.",
" So typically these are the sort of carbide particles that we see inside normal bainitic",
" steels which have a high carbon concentration. So when I say a high carbon concentration",
" of the order of 0.3, 0.4 weight percent carbon, you see fairly coarse cementite particles.",
" And in the case of cleavage fractures, these particles initiate cleavage cracks and in",
" the case of ductile fracture initiate the nucleation of voids. So inside the dimples",
" that you see on the fracture surface you'll be able to find cementite particles.",
" And the consequence of those particles is that you get a reduction in toughness. So here",
" is the test temperature for a CHARPY test and the CHARPY impact energy and supposing",
" we create a steel with a bainitic microstructure and coarse carbides then you get a reduction",
" in toughness and an increase in the impact transition temperature. So these carbides",
" are bad in the context of very high strength steels and when you have a medium carbon concentration.",
" Obviously if you reduce the carbon concentration to less than 0.05 weight percent then the",
" carbides will be fine. So in that case they are not the initiating sites for fracture.",
" So how can I stop these carbides from precipitating? Any ideas? What elements can I add to the",
" steel which stops cementite from precipitating? Titanium will capture the carbon and form",
" titanium carbides which are cubic in shape and coarse because they form at a very high",
" temperature. So we don't want that either. Silicon and anything else? You are right,",
" you are quite right. How does silicon and aluminium stop the precipitation of cementite?",
" What is the mechanism? We know very well even from history if you take cast iron, cast iron",
" contains something like 3 weight percent of carbon, if you add silicon to the cast iron",
" then instead of a white cast iron you get a grey cast iron. White cast iron is full",
" of cementite, grey cast iron is full of graphite. So we have known this for more than a century",
" that if you add elements like silicon to cast iron then we stop primary cementite from",
" forming and you end up with cast iron containing graphite instead of very hard cast iron full",
" of cementite. So how does silicon stop the precipitation of cementite? What is the mechanism?",
" Any ideas? I think you all know about this because tripped steels are designed like this",
" but do you know why these elements stop the precipitation of cementite from austenite?",
" Let me give you a clue. So the mechanism involves partitioning of carbon from the super saturated",
" plate into the remaining austenite. So it's this precipitation from austenite that we",
" have to stop the formation of cementite from austenite. Now if you look at the solubility",
" of carbon in cementite it's almost zero. It has virtually zero solubility in cementite",
" but when you form cementite at a low temperature there is no opportunity for the carbon to",
" escape while the cementite is growing. So when we talk about low temperature I'm saying",
" 400 degrees centigrade the cementite is forced to absorb any silicon which is in your steel",
" even though it does not want it. So once you force silicon into cementite its energy increases.",
" It becomes less stable and here are some first principles calculations done by Jaehoon Jang",
" and Indi Kim in GIFT where when you substitute an ion atom with a silicon atom so here is",
" Fe3C and this is Fe3C but one of the ion atoms is substituted with silicon you get a dramatic",
" increase in energy and here two silicon atoms have been substituted in different sites within",
" the unit cell of cementite and again you get a large increase in the energy of the cementite.",
" So if you force the silicon to go into the cementite then it becomes much less stable",
" and in some circumstances if you've added enough silicon then it doesn't form at all",
" and the same should apply to aluminium. Now why did we need to do this analysis by first",
" principles calculations? Because if you have virtually zero solubility of silicon in cementite",
" then you cannot actually make measurements. You cannot make thermodynamic measurements.",
" So if you try to do a phase diagram calculation you don't have the thermodynamic data. So",
" these thermodynamic data were created using first principles calculations and this is",
" a wonderful application of first principles calculations because here you cannot even in",
" principle do an experiment. So that's where you can only do calculations. So just to summarize",
" that the mechanism by which cementite forms, cementite precipitation is prevented. So cementite",
" precipitation is prevented. Let me just make this pen finer. Prevented because one the",
" solubility of silicon in cementite is negligible. So this is important. Solubility of silicon,",
" I'll use the same symbol theta for cementite throughout. Alpha is ferrite, gamma is austenite",
" and theta is cementite. So solubility of silicon in cementite is negligible. And the second",
" crucial thing is that during the bay night reaction you are forming cementite at a low",
" temperature. So during bay night reaction theta forms at a low temperature. That means",
" that the silicon cannot partition during the growth of the cementite. Therefore silicon",
" cannot partition during cementite growth. It is basically forced to be in the cementite.",
" It is forced into theta and therefore theta becomes unstable. So the important point is",
" that if the cementite formed at a high temperature, you know above let's say 600 degree centigrade,",
" then the silicon could partition and there is no problem in precipitating cementite.",
" So in the same steel, if I form pearlite, pearlite forms at a relatively high temperature",
" around 600 degree centigrade, silicon slightly retards the transformation but it doesn't",
" stop the precipitation of cementite. So you have to have two conditions. First, that the",
" silicon is forced into the cementite lattice. In other words, that you have to form it at",
" the cementite at a low temperature in order to use silicon to suppress the precipitation",
" of cementite. Is everyone happy with that? So that is the mechanism by which silicon",
" stops the precipitation of cementite from austenite and probably aluminium works in",
" the same way but we don't have the same kind of evidence that I've shown you here for the",
" effect of aluminium on cementite precipitation. So it's possible now, you know, given this",
" kind of thermodynamic data to do calculations on the growth rate of cementite in which you",
" force the silicon and therefore to calculate how much silicon you need in order to suppress",
" the precipitation of cementite. Roughly speaking, you know, for the kind of steels that we are",
" interested in, you need in excess of about one weight percent of silicon to stop the",
" precipitation of cementite. Okay, so let's carry on. Let's imagine that we study three",
" different alloys, very simple alloys. All of them contain a certain level of silicon",
" to stop the precipitation of cementite and we've got carbon concentrations that I'll",
" explain to you later and some elements to give you hard nability because you want to",
" stop the precipitation of other kinds of transformation products such as pearlite and so forth. Okay.",
" Now when we transform these isothermally into bainite, we get the microstructure which I've",
" shown you previously. Extremely fine plates of bainitic ferrite. So remember this scale",
" is one micrometer. So when you have a thin plate shape, the grain size is approximately",
" twice the thickness of the plate. Okay, because the grain size is a mean linear intercept.",
" Right? You measure grain size as a mean linear intercept and when you have a thin plate shape,",
" the probability of slip happening in the plane of the plate is negligible. So the mean linear",
" intercept is about twice the thickness. So here we are achieving a grain size which is",
" a fraction of a micrometer just by phase transformation. You don't need any complex thermomechanical",
" processing. Second is we've suppressed cementite precipitation. So in between these plates,",
" we've got these regions of austenite and austenite does not have a ductile brittle transition",
" temperature. So if I plot that diagram which I drew in the last lecture where I'm doing",
" the cleavage stress as a function of temperature. Okay, so here we have temperature and this",
" is the stress and this is the stress required to cleave the crystal, cleavage. And if I",
" now plot on this the temperature dependence of the strength of austenite, then for all",
" temperatures it's easier to flow by plastic deformation. So this is austenite and therefore",
" you do not get austenite breaking by a cleavage mechanism. You do not have a ductile brittle",
" transition for austenite. In the case of ferrite, I pointed out to you that you get an intersection",
" between the flow curve and the cleavage stress and that's why you get a ductile brittle transition.",
" So one major advantage of having austenite in the microstructure is that we have no ductile",
" brittle transition temperature for these regions of retained austenite. Now is there any other",
" advantage of having the austenite there that you can think of? Why do we often want austenite",
" in our steel?",
" Trim effect, so transformation induced plasticity. Now we are going to do this in a bit more",
" detail later but when you pull the material the transformation of the austenite into martensite",
" actually adds to the plasticity of your steel. So even though the material is strong you",
" can get a high ductility and the solubility of hydrogen in austenite is high but the diffusion",
" rate of hydrogen into the austenite is orders of magnitude smaller than that in ferrite.",
" What that means is that hydrogen will have difficulty in getting into your steel. That's",
" a good thing because when you put your steel into service you don't really want hydrogen",
" to get into the steel by corrosion reactions etc. So hydrogen embrittlement becomes less",
" of a problem if you have sufficient austenite surrounding the ferrite regions. So there",
" are many advantages to having this beautiful microstructure which is extremely fine and",
" I am just going to list the advantages. Forgotten how to change this page? Okay let me clear",
" it. Okay so let's list the advantages. The first one is that we achieve an incredibly",
" fine structure just by phase transformation. So we achieve incredibly fine structure by",
" phase transformation. Now we've got a mixture of ferrite and austenite and this austenite",
" is created using an extremely cheap alloying element. It's basically stabilized by the",
" partitioning of carbon and you cannot get a cheaper alloying element than carbon. So",
" the austenite is stabilized by an extremely cheap alloying element. So gamma is stabilized",
" by cheap solute which is carbon whereas you know the original trip steels were actually",
" with very large concentrations of nickel something in excess of 28%. Here we are just using carbon",
" to stabilize the austenite. Average carbon concentration is quite low about 0.4 but when",
" you partition it the austenite ends up with a carbon concentration in excess of 1 weight",
" percent and therefore it becomes stable. So we are using extremely cheap solute. Number",
" 3 is that hydrogen has a very low diffusivity in austenite and that is always a good thing",
" when you are dealing with high strength steels. So hydrogen has very low diffusivity in gamma.",
" So you should reduce hydrogen embrittlement problems. Because we have removed the carbon",
" from the bainite and partitioned it into the austenite that makes the bainitic ferrite",
" ductile as well. Because if ferrite contains carbon in solid solution that definitely embrittles",
" it. That's why you have to temper martensite when you use martensite. So number 4 is that",
" the carbon concentration of the bainitic ferrite is much less than the average value. So carbon",
" concentration of bainitic ferrite is much lower than average of steel.",
" So that makes it tough. Makes the ferrite. And we are also getting our strength from",
" the very fine grain structure. And grain size is one of the only mechanisms by which you",
" can increase both the strength and toughness. Very often when you try to increase the strength",
" the toughness will deteriorate. But with grain size refinement you increase both strength",
" and toughness. So we have a very fine grain size. Really the strength is produced by grain",
" size effect. Strength due to fine grain structure. And grain refinement is the only mechanism",
" for both increasing the strength and toughness. For increasing strength and toughness.",
" So the very simple addition of silicon to our steel together with transformation into",
" a mixture of bainitic ferrite and austenite gives us what appears to be an ideal microstructure.",
" So this appears to be ideal microstructure.",
" One happy sofa. And of course if you remember each plate is only about 10 micrometers in",
" length because the plasticity associated with the shape deformation stops it from growing",
" once it reaches about that length. So it's actually finer than martensite. Okay let's",
" have a look at the toughness of this wonderful microstructure. Right. When we actually do",
" an experiment to measure the toughness it's terrible. You can see here that the impact",
" transition temperature is more than 100 degrees centigrade. So that's completely unacceptable",
" for any engineering material that below 100 degrees centigrade you get fracture by cleavage.",
" And this is the alloy that I listed in one of those tables earlier. No.4 carbon, 3 manganese",
" and 2 silicon. So something is very wrong with our science here that we have an ideal",
" microstructure and it's giving extremely poor properties. So let's just try and think",
" what is the problem. So I'm going to show you an optical micrograph of this structure.",
" Here we are. So look at the scale over here. It's 50 micrometers. So this is an optical",
" micrograph. And if I looked at these bainite sheaves in a transmission electron micrograph",
" then they would look exactly like the ones that I showed you earlier which are extremely",
" fine and with films of austenite in between them. But notice one more thing. We have these",
" large regions of untransformed high carbon austenite. You can see these large white regions",
" which have a scale of the order of 50 micrometers which are untransformed high carbon austenite.",
" Now when you increase the size of austenite it becomes easier for it to transform into",
" martensite. So as soon as I apply a stress to this material the first regions which trip",
" are these regions and therefore 50 micrometer sized regions of untempered high carbon martensite.",
" So it's like creating a beautiful fine structure and then throwing a huge rock into the structure",
" which is brittle. Now why do we have these large regions of austenite left in our material",
" even though we have transformed isothermally for a long time to generate bainite? Any ideas?",
" Why does this material refuse to transform further? Because I don't want those large",
" regions of austenite. I want them to transform into the fine mixture of bainitic ferrite",
" and films of retained austenite. Why does the reaction stop? T0 curve. We have a thermodynamic",
" limit that as soon as the composition of the austenite reaches the T0 boundary it cannot",
" transform further. So here is the T0 curve and this is the average carbon concentration",
" of the steel and if I'm transforming at this temperature then I can only get bainite until",
" the austenite composition reaches the red line. So if I apply the lever rule to the",
" T0 curve then I should be able to calculate the maximum amount of bainitic ferrite that",
" I can obtain. The lever rule is basically that the amount of bainitic ferrite is given",
" by this distance here divided by this distance assuming that the ferrite has zero carbon",
" concentration. So everyone happy with the lever rule? You apply it to a phase diagram",
" to work out the volume fraction of a phase, the maximum volume fraction of a phase. So",
" it's this distance here divided by this distance which if I express mathematically is the carbon",
" concentration given by T0 minus the average carbon concentration of the steel divided",
" by the carbon concentration given by the T0 curve and the carbon concentration of ferrite",
" which we are going to assume is zero. So I want you to give me three ways, three ways",
" in which I can increase the volume fraction of bainite so that I can get rid of the large",
" regions of austenite. If you look at this equation there should be three ways of doing",
" this. So I am waiting for you to give me the answer. What are the three ways in which I",
" can increase the volume fraction of bainite? Because if I can't then we are stuck. This",
" is a thermodynamic limit to the amount of transformation. Even if you can't think metallurgically,",
" think mathematically. What are the three ways I could increase the volume fraction of bainitic",
" ferrite? This is the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite, right? This is the symbol for bainitic",
" ferrite. Yeah, I think you have an idea. How can I increase this? Come on guys. Guys",
" is refers to both men and women. It's an asexual word. Yeah, so if I reduce the average concentration",
" of carbon, that means I shift this line towards the vertical axis, then I can increase the",
" volume fraction of bainite. So what this says is if I actually reduce the carbon concentration",
" of the steel, I should get more bainite, get rid of those large regions of austenite, and",
" I would not compromise strength because I am increasing the amount of bainite. So it",
" goes against our normal thinking that if I reduce the carbon concentration, I actually",
" get an increase in strength because I am increasing the amount of bainite. Second method? See",
" this curve depends on the substitutional solids in our material. So if you modify the",
" substitutional solids, for example manganese and so forth, then we can shift this curve",
" to higher carbon concentrations. So that's the second method. And the third method is",
" why not lower the transformation temperature? There is of course a limit. What is that limit?",
" How low can I go? Martensize temperature. So the three ways of improving the toughness",
" of increasing the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite. One is reduce x bar, the average",
" carbon concentration of the material. Two is modify substitutional solids to move the",
" t0 curve to higher carbon. And the third is to reduce the transformation temperature.",
" But this is limited by the fact that we mustn't produce martensite. So the lowest I can go",
" is close to MS. So but limited by the martensite start temperature. I remember we started with",
" a steel which was Fe 0.4 carbon, three manganese and two silicon weight percent. So the first",
" thing I'm going to do is I'm going to cut the carbon concentration by a factor of 2.",
" So the prediction from this very simple theory is that if I make a new steel which is Fe",
" 0.2 carbon, three manganese, two silicon, I should get an improvement in toughness without",
" a loss of strength. And I know and I'll illustrate to you later that if I substitute manganese",
" by nickel, then the t0 curve moves to a higher carbon concentration. So the second modification",
" that we make, t0 curve you can calculate very easily. Just download some software from our",
" website. So we will keep the carbon concentration the same because we are trying to prove a",
" point here. And instead of manganese, we will use nickel and two silicon. So these are the",
" two steels which are predicted from our simple theory that if we do as we expect, we will",
" improve the toughness without a loss of strength.",
" So here are those three alloys that I just wrote about. In one case, we are going to",
" cut the carbon concentration by a factor of 2. And in the second case, we are going",
" to change the substitutional alloying addition to shift the t0 curve to the right hand side",
" to higher carbon concentrations. So we made these alloys and we achieved the required",
" refinement of the structure in terms of getting rid of the large regions of austenite. So",
" this is the one with half the carbon concentration. And we have this beautiful microstructure",
" without the large regions of austenite. And this is the high carbon, 0.4 carbon, but with",
" a higher nickel concentration.",
" The next slide that I will show you is absolutely amazing because this is the original impact",
" transition curve with, you know, transition temperature being more than 100 degrees centigrade.",
" And these are the two new alloys where we have shifted the transition temperature by",
" 200 degrees centigrade just by a simple equation. So the toughness has improved dramatically",
" in one case, maintaining the carbon concentration in the other case by reducing the carbon concentration",
" by a factor of 2. And without compromising the strength, anybody can improve the toughness",
" by reducing the strength. But here we are both maintaining the strength and dramatically",
" improving the toughness.",
" So large regions of austenite which are unstable to applied stress and which decompose into",
" high carbon martensite, untempered martensite, obviously are going to be bad for your steel.",
" What we want is the nice thin films of austenite between the plates of ferrite. Everyone happy",
" with that? Okay, so now I am going to show you some products which come out of this very",
" simple theory. So does anybody recognize what these are? Sections of railway lines, yeah,",
" and they are made in different sizes depending on applications. What is the normal structure",
" of railway lines? Pearlite, yeah. And somebody else now tell me what is the structure of",
" pearlite? Sorry? Yeah, but describe to me how is the mixture. Is it spherical particles",
" of cementite in ferrite or lamella which means, you know, alternating layers of cementite",
" and ferrite, yeah? Okay. Here, so this is the typical structure that you would see in",
" an optical micrograph of pearlite where it appears that you have got these separate layers",
" of cementite and ferrite. And for the past 60 or so years the performance of railway",
" lines has increased enormously by refining the spacing of the pearlite. Yeah, because",
" if you refine the distance between the cementite and ferrite then you improve the strength,",
" the hardness of your material. But actually the way that I describe the structure is wrong.",
" It doesn't consist of alternating layers of cementite and ferrite. Let me show you what",
" it really looks like. I really enjoy this slide. Okay. So this is a cabbage. And a cabbage",
" has leaves which are all connected in three dimensions, right? So think of that as the",
" crystal of cementite. It's a single crystal of cementite. And inside this I've got water",
" and the water is a single crystal of ferrite. So when I put the cabbage inside the bucket,",
" I've got a bicrystal of cementite and ferrite. And the toughness is determined by the size",
" of that bicrystal, not by the spacing between the planes because the crystallography is",
" identical within a colony. You've got a single crystal of cementite which is intimately mixed",
" with a single crystal of ferrite. So if you have a crack then it propagates across the",
" whole colony of pearlite. But the strength depends on the distance between the leaves",
" of this cabbage. We section that cabbage, it looks like pearlite, right? So although",
" rails have improved in terms of their hardness, their toughness remains quite low. Yeah? So",
" if we replace this by the structure that we've just created from a mixture of very fine plates",
" of ferrite and carbon enriched films of retained austenite, we have no carbide particles in",
" the material. And both the toughness and the strength depend on the scale of the bainitic",
" ferrite and films of austenite. So we made railway lines out of this material, the bainitic",
" ferrite and austenite. And there are two main characteristics that are required from railway",
" lines. One is called rolling contact fatigue. So when you have a wheel going over a surface,",
" it induces a stress under the surface, the cyclic stress every time a wheel goes. And",
" that causes fatigue. And then you get a bit of the steel just coming off. And of course,",
" once you've damaged the surface, that damage grows every time something goes over it. And",
" it can ultimately lead to fracture. This is the normal, polytic rail. These are full scale",
" tests. Normal, polytic rail. This is a rail which is hardened on the surface. And this",
" is the new bainitic rail which didn't break. So we stopped the test because these are extremely",
" expensive tests. Now the second characteristics that you require is wear resistance. Because",
" you cause a little bit of damage every time a wheel goes over the surface and that causes",
" wear of the rail. And certainly if you're going around a curve, then you also have specific",
" areas from which you get wear. This is a rail which has been in service, but one part of",
" it is ordinary rail and the other part is the new bainitic rail. So here is the carbide",
" free bainitic rail. And you can see that the damage here from wear processes is much bigger.",
" And why is the wear resistance better? Well, if you have hard particles in your microstructure",
" and they come off, then they will act like an abrasive. But we don't have these hard",
" particles in the carbide free bainite. It's just a mixture of austenite and ferrite. So",
" if you look at the damage that you cause at the surface, it's more like plastic flow",
" rather than wear mechanism. And here are some quantitative results. The wear process is",
" quite complicated. You know, it's not just rolling but also slip. So the tests involve",
" a certain amount of slip deformation between the two objects in contact. And we are looking",
" both at the wheel and the railway line. So this is the wear rate on the wheel caused",
" by moving on an ordinary, pearlitic rail. And this is for martensite. And this is the",
" only structure which actually reduces the wear rate on the wheel as well. And this is",
" the tunnel which goes under the sea between Britain and France. And these are the rails",
" made from carbide free bainitic ferrite. So just from three lectures, okay, you have",
" the theory to be able to design a steel which can go into service. So if ever you come to",
" Britain or to France, make sure you go through the Euro tunnel and you will be travelling",
" on carbide free bainitic rail. Okay. Right. I can show you some more examples. This is",
" a torpedo car which carries molten steel going over a bainitic rail and so on. Now, of course,",
" there are many other applications that you can think of of this particular structure.",
" And here I'm plotting the toughness, fracture toughness versus the ultimate tensile strength.",
" And there's a whole collection of data from many different studies. And what I'd like",
" you to see is this is maraging steel. Maraging steel is a martensitic steel, okay, a very",
" highly alloyed martensitic steel. And it has almost zero carbon and you quench it and then",
" you heat treat it at around 500 degrees centigrade to precipitate intermetallic compounds and",
" that makes it hard. But because it doesn't have the carbon, it's very tough. And it's",
" used for example for rocket motor casings. In some cases, we are matching the properties",
" of maraging steels using much cheaper alloying addition. So here you're looking at incredible",
" toughness, you know, about 130 megapascal root meters of toughness at a strength level",
" of about 1600 megapascals. And these are quenched and tempered martensitic steels and these",
" are all of these are carbide free bainitic steels. There is much more potential with",
" this structure because of the absence of carbides. And for example, in GIFT itself, we have worked",
" on producing these steels by continuous annealing. You know, just like you produce the trip assistive",
" steels, we can produce without the electromorphic ferrite and therefore get a much stronger trip",
" steel as opposed to a trip assisted steel means there are other phases, you know, just",
" like equiaxed ferrite in the structure. So any questions? The most important point I want",
" to get over to you is that if you understand the mechanisms of phase transformations, then",
" you can find a logical way of creating a better steel instead of just making many, many different",
" chemistries and looking at their properties. The simple equation here and the recognition",
" that large regions of austenite are no good for the toughness helps to create actual products",
" which go into service. Okay, that's all for today."
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10.5446/36226 (DOI) | How to Overthrow a Government | https://av.tib.eu/media/36226 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/dedd2eb53b47227e778a66e4f3fed9db80692df161a214ae79c0e01de893b8498a/DEF_CON_24_-_Chris_Rock_-_How_to_Overthrow_a_Government_m1lhGqNCZlA.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2016 | Rock , Chris | null | Direct from the mind of the guy who bought you the "I will kill you" presentation at DEF CON 23, is another mind bending, entertaining talk. This time it’s bigger and badder than before. Are you sick and tired of your government? Can’t wait another 4 years for an election? Or do you want to be like the CIA and overthrow a government overseas for profit or fun? If you answered yes to one or more of these questions than this talk is for you! Why not create your own cyber mercenary unit and invoke a regime change to get the government you want installed? After all, if you want the job done right, sometimes you have to do it yourself. Find out how over the last 60 years, governments and resource companies have been directly involved in architecting regime changes around world using clandestine mercenaries to ensure deniability. This has been achieved by destabilizing the ruling government, providing military equipment, assassinations, financing, training rebel groups and using government agencies like the CIA, Mossad and MI-5 or using foreign private mercenaries such as Executive Order and Sandline. Working with Simon Mann an elite ex SAS soldier turned coup architect who overthrew governments in Africa, Chris Rock will show you how mercenary coup tactics directly applied to digital mercenaries to cause regime changes as the next generation of "Cyber Dogs of War". Chris will walk you through a cyber regime change from start to finish on a real country and show you how to architect a coup achieving the same result as a traditional mercenary operation without any blood spilt. This will include taking ownership of all facets of government including finance, telecommunications, transportation, commercial companies and critical infrastructure such a power, water and oil. You will learn: • Traditional military mercenary coup tactics used by the infamous 32 Battalion in Africa, Executive Order and Sandline that can be directly applied to a cyber mercenary regime change. • How to architect a cyber coup using advisor’s, hackers and the general populace, using misinformation, professional agitators, false information and financing. • How to gather intelligence to analyze a government’s systemic weaknesses on financial, societal values and political climates that is leader or country specific to structure your attack. • How to identify and prioritize government resources, infrastructure and commercial companies and how to use these compromised assets to stage the coup. • Combine physical and digital techniques and have the best of both worlds to own a countries infrastructure. • Hot to manipulate the media using propaganda targeting journalists flawed multiple "source" rules for a story. • The Grand finale of a cyber regime change on a real country from beginning to end using the above techniques with operational footage. Come to this talk and find out how you too can be your own dictator, benevolent or merciless that part is up to you. Chris Rock presented "I will kill you" at DEF CON 23 has been active in the security industry for the last 20 years and is the founder and CEO of Kustodian, a specialized security company that specializes in Security Operations Centres, Penetration testing and independent research. Kustodian is an Australian, Middle East and Hong Kong registered company that has been operational for over 10 years. Chris has also spent 12 years in the banking sector and provides security services around the world for small, medium and large companies. Chris Rock also created SIEMonster, an open source, scalable, free Security Incident and Event Management (SIEM) as a commercial alternative to Splunk, ArcSight and AlienVault. SIEMonster can be run on Amazon AWS or Virtual machines and details can be found on www.siemonster.com Twitter: @_kustodian_ | So our first speaker of the day is Chris Rock. So Chris spoke last year in my speaking track, gave an excellent talk, and it was only 20 minutes long, but it was phenomenal. You guys are in for a real treat. Let's give Chris Rock a big hand. Thanks guys, thanks for coming to the talk today guys. I know there's a lot of great talks at the moment. There's a lot of internet of things that you can go and see, but I think you'll enjoy this talk. This is a talk that I thought I would never talk about. I was never going to talk about this because it was a little bit risky, but I think now that this is the best time to do this talk, not because of all the elections, all that sort of stuff that's been happening now with the Clinton emails for example, but there was an article that was released, I'll show you the slide. US National Intelligence Director James Clapper said that cyber espionage came second. We came second to ISIS. Now I don't want to live in a world where ISIS is scarier than hackers, especially in 2016. We previously held the title in 2013, 2014 and 2015 and to be honest I was a little bit disappointed when I saw this result. So I thought I'm in my 40s now. There's a lot of young hackers in the audience and I'm not going to pass the baton to you guys unless we have that number one spot back in our path. So let's have a quick look at ISIS. A bit of a no-brainer here. When you have an occupier of an occupied country, you have a terrorist organization. Nothing has changed throughout history. I know it's a simplistic view, but it is an accurate view. So the first thing we need to do is when we lose and we did lose, we came second. We beat North Korea, that's really good, they got nukes, they're pretty scary, but we can hack anything we want. I know there's a lot of people in this audience could hack anything I asked them to hack. Banks, government, whatever. We just need to put it all together. So the first thing that we need to do is work out why we came second. So let's have a look at ISIS. Let's see how they fight. I just need some audio. Now this video is a little bit violent, so if there's any kids in the audience that have come by roots, I apologize, but I showed it to my eight-year-old son and he was cool with it. If he's cool with it, you guys would be cool with it. So let's have a look at our competition. Here it comes back, good job. I don't know. Now I don't know about you guys but I think that was pretty embarrassing that we came sick into that. So now that we've analysed our enemy, let's have a look at ourselves. So the Sony hack, that was a great hack, I love watching those movies every week. The Ashley Madison hack, my wife and her lawyer really love that hack seeing my name up on that list. Now the Pokemon Go hack, now I know why we came second with that shit, with that denial of service on Pokemon Go, thank you Poodle Corp. And even my talk about death did not impress James Clapper enough to give us position number one. So the reason I'm giving this talk is to rectify that and to do that I need to escape away from our normal hacking environment and we need to skill up a little bit. The reason we did come second is we were two tunnel focused, we had tunnel vision, we didn't look outside. So I thought what I'll need to do is I contacted a mercenary, he'll be able to teach me some tactics in coups, revolutions and then I'll see if I can apply that and see if I can do a coup or revolution myself. So I contacted this guy, his name's Simon Mann and I'll let you tell him, I'll let him tell you about himself. My name is Simon Mann and I'm helping Chris Rock with his work to see if a coup d'etat put the overthrow of a regime could be achieved by computer hacking and by cyber warfare methods. My background to that is that I led the 2004 attempted coup against the regime of Ecuador Guinea. That attempt failed, I was arrested, I spent five and a half years in prison for that. Prior to that in 1993 I was one of the founding people of Executive Outcomes, South African private military contractor which was credited with winning the ghastly civil wars, first in Angola against the rebels, UNICEF and then in Sierra Leone against the rebels there. I served in the first Gulf War on the staff of Sapeja de la Villier. My ten years prior to all of that was as a British Army officer, I served in the Special Air Service as a troop commander and an anti-terrorist team commander as well as in the Scots Guards as a platoon commander and did tours in Northern Ireland with both of those units. So he's a master of his field and I'm a master of mine so I thought it would be good if we could combine the two together. So why would we use mercenaries? Obviously the clandestine, there's no governments that are linked to the mercenaries, they're loyal so as long as you pay them they're yours and it's not a war if you use mercenaries. So this is a traditional mercenary coup structure so the important position there is the architect and you can see a picture of Simon Mann there with the gun. Now he's the man that pulls the levers so above him for example we have special interest groups so this is traditional organisations such as the CIA or private companies who have got oil interests and things like finance years. Now under his direct personnel he has obviously advisers and that's an important role too so when you guys are looking at doing this sort of stuff for real you might decide that you're an architect or an adviser, it really depends on how you think and you can see Simon would have ground air and he would also have sea but now he's developed the digital domain as well which you'll see in the future because let's face it the digital domain in terms of intelligence about what we can pull is very important and again there's the ground people as well so we've got Rambo down there and Tom Cruise but these are the grounds so in terms of a cyber perspective we're talking about hackers. So for example in Simon Mann's failed coup in 2004 his special interest groups were people like who provided finance were the Spanish government there was also Sir Mark Thatcher which was Margaret Thatcher's son who provided finance and an airplane to move the mercenaries around. So here's some traditional mercenary companies so you can see the CIA down the bottom in the left hand corner and you'll see obviously Blackwater you guys know Blackwater quite well but you'll see also in the middle with the Buffalo sign in the middle that's there was a 32 battalion in South African Defence Force they were guerrilla fighters they fought in Angola and modern day Namibia and that was part of the South African Defence Force after apartheid was abolished in 93 these guys were out of a job so they became mercenaries so the companies to the right of the Buffalo such as executive outcome ages and Sandline for example are companies that were set up by mercenaries who came out of that battalion. So when you guys are looking at overthrowing a government you really have three options we have the election so rigging in election now election is a legitimate way of changing government every three or four years not in every country but most countries we can incite a revolution or a coup. So you guys are experiencing this at the moment so the election you're already seeing some email leaks with Trump and Hillary Clinton I was watching this morning about someone talking about the size of Trump's hand which I thought was ridiculous but I think what they're doing what WikiLeaks is doing is releasing this information is great but it's just not really what I'd be looking for in terms of using an election to overthrow a government so I'd be looking at like a 12 days before Christmas or 12 days before an election tack it doesn't have to be real we already own everything we already own banks investment companies so we can use the items on the right hand side just to fake whatever we want so when someone goes towards an election they can just use those things there on the right hand side so you can actually move money between the parties and we'll have a look at that in depth a bit later on. In my country Australia we got an SMS just before we went to the polls Medicare is a bit like your Obamacare and it looked like the SMS was from Medicare and it was pretty much to scare people into voting for the other party so a technique that you can use to throw an election. And again the WikiLeaks for email leaks as I said this one's been going for too long these things should be done in rapid succession to get into the voters mind just before they go to vote. Okay the second method we have is a revolution so here's a couple of revolutions in history you guys have had one we had Egypt in 2011 and Ukraine 2014 so for those who don't know Ukraine 2014 the president of Ukraine was about to sign a deal with the EU get $700 million in loans and then Putin stepped in and offered them $2-3 billion to go to get rid of that so the people revolted against that and we'll have a look at that a little bit later on. The other option is the coup, the coup d'etat so you saw that recently in Turkey where a small portion of the army or in our case mercenaries tried to overthrow the government by force and you'll see there there are just some examples of coups and the American government was involved in the first two of those. So in terms of where we'd want to start in overthrowing the government we start down the bottom so we have what's called tactical operations or low intensity operations so this is where you want to weaken the government with insurgency sanctions or really just telling them they're doing a bad job. An example I'll put up there for the revolution so if those fail we have the revolution which we saw in Ukraine and the picture there is the deputy PM in 2013 before the revolution was complaining that the American government were doing exercises called tech camp and they're actually teaching the people of Ukraine on how to organise protests via Twitter and Facebook and he's complaining the American government are causing the revolution before it happened. If a revolution is not going to work then we look at the coup so the Iran coup over 51 to 53 was done by the British government and the US government and if that fails we look at invasion so before Panama was invaded there were five failed coups before the manor area was replaced in 1989. Things you need to watch out for when you're doing a revolution these are the five things that will try to stop your revolution so the government in power for example saying that they're going to have new or fresh elections something called strategic hand letting which is separating the insurgents from the population using the Vietnam War. The third one which we'll talk about a bit later called cash grants so you're pretty much bribing the people to shut them up. The third one is a middle alternative so we have a left party, a right party and you offer a middle party. These are all techniques just to quiet the population down. You just have to be aware of these because they may happen if you're going to try to set up a revolution. And the last one is economic development organisations in hospital school building so when you see the military invaded country for example like Iraq and they're building schools and all that sort of crap it's all just bullshit they're just keeping an eye on the population to stop a revolution happening post that event. That's good publicity as well. Some techniques for preventing coups so the private army or the mercenary, private military contractor, so Colonel Gaddafi with his 3000 revolutionary guards, the Saudi royal family with its 25,000 white army and you guys have your own national guard. Your private military force protecting each state. It's a great anti-coup measure so you really don't have any central point to overthrow the government of the US. There's also spies. So Assad for Syria for example has these spy agencies that spy on the military and spy on each other to make sure that no overthrow takes place. There's no coup and that works quite well. They work so well that a civil war is in our place in Syria as you guys know. And obviously you guys have a lot of intelligence organisations for this as well. One thing I want to bring up is the fake coup. You've got to be aware of the fake coup. So on the screen you'll see some different coup types and you welcome to study those and there's some material on your CDs which talk about different types of coups. But when your opposition is getting close you want to arrest them and just say that they're causing a coup. This worked well in Turkey in early 2000 where the AKP party arrested generals and journalists to say that they were creating a coup. Now this actually didn't really happen. There was digital evidence that had been modified and these guys were cleared. And then obviously there was another coup just recently. We don't know whether it was fake or not yet. There's a little bit of theory guys to get you started. And I wanted to talk to you. I'm not really much of a theory guy. I need to know how to create a coup or a revolution. But now I want to apply it to a real country. Operation Nanny Goat 2011. So you guys would have heard of Q8, a small oil producing country. Yes, it's between Iraq, Saudi Arabia. About three or four million people. That's a picture of Q8. Actually it looks like this so it's pretty close. Now seriously this is what Q8, it's a beautiful city. So what we'll do is let's have a look at Q8 City. This is the government and also Family Tree. There is pretty much exactly the same thing. We have the Amir up the top. You might see a common link in the last names. Al-Saba. All the way through. So we have the Amir Crown Prince, the Prime Minister. His name is Nasa Al-Saba. And then you can see the Foreign Affairs and Defence Ministries. Now what we want to do here is we want to overthrow Prime Minister Nasa. And for those who know the Unile oil scandal, the bribery scandal, they referred to him as the Big Cheese. So this is the standard intelligence that mercenaries or militaries will use. You guys probably will know this sort of stuff like the NSA and also embassies, spies and five eyes. What can we use? So we can also use private intelligence agencies. WikiLeaks for example. And I don't know if you guys can read that. But what they referred to, Sheikh Nasa Al-Saba, is perceived as politically incompetent, practical wonk. His record is tarnished by his failure to construct and effectively manage his cabinet. But I believe the best intelligence is when you hack yourself and I want to hack all the government to find out what he's up to. Okay so looking at the intelligence, we think corruption is going to be the big point in this one. Here's a map of Q8 and you can see the green, which is the oil fields of Q8. And the people are not happy that the government are rich and the people feel really poor. Now corruption is not going to work in every country. You're going to have to find the weakness in each country. For example, Nigeria, sorry, anonymous thought they would attack Nigeria on their corruption, which is pretty fucking pointless because that is Nigeria's biggest export. It won't work there. So what are our options for overthrow? Elections? No. There's no real elections. Those three top parties there, the Amir Crown Prince and the Prime Minister, there's no elections for those guys. The elections are for the guys below that. So we're not going to look at the election. Who did tar? No, it's too hot. So here's a map of Q8. The white dots is the US military bases. The green is the Q8 Army and the purple is the Air Force. They also have 7,000 soldiers protecting the royal family. So Q, I'm not a big fan of racing against those forces. So it looks like revolution is our only option. So in 2011, you guys will probably remember this was the Arab Spring. So on the left-hand side, you'll see the countries that recently fell. And on the right-hand side, you'll see a timeline of the countries in that region that either fell by revolution, coup, assassination or just protest. And you can see Q8 down the bottom in light blue. Cabinet resigns. So here's an extract from Edward Ludwak. If you guys want to do these sort of coups of revolution, you're going to have to study up on this guy. He's pretty much a master for strategy. And this illustration shows what the intelligence agencies need to go through to find out whether there's a coup taking place. So on the Y-axis, we have all the data the intelligence agencies are going to go through. On the A, in coup-planning leakage, that is when I'm planning a coup operation of what's going to leak out when I talk to my advisors and the hackers. The blue line above is noise or levels, and the green line here, coup plus noise data, is all the intelligence has come through. And the little X point is when the coup is uncovered. Obviously you want to keep your offset quite low so you don't get detected. So without cyber-mercenary structure, same as the traditional mercenary, we're going to use things such as denial of service attacks, social engineering and all our normal hackings stuff. And it's your job as the architect to employ the advisors to get the people on the ground such as hackers from your country or overseas countries. You'll need to map out all the targets of the country that you want to hack. So we're talking about government, media, electricity, oil, gas, all those sort of agencies. And you want to map out what you want to hack. Now, I'm not really much of a strategic in terms of what items I want to hack. So I just hack them all. At least then I had the options of what lever I wanted to pull. So as a hacker, we know what sort of tools we use on a normal day-to-day basis. You're going to have to learn some new techniques and tools. Not hard. You just need to do a bit of research. I've just got a couple of them up there. A lot of them have to do with misinformation. So when we're hacking into banks, we want to move money around to make it look really dodgy and also things like professional agitation. So we want to employ people to do protests like union members and also university students. Now you're going to have to finance this operation. I probably wouldn't recommend this method. We nearly got our goal. But by using the chart below you say that we got... It didn't take long before we got uncovered. So I'm a big fan in robbing banks. They've got lots of money. So we'll use the bank's money. You can also use the banks for depositing fake corruption payments and I'll share that in a second. Terrorism payments or breaking in the bank such as removing all the money from the banks. And then Hillary Clinton pretty much said here that we've got the green light to attack these countries here. Saudis, Qataris and Kuwaitis need to stop their citizens from funding extremist organisations. Another tactic can use is move money between private accounts from these terrorists into private accounts such as Hillary Clinton and use that evidence to paint a bad picture of her. Or Trump. I don't care who wins. They're both lunatics. So let's get into the real world. Here's the central bank of Kuwait. That's what it looks like in 2011 on the left hand side and that's what it looks like now in 2016. Obviously, if you can't hack in through the front door, use the stuff that you've got around. We don't have to use a zero day. We've got a thousand targets to hack. Don't get all fancy pants on me and use zero days. Just use whatever you can. So whether it be a land turtle or a Raspberry Pi or you can see the little box out. I don't know if you guys know what that is. The fourth picture along, that's an NSTEL use slug. That's a NAS box which you use as a PC or a physical rat within an organisation. Or what we did is we just hacked in the front door. If you can't hack in through the front door, just pay a cleaner and they will put one of these implants in for you. Average cleaning salary in Kuwait is about $150 a week. So you give them two grand which you'll use from robbing the banks. They'll plant them in there for you. So what we want to do for corruption is we want to steal money from the government and put it in private banks accounts of the government. So there's a picture of Nassir and there's a couple of banks in Kuwait and an offshore bank. So now that we own the central bank, we need to hack private banks. Now we didn't know from our intelligence which banks he had bank accounts with. So we just hacked them all. By hacking them all we can then move money between those bank accounts. So we used government money and funded the private bank accounts. By doing this too we could also create bribe payments as well. Also there's a lot of money in stocks and finance too so you want to hack those as well. Even to crash the stock market. And again we went through the front door. So you want to know what your government's up to, whether they're on to you or you just want to see what weaknesses there are in the government. So you'll need to hack into the government too, listen to their emails, their phone calls, the interior ministry, their judges, everything. These are live shots of hack government departments. One thing you want to hack too is the telco. So telcos are not just phone calls these days. Telcos are media, telcos are internet. You want to siphon their internet or you want to squish the internet for example. This is a prime case where you want to kill the internet at the right time or keep it open if they try and close it. So obviously MPLS, point of presence pops, you want to hack into those. You want to be up to stream your own media to get the people angry. Obviously companies now using telcos for cloud services and security services. So Zagiel is the biggest company in Kuwait who also provides security services for these companies. So you want to hack in just like what we did. That way you can control the flow of information. You own the ISP, you own the country. Which brings us to global warming. You might think why are we talking about global warming. So obviously they wanted to make sure they reduced emissions by 2050 and the GE8 and the EU came together and said what we need to do is map out current infrastructure such as oil, gas and find out what's going on with global warming. So we can use websites like NUpedia to find out where things are such as power, oil and nuclear plants. So you just plug in your country and it will show you all the maps. Now why would you want to cut these services? It's a no brainer. When you want to do a revolution or Ku, you want to cut the power at specific times or cut the water to piss people off and that does piss people off when they live in the desert. And also your energy sector as well for example, the studies online if you want to have a look at that, high voltage transformer units make up less than 3% of transformers in the US but carry 60% of the power. So how do you map those out? You guys have websites that do that for you. So all you do is just tick high voltage transformer lines and it will just tell you where all the power comes from if you want to disrupt power. So you're going to need to study what a power station looks like to disrupt it. So when I was talking to Simon, Simon Mann, he said to me, just blow it up. I said I'm not ZOZ, I don't have C4, I'm just going to chuck on the bloody thing. So he said what you need to do is disrupt power. Okay, no worries. So I thought well I can hack into power so I wanted to shut it off that way. So here we have a transformer. This is not a picture, this is not an American picture so this is not your critical infrastructure, your honor. This is a picture. This is an Australian transformer. So the transformer is down below and up the top we have what we call mineral oil that keeps it cool. And when a transformer doesn't have oil, it doesn't work. So there's no power. In 2014 in California someone was shooting at these things, drained the oil and then you guys were out of power for 27 days and they just had to re-rape route power from another substation. So Simon suggested if you want to get hands on you can shoot them, drill them or angle grind them to drain that oil. And I thought well I'm not going to do that and I failed to hack in. I fucked up, I couldn't do it. So you guys have probably seen these before. They're these spinning blades that they put on a helicopter that chop trees away from power lines. For those who haven't seen it, just a quick look. Pretty cool and it chopped trees from power lines. Now I thought well that's pretty cool but I actually want to chop power lines myself. I don't have a helicopter but why don't I use a drone? So I thought I'll make my own. So what we have here is two 18 circular blades attached to part of a bike frame and those just been really fast attached to a cordless drill. And you'll see that on the second picture I've actually removed the battery and I've actually removed the battery from the pack only because the battery kept getting caught on the power line so I removed it. So how does it work? I'll show you. So that's a great device for cutting power lines. That's the five pound model and you can actually reduce it and you can make it, we can get it under three pounds so you can do it to the weaker drone. So you just use a series of drones, put the coordinates in and it'll just run straight through the power lines. The cables I use there were copper, the ones that are on power lines are aluminium so it'll go straight through those. If you're going to make one of these be really fucking careful so. There is no safety shit involved. Now if you're a bit of a tight ass and you've got a small drone, just hook a 10 metre hose to your drone with a piece of wire and run it over the power line and once it hooks onto the power line it will drag it across and drop it over the power lines and just arc them. So that's the cheap version. So now that we own everything and we can hack everything including the banks we need to understand how the media works so we need to reverse engineer them and that's what we do for a living so why don't we do it with the media. So what we do is we apply what's called the two source rule. So the media need two sources to use as a story and I've got the sources on the right hand side and types of sources so you want to need at least two sources to fool the media. Or you can actually pawn a few media outlets that we did from the telco, publish information and then just release it. You want to release the information to the news agency that will release that information when they've been questioning it. So for example Fox News you want to use the Hillary Clinton information. They'll publish it and they won't even give a shit. You don't want to do it in reverse because they're not going to publish it. They've got no interest in doing that. So what we did is in 2011 we used Q8 central bank. We already own them so we use unnamed government officials to transfer millions of dollars outside the accounts into their private bank accounts and we use the New York Times to do the same thing using that two source rule. Now one of my idiot advisors thought this would be a great idea. He thought using a Q80 Prince convert to Christianity would be a good idea and went with it. He did get the publicity he was after. We've got 100 media outlets that went with that but it was just a stupid idea. You need to use the people in this. When the CIA are using, when the CIA are planning a cool revolution you need to get the people on side. You've got money in your hands. You need to use bribes. So use this sort of money to pay people to put implants within companies, professional agitation misinformation or get corporate people to do stuff for you. You've got to heat the population up enough to give a shit to overthrow the government. So for example the professional agitators you would have a group of people that you would pay to cause a protest and then you would get another group of protesters dressed in police uniforms to bash them up and then you get that on the news. And if they weren't published on the news you publish your own news. You own the telco. When you're planning the operation you need to plan it down to the absolute detail and you need to be flexible because shit just won't go right. You might lose a rat. You just need to have to plan for changes in your operation. So I've talked a lot and I want to show you how it works in the real world. So I put a video together. Just to show you how it works. The bra way...................... mãããããããã. mãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããx Hundreds of protesters outside Kuwait's parliament chant the people want to bring down the Prime Minister. They are demanding the removal of Prime Minister Sheikh Nasir el-Mahamir al-Sabah, whom they accuse of corruption. As demonstrators break through gates and enter the main chamber, police reportedly beat up protesters who were marching towards the Prime Minister's residence, demanding he resign. A member of the ruling family, Sheikh Nasir Mohammed al-Ahmadi al-Sabah, is accused of failing to stem endemic corruption in Kuwait. Okay guys, what I want to leave you with now is for the new hackers in the new generation is to think bigger. | {
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"text": [
" So our first speaker of the day is Chris Rock. So Chris spoke last year in my",
" speaking track, gave an excellent talk, and it was only 20 minutes long, but it",
" was phenomenal. You guys are in for a real treat. Let's give Chris Rock a big hand.",
" Thanks guys, thanks for coming to the talk today guys. I know there's a lot",
" of great talks at the moment. There's a lot of internet of things that you can",
" go and see, but I think you'll enjoy this talk. This is a talk that I thought I",
" would never talk about. I was never going to talk about this because it was a",
" little bit risky, but I think now that this is the best time to do this talk,",
" not because of all the elections, all that sort of stuff that's been happening",
" now with the Clinton emails for example, but there was an article that was",
" released, I'll show you the slide. US National Intelligence Director James",
" Clapper said that cyber espionage came second. We came second to ISIS. Now I",
" don't want to live in a world where ISIS is scarier than hackers, especially in",
" 2016. We previously held the title in 2013, 2014 and 2015 and to be honest I was a",
" little bit disappointed when I saw this result. So I thought I'm in my 40s now.",
" There's a lot of young hackers in the audience and I'm not going to pass the",
" baton to you guys unless we have that number one spot back in our path.",
" So let's have a quick look at ISIS. A bit of a no-brainer here. When you have an",
" occupier of an occupied country, you have a terrorist organization. Nothing has",
" changed throughout history. I know it's a simplistic view, but it is an accurate",
" view. So the first thing we need to do is when we lose and we did lose, we came",
" second. We beat North Korea, that's really good, they got nukes, they're pretty",
" scary, but we can hack anything we want. I know there's a lot of people in this",
" audience could hack anything I asked them to hack. Banks, government, whatever. We",
" just need to put it all together. So the first thing that we need to do is work out",
" why we came second. So let's have a look at ISIS. Let's see how they fight.",
" I just need some audio.",
" Now this video is a little bit violent, so if there's any kids in the audience that",
" have come by roots, I apologize, but I showed it to my eight-year-old son and",
" he was cool with it. If he's cool with it, you guys would be cool with it. So let's",
" have a look at our competition.",
" Here it comes back, good job.",
" I don't know.",
" Now I don't know about you guys but I think that was pretty embarrassing that we came",
" sick into that.",
" So now that we've analysed our enemy, let's have a look at ourselves.",
" So the Sony hack, that was a great hack, I love watching those movies every week.",
" The Ashley Madison hack, my wife and her lawyer really love that hack seeing my name",
" up on that list.",
" Now the Pokemon Go hack, now I know why we came second with that shit, with that denial",
" of service on Pokemon Go, thank you Poodle Corp.",
" And even my talk about death did not impress James Clapper enough to give us position number",
" one.",
" So the reason I'm giving this talk is to rectify that and to do that I need to escape",
" away from our normal hacking environment and we need to skill up a little bit.",
" The reason we did come second is we were two tunnel focused, we had tunnel vision, we didn't",
" look outside.",
" So I thought what I'll need to do is I contacted a mercenary, he'll be able to teach me some",
" tactics in coups, revolutions and then I'll see if I can apply that and see if I can do",
" a coup or revolution myself.",
" So I contacted this guy, his name's Simon Mann and I'll let you tell him, I'll let him tell",
" you about himself.",
" My name is Simon Mann and I'm helping Chris Rock with his work to see if a coup d'etat",
" put the overthrow of a regime could be achieved by computer hacking and by cyber warfare methods.",
" My background to that is that I led the 2004 attempted coup against the regime of Ecuador",
" Guinea.",
" That attempt failed, I was arrested, I spent five and a half years in prison for that.",
" Prior to that in 1993 I was one of the founding people of Executive Outcomes, South African",
" private military contractor which was credited with winning the ghastly civil wars, first",
" in Angola against the rebels, UNICEF and then in Sierra Leone against the rebels there.",
" I served in the first Gulf War on the staff of Sapeja de la Villier.",
" My ten years prior to all of that was as a British Army officer, I served in the Special",
" Air Service as a troop commander and an anti-terrorist team commander as well as in the Scots Guards",
" as a platoon commander and did tours in Northern Ireland with both of those units.",
" So he's a master of his field and I'm a master of mine so I thought it would be good if we",
" could combine the two together.",
" So why would we use mercenaries?",
" Obviously the clandestine, there's no governments that are linked to the mercenaries, they're",
" loyal so as long as you pay them they're yours and it's not a war if you use mercenaries.",
" So this is a traditional mercenary coup structure so the important position there is the architect",
" and you can see a picture of Simon Mann there with the gun.",
" Now he's the man that pulls the levers so above him for example we have special interest",
" groups so this is traditional organisations such as the CIA or private companies who have",
" got oil interests and things like finance years.",
" Now under his direct personnel he has obviously advisers and that's an important role too",
" so when you guys are looking at doing this sort of stuff for real you might decide that",
" you're an architect or an adviser, it really depends on how you think and you can see Simon",
" would have ground air and he would also have sea but now he's developed the digital domain",
" as well which you'll see in the future because let's face it the digital domain in terms",
" of intelligence about what we can pull is very important and again there's the ground",
" people as well so we've got Rambo down there and Tom Cruise but these are the grounds so",
" in terms of a cyber perspective we're talking about hackers.",
" So for example in Simon Mann's failed coup in 2004 his special interest groups were people",
" like who provided finance were the Spanish government there was also Sir Mark Thatcher",
" which was Margaret Thatcher's son who provided finance and an airplane to move the mercenaries",
" around.",
" So here's some traditional mercenary companies so you can see the CIA down the bottom in the",
" left hand corner and you'll see obviously Blackwater you guys know Blackwater quite",
" well but you'll see also in the middle with the Buffalo sign in the middle that's there",
" was a 32 battalion in South African Defence Force they were guerrilla fighters they fought",
" in Angola and modern day Namibia and that was part of the South African Defence Force",
" after apartheid was abolished in 93 these guys were out of a job so they became mercenaries",
" so the companies to the right of the Buffalo such as executive outcome ages and Sandline",
" for example are companies that were set up by mercenaries who came out of that battalion.",
" So when you guys are looking at overthrowing a government you really have three options",
" we have the election so rigging in election now election is a legitimate way of changing",
" government every three or four years not in every country but most countries we can incite",
" a revolution or a coup.",
" So you guys are experiencing this at the moment so the election you're already seeing some",
" email leaks with Trump and Hillary Clinton I was watching this morning about someone",
" talking about the size of Trump's hand which I thought was ridiculous but I think what",
" they're doing what WikiLeaks is doing is releasing this information is great but it's just not",
" really what I'd be looking for in terms of using an election to overthrow a government",
" so I'd be looking at like a 12 days before Christmas or 12 days before an election tack",
" it doesn't have to be real we already own everything we already own banks investment",
" companies so we can use the items on the right hand side just to fake whatever we want so",
" when someone goes towards an election they can just use those things there on the right",
" hand side so you can actually move money between the parties and we'll have a look at that",
" in depth a bit later on.",
" In my country Australia we got an SMS just before we went to the polls Medicare is a",
" bit like your Obamacare and it looked like the SMS was from Medicare and it was pretty",
" much to scare people into voting for the other party so a technique that you can use to throw",
" an election.",
" And again the WikiLeaks for email leaks as I said this one's been going for too long",
" these things should be done in rapid succession to get into the voters mind just before they",
" go to vote.",
" Okay the second method we have is a revolution so here's a couple of revolutions in history",
" you guys have had one we had Egypt in 2011 and Ukraine 2014 so for those who don't know",
" Ukraine 2014 the president of Ukraine was about to sign a deal with the EU get $700 million",
" in loans and then Putin stepped in and offered them $2-3 billion to go to get rid of that",
" so the people revolted against that and we'll have a look at that a little bit later on.",
" The other option is the coup, the coup d'etat so you saw that recently in Turkey where a",
" small portion of the army or in our case mercenaries tried to overthrow the government by force",
" and you'll see there there are just some examples of coups and the American government was involved",
" in the first two of those.",
" So in terms of where we'd want to start in overthrowing the government we start down",
" the bottom so we have what's called tactical operations or low intensity operations so",
" this is where you want to weaken the government with insurgency sanctions or really just",
" telling them they're doing a bad job.",
" An example I'll put up there for the revolution so if those fail we have the revolution which",
" we saw in Ukraine and the picture there is the deputy PM in 2013 before the revolution",
" was complaining that the American government were doing exercises called tech camp and",
" they're actually teaching the people of Ukraine on how to organise protests via Twitter and",
" Facebook and he's complaining the American government are causing the revolution before",
" it happened.",
" If a revolution is not going to work then we look at the coup so the Iran coup over",
" 51 to 53 was done by the British government and the US government and if that fails we",
" look at invasion so before Panama was invaded there were five failed coups before the manor",
" area was replaced in 1989.",
" Things you need to watch out for when you're doing a revolution these are the five things",
" that will try to stop your revolution so the government in power for example saying that",
" they're going to have new or fresh elections something called strategic hand letting which",
" is separating the insurgents from the population using the Vietnam War.",
" The third one which we'll talk about a bit later called cash grants so you're pretty",
" much bribing the people to shut them up.",
" The third one is a middle alternative so we have a left party, a right party and you offer",
" a middle party.",
" These are all techniques just to quiet the population down.",
" You just have to be aware of these because they may happen if you're going to try to",
" set up a revolution.",
" And the last one is economic development organisations in hospital school building so when you see",
" the military invaded country for example like Iraq and they're building schools and all that",
" sort of crap it's all just bullshit they're just keeping an eye on the population to stop",
" a revolution happening post that event.",
" That's good publicity as well.",
" Some techniques for preventing coups so the private army or the mercenary, private military",
" contractor, so Colonel Gaddafi with his 3000 revolutionary guards, the Saudi royal family",
" with its 25,000 white army and you guys have your own national guard.",
" Your private military force protecting each state.",
" It's a great anti-coup measure so you really don't have any central point to overthrow",
" the government of the US.",
" There's also spies.",
" So Assad for Syria for example has these spy agencies that spy on the military and spy",
" on each other to make sure that no overthrow takes place.",
" There's no coup and that works quite well.",
" They work so well that a civil war is in our place in Syria as you guys know.",
" And obviously you guys have a lot of intelligence organisations for this as well.",
" One thing I want to bring up is the fake coup.",
" You've got to be aware of the fake coup.",
" So on the screen you'll see some different coup types and you welcome to study those",
" and there's some material on your CDs which talk about different types of coups.",
" But when your opposition is getting close you want to arrest them and just say that",
" they're causing a coup.",
" This worked well in Turkey in early 2000 where the AKP party arrested generals and journalists",
" to say that they were creating a coup.",
" Now this actually didn't really happen.",
" There was digital evidence that had been modified and these guys were cleared.",
" And then obviously there was another coup just recently.",
" We don't know whether it was fake or not yet.",
" There's a little bit of theory guys to get you started.",
" And I wanted to talk to you.",
" I'm not really much of a theory guy.",
" I need to know how to create a coup or a revolution.",
" But now I want to apply it to a real country.",
" Operation Nanny Goat 2011.",
" So you guys would have heard of Q8, a small oil producing country.",
" Yes, it's between Iraq, Saudi Arabia.",
" About three or four million people.",
" That's a picture of Q8.",
" Actually it looks like this so it's pretty close.",
" Now seriously this is what Q8, it's a beautiful city.",
" So what we'll do is let's have a look at Q8 City.",
" This is the government and also Family Tree.",
" There is pretty much exactly the same thing.",
" We have the Amir up the top.",
" You might see a common link in the last names.",
" Al-Saba.",
" All the way through.",
" So we have the Amir Crown Prince, the Prime Minister.",
" His name is Nasa Al-Saba.",
" And then you can see the Foreign Affairs and Defence Ministries.",
" Now what we want to do here is we want to overthrow Prime Minister Nasa.",
" And for those who know the Unile oil scandal, the bribery scandal, they referred to him",
" as the Big Cheese.",
" So this is the standard intelligence that mercenaries or militaries will use.",
" You guys probably will know this sort of stuff like the NSA and also embassies, spies and",
" five eyes.",
" What can we use?",
" So we can also use private intelligence agencies.",
" WikiLeaks for example.",
" And I don't know if you guys can read that.",
" But what they referred to, Sheikh Nasa Al-Saba, is perceived as politically incompetent,",
" practical wonk.",
" His record is tarnished by his failure to construct and effectively manage his cabinet.",
" But I believe the best intelligence is when you hack yourself and I want to hack all the",
" government to find out what he's up to.",
" Okay so looking at the intelligence, we think corruption is going to be the big point in",
" this one.",
" Here's a map of Q8 and you can see the green, which is the oil fields of Q8.",
" And the people are not happy that the government are rich and the people feel really poor.",
" Now corruption is not going to work in every country.",
" You're going to have to find the weakness in each country.",
" For example, Nigeria, sorry, anonymous thought they would attack Nigeria on their corruption,",
" which is pretty fucking pointless because that is Nigeria's biggest export.",
" It won't work there.",
" So what are our options for overthrow?",
" Elections?",
" No.",
" There's no real elections.",
" Those three top parties there, the Amir Crown Prince and the Prime Minister, there's",
" no elections for those guys.",
" The elections are for the guys below that.",
" So we're not going to look at the election.",
" Who did tar?",
" No, it's too hot.",
" So here's a map of Q8.",
" The white dots is the US military bases.",
" The green is the Q8 Army and the purple is the Air Force.",
" They also have 7,000 soldiers protecting the royal family.",
" So Q, I'm not a big fan of racing against those forces.",
" So it looks like revolution is our only option.",
" So in 2011, you guys will probably remember this was the Arab Spring.",
" So on the left-hand side, you'll see the countries that recently fell.",
" And on the right-hand side, you'll see a timeline of the countries in that region that either",
" fell by revolution, coup, assassination or just protest.",
" And you can see Q8 down the bottom in light blue.",
" Cabinet resigns.",
" So here's an extract from Edward Ludwak.",
" If you guys want to do these sort of coups of revolution, you're going to have to study",
" up on this guy.",
" He's pretty much a master for strategy.",
" And this illustration shows what the intelligence agencies need to go through to find out whether",
" there's a coup taking place.",
" So on the Y-axis, we have all the data the intelligence agencies are going to go through.",
" On the A, in coup-planning leakage, that is when I'm planning a coup operation of what's",
" going to leak out when I talk to my advisors and the hackers.",
" The blue line above is noise or levels, and the green line here, coup plus noise data,",
" is all the intelligence has come through.",
" And the little X point is when the coup is uncovered.",
" Obviously you want to keep your offset quite low so you don't get detected.",
" So without cyber-mercenary structure, same as the traditional mercenary, we're going",
" to use things such as denial of service attacks, social engineering and all our normal hackings",
" stuff.",
" And it's your job as the architect to employ the advisors to get the people on the ground",
" such as hackers from your country or overseas countries.",
" You'll need to map out all the targets of the country that you want to hack.",
" So we're talking about government, media, electricity, oil, gas, all those sort of",
" agencies.",
" And you want to map out what you want to hack.",
" Now, I'm not really much of a strategic in terms of what items I want to hack.",
" So I just hack them all.",
" At least then I had the options of what lever I wanted to pull.",
" So as a hacker, we know what sort of tools we use on a normal day-to-day basis.",
" You're going to have to learn some new techniques and tools.",
" Not hard.",
" You just need to do a bit of research.",
" I've just got a couple of them up there.",
" A lot of them have to do with misinformation.",
" So when we're hacking into banks, we want to move money around to make it look really",
" dodgy and also things like professional agitation.",
" So we want to employ people to do protests like union members and also university students.",
" Now you're going to have to finance this operation.",
" I probably wouldn't recommend this method.",
" We nearly got our goal.",
" But by using the chart below you say that we got...",
" It didn't take long before we got uncovered.",
" So I'm a big fan in robbing banks.",
" They've got lots of money.",
" So we'll use the bank's money.",
" You can also use the banks for depositing fake corruption payments and I'll share that",
" in a second.",
" Terrorism payments or breaking in the bank such as removing all the money from the banks.",
" And then Hillary Clinton pretty much said here that we've got the green light to attack",
" these countries here.",
" Saudis, Qataris and Kuwaitis need to stop their citizens from funding extremist organisations.",
" Another tactic can use is move money between private accounts from these terrorists into",
" private accounts such as Hillary Clinton and use that evidence to paint a bad picture",
" of her.",
" Or Trump.",
" I don't care who wins.",
" They're both lunatics.",
" So let's get into the real world.",
" Here's the central bank of Kuwait.",
" That's what it looks like in 2011 on the left hand side and that's what it looks like now",
" in 2016.",
" Obviously, if you can't hack in through the front door, use the stuff that you've got",
" around.",
" We don't have to use a zero day.",
" We've got a thousand targets to hack.",
" Don't get all fancy pants on me and use zero days.",
" Just use whatever you can.",
" So whether it be a land turtle or a Raspberry Pi or you can see the little box out.",
" I don't know if you guys know what that is.",
" The fourth picture along, that's an NSTEL use slug.",
" That's a NAS box which you use as a PC or a physical rat within an organisation.",
" Or what we did is we just hacked in the front door.",
" If you can't hack in through the front door, just pay a cleaner and they will put one of",
" these implants in for you.",
" Average cleaning salary in Kuwait is about $150 a week.",
" So you give them two grand which you'll use from robbing the banks.",
" They'll plant them in there for you.",
" So what we want to do for corruption is we want to steal money from the government and",
" put it in private banks accounts of the government.",
" So there's a picture of Nassir and there's a couple of banks in Kuwait and an offshore",
" bank.",
" So now that we own the central bank, we need to hack private banks.",
" Now we didn't know from our intelligence which banks he had bank accounts with.",
" So we just hacked them all.",
" By hacking them all we can then move money between those bank accounts.",
" So we used government money and funded the private bank accounts.",
" By doing this too we could also create bribe payments as well.",
" Also there's a lot of money in stocks and finance too so you want to hack those as well.",
" Even to crash the stock market.",
" And again we went through the front door.",
" So you want to know what your government's up to, whether they're on to you or you just",
" want to see what weaknesses there are in the government.",
" So you'll need to hack into the government too, listen to their emails, their phone calls,",
" the interior ministry, their judges, everything.",
" These are live shots of hack government departments.",
" One thing you want to hack too is the telco.",
" So telcos are not just phone calls these days.",
" Telcos are media, telcos are internet.",
" You want to siphon their internet or you want to squish the internet for example.",
" This is a prime case where you want to kill the internet at the right time or keep it open",
" if they try and close it.",
" So obviously MPLS, point of presence pops, you want to hack into those.",
" You want to be up to stream your own media to get the people angry.",
" Obviously companies now using telcos for cloud services and security services.",
" So Zagiel is the biggest company in Kuwait who also provides security services for these",
" companies.",
" So you want to hack in just like what we did.",
" That way you can control the flow of information.",
" You own the ISP, you own the country.",
" Which brings us to global warming.",
" You might think why are we talking about global warming.",
" So obviously they wanted to make sure they reduced emissions by 2050 and the GE8 and the",
" EU came together and said what we need to do is map out current infrastructure such",
" as oil, gas and find out what's going on with global warming.",
" So we can use websites like NUpedia to find out where things are such as power, oil and",
" nuclear plants.",
" So you just plug in your country and it will show you all the maps.",
" Now why would you want to cut these services?",
" It's a no brainer.",
" When you want to do a revolution or Ku, you want to cut the power at specific times or",
" cut the water to piss people off and that does piss people off when they live in the",
" desert.",
" And also your energy sector as well for example, the studies online if you want to have a look",
" at that, high voltage transformer units make up less than 3% of transformers in the US",
" but carry 60% of the power.",
" So how do you map those out?",
" You guys have websites that do that for you.",
" So all you do is just tick high voltage transformer lines and it will just tell you where all",
" the power comes from if you want to disrupt power.",
" So you're going to need to study what a power station looks like to disrupt it.",
" So when I was talking to Simon, Simon Mann, he said to me, just blow it up.",
" I said I'm not ZOZ, I don't have C4, I'm just going to chuck on the bloody thing.",
" So he said what you need to do is disrupt power.",
" Okay, no worries.",
" So I thought well I can hack into power so I wanted to shut it off that way.",
" So here we have a transformer.",
" This is not a picture, this is not an American picture so this is not your critical infrastructure,",
" your honor.",
" This is a picture.",
" This is an Australian transformer.",
" So the transformer is down below and up the top we have what we call mineral oil that",
" keeps it cool.",
" And when a transformer doesn't have oil, it doesn't work.",
" So there's no power.",
" In 2014 in California someone was shooting at these things, drained the oil and then",
" you guys were out of power for 27 days and they just had to re-rape route power from",
" another substation.",
" So Simon suggested if you want to get hands on you can shoot them, drill them or angle",
" grind them to drain that oil.",
" And I thought well I'm not going to do that and I failed to hack in.",
" I fucked up, I couldn't do it.",
" So you guys have probably seen these before.",
" They're these spinning blades that they put on a helicopter that chop trees away from",
" power lines.",
" For those who haven't seen it, just a quick look.",
" Pretty cool and it chopped trees from power lines.",
" Now I thought well that's pretty cool but I actually want to chop power lines myself.",
" I don't have a helicopter but why don't I use a drone?",
" So I thought I'll make my own.",
" So what we have here is two 18 circular blades attached to part of a bike frame and those",
" just been really fast attached to a cordless drill.",
" And you'll see that on the second picture I've actually removed the battery and I've",
" actually removed the battery from the pack only because the battery kept getting caught",
" on the power line so I removed it.",
" So how does it work?",
" I'll show you.",
" So that's a great device for cutting power lines.",
" That's the five pound model and you can actually reduce it and you can make it, we can get",
" it under three pounds so you can do it to the weaker drone.",
" So you just use a series of drones, put the coordinates in and it'll just run straight",
" through the power lines.",
" The cables I use there were copper, the ones that are on power lines are aluminium so",
" it'll go straight through those.",
" If you're going to make one of these be really fucking careful so.",
" There is no safety shit involved.",
" Now if you're a bit of a tight ass and you've got a small drone, just hook a 10 metre hose",
" to your drone with a piece of wire and run it over the power line and once it hooks onto",
" the power line it will drag it across and drop it over the power lines and just arc",
" them.",
" So that's the cheap version.",
" So now that we own everything and we can hack everything including the banks we need to",
" understand how the media works so we need to reverse engineer them and that's what we",
" do for a living so why don't we do it with the media.",
" So what we do is we apply what's called the two source rule.",
" So the media need two sources to use as a story and I've got the sources on the right",
" hand side and types of sources so you want to need at least two sources to fool the media.",
" Or you can actually pawn a few media outlets that we did from the telco, publish information",
" and then just release it.",
" You want to release the information to the news agency that will release that information",
" when they've been questioning it.",
" So for example Fox News you want to use the Hillary Clinton information.",
" They'll publish it and they won't even give a shit.",
" You don't want to do it in reverse because they're not going to publish it.",
" They've got no interest in doing that.",
" So what we did is in 2011 we used Q8 central bank.",
" We already own them so we use unnamed government officials to transfer millions of dollars",
" outside the accounts into their private bank accounts and we use the New York Times to",
" do the same thing using that two source rule.",
" Now one of my idiot advisors thought this would be a great idea.",
" He thought using a Q80 Prince convert to Christianity would be a good idea and went",
" with it.",
" He did get the publicity he was after.",
" We've got 100 media outlets that went with that but it was just a stupid idea.",
" You need to use the people in this.",
" When the CIA are using, when the CIA are planning a cool revolution you need to get the people",
" on side.",
" You've got money in your hands.",
" You need to use bribes.",
" So use this sort of money to pay people to put implants within companies, professional",
" agitation misinformation or get corporate people to do stuff for you.",
" You've got to heat the population up enough to give a shit to overthrow the government.",
" So for example the professional agitators you would have a group of people that you",
" would pay to cause a protest and then you would get another group of protesters dressed",
" in police uniforms to bash them up and then you get that on the news.",
" And if they weren't published on the news you publish your own news.",
" You own the telco.",
" When you're planning the operation you need to plan it down to the absolute detail and",
" you need to be flexible because shit just won't go right.",
" You might lose a rat.",
" You just need to have to plan for changes in your operation.",
" So I've talked a lot and I want to show you how it works in the real world.",
" So I put a video together.",
" Just to show you how it works.",
" The",
" bra way.",
"...",
"...",
"...",
"...",
"...",
"...",
"...",
" mãããããããã.",
" mãããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããããx",
" Hundreds of protesters outside Kuwait's parliament chant the people want to bring down the Prime",
" Minister.",
" They are demanding the removal of Prime Minister Sheikh Nasir el-Mahamir al-Sabah, whom they",
" accuse of corruption.",
" As demonstrators break through gates and enter the main chamber, police reportedly beat up",
" protesters who were marching towards the Prime Minister's residence, demanding he resign.",
" A member of the ruling family, Sheikh Nasir Mohammed al-Ahmadi al-Sabah, is accused of",
" failing to stem endemic corruption in Kuwait.",
" Okay guys, what I want to leave you with now is for the new hackers in the new generation",
" is to think bigger."
],
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10.5446/40631 (DOI) | Earth vs. The Giant Spider: Amazingly True Stories of Real Penetration tests | https://av.tib.eu/media/40631 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/dedad3a66277be99938235b71fe636e1202e2afa4508e3091d53c784bbff152181/DEF_CON_19_-_Rob_Havelt__Wendel_Guglielmetti_Henrique_-_Earth_vs__The_Giant_Spider_r_4OLpP1J7w_1.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2013 | Havelt, Rob
Henrique, Wendel Guglielmetti | null | Earth vs. The Giant Spider: Amazingly True Stories of Real Penetration Tests brings the DEF CON 19 audience the most massive collection of weird, downright bizarre, freaky, and altogether unlikely hacks ever seen in the wild. This talk will focus on those complex hacks found in real environments - some in very high end and important systems, that are unlikely but true. Through stories and demonstrations we will take the audience into a bizarre world where odd business logic flaws get you almost free food [including home shipping], sourcing traffic from port 0 allows ownership of the finances a nation, and security systems are used to hack organizations. The SpiderLabs team delivered more than 2300 penetration tests last year, giving us access to a huge variety of systems and services, we've collected a compendium of coolest and oddest compromises from the previous year to present at DEF CON. Our goal is to show effective attacks and at the same time not the trivial ones that can be found by automated methods. By the end of this presentation we hope to have the audience thinking differently about systems and applications that organizations use every day, and how they may be used against them. Rob Havelt is the director of penetration testing at Trustwave's SpiderLabs, the advanced security team within Trustwave focused on forensics, ethical hacking, and application security testing for premier clients. Rob has worked with offensive security seemingly forever, and from running a start-up ISP, to working as a TSCM specialist, he's held just about every job possible in the realm of system administration and information security. Formerly a bourbon-fueled absurdist, raconteur, and man about town, currently a sardonic workaholic occasionally seeking meaning in the finer things in life - Rob is, and will always be, a career hacker. Wendel Guglielmetti Henrique is a Security Consultant at Trustwave's SpiderLabs, the advanced security team within Trustwave focused on forensics, ethical hacking, and application security testing for premier clients. He has over 11 years experience in Information Technology, where the last 6 years were dedicated to penetration testing. He has performed security focused code reviews, secure development training, forensics analysis and security assessments. Wendel has performed countless network, application and web application penetration tests for various organizations across the globe, including government, banking, commercial sectors, as well as the payment card industry. Recent presentations include Black Hat Arsenal 2010 (USA), OWASP AppSec Research 2010 (Sweden) and Black Hat Europe 2010 (Spain). Previously, Wendel spoke in Troopers 09 (Germany), OWASP AppSecEU09 (Poland), YSTS 3.0 (Brazil), and has spoken in well known security conferences such as DEF CON 16 (USA) and H2HC (Brazil). Wendel developed a tool to detect and remove the famous BugBear virus, before most of the antivirus companies around the world in 2002. During his career, he has discovered vulnerabilities across a diverse set of technologies including webmail systems, wireless access points, remote access systems, web application firewalls, IP cameras, and IP telephony applications. Some tools he wrote already were used as examples in national magazines like PCWorld Brazil and international ones like Hakin9 Magazine. | Thanks everyone for coming out. Welcome to Earth versus the Giant Spider, amazingly true stories of real penetration tests. My name is Rob Havalt and I'm the director of penetration testing for Trustwave Spider Labs. Over to my right, left, my other right. Is my Brazilian friend Wendell Enrique Wendell, you want to introduce yourself? I work on the Trustwave Spider Labs penetration team for almost three years I guess. I have you over 90 years on the security industry. I have found some vulnerable in different set of products, web application, firewalls, camera, remote application systems and probably a lot of others. I represented at Black Hat, DEF CON, OASP and some other big conference. We are in the process of getting a patent-impending technology for a penetration test project with EDE and a few other things. That's me. And like I said, I'm the director of penetration testing at Trustwave Spider Labs. I've been around the security industry kind of forever. I've worked from starting up an ISP to doing TSCM to just about every possible job and system administration and information security. I spoke at a lot of venues and this is a great opportunity for us to speak at, to you guys, at probably one of the best security conferences ever, DEF CON, the greatest crowd. So what's this all about? Basically we put together a collection of the weirdest, freakiest and most unlikely hacks that we've ever found. And we'll walk you through like these weird, freaky, unusual, just out of the ordinary stuff. We'll let you meet the victims of these odd hacks because some of these actually have serious implications. And we'll kind of walk you through a few of these things and kind of wrap it up after that. So basically we've been in a unique opportunity to see like some very real, interesting, uncommon and very non-trivial things that can't really be found either using traditional, like attacking methods, like vulnerability exploits, or straight on technological methods, or even like ways that make sense and follow the laws of, seemingly the laws of physics. And we've done this because we, you know, we have a huge team that does like more than like 2300 penetration tests in a year, but only the coolest and freakiest stuff we're selected to present to you guys. So by the end of this presentation, we hope to have you thinking about these systems and applications that organizations use every day and how, even like the most basic things, security tools, security systems, coffee machines and things like that might be used against them. So on with Earth versus the Giant, Spider. Do you want to talk about this one? This case is a big network, restaurant franchise around the world that sells food the over the Internet. They have some good maturity of security. So for example, the application, we couldn't find any cross-site scripting, psycho-injection, or things like that. The application was basically created in Java and Flashy, and the no-common parameter manipulation was working, for example, including negative values on products and things like that. However, during the transaction, we detected that the checkout was redirected to a 30-party gateway, and this gateway, when we get this information, it's sent the information to a security channel directly to this company, and they just got a response like approved or not approved. So what we did is manipulated these requests to change the final value of the transaction itself on the gateway, since it was redirected over JavaScript from our browser by the main application. Consequently, the final price that appeared on the website and all this stuff was the real price of the products. But when we conclude the transaction, we could put any kind of price that we would like, and they just got accepted or not, and this way you could get almost any kind of food for any value. Do you see if we should show these screenshots? Yeah? Yeah, sure. Okay, do you have them? No, I don't have them. Okay, never mind. So, and something else. You're talking now. Okay. You can't look at it because I think the customers have to be very quick to check the phone. Talk to them, not me. Yeah, well, basically, as a result of this penetration test, we could get some good amount of food delivered to our home. We've almost 50 cents at the end of the engagement. One of the cool things was we actually did engage a delivery driver that came out with bags of food and everything like that and took a bunch of pictures. Yeah. And it was all kinds of fun. But it's just a weird thing that, you know, and kind of a bad thing to do to let somebody kind of manipulate things and just kind of trust that everything's happening behind the scenes the way it should be. So, moving on. Okay. So this one was, we're called the OnePBX, we'll rule them all kind of hack. This was a large financial institution that had a lot of different technologies in place, some new technologies, but some like ancient technologies. In the course of testing this institution, one of the things that you normally want to do is kind of dial the space. Sometimes you do it just to voicemail surf and see who's out, who's in, who's doing what, what people's names are, and, you know, things like that. A side benefit of just kind of calling random numbers and listening is sometimes you run into something where you get a modem tone. Well, in doing this, you know, I called a number, got a modem tone, and just a weird kind of series of characters and a login prompt that was kind of generic, but kind of dissecting like the series of characters and what we got back from the modem over making like several calls, figured out that it was an old Siemens-Rome PBX. Well, in this case, that's great. You know, you get a PBX kind of manual. It turns out that they changed the administrator password, they changed the user, the opera password on it, but there was one account that actually had better credentials than administrator. It was a field tech account, and they didn't change that password. When you get into the field tech account, it actually lets you go into like any user account that you want. So, went into the Rome PBX as administrator and, you know, just kind of browsed that. Having like done some voicemail surfing previously, I knew that the extension for the help desk. So, one of the features is to like clone a voicemail box. So, one of the things we did is created a new extension, clone the voicemail box for the corporate tech support, and at the end of the day, we'd kind of listened to the various messages. Well, it turns out that like there was some dude that was traveling on the road and called in frantically to tech support after hours when they weren't picking up, asking a problem about a VPN problem. It just so happens that in a previous life, I was a certified checkpoint instructor, and I happened to know a lot about checkpoint. In a previous life, I actually sat on help desks and did like checkpoint like managed services. And the problem he was describing, I knew exactly what it was right away. It was a stupid like settings problem. So, I actually just called the guy back. I called the guy back and I walked him through like his problem. First, I asked him for his username, then I asked him for his password, so that I can check and verify his account. And then I fixed his machine. Afterwards, like, you know, he logged in and, you know, he logged out and Bingo, he logged in as himself, paying free credentials. The funny part about that was in the wrap-up of testing, we found out that this guy actually sent an email to the head of tech support, like praising them for like the wonderful tech support they got. And the quick responsiveness of the tech. So, that one was kind of awesome and freaky and weird. And, you know, sometimes you just kind of have to think outside the box. But, you know, something stupid, like, you know, not realizing that, hey, the field tech has their own like super account on this piece of antiquated technology, can, you know, have kind of severe implications. So, and well, this penetration test on the reality happened at least three or three times. Similar wishes like this one. Well, we were doing an internal penetration test, and during the internal penetration test, the network segmented was very limited. We had almost very few things to test, like one open SSH server, very well updated. One Samba server that's almost without sharing no folders, nothing, a few in those box that just block every single set to ping, like echo request and echo response. Also, Vlan attack bypass or Vlan hoping was not possible on this specific customer. And neither on this two or three that you used a similar attack during the last year. Arps spoofing that everybody knows, and it is very common was present, it was possible to be executed. But it gave no juice. We couldn't get any credential or anything in special. However, during the previous external penetration test, we figured out that this customer had an external site in a data center that had a VPN SSL and this external VPN SSL used a self-signad certificate. And they used this a lot, but we couldn't compromise during the external. So during the internal, we saw some traffic over the SSL port, and we did an 80PS man in the middle, since it was a self-signad certificate, probably the users did not figure out the difference. When we dumped the contents, we saw connections to this external VPN SSL server with self-signad certificates. So we just got the cookies and the cloning in our box with a burp suite and the access again, the same external data center server, and as a result, we get a successful login on the wholly VPN over SSL, getting access to file servers, applications, and a lot of stuff that was not accessible before, including credit card data and a lot of interesting stuff. So it's very interesting demonstration of how sometimes a vulnerability that you couldn't exploit from the external side and is not easily detected by the automated tool can be exploited for example from the inside network. It's kind of interesting because it could reproduce the same kind of vulnerability at least in three different customers during the last year. So this kind of vulnerability is the kind of vulnerability we would like to show you. They are kind of a freak difference and not easy to find with automated tools and stuff like that. Yeah, and that's always interesting because you're taking an external, you know, and organizations tend to think of the perimeter is the perimeter and the inside is the inside, and, you know, we need to secure the perimeter and the things that we do to secure the perimeter, you know, that's out there and, you know, that's basically our wall against the big bad internet and inside we need to do different things. But like Wendell said, you know, as a malicious attacker or a malicious insider could use, use external systems just as easily, you know, against internal resources. There was another instance of something like a kin to that where we were taking a look at a phone directory and from the inside of a network and we're just able to basically get like names of people. However, on the outside there was actually like an HR system with the vulnerability but you had to have like people's name and they're like HR code. Well, when used with the phone directory inside, it had the HR code and the vulnerable app from the outside, you know, gave enough information to kind of go through and like actually get like HR data from every single user at that company, including the CEO's payroll information. So those are always interesting. And it's interesting because somehow it was internal that you have to compromise external to come back to internal. This one makes no sense and we're still trying to figure out how this even worked. But we're taking a look at a card processor for actually like an entire country that processed most of the MasterCard visa transactions. And they had a transaction switch that they couldn't touch that was from the card brands and there was kind of a war of we suspect that's not secure. No, it's not. Yes, it is. No, it's not. Yes, it is kind of thing. And it was very much, you know, they said this, they said that kind of going back and forth. The best they could do is kind of like build a wall around it. But because of their, you know, their idea that it wasn't very secure, they put some very restricted firewall policies in place. They were using some weird old technology that as it turns out was very misconfigured. Nothing would get through to the transaction switch. It was kind of set down and you can only actually like reach it from a couple of stations inside that were kind of like the major databases. Yeah, absolutely. That's exactly what I was getting at. Yeah. Right. And so what he's saying is then that's exactly what we found out is so they spent all this time building this firewall around it on this legacy equipment and basically like things source from port zero like being a wild card on a legacy stack. It actually kind of sailed right through. So it turned out that the people that said, no, it's not secure was actually right because we found out that the transaction switch with an admin-admin user pass pair, that's awesome. That's always the thing that you want running every financial transaction from your country from. And you know, because of that, like, you know, the Webman interface, they're able to get it at an OS level and basically like, you know, see processing for basically the whole country. This one's really funny. All right. So there was an external pentest, you know, just as an outside in kind of thing. Very few services, a couple applications. There was an administrative like Web interface. And it was some cheesy thing we thought might be vulnerable, but, you know, we were able to get like some of the code to leak and things like that enough so that, you know, you could Google it and kind of search for it. So it turned out that that led us to looking at like comments and metadata in there. We actually found a news group where the administrator actually like posted like huge snippets of the source code for it, as well as like all of his information, who is very, very chatty on the news groups. Unfortunately, that didn't get as much, you know, so looking through like the snippets, like, you know, you think like bingo, I have like source code here, you know, surely I can get like something from that. It didn't end up getting much. However, we ended up like looking up the guy by name and we found his Facebook page and like, you know, like nicknames and a bunch of stuff about it, which led us to a forum called Caucasian Asian Love. And it was a forum for Caucasian men to find Asian women to love. Yeah. So this guy had a full profile on there. Apparently, he was really, really into it and really, really active in the Caucasian Asian love. So anyway, we ended up building up a word list from his dating profile. And his password was a variant of love machine with the common U spelling of love, which was actually rather awesome. So we ended up getting into the administrative interface, which actually like yielded like a ton. So. Okay. Well, it was another external penetration test where we couldn't find any trivial vulnerability. Actually no kind of web vulnerability, no vulnerable services, no weak accounts, no things like that. It was a huge network. And we found that on this huge network, they had almost the 20 high definition IP cameras and they also a specific part that was unrecognized by network mapper that probably was the application to centralize all these IP cameras into a single service. Well, these IP cameras, we looked around the vulnerability databases and we couldn't find any vulnerability. So we just look for a copy of these IP cameras and in a lab, we tested them and we find a few vulnerabilities like authentication bypass that allowed us to dump the whole password from the Linux based system inside the IP camera and a lot of stuff. We cracked the local root password and stuff. On the end, we created a modified firmware and we uploaded the over this interface and they created a web shell from this web shell on the web camera. They was connected on the inside network and consequently from these web cameras, we could look for example, internal employees working, give zoom up to ten times, get screenshots, IP of systems, user names and obviously from the web shell we created on the modified firmware, we could access the whole internal network that was accessible from this IP cameras network that was on the management administrative segment. It is interesting because it resulted in advisory. So we used the video cameras that's a security service. The great thing about that one is you take a look once you're into these video cameras and these were like by them having the good video cameras instead of the crappy grainy like black and white ones, it really helped a lot because he had an optical zoom of ten times and some of these were trained on machines and keyboards and things like that. So it ended up becoming like a password bonanza as you kind of just sat there remotely in a different country watching a user kind of sit down at a station and type in their password and then like okay, so that user name has this password and throughout the day you end up collecting a bunch of stuff. And once you have credentials, the stuff on that hardened exterior with the various servers that you can do much with, it isn't really like so hardened anymore. You can kind of, a lot of password reuse is problematic and all pervasive. So it tends to lead to compromise that way. Okay, that's good. All right, so after this one we have a video to show you of exactly how this all works. I'll let Wendell describe it first and then I'll hand you this. Sure. All right. Go for it. Well, personally I really like database security and we commonly find raw BI and all guys on the internal network penetration test. We see a lot of database, SQL server, Autocodes, DB2 and MySQL and a lot of else. Well sometimes we can compromise them with different techniques, overflows, weak accounts, like bad DNS configured services, et cetera, and Oracle. However, sometimes we can get like ARPs poofing, but no new connections, not people reconnectional. They have strong passwords so we can't get the creeps, the credentials during the span time of the engagement. And that's a frustrating thing. You're in the middle and you're seeing all this stuff and you wish you could do something with it. And it's like, well, I have all these sessions going. Why can't I just grab one? So that's what Wendell and Steve did. They wrote a tool. Basically, all right. This is an already authenticated session. Let's just go ahead and grab one. Yeah, exactly. Also, big thanks to Steve for working with us. He did a great job. And Tic Nett also supports the SQL server. So the main idea is if you have the sessions running for Oracle or even SQL server, why force them to range Acti to disconnect and get credentials or whatever if you can just take this connection and send your own comments and do whatever we want? So as you know, we can show screenshots of this penetration test we are talking about because they are customer. And it's not a good thing, but we created the in-house video just to demonstrate how works we used it recently, a lot in different internal penetration tests with a good level of success. And the tool also is free and available on the internet for who is interested. Go ahead and explain what's happening while it's running. So we start off with this tool called VAMP that actually does the ARP spoofing. It's a ProScript that does kind of like some reverse ARP spoofing. With VAMP, then you run this tool called Tic Nett. And now we are just showing a normal connection to our Oracle database. From a supposedly client, this virtual machine is like a client that you want to access. This first showing that we can't log in with the credential, when the database, as you can see on the first line, then it's logged with the user Steve, that's a valid user. So Steve is executing a very simple query like select 123 from the wall or whatever. Now back to Tic Nett. If you use the LS comments, we can see the active sessions. The one is marked with the eye letter that means that it's injectable. It was detected as injectable by Tic Nett. So the next thing you do is you actually go ahead and use Tic Nett to steal the session. It's a real easy thing. And basically what you end up with is taking that session over. The normal user just reconnects. In most cases they don't know that anything really happens. It just is kind of like a blip. And a lot of like database clients have connection pools. Anyway, so they just start a new connection. You take their old one and basically end up with a shell interface to the Oracle database. Yeah, at this point we could for example send any comments. I see we stole in the connection. So just to demonstrate, we are sending this SQL query that you'll be creating an account that's called the window that on the beginning of the video was not an account that exists on the database. As you can see, you get on the end the ORIHER01003. This means that the command was sent and partially successfully. Now we are just stopping the RPP poison and making sure that we are not breaking the RPP tables. And now we are trying to log in again with the same account that was when the just to make sure it really works. We used the vamp to intercept and inject a live connection and create a new account on the Oracle database. Now as you can see, we can log in with the account that previously doesn't exist on the database. And now we can do any query like the privilege of this account. As you see, we're just kind of doing a select query. Just to demonstrate that it's possible to execute an query. Obviously, in this case, the session that was stolen was a administrative query, a administrative account. So we could create an account, but you can always get the privilege of that account. For example, recently, on our team meeting, we got another guy from the network penetration testing team. And it's very nice to, last week, we got a stolen SQL server, Microsoft SQL server with this tool, and they could use the XPC MD shell to execute the commands just for a nice stolen session also. We have the other nice things from TicNet, like steel credentials, and even Microsoft has some very specific, Oracle has some very specific stuff from Windows clients that leak Windows authentication. So I suggest everybody that is interested to check TicNet. It's very interesting. Is that it? Sure. There we go. Okay. Great. Thanks. Great. Whoa. All right. Okay. Thanks. Thanks. Thanks. Thanks. Thanks. Thanks. Thanks. Thanks. Okay, Kwil. These are going insane here. Oh, okay. So technology is against me? Okay. Let's try this again. Okay. So it's time to, you know, talk about some of the victims of these attacks because they all have very serious implications. You know, they make for kind of like fun stories and, you know, sometimes funny get a chuckle out of them. But let's talk about none of these attacks really led to anything trivial. The reason, you know, why they're included here is all of these attacks led to ginormous compromises of huge amounts of data. You know, in some cases, CHD in the numbering in the millions, PII numbering in the millions, and huge, huge, huge amounts of data. So the organizations that, you know, we're talking about here are multinational banks, global restaurant franchise, major retail chains, credit card processor for an entire nation. And the types of data stolen that we're talking about here is, you know, every visa and master card transaction processed in the entire country, hundreds of millions of pan and track data, HR data. In one case, you know, it led to accessing like the DHS terrorist watch list for financial institutions that they're supposed to check against. And, you know, obviously like billions of dollars in transactions. So just kind of in conclusion to this, before I say something about stuff you didn't see, is this talk was focused on those complex or uncommon hacks found in real environments. Some are in very high end and important systems, and some are unlikely but true. And this is, you know, a bizarre world where you have like old ancient anomalies, you know, like affecting like newer systems, security systems that are used to hack organizations, you know, new techniques developed on the fly and things like that. So, you know, we're happy to be here, hopefully you enjoyed these stories. So I think one of the things that we were going to do with this is we spent like two weeks setting up like this whole like hacking challenge that we're going to run during the talk. And so, you know, we checked on it when we got here, we checked on it last night, checked on it this morning and like three machines that we had like wooden boot. And that's just awesome. So you know, the winner was supposed to get a prize. And so we still have the prize. We have a few prize. But I know like a lot of you out there have like bizarre and weird stories of their own. So we're going to change it. Anybody that comes up with just a truly weird fucked up story will get the prize of a Duke Newcombe forever PC version game. Anybody want to take a shot? Come on up. Well, yeah, we're showing you that we have the game today, but you won't actually get it for another 12 years. Have a seat. What's your name? Tim. Tim, what's your weird fucked up story? Well, we were doing a pen test one time. And we were war dialing all their, you know, phone lines. And like you, we found a system that was returning odd characters. And basically we were able to determine that this was an HVAC control system. And so did some research and found that there was a default technician login, got into the HVAC control system. And then we shut down the exhaust fan in their server room. So then we just sent somebody out dressed up as an HVAC technician. And we're able to get right into the daydissener. What do you guys think? Did Tim get the prize? Yeah. Oh, yeah. There you go, man. Thank you. Sure. Wait. Wait. No, no, no. Wait. Does anybody else? Like I saw a couple of people that were kind of coming towards this stuff. Anybody else want to try for the runner up prize? Anyone? All right, well, in that case, I'll drink the kachasa myself. Thanks, everyone. I hope you enjoyed it. And thanks for coming out. | {
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"text": [
" Thanks everyone for coming out. Welcome to Earth versus the Giant Spider, amazingly true stories of real penetration tests.",
" My name is Rob Havalt and I'm the director of penetration testing for Trustwave Spider Labs.",
" Over to my right, left, my other right. Is my Brazilian friend Wendell Enrique Wendell, you want to introduce yourself?",
" I work on the Trustwave Spider Labs penetration team for almost three years I guess.",
" I have you over 90 years on the security industry. I have found some vulnerable in different set of products, web application,",
" firewalls, camera, remote application systems and probably a lot of others.",
" I represented at Black Hat, DEF CON, OASP and some other big conference.",
" We are in the process of getting a patent-impending technology for a penetration test project with EDE and a few other things. That's me.",
" And like I said, I'm the director of penetration testing at Trustwave Spider Labs.",
" I've been around the security industry kind of forever. I've worked from starting up an ISP to doing TSCM to just about every possible job",
" and system administration and information security. I spoke at a lot of venues and this is a great opportunity for us to speak at,",
" to you guys, at probably one of the best security conferences ever, DEF CON, the greatest crowd.",
" So what's this all about? Basically we put together a collection of the weirdest, freakiest and most unlikely hacks that we've ever found.",
" And we'll walk you through like these weird, freaky, unusual, just out of the ordinary stuff.",
" We'll let you meet the victims of these odd hacks because some of these actually have serious implications.",
" And we'll kind of walk you through a few of these things and kind of wrap it up after that.",
" So basically we've been in a unique opportunity to see like some very real, interesting, uncommon and very non-trivial things",
" that can't really be found either using traditional, like attacking methods, like vulnerability exploits,",
" or straight on technological methods, or even like ways that make sense and follow the laws of, seemingly the laws of physics.",
" And we've done this because we, you know, we have a huge team that does like more than like 2300 penetration tests in a year,",
" but only the coolest and freakiest stuff we're selected to present to you guys.",
" So by the end of this presentation, we hope to have you thinking about these systems and applications",
" that organizations use every day and how, even like the most basic things, security tools, security systems,",
" coffee machines and things like that might be used against them.",
" So on with Earth versus the Giant, Spider.",
" Do you want to talk about this one?",
" This case is a big network, restaurant franchise around the world that sells food the over the Internet.",
" They have some good maturity of security.",
" So for example, the application, we couldn't find any cross-site scripting, psycho-injection, or things like that.",
" The application was basically created in Java and Flashy, and the no-common parameter manipulation was working,",
" for example, including negative values on products and things like that.",
" However, during the transaction, we detected that the checkout was redirected to a 30-party gateway,",
" and this gateway, when we get this information, it's sent the information to a security channel directly to this company,",
" and they just got a response like approved or not approved.",
" So what we did is manipulated these requests to change the final value of the transaction itself on the gateway,",
" since it was redirected over JavaScript from our browser by the main application.",
" Consequently, the final price that appeared on the website and all this stuff was the real price of the products.",
" But when we conclude the transaction, we could put any kind of price that we would like,",
" and they just got accepted or not, and this way you could get almost any kind of food for any value.",
" Do you see if we should show these screenshots?",
" Yeah?",
" Yeah, sure.",
" Okay, do you have them?",
" No, I don't have them.",
" Okay, never mind.",
" So, and something else.",
" You're talking now.",
" Okay.",
" You can't look at it because I think the customers have to be very quick to check the phone.",
" Talk to them, not me.",
" Yeah, well, basically, as a result of this penetration test, we could get some good amount of food delivered to our home.",
" We've almost 50 cents at the end of the engagement.",
" One of the cool things was we actually did engage a delivery driver that came out with bags of food and everything like that",
" and took a bunch of pictures.",
" Yeah.",
" And it was all kinds of fun.",
" But it's just a weird thing that, you know, and kind of a bad thing to do to let somebody kind of manipulate things",
" and just kind of trust that everything's happening behind the scenes the way it should be.",
" So, moving on.",
" Okay.",
" So this one was, we're called the OnePBX, we'll rule them all kind of hack.",
" This was a large financial institution that had a lot of different technologies in place, some new technologies,",
" but some like ancient technologies.",
" In the course of testing this institution, one of the things that you normally want to do is kind of dial the space.",
" Sometimes you do it just to voicemail surf and see who's out, who's in, who's doing what, what people's names are,",
" and, you know, things like that.",
" A side benefit of just kind of calling random numbers and listening is sometimes you run into something where you get a modem tone.",
" Well, in doing this, you know, I called a number, got a modem tone, and just a weird kind of series of characters",
" and a login prompt that was kind of generic, but kind of dissecting like the series of characters",
" and what we got back from the modem over making like several calls, figured out that it was an old Siemens-Rome PBX.",
" Well, in this case, that's great.",
" You know, you get a PBX kind of manual.",
" It turns out that they changed the administrator password, they changed the user, the opera password on it,",
" but there was one account that actually had better credentials than administrator.",
" It was a field tech account, and they didn't change that password.",
" When you get into the field tech account, it actually lets you go into like any user account that you want.",
" So, went into the Rome PBX as administrator and, you know, just kind of browsed that.",
" Having like done some voicemail surfing previously, I knew that the extension for the help desk.",
" So, one of the features is to like clone a voicemail box.",
" So, one of the things we did is created a new extension, clone the voicemail box for the corporate tech support,",
" and at the end of the day, we'd kind of listened to the various messages.",
" Well, it turns out that like there was some dude that was traveling on the road",
" and called in frantically to tech support after hours when they weren't picking up,",
" asking a problem about a VPN problem.",
" It just so happens that in a previous life, I was a certified checkpoint instructor,",
" and I happened to know a lot about checkpoint.",
" In a previous life, I actually sat on help desks and did like checkpoint like managed services.",
" And the problem he was describing, I knew exactly what it was right away.",
" It was a stupid like settings problem.",
" So, I actually just called the guy back.",
" I called the guy back and I walked him through like his problem.",
" First, I asked him for his username, then I asked him for his password,",
" so that I can check and verify his account.",
" And then I fixed his machine.",
" Afterwards, like, you know, he logged in and, you know, he logged out and Bingo,",
" he logged in as himself, paying free credentials.",
" The funny part about that was in the wrap-up of testing,",
" we found out that this guy actually sent an email to the head of tech support,",
" like praising them for like the wonderful tech support they got.",
" And the quick responsiveness of the tech.",
" So, that one was kind of awesome and freaky and weird.",
" And, you know, sometimes you just kind of have to think outside the box.",
" But, you know, something stupid, like, you know, not realizing that,",
" hey, the field tech has their own like super account on this piece of antiquated technology,",
" can, you know, have kind of severe implications.",
" So, and well, this penetration test on the reality happened at least three or three times.",
" Similar wishes like this one.",
" Well, we were doing an internal penetration test, and during the internal penetration test,",
" the network segmented was very limited.",
" We had almost very few things to test, like one open SSH server, very well updated.",
" One Samba server that's almost without sharing no folders, nothing,",
" a few in those box that just block every single set to ping, like echo request and echo response.",
" Also, Vlan attack bypass or Vlan hoping was not possible on this specific customer.",
" And neither on this two or three that you used a similar attack during the last year.",
" Arps spoofing that everybody knows, and it is very common was present, it was possible to be executed.",
" But it gave no juice.",
" We couldn't get any credential or anything in special.",
" However, during the previous external penetration test, we figured out that this customer had",
" an external site in a data center that had a VPN SSL and this external VPN SSL used a self-signad certificate.",
" And they used this a lot, but we couldn't compromise during the external.",
" So during the internal, we saw some traffic over the SSL port, and we did an 80PS man in the middle,",
" since it was a self-signad certificate, probably the users did not figure out the difference.",
" When we dumped the contents, we saw connections to this external VPN SSL server with self-signad",
" certificates.",
" So we just got the cookies and the cloning in our box with a burp suite and the access again,",
" the same external data center server, and as a result, we get a successful login on the",
" wholly VPN over SSL, getting access to file servers, applications, and a lot of stuff that was not",
" accessible before, including credit card data and a lot of interesting stuff.",
" So it's very interesting demonstration of how sometimes a vulnerability that you couldn't",
" exploit from the external side and is not easily detected by the automated tool can be exploited",
" for example from the inside network.",
" It's kind of interesting because it could reproduce the same kind of vulnerability at least in three",
" different customers during the last year.",
" So this kind of vulnerability is the kind of vulnerability we would like to show you.",
" They are kind of a freak difference and not easy to find with automated tools and stuff like that.",
" Yeah, and that's always interesting because you're taking an external, you know, and organizations",
" tend to think of the perimeter is the perimeter and the inside is the inside, and, you know, we",
" need to secure the perimeter and the things that we do to secure the perimeter, you know,",
" that's out there and, you know, that's basically our wall against the big bad internet and inside",
" we need to do different things.",
" But like Wendell said, you know, as a malicious attacker or a malicious insider could use,",
" use external systems just as easily, you know, against internal resources.",
" There was another instance of something like a kin to that where we were taking a look at a",
" phone directory and from the inside of a network and we're just able to basically get like",
" names of people.",
" However, on the outside there was actually like an HR system with the vulnerability but you had",
" to have like people's name and they're like HR code.",
" Well, when used with the phone directory inside, it had the HR code and the vulnerable app from",
" the outside, you know, gave enough information to kind of go through and like actually get like",
" HR data from every single user at that company, including the CEO's payroll information.",
" So those are always interesting.",
" And it's interesting because somehow it was internal that you have to compromise external to",
" come back to internal.",
" This one makes no sense and we're still trying to figure out how this even worked.",
" But we're taking a look at a card processor for actually like an entire country that processed",
" most of the MasterCard visa transactions.",
" And they had a transaction switch that they couldn't touch that was from the card brands and",
" there was kind of a war of we suspect that's not secure.",
" No, it's not.",
" Yes, it is.",
" No, it's not.",
" Yes, it is kind of thing.",
" And it was very much, you know, they said this, they said that kind of going back and forth.",
" The best they could do is kind of like build a wall around it.",
" But because of their, you know, their idea that it wasn't very secure, they put some very",
" restricted firewall policies in place.",
" They were using some weird old technology that as it turns out was very misconfigured.",
" Nothing would get through to the transaction switch.",
" It was kind of set down and you can only actually like reach it from a couple of stations inside",
" that were kind of like the major databases.",
" Yeah, absolutely.",
" That's exactly what I was getting at.",
" Yeah.",
" Right.",
" And so what he's saying is then that's exactly what we found out is so they spent all this",
" time building this firewall around it on this legacy equipment and basically like things",
" source from port zero like being a wild card on a legacy stack.",
" It actually kind of sailed right through.",
" So it turned out that the people that said, no, it's not secure was actually right because",
" we found out that the transaction switch with an admin-admin user pass pair, that's",
" awesome.",
" That's always the thing that you want running every financial transaction from your country",
" from.",
" And you know, because of that, like, you know, the Webman interface, they're able to get",
" it at an OS level and basically like, you know, see processing for basically the whole",
" country.",
" This one's really funny.",
" All right.",
" So there was an external pentest, you know, just as an outside in kind of thing.",
" Very few services, a couple applications.",
" There was an administrative like Web interface.",
" And it was some cheesy thing we thought might be vulnerable, but, you know, we were able",
" to get like some of the code to leak and things like that enough so that, you know, you could",
" Google it and kind of search for it.",
" So it turned out that that led us to looking at like comments and metadata in there.",
" We actually found a news group where the administrator actually like posted like huge snippets of",
" the source code for it, as well as like all of his information, who is very, very chatty",
" on the news groups.",
" Unfortunately, that didn't get as much, you know, so looking through like the snippets,",
" like, you know, you think like bingo, I have like source code here, you know, surely I",
" can get like something from that.",
" It didn't end up getting much.",
" However, we ended up like looking up the guy by name and we found his Facebook page and",
" like, you know, like nicknames and a bunch of stuff about it, which led us to a forum",
" called Caucasian Asian Love.",
" And it was a forum for Caucasian men to find Asian women to love.",
" Yeah.",
" So this guy had a full profile on there.",
" Apparently, he was really, really into it and really, really active in the Caucasian Asian",
" love.",
" So anyway, we ended up building up a word list from his dating profile.",
" And his password was a variant of love machine with the common U spelling of love, which",
" was actually rather awesome.",
" So we ended up getting into the administrative interface, which actually like yielded like",
" a ton.",
" So.",
" Okay.",
" Well, it was another external penetration test where we couldn't find any trivial vulnerability.",
" Actually no kind of web vulnerability, no vulnerable services, no weak accounts, no",
" things like that.",
" It was a huge network.",
" And we found that on this huge network, they had almost the 20 high definition IP cameras",
" and they also a specific part that was unrecognized by network mapper that probably was the application",
" to centralize all these IP cameras into a single service.",
" Well, these IP cameras, we looked around the vulnerability databases and we couldn't find",
" any vulnerability.",
" So we just look for a copy of these IP cameras and in a lab, we tested them and we find a",
" few vulnerabilities like authentication bypass that allowed us to dump the whole password",
" from the Linux based system inside the IP camera and a lot of stuff.",
" We cracked the local root password and stuff.",
" On the end, we created a modified firmware and we uploaded the over this interface and",
" they created a web shell from this web shell on the web camera.",
" They was connected on the inside network and consequently from these web cameras, we could",
" look for example, internal employees working, give zoom up to ten times, get screenshots,",
" IP of systems, user names and obviously from the web shell we created on the modified firmware,",
" we could access the whole internal network that was accessible from this IP cameras network",
" that was on the management administrative segment.",
" It is interesting because it resulted in advisory.",
" So we used the video cameras that's a security service.",
" The great thing about that one is you take a look once you're into these video cameras",
" and these were like by them having the good video cameras instead of the crappy grainy",
" like black and white ones, it really helped a lot because he had an optical zoom of ten",
" times and some of these were trained on machines and keyboards and things like that.",
" So it ended up becoming like a password bonanza as you kind of just sat there remotely in",
" a different country watching a user kind of sit down at a station and type in their password",
" and then like okay, so that user name has this password and throughout the day you end",
" up collecting a bunch of stuff.",
" And once you have credentials, the stuff on that hardened exterior with the various servers",
" that you can do much with, it isn't really like so hardened anymore.",
" You can kind of, a lot of password reuse is problematic and all pervasive.",
" So it tends to lead to compromise that way.",
" Okay, that's good.",
" All right, so after this one we have a video to show you of exactly how this all works.",
" I'll let Wendell describe it first and then I'll hand you this.",
" Sure.",
" All right.",
" Go for it.",
" Well, personally I really like database security and we commonly find raw BI and all guys on",
" the internal network penetration test.",
" We see a lot of database, SQL server, Autocodes, DB2 and MySQL and a lot of else.",
" Well sometimes we can compromise them with different techniques, overflows, weak accounts,",
" like bad DNS configured services, et cetera, and Oracle.",
" However, sometimes we can get like ARPs poofing, but no new connections, not people reconnectional.",
" They have strong passwords so we can't get the creeps, the credentials during the span",
" time of the engagement.",
" And that's a frustrating thing.",
" You're in the middle and you're seeing all this stuff and you wish you could do something",
" with it.",
" And it's like, well, I have all these sessions going.",
" Why can't I just grab one?",
" So that's what Wendell and Steve did.",
" They wrote a tool.",
" Basically, all right.",
" This is an already authenticated session.",
" Let's just go ahead and grab one.",
" Yeah, exactly.",
" Also, big thanks to Steve for working with us.",
" He did a great job.",
" And Tic Nett also supports the SQL server.",
" So the main idea is if you have the sessions running for Oracle or even SQL server, why",
" force them to range Acti to disconnect and get credentials or whatever if you can just",
" take this connection and send your own comments and do whatever we want?",
" So as you know, we can show screenshots of this penetration test we are talking about",
" because they are customer.",
" And it's not a good thing, but we created the in-house video just to demonstrate how",
" works we used it recently, a lot in different internal penetration tests with a good level",
" of success.",
" And the tool also is free and available on the internet for who is interested.",
" Go ahead and explain what's happening while it's running.",
" So we start off with this tool called VAMP that actually does the ARP spoofing.",
" It's a ProScript that does kind of like some reverse ARP spoofing.",
" With VAMP, then you run this tool called Tic Nett.",
" And now we are just showing a normal connection to our Oracle database.",
" From a supposedly client, this virtual machine is like a client that you want to access.",
" This first showing that we can't log in with the credential, when the database, as you",
" can see on the first line, then it's logged with the user Steve, that's a valid user.",
" So Steve is executing a very simple query like select 123 from the wall or whatever.",
" Now back to Tic Nett.",
" If you use the LS comments, we can see the active sessions.",
" The one is marked with the eye letter that means that it's injectable.",
" It was detected as injectable by Tic Nett.",
" So the next thing you do is you actually go ahead and use Tic Nett to steal the session.",
" It's a real easy thing.",
" And basically what you end up with is taking that session over.",
" The normal user just reconnects.",
" In most cases they don't know that anything really happens.",
" It just is kind of like a blip.",
" And a lot of like database clients have connection pools.",
" Anyway, so they just start a new connection.",
" You take their old one and basically end up with a shell interface to the Oracle database.",
" Yeah, at this point we could for example send any comments.",
" I see we stole in the connection.",
" So just to demonstrate, we are sending this SQL query that you'll be creating an account",
" that's called the window that on the beginning of the video was not an account that exists",
" on the database.",
" As you can see, you get on the end the ORIHER01003.",
" This means that the command was sent and partially successfully.",
" Now we are just stopping the RPP poison and making sure that we are not breaking the RPP",
" tables.",
" And now we are trying to log in again with the same account that was when the just to",
" make sure it really works.",
" We used the vamp to intercept and inject a live connection and create a new account on",
" the Oracle database.",
" Now as you can see, we can log in with the account that previously doesn't exist on the",
" database.",
" And now we can do any query like the privilege of this account.",
" As you see, we're just kind of doing a select query.",
" Just to demonstrate that it's possible to execute an query.",
" Obviously, in this case, the session that was stolen was a administrative query, a",
" administrative account.",
" So we could create an account, but you can always get the privilege of that account.",
" For example, recently, on our team meeting, we got another guy from the network penetration",
" testing team.",
" And it's very nice to, last week, we got a stolen SQL server, Microsoft SQL server with",
" this tool, and they could use the XPC MD shell to execute the commands just for a nice stolen",
" session also.",
" We have the other nice things from TicNet, like steel credentials, and even Microsoft",
" has some very specific, Oracle has some very specific stuff from Windows clients that leak",
" Windows authentication.",
" So I suggest everybody that is interested to check TicNet.",
" It's very interesting.",
" Is that it?",
" Sure.",
" There we go.",
" Okay.",
" Great.",
" Thanks.",
" Great.",
" Whoa.",
" All right.",
" Okay.",
" Thanks.",
" Thanks.",
" Thanks.",
" Thanks.",
" Thanks.",
" Thanks.",
" Thanks.",
" Thanks.",
" Okay, Kwil.",
" These are going insane here.",
" Oh, okay.",
" So technology is against me?",
" Okay.",
" Let's try this again.",
" Okay.",
" So it's time to, you know, talk about some of the victims of these attacks because they",
" all have very serious implications.",
" You know, they make for kind of like fun stories and, you know, sometimes funny get",
" a chuckle out of them.",
" But let's talk about none of these attacks really led to anything trivial.",
" The reason, you know, why they're included here is all of these attacks led to ginormous",
" compromises of huge amounts of data.",
" You know, in some cases, CHD in the numbering in the millions, PII numbering in the millions,",
" and huge, huge, huge amounts of data.",
" So the organizations that, you know, we're talking about here are multinational banks,",
" global restaurant franchise, major retail chains, credit card processor for an entire",
" nation.",
" And the types of data stolen that we're talking about here is, you know, every visa and master",
" card transaction processed in the entire country, hundreds of millions of pan and track data,",
" HR data.",
" In one case, you know, it led to accessing like the DHS terrorist watch list for financial",
" institutions that they're supposed to check against.",
" And, you know, obviously like billions of dollars in transactions.",
" So just kind of in conclusion to this, before I say something about stuff you didn't see,",
" is this talk was focused on those complex or uncommon hacks found in real environments.",
" Some are in very high end and important systems, and some are unlikely but true.",
" And this is, you know, a bizarre world where you have like old ancient anomalies, you know,",
" like affecting like newer systems, security systems that are used to hack organizations,",
" you know, new techniques developed on the fly and things like that.",
" So, you know, we're happy to be here, hopefully you enjoyed these stories.",
" So I think one of the things that we were going to do with this is we spent like two",
" weeks setting up like this whole like hacking challenge that we're going to run during the",
" talk.",
" And so, you know, we checked on it when we got here, we checked on it last night, checked",
" on it this morning and like three machines that we had like wooden boot.",
" And that's just awesome.",
" So you know, the winner was supposed to get a prize.",
" And so we still have the prize.",
" We have a few prize.",
" But I know like a lot of you out there have like bizarre and weird stories of their own.",
" So we're going to change it.",
" Anybody that comes up with just a truly weird fucked up story will get the prize of a Duke",
" Newcombe forever PC version game.",
" Anybody want to take a shot?",
" Come on up.",
" Well, yeah, we're showing you that we have the game today, but you won't actually get",
" it for another 12 years.",
" Have a seat.",
" What's your name?",
" Tim.",
" Tim, what's your weird fucked up story?",
" Well, we were doing a pen test one time.",
" And we were war dialing all their, you know, phone lines.",
" And like you, we found a system that was returning odd characters.",
" And basically we were able to determine that this was an HVAC control system.",
" And so did some research and found that there was a default technician login, got into the",
" HVAC control system.",
" And then we shut down the exhaust fan in their server room.",
" So then we just sent somebody out dressed up as an HVAC technician.",
" And we're able to get right into the daydissener.",
" What do you guys think?",
" Did Tim get the prize?",
" Yeah.",
" Oh, yeah.",
" There you go, man.",
" Thank you.",
" Sure.",
" Wait.",
" Wait.",
" No, no, no.",
" Wait.",
" Does anybody else?",
" Like I saw a couple of people that were kind of coming towards this stuff.",
" Anybody else want to try for the runner up prize?",
" Anyone?",
" All right, well, in that case, I'll drink the kachasa myself.",
" Thanks, everyone.",
" I hope you enjoyed it.",
" And thanks for coming out."
],
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10.5446/38963 (DOI) | Panel - Google TV or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Exploit Secure Boot | https://av.tib.eu/media/38963 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de968f94d345579c31e3af9d87076a3d24764bece09b1d566921fa2568710916fa/DEF_CON_21_-_Panel_-_Google_TV_9gEooKg77Yw.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2013 | Etemadieh, Amir
Heres, C.J.
Baker, Mike
Nielsen, Hans | null | Google TV is intended to bring the Android operating system out of the mobile environment and into consumers' living rooms. Unfortunately, content providers began to block streaming access to popular content from the Google TV platform which hindered its reach. Furthermore, the first generation of Google TV hardware used an Intel powered x86 chipset that fractured Google TV from that of the traditional ARM based Android ecosystem, preventing most Android applications with native code from functioning properly. In our previous presentation at DEFCON 20, we discussed exploits found in the first generation of Google TV hardware and software. This presentation will be geared towards the newly released second generation of devices which includes models from a wider variety of OEM's such as Asus, Sony, LG, Vizio, Hisense, and Netgear. Our demonstration will include newly discovered and undisclosed hardware exploits, software exploits, and manufacturer mistakes as well as discuss in detail how to exploit the new Secure Boot environment on the Marvell chipset. In order to bypass Secure Boot on the Google TV we will release two separate exploits which will allow users to run an unsigned bootloader on Google TV devices. One of which affects specific configurations of the Linux kernel that can also be used for priviledge escalation against a multitude of other embedded devices. Finally, after our talk make sure to stop by the Q&A room and ask us a question. We have a limited number of USB TTL adapters to give away for free to aid the community in bootloader and kernel development. Amir Etemadieh founded the GTVHacker group and has been working on the GTVHacker project from its initial start in November 2010. Amir is on the research and development team at Accuvant LABS and prior to his employment conducted independent research in consumer devices including the Logitech Revue, Ooma Telo, Samsung Galaxy S2, Boxee Box as well as services such as the 4G Clear Network. CJ Heres (@cj_000) is an IT consultant by day who enjoys breaking devices ranging from washing machines to Blu-Ray players. His philosophy is to use a simple approach for complex problems. CJ's recent work includes independent research on Hospira and Alaris IV infusion pumps, as well as consumer electronics such as the Roku, Google TV, Boxee Box, and Vizio Smart TV's. Mike Baker (aka [mbm]) is a firmware developer, better known as the Co-Founder behind OpenWrt. He hacks stuff. Hans Nielsen is a security wizard at Matasano Security. When he isn't busy protecting your in-house and external applications from evil, he enjoys hacking apart consumer electronics and designing prototype boards. Hans is a tinkerer at heart with an ability to quickly reverse hardware and software through whatever means necessary. | Greetings everyone. Welcome to Google TV or how I learned to stop worrying in exploit secure boot. My name is Mike Baker. I'm a firmware developer. I did open WRT. We also have we also have Hans Nielsen who is a senior security consultant at MataSana. We have CJ Hirz, an IT systems administrator. I believe he's out running CTF right now. And we have Tom Dwanger in the audience. And stand up, Tom. And we have Amir Edmada who is a researcher at occupant labs and also the founder of the GTV hacker group. GTV hacker is a group of about six hackers that hack into the Google TV line of products. Our primary goal is to bypass the hardware and software restrictions and open up the device. The GTV hacker team was the first to exploit the Google TV and won a $500 bounty. So what is the Google TV platform? The Google TV platform is an Android device that connects to your TV. So your TV essentially becomes the same Android device as your mobile phone. It has HDMI in, HDMI out, and IR. Some of them include Blu-ray players. The Sony TV has integrated Google TV. It has a custom version of Chrome and a flash version that I'll talk about later. So we have a GTV hacker team that is a developer. We have a GTV hacker team that is a developer. We have a flash version that I'll talk about later. So why do we hack the platform? We hack the platform because unlike the Google Nexus devices, it has a locked boot loader. It has a heavily restricted kernel. And the previous generation, the generation one is now end of life. And the flash player, I'll get to that in the next slides. So before we start, I'm going to do a very quick recap of the stuff we did last year at DEF CON. I'm going to speed through it so if you miss something, go look at last year's slides. So the generation one hardware consists of the Logitech review, the Sony Blu-ray player, and the Sony TV. The Logitech review, they left a root U art. We also have an exploit by Dan Rossenberg that uses DevMem. And SORC wrote an impactor plug-in. Awesome. So the Sony, similar situation. It has a no-dev bug. We also wrote a custom recovery for it and used Kexec to load in a new kernel. So now we have unsigned kernels. So let's talk about the flash player. The flash player was blocked by various streaming sites. So for example, you can't watch Hulu. You get redirected to a site that says, sorry, this is a Google TV. And the fix for that is literally just changing the version string. So what happened after we hacked these Google TV devices? We found this. This is a nice message from Logitech that they hid in the Android recovery. It's a ROT 13 cipher that says, GTV hacker, congratulations if you're reading this, please post a note on the form and let us know. Let me know. And includes all of our nicknames. Yes, whoever is at Logitech that wrote that, you are awesome. This is why we hack devices. So the boxy box is a very similar device. It uses the same SOC. In the process of hacking the Google TV, we also came up with an exploit for the boxy. That led the way to the boxy plus community. And it's still vulnerable. So that's awesome. So next up is Amir. Hi, everyone. I'm going to continue the presentation. My section regards Gen 2 hardware. One of the first O-days we're going to release for the platform. Gen 2 at least. So Gen 2 hardware, we have a multitude of devices. They increase the amount of devices they had by like a factor of 2. And I guess they were going to increase the market share. But essentially you have the Korean LG U plus the S-Suscube, the LG 47 G2 and G3, the Netgear Prime, the Sony NS GS7, GS8, the High Sense Pulse and the Visio CoStar. They have a similar hardware design throughout most of the generation, short of the LG 47 G2 and G3. Generation 2 features a Marvell 88DE3100 base chipset. It's an ARM dual 1.2 GHz processor dubbed the Armada 1500. It features an on-die crypto processor with separate memory and it does secure boot from ROM via RSA verification and AES decryption. This particular slide, there's not a whole lot you need to pull from this. It was just directly from their marketing stuff for the chip. Yeah, it's just here to show you kind of how they pride the chipset itself. Skip the placeholder apparently. So platform information. The newest version of GTV is currently on Android 3.2. There was no public vulnerabilities that worked up until a week ago, maybe a week plus when the master key vulnerability and the key signing bugs were big news and impact wrote his amazing tool ‑‑ sorry, his amazing tool, impactor. It is not a Bionic Lib C setup. It's a fat G Lib C setup and it doesn't support Android native libraries currently. So Gen 1 was an Intel CE 4150 which is an X86 single core atom 1.2 GHz. Gen 2 is a Marvel armata 1500 dual core arm 1.2 GHz. So they switched from X86 to ARM. Android 4.2 incoming for Gen 2 adds native libraries and Bionic Lib C from what we've heard in the rumor mills. So I'm going to go through these devices pretty quickly because it's all public information. I'm sure you guys don't really care too much. 8 gigabyte EMMC flashed inside of the Sony NSCGS7. It has the best remote. So if you're going to buy Google TV, we probably recommend this one. Hard to recommend Sony. Larger form factor than some of the other Google TV devices and it has built‑in IR blasters which sounds like something that would be throughout the entire platform but it's sadly not. The Vizio costar features a smaller form factor, no voice search, a custom launcher, $99 MSRP and updates are actually done through update logic as opposed to the standard Android checking system. It's common in all Vizio devices. So the Heisen's pulse has the second best remote in our opinion. It was launched with ADB running as root when it first was released. So if you pick one up before it's actually updated, you could just ADB in ADB root and ADB has root privileges. So it was patched shortly after and it has a $99 MSRP. With ADB root, there was also a UART root set up I guess for debugging and whatnot. And they had RO debugable set as one. So ADB root was all you really needed if you wanted a software root but if you wanted to have some funds, you know, connect your UART adapters that we give you after this, you could technically connect to that pinout that's right up there. Again, we'll have a select number of USB TTL adapters. So the Netgear Neo TV Prime has a horrible remote. It's $129 MSRP. We had two exploits for it. One was real. One was technically an oversight, at least in our opinion. The oversight was that they went ahead and put the console to start up on UART regardless of what RO.secure was set as. RO.secure is set for like if they're in a debug environment, they'll set RO.secure to zero. And if they're not in a debug environment, they'll set it RO.secure to one for just setting up special block downs. Then we did the Neo TV Prime root which was essentially a exploit that leveraged the update system on the Netgear Neo TV Prime. Essentially the process involves checking if persist.radio.testmode is enabled and if it is, it extracts a testmode.tgz from a USB drive to.tmode and then it just straight executes a shell script from that file. So you get local command execution fairly easily with just a thumb drive with a special TGFC file and shell script. So then the S-Suscube, it's the same generation to hardware, horrible remote again, $139 MSRP. But we really liked this box because of this next part, cube root. So we had a lot of fun with this. We had actually done an Android APK that actually leveraged one of our exploits up until this point. So it was really neat to be able to put this together and certain members were a big portion of this. So this was great because we created an app that not only exploits but it patches your S-Suscube because our whole fear was that releasing an exploit into the market, you know, if someone else takes a look at it, they could put it in their own app and root all your Google TVs. So we set it up so that it can do patching and it can do rooting. But essentially how it worked is it exploited a helper app called OPLAY Helper via a world-rideable domain socket. The helper application passed unsanitized input to the mount command resulting in local command execution. We triggered the vulnerability from Android APK that just literally showed network permissions and it was point click PON. We added it to the Google Play Store just for fun. So with that being said, it was pulled by Google after six days. We rooted around 256 boxes including one engineer build which was pretty cool. And it took two months for them to actually patch it. So, you know, with six days in the market, can you imagine the type of damage someone could have actually done if they were trying to be malicious and not just help people unlock their devices? So then we got to the O-Day that I told you guys about. We haven't ‑‑ we've been using this bug for a while to do our investigations on like new devices and research on new devices to kind of just see how things are set up. So this is kind of something that's near and dear to us because it's worked on the entire platform to date. So what it is, we call it the magic USB. We just like saying magic because we're on the pen and teller stage, I guess. So if you recall our plastic exploits with the Sony Gen 1 GTV, it required four USBs. You could narrow down the number to a lot lower but you had to have a bunch of different images for the USB drive. And it leveraged and properly mounted EXT3 drive that was mounted without Nodev. So this is pretty similar to that. It's NTFS but it's not ‑‑ and it's not done in recovery but it's just as powerful. So all Google TVs and some other Android devices are vulnerable. What this bug is is ‑‑ actually I'll get to that in the next slide. The way that this is set up, it requires a user to have an NTFS removable storage device. It requires the devices to be mounted Nodev when you plug it in so you can easily just run mount and see if it's Nodev. And so it affects more than just Android. It affects certain kernel configurations or certainly its configurations. So with this particular setup, VODE mounts NTFS partitions without Nodev and a little known feature, it does support block devices. So our magic USB essentially the process is that you go, you get the major and minor hashes, you set up a device on a separate computer on an NTFS formatted drive, you plug it into your Google TV and you DD directly to that newly created device that's on your USB drive. The kernel does its magic even though the partitions are mounted read only, it over writes them just beautifully. So we dump the boot image, patch in it.rc or default.prop to RO.secure, we write it back as a user, no root needed. We reboot and we're rooted. So many boxes require an additional step. So now I'm going to go ahead and introduce Hans Nielsen. Oh, yeah. Hello. I'm Hans. So one thing that we really love doing here at GTV Hacker is we like taking things apart and then we like soldering little wires to things. It tickles something deep in our brain that makes us feel very, very good. So there's a few platforms out there, you know, some interesting Google TV platforms. One of them is this TV that's made by LG. It's an interesting implementation of the platform. They use a different chip than the rest of the Gen 2 Google TVs. It has a custom chip called the ARM L9. It's a custom LG SOC that they use in it. LG also signed pretty much everything in terms of images on the flash file system including the boot splash images. So this platform has always kind of eluded us. You know, it's in a 47 inch LCD TV and it's very upmarket because it's a Google TV. It's cool. So this thing is over $1,000 and we really didn't want to spend $1,000 on it. So what are we going to do? Well, I mean, we like taking things apart. We like putting things back together. So we did the next best thing which was on eBay we just bought a power supply and a motherboard from the TV. We didn't actually buy the rest of the TV. And it turns out you can get that for not that much. So as soon as we had this, we did that thing that we love so much. We soldered some wires to it. So this hardware is based around that LG SOC and the storage it uses on this is it uses an EMMC flash chip. So it's very similar to an SD card. It just has a few extra little bits that allow for secure boot storage and other stuff like that. But essentially what it allows us to do is that we can just solder, you know, very few number of wires to this thing and hook it up directly to an SD card reader. And with that SD card reader, we can read and write from the flash on the device at will. You know, no issues here. So like most devices will have a NAND chip. It's much trickier to write those. They have a lot more pins. The interface is, you know, there aren't as many common available pieces of hardware to read that for you. But SD, everyone has an SD reader. So to actually root this thing, we spent a while digging through the file system, seeing what is here, how can we pull stuff apart. At OX 100,000 hex, we found the partition information that tells us where each of the different partitions that are used in this device are. So what we did now was we just went through each of the partitions looking for, okay, is this one signed? Can we do anything with it? Is there fun stuff here? So one of the more interesting partitions as usual is system because that contains the majority of the files used to actually run Google TV. That's where all the APKs live. That's where all the Lib C lives. So like we said, all of the file system stuff was signed pretty much. But it turns out that they did not sign the system image. So once we figured that out, it was just a manner of unpacking the system image, figuring out what in that system image gets quickly called by the boot loader and then messing with it. So it turns out that the boot partition, you can see on the right side here, there is part of the boot scripts, at the bottom it calls this vendor bin initforcedstrip.sh. So that's on system. So we just replaced that file to spawn a shell, connected to UART. Again, we love soldering wires to things. And there we go. Then we have root. All on a device that we never actually bought the full thing of. So another device that we did this to was the Sony NSZ GS7 and GS8. They also went with this EMMC flash interface. So on this platform, neither boot nor system were signed. So just a matter of rewriting those partitions. So the first thing that we did is the usual way to do this in Android is you modify the boot properties to say, okay, RO.secure is zero. So that you can just straight up ADB to the device and everything will just be great, easy, simple. But we did that and it didn't work. So it turns out that the init scripts were actually checking signatures for some stuff and it was also making sure that some of these properties were in set. So it's like, okay, RO.secure must be one. Well, so we went around looking at how is the signature stuff working and it turns out that they're just not verifying those signatures. So it was pretty simple to just replace init and then we were able to do whatever we wanted and, yeah. This is why you don't allow hardware access to systems because you get to do things like this and then we win. Another fun feature that this device had is it had a SATA port, unpopulated SATA header inside the device. But it did actually have the necessary passive components on the hardware to support this. So we saw it at a SATA connector to it and plugged in a hard drive. So far it doesn't appear that the kernel actually supports these things but the hard drive is actually spinning up and we're pretty sure it is working and we'll talk more about that. So beyond those two devices, there's another device that came out very recently, very interesting device, very similar. It's an interesting evolution of the GTV family. Google Chromecast. Google announced this device last week, last Wednesday even. It's $35. This is order of magnitude cheaper than pretty much any current GTV device. It doesn't have the same in and out for HDMI that all the other GTV devices do. It just straight up, you plug it into the TV and then you power it from a USB cable and boom, you have something that you can use to share videos. It's actually a really awesome device and we think it's very cool. In many ways we think it solves some of the issues that GTV has had in the past with, you know, kind of expensive niche platform. It's a really interesting device. Instead of having two thick clients to deal with content, you now have one thinner device that goes with your thick device, say your phone or your computer and you can share content directly to it. So one of the interesting things about that is, so this is a thin device. How are you pushing content to this device? Well, you're not just streaming video from your phone. That's really slow. That's hard to do. So this device is actually reasonably powerful. So what's in it? Well, we pulled it apart as soon as we could. And it turns out that it has pretty standard stuff that you kind of see for an embedded device. It has RAM, it has flash, it has a Wi-Fi chip and it has a CPU. The CPU is a Marvell 88DE3005. Now, this instantly made us go, oh, well, this is cool. Because the Marvell 88DE300 is what we've been seeing in most of the Gen2 Google TVs. So it's very interesting to see this Marvell device in here. And when we saw that, you know, we start getting suspicious. You know, why is this device in here? Maybe this shares similarities to the Google TV platform. So the first thing that we did is say, okay, well, this thing is going to have a UART in it. So let's go find that. So we found the UART and started looking at the kernel output from this device. Turns out that it is very, very, very similar to a Google TV. It even says booting GTV kernel when you look at the UART output. And other things that it has, it has a USB port on it that you use to power it. But when you plug that into your computer example with a standard USB data cable, you don't actually get anything there. The device doesn't show up or anything. That's because it's not actually a USB device. It runs in USB host mode. So you can actually, using a USB on the go cable, plug other devices into the Chromecast directly. Another very, very fun feature was that it has the same boot loader as the DE3100. It shares the, if you look at the source code drop that Google provided for this device, it's the same boot loader. In fact, there's almost no references to the 3005 in there. The references are pretty much all for the 3100. So it's very, very similar to previous Google TV platforms. So of course, the first thing we do is say, okay, well now we have this thing. How can we get root on it? Well, part of that involved, how do we actually get to a point where we can, you know, run a recovery on this device? It's really restricted. All we have is this UART. We've got this host mode USB port and we've got HDMI. And we also have one button. I like buttons. So with this button, because the first thing you do with the button is you press it while it's rebooting, see what happens. And it turns out that holding this button down causes fun things in the boot loader. The boot loader actually has a very special recovery mode where instead of doing a normal, you know, Android style recovery where it boots a Linux kernel and then, you know, you have a whole recovery system there and it does signature verification and all that fun stuff, instead what it does is it's a much lower level recovery. It runs some code in the boot loader that reads directly from a USB stick. So that host mode USB port turns out to be useful for this recovery mode. So the boot loader is really simple. They tried to put not too much stuff in there. So it's not even like it's a file system available for this boot loader. Instead, it just reads directly from the, from OX1000 on that USB key. It leaves just enough space to put a file system, not a file system, an NBR header and then data. So now that we discovered, okay, well, we can actually try and get it to load images from here. How do we figure out what image format it's loading? It's actually the same standard Marvell image format that we've seen on a lot of other Google TV devices. So we found an image. Okay. Well, can we boot stuff? Do we have, you know, signed kernels, other signed images we can try running on here, see if we can get anything to run? Well, we spent some time looking at the code. And what we found was a very significant oversight. It turns out that if you don't verify the result of your signature check, your secure boot doesn't work very well. So the original route for this thing was actually pretty straightforward. Once you figured out all of the weird steps to get there, like you had to hold down the button, you had to have USB on the go, and you had to have a flash drive with stuff at the right spot. And eventually you get to the point you say, oh, okay, I can load an image on here now. Wait, why is my image verification not failing? Well, it's because they don't fail it when you verify the image. So we managed to actually get root on there. It's awesome. Google has already patched this. They released an update for this yesterday. So I don't know how readable the source code is, but essentially that green blob on the right side is the patch from Google that says if ret return one or negative one. So they patched that. We're a little sad, but we are looking into, excuse me. So we have a little tradition at DEF CON. First time speakers get to do a shot on stage. These guys are all first time. Half do. Let's give them all a big round of applause for their first time. Thank you. Just one shot, not 21 shots. They have to be able to finish. And one for everyone in the audience. Cheers. There we go. All right. Notice I didn't say the wife. That is a wife. Cheers. First time speakers. Now we'll see if they can keep going with the presentation and pick up where they left off. I'm not that much of a light weight. Thank you. So that's actually pretty much it for the Chromecast stuff. Very convenient. And now I don't have to worry about speaking with a shot in me. So CJ. So now my introduction, lovely picture. We have through the NTFS trick. It works great. We can write whatever we want. But relating back to the SATA header, we want more. We want to run our own kernels. We don't like locked boot loaders. So secure boot exploit. What's actually make it work. And this time they did, I promise you they checked the return code. So it's a bit more relevant exploit. So to start off, there was the Amato 1000, which was the 8080E3010, the older version of the Amato 1500 or the 8080E3100. Now very similar chips. Just the 8080E3100 was a bit faster. So we believe that this exploit should also work on pretty much every Android based Amato 1000 because the boot loader was provided by Marvel to whoever wanted and the floor is in that. So list of devices it should work on. Left hand side, the Sony NSZ GS7, the NetGanio TV Prime, Visio Costa, Highsense Pulse, Asus Cube, the Sony NSZ GS8, the LG U Plus IPTV, Google's Berlin development device, which is very similar to the Visio Costa. Also devices we believe it should work on but haven't tested because we don't have them. The ZERO desktop Mee PC, which is coming out in about two or three weeks so they could patch it by the highsense XT780 TV, which should be out any moment, might also patch it but sometimes they don't because it's already being produced. The Lenovo S31 slash S61 TV, which is available in China, the TCL Movo that should be out soon and others, there may be other vendors using this chip that we're unaware of. So for a detailed security overview of how the entire system boots. Starting from the internal secure crypto sub-processor, the XT780 TV will then execute the ROM code that's built into it and it will load stage 2. Stage 2 exists either on land, EMMC, or over SPI. But when it loads it in, it will first AES decrypt it with a key that's stored inside the CPU and then it will RSA verify it with its own public-private key pair, you know, RSA file, private, everything else, all that works. So if it decrypts and verifies successfully, it will then return, it will actually have a return code and it will return a 1 or a 0 depending on how it boots and it will either fail or continue. Sorry, I'll slow down. I'll take a sip. Hold on. Another shot. Oh. So next up, stage 2 will then execute. So assuming it verifies, it starts off. And then stage 2 will finish the initialization on EMMC that we could remind you modify to pretty much do whatever we want. And it will then load stage 3 to 0x068000. So that will load in and assuming it then decrypts and verifies properly, it will then execute stage 3. Stage 3 is the boot loader. It's a highly modified version of U-boot. It's mostly stripped out. It's kind of funny but it's simple. It also has, you know, support to secure images. It will send the image directly to the secure boot processor, send it back to make sure it's good. So upon execution, it will then load the kernel to 0x01000800. Assuming then again it decrypts, it verifies and it's all good and it returns a value that it checks. It will then continue to load the RAM disk to 0x, I think that's about 2 million or so. It will call the RAM disk address. Once that's done, it will then execute the kernel. The kernel in the command lines that are set inside the boot loader will then set a hash to check the init script to ensure that the init binary hasn't been tampered with due to the RSA sig checking that was somehow broken. Then it will then verify the RSA signatures on the init scripts which we know don't work but I'm sure they probably will work within about a week. But back to the UART which keep in mind we are giving away UART adapters right after this. They're kind of pointy but they're free. So pulling it up, all the boxes have a UART and we can see they have the start kernel at 0100800000. So again keep that address in mind. It is important. A lot of data to throw at you but it will work. So this is a picture of the Android kernel and model secure image. Normal Android header with the Android magic then has some kernel arguments which it doesn't use. Then some encrypted gunk below it. So keep that Android header kernel header in mind. Now if you take a look at AOSPs boot image dot H, you have a struct for the kernel header itself. Character magic, Android with the exclamation point. Then you have the kernel size, kernel address, RAM disk size, RAM disk address, second size, second address, SHA1 hash, some of the stuff that not really relevant right now. I'm going to pull up a mocked version of this image and give you a minute to review. So the mocked up version of the Android kernel and model secure image. On the top left you have your Android magic. Keep in mind these slides will be posted up maybe in about an hour on DC21.GTVhacker.com with all of the files. We'll get the stuff up on the wiki rather shortly thereafter. Can't really trust the network here so we might wait until Monday when we're back home. But getting back to this, Android magic, then kernel size, then we have the kernel load address. After the kernel load address we have the RAM disk size, the RAM disk load address. Then we have the kernel load arguments which surprisingly are replaced on boot. When we initially started trying to get into this box we attempted, we dumped the image, noticed the Android kernel header, we figured we could mess around with command lines. It might work. Tried that but we wanted to fail safe so we went with the EMMC flashbacker. That wasn't, we were able to replace the kernel arguments but it still wasn't changing to figure they were replaced somehow. Then there's an SHA1 hash which surprisingly we can alter and it will still boot. It does not check that. Followed by that is the actual model secure image which includes a key index, a signature, an encrypted data size, then an RSA 1024 bit signature followed by AES128CBC encrypted data. So they're not messing around. But let's take a second look at that header. The RAM disk size and the RAM disk load address. In the red is the RAM disk size, the black is the RAM disk load address. What we can do for some idiotic reason they do not verify the RAM disk load address. So we can change it to whatever we want and it will execute our code especially if we place it right where the kernel should be loading. This loads in right after the kernel and since we changed the RAM disk load address we can then replace the RAM disk with our own unsigned kernel with SATA support or something. Jam it in there. When we boot the box it will automatically boot up to that. So some pseudo code of what the boot loader code looks like. We have a fixed kernel load address. It does an EMMC read of line four. Some printfs. We thought this was load image. Turns out it's verify image. A verify image on the kernel image itself. And it actually has an if to check the return code. It does an if else. But if you notice after the return it will then load the RAM disk. It will check the RAM disk header size to see what it is and if it's actually set to something. It will then load in an arbitrary amount of data at whatever address we give it. Which horribly insecure because of that we're able to own the box. Now for the Sony NSD GS7 it was a bit different. Sony went above and beyond with the security. They also signed the RAM disk image so we couldn't just replace it. However what we could do is append a small at a small kernel and append it with our RAM disk which was a custom kernel and stick that into the RAM disk location and then just offset the RAM disk load address. So instead of you know 0100008000 we could set it to say 010000980000 is something. And then we could still get a hacked kernel to load in just the right address and still execute. Sony's made quite a few lenders like this trying to improve security. I don't know what's up. So placeholder image and now Uboot. We can for this exploit which we are releasing these packages for most Google TV's right now. You can also trigger and run Uboot which will let you load an unsigned kernel which directly from USB, TFTP or you could modify the source code to wherever you want. The ASUS Cubes GPL release had a version of Uboot that we were able to modify and then get it to execute with no issues and we could load a kernel via TFTP as I said flash or USB for development. So I'm going to skip this future research time and show you guys a quick demo and I'll pass that up. Thank you. I don't use Macs. This is my mouse. Thank you. So we're also going to show the quick, come on. I look totally computer-like. Seriously? Fix me. Nice. We're going to hide this. So what we're doing right now, nothing on the screen. Really? Hey, this is not your not mine. Thanks for that. Yeah, I just, I, this blame isn't totally on me. Blame YouTube. That's awesome. There you go. Move to your right. Yay. Let's get around the sound for everyone in the audience. Sweet. So you're probably not going to make this out. It's going to be on YouTube probably when we're off the stage. Just check out our GTV Hackers channel. What we're doing right now, we're pulling up ASUS Cubes. We're doing the NTFS exploit. We wrote two block devices, I'm sorry, character devices, block of character onto NTFS flash drive. Then we stuck it inside the ASUS cube and what we're going to do right now is run flash erase on the normal one that doesn't work since we don't have group permissions and then run flash erase and Nanrite on our modified version to then insert a customer recovery that we created. Keep in mind our customer recovery is rather thin. It's not like we can just port CWM to it and call it a day. Because CWM's frame buffer uses Android's frame buffer which the Google TV boxes do not have. The Google TV boxes have a very specific custom version which is idiotic. So right now it's showing it being written and erased and we'll give that a moment and watch blurry text but we listen to an old Model People that would rattle away. So that was the erase and now we're going to do the Nanrite and I have a typo so it's going to error at first. Yeah, this took many, many takes because I do not know how to use a camera. So it shows the permission denied trying to write the actual MTD device and then we're going to show my typo. And honestly I do not know what I mistyped but something happened. So there's the error and now we're going to do the actual write of the customer recovery we created. This is the slow file of the video watching everything type and then it picks up. Copy paste, enter, write, write, write, write, write showing that we can write to anything on the box we want using that NTFS trick which should work on many, many devices because most people don't know an NTFS device can use NTFS devices. So now we're rebooting into our customer recovery that you'll see pop up on the right hand side of the screen. Keep in mind that recovery images, kernel images are signed and encrypted. I'm going to show you on the left hand side that we have put my handle for the kernel compiler just showing we're putting in a USB drive with a copy of U-boot on it that we're going to then flash to replace the boot loader. So there's our customer recovery on the right using unsigned code. And now scrolling all the way to the top we did a busy box ID just show we have root over U-o-t. It's also root over ADB and if you want you can modify it to whatever else you want. So command line CJ00GTBHacker just proving that it is our own custom compiled kernel running on the right hand side of the screen. So we're going to reboot the box now pressing one installing the custom U-boot. And it's then completed we're then going to reset, reboot the box and you'll see on the left hand side we'll get a U-boot prompt letting us boot anything we want. Stopping auto boot and we can start whatever we need. So that's pretty much it for the demo video. I'm going to boot it back to NBM to close up. So links to everything that we've covered in this presentation is that dc21.gtvhacker.com. We thank you all for attending and we're going to hand out some UR adapters. We're looking for questions that people who ask questions will get priority on UR adapters and after that we'll hand out whatever is left. So if we can get some quick questions, anyone? Right here? He said what experience do we have getting Android applications that are not built for the Google TV with native code to run on the Google TV. I actually did put together a native development kit for Google TV but it's not in a good state that I feel comfortable releasing. I built a connect box APK with just some like it does very minimal, like it uses very minimal native code but it works, I tested the native code, it works fine. If anyone in the community wants to step forward and you know, help out with that we'd appreciate it. Anyone else? Right here? He asked if we've tried JTAG debugging or if UR is sufficient. UR has been sufficient up until this point. We've looked at some of the JTAG pinouts but we haven't made a whole lot of progress with them. In the gen one we did ‑‑ we really honestly haven't needed it at this point. If we got down to it we'd go that route but we just ‑‑ we haven't yet. Do you want to give him one? Anyone? Next question? Right here? He asked besides Hulu what other content providers have we had issues with? CBS, Fox, just miscellaneous flash streaming sites. It's actually kind of ridiculous the number of people who actually choose to block us or block Google TV in general. He asked how many of we had success bypassing their mitigations, all of them. Essentially we just mimic the desktop flash setup. So if you want to give him one. I think we're running low on time so let me get one or two more questions. Okay. Like a guy in the red shirt and then we'll get the guy in the black shirt behind him. Can you repeat the question? I'm sorry. It hasn't been something ‑‑ he asked if we tried to get Python or Perl or any other coding scripting languages on the box. We haven't actually worked on that but it would absolutely be possible. Yeah. So it's Linux at its core. So ‑‑ let me get this ‑‑ I'm sorry. Oh, wow. Good throw. Black shirt puller? He asked what's next for the Chromecast. We are looking at other avenues of exploitation but we are afraid to mention exactly what they are based on how quickly it was patched and also that we're here so if we say anything publicly, it could bite us in the butt. So if you want to ‑‑ someone give that gentleman one or throw one at him, sorry. Yeah, please ‑‑ oh, my God. Okay. You know, let's use the honor system and pass that to him if that's cool or just leave it for Penn and Teller. I think the gentleman in the black shirt next to him had a question unless it was already there. No, we'd actually really love to know. So if they're here or anyone from Google is here and they'd like to talk to us, we'd really appreciate it. We haven't really had an open communication with Google about much of anything. I don't know if they hate us or not. And we kind of get the opinion they do because they tend to shy away from ever speaking to us. So, huh? Publicly, exactly. But let's give him a UR and we'll continue this in the Q&A room. Oh, my God, dude! Holy ‑‑ okay, this is getting bad. So we'll follow up in the Q&A room where we can hand these things out directly instead of hurting anyone. So, yes, I'm sorry, we don't have time for any more questions but we will have time in the other room if ‑‑ we will have time in the other room if any of you guys want to follow up. Thank you. Thank you. You did great. Thank you. I hope we didn't hurt you. | {
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"text": [
" Greetings everyone. Welcome to Google TV or how I learned to stop worrying in exploit secure boot.",
" My name is Mike Baker. I'm a firmware developer. I did open WRT. We also have",
" we also have Hans Nielsen who is a senior security consultant at",
" MataSana. We have CJ Hirz, an IT systems administrator. I believe he's out running",
" CTF right now. And we have Tom Dwanger in the audience. And stand up, Tom. And we have",
" Amir Edmada who is a researcher at occupant labs and also the founder of the GTV hacker group.",
" GTV hacker is a group of about six hackers that hack into the Google TV line of products. Our",
" primary goal is to bypass the hardware and software restrictions and open up the device. The",
" GTV hacker team was the first to exploit the Google TV and won a $500 bounty. So what is the",
" Google TV platform? The Google TV platform is an Android device that connects to your TV. So",
" your TV essentially becomes the same Android device as your mobile phone. It has HDMI in, HDMI",
" out, and IR. Some of them include Blu-ray players. The Sony TV has integrated Google TV. It",
" has a custom version of Chrome and a flash version that I'll talk about later. So we have",
" a GTV hacker team that is a developer. We have a GTV hacker team that is a developer. We have",
" a flash version that I'll talk about later. So why do we hack the platform? We hack the",
" platform because unlike the Google Nexus devices, it has a locked boot loader. It has a heavily",
" restricted kernel. And the previous generation, the generation one is now end of life. And the",
" flash player, I'll get to that in the next slides. So before we start, I'm going to do a very",
" quick recap of the stuff we did last year at DEF CON. I'm going to speed through it so if you",
" miss something, go look at last year's slides. So the generation one hardware consists of the",
" Logitech review, the Sony Blu-ray player, and the Sony TV. The Logitech review, they left a root U",
" art. We also have an exploit by Dan Rossenberg that uses DevMem. And SORC wrote an impactor plug-in.",
" Awesome. So the Sony, similar situation. It has a no-dev bug. We also wrote a custom recovery for",
" it and used Kexec to load in a new kernel. So now we have unsigned kernels. So let's talk",
" about the flash player. The flash player was blocked by various streaming sites. So for",
" example, you can't watch Hulu. You get redirected to a site that says, sorry, this is a Google TV.",
" And the fix for that is literally just changing the version string. So what happened after we",
" hacked these Google TV devices? We found this. This is a nice message from Logitech that they",
" hid in the Android recovery. It's a ROT 13 cipher that says, GTV hacker, congratulations if",
" you're reading this, please post a note on the form and let us know. Let me know. And includes",
" all of our nicknames. Yes, whoever is at Logitech that wrote that, you are awesome. This is why we",
" hack devices. So the boxy box is a very similar device. It uses the same SOC. In the process of",
" hacking the Google TV, we also came up with an exploit for the boxy. That led the way to the",
" boxy plus community. And it's still vulnerable. So that's awesome. So next up is Amir.",
" Hi, everyone. I'm going to continue the presentation. My section regards Gen 2 hardware. One of",
" the first O-days we're going to release for the platform. Gen 2 at least. So Gen 2 hardware, we",
" have a multitude of devices. They increase the amount of devices they had by like a factor of 2. And",
" I guess they were going to increase the market share. But essentially you have the Korean LG U",
" plus the S-Suscube, the LG 47 G2 and G3, the Netgear Prime, the Sony NS GS7, GS8, the High Sense",
" Pulse and the Visio CoStar. They have a similar hardware design throughout most of the generation,",
" short of the LG 47 G2 and G3. Generation 2 features a Marvell 88DE3100 base chipset. It's an",
" ARM dual 1.2 GHz processor dubbed the Armada 1500. It features an on-die crypto processor with",
" separate memory and it does secure boot from ROM via RSA verification and AES decryption. This",
" particular slide, there's not a whole lot you need to pull from this. It was just directly from",
" their marketing stuff for the chip. Yeah, it's just here to show you kind of how they pride the",
" chipset itself. Skip the placeholder apparently. So platform information. The newest version of GTV is",
" currently on Android 3.2. There was no public vulnerabilities that worked up until a week ago,",
" maybe a week plus when the master key vulnerability and the key signing bugs were big news and",
" impact wrote his amazing tool ‑‑ sorry, his amazing tool, impactor. It is not a Bionic",
" Lib C setup. It's a fat G Lib C setup and it doesn't support Android native libraries currently.",
" So Gen 1 was an Intel CE 4150 which is an X86 single core atom 1.2 GHz. Gen 2 is a Marvel",
" armata 1500 dual core arm 1.2 GHz. So they switched from X86 to ARM. Android 4.2 incoming for Gen 2",
" adds native libraries and Bionic Lib C from what we've heard in the rumor mills. So I'm going to go",
" through these devices pretty quickly because it's all public information. I'm sure you guys don't",
" really care too much. 8 gigabyte EMMC flashed inside of the Sony NSCGS7. It has the best remote.",
" So if you're going to buy Google TV, we probably recommend this one. Hard to recommend Sony. Larger",
" form factor than some of the other Google TV devices and it has built‑in IR blasters which",
" sounds like something that would be throughout the entire platform but it's sadly not. The Vizio",
" costar features a smaller form factor, no voice search, a custom launcher, $99 MSRP and updates",
" are actually done through update logic as opposed to the standard Android checking system. It's",
" common in all Vizio devices. So the Heisen's pulse has the second best remote in our opinion. It",
" was launched with ADB running as root when it first was released. So if you pick one up before",
" it's actually updated, you could just ADB in ADB root and ADB has root privileges. So it was",
" patched shortly after and it has a $99 MSRP. With ADB root, there was also a UART root set up I",
" guess for debugging and whatnot. And they had RO debugable set as one. So ADB root was all you",
" really needed if you wanted a software root but if you wanted to have some funds, you know,",
" connect your UART adapters that we give you after this, you could technically connect to that",
" pinout that's right up there. Again, we'll have a select number of USB TTL adapters. So the",
" Netgear Neo TV Prime has a horrible remote. It's $129 MSRP. We had two exploits for it. One was",
" real. One was technically an oversight, at least in our opinion. The oversight was that they went",
" ahead and put the console to start up on UART regardless of what RO.secure was set as. RO.secure",
" is set for like if they're in a debug environment, they'll set RO.secure to zero. And if they're",
" not in a debug environment, they'll set it RO.secure to one for just setting up special",
" block downs. Then we did the Neo TV Prime root which was essentially a exploit that leveraged",
" the update system on the Netgear Neo TV Prime. Essentially the process involves checking if",
" persist.radio.testmode is enabled and if it is, it extracts a testmode.tgz from a USB drive to",
".tmode and then it just straight executes a shell script from that file. So you get local",
" command execution fairly easily with just a thumb drive with a special TGFC file and shell",
" script. So then the S-Suscube, it's the same generation to hardware, horrible remote again,",
" $139 MSRP. But we really liked this box because of this next part, cube root. So we had a lot of",
" fun with this. We had actually done an Android APK that actually leveraged one of our exploits up",
" until this point. So it was really neat to be able to put this together and certain members were",
" a big portion of this. So this was great because we created an app that not only exploits but it",
" patches your S-Suscube because our whole fear was that releasing an exploit into the market, you",
" know, if someone else takes a look at it, they could put it in their own app and root all your",
" Google TVs. So we set it up so that it can do patching and it can do rooting. But essentially how",
" it worked is it exploited a helper app called OPLAY Helper via a world-rideable domain socket.",
" The helper application passed unsanitized input to the mount command resulting in local command",
" execution. We triggered the vulnerability from Android APK that just literally showed network",
" permissions and it was point click PON. We added it to the Google Play Store just for fun. So",
" with that being said, it was pulled by Google after six days. We rooted around 256 boxes including",
" one engineer build which was pretty cool. And it took two months for them to actually patch it.",
" So, you know, with six days in the market, can you imagine the type of damage someone could have",
" actually done if they were trying to be malicious and not just help people unlock their devices? So",
" then we got to the O-Day that I told you guys about. We haven't ‑‑ we've been using this bug",
" for a while to do our investigations on like new devices and research on new devices to kind of",
" just see how things are set up. So this is kind of something that's near and dear to us because",
" it's worked on the entire platform to date. So what it is, we call it the magic USB. We just",
" like saying magic because we're on the pen and teller stage, I guess. So if you recall our",
" plastic exploits with the Sony Gen 1 GTV, it required four USBs. You could narrow down the",
" number to a lot lower but you had to have a bunch of different images for the USB drive. And it",
" leveraged and properly mounted EXT3 drive that was mounted without Nodev. So this is pretty",
" similar to that. It's NTFS but it's not ‑‑ and it's not done in recovery but it's just as",
" powerful. So all Google TVs and some other Android devices are vulnerable. What this bug is is",
" ‑‑ actually I'll get to that in the next slide. The way that this is set up, it requires a",
" user to have an NTFS removable storage device. It requires the devices to be mounted Nodev when",
" you plug it in so you can easily just run mount and see if it's Nodev. And so it affects more than",
" just Android. It affects certain kernel configurations or certainly its configurations. So",
" with this particular setup, VODE mounts NTFS partitions without Nodev and a little known",
" feature, it does support block devices. So our magic USB essentially the process is that you",
" go, you get the major and minor hashes, you set up a device on a separate computer on an NTFS",
" formatted drive, you plug it into your Google TV and you DD directly to that newly created",
" device that's on your USB drive. The kernel does its magic even though the partitions are",
" mounted read only, it over writes them just beautifully. So we dump the boot image, patch",
" in it.rc or default.prop to RO.secure, we write it back as a user, no root needed. We reboot",
" and we're rooted. So many boxes require an additional step. So now I'm going to go ahead and",
" introduce Hans Nielsen. Oh, yeah. Hello. I'm Hans. So one thing that we really love doing here at",
" GTV Hacker is we like taking things apart and then we like soldering little wires to things.",
" It tickles something deep in our brain that makes us feel very, very good. So there's a few",
" platforms out there, you know, some interesting Google TV platforms. One of them is this TV",
" that's made by LG. It's an interesting implementation of the platform. They use a different",
" chip than the rest of the Gen 2 Google TVs. It has a custom chip called the ARM L9. It's a",
" custom LG SOC that they use in it. LG also signed pretty much everything in terms of images on",
" the flash file system including the boot splash images. So this platform has always kind of",
" eluded us. You know, it's in a 47 inch LCD TV and it's very upmarket because it's a Google TV.",
" It's cool. So this thing is over $1,000 and we really didn't want to spend $1,000 on it. So",
" what are we going to do? Well, I mean, we like taking things apart. We like putting things back",
" together. So we did the next best thing which was on eBay we just bought a power supply and a",
" motherboard from the TV. We didn't actually buy the rest of the TV. And it turns out you can get",
" that for not that much. So as soon as we had this, we did that thing that we love so much. We",
" soldered some wires to it. So this hardware is based around that LG SOC and the storage it",
" uses on this is it uses an EMMC flash chip. So it's very similar to an SD card. It just has a",
" few extra little bits that allow for secure boot storage and other stuff like that. But",
" essentially what it allows us to do is that we can just solder, you know, very few number of",
" wires to this thing and hook it up directly to an SD card reader. And with that SD card reader, we",
" can read and write from the flash on the device at will. You know, no issues here. So like most",
" devices will have a NAND chip. It's much trickier to write those. They have a lot more pins. The",
" interface is, you know, there aren't as many common available pieces of hardware to read that for",
" you. But SD, everyone has an SD reader. So to actually root this thing, we spent a while digging",
" through the file system, seeing what is here, how can we pull stuff apart. At OX 100,000 hex, we",
" found the partition information that tells us where each of the different partitions that are",
" used in this device are. So what we did now was we just went through each of the partitions",
" looking for, okay, is this one signed? Can we do anything with it? Is there fun stuff here? So one",
" of the more interesting partitions as usual is system because that contains the majority of the",
" files used to actually run Google TV. That's where all the APKs live. That's where all the",
" Lib C lives. So like we said, all of the file system stuff was signed pretty much. But it turns",
" out that they did not sign the system image. So once we figured that out, it was just a",
" manner of unpacking the system image, figuring out what in that system image gets quickly",
" called by the boot loader and then messing with it. So it turns out that the boot partition,",
" you can see on the right side here, there is part of the boot scripts, at the bottom it",
" calls this vendor bin initforcedstrip.sh. So that's on system. So we just replaced that file to",
" spawn a shell, connected to UART. Again, we love soldering wires to things. And there we go.",
" Then we have root. All on a device that we never actually bought the full thing of. So another",
" device that we did this to was the Sony NSZ GS7 and GS8. They also went with this",
" EMMC flash interface. So on this platform, neither boot nor system were signed. So just a",
" matter of rewriting those partitions. So the first thing that we did is the usual way to do",
" this in Android is you modify the boot properties to say, okay, RO.secure is zero. So that you",
" can just straight up ADB to the device and everything will just be great, easy, simple. But",
" we did that and it didn't work. So it turns out that the init scripts were actually checking",
" signatures for some stuff and it was also making sure that some of these properties were",
" in set. So it's like, okay, RO.secure must be one. Well, so we went around looking at how is",
" the signature stuff working and it turns out that they're just not verifying those signatures. So",
" it was pretty simple to just replace init and then we were able to do whatever we wanted and, yeah.",
" This is why you don't allow hardware access to systems because you get to do things like this and",
" then we win. Another fun feature that this device had is it had a SATA port, unpopulated SATA",
" header inside the device. But it did actually have the necessary passive components on the",
" hardware to support this. So we saw it at a SATA connector to it and plugged in a hard drive. So",
" far it doesn't appear that the kernel actually supports these things but the hard drive is",
" actually spinning up and we're pretty sure it is working and we'll talk more about that. So",
" beyond those two devices, there's another device that came out very recently, very interesting",
" device, very similar. It's an interesting evolution of the GTV family. Google Chromecast. Google",
" announced this device last week, last Wednesday even. It's $35. This is order of magnitude cheaper",
" than pretty much any current GTV device. It doesn't have the same in and out for HDMI that all the",
" other GTV devices do. It just straight up, you plug it into the TV and then you power it from a",
" USB cable and boom, you have something that you can use to share videos. It's actually a really",
" awesome device and we think it's very cool. In many ways we think it solves some of the issues",
" that GTV has had in the past with, you know, kind of expensive niche platform. It's a really",
" interesting device. Instead of having two thick clients to deal with content, you now have one",
" thinner device that goes with your thick device, say your phone or your computer and you can share",
" content directly to it. So one of the interesting things about that is, so this is a thin device.",
" How are you pushing content to this device? Well, you're not just streaming video from your",
" phone. That's really slow. That's hard to do. So this device is actually reasonably powerful.",
" So what's in it? Well, we pulled it apart as soon as we could. And it turns out that it has pretty",
" standard stuff that you kind of see for an embedded device. It has RAM, it has flash, it has a",
" Wi-Fi chip and it has a CPU. The CPU is a Marvell 88DE3005. Now, this instantly made us go, oh,",
" well, this is cool. Because the Marvell 88DE300 is what we've been seeing in most of the Gen2",
" Google TVs. So it's very interesting to see this Marvell device in here. And when we saw that,",
" you know, we start getting suspicious. You know, why is this device in here? Maybe this",
" shares similarities to the Google TV platform. So the first thing that we did is say, okay,",
" well, this thing is going to have a UART in it. So let's go find that. So we found the UART and",
" started looking at the kernel output from this device. Turns out that it is very, very, very",
" similar to a Google TV. It even says booting GTV kernel when you look at the UART output. And",
" other things that it has, it has a USB port on it that you use to power it. But when you",
" plug that into your computer example with a standard USB data cable, you don't actually get",
" anything there. The device doesn't show up or anything. That's because it's not actually a USB",
" device. It runs in USB host mode. So you can actually, using a USB on the go cable, plug other",
" devices into the Chromecast directly. Another very, very fun feature was that it has the same",
" boot loader as the DE3100. It shares the, if you look at the source code drop that Google",
" provided for this device, it's the same boot loader. In fact, there's almost no references to",
" the 3005 in there. The references are pretty much all for the 3100. So it's very, very similar to",
" previous Google TV platforms. So of course, the first thing we do is say, okay, well now we",
" have this thing. How can we get root on it? Well, part of that involved, how do we actually get",
" to a point where we can, you know, run a recovery on this device? It's really restricted. All we",
" have is this UART. We've got this host mode USB port and we've got HDMI. And we also have one",
" button. I like buttons. So with this button, because the first thing you do with the button is",
" you press it while it's rebooting, see what happens. And it turns out that holding this button",
" down causes fun things in the boot loader. The boot loader actually has a very special",
" recovery mode where instead of doing a normal, you know, Android style recovery where it boots a",
" Linux kernel and then, you know, you have a whole recovery system there and it does signature",
" verification and all that fun stuff, instead what it does is it's a much lower level recovery.",
" It runs some code in the boot loader that reads directly from a USB stick. So that host mode",
" USB port turns out to be useful for this recovery mode. So the boot loader is really simple.",
" They tried to put not too much stuff in there. So it's not even like it's a file system",
" available for this boot loader. Instead, it just reads directly from the, from OX1000 on that",
" USB key. It leaves just enough space to put a file system, not a file system, an NBR header",
" and then data. So now that we discovered, okay, well, we can actually try and get it to load",
" images from here. How do we figure out what image format it's loading? It's actually the same",
" standard Marvell image format that we've seen on a lot of other Google TV devices. So we found an",
" image. Okay. Well, can we boot stuff? Do we have, you know, signed kernels, other signed",
" images we can try running on here, see if we can get anything to run? Well, we spent some time",
" looking at the code. And what we found was a very significant oversight. It turns out that if you",
" don't verify the result of your signature check, your secure boot doesn't work very well. So the",
" original route for this thing was actually pretty straightforward. Once you figured out all of",
" the weird steps to get there, like you had to hold down the button, you had to have USB on the",
" go, and you had to have a flash drive with stuff at the right spot. And eventually you get to the",
" point you say, oh, okay, I can load an image on here now. Wait, why is my image verification not",
" failing? Well, it's because they don't fail it when you verify the image. So we managed to",
" actually get root on there. It's awesome. Google has already patched this. They released an update",
" for this yesterday. So I don't know how readable the source code is, but essentially that green",
" blob on the right side is the patch from Google that says if ret return one or negative one. So",
" they patched that. We're a little sad, but we are looking into, excuse me. So we have a little",
" tradition at DEF CON. First time speakers get to do a shot on stage. These guys are all first",
" time. Half do. Let's give them all a big round of applause for their first time.",
" Thank you.",
" Just one shot, not 21 shots. They have to be able to finish. And one for everyone in the",
" audience. Cheers. There we go.",
" All right.",
" Notice I didn't say the wife. That is a wife.",
" Cheers. First time speakers.",
" Now we'll see if they can keep going with the presentation and pick up where they left off.",
" I'm not that much of a light weight. Thank you.",
" So that's actually pretty much it for the Chromecast stuff. Very convenient. And now I don't",
" have to worry about speaking with a shot in me. So CJ.",
" So now my introduction, lovely picture. We have through the NTFS trick. It works great. We can",
" write whatever we want. But relating back to the SATA header, we want more. We want to run",
" our own kernels. We don't like locked boot loaders. So secure boot exploit. What's actually",
" make it work. And this time they did, I promise you they checked the return code. So it's a bit",
" more relevant exploit. So to start off, there was the Amato 1000, which was the 8080E3010, the",
" older version of the Amato 1500 or the 8080E3100. Now very similar chips. Just the 8080E3100 was",
" a bit faster. So we believe that this exploit should also work on pretty much every Android",
" based Amato 1000 because the boot loader was provided by Marvel to whoever wanted and the",
" floor is in that. So list of devices it should work on. Left hand side, the Sony NSZ GS7, the",
" NetGanio TV Prime, Visio Costa, Highsense Pulse, Asus Cube, the Sony NSZ GS8, the LG U Plus IPTV,",
" Google's Berlin development device, which is very similar to the Visio Costa. Also devices we",
" believe it should work on but haven't tested because we don't have them. The ZERO desktop",
" Mee PC, which is coming out in about two or three weeks so they could patch it by the",
" highsense XT780 TV, which should be out any moment, might also patch it but sometimes they",
" don't because it's already being produced. The Lenovo S31 slash S61 TV, which is available",
" in China, the TCL Movo that should be out soon and others, there may be other vendors using",
" this chip that we're unaware of. So for a detailed security overview of how the entire",
" system boots. Starting from the internal secure crypto sub-processor, the XT780 TV",
" will then execute the ROM code that's built into it and it will load stage 2. Stage 2",
" exists either on land, EMMC, or over SPI. But when it loads it in, it will first AES",
" decrypt it with a key that's stored inside the CPU and then it will RSA verify it with its own",
" public-private key pair, you know, RSA file, private, everything else, all that works. So if",
" it decrypts and verifies successfully, it will then return, it will actually have a return",
" code and it will return a 1 or a 0 depending on how it boots and it will either fail or continue.",
" Sorry, I'll slow down. I'll take a sip. Hold on. Another shot. Oh.",
" So next up, stage 2 will then execute. So assuming it verifies, it starts off. And",
" then stage 2 will finish the initialization on EMMC that we could remind you",
" modify to pretty much do whatever we want. And it will then load stage 3 to 0x068000. So",
" that will load in and assuming it then decrypts and verifies properly, it will then",
" execute stage 3. Stage 3 is the boot loader. It's a highly modified version of U-boot. It's",
" mostly stripped out. It's kind of funny but it's simple. It also has, you know, support to",
" secure images. It will send the image directly to the secure boot processor, send it back to",
" make sure it's good. So upon execution, it will then load the kernel to 0x01000800.",
" Assuming then again it decrypts, it verifies and it's all good and it returns a value that it",
" checks. It will then continue to load the RAM disk to 0x, I think that's about 2 million or so.",
" It will call the RAM disk address. Once that's done, it will then execute the kernel. The kernel",
" in the command lines that are set inside the boot loader will then set a hash to check the",
" init script to ensure that the init binary hasn't been tampered with due to the RSA sig",
" checking that was somehow broken. Then it will then verify the RSA signatures on the init",
" scripts which we know don't work but I'm sure they probably will work within about a week. But",
" back to the UART which keep in mind we are giving away UART adapters right after this. They're",
" kind of pointy but they're free. So pulling it up, all the boxes have a UART and we can see",
" they have the start kernel at 0100800000. So again keep that address in mind. It is",
" important. A lot of data to throw at you but it will work. So this is a picture of the Android",
" kernel and model secure image. Normal Android header with the Android magic then has some",
" kernel arguments which it doesn't use. Then some encrypted gunk below it. So keep that",
" Android header kernel header in mind. Now if you take a look at AOSPs boot image dot H, you",
" have a struct for the kernel header itself. Character magic, Android with the exclamation",
" point. Then you have the kernel size, kernel address, RAM disk size, RAM disk address,",
" second size, second address, SHA1 hash, some of the stuff that not really relevant right",
" now. I'm going to pull up a mocked version of this image and give you a minute to review.",
" So the mocked up version of the Android kernel and model secure image. On the top left you have",
" your Android magic. Keep in mind these slides will be posted up maybe in about an hour on",
" DC21.GTVhacker.com with all of the files. We'll get the stuff up on the wiki rather",
" shortly thereafter. Can't really trust the network here so we might wait until Monday when",
" we're back home. But getting back to this, Android magic, then kernel size, then we have the",
" kernel load address. After the kernel load address we have the RAM disk size, the RAM disk",
" load address. Then we have the kernel load arguments which surprisingly are replaced on",
" boot. When we initially started trying to get into this box we attempted, we dumped the",
" image, noticed the Android kernel header, we figured we could mess around with command lines.",
" It might work. Tried that but we wanted to fail safe so we went with the EMMC flashbacker.",
" That wasn't, we were able to replace the kernel arguments but it still wasn't changing to",
" figure they were replaced somehow. Then there's an SHA1 hash which surprisingly we can",
" alter and it will still boot. It does not check that. Followed by that is the actual",
" model secure image which includes a key index, a signature, an encrypted data size, then an",
" RSA 1024 bit signature followed by AES128CBC encrypted data. So they're not messing around.",
" But let's take a second look at that header. The RAM disk size and the RAM disk load address.",
" In the red is the RAM disk size, the black is the RAM disk load address. What we can do",
" for some idiotic reason they do not verify the RAM disk load address. So we can change it to",
" whatever we want and it will execute our code especially if we place it right where the kernel",
" should be loading. This loads in right after the kernel and since we changed the RAM disk load",
" address we can then replace the RAM disk with our own unsigned kernel with SATA support or",
" something. Jam it in there. When we boot the box it will automatically boot up to that. So",
" some pseudo code of what the boot loader code looks like. We have a fixed kernel load address.",
" It does an EMMC read of line four. Some printfs. We thought this was load image. Turns out",
" it's verify image. A verify image on the kernel image itself. And it actually has an if to",
" check the return code. It does an if else. But if you notice after the return it will then",
" load the RAM disk. It will check the RAM disk header size to see what it is and if it's actually",
" set to something. It will then load in an arbitrary amount of data at whatever address we give it.",
" Which horribly insecure because of that we're able to own the box. Now for the Sony NSD GS7 it",
" was a bit different. Sony went above and beyond with the security. They also signed the RAM disk",
" image so we couldn't just replace it. However what we could do is append a small at a small",
" kernel and append it with our RAM disk which was a custom kernel and stick that into the RAM disk",
" location and then just offset the RAM disk load address. So instead of you know 0100008000 we",
" could set it to say 010000980000 is something. And then we could still get a hacked kernel to load",
" in just the right address and still execute. Sony's made quite a few lenders like this trying",
" to improve security. I don't know what's up. So placeholder image and now Uboot. We can",
" for this exploit which we are releasing these packages for most Google TV's right now. You",
" can also trigger and run Uboot which will let you load an unsigned kernel which directly from",
" USB, TFTP or you could modify the source code to wherever you want. The ASUS Cubes GPL release",
" had a version of Uboot that we were able to modify and then get it to execute with no issues",
" and we could load a kernel via TFTP as I said flash or USB for development. So I'm going to",
" skip this future research time and show you guys a quick demo and I'll pass that up. Thank you. I",
" don't use Macs. This is my mouse. Thank you. So we're also going to show the quick, come on. I",
" look totally computer-like. Seriously? Fix me. Nice. We're going to hide this. So what we're",
" doing right now, nothing on the screen. Really? Hey, this is not your not mine. Thanks for that. Yeah, I just, I, this blame isn't totally on me. Blame",
" YouTube. That's awesome. There you go. Move to your right. Yay. Let's get around the sound for everyone in the",
" audience. Sweet. So you're probably not going to make this out. It's going to be on YouTube probably when we're off the",
" stage. Just check out our GTV Hackers channel. What we're doing right now, we're pulling up ASUS Cubes. We're",
" doing the NTFS exploit. We wrote two block devices, I'm sorry, character devices, block of character onto",
" NTFS flash drive. Then we stuck it inside the ASUS cube and what we're going to do right now is run flash",
" erase on the normal one that doesn't work since we don't have group permissions and then run flash",
" erase and Nanrite on our modified version to then insert a customer recovery that we created. Keep",
" in mind our customer recovery is rather thin. It's not like we can just port CWM to it and call it a day. Because",
" CWM's frame buffer uses Android's frame buffer which the Google TV boxes do not have. The Google TV",
" boxes have a very specific custom version which is idiotic. So right now it's showing it being",
" written and erased and we'll give that a moment and watch blurry text but we listen to an old Model",
" People that would rattle away. So that was the erase and now we're going to do the Nanrite and I have",
" a typo so it's going to error at first. Yeah, this took many, many takes because I do not know how to",
" use a camera. So it shows the permission denied trying to write the actual MTD device and then we're",
" going to show my typo. And honestly I do not know what I mistyped but something happened. So there's",
" the error and now we're going to do the actual write of the customer recovery we created. This is the",
" slow file of the video watching everything type and then it picks up. Copy paste, enter, write, write,",
" write, write, write showing that we can write to anything on the box we want using that NTFS trick",
" which should work on many, many devices because most people don't know an NTFS device can use",
" NTFS devices. So now we're rebooting into our customer recovery that you'll see pop up on the",
" right hand side of the screen. Keep in mind that recovery images, kernel images are signed and",
" encrypted. I'm going to show you on the left hand side that we have put my handle for the kernel",
" compiler just showing we're putting in a USB drive with a copy of U-boot on it that we're going to",
" then flash to replace the boot loader. So there's our customer recovery on the right using unsigned",
" code. And now scrolling all the way to the top we did a busy box ID just show we have root",
" over U-o-t. It's also root over ADB and if you want you can modify it to whatever else you want.",
" So command line CJ00GTBHacker just proving that it is our own custom compiled kernel running on",
" the right hand side of the screen. So we're going to reboot the box now pressing one installing",
" the custom U-boot. And it's then completed we're then going to reset, reboot the box and you'll see",
" on the left hand side we'll get a U-boot prompt letting us boot anything we want. Stopping auto",
" boot and we can start whatever we need. So that's pretty much it for the demo video. I'm going to",
" boot it back to NBM to close up. So links to everything that we've covered in this presentation is",
" that dc21.gtvhacker.com. We thank you all for attending and we're going to hand out some UR",
" adapters. We're looking for questions that people who ask questions will get priority on UR",
" adapters and after that we'll hand out whatever is left. So if we can get some quick questions,",
" anyone? Right here? He said what experience do we have getting Android applications that are",
" not built for the Google TV with native code to run on the Google TV. I actually did put",
" together a native development kit for Google TV but it's not in a good state that I feel",
" comfortable releasing. I built a connect box APK with just some like it does very minimal,",
" like it uses very minimal native code but it works, I tested the native code, it works fine.",
" If anyone in the community wants to step forward and you know, help out with that we'd",
" appreciate it. Anyone else? Right here? He asked if we've tried JTAG debugging or if UR",
" is sufficient. UR has been sufficient up until this point. We've looked at some of the JTAG",
" pinouts but we haven't made a whole lot of progress with them. In the gen one we did ‑‑",
" we really honestly haven't needed it at this point. If we got down to it we'd go that route",
" but we just ‑‑ we haven't yet. Do you want to give him one? Anyone? Next question? Right",
" here? He asked besides Hulu what other content providers have we had issues with? CBS, Fox,",
" just miscellaneous flash streaming sites. It's actually kind of ridiculous the number of",
" people who actually choose to block us or block Google TV in general. He asked how many of",
" we had success bypassing their mitigations, all of them. Essentially we just mimic the",
" desktop flash setup. So if you want to give him one. I think we're running low on time so",
" let me get one or two more questions. Okay. Like a guy in the red shirt and then we'll get",
" the guy in the black shirt behind him. Can you repeat the question? I'm sorry. It hasn't",
" been something ‑‑ he asked if we tried to get Python or Perl or any other coding scripting",
" languages on the box. We haven't actually worked on that but it would absolutely be",
" possible. Yeah. So it's Linux at its core. So ‑‑ let me get this ‑‑ I'm sorry.",
" Oh, wow. Good throw. Black shirt puller? He asked what's next for the Chromecast. We are",
" looking at other avenues of exploitation but we are afraid to mention exactly what they are",
" based on how quickly it was patched and also that we're here so if we say anything publicly,",
" it could bite us in the butt. So if you want to ‑‑ someone give that gentleman one or",
" throw one at him, sorry. Yeah, please ‑‑ oh, my God. Okay. You know, let's use the",
" honor system and pass that to him if that's cool or just leave it for Penn and Teller. I",
" think the gentleman in the black shirt next to him had a question unless it was already",
" there. No, we'd actually really love to know. So if they're here or anyone from Google is",
" here and they'd like to talk to us, we'd really appreciate it. We haven't really had an open",
" communication with Google about much of anything. I don't know if they hate us or not. And we",
" kind of get the opinion they do because they tend to shy away from ever speaking to us. So,",
" huh? Publicly, exactly. But let's give him a UR and we'll continue this in the Q&A room. Oh,",
" my God, dude! Holy ‑‑ okay, this is getting bad. So we'll follow up in the Q&A room where we",
" can hand these things out directly instead of hurting anyone. So, yes, I'm sorry, we don't",
" have time for any more questions but we will have time in the other room if ‑‑ we will have",
" time in the other room if any of you guys want to follow up. Thank you.",
" Thank you.",
" You did great.",
" Thank you. I hope we didn't hurt you."
],
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10.5446/44928 (DOI) | asyncio: We Did It Wrong | https://av.tib.eu/media/44928 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/debcced02852dc2655605ba546b1515f967d1245e23ec2c6ab0436eebc8afa8e8a/Lynn_Root_-_asyncio_in_Practice__We_Did_It_Wrong_1lJDZx6f6tY.mp4 | CC Attribution - NonCommercial - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal and non-commercial purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor and the work or content is shared also in adapted form only under the conditions of this | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2018 | Root, Lynn | null | This talk is aimed at those that have at least intermediate experience in Python and have played around with asynchronous Python using asyncio or other libraries. I want the audience to learn from my mistakes! For instance, how easy it is to get into “callback hell” (and how to avoid/get out of it), how to screw up thread safety and deadlock yourself, and making code async but not actually concurrent. I'll talk through some anti-patterns and best practices that I learned the hard way. This includes proper concurrency, calling coroutines from synchronous code, working with threads and threadsafety, properly shutting down an async programs, and hidden "gotchas". | Awesome. Hello. Welcome. I am Lynn Root. I work for Spotify. And basically, I'm a site reliability engineer at Spotify. And what that means is I either break our entire service or get paged to fix it when other people do. In actuality, what Anessary does at Spotify is, because it varies widely among different companies, it's a combination of back end development where my team and I run a few services that other engineers use daily. And plus a little DevOps and SysAdmin. I am also our FOS evangelist. I help a lot of teams release their projects and tools under the Spotify GitHub organization. And lastly, I help lead Pylates, which is a global mentorship group for women and friends in the Python community. And if you want stickers, I have stickers to give away. Just find me afterwards. So before I start, I want to warn you all that I will take all the time allotted for this talk. So there's going to be no time for Q&A. You might think I've purposely done this, maybe, to avoid Q&A. But I will be here afterwards for the whole conference. So you can just find me into chat. And there will also be a link at the end for the whole notebook and the example code that I use. All right. So let's get started. Async.io. The concurrent Python programmers dream, I guess. The answer to everyone's asynchronous prayers. The Async.io module has various layers of abstraction, allowing developers as much control as they need and are comfortable with. We have simple hello world examples that make it look so effortless. But it's easy to get lulled into this false sense of security. This isn't exactly that helpful, right? It's all fake news. We're led to believe that we're able to do a lot with the Async and await API layer. Some tutorials, while great for getting developers toes wet, try to illustrate real world examples. But they're just beefed up hello world examples. Some even misuse parts of Async.io's interface, allowing one to easily fall into the depths of callback hell. Get you up and running easily with Async.io, but then you might realize that it's not correct or not exactly what you want or only gets you part of the way there. So while some tutorials walk through and walk throughs do a lot to improve upon the basic hello world use case, sometimes they're just a basic web crawler. And I don't know about you, but at Spotify I'm not building web crawlers. But in general, Async.io's programming is just difficult. If you want to use Async.io or Twisted or Tornado or even Golang or Erlang or Haskell, it's just difficult. And so within my team at Spotify, we, which is just mostly me, fell into this false sense of ease that the Async.io community builds. The past couple of services that we built, we felt we're good candidates for Async.io. One of them was a chaos monkey like service for restarting instances at random. The other is an event driven host name generation service for our DNS infrastructure. So sure, we needed to make a lot of HTTP requests that should be non-blocking. But these are services that needed to react to PubSub events to measure the progress of the actions initiated from those events, handle any incomplete actions or external errors, handle with the whole PubSub message lease management, measure service level indicators and send metrics. And then we also needed to use some non-Async.io friendly dependencies. So it got difficult quick. So allow me to provide you with a real-world example that actually comes from the real world. If you get the pun, we're building a chaos monkey. Mandrel is a monkey. So we did build a service that does periodic restarts of our entire fleet of instances at Spotify. And we're going to do that here. We're going to build a service called mayhem mandrel, which will listen for a PubSub message and restart a host based off of that message. As we build the service, I'll point out traps that I may or may not have fallen into. And this will essentially become a resource that I would have liked about a year ago. So at Spotify, we do use a lot of Google products, in this case, a Google PubSub. But there are a lot of choices out there. And we're just going to simulate a simple PubSub-like technology with Async.io. This tutorial is quite easy and fun to read, I guess. And this is where we're starting off with a very simple publisher. We're creating a set number of instances and then adding to the queue. And then we are consuming that queue. And it's very easy to run, especially with the latest Python 3.7 syntactic sugar. And so when we run this, we see that we are able to publish and consume messages. So we're going to work off of this. As you might notice, oops, a little teaser. We haven't actually built a running service. We're merely just like a pipeline or a batch job right now. So in order to continuously run, we have to use the loop.run forever. For this, we have to schedule and create tasks out of coroutines and then start the loop. And since we created and started the loop, we should clean it up too. So when we run this updated code, we get this nice little trace back. My mouse goes over. And then it kind of hangs. So we have to cancel it. You have to interrupt it. So yeah, that's nice and ugly, right? So we should probably try and clean that up. So we should try and run it a bit defensively. We'll first address the exceptions that arise from coroutines. So we'll just go ahead and fake an error. Oh, that did not come out well. Hopefully you can still read that. We're going to fake an error so the fourth message will be an error. So if you run it as is, we do get an error line and it says exception was never retrieved. And so admittedly, this is a part of the async.io API that's not very friendly. This was synchronous code and we'd simply get the error that was raised. But it gets swallowed up in an unretrieved task. So to deal with this as advised by the docs, we'll need to have a wrapper around this coroutine to consume the exception and stop the loop. So we'll make a little top level wrapper, handle the exceptions of the coroutines. And so when we run our script, just like that, so when we run our script, it's something a little bit cleaner. I'm going to stop right now. I'm just going to quickly review. So so far, setting up an async.io service, we want to surface the exceptions so that you can retrieve them and then clean up what you've created. And I will expand on both of these parts a bit later, but it's clean enough for now. So so far, we've seen a lot of tutorials that use the async and await keywords while it's not blocking the event loop. We're still literally iterating through tasks serially, effectively not adding any concurrency. So if we take a look at our script now, we're serially processing each item that we produce and then consume. Even if the event loop isn't blocked, there will be other tasks and coroutines going on. They, of course, wouldn't be blocked. But this might be obvious to some, but it isn't to all. We are blocking ourselves. We first produce all the messages one by one, and then we consume them one by one. The loops that we have within the publish and consume coroutines, we block ourselves from moving on to the next message while we await to do something. So this is technically a working example of a PubSub like queue with async.io. It's not really what we want. We're here to build an event-driven service or maybe even a batch or pipeline job. We're not really taking advantage of the concurrency that async.io can provide. So as an aside, I find async.io's API actually quite user-friendly, despite what some people might think. It's very friendly or very easy to get up and running with that event loop. When first picking up concurrency, this async and await syntax makes it a very low hurdle to start using, since it makes it very similar to writing asynchronous code. But again, it's picking up concurrency. This API is deceptive and misleading. Yes, we are using the event loop and primitives. Yes, it does work. Yes, it might seem faster, but it's probably because you came from the 27. To 2014, by the way. To illustrate that there's no difference in synchronous code, this is the same script removing async.io primitives and using just synchronous code. And you can see, just looking at the consumer, there's no real difference other than a couple of weights. And when we run it, it's pretty much the same, and the only difference is actually the random this part. So part of the problem could be that documentation and tutorial writers are presuming knowledge and the ability to extrapolate over simplified examples. But it's mainly because concurrency is just a difficult paradigm to grasp in general. We write our code as we read anything, left to right, top to bottom. Most of us are just not used to multitasking and contact switching that our modern computers allow us. Now, even if we are familiar with concurrent programming, understanding a concurrent system is just hard. But we're not in over our heads yet. We can still make this simulated chaos monkey service actually concurrent in a rather simple way. So to reiterate our goal here, we want to build an event driven service that consumes from PubSub, process the messages as they come in. We could get thousands of messages a second. So as we get a message, we shouldn't block the handling of the next message we receive. So to help facilitate this, we will also need to build a service that actually runs forever. We're not going to have a preset number of messages. We'll need to react whenever we're told to restart an instance. And so the triggering event to publish a restart request could be an on-demand request from a service owner, or it could be a scheduled, gradually rolling restart the fleet. You don't know. So we'll first mock the publisher to always be publishing restart message requests, and therefore never indicate that it's done. This also means that we're not providing a set number of messages to publish, so I had to rework this function. Here I'm just adding the creation of unique ID for each message that's produced. So when running it, it happily produces messages. What you might notice that there is that keyboard interrupt exception triggered by the control scene, and we don't actually catch that. So we can quickly clean that up. This is just a band-aid, and I'll explain that further on. But now we see something much cleaner. So it's probably hard to see why it's concurrent right now. So to help, we're going to add multiple producers to see the concurrency. For that publish function, I'm going to add a publisher ID and have it in our log messages, and then create three publishers just real quick. And then when we run, we can see that we have a bunch of publishers going on concurrently. So for the rest of the walkthrough, I'm actually just going to remove all those multiple publishers. I don't want to confuse anything. Now onto the consumer bit. So for this goal is to constantly consuming messages from a queue and to create non-blocking work by itself, a newly consumed message, in this case to restart an instance. The tricky part is that the consumer needs to be written in a way that the consumption of the message from the queue is separate from the work that happens for that message. So in other words, we have to simulate being event-driven by reacting or by regularly pulling messages from a queue since there's no way to trigger work based off of a new message available in that queue. There's no way to be a push-based. So we'll first mock restart work that needs to happen whenever we consume a message, and we'll stick it in our well-true loop and await for the next message on the queue and then pass it off to restart host. And then we'll just add it to our loop. And then when we run it, we see that messages are being pulled and restarted. We may want to do more than one thing per message. For example, we might want to store the message in a day-to-days for potentially replaying later as we initiate a restart of a given host. So within the consume function, we could just add the await for both co-routines, and we'll see that it happens just fine that both are saved and restarted. But we still kind of block the consumption of the messages. We don't necessarily need to await one co-routine after another. These two tasks don't necessarily need to depend upon one another. Completely sidesupping the potential concern for should we restart a host if we haven't saved any database. That's for another time. But we can treat them as such. So instead of awaiting them, we can create a task to have them scheduled on the loop and basically checking it over to the loop for it to execute when it can. And so now we have restart and save not necessarily in serially, but whenever the loop can execute the co-routine. As an aside, sometimes you do want your work to happen serially. Maybe you restart hosts that have an uptime of more than seven days. Or maybe you want to check a balance of an account before you debit it. Meeting code to be serial or having steps or dependencies, that doesn't mean that you can't be asynchronous. The await last restart date will yield to the loop, but it doesn't mean that the restart host will be the next thing that the loop executes. It just allows other things to happen outside that co-routine. And yes, I admit this was a thing that wasn't immediately apparent to me at first. So we pulled the message from the queue and we found out work based off of that message. We now need to perform any finalizing work on that message. So for example, we might need to acknowledge the message so it's not re-delivered. We'll separate this out, separate out the pulling of the message from creating work off of it. And then we can make use of async.io.gather to add a callback. So when we run it, you can once, so once both the save co-routine and the restart co-routine are complete, the cleanup will actually, will be called and that signifies that the message is done. However, I'm a bit allergic to callbacks as well. And perhaps we need cleanup to be non-blocking. So then we can just await it. There we go, now much like a Google Pub sub, let's say that the publisher will re-deliver a message after 10 seconds if it has not yet been acknowledged. But we are able to extend that message deadline. In order to do that, we have to have a co-routine that in essence monitors all the other worker tasks. So while we are continuing to do work, this co-routine will extend the message acknowledgement deadline. And then once we're done, we should stop extending the deadline and then clean up the message. So one approach is to make use of async.io event primitives where we can create an event and then pass it to our extend co-routine function and then set it when we're done. And you can see that it's extending and then it stops extending when the message is actually done. And if you really like events, you can make use of event.weight and move the cleanup outside. And so now we got a little bit of concurrency going on. To review real quick, async.io is pretty easy to use, but it doesn't automatically mean that you're using it correctly. You can't just throw around async and await keywords around blocking code. It's actually a shift in your mental paradigm. With needing to think of what work can be farmed out and let us do something, then you have to think about what dependencies are there and where your code might still need to be sequential. Having steps in your code, like first A and then B and C, it might seem like it's blocking when it's not. Sequential code can still be asynchronous. For instance, I might have to call customer service at some point, but I'm going to be on hold for a while, so I can put it on speakerphone and play with my super-needy cat. So I might be single-threaded as a person, but I can definitely multitask like CPUs. So earlier, we added try accept finally around our main event loop code. Although you probably want your service to gracefully shut down if it receives a signal of some sort. Cleaning up open database connections, stop consuming messages, and finishing and responding to current requests while not accepting new ones. So if we happen to restart an instance of our own service, we should clean up the mess before we exit out. And so we've been catching this commonly known keyword interrupt exception, like many other tutorials and libraries, but there are other signals that we should be aware of. Typical ones are like SIGUP and SIGQUIT and TURM. Always kill and stop, but we shouldn't catch them or block them or ignore them. So if we run our current SIGQUIT as it is and give it a TURM signal, we find ourselves not actually entering that finally clause where we like log and clean everything up. So we basically got to be aware of where those exceptions happen. I also want to point out that even though we're only ever expecting keyword interrupt, it could happen outside of catching the exception, potentially causing the service to end up in an incomplete or otherwise unknown state. So instead of catching keyword interrupt, let's attach a signal handler to the loop. So first we'll define that shutdown behavior that we want. We want to simulate database connections and returning messages to PubSub as not acknowledged so that they can be re-delivered and not just dropped and actually cancelling tasks. We don't necessarily need to cancel pending tasks. We could just collect them and allow them to finish. It's up to what we want to do. We also might want to take this opportunity to flush any collected metrics so they're not lost. So we need to hook this up to our main event loop now. I also removed the keyword interrupt catch since it's now taken care of within the signal handling. So we run this again and send it the term signal. And it looks like it cleaned up, but you see that we have this caught exception error twice. This is because awaiting uncancelled tasks will raise the async.io cancel error, which is to be expected. And we can add that to our little handle exception wrapper as well. So if we run it, we actually see our co-routines are being canceled and not just some random exception. So you might be wondering which signals should you care about. Apparently, there is no standard. Basically, you should be aware of how you're running your service and handle them accordingly. Also as a heads up, another misleading API in async.io is SHIELD. The docs say that a means to SHIELD a future from cancellation. Sorry. I have a cord to have right here. If you have a co-routine that must not be canceled during shutdown, SHIELD will not help you. This is because the task that SHIELD creates gets included in async.io.all tasks and therefore receives cancellation signal just like the rest of the tasks. To help illustrate, we have a simple async function with a long sleep that we want to SHIELD. And then we run it and cancel it before the 60 seconds. We see that we don't ever hit the done line and that it's immediately canceled. So yeah, that's fine. So TLDR, we don't actually have nurseries in async.io core to clean up ourselves. It's up to us to be responsible and close up to the connections and files that we open, responding to outstanding requests and basically leaving things how we found them. So doing our cleanup in a final clause isn't enough since a signal could be sent outside of a try accept clause. As we construct a loop, we should tell how it should be deconstructed as soon as possible. It ensures that all of our bases are covered and we're not leaving any artifacts around. And finally, we need to be aware of when our program should shut down, which is closely tied to how we run our program. If it's just a manual script, then SIEINT is fine. If it's a demonized Docker container, then SIG term is probably more appropriate. You may have noticed that we're not actually catching exceptions within restart host and save just on the top level. So to show you what I mean, we're going to fake an error where we can't restart a certain host. So running it, we see that a host can be restarted and while the service did not crash, it did save to the database, but it did not clean up or act the message. And the extend on the message deadline will also keep spinning. So we've effectively deadlocked on the message. The simple thing to do is to add return exceptions true within our async.io gather. So rather than completely dropping an exception, we can turn it with our successful results. However, you can't really see what actually aired out. So what we could do is add a callback, but as I said, I'm allergic. So we can just add a little helper function to process the results afterwards. And so when we use something like this, we can see errors are now logged and we can handle them appropriately. So quick review. Exceptions do not crash the system unlike async.io programs and they might not async.io programs and they might go unnoticed. So we need to account for that. And I personally like using async.io gather because the order of the return results are deterministic, but it's easy to get tripped up with it. By default, it will swallow exceptions but happily continue working on other tasks. And if an exception is never returned, then weird behavior can happen, like spinning around an event. All right. So I'm sure folks, as you started using async.io, you might have realized that async.io or async.io weight starts infecting the rest of your code base. Everything needs to be async. It's not necessarily a bad thing, it just forces a shift in perspective. So for our code to work with this, we need to sort of maybe rework our consumer. Not much is needed actually. I'm still making use of async.io consume code routine to call a non-async consumer and using a thread pool executor to run that code. As an aside, there's actually a handy little package called async.io extras which provides a decorator for async functions where it would remove the boilerplate for you and you can just await the decorated function. But sometimes third-party code throws a wrench at you. If you're lucky, you're faced with a third-party library that is multi-threaded and blocking. So for example, Google Pub Subs Python library makes use of GRPC under the hood with threading, but it also blocks when opening up a subscription and it also requires a non-async callback for when a message is received. So in typical Google fashion, they have some Uber cool technologies and it's slightly difficult to work with libraries. So this feature that they return, it makes use of GRPC for bi-directional communication and it removes the need for us to periodically pull from messages as well as manage message deadlines. So to illustrate, we can use run an executor again. I've made a little helper function to kick off the consumer and the publisher. And to prove that this is now non-blocking, I'm going to create a little dummy coroutine to run alongside run pubsum. We'll add the two coroutine functions and update the main so it's just the run method or run function that we're running. And we can see that it's not blocking. But as I said, that although it'll do a lot for us, there's a lot of threads in the background and like 15 threads in the background that the Google Pub Sob library gives us. So I'm going to reuse that something else coroutine to actually periodically get some stats on the threads that's going on. And I've also prefixed our own thread pool executor so I can easily tell which one I created versus what Google created. And when running this, you can see that Google creates a lot of threads. We have the main thread, which is the async.io event loop. And there's five threads from us because we've given it five workers. And then the rest of it is Google. And so this current thread count is like 22. But all in all, the approach to thread code isn't that different than non-async code. Until you realize that you have to call asynchronous code from non-async function within that thread. So obviously, we can't just act a message once we receive it. We have to restart the required host and save the message in our database. So basically, you have to call asynchronous code from a non-async function in a separate thread. Pretty embarrassing, bear with me. And I got like two minutes to run through this. We'll use the async.io create task that we defined earlier. Then we realize that, yes, of course, there's no event loop running. And to get a little more color, here's some log lines that, yes, indeed, no event loop is running in the thread. Yeah, I can hear people say, read the doxlin. But what if we gave it the loop that we're running in? And it kind of works, but it's deceptive. We're just lucky here. Once we share an object between the threader code and the callback and the asynchronous code, we've essentially shot ourselves in the foot. And to show you that, I've created a global queue that the consumer will add to, and then we'll read off that queue with handle message. And you see something funky now. Nothing is ever being consumed from that global queue. And so if we add a line in that queue, in that function, we can see the queue size gradually increasing. And I'm sure a lot of you see what's going on here, but you're not thread safe. So let's make use of run coroutine thread safe and see what happens. Yes, it finally fucking works. So in my opinion, it's not that difficult to work with synchronous code in async.io. However, it is difficult to work with threads, particularly with async.io. So if you must use the thread safe APIs that async.io gives you, or you can just hide away and try it in north. So in essence, this talk is something that I would have liked to hear about a year ago. So I'm speaking to pass line here, but hopefully there are others that benefit from this. From a use case, that's not just a simple web crawler. Everything is up there up on the URL. So hopefully it's useful to folks. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. | {
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"text": [
" Awesome.",
" Hello.",
" Welcome.",
" I am Lynn Root.",
" I work for Spotify.",
" And basically, I'm a site reliability engineer at Spotify.",
" And what that means is I either break our entire service or get paged to fix it when",
" other people do.",
" In actuality, what Anessary does at Spotify is, because it varies widely among different",
" companies, it's a combination of back end development where my team and I run a few",
" services that other engineers use daily.",
" And plus a little DevOps and SysAdmin.",
" I am also our FOS evangelist.",
" I help a lot of teams release their projects and tools under the Spotify GitHub organization.",
" And lastly, I help lead Pylates, which is a global mentorship group for women and friends",
" in the Python community.",
" And if you want stickers, I have stickers to give away.",
" Just find me afterwards.",
" So before I start, I want to warn you all that I will take all the time allotted for",
" this talk.",
" So there's going to be no time for Q&A.",
" You might think I've purposely done this, maybe, to avoid Q&A.",
" But I will be here afterwards for the whole conference.",
" So you can just find me into chat.",
" And there will also be a link at the end for the whole notebook and the example code that",
" I use.",
" All right.",
" So let's get started.",
" Async.io.",
" The concurrent Python programmers dream, I guess.",
" The answer to everyone's asynchronous prayers.",
" The Async.io module has various layers of abstraction, allowing developers as much control as they",
" need and are comfortable with.",
" We have simple hello world examples that make it look so effortless.",
" But it's easy to get lulled into this false sense of security.",
" This isn't exactly that helpful, right?",
" It's all fake news.",
" We're led to believe that we're able to do a lot with the Async and await API layer.",
" Some tutorials, while great for getting developers toes wet, try to illustrate real world examples.",
" But they're just beefed up hello world examples.",
" Some even misuse parts of Async.io's interface, allowing one to easily fall into the depths",
" of callback hell.",
" Get you up and running easily with Async.io, but then you might realize that it's not correct",
" or not exactly what you want or only gets you part of the way there.",
" So while some tutorials walk through and walk throughs do a lot to improve upon the basic",
" hello world use case, sometimes they're just a basic web crawler.",
" And I don't know about you, but at Spotify I'm not building web crawlers.",
" But in general, Async.io's programming is just difficult.",
" If you want to use Async.io or Twisted or Tornado or even Golang or Erlang or Haskell,",
" it's just difficult.",
" And so within my team at Spotify, we, which is just mostly me, fell into this false sense",
" of ease that the Async.io community builds.",
" The past couple of services that we built, we felt we're good candidates for Async.io.",
" One of them was a chaos monkey like service for restarting instances at random.",
" The other is an event driven host name generation service for our DNS infrastructure.",
" So sure, we needed to make a lot of HTTP requests that should be non-blocking.",
" But these are services that needed to react to PubSub events to measure the progress of",
" the actions initiated from those events, handle any incomplete actions or external errors,",
" handle with the whole PubSub message lease management, measure service level indicators",
" and send metrics.",
" And then we also needed to use some non-Async.io friendly dependencies.",
" So it got difficult quick.",
" So allow me to provide you with a real-world example that actually comes from the real",
" world.",
" If you get the pun, we're building a chaos monkey.",
" Mandrel is a monkey.",
" So we did build a service that does periodic restarts of our entire fleet of instances",
" at Spotify.",
" And we're going to do that here.",
" We're going to build a service called mayhem mandrel, which will listen for a PubSub message",
" and restart a host based off of that message.",
" As we build the service, I'll point out traps that I may or may not have fallen into.",
" And this will essentially become a resource that I would have liked about a year ago.",
" So at Spotify, we do use a lot of Google products, in this case, a Google PubSub.",
" But there are a lot of choices out there.",
" And we're just going to simulate a simple PubSub-like technology with Async.io.",
" This tutorial is quite easy and fun to read, I guess.",
" And this is where we're starting off with a very simple publisher.",
" We're creating a set number of instances and then adding to the queue.",
" And then we are consuming that queue.",
" And it's very easy to run, especially with the latest Python 3.7 syntactic sugar.",
" And so when we run this, we see that we are able to publish and consume messages.",
" So we're going to work off of this.",
" As you might notice, oops, a little teaser.",
" We haven't actually built a running service.",
" We're merely just like a pipeline or a batch job right now.",
" So in order to continuously run, we have to use the loop.run forever.",
" For this, we have to schedule and create tasks out of coroutines and then start the loop.",
" And since we created and started the loop, we should clean it up too.",
" So when we run this updated code, we get this nice little trace back.",
" My mouse goes over.",
" And then it kind of hangs.",
" So we have to cancel it.",
" You have to interrupt it.",
" So yeah, that's nice and ugly, right?",
" So we should probably try and clean that up.",
" So we should try and run it a bit defensively.",
" We'll first address the exceptions that arise from coroutines.",
" So we'll just go ahead and fake an error.",
" Oh, that did not come out well.",
" Hopefully you can still read that.",
" We're going to fake an error so the fourth message will be an error.",
" So if you run it as is, we do get an error line and it says exception was never retrieved.",
" And so admittedly, this is a part of the async.io API that's not very friendly.",
" This was synchronous code and we'd simply get the error that was raised.",
" But it gets swallowed up in an unretrieved task.",
" So to deal with this as advised by the docs, we'll need to have a wrapper around this coroutine",
" to consume the exception and stop the loop.",
" So we'll make a little top level wrapper, handle the exceptions of the coroutines.",
" And so when we run our script, just like that, so when we run our script, it's something",
" a little bit cleaner.",
" I'm going to stop right now.",
" I'm just going to quickly review.",
" So so far, setting up an async.io service, we want to surface the exceptions so that",
" you can retrieve them and then clean up what you've created.",
" And I will expand on both of these parts a bit later, but it's clean enough for now.",
" So so far, we've seen a lot of tutorials that use the async and await keywords while it's",
" not blocking the event loop.",
" We're still literally iterating through tasks serially, effectively not adding any concurrency.",
" So if we take a look at our script now, we're serially processing each item that we produce",
" and then consume.",
" Even if the event loop isn't blocked, there will be other tasks and coroutines going on.",
" They, of course, wouldn't be blocked.",
" But this might be obvious to some, but it isn't to all.",
" We are blocking ourselves.",
" We first produce all the messages one by one, and then we consume them one by one.",
" The loops that we have within the publish and consume coroutines, we block ourselves",
" from moving on to the next message while we await to do something.",
" So this is technically a working example of a PubSub like queue with async.io.",
" It's not really what we want.",
" We're here to build an event-driven service or maybe even a batch or pipeline job.",
" We're not really taking advantage of the concurrency that async.io can provide.",
" So as an aside, I find async.io's API actually quite user-friendly, despite what some people",
" might think.",
" It's very friendly or very easy to get up and running with that event loop.",
" When first picking up concurrency, this async and await syntax makes it a very low hurdle",
" to start using, since it makes it very similar to writing asynchronous code.",
" But again, it's picking up concurrency.",
" This API is deceptive and misleading.",
" Yes, we are using the event loop and primitives.",
" Yes, it does work.",
" Yes, it might seem faster, but it's probably because you came from the 27.",
" To 2014, by the way.",
" To illustrate that there's no difference in synchronous code, this is the same script",
" removing async.io primitives and using just synchronous code.",
" And you can see, just looking at the consumer, there's no real difference other than a couple",
" of weights.",
" And when we run it, it's pretty much the same, and the only difference is actually the random",
" this part.",
" So part of the problem could be that documentation and tutorial writers are presuming knowledge",
" and the ability to extrapolate over simplified examples.",
" But it's mainly because concurrency is just a difficult paradigm to grasp in general.",
" We write our code as we read anything, left to right, top to bottom.",
" Most of us are just not used to multitasking and contact switching that our modern computers",
" allow us.",
" Now, even if we are familiar with concurrent programming, understanding a concurrent system",
" is just hard.",
" But we're not in over our heads yet.",
" We can still make this simulated chaos monkey service actually concurrent in a rather simple",
" way.",
" So to reiterate our goal here, we want to build an event driven service that consumes from",
" PubSub, process the messages as they come in.",
" We could get thousands of messages a second.",
" So as we get a message, we shouldn't block the handling of the next message we receive.",
" So to help facilitate this, we will also need to build a service that actually runs forever.",
" We're not going to have a preset number of messages.",
" We'll need to react whenever we're told to restart an instance.",
" And so the triggering event to publish a restart request could be an on-demand request from",
" a service owner, or it could be a scheduled, gradually rolling restart the fleet.",
" You don't know.",
" So we'll first mock the publisher to always be publishing restart message requests, and",
" therefore never indicate that it's done.",
" This also means that we're not providing a set number of messages to publish, so I had",
" to rework this function.",
" Here I'm just adding the creation of unique ID for each message that's produced.",
" So when running it, it happily produces messages.",
" What you might notice that there is that keyboard interrupt exception triggered by the control",
" scene, and we don't actually catch that.",
" So we can quickly clean that up.",
" This is just a band-aid, and I'll explain that further on.",
" But now we see something much cleaner.",
" So it's probably hard to see why it's concurrent right now.",
" So to help, we're going to add multiple producers to see the concurrency.",
" For that publish function, I'm going to add a publisher ID and have it in our log messages,",
" and then create three publishers just real quick.",
" And then when we run, we can see that we have a bunch of publishers going on concurrently.",
" So for the rest of the walkthrough, I'm actually just going to remove all those multiple publishers.",
" I don't want to confuse anything.",
" Now onto the consumer bit.",
" So for this goal is to constantly consuming messages from a queue and to create non-blocking",
" work by itself, a newly consumed message, in this case to restart an instance.",
" The tricky part is that the consumer needs to be written in a way that the consumption",
" of the message from the queue is separate from the work that happens for that message.",
" So in other words, we have to simulate being event-driven by reacting or by regularly pulling",
" messages from a queue since there's no way to trigger work based off of a new message",
" available in that queue.",
" There's no way to be a push-based.",
" So we'll first mock restart work that needs to happen whenever we consume a message, and",
" we'll stick it in our well-true loop and await for the next message on the queue and then",
" pass it off to restart host.",
" And then we'll just add it to our loop.",
" And then when we run it, we see that messages are being pulled and restarted.",
" We may want to do more than one thing per message.",
" For example, we might want to store the message in a day-to-days for potentially replaying",
" later as we initiate a restart of a given host.",
" So within the consume function, we could just add the await for both co-routines, and we'll",
" see that it happens just fine that both are saved and restarted.",
" But we still kind of block the consumption of the messages.",
" We don't necessarily need to await one co-routine after another.",
" These two tasks don't necessarily need to depend upon one another.",
" Completely sidesupping the potential concern for should we restart a host if we haven't",
" saved any database.",
" That's for another time.",
" But we can treat them as such.",
" So instead of awaiting them, we can create a task to have them scheduled on the loop",
" and basically checking it over to the loop for it to execute when it can.",
" And so now we have restart and save not necessarily in serially, but whenever the loop can execute",
" the co-routine.",
" As an aside, sometimes you do want your work to happen serially.",
" Maybe you restart hosts that have an uptime of more than seven days.",
" Or maybe you want to check a balance of an account before you debit it.",
" Meeting code to be serial or having steps or dependencies, that doesn't mean that you",
" can't be asynchronous.",
" The await last restart date will yield to the loop, but it doesn't mean that the restart",
" host will be the next thing that the loop executes.",
" It just allows other things to happen outside that co-routine.",
" And yes, I admit this was a thing that wasn't immediately apparent to me at first.",
" So we pulled the message from the queue and we found out work based off of that message.",
" We now need to perform any finalizing work on that message.",
" So for example, we might need to acknowledge the message so it's not re-delivered.",
" We'll separate this out, separate out the pulling of the message from creating work",
" off of it.",
" And then we can make use of async.io.gather to add a callback.",
" So when we run it, you can once, so once both the save co-routine and the restart co-routine",
" are complete, the cleanup will actually, will be called and that signifies that the message",
" is done.",
" However, I'm a bit allergic to callbacks as well.",
" And perhaps we need cleanup to be non-blocking.",
" So then we can just await it.",
" There we go, now much like a Google Pub sub, let's say that the publisher will re-deliver",
" a message after 10 seconds if it has not yet been acknowledged.",
" But we are able to extend that message deadline.",
" In order to do that, we have to have a co-routine that in essence monitors all the other worker",
" tasks.",
" So while we are continuing to do work, this co-routine will extend the message acknowledgement",
" deadline.",
" And then once we're done, we should stop extending the deadline and then clean up the message.",
" So one approach is to make use of async.io event primitives where we can create an event",
" and then pass it to our extend co-routine function and then set it when we're done.",
" And you can see that it's extending and then it stops extending when the message is actually",
" done.",
" And if you really like events, you can make use of event.weight and move the cleanup outside.",
" And so now we got a little bit of concurrency going on.",
" To review real quick, async.io is pretty easy to use, but it doesn't automatically mean",
" that you're using it correctly.",
" You can't just throw around async and await keywords around blocking code.",
" It's actually a shift in your mental paradigm.",
" With needing to think of what work can be farmed out and let us do something, then you",
" have to think about what dependencies are there and where your code might still need",
" to be sequential.",
" Having steps in your code, like first A and then B and C, it might seem like it's blocking",
" when it's not.",
" Sequential code can still be asynchronous.",
" For instance, I might have to call customer service at some point, but I'm going to be",
" on hold for a while, so I can put it on speakerphone and play with my super-needy cat.",
" So I might be single-threaded as a person, but I can definitely multitask like CPUs.",
" So earlier, we added try accept finally around our main event loop code.",
" Although you probably want your service to gracefully shut down if it receives a signal",
" of some sort.",
" Cleaning up open database connections, stop consuming messages, and finishing and responding",
" to current requests while not accepting new ones.",
" So if we happen to restart an instance of our own service, we should clean up the mess",
" before we exit out.",
" And so we've been catching this commonly known keyword interrupt exception, like many other",
" tutorials and libraries, but there are other signals that we should be aware of.",
" Typical ones are like SIGUP and SIGQUIT and TURM.",
" Always kill and stop, but we shouldn't catch them or block them or ignore them.",
" So if we run our current SIGQUIT as it is and give it a TURM signal, we find ourselves",
" not actually entering that finally clause where we like log and clean everything up.",
" So we basically got to be aware of where those exceptions happen.",
" I also want to point out that even though we're only ever expecting keyword interrupt,",
" it could happen outside of catching the exception, potentially causing the service to end up",
" in an incomplete or otherwise unknown state.",
" So instead of catching keyword interrupt, let's attach a signal handler to the loop.",
" So first we'll define that shutdown behavior that we want.",
" We want to simulate database connections and returning messages to PubSub as not acknowledged",
" so that they can be re-delivered and not just dropped and actually cancelling tasks.",
" We don't necessarily need to cancel pending tasks.",
" We could just collect them and allow them to finish.",
" It's up to what we want to do.",
" We also might want to take this opportunity to flush any collected metrics so they're",
" not lost.",
" So we need to hook this up to our main event loop now.",
" I also removed the keyword interrupt catch since it's now taken care of within the signal",
" handling.",
" So we run this again and send it the term signal.",
" And it looks like it cleaned up, but you see that we have this caught exception error twice.",
" This is because awaiting uncancelled tasks will raise the async.io cancel error, which",
" is to be expected.",
" And we can add that to our little handle exception wrapper as well.",
" So if we run it, we actually see our co-routines are being canceled and not just some random",
" exception.",
" So you might be wondering which signals should you care about.",
" Apparently, there is no standard.",
" Basically, you should be aware of how you're running your service and handle them accordingly.",
" Also as a heads up, another misleading API in async.io is SHIELD.",
" The docs say that a means to SHIELD a future from cancellation.",
" Sorry.",
" I have a cord to have right here.",
" If you have a co-routine that must not be canceled during shutdown, SHIELD will not help you.",
" This is because the task that SHIELD creates gets included in async.io.all tasks and therefore",
" receives cancellation signal just like the rest of the tasks.",
" To help illustrate, we have a simple async function with a long sleep that we want to",
" SHIELD.",
" And then we run it and cancel it before the 60 seconds.",
" We see that we don't ever hit the done line and that it's immediately canceled.",
" So yeah, that's fine.",
" So TLDR, we don't actually have nurseries in async.io core to clean up ourselves.",
" It's up to us to be responsible and close up to the connections and files that we open,",
" responding to outstanding requests and basically leaving things how we found them.",
" So doing our cleanup in a final clause isn't enough since a signal could be sent outside",
" of a try accept clause.",
" As we construct a loop, we should tell how it should be deconstructed as soon as possible.",
" It ensures that all of our bases are covered and we're not leaving any artifacts around.",
" And finally, we need to be aware of when our program should shut down, which is closely",
" tied to how we run our program.",
" If it's just a manual script, then SIEINT is fine.",
" If it's a demonized Docker container, then SIG term is probably more appropriate.",
" You may have noticed that we're not actually catching exceptions within restart host and",
" save just on the top level.",
" So to show you what I mean, we're going to fake an error where we can't restart a certain",
" host.",
" So running it, we see that a host can be restarted and while the service did not crash, it did",
" save to the database, but it did not clean up or act the message.",
" And the extend on the message deadline will also keep spinning.",
" So we've effectively deadlocked on the message.",
" The simple thing to do is to add return exceptions true within our async.io gather.",
" So rather than completely dropping an exception, we can turn it with our successful results.",
" However, you can't really see what actually aired out.",
" So what we could do is add a callback, but as I said, I'm allergic.",
" So we can just add a little helper function to process the results afterwards.",
" And so when we use something like this, we can see errors are now logged and we can handle",
" them appropriately.",
" So quick review.",
" Exceptions do not crash the system unlike async.io programs and they might not async.io programs",
" and they might go unnoticed.",
" So we need to account for that.",
" And I personally like using async.io gather because the order of the return results are",
" deterministic, but it's easy to get tripped up with it.",
" By default, it will swallow exceptions but happily continue working on other tasks.",
" And if an exception is never returned, then weird behavior can happen, like spinning around",
" an event.",
" All right.",
" So I'm sure folks, as you started using async.io, you might have realized that async.io or",
" async.io weight starts infecting the rest of your code base.",
" Everything needs to be async.",
" It's not necessarily a bad thing, it just forces a shift in perspective.",
" So for our code to work with this, we need to sort of maybe rework our consumer.",
" Not much is needed actually.",
" I'm still making use of async.io consume code routine to call a non-async consumer and using",
" a thread pool executor to run that code.",
" As an aside, there's actually a handy little package called async.io extras which provides",
" a decorator for async functions where it would remove the boilerplate for you and you can",
" just await the decorated function.",
" But sometimes third-party code throws a wrench at you.",
" If you're lucky, you're faced with a third-party library that is multi-threaded and blocking.",
" So for example, Google Pub Subs Python library makes use of GRPC under the hood with threading,",
" but it also blocks when opening up a subscription and it also requires a non-async callback",
" for when a message is received.",
" So in typical Google fashion, they have some Uber cool technologies and it's slightly difficult",
" to work with libraries.",
" So this feature that they return, it makes use of GRPC for bi-directional communication",
" and it removes the need for us to periodically pull from messages as well as manage message",
" deadlines.",
" So to illustrate, we can use run an executor again.",
" I've made a little helper function to kick off the consumer and the publisher.",
" And to prove that this is now non-blocking, I'm going to create a little dummy coroutine",
" to run alongside run pubsum.",
" We'll add the two coroutine functions and update the main so it's just the run method",
" or run function that we're running.",
" And we can see that it's not blocking.",
" But as I said, that although it'll do a lot for us, there's a lot of threads in the background",
" and like 15 threads in the background that the Google Pub Sob library gives us.",
" So I'm going to reuse that something else coroutine to actually periodically get some",
" stats on the threads that's going on.",
" And I've also prefixed our own thread pool executor so I can easily tell which one I",
" created versus what Google created.",
" And when running this, you can see that Google creates a lot of threads.",
" We have the main thread, which is the async.io event loop.",
" And there's five threads from us because we've given it five workers.",
" And then the rest of it is Google.",
" And so this current thread count is like 22.",
" But all in all, the approach to thread code isn't that different than non-async code.",
" Until you realize that you have to call asynchronous code from non-async function within that thread.",
" So obviously, we can't just act a message once we receive it.",
" We have to restart the required host and save the message in our database.",
" So basically, you have to call asynchronous code from a non-async function in a separate",
" thread.",
" Pretty embarrassing, bear with me.",
" And I got like two minutes to run through this.",
" We'll use the async.io create task that we defined earlier.",
" Then we realize that, yes, of course, there's no event loop running.",
" And to get a little more color, here's some log lines that, yes, indeed, no event loop",
" is running in the thread.",
" Yeah, I can hear people say, read the doxlin.",
" But what if we gave it the loop that we're running in?",
" And it kind of works, but it's deceptive.",
" We're just lucky here.",
" Once we share an object between the threader code and the callback and the asynchronous",
" code, we've essentially shot ourselves in the foot.",
" And to show you that, I've created a global queue that the consumer will add to, and then",
" we'll read off that queue with handle message.",
" And you see something funky now.",
" Nothing is ever being consumed from that global queue.",
" And so if we add a line in that queue, in that function, we can see the queue size gradually",
" increasing.",
" And I'm sure a lot of you see what's going on here, but you're not thread safe.",
" So let's make use of run coroutine thread safe and see what happens.",
" Yes, it finally fucking works.",
" So in my opinion, it's not that difficult to work with synchronous code in async.io.",
" However, it is difficult to work with threads, particularly with async.io.",
" So if you must use the thread safe APIs that async.io gives you, or you can just hide away",
" and try it in north.",
" So in essence, this talk is something that I would have liked to hear about a year ago.",
" So I'm speaking to pass line here, but hopefully there are others that benefit from this.",
" From a use case, that's not just a simple web crawler.",
" Everything is up there up on the URL.",
" So hopefully it's useful to folks.",
" Thank you.",
" Thank you.",
" Thank you.",
" Thank you."
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10.5446/56113 (DOI) | Simultaneous and contiguous integration of mineral-bonded carbon reinforcement into additive manufacturing with concrete | https://av.tib.eu/media/56113 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de805c5cfa09e7d5f1e4432f7d206e7ef60aff48e3b6b5738646be42e88ba34bc097/Neef_Simultaneous_and_contigoues_integration.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Germany:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Architecture | Conference/Talk | 2021 | Neef, Tobias
Mechtcherine, Viktor | null | 3D concrete printing is becoming more and more popular, not only in research but also in practice of construction. One of the main challenges however remains the integration of reinforcement. This publication focuses on the use of continuous fibers for this purpose. The special feature of the new type of carbon yarns applied is the mineral impregnation used instead of the conventional polymer one. Such reinforcement not only yields excellent mechanical properties, but also offers many advantages, specifically with respect to processing flexibility and is therefore very well suited for additive manufacturing. The concrete for 3D printing to be reinforced with such yarns must meet particular requirements, especially when the finest concrete filaments are printed. This is also a subject of the article at hand. | Hi, my name is Tobias Neff. I'm a research assistant from the Institute of Construction Material. I'm dealing with additive manufacturing, or better known as concrete 3D printing. Today I want to show some aspects about cementenous and conditious integration of mineral carbon reinforcement into additive manufacturing with concrete. I want to start with the special reinforcement we are using. The next part we are dealing with the integration of the... with the integration of the reinforcement in the printing process and the obtained mechanical results. Finally, I will give you an expression how this technology can be downsized for fine filament printing with a high reinforcement grade. Typical concrete structures are reinforced with steel rebars and the elasticated non-metallic reinforcements are in common. One advantage is that the non-metallic reinforcement requires only a very thin concrete cover for the bond. They are not prone to corrosion like standard reinforcement. The thin cover leads to material saving and so is the more environmentally friendly construction. For the full activation of the yarn, coating is required, which is normally polymer based. This solution leads to a lot of temperature sensitive mechanical load bearing and adhesive behavior. This problem is avoided with mineral impregnation. Significantly higher temperature resistance than polymeric impregnation materials can be reached. One advantage is that the easy formability of the freshly impregnated yarn in the first four hours. You can see in the video the yarn can be deposed in any geometry without strain. So the full potential of the geometric freedom of 3D printing can be used. The fresh and fresh technology generates an intensive bond between the reinforcement and the concrete. The mineral impregnation we use is based on cement. To do the grain size distribution of ordinary cement and the diameter of the carbon fiber filament, it was found that the yarn does not fit together. Both have nearly the same dimensions, so the distance between the carbon filament is too high. To prevent this, we use two ultra fine cements and a micro silica suspension. The impregnation slurry has a water binder ratio of 0.8 and the flowability is adapted by a superplasticizer. In the figure low right, you can see the grading curves of the constituents of the suspension in comparison to a typical ordinary cement. In the picture of the scanning electronic microscope, you can see that the solution works. Before we start with the fiber integration, I would like to introduce you to the concrete printing process developed at the Teotristen. In this video, we can see the printing process of a wall corner with a width of 50 cm and a layer height of 5 cm. But processes like these are not comparable to ordinary reinforcement for concrete. They compete to the machinery to the missing reinforcement. To overcome these disadvantages, the integration of reinforcement is necessary. Today, reinforcement technologies parallel to printed concrete filament are in focus of the presentation. The easiest way is to lay down the carbon yarn on top of the concrete filament. Based on that step by step production, it is classified as a continuous process. The extrusion of the concrete filament is followed by the deposition of the carbon growings onto it. Then subsequently covering the reinforcement yarn by extrusion a new concrete filament. The advantage of this method is that the placement of the concrete and the reinforcement are decoupled in time. This video shows us the acrylic prototype status. The number of deposition reinforcement between the concrete filaments can be varied according to the expected loading. This reduces the cost of reinforcement and promotes environmentally friendly and resource-saving construction. One disadvantage is that the placement of the reinforcement in the joint between two concrete filaments is the weakening of the porous region. Transfer tensile stress resulting from the bond between yarn and concrete can lead to splitting along the bonded joint. The second possibility is the reinforcement integration through a simultaneous process. The carbon reinforcement is embedded in the concrete filament and deposed with it. The advantages of this method are the completion of the yarn without weakening. The joint in an efficient and time-saving manner. This disadvantage is lack of intersection and overlaps of reinforcement layers. This can make the transfer of tensile force into compression zones difficult. The second disadvantage is that for a simultaneous process the degree of reinforcement in the concrete filament can be adopted by using special nozzle geometries. Our actual printing nozzle can take up to six row rings which are integrated simultaneously. The next steps, the mechanical parameters of both production processes can be compared. The graph on the right hand shows both techniques. It achieves nearly the same load bending but the stiffness is even lower in the contiguous process. To do the difference of the static height, the results are not really comparable. The more significant difference is the failure mode. In case of the continuous process the specimen failures are as expected in the center of the first printed layer. Then the crack went in horizontal direction and delimination occurs. For the other production technologies the simultaneous process shows the typical failure mode of a bending specimen. Besides the bending test, only actual tensile tests were performed additionally to the LVDTS. A photochromical measurement system was used to become ideas on the crack development. The experimental results show a fine and well distributed crack pattern with narrow crack openings. The mechanical properties show meaningful results but there is still some potential for future optimization. One methodology to generate better insight is the CT scan. In one cooperation a specimen with three embedded yarns was scanned. Following these insights we found four different optimization potentials. On the left we see the ligament is not perfect. The more over some air inclusions become visible. Additionally the bond between the yarn and the symmetric matrix can be improved. The next challenge we are working on is downsizing the filament. The step will increase the reinforcement ratio and lowers the material needed. This leads to a more environmental friendly material and reduces the carbon footprint. In this development step we are facing new challenges like pumpability, small cross sections with high demand on surface quality and continuous concrete deposition, other consistencies of concrete and robotic control. In the first step we learned how to control the robot with different geometries and additionally what happens when we like to produce more than one specimen with regard to the collision of other issues. In the next step we focused on the buildability of the chosen concrete material. To do the lap scale we had a fast over build which gives a relatively high stress in the layer below. Without any chemical helps we are able to reach a height of 25 to 30 cm. To overcome this border we use an accelerator which is sprayed on the surface. You can see the results here. In the next step we like to automate the spraying process. To improve the pumpability, the particle optimization of the concrete matrix was conducted and additionally the mixing energy was observed. This gives some hints regarding the efficiency of the optimization process. After this optimization step we performed re-scale tests to see the pumpability, extruability and buildability. With this we focused on reproducibility and processing time, placing multiple elements, printing with a second batch or integrate short fibres to prevent shrinkage cracks. This experimental work shows stable results so that the next development step is to indicate the mineral coated yarns in the concrete filament. With this final slide I would like to show you the ideas of how the integration can be performed for a stable flow of the concrete and an external integration of the mineral bonded carbon yarn is planned. Thank you for your attention and on the right side you can see our printed specimens. | {
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"text": [
" Hi, my name is Tobias Neff. I'm a research assistant from the Institute of Construction Material.",
" I'm dealing with additive manufacturing, or better known as concrete 3D printing.",
" Today I want to show some aspects about cementenous and conditious integration of mineral carbon reinforcement into additive manufacturing with concrete.",
" I want to start with the special reinforcement we are using.",
" The next part we are dealing with the integration of the...",
" with the integration of the reinforcement in the printing process and the obtained mechanical results.",
" Finally, I will give you an expression how this technology can be downsized for fine filament printing with a high reinforcement grade.",
" Typical concrete structures are reinforced with steel rebars and the elasticated non-metallic reinforcements are in common.",
" One advantage is that the non-metallic reinforcement requires only a very thin concrete cover for the bond.",
" They are not prone to corrosion like standard reinforcement.",
" The thin cover leads to material saving and so is the more environmentally friendly construction.",
" For the full activation of the yarn, coating is required, which is normally polymer based.",
" This solution leads to a lot of temperature sensitive mechanical load bearing and adhesive behavior.",
" This problem is avoided with mineral impregnation.",
" Significantly higher temperature resistance than polymeric impregnation materials can be reached.",
" One advantage is that the easy formability of the freshly impregnated yarn in the first four hours.",
" You can see in the video the yarn can be deposed in any geometry without strain.",
" So the full potential of the geometric freedom of 3D printing can be used.",
" The fresh and fresh technology generates an intensive bond between the reinforcement and the concrete.",
" The mineral impregnation we use is based on cement.",
" To do the grain size distribution of ordinary cement and the diameter of the carbon fiber filament,",
" it was found that the yarn does not fit together.",
" Both have nearly the same dimensions, so the distance between the carbon filament is too high.",
" To prevent this, we use two ultra fine cements and a micro silica suspension.",
" The impregnation slurry has a water binder ratio of 0.8 and the flowability is adapted by a superplasticizer.",
" In the figure low right, you can see the grading curves of the constituents of the suspension",
" in comparison to a typical ordinary cement.",
" In the picture of the scanning electronic microscope, you can see that the solution works.",
" Before we start with the fiber integration, I would like to introduce you to the concrete printing process developed at the Teotristen.",
" In this video, we can see the printing process of a wall corner with a width of 50 cm and a layer height of 5 cm.",
" But processes like these are not comparable to ordinary reinforcement for concrete.",
" They compete to the machinery to the missing reinforcement.",
" To overcome these disadvantages, the integration of reinforcement is necessary.",
" Today, reinforcement technologies parallel to printed concrete filament are in focus of the presentation.",
" The easiest way is to lay down the carbon yarn on top of the concrete filament.",
" Based on that step by step production, it is classified as a continuous process.",
" The extrusion of the concrete filament is followed by the deposition of the carbon growings onto it.",
" Then subsequently covering the reinforcement yarn by extrusion a new concrete filament.",
" The advantage of this method is that the placement of the concrete and the reinforcement are decoupled in time.",
" This video shows us the acrylic prototype status.",
" The number of deposition reinforcement between the concrete filaments can be varied according to the expected loading.",
" This reduces the cost of reinforcement and promotes environmentally friendly and resource-saving construction.",
" One disadvantage is that the placement of the reinforcement in the joint between two concrete filaments is the weakening of the porous region.",
" Transfer tensile stress resulting from the bond between yarn and concrete can lead to splitting along the bonded joint.",
" The second possibility is the reinforcement integration through a simultaneous process.",
" The carbon reinforcement is embedded in the concrete filament and deposed with it.",
" The advantages of this method are the completion of the yarn without weakening.",
" The joint in an efficient and time-saving manner.",
" This disadvantage is lack of intersection and overlaps of reinforcement layers.",
" This can make the transfer of tensile force into compression zones difficult.",
" The second disadvantage is that for a simultaneous process the degree of reinforcement in the concrete filament can be adopted by using special nozzle geometries.",
" Our actual printing nozzle can take up to six row rings which are integrated simultaneously.",
" The next steps, the mechanical parameters of both production processes can be compared.",
" The graph on the right hand shows both techniques.",
" It achieves nearly the same load bending but the stiffness is even lower in the contiguous process.",
" To do the difference of the static height, the results are not really comparable.",
" The more significant difference is the failure mode.",
" In case of the continuous process the specimen failures are as expected in the center of the first printed layer.",
" Then the crack went in horizontal direction and delimination occurs.",
" For the other production technologies the simultaneous process shows the typical failure mode of a bending specimen.",
" Besides the bending test, only actual tensile tests were performed additionally to the LVDTS.",
" A photochromical measurement system was used to become ideas on the crack development.",
" The experimental results show a fine and well distributed crack pattern with narrow crack openings.",
" The mechanical properties show meaningful results but there is still some potential for future optimization.",
" One methodology to generate better insight is the CT scan.",
" In one cooperation a specimen with three embedded yarns was scanned.",
" Following these insights we found four different optimization potentials.",
" On the left we see the ligament is not perfect.",
" The more over some air inclusions become visible. Additionally the bond between the yarn and the symmetric matrix can be improved.",
" The next challenge we are working on is downsizing the filament.",
" The step will increase the reinforcement ratio and lowers the material needed.",
" This leads to a more environmental friendly material and reduces the carbon footprint.",
" In this development step we are facing new challenges like pumpability, small cross sections with high demand on surface quality and continuous concrete deposition,",
" other consistencies of concrete and robotic control.",
" In the first step we learned how to control the robot with different geometries and additionally what happens when we like to produce more than one specimen with regard to the collision of other issues.",
" In the next step we focused on the buildability of the chosen concrete material. To do the lap scale we had a fast over build which gives a relatively high stress in the layer below.",
" Without any chemical helps we are able to reach a height of 25 to 30 cm. To overcome this border we use an accelerator which is sprayed on the surface.",
" You can see the results here. In the next step we like to automate the spraying process.",
" To improve the pumpability, the particle optimization of the concrete matrix was conducted and additionally the mixing energy was observed.",
" This gives some hints regarding the efficiency of the optimization process.",
" After this optimization step we performed re-scale tests to see the pumpability, extruability and buildability.",
" With this we focused on reproducibility and processing time, placing multiple elements, printing with a second batch or integrate short fibres to prevent shrinkage cracks.",
" This experimental work shows stable results so that the next development step is to indicate the mineral coated yarns in the concrete filament.",
" With this final slide I would like to show you the ideas of how the integration can be performed for a stable flow of the concrete and an external integration of the mineral bonded carbon yarn is planned.",
" Thank you for your attention and on the right side you can see our printed specimens."
],
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10.5446/52700 (DOI) | QAOps - The Latest Trend in QA & Software Delivery | https://av.tib.eu/media/52700 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de5c30cf2b1061c9c6847b23129d69f098e6bc7743c51da1ffd92bd2812cc76072ff/qaops.mp4 | CC Attribution 2.0 Belgium:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2021 | State, Marcela | Todorov, Alexander | Quality expectations are increasing day by day, market demand is changing rapidly and digital technologies are influencing QA practices. How do we adapt? QA plays a strategic role, it is a connection point between development and operations. DevOps can speed up the development, but what can you expect without a robust QA strategy? Continuous development and continuous delivery is impossible without a comprehensive QA strategy. How can we accelerate software delivery without sacrificing quality? Join this presentation and you will find out why QA and Ops have a complimentary mindset, how you can implement a QAOps framework and why it matters. | you Hello, everybody. Thanks all so much for joining this session today. I am blessed to virtually be here. I know this is the last talk of the day, so hang in there. I am Marcella, a QA with more than 11 years experience currently working at Cochrane's and Sobison. I'm an open source fan. I've contributed to a lot of open source projects so we can talk about community and contributions all day long, but that's not the point for today. My expertise is around web applications, but I've been involved in a lot of projects, so I like to say that I can easily adapt. For today's presentation, I will try to point out how QROL has changed in the last couple of years, let's say. We see a live and evolution in the role of QA, which becomes more strategic within the team and close to business, let's say, and product issues, while still running the tests. Programming skills for creating automated tests and shift left testing approaches also enter in this evolution package. So quality expectations are increasing day by day. Until a few years ago, if you remember, the QA was the one who just planned and performed manual tests based on documentation and requirements, and that only happened on the testing phase. I like to say that we were just like some monkeys that we were testing, we were clicking here and here, and that was it. We are now releasing products either, let's say, every week or two, and in some cases we are doing this every two hours as part of a continuous delivery process. And the next logic question is what triggered this evolution? And I do have a few answers here. Of course, this is in my opinion, so I think that manual tests that are focusing on validating requirements, finding bugs, and ensuring that nothing has been broken became more expensive. And demotivating more expensive because like I said before that monkey word that we were doing that regression tests that we are currently performed repeatedly for each delivery, meaning, and ensuring that nothing breaks the existing systems. This kind of test is usually time concerning, and we all know that time is funny, right? And I say that it might be demotivating because doing the same things, that's all the time, always in the same phase, it can generate some sort of discomfort. Another thing that I can think of is the next question, what does every business need? I mean, well, it needs innovation, right, with more and more experimentation, which assures higher return of refacement and profitability. And I say that by adopting new tools and testing platforms or methodologies, QA is able to evolve, right, and keep reinventing its strategy. QA must also bring some sort of scalability to its process to test different and bring sustainability that is powered by innovation. And how do we adapt is the question that I'm asking right now. And I do believe that apart from the technical knowledge, which I think it's really important soft skills also play an important role for a QA career. And I say that adaptability is one of those. I don't think, and I'm pretty sure there is no definitive way in which QA teams can assure success. And it's obvious that only with constant growth and evolution of processes, it can steadily bring conviction on its approach and extend the same for businesses as they go out and serve their end users. QA is now on mindset mindset. I know this is a big word, maybe a buzzword these days. But I do believe it is the key to digital transformation that we are all talking about these days. And more, I dare say it's a culture that your team, and maybe your entire company should be involved in. Being involved in the early stages of development or design of the product on the activities varying from, let's say involvement in estimates, technical discussions, or requirements reviews, and so on. QA definitely plays a strategic role. It is a connection between development and operation. In my experience, product teams are often pushed to build and release faster. This is nothing new, I think I already mentioned before, but sometimes accelerated software comes at the expense of quality. So, sacrificing quality is just a short sighted delivery strategy that almost always ends up causing more damage in the long run. DevOps can speed up the development, but what about the QA strategy. And I think that this brings a new flavor to DevOps, known as a QA OPS framework. I dare say that the main focus of QA these days is not in finding bugs, but in preventing them from happening. And if they still do in a controlled time and environment, and before it causes negative impact. So, I think in the exercise and just think about eight or maybe more years back when there were not any mentions about DevOps, no one knew what DevOps meant, right. And I highlighted here the definition of DevOps saying that is the delivery of application changes at the speed of the business. And QA OPS takes the core ideas from continuous testing in DevOps, such as CI CD, and bringing together the teams to work on this pipeline. So yes, QA OPS is something similar to DevOps. Like I said before, because this framework uses the basic approach and mindset already defined in DevOps. But I say it's more complex than that, and I will try to explain this in the following minutes. Why I think so. This role QA OPS role is already present right in the IT industry, and it will be more and more present and required by the companies in the years that the tool follows. Let's clarify first what CI CD means. I will just do a quick description here. CI stands for continuous integration and CD stands for continuous delivery continuous development. Continuous integration is a development practice that requires developers to march their changes back to the main branch as often as possible. Each check-in is then verified by an automated build, allowing teams to detect problems early. Continuous delivery is an extension of continuous integration to make sure that we can release new changes to our customers quickly and in a sustainable way. In theory, with continuous delivery, you can decide to release daily, weekly or whatever suits for your business requirements. However, I said that if you truly want to get the benefits of continuous delivery, you should deploy to production as early as possible to make sure that you release small batches that are easy to trouble shoot in case of a problem. We don't like bugs, right? And for sure we don't like bugs in production. Continuous deployment goes one step further than continuous delivery. With this practice, every change that passes all stages of your production pipeline is released to your customers. There is no human intervention here and only a failed test will prevent a new change to be deployed to production. So, after we do this CI CD introduction going forward, let's see how we can implement QAOPS framework. And there are four main ways to approach the implementation of QAOPS. First is automation by adding automated tests in between continuous integration and continuous delivery. This is one way to approach QAOPS. And then there are three ways here before building an automation framework. QMS study the product in detail to better understand its goals, specifications and functionality, right? And once this analysis has been performed, QA can decide which tests can be automated first, depending on the stage of the product they're working on. The second way is parallel testing. This is used to test multiple parts or components of the application at the same time. The testing process for each component should be independent of the others. You can use different tools that provides parallel testing features or you can use a concept of that to achieve parallel testing where you will write your tests in your favorite programming language so that they run multiple processes at the same time. And of course here parallel testing has hardware dependencies. You will need a high performance system with fast CPUs to implement it, but there is always an alternative, which might be cloud, right? Another way is scalability testing. You will know and I believe that we agree that business growth is good for the company. When you develop a product and people's style start liking it, you have to scale it. Scaling the product includes adding more features and making maybe the existing features better. Last but not least, the integration with DevOps and QA. And here we are talking about a strong collaboration between those teams. You would probably wonder why this QAOps matters and where it can be used. This is especially useful when specific types of testing are needed. Let's say for localization QAOps is almost non-negotiable. QAOps can be extremely useful in regression testing. If you have some previously developed software and you need to quickly release a software enhancement, a patch or a configuration change, QAOps can help in this manner. There are a lot of companies that use QAOps framework. And I want to refer to Facebook for example. I know it's a giant company. I don't work for Facebook. This is something I read for. But Facebook login features enable users to login into millions of apps and websites with their already created Facebook identity and privacy controls. A few years ago, Facebook decided to migrate to Facebook Graph API version 2, ending for login review for all the apps. To ensure that this migration went smoothly, Facebook wanted to test out the new version on the 5,000 larger apps. Unfortunately in the house, they could not do that. I mean, it was basically impossible to do that. But they chose to outsource. And by outsourcing testing, they had all 5,000 apps tested in a month and were able to identify and address critical problems with more than 900 apps. That's why I said that it wouldn't be possible to do that in-house. So QAOps can scale up or down to fit any business size. And next, I want to share with you, let's say one success story where I've been involved. In the project a few years ago, it was a web-based application. And of course, we created an automation framework. We had around 500 tests, if I remember well, written in QCombo. So we've used the BDD approach. If you are wondering why BDD, well, it was because they need this approach for business analysts. And yes, gherkin syntax was the right approach for them at that time. Anyway, we all know that when it comes to BDD, parallel testing is a challenge. So what we did, we used Selenium. For those of you who are not familiar with this tool, Selenium is a Docker-based Selenium grid. Maybe you are wondering and you are thinking that setting up your own Selenium grid might not be hard. But the challenge comes when you start using it to run a lot of tests on it. And this sometimes causes environment issues and stability, right? And this is, and here comes this tool called Selenium. The interesting part here is that we can scale on demand. So we were able to create several Selenium nodes. So the test running time was reduced from eight hours to two hours. So this was a really nice achievement for us at that time. Just to do a briefly, let's say, conclusion here, QAOPS framework is a process, right? That the QA team should be practicing on a daily basis. Of course, not every QA team can do QAOPS, but we try to train our QA to achieve this. And saying this, I do believe that the implementation of the QAOPS framework is defined as an infinite process of learning and putting in use the best QA practices throughout the following phases. And I want to highlight here those phases. First is plan. All the initial things starts with the plan, right? At this point, we come up with a document known as a test plan. The test plan will include and describe the strategy and the objectives that we want to achieve. Second phase is test development. Our main activity and our biggest challenge as QA engineers is test development. In this phase, we perform most of the activities that were defined in the previous phase of planning. And here our testing activities are divided by, let's say, automation testing. And this means writing an execution of automated test scripts according to the test plan, like I said before, in order to meet the client's requirements. So, for this, as you know, we are using the software tools like, let's say, Selenium with all the programming languages like Java, JavaScript, Python, and so on. Robot framework, Cucumber, TestNG and so on. And for format testing, we can use Gmeter, low GI or any other tools for mobile testing. There are plenty of frameworks like APM and for API testing, SOPIOI or Postman can be the right tools. But of course, there are a lot more. The next phase is automate. In order to meet the criteria of higher efficiency, we need to find a way to automate all previously created QA related job. Also, this is the first phase that makes QAOPS framework different from the other traditional approaches in software testing. So, we are using tools like, about Jenkins, Azure DevOps, Maven, and so on. Next phase is trigger. Automating the job with the previously mentioned tools is not the only important thing. And I say that triggering the right tests at the right time is also super important. In this phase of QAOPS framework, from a business aspect, is important to mark and to select the right tests that will be part of the execution in the current CI CD pipeline. Next phase is execute. The objective of this phase is to perform a real time validation before the code goes to production. In this phase, the automated test scripts from different types of testing are executing. In order to increase the efficiency and let's say to reduce the cost, we have combined different ways of testing. For example, execution of automated tests combined with manual testing for verifying the final results in end-to-end testing. And here we have tools like Jenkins and Azure to make this possible from anywhere and from any device. Next phase is release. It's important to keep different versions from software. It's the same with keeping versions from automated tests. For this purpose, we are using tools like SVN or Git in order to have better management and control on the automated test scripts. Last but not least is report. These steps happens in all previous phases somehow. Because for example, when we open a bug ticket that we have found an issue during our testing, what we do, we actually report some anomaly in the system. We have to provide. However, from client's perspective, it's very, very important to have an overall picture of everything that happened previously. For this purpose, of course, we have tools like Jira to generate and to create reports and they are really, really useful. Here I have another example, let's say another success story that we had a while ago. And we, by adopting automation, we managed to reduce time. So our success story here is that after some time, we reduce the sprint from four weeks to two weeks. And again, this might not be a super nice success story that it's, you know, very important, but for us at that time, it was a nice achievement. So, I say that by implementing QAOPS framework as one of our main strategies. We continue to seek out challenges. This is really important in improving our knowledge and work in order to bring the best values for our clients on a daily basis. The main purpose of DevOps is to ensure the software is deployable at any point in time with new features in place. And the collaboration is mainly between the development and operations. In QAOPS, the main purpose is to ensure the quality of the application in terms of its performance or scalability, functionality, security, or even though usability among others. In QAOPS, the operations team mainly communicates and collaborates with the QA team to ensure the continuous delivery of products. And I highlighted here what are why it matters and what are the advantages of using the QAOPS framework. And I say that the most important thing is that using QAOPS framework, we are delivering a higher level of quality and reliability. Thank you. That was all. If you do have questions, I'm pleased to answer you. Okay. Hello, everyone. We are live for questions and answers. There were quite a lot of questions and discussions during your presentation, Marcella, and this is exactly why we chose it. We wanted to generate a discussion. So let me start. I will start randomly. Anna is interested if people are using the QAOPS term before or now, and so far the answer seems to be no. I think the buzzword is for sure. I think it's for sure. Thank you. | {
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" you",
" Hello, everybody. Thanks all so much for joining this session today. I am blessed to virtually be here. I know this is the last talk of the day, so hang in there.",
" I am Marcella, a QA with more than 11 years experience currently working at Cochrane's and Sobison. I'm an open source fan. I've contributed to a lot of open source projects so we can talk about community and contributions all day long, but that's not the point for today.",
" My expertise is around web applications, but I've been involved in a lot of projects, so I like to say that I can easily adapt.",
" For today's presentation, I will try to point out how QROL has changed in the last couple of years, let's say.",
" We see a live and evolution in the role of QA, which becomes more strategic within the team and close to business, let's say, and product issues, while still running the tests.",
" Programming skills for creating automated tests and shift left testing approaches also enter in this evolution package.",
" So quality expectations are increasing day by day. Until a few years ago, if you remember, the QA was the one who just planned and performed manual tests based on documentation and requirements, and that only happened on the testing phase.",
" I like to say that we were just like some monkeys that we were testing, we were clicking here and here, and that was it.",
" We are now releasing products either, let's say, every week or two, and in some cases we are doing this every two hours as part of a continuous delivery process.",
" And the next logic question is what triggered this evolution?",
" And I do have a few answers here.",
" Of course, this is in my opinion, so I think that manual tests that are focusing on validating requirements, finding bugs, and ensuring that nothing has been broken became more expensive.",
" And demotivating more expensive because like I said before that monkey word that we were doing that regression tests that we are currently performed repeatedly for each delivery, meaning, and ensuring that nothing breaks the existing systems.",
" This kind of test is usually time concerning, and we all know that time is funny, right?",
" And I say that it might be demotivating because doing the same things, that's all the time, always in the same phase, it can generate some sort of discomfort.",
" Another thing that I can think of is the next question, what does every business need?",
" I mean, well, it needs innovation, right, with more and more experimentation, which assures higher return of refacement and profitability.",
" And I say that by adopting new tools and testing platforms or methodologies, QA is able to evolve, right, and keep reinventing its strategy.",
" QA must also bring some sort of scalability to its process to test different and bring sustainability that is powered by innovation.",
" And how do we adapt is the question that I'm asking right now.",
" And I do believe that apart from the technical knowledge, which I think it's really important soft skills also play an important role for a QA career.",
" And I say that adaptability is one of those.",
" I don't think, and I'm pretty sure there is no definitive way in which QA teams can assure success.",
" And it's obvious that only with constant growth and evolution of processes, it can steadily bring conviction on its approach and extend the same for businesses as they go out and serve their end users.",
" QA is now on mindset mindset. I know this is a big word, maybe a buzzword these days.",
" But I do believe it is the key to digital transformation that we are all talking about these days.",
" And more, I dare say it's a culture that your team, and maybe your entire company should be involved in.",
" Being involved in the early stages of development or design of the product on the activities varying from, let's say involvement in estimates, technical discussions, or requirements reviews, and so on.",
" QA definitely plays a strategic role.",
" It is a connection between development and operation.",
" In my experience, product teams are often pushed to build and release faster. This is nothing new, I think I already mentioned before, but sometimes accelerated software comes at the expense of quality.",
" So, sacrificing quality is just a short sighted delivery strategy that almost always ends up causing more damage in the long run.",
" DevOps can speed up the development, but what about the QA strategy.",
" And I think that this brings a new flavor to DevOps, known as a QA OPS framework.",
" I dare say that the main focus of QA these days is not in finding bugs, but in preventing them from happening.",
" And if they still do in a controlled time and environment, and before it causes negative impact.",
" So, I think in the exercise and just think about eight or maybe more years back when there were not any mentions about DevOps, no one knew what DevOps meant, right.",
" And I highlighted here the definition of DevOps saying that is the delivery of application changes at the speed of the business.",
" And QA OPS takes the core ideas from continuous testing in DevOps, such as CI CD, and bringing together the teams to work on this pipeline.",
" So yes, QA OPS is something similar to DevOps.",
" Like I said before, because this framework uses the basic approach and mindset already defined in DevOps.",
" But I say it's more complex than that, and I will try to explain this in the following minutes.",
" Why I think so.",
" This role QA OPS role is already present right in the IT industry, and it will be more and more present and required by the companies in the years that the tool follows.",
" Let's clarify first what CI CD means.",
" I will just do a quick description here. CI stands for continuous integration and CD stands for continuous delivery continuous development.",
" Continuous integration is a development practice that requires developers to march their changes back to the main branch as often as possible.",
" Each check-in is then verified by an automated build, allowing teams to detect problems early.",
" Continuous delivery is an extension of continuous integration to make sure that we can release new changes to our customers quickly and in a sustainable way.",
" In theory, with continuous delivery, you can decide to release daily, weekly or whatever suits for your business requirements.",
" However, I said that if you truly want to get the benefits of continuous delivery, you should deploy to production as early as possible to make sure that you release small batches that are easy to trouble shoot in case of a problem.",
" We don't like bugs, right? And for sure we don't like bugs in production.",
" Continuous deployment goes one step further than continuous delivery.",
" With this practice, every change that passes all stages of your production pipeline is released to your customers.",
" There is no human intervention here and only a failed test will prevent a new change to be deployed to production.",
" So, after we do this CI CD introduction going forward, let's see how we can implement QAOPS framework.",
" And there are four main ways to approach the implementation of QAOPS.",
" First is automation by adding automated tests in between continuous integration and continuous delivery. This is one way to approach QAOPS.",
" And then there are three ways here before building an automation framework. QMS study the product in detail to better understand its goals, specifications and functionality, right?",
" And once this analysis has been performed, QA can decide which tests can be automated first, depending on the stage of the product they're working on.",
" The second way is parallel testing. This is used to test multiple parts or components of the application at the same time.",
" The testing process for each component should be independent of the others.",
" You can use different tools that provides parallel testing features or you can use a concept of that to achieve parallel testing where you will write your tests in your favorite programming language so that they run multiple processes at the same time.",
" And of course here parallel testing has hardware dependencies.",
" You will need a high performance system with fast CPUs to implement it, but there is always an alternative, which might be cloud, right?",
" Another way is scalability testing.",
" You will know and I believe that we agree that business growth is good for the company.",
" When you develop a product and people's style start liking it, you have to scale it.",
" Scaling the product includes adding more features and making maybe the existing features better.",
" Last but not least, the integration with DevOps and QA. And here we are talking about a strong collaboration between those teams.",
" You would probably wonder why this QAOps matters and where it can be used.",
" This is especially useful when specific types of testing are needed.",
" Let's say for localization QAOps is almost non-negotiable. QAOps can be extremely useful in regression testing.",
" If you have some previously developed software and you need to quickly release a software enhancement, a patch or a configuration change, QAOps can help in this manner.",
" There are a lot of companies that use QAOps framework.",
" And I want to refer to Facebook for example.",
" I know it's a giant company. I don't work for Facebook. This is something I read for.",
" But Facebook login features enable users to login into millions of apps and websites with their already created Facebook identity and privacy controls.",
" A few years ago, Facebook decided to migrate to Facebook Graph API version 2, ending for login review for all the apps.",
" To ensure that this migration went smoothly, Facebook wanted to test out the new version on the 5,000 larger apps.",
" Unfortunately in the house, they could not do that. I mean, it was basically impossible to do that.",
" But they chose to outsource.",
" And by outsourcing testing, they had all 5,000 apps tested in a month and were able to identify and address critical problems with more than 900 apps.",
" That's why I said that it wouldn't be possible to do that in-house.",
" So QAOps can scale up or down to fit any business size.",
" And next, I want to share with you, let's say one success story where I've been involved.",
" In the project a few years ago, it was a web-based application.",
" And of course, we created an automation framework.",
" We had around 500 tests, if I remember well, written in QCombo.",
" So we've used the BDD approach.",
" If you are wondering why BDD, well, it was because they need this approach for business analysts.",
" And yes, gherkin syntax was the right approach for them at that time.",
" Anyway, we all know that when it comes to BDD, parallel testing is a challenge.",
" So what we did, we used Selenium.",
" For those of you who are not familiar with this tool, Selenium is a Docker-based Selenium grid.",
" Maybe you are wondering and you are thinking that setting up your own Selenium grid might not be hard.",
" But the challenge comes when you start using it to run a lot of tests on it.",
" And this sometimes causes environment issues and stability, right?",
" And this is, and here comes this tool called Selenium.",
" The interesting part here is that we can scale on demand. So we were able to create several Selenium nodes.",
" So the test running time was reduced from eight hours to two hours.",
" So this was a really nice achievement for us at that time.",
" Just to do a briefly, let's say, conclusion here, QAOPS framework is a process, right?",
" That the QA team should be practicing on a daily basis.",
" Of course, not every QA team can do QAOPS, but we try to train our QA to achieve this.",
" And saying this, I do believe that the implementation of the QAOPS framework is defined as an infinite process of learning and putting in use the best QA practices throughout the following phases.",
" And I want to highlight here those phases.",
" First is plan.",
" All the initial things starts with the plan, right?",
" At this point, we come up with a document known as a test plan.",
" The test plan will include and describe the strategy and the objectives that we want to achieve.",
" Second phase is test development.",
" Our main activity and our biggest challenge as QA engineers is test development.",
" In this phase, we perform most of the activities that were defined in the previous phase of planning.",
" And here our testing activities are divided by, let's say, automation testing.",
" And this means writing an execution of automated test scripts according to the test plan, like I said before, in order to meet the client's requirements.",
" So, for this, as you know, we are using the software tools like, let's say, Selenium with all the programming languages like Java, JavaScript, Python, and so on.",
" Robot framework, Cucumber, TestNG and so on.",
" And for format testing, we can use Gmeter, low GI or any other tools for mobile testing. There are plenty of frameworks like APM and for API testing, SOPIOI or Postman can be the right tools.",
" But of course, there are a lot more.",
" The next phase is automate. In order to meet the criteria of higher efficiency, we need to find a way to automate all previously created QA related job.",
" Also, this is the first phase that makes QAOPS framework different from the other traditional approaches in software testing.",
" So, we are using tools like, about Jenkins, Azure DevOps, Maven, and so on.",
" Next phase is trigger.",
" Automating the job with the previously mentioned tools is not the only important thing. And I say that triggering the right tests at the right time is also super important.",
" In this phase of QAOPS framework, from a business aspect, is important to mark and to select the right tests that will be part of the execution in the current CI CD pipeline.",
" Next phase is execute. The objective of this phase is to perform a real time validation before the code goes to production.",
" In this phase, the automated test scripts from different types of testing are executing.",
" In order to increase the efficiency and let's say to reduce the cost, we have combined different ways of testing.",
" For example, execution of automated tests combined with manual testing for verifying the final results in end-to-end testing.",
" And here we have tools like Jenkins and Azure to make this possible from anywhere and from any device.",
" Next phase is release.",
" It's important to keep different versions from software.",
" It's the same with keeping versions from automated tests.",
" For this purpose, we are using tools like SVN or Git in order to have better management and control on the automated test scripts.",
" Last but not least is report.",
" These steps happens in all previous phases somehow.",
" Because for example, when we open a bug ticket that we have found an issue during our testing, what we do, we actually report some anomaly in the system.",
" We have to provide. However, from client's perspective, it's very, very important to have an overall picture of everything that happened previously.",
" For this purpose, of course, we have tools like Jira to generate and to create reports and they are really, really useful.",
" Here I have another example, let's say another success story that we had a while ago.",
" And we, by adopting automation, we managed to reduce time.",
" So our success story here is that after some time, we reduce the sprint from four weeks to two weeks.",
" And again, this might not be a super nice success story that it's, you know, very important, but for us at that time, it was a nice achievement.",
" So, I say that by implementing QAOPS framework as one of our main strategies.",
" We continue to seek out challenges. This is really important in improving our knowledge and work in order to bring the best values for our clients on a daily basis.",
" The main purpose of DevOps is to ensure the software is deployable at any point in time with new features in place.",
" And the collaboration is mainly between the development and operations.",
" In QAOPS, the main purpose is to ensure the quality of the application in terms of its performance or scalability, functionality, security, or even though usability among others.",
" In QAOPS, the operations team mainly communicates and collaborates with the QA team to ensure the continuous delivery of products.",
" And I highlighted here what are why it matters and what are the advantages of using the QAOPS framework.",
" And I say that the most important thing is that using QAOPS framework, we are delivering a higher level of quality and reliability.",
" Thank you. That was all.",
" If you do have questions, I'm pleased to answer you.",
" Okay. Hello, everyone. We are live for questions and answers.",
" There were quite a lot of questions and discussions during your presentation, Marcella, and this is exactly why we chose it.",
" We wanted to generate a discussion.",
" So let me start.",
" I will start randomly.",
" Anna is interested if people are using the QAOPS term before or now, and so far the answer seems to be no.",
" I think the buzzword is for sure.",
" I think it's for sure.",
" Thank you."
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10.5446/48854 (DOI) | Xamarin - Cross platform developer | https://av.tib.eu/media/48854 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de4e5e20c30f8e53589ee7482873f448898a12aa8cbea5d8fa384d117b6fe27163/Xamarin.Forms__Native_iOS__Android__and_Windows_Phone_apps_from_ONE_C_Codebase_-_Mike_James_HD.mp4 | CC Attribution - NonCommercial - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal and non-commercial purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor and the work or content is shared also in adapted form only under the conditions of this | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2016 | James, Mike | null | Building cross-platform native UIs with one shared codebase was once just a dream. With Xamarin.Forms, this dream is now a reality. Xamarin.Forms allows you to build a native UI for three platforms with one shared C# codebase. Simply put, if you know C# then you already know how to build iOS, Android, and Windows Phone apps.Leverage the .NET Framework to build out your shared business logic including integration with web services and Azure Mobile Services and then build out your shared UI in C# or XAML. Xamarin.Forms also features a built-in two-way data binding, dependency service to help you implement platform-specific code, an advanced cross-platform animation system, support for custom controls, and lots of other powerful features to help you build the best apps possible in the least amount of time. | you you. You couldn't get any already compiled binaries, you would have to build it yourself. I'm not sure if anyone's built Q from scratch. It's a pretty lengthy process, right? It's not a quick thing. You start at night, you come in the morning and if you're lucky, it may be built. They were releasing Nightly Builds, it was horrible. There was no way I could use Q to build a mobile solution. We were across platform shop, I couldn't go ahead and write a mobile app for the guys using Objective C. It's not cross platform, we can't use this. I did something horrific. I used jQuery mobile. I used a built-in web server. It's got the rest of the API. I would ask what lights are on, what lights are off, can I start firing some effects, I can make it do a rainbow. I made a nice little UI using jQuery mobile. Then we tried to scale that out to other installations. The Westfield shopping centre in Stratford, all of their exterior lighting, it's all static now because they didn't actually get planning permission, which is genius. All their exterior lighting is intelligent. They wanted to walk around with an iPad and control the lights. They could select a tree and say I want this tree to be red. It would magically be red. I was using jQuery mobile again. I sat in sublime text writing HTML and JavaScript and sometimes a bit CSS. We would ship the app to them. They would actually just put it on a memory stick and shove it in the side of the LPC. We would then connect from our phones onto the device. That app got so complicated because they wanted real-time colour selection. I had to build a colour picker in JavaScript. It was nasty. When you would move around, we would sometimes doff the box with so many messages that we want to send so many updates that it would just die. Or we would send too many people with connect at once and it would just die because it's only a tiny alarm processor. The app was horrible. It most likely killed the device at least once a day. There's got to be a better way. I was sick and tired of writing JavaScript and HTML. I wanted to get back into a real IDE. I had two options. Option one was to go into work on a Monday and hand in my resignation and say, Simon, I'm out. I cannot do this anymore. I want to use real programming tools and I want to use a real programming language. Or I can find an alternative to this horrible solution. On the Friday, I went home and I sat there contemplating, write my letter of resignation or find the alternative and I opted to just do some Googling. I thought, what's the ideal situation here? I want to be able to run.NET on an iPhone. That's all I typed into Google..NET on iPhone. Xamarin was a top link. This was three or four years ago. I'm not sure if anyone used Xamarin back then but the website was really horrible. We looked very amateur. The company was about 30 people. It was really, really small. They were only about a year old at that time. It was very amateur. I was like, I'm going to give it a go. I pulled out my credit card and I bought a pizza because no good programming project starts without pizza. When the pizza arrived, I pulled out the credit card again and bought a license to Xamarin. Over the 48 hours of my weekend, I just sat in my room and I hacked and I hacked and I hacked. By the end of it, Monday morning, I had 100% native iOS app built in C sharp. But a portable class library that I could reuse across Android and Windows phone and all of the other platforms that we might want to target in the future. I rock up to work with really cocky on the Monday morning and I say, hey, Simon, I built us an app and it's a proper app this time. Let's have a look. I pull out my phone and I hand it to him. There you go. I'm feeling pretty smug about it. He looks at it and says, yeah, we can't use this. What's the problem? He says, well, you built it with Objective C. I was like, I haven't. I know it's native but I can still share a lot of this code. I showed him and he was blown away by what I had done with Xamarin. About a week or two later, I applied for a job at Xamarin and I left Pharros. He wasn't most pleased about that. That's my story of how I came into Xamarin development. I had gone down a hybrid approach and I found a limiting factor pretty quickly. I knew I needed to go mobile and I don't want to write my code three different times. I don't want to write it for Windows and then for Android and then for iOS because that's mad. Today we're going to talk about how you guys can avoid that technique of reinventing the wheel and how you can use Xamarin to write once and run anywhere. That's the Xamarin platform. We also have a couple of other products. Was anyone in the earlier speech by Carl? He works for our test cloud team. For those of you who don't know, test cloud is a product where you built your app, you tested it with your unit test and you're like, we think it's rock solid. We've tested it on about four or five Android devices. We've got coverage. We'll ship it. We're excited to get this out. You ship it off and then you get app store reviews saying it don't work. They never give you a stack trace. They never give you details of how to reproduce it. They never tell you exactly what's wrong. So you end up basically asking your users to test the app for you. With Android, this is really important because there are 17,000 different varieties of Android which is quite a lot for you to test on. Who here is actually testing more than 100 devices? More than 50? More than 25? We're going to do this. Come on. Someone's going to have to raise their hand at some point. More than 10 devices? 10? About 10? Okay. More than 25? This is still really bad. More than two. Come on. Okay. Do you guys write software? This is a problem. Most people aren't testing their apps properly. They write the app, they side load it onto their device and then they go, well, it works here. If I could get a pound for every time I went onto bugzilla and I found the developer wrote, it works on my machine. I wouldn't have to work. The reality is when we're testing on our devices, they're not normally set up in exactly the same way as our customers are using. Our customers will install some really horrible things, especially on Android. So it's really important to test. So with test cloud, the idea is you build your app, it's lovely. You think you've got it rock solid and we'll prove it by running it on over 2,000 physical devices in our warehouse in Denmark. So you literally upload your app to a device and we've got a test runner which will start tapping buttons and swiping and we take photos at every step and we let you see every single step of the application. So when you tap on a button, you want to go to the welcome screen. Boom, there's a welcome screen. We'll take a picture. The welcome screen doesn't load, we're going to tell you instantly. We're going to send you a message and say, hey, the welcome screen didn't load on this device. You might want to look into that. So that's a pretty cool product. The test cloud guys, we've got two of them here today. So if you want to learn more about test cloud and how you can integrate that into your release system, then do come and find us on the stand. We also have Xamarin insights which is our analytics and crash reporting tool. This became into general availability just in November, but we've had it in preview for what feels like forever. But it's now, you know, we're pretty happy with it. We're at the point where we're happy to charge for it. But we have a free tier which allows you to catch any uncalled exceptions and we'll report them to the cloud. Now, we do re-throw them. So we're not just going to consume exceptions for you. We'll catch them, report them and re-throw them. But that allows you to very quickly find out where your app is crashing. So rather than, you know, just getting the app store review that say it don't work, you can go on to insights and you can find the exact user and see the crash that they had and have the stack trace. So then you can go into your project, find the line of code where you have the issue and make the fix. And if you're using test cloud, then you can update your test, upload the new app with a fix in it, going through the processes that the original reporter of the issue went through and then you can say, yeah, this works lovely. And then it's all underpinned by Xamarin University which is our online course. But I won't talk about that if you want to learn about that and you talk to me afterwards. So what is native? There are three parts of what I would describe as making a native app. There's native UI. So what I don't want is, you know, the Qt version with Qt 5, they can build native apps and I'll tell you it's a native app. But actually in terms of what you're looking at on the screen, they're drawing every single pixel. So it's not really a native UI. It's Qt's interpretation of what a UI should look like on an iPhone, on an Android and on Windows phone. You're not going to get a UI button or a UI table view controller. You just get their version of. If you go with hybrid, you're just wrapping a website. So again, it's not a native UI. Somebody has very talented CSS coder and created some CSS that makes a button look similar but it's not a native button. There are some differences when you do long taps and long presses and you're swiping from views of you. On hybrid, it often doesn't look quite as slick as a native UI. Underneath that is API access. If I can't access 100% of the API is available to me on a particular platform that I'm trying to target, I don't qualify that as a native solution. I want to be able to have access to every single API that the objectives see Swift or Java developers have access to. When Apple comes out with a new API such as 3D touch, I want to be able to implement that in my app. The hybrid guys and the guys using Qt and the other competing frameworks that aren't native aren't able to do that. And then native performance. I'll talk about performance a little later. Mobile users aren't sat at desktops where they can wait 30 seconds to a minute for something to load and you can lock the UI thread and they'll just accept it. Mobile users expect really high-quality software that's really performant. It's often that they're in a queue in Starbucks and they just pull out their phone and they're going to tweet and they're going to check Reddit. If they pull up your app and it takes too long to load in the data or even just load to the first screen, they're going to quit and move on to the next app or order their latte with vanilla, whatever the hell they want. There are a few approaches to developing mobile apps. I've already mentioned the hybrid approach. We have the siloed approach as well which is what I mentioned earlier where you reinvent the wheel for each platform. You write it once in Objective C or Swift if you're really modern. Has anyone used Swift? It's quite nice. I quite like it. It's like F sharp version 1, but it's still quite nice. If you really like Swift, check out F sharp. You've written it for iOS. It's huge success. You're earning loads of money. You're like, let's get our app to be the number one pirated app for Android. We'll write it for Android. Boom. We'll use Java. I want to hit Windows phone. I want to UWP. You reinvent it again for using C sharp in Visual Studio. Now you've got three different code bases, three different IDEs, often three different teams depending on how big your company is, all developing effectively the same app. Not showing any code. This is a pretty mad approach to developing mobile applications, but it's really easy to fall into this approach. Is anyone using this approach today? No one? Is anyone here developing mobile apps today? Okay. Websites? Perfect. Silverlight? I guess that in a website kind of. WPF? Awesome. So we're all.NET developers. Great stuff. Okay. So if no one's using this approach, that's great. Just don't use this approach. So the Xamarin approach is unique because we're saying we're still going to have a native user interface. We're going to have that native element, the native performance, all access to the API. And we're going to do that by having one-to-one bindings and we're going to create our user interface using those bindings and using the UI buttons, the UI table view controllers for iOS. We'll use a table and a button for Android and the same for Windows. It's a native type. And we're going to share all the boring bits of our application. So this is all the models, all the business logic, all the respal calls, all the data persistence, all the bits that the users really, really don't care about. Because they only care about that top 20%. The APIs that are unique to them, the peak and pop on iOS, the searching, all of the lovely features that Apple give us and Google give us within the OS. That's what they care about. They don't care about this bit. So you can write your code once in C sharp and we'll share it across all of the platforms. And because it's C sharp, we can run it really everywhere. So not only can we run it on iOS, Android and Windows phone, but we can go ahead and run it on Linux using Mono or we can run it in Azure as well. And do we have any F sharp developers in the room? Okay. Well, maybe you in the future. This time next year. We also support F sharp. F sharp is a first class language for us. Our design team are actually all developers as well. And they love F sharp. So we've got top notch support for it within Xamarin. Everything you see me talking about today is applicable with F sharp as well. I'm just not intelligent enough to use it. I can read it and it's lovely. When I debug F sharp, I'm like, wow, this is magic. But then when I try and write it, I'm like, can't do it. Too hard. So just like when Microsoft give us some new APIs and we've got that base class library, so all of the namespaces and in turn classes we've been using for years, system.link, system.x now, the stuff that we used to, our bread and butter, they give us some new APIs and we're like, meh, we've got this. We understand it. There's nothing too new here or too scary. We're just going to build on top of our existing knowledge. Well, we've done the same with iOS and Android. So with iOS, as I mentioned before, we've got that one-to-one mapping. So every single API, the Swift and Objective C developers have access to, I have access to as well in C sharp using Visual Studio. So I can use resharper on this code as well, which is amazing. So we have access to things like UI kit, map kit, iBeacons, every single API, it's 100% coverage. And then we did exactly the same for Android. So again, all the base class libraries, all the stuff you know and love. And then on top of that, a one-to-one binding to every single API that Java developers have access to. So Xamarin.embrace and extended.net. Has anyone peered in votes to a native library before? One couple? Okay. So that's basically what we're doing. I mean, if you strip away our nice designer and all the build tools that we use and all of the extra fluff that make using Xamarin a pleasant experience, you pull that all away and actually look at what we're giving you, it's a wrapper. It's just a wrapper to allow you to peer invoke into these native libraries, which is how you get that native app. It's how you know, instantiate the native controls because it's just a thin wrapper. So if you've done peering, you understand the core of how we work. So there isn't any magic here. It feels like magic when you run C sharp on an iPhone. You're like, yeah, this can't be right. But it's not magic. And I wanted to talk about performance. Performance is really, really important with mobile. And there's two sides of the performance story with Xamarin. On iOS, we have to do ahead-of-time compilation. This is a rule from Apple. They've said that they will not allow any apps on the app store that are jitting. So we can't jit. So we have to do the ahead-of-time compilation. So what that results in is that you'll build time when you want to release to the actual physical device. It's a little bit slower. But we can do a lot of optimizations with the ahead-of-time compilation. So we use things like a linker to strip out all the files you're not using to bring down the overhead of using mono and our runtime down to an absolute minimum. We feed the... We take the IL, so the C sharp goes down to IL, just like your WPF apps or your WinForms app. We take that IL, we convert it to a bytecode that we can feed through the LNVM compiler, then at the end of it we get the native ARM assembly. So we don't lose any performance using Xamarin for iOS. On Android, we can jit. So we tend to jit on Android. We do have an ahead-of-time option for Android if you want to go down that route. You're not going to see a huge performance increase if you do that. But Android tends to be faster using Xamarin than if you had used the Delbit and used Java. So we've got some benchmarks. And these were produced by an ex-Googler. You can go and check out the link if you'd like. He was an early Google employee. He now owns a racing car team. So he did very well out of his stock options. And he likes to write apps now for his team. And when he was looking to write the mobile app, he went and he compared all of the options. And he's looked at a lot of competitors for us. And he's benchmarked them. And then he put it online and naturally he put it on GitHub and said to all the other developers that were saying, well, you know, I can improve this switch code. I can improve this objective C code. He's like, please do. Send in a pull request, I'll rerun the test and we'll update. We want the best information. So he's done that. And this is always, you know, improving. But you can see here that, you know, we're a little bit slower than Swift. But we're looking at less than a second anyway. So it's pretty performant anyway. But we tend to be faster than objective C. And the reason for that is objective C is a pretty difficult language to write in anyway. And because of all the messages, it's pretty hard to optimize that. So Xamarin, you're not going to have a performance loss for using Xamarin iOS and C sharp compared to objective C. So there's nothing to worry about there. On Android, as I say, the story is a bit different on Android. We tend to be faster than Java. Again, you can see we're so close to Java in terms of performance that we're only fractionally faster. So your users are never going to be like, wow, they must have rewritten this in Xamarin. It's so much more performant. No one will ever say that. But you're not going to have your users waiting around forever for something pretty trivial to happen as if you were using titanium, for example. So anything you can do in objective C, Swift or Java can be done in C sharp using Visual Studio. And that's really key. We're built into Visual Studio 2015. So you don't have to go to our website and download extra bits and bobs to get us installed. As long as you've installed everything with Visual Studio, you selected that cross-platform development option. We're in there by default. And C sharp runs on 2.6 billion devices. When I worked for Faros and we were building the cross-platform software, C++ was really the only option for us to do cross-platform in a reasonable language. And now I kind of feel that, you know, if I had to build a cross-platform app, I would never use C++ because I'm not building real time apps. I don't need that level of performance. C sharp gets me such good performance that I can use C sharp and not have to deal with the nastiness of using C++. Now, I love C++ and don't get me wrong, but I'm much, much nicer to program in C sharp. And I want to show you some of the devices that C sharp runs on. I'm not going to try and list them all because there's quite a lot. This is the ugliest slide I've ever produced just in case you're wondering. It's designed to be a little ugly. I think that's it. So we've got Android devices, we've got Xbox 360, we've got the PS4, we've got Apple Watch, we've got Android TV, we've got Macs, we've got glasses. Anyone buy Google Glass? Nope. Pretty standard. They're horrible. You've got a Net3no. So you can run it on microprocessors as well. So you can really run C sharp almost everywhere. Can anyone tell me the one thing that's missing here that seems a bit strange given that we've got a PS4 and an Xbox 360? Xbox One. Microsoft was the last company to get C sharp running on a console. We even have it running on a Wii as well. So it's madness. But anyway. But you can also run C sharp in the cloud. So the same C sharp, that base class library, all the code that you've already written and that you're sharing across all of your different internal projects. You can run in the cloud. So I can take the same C sharp and run it on a Net3no or on my watch and run it in app service, which I think is amazing. So before we jump into the code, I want to briefly just talk about the apps that I'm writing and how this talk kind of came to be. So I moved to Belgium, to Brussels in 2013, 2012, to go and drink beer. I told everyone that I was trying to impress that it was to learn Flemish and be cultural, but actually I just wanted to go and drink beer. So I jumped on the Euro star and I moved over there for seven months. And has anyone been to Brussels? Have you been to Delirium Cafe? Yeah. Well, Delirium is a family-owned recipe that's brewed by Big Brewery now. I'm a real beer nerd. But the family earned so much money from the big brewery to distribute it. They've got a couple of pubs in Brussels. And one of their most famous pubs is Delirium Cafe. And this is a bar that's in a basement with over 3,000 different types of beer. And can you imagine walking into a bar when you say, can I get the menu and they give you a book? And I'm not exaggerating. It's actually a book of beer. And it just names the beer, tells you the percentage, and then it tells you the price. Now me as a tourist for the first few weeks, I didn't know what beers I should be drinking. And the bar's always full because it's a tourist hotspot. Everyone's like, it's got 3,000 beers. We've got to go. So you can't get to Ars Abarman. Hey, what do you recommend? I really like Stella Artois because he's just too busy. And even if you said that, he wouldn't serve you anyway. So when I was in the UK preparing my liver for this trip, I was using an app called Untapped. Does anyone use this, Untapped? It's a hybrid app. It's built using Cordova. And the back end is hosted in AWS. And I think they use some like Redis Cache. And their infrastructure is very, very different to the way that I'm developing my app. But the biggest problem with their app is there's no offline capability. So there I am in Brussels, really excited to get into this bar and try some beers. And I go into the bar and they give me the menu and I'm going to use Untapped to find me some beer. Because it's got some recommendations. And I load up Untapped and it's like, eh, can't do anything. You've got no signal. I'll connect to the Wi-Fi. A pub without Wi-Fi, that doesn't exist, right? So I asked the barman, what's the Wi-Fi code? He said, you don't have Wi-Fi. So here I am in a cellar with 3,000 beers to pick from and I've got no idea where to start. So I was like, there's got to be a better way. I'm going to fix this. I'm going to write a beer app myself that has offline capabilities. So that's what I've been doing for a while in my spare time. It's based on Azure. So it's got an app service back end. I've just migrated from mobile service. It's got offline sync. We're using Azure Search so that we can do fuzzy matching and do spelling corrections and do hit highlighting. We can boost turn. So if you're in an area where a particular beer is trending, we can boost that in the search results for you. Yeah, we're going to be using machine learning as well to be able to make the predictions for you for what beers you're actually going to love. And when you do things like check in a beer, I even take your current location and then go and look up the weather conditions so that I can work out on a hot day. I really like Stella, but on a cold day, I love a Castile Donker. So that when you're asking, hey, what beers do you think I should drink, the machine learning can actually take into account the current weather that you're currently in in order to make that prediction. So it's pretty fun. It's all open source and it's on GitHub. And I'll quickly show you the project and then I'll show you the really, really, really simple version of it to show why Forms is awesome. So I'll just share my screen with you. No, no. Well, the beauty of it is that, you know, I don't have to wear money from this. Xamarin pays for all the expenses. So, I mean, Azure Search is 150 quid a month. It's the cheapest option. So if I roll that out throughout the world and I start to duplicate so that we've got performance around the world, you know, it's 150 quid per location. So I've only got it in Dublin at the moment, but I want it in Amsterdam. I want it on the east coast and the west coast. And I'm probably going to need one in Australia as well. I can probably miss out in the Middle East. I don't think I'm going to have a huge amount of app installs there. But, yeah, so it's 150 times the location that I want to go to and then you've got app service on top. But Xamarin just pays for it all. And my boss is quite happy because it's all on GitHub, so he doesn't mind what I'm up to. So I think it's great. But here is the main project. It's just for iOS at the moment. I've started on UWP because that's awesome. And I've got a friend working on the Android version. But it's a pretty big app. And as I say, it's all open source, but we'll get it running so you can have a look. I did break it whilst I was on the stand earlier. Sometimes, you would be amazed with what we can expense. Although I think, yeah, we're probably going to get audited soon, so I think that's starting to get strict on that. But you can see this hit highlighting. I'm using suggestions with Azure search. So as I type in a character, it's going to tell me. So I can be really, really bad at spelling. So golden drunk is a really nice caramel, 8%, maybe 9% Belgian beer. Delicious. And as a British man, when I'm drunk, I'm going to call it golden drunk because I'm drunk and I'm trying to over pronounce. And you would think if you're typing that in that you would type in golden drunk, maybe? You can see I made the spelling mistake and if I was using a link query to look this up in app service, go and find that equals, you know, named or equals this, I would never find these beers. But it's made the correction for me. This is a possible match. Yep, that is. So I can tap it and it does the real search and I get the proper results back. And I can tap on it and we can see that bug I was talking about. I broke it. That's scaling incorrectly, but I'll fix that afterwards. So it's 11%. So it's even stronger than I thought. But it's a delicious beer. It's lovely. And then I can check that in and it gets added to app service and we keep that in the future when we're using machine learning. So it's pretty cool little app, but this is traditional. So most of the code that you see here for the UI and bits, I'm not able to share any of this. Now, naturally, I've got ViewModels and Bits and Bobs that I can share and I've got an API client that I'm able to reuse across all platforms. But there's a lot of stuff like the list views that I should be able to share. This isn't terribly difficult for iOS or Android, but all the code I write is unique to those platforms. And to really show you that, I'll... In fact, let's do it in Visual Studio. Here's Visual Studio running out iOS designer. And this is an even simpler version of the proper beer drinking app. I call this basic beer, but this may actually... The forms version may be turned into a beer drinking light in order to get UWP support very quickly. But I've got a couple of views. I've got my navigation controller so that I can push and pop view controllers. I've got a list view. I've created a table. We've got an image. We've got a beer name. And then I go to a description. It's super simple. It doesn't get much simpler than that. But the code I'm writing, if we take a look at... I've got this UI table view controller because it's that one-to-one mapping to the iOS APIs. I have to inherit from that. And then I've implemented some of the events and I've got some pop-ups to show I'm loading. But I've got this data source. And the data source, again, is an iOS plus. So we'll go to declaration. Where did I actually define that? Here we go. So you can see I'm having to override. And all of this code is only for iOS. I can't use any of this code on Android or Windows Phone. And all it's doing is showing me a list of beer. I mean, let's run it on an iPhone simulator. And it will pop up down on the simulator icon. Tap down here. Hopefully. It is building. iOS builds tend to take slightly longer than Android on the whole. Just because we do that ahead of time. On the simulator, we don't actually do ahead of time. We can do it on the device. So it's really important. And this is a general thing. When you're developing in the simulator, you need to make sure before you ship to the device that you run on a physical device. Because the simulator has access to every single resource on my computer, which happens to be four cores and 16 gigs of RAM. Now, the iPad Pro is pretty good, but it still doesn't have four cores or 16 gigs of RAM. So you can write some really horrible code that will be really performant on the simulator. But it's going to run horribly on the actual device. So there we go. I can search for a beer, do val, boom, we've got the beer result come back, and I hit go forward and we're good. But I'm not sharing any of this code. And if I type in golden drunk, even worse, because I'm not using my Azure search, it's actually not going to return the beer I want. It's returned beers, but none of the beers I want. Because it doesn't have that fuzzy matching. It's horrible. If you look here, we've got 122 lines excluding white space of, or including white space, of code just to be able to populate that table view. 122 lines of code. Now, I want to show you Xamarin Forms. Because Xamarin Forms makes this a trillion times better. So with Xamarin Forms, we've looked at our developers and we've seen that they're reinventing these views for all the different platforms. They want to have a list view or maybe a map view, such as here. So Apple Maps for iPhone, Google Maps for Android, and then Bing Maps for Windows Phone. They all do the same thing. You get a location, you drop some pins. But the API is really, really different across all of these platforms. And we thought it was mad that you couldn't have a common API across all of them. So just like with the traditional approach, we've got the shared T-Shark backend, which is about 75% of your app, and then you've got that 25% that's unique to the platform. We can actually bring up the amount of code that we share, because now we're able to share our UI layer as well, or parts of our UI level. So in a best case scenario with Xamarin Forms, we're looking at a 99.9% cross-platform app. So your code is 99.9% cross-platform, and that 0.1% is just code that's unique to each platform project to get it started. So we need to initialize Xamarin Forms on iOS. We need to initialize it on Android and UWP. But all of the code that you write is in a possible class library or a shared project, and we can just run that everywhere. So iOS has 33,000 APIs, and Android has 40,000 APIs. Plus, these are increasing with every new version of iOS and Android. So that's a lot of APIs for you to learn and to take advantage of. So Xamarin Forms tries to abstract some of these away from you so that the common things across all of the platforms, you just have one API to learn. But it is worth learning some of these APIs that are unique to the platform in order to start customizing. I'm actually going to show you a custom renderer as we finish, which is, I think people call it an advanced subject for Xamarin Forms, but it really is an advanced, and you'll see just how easy it is a little later. So Xamarin Forms allows you to quickly and easily build 100% native apps, just writing it once. And you can mix and match Xamarin with these native APIs. So as I say, with the custom renderers, we can drop down from this high-level abstraction into the native implementation, and so we can get access to every single API that we want. My colleague, M Hutch, has actually written a library, which we're still not sure if we're going to be allowed to release properly, but it's a library that allows you to say, hey, Xamarin Forms, give me this button on iOS as a native type, and it will just give you straight back a UI button. And at that point, you have access to every single control that a UI button has. So you don't even have to go into custom renderers. So it's even more customizable within the possible class library. And that's truly magic. The key point with the mix and match is that you're not limited by Xamarin Forms. Although it's a abstraction API when you need to start customizing and jumping down into the lower level, we've got you covered. So what's included? You get 40 pages layout controls. You can build this from code. So in C sharp or S sharp or XAML, you guys must be XAML developers because you use WPF, right? So who here is a XAML developer? You use WPF without XAML? Wow. Interesting. Well, if you're a XAML developer, you'll love Xamarin Forms because we absolutely support it, which naturally means two-way data binding. And is anyone here used NVVM? It's pretty awesome. If you've not used NVVM, it really feels like cheating. It takes a lot of the boilerplate code that you would be writing to send events from the UI back to storing it in data and vice versa. You update your view model and you want your UI to update. We give you consistent navigation and animation API across all three platforms. And we give you a dependency service which allows you to drop down into that lower level when you need to. And on top of that, we give you a messaging center. And the messaging center allows objects that have no idea about each other to communicate with each other so that you have really decoupled code. So it makes unit testing really easy. So we have a couple of pages that we give you by default. You get a content page, master detail navigation tabs in Carousel. You'll do most of your work in a content page, to be perfectly honest with you. You'll sometimes throw a content page within a tabs page so that you can have tabs. And tabs are an interesting example within Xamarin Forms because on iOS they live at the bottom, on Android they live at the top and on Windows Phone they become a Carousel. Now, you don't have to specify the layout for that within Xamarin Forms because we're just creating the native type. The OS will lay that out for us. But if we want to get into layouts within our content pages, we've got a couple of options. So we've got stack, absolute, relative grid, content view, scroll view, frame. I do 90% of my work in a stack view. Because a stack view is a managed layout. Things like the absolute isn't a managed layout. So with absolute you can have to do way more calculations of how you move things around and how you scale depending on the device size. With a stack, we do a lot of that for you. So with stack you can just throw view items into the stack layout and present that on the screen and it's going to look great no matter what size device you're running on. We give you a couple of controls out the box. These are the controls that we've mapped that we found were common across all the platforms. But there are so, so many third party controls now. It's unreal. If you go on to new get, you'll find that the community is just endlessly adding to this list. So the community fills in this blank space. You can fill in this blank space using those lower level APIs when you want to get access to them. And you can even go so far as buying controls from people like infragistics or Syncfusion. So you're not limited just to what we give you. In terms of the XAML, although we don't have a huge amount of XAML developers in here, to the 2009 XAML specification, we're pretty similar. So if you've already done XAML development before, you'll feel right at home within Xamarin.Forms. There are a few new keywords that you'll need to learn, but apart from that, you'll understand the basic idea of how you can get started within Xamarin. So let's actually have a look at some forms code. I'll open up the project within Xamarin Studio. Yeah. Well, the specification is pretty loose. You would think as a spec it would be nailed down, but it's quite airy-fair in areas, which is how we've been able to extend it to work across all three platforms. So, yeah, it's... The key thing is if you already know the approach to NVVM and XAML and how you do the data binding and create your view models, you're going to find Xamarin.Forms really easy. In this example, and this is all on GitHub, everything you see code-wise today is on GitHub and you can download it right now, I've actually got within this project two different types of view. So I've got the XAML view and then I've got a code behind view to show... Because often I'll talk to a room and there won't be any XAML developers and I just want to see C sharp. C, C sharp. So I want to show you from the very top. So if I created this in Visual Studio, I would actually have four projects within the solution, so I'd have a Windows phone option as well. Now, we've got UWP support in preview and we've had a lot of success with customers rolling out UWP apps that they've built with forms. And all they had to do was add a new project, which is a UWP project, download a new get package, which is Xamarin.Forms, add that couple of lines of initialization and it was all done. They've built their app already. So the main part of your application is going to live in this portable class library. And this is all your views, your view models, maybe your business logic, some of your models, although you might have those in a separate portable class library that you bring into this as well. But the Droid project and iOS project and Windows phone project really don't need to have a huge amount in them. If we take a look at the iOS project, we have this app delegate. Now, an app delegate deals with the application lifecycle on iOS. Now, we've got this, we override this finished launching method, which is exactly the same as the standard iOS app. So lifecycle would happen within the app delegate. But you can see that we init Xamarin.Forms. Now, we write this code for you. And this is that bit with 0.1% that isn't cross-platform. It's unique to that device or platform in particular. But we write it for you, but it is there. So there's a general rule when you're doing Xamarin.Forms, you can just close their projects and not really need to look at them again. Whilst we're here, we'll fire up that. If we come into the portable class library, we have our entry point, which inherits from application. So just like with iOS, we've got our app delegate, which inherits from UI application delegate. We inherit from application here. And I've got a property of app or property of the class, which is main page, which I can set to be a content page. But in this case, I'm setting it to be a navigation page, which is like the navigation controller, so it allows me to push and pop without the app crashing. And there I'm adding my search page. Now, the search page is the page that I built using XAML. So let's take a look at that. Boom. And the search page is the page where we do the search and we show the list of results. Can anyone remember how many lines of code that was to do in the traditional version? 120? Yeah, it was 122, to be exact. Very good. So we've taken 122 lines of code that are unique to iOS. And now we're doing it in XAML in forms, and we've got the UI down to 19 lines of code. Now, I do have a view model, which is where most of this magic is happening, because you can see, you know, when I change text, I'm going to update the search term within the view model. I've got search beers command. So when I press the search button, I fire a command off in the view model, and that's some of the heavy lifting to go back and populate this list view. So let's have a look at the view model. There's nothing particularly exciting about the view model. It is just generic C sharp. Obviously, I've imported some Xamarin forms namespace in order to get access to R command type. But it really is just if you've done NVVM, it's just generic NVVM approach. There's nothing really magical about this. So if I run this, let's see, we'll run it on Android first. Perfect. I selected the wrong device. So this is our Android emulator. It's actually not emulating anything. It's x86, so it's hardware accelerated. It's super fast. It starts in about 17 seconds. So does anyone use the default Google emulator? Congrats for getting here today, because it's probably still starting. It's horrifically slow. It takes about a minute and a half, two minutes to go from nothing to being useful. Perfect. What more could you want? Let's have a look. I'll try Kit Kat. I was going to show you this all in Visual Studio, as I mentioned to you earlier, but I bravely decided to update my Android SDK when I was on the stand. When you update your SDK 20 minutes before you go on stage, you're guaranteed to break something, and it broke everything. So that's why we're sporting Xamarin Studio here. We'll try that again. It's going to install the app. When Android the first install takes a little while because we installed a shared runtime. The shared runtime is used by all of the other Xamarin apps that are in debug. If you build a release app, it's going to bundle the runtime with your application. We link it so it's really small, but we'll bundle it so that the runtime doesn't change from underneath you, because we don't want the next app to be installed to use version 2 of the runtime and you were using version 3 and now your app doesn't work. We'll always bundle it. After we link it with beer drinking, and I've already told you just how much that's doing, it's about two megs. It's about the same as a high-quality image. Our link is incredible, to the point where it can almost overlink, and when I say almost overlink, it does overlink in certain situations, especially if you're using generics, it will start ripping stuff out and then your app will crash because it can't find the type. You have to sometimes tame our linker in order to not get rid of everything. A linker tamer, yeah. It's more difficult than a lion tamer. We can see the Android app here. It's pretty hard to see because of the Android theme, but I'm going to search for dovel again. Dovel being a Belgian beer that's pretty strong, and then we've got the results. I'm loading the images, I think, so I'm not locking up the UI thread, and I can come in here and I can tap on the beer, and again, I get the results and I get an image at the top. Now, the image has a circle around it. The default image I get back from BreweryDB, which is a database, just comes back as square. I'll show you how I created that circle in a moment. You can see it's a pretty ugly app, but I've not spent any time on theming this. I could go into the Android project and update the theme, I could change the colors, I could really design this to look lovely, but I wanted to show you just out of the box, file new project style, what we get with very minimal amounts of coding. Let's see how this looks on iOS. We'll set a startup, and we'll run that again. The same code is going to run on iOS as the Android version, so it's still not going to look beautiful, so I've done no custom styling. There we go. Then I'll search for dovel again, it gets the text faster than the images. We also cache images as well with Xamarin forms for you, so that you're not constantly going and downloading that, which is pretty nice. There we go. We've got the results, and it's exactly the same code. I could then go ahead and run this on UWP, so I could have the same app without any modification running on an Xbox. I get this running on a HoloLens, if Microsoft would give me one. I've not made any modifications to the project, I just have to hit rebuild, and I'm good to go. That's the real power of Xamarin forms, that as new platforms come out that are exciting, we can make sure that we're on them. If we all go out tomorrow and buy a BlackBerry, you can be guaranteed that Xamarin is going to make sure that we support the BlackBerry. I don't think BlackBerry is ever going to take off again, so I don't think that will happen, but if it did, we would be there. When I click here, interesting, there we go. When I click here, we've got the square image, because I've not implemented a custom renderer for iOS. On Android, I said I want to be, within my view, when I'm displaying this, I want it to be a circle image, and in order to make that a circle image, I had to drop down into the native API in Android to implement that. I'll show you the implementation, custom renderers. Has anyone developed for Android before? Android is a beautiful disaster of an operating system. It shouldn't work, because it just shouldn't, but it does. Somehow Google make it work. As a user, it's a really, really nice OS, but as a developer, it's pretty horrible. You can kind of see this between the difference between how to crop a photo in Android, which is this code, which is pretty damn nasty, versus if we look at the iOS equivalent, you know, much, much simpler. So the key thing here is this custom renderer. I'm exporting a renderer. It's a type of image circle. Image circle is a type within Xamarin, within Xamarin forms. I've got this method, which is create circle. If I uncomment this line of code, we'll actually then be calling into this method to do that cropping. We'll rerun that. While we're running it, we'll pop in here. We'll see that I create a new image circle. If I don't provide a concrete type for image circle on iOS or UWP, because I'm inheriting from just a standard image, Xamarin forms is intelligent enough to say, well, this should just be a normal image. He doesn't have an implementation for iOS, so we'll just give him a normal image for you. Does that make sense? So you don't have to go ahead and implement each platform if you don't want to. If you only want to customize for Android, just do it for Android, and you're good to go. We'll search again for Stella, which is a Christmas beer, first brewed in Lervon. There we go. We've got the circle because we've cropped it. That's custom renderers. When you talk to Xamarin developers that are using forms, when they very first start out, they're often scared to take advantage of the custom renderers because they see it as scary to drop down into this platform Pacific APIs, but it's really, really simple. There's nothing too intimidating about using a custom renderer, and it allows you to take advantage of those 33,000 iOS APIs or the 40,000 Android APIs. You have access to everything when you're dealing with the renderers. So in November, we announced version 2 as Xamarin forms. I wanted to stand here and tell you a long list of features that version 2 adds, but version 2 is very much just stability. So version 1 as Xamarin forms was something that took off in a way that we 100% didn't expect. We initially called Xamarin forms Duplo when we developed it, the project name, because we expected it for childishly easy apps to build. But people were just like, this is amazing. I can use Xamarin and write it everywhere so I'm going to. They pushed it and pushed it to the extreme and we're always trying to catch up. We think we're at a point now with version 2 where we've caught up to what developers expect of it because, as I say, they used it in a way we didn't think they would. So we're at a point now where we're stable. We've got lots of big customers using it and we're very happy with it. So version 2, I only add a couple of features, but the list of bug fixes is huge. One of the most interesting features of version 2 is we now do compiled XAML. It was one of our most requested features from developers. Our XAML interpreter is actually incredibly fast, so there's not a performance increase when you're using the compiled XAML instead, but people wanted it so we gave it to them. If you want to learn more about Xamarin, we've got numerous options, but we also have a conference in Orlando. Has anyone been to Orlando? Well, you should go again because you know how lovely it is, especially in April. Yeah, so it's end of April. We have two days of training, which is the Danu Instructors, our university instructors, and they're genuine experts on so many different technologies and they'll be standing on stage and teaching you about everything from garbage collectors to cell reuse on Android. You can get one-to-one with engineers as well. So if you've got a problem, a bug in your project, you can sit down with Miguel, who's our CTO, and he'll sit there and code review for you and tell you that you're a great programmer or a terrible one, depending on your code. So it evolved pretty awesome. And after the two days of training, we then go on to the conference, which is I think two or three days of just having fun and learning about loads of different tech. We've got this great thing, which is the Darwin lounge, and this is going to be even bigger, but we have drones flying around. We've got an Oculus Rift. We have mini hacks, and we've got the experts on hand. And if you do all the mini hacks, you win prizes, and the prizes are actually worth trying to win. Hence why we've got so many people trying to win them. Once you've bought your ticket, everything else is pretty much paid for. You get your breakfast, your lunch, we'll take you out for dinner to some lovely places. Last year, we went to, we had an old train shed that we put loads of amusement arcade stuff in it as well, and we had all the local experience. We're in Georgia. We had loads of barbecue places come along, and we had ribs, and it was lovely. And then the next day, we were at the aquarium, and it's just, it's loads of fun. So highly recommend it. If you've got a training budget that you've been allocated for the year, and you're thinking of a fun way to spend it, just saying. So I've been Mike James, developer evangelist at Cameron. I write loads of apps, and I write them all in C sharp. They're all on GitHub, apart from Hydrate. That's not on GitHub because it's really horrible. So don't use that. But it's my only OS 10 app, again built entirely in C sharp. So thank you very much. Do we have any questions? I realize I've kind of just dumped my brain out to an audience for 14 or five minutes. I would be quite fried by now. No questions? There's always a couple of questions. Perfect. Let's go and get coffee then. Thanks, guys. | {
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"text": [
" you",
" you",
".",
" You couldn't get any already compiled binaries, you would have to build it yourself. I'm not",
" sure if anyone's built Q from scratch. It's a pretty lengthy process, right? It's not a",
" quick thing. You start at night, you come in the morning and if you're lucky, it may be",
" built. They were releasing Nightly Builds, it was horrible. There was no way I could",
" use Q to build a mobile solution. We were across platform shop, I couldn't go ahead",
" and write a mobile app for the guys using Objective C. It's not cross platform, we can't",
" use this. I did something horrific. I used jQuery mobile. I used a built-in web server.",
" It's got the rest of the API. I would ask what lights are on, what lights are off, can",
" I start firing some effects, I can make it do a rainbow. I made a nice little UI using",
" jQuery mobile. Then we tried to scale that out to other installations. The Westfield",
" shopping centre in Stratford, all of their exterior lighting, it's all static now because",
" they didn't actually get planning permission, which is genius. All their exterior lighting",
" is intelligent. They wanted to walk around with an iPad and control the lights. They",
" could select a tree and say I want this tree to be red. It would magically be red. I was",
" using jQuery mobile again. I sat in sublime text writing HTML and JavaScript and sometimes",
" a bit CSS. We would ship the app to them. They would actually just put it on a memory",
" stick and shove it in the side of the LPC. We would then connect from our phones onto",
" the device. That app got so complicated because they wanted real-time colour selection. I",
" had to build a colour picker in JavaScript. It was nasty. When you would move around,",
" we would sometimes doff the box with so many messages that we want to send so many updates",
" that it would just die. Or we would send too many people with connect at once and it would",
" just die because it's only a tiny alarm processor. The app was horrible. It most likely killed",
" the device at least once a day. There's got to be a better way. I was sick and tired of",
" writing JavaScript and HTML. I wanted to get back into a real IDE. I had two options. Option",
" one was to go into work on a Monday and hand in my resignation and say, Simon, I'm out.",
" I cannot do this anymore. I want to use real programming tools and I want to use a real",
" programming language. Or I can find an alternative to this horrible solution. On the Friday,",
" I went home and I sat there contemplating, write my letter of resignation or find the",
" alternative and I opted to just do some Googling. I thought, what's the ideal situation here?",
" I want to be able to run.NET on an iPhone. That's all I typed into Google..NET on iPhone.",
" Xamarin was a top link. This was three or four years ago. I'm not sure if anyone used",
" Xamarin back then but the website was really horrible. We looked very amateur. The company",
" was about 30 people. It was really, really small. They were only about a year old at",
" that time. It was very amateur. I was like, I'm going to give it a go. I pulled out my",
" credit card and I bought a pizza because no good programming project starts without pizza.",
" When the pizza arrived, I pulled out the credit card again and bought a license to Xamarin.",
" Over the 48 hours of my weekend, I just sat in my room and I hacked and I hacked and I",
" hacked. By the end of it, Monday morning, I had 100% native iOS app built in C sharp.",
" But a portable class library that I could reuse across Android and Windows phone and",
" all of the other platforms that we might want to target in the future. I rock up to work",
" with really cocky on the Monday morning and I say, hey, Simon, I built us an app and it's",
" a proper app this time. Let's have a look. I pull out my phone and I hand it to him.",
" There you go. I'm feeling pretty smug about it. He looks at it and says, yeah, we can't",
" use this. What's the problem? He says, well, you built it with Objective C. I was like,",
" I haven't. I know it's native but I can still share a lot of this code. I showed him and",
" he was blown away by what I had done with Xamarin. About a week or two later, I applied",
" for a job at Xamarin and I left Pharros. He wasn't most pleased about that. That's my",
" story of how I came into Xamarin development. I had gone down a hybrid approach and I found",
" a limiting factor pretty quickly. I knew I needed to go mobile and I don't want to write",
" my code three different times. I don't want to write it for Windows and then for Android",
" and then for iOS because that's mad. Today we're going to talk about how you guys can",
" avoid that technique of reinventing the wheel and how you can use Xamarin to write once",
" and run anywhere. That's the Xamarin platform. We also have a couple of other products. Was",
" anyone in the earlier speech by Carl? He works for our test cloud team. For those of you",
" who don't know, test cloud is a product where you built your app, you tested it with your",
" unit test and you're like, we think it's rock solid. We've tested it on about four or five",
" Android devices. We've got coverage. We'll ship it. We're excited to get this out. You",
" ship it off and then you get app store reviews saying it don't work. They never give you",
" a stack trace. They never give you details of how to reproduce it. They never tell you",
" exactly what's wrong. So you end up basically asking your users to test the app for you.",
" With Android, this is really important because there are 17,000 different varieties of Android",
" which is quite a lot for you to test on. Who here is actually testing more than 100 devices?",
" More than 50? More than 25? We're going to do this. Come on. Someone's going to have",
" to raise their hand at some point. More than 10 devices? 10? About 10? Okay. More than",
" 25? This is still really bad. More than two. Come on. Okay. Do you guys write software?",
" This is a problem. Most people aren't testing their apps properly. They write the app, they",
" side load it onto their device and then they go, well, it works here. If I could get a",
" pound for every time I went onto bugzilla and I found the developer wrote, it works on my",
" machine. I wouldn't have to work. The reality is when we're testing on our devices, they're",
" not normally set up in exactly the same way as our customers are using. Our customers",
" will install some really horrible things, especially on Android. So it's really important",
" to test. So with test cloud, the idea is you build your app, it's lovely. You think you've",
" got it rock solid and we'll prove it by running it on over 2,000 physical devices in our warehouse",
" in Denmark. So you literally upload your app to a device and we've got a test runner which",
" will start tapping buttons and swiping and we take photos at every step and we let you",
" see every single step of the application. So when you tap on a button, you want to go",
" to the welcome screen. Boom, there's a welcome screen. We'll take a picture. The welcome",
" screen doesn't load, we're going to tell you instantly. We're going to send you a message",
" and say, hey, the welcome screen didn't load on this device. You might want to look into",
" that. So that's a pretty cool product. The test cloud guys, we've got two of them here",
" today. So if you want to learn more about test cloud and how you can integrate that",
" into your release system, then do come and find us on the stand. We also have Xamarin",
" insights which is our analytics and crash reporting tool. This became into general availability",
" just in November, but we've had it in preview for what feels like forever. But it's now,",
" you know, we're pretty happy with it. We're at the point where we're happy to charge for",
" it. But we have a free tier which allows you to catch any uncalled exceptions and we'll",
" report them to the cloud. Now, we do re-throw them. So we're not just going to consume exceptions",
" for you. We'll catch them, report them and re-throw them. But that allows you to very",
" quickly find out where your app is crashing. So rather than, you know, just getting the",
" app store review that say it don't work, you can go on to insights and you can find the",
" exact user and see the crash that they had and have the stack trace. So then you can",
" go into your project, find the line of code where you have the issue and make the fix.",
" And if you're using test cloud, then you can update your test, upload the new app with",
" a fix in it, going through the processes that the original reporter of the issue went through",
" and then you can say, yeah, this works lovely. And then it's all underpinned by Xamarin University",
" which is our online course. But I won't talk about that if you want to learn about that",
" and you talk to me afterwards. So what is native? There are three parts of what I would",
" describe as making a native app. There's native UI. So what I don't want is, you know, the",
" Qt version with Qt 5, they can build native apps and I'll tell you it's a native app.",
" But actually in terms of what you're looking at on the screen, they're drawing every single",
" pixel. So it's not really a native UI. It's Qt's interpretation of what a UI should look",
" like on an iPhone, on an Android and on Windows phone. You're not going to get a UI button",
" or a UI table view controller. You just get their version of. If you go with hybrid, you're",
" just wrapping a website. So again, it's not a native UI. Somebody has very talented CSS",
" coder and created some CSS that makes a button look similar but it's not a native button.",
" There are some differences when you do long taps and long presses and you're swiping from",
" views of you. On hybrid, it often doesn't look quite as slick as a native UI.",
" Underneath that is API access. If I can't access 100% of the API is available to me",
" on a particular platform that I'm trying to target, I don't qualify that as a native",
" solution. I want to be able to have access to every single API that the objectives see",
" Swift or Java developers have access to. When Apple comes out with a new API such as 3D",
" touch, I want to be able to implement that in my app. The hybrid guys and the guys using",
" Qt and the other competing frameworks that aren't native aren't able to do that. And",
" then native performance. I'll talk about performance a little later. Mobile users aren't sat at",
" desktops where they can wait 30 seconds to a minute for something to load and you can",
" lock the UI thread and they'll just accept it. Mobile users expect really high-quality",
" software that's really performant. It's often that they're in a queue in Starbucks and they",
" just pull out their phone and they're going to tweet and they're going to check Reddit.",
" If they pull up your app and it takes too long to load in the data or even just load",
" to the first screen, they're going to quit and move on to the next app or order their",
" latte with vanilla, whatever the hell they want. There are a few approaches to developing",
" mobile apps. I've already mentioned the hybrid approach. We have the siloed approach as well",
" which is what I mentioned earlier where you reinvent the wheel for each platform. You",
" write it once in Objective C or Swift if you're really modern. Has anyone used Swift? It's",
" quite nice. I quite like it. It's like F sharp version 1, but it's still quite nice. If you",
" really like Swift, check out F sharp. You've written it for iOS. It's huge success. You're",
" earning loads of money. You're like, let's get our app to be the number one pirated app",
" for Android. We'll write it for Android. Boom. We'll use Java. I want to hit Windows",
" phone. I want to UWP. You reinvent it again for using C sharp in Visual Studio. Now you've",
" got three different code bases, three different IDEs, often three different teams depending",
" on how big your company is, all developing effectively the same app. Not showing any",
" code. This is a pretty mad approach to developing mobile applications, but it's really easy",
" to fall into this approach. Is anyone using this approach today? No one? Is anyone here",
" developing mobile apps today? Okay. Websites? Perfect. Silverlight? I guess that in a website",
" kind of. WPF? Awesome. So we're all.NET developers. Great stuff. Okay. So if no one's using this",
" approach, that's great. Just don't use this approach. So the Xamarin approach is unique",
" because we're saying we're still going to have a native user interface. We're going",
" to have that native element, the native performance, all access to the API. And we're going to",
" do that by having one-to-one bindings and we're going to create our user interface using",
" those bindings and using the UI buttons, the UI table view controllers for iOS. We'll use",
" a table and a button for Android and the same for Windows. It's a native type. And we're",
" going to share all the boring bits of our application. So this is all the models, all",
" the business logic, all the respal calls, all the data persistence, all the bits that the",
" users really, really don't care about. Because they only care about that top 20%. The APIs",
" that are unique to them, the peak and pop on iOS, the searching, all of the lovely features",
" that Apple give us and Google give us within the OS. That's what they care about. They",
" don't care about this bit. So you can write your code once in C sharp and we'll share",
" it across all of the platforms. And because it's C sharp, we can run it really everywhere.",
" So not only can we run it on iOS, Android and Windows phone, but we can go ahead and",
" run it on Linux using Mono or we can run it in Azure as well. And do we have any F sharp",
" developers in the room? Okay. Well, maybe you in the future. This time next year. We",
" also support F sharp. F sharp is a first class language for us. Our design team are actually",
" all developers as well. And they love F sharp. So we've got top notch support for it within",
" Xamarin. Everything you see me talking about today is applicable with F sharp as well. I'm",
" just not intelligent enough to use it. I can read it and it's lovely. When I debug F sharp,",
" I'm like, wow, this is magic. But then when I try and write it, I'm like, can't do it.",
" Too hard. So just like when Microsoft give us some new APIs and we've got that base class",
" library, so all of the namespaces and in turn classes we've been using for years, system.link,",
" system.x now, the stuff that we used to, our bread and butter, they give us some new APIs",
" and we're like, meh, we've got this. We understand it. There's nothing too new here or too scary.",
" We're just going to build on top of our existing knowledge. Well, we've done the same with",
" iOS and Android. So with iOS, as I mentioned before, we've got that one-to-one mapping.",
" So every single API, the Swift and Objective C developers have access to, I have access",
" to as well in C sharp using Visual Studio. So I can use resharper on this code as well,",
" which is amazing. So we have access to things like UI kit, map kit, iBeacons, every single",
" API, it's 100% coverage. And then we did exactly the same for Android. So again, all the base",
" class libraries, all the stuff you know and love. And then on top of that, a one-to-one",
" binding to every single API that Java developers have access to. So Xamarin.embrace and extended.net.",
" Has anyone peered in votes to a native library before? One couple? Okay. So that's basically",
" what we're doing. I mean, if you strip away our nice designer and all the build tools",
" that we use and all of the extra fluff that make using Xamarin a pleasant experience,",
" you pull that all away and actually look at what we're giving you, it's a wrapper. It's",
" just a wrapper to allow you to peer invoke into these native libraries, which is how you",
" get that native app. It's how you know, instantiate the native controls because it's just a thin",
" wrapper. So if you've done peering, you understand the core of how we work. So there isn't any",
" magic here. It feels like magic when you run C sharp on an iPhone. You're like, yeah, this",
" can't be right. But it's not magic. And I wanted to talk about performance. Performance",
" is really, really important with mobile. And there's two sides of the performance story",
" with Xamarin. On iOS, we have to do ahead-of-time compilation. This is a rule from Apple. They've",
" said that they will not allow any apps on the app store that are jitting. So we can't",
" jit. So we have to do the ahead-of-time compilation. So what that results in is that you'll build",
" time when you want to release to the actual physical device. It's a little bit slower.",
" But we can do a lot of optimizations with the ahead-of-time compilation. So we use things",
" like a linker to strip out all the files you're not using to bring down the overhead of using",
" mono and our runtime down to an absolute minimum. We feed the... We take the IL, so the C sharp",
" goes down to IL, just like your WPF apps or your WinForms app. We take that IL, we convert",
" it to a bytecode that we can feed through the LNVM compiler, then at the end of it we",
" get the native ARM assembly. So we don't lose any performance using Xamarin for iOS. On",
" Android, we can jit. So we tend to jit on Android. We do have an ahead-of-time option",
" for Android if you want to go down that route. You're not going to see a huge performance",
" increase if you do that. But Android tends to be faster using Xamarin than if you had",
" used the Delbit and used Java. So we've got some benchmarks. And these were produced by",
" an ex-Googler. You can go and check out the link if you'd like. He was an early Google",
" employee. He now owns a racing car team. So he did very well out of his stock options.",
" And he likes to write apps now for his team. And when he was looking to write the mobile",
" app, he went and he compared all of the options. And he's looked at a lot of competitors for",
" us. And he's benchmarked them. And then he put it online and naturally he put it on GitHub",
" and said to all the other developers that were saying, well, you know, I can improve",
" this switch code. I can improve this objective C code. He's like, please do. Send in a pull",
" request, I'll rerun the test and we'll update. We want the best information. So he's done",
" that. And this is always, you know, improving. But you can see here that, you know, we're",
" a little bit slower than Swift. But we're looking at less than a second anyway. So it's",
" pretty performant anyway. But we tend to be faster than objective C. And the reason for",
" that is objective C is a pretty difficult language to write in anyway. And because of",
" all the messages, it's pretty hard to optimize that. So Xamarin, you're not going to have",
" a performance loss for using Xamarin iOS and C sharp compared to objective C. So there's",
" nothing to worry about there. On Android, as I say, the story is a bit different on",
" Android. We tend to be faster than Java. Again, you can see we're so close to Java in terms",
" of performance that we're only fractionally faster. So your users are never going to be",
" like, wow, they must have rewritten this in Xamarin. It's so much more performant. No",
" one will ever say that. But you're not going to have your users waiting around forever",
" for something pretty trivial to happen as if you were using titanium, for example. So",
" anything you can do in objective C, Swift or Java can be done in C sharp using Visual",
" Studio. And that's really key. We're built into Visual Studio 2015. So you don't have",
" to go to our website and download extra bits and bobs to get us installed. As long as you've",
" installed everything with Visual Studio, you selected that cross-platform development",
" option. We're in there by default. And C sharp runs on 2.6 billion devices. When I worked",
" for Faros and we were building the cross-platform software, C++ was really the only option for",
" us to do cross-platform in a reasonable language. And now I kind of feel that, you know, if",
" I had to build a cross-platform app, I would never use C++ because I'm not building real",
" time apps. I don't need that level of performance. C sharp gets me such good performance that",
" I can use C sharp and not have to deal with the nastiness of using C++. Now, I love C++",
" and don't get me wrong, but I'm much, much nicer to program in C sharp. And I want to",
" show you some of the devices that C sharp runs on. I'm not going to try and list them",
" all because there's quite a lot. This is the ugliest slide I've ever produced just in case",
" you're wondering. It's designed to be a little ugly. I think that's it. So we've got Android",
" devices, we've got Xbox 360, we've got the PS4, we've got Apple Watch, we've got Android",
" TV, we've got Macs, we've got glasses. Anyone buy Google Glass? Nope. Pretty standard. They're",
" horrible. You've got a Net3no. So you can run it on microprocessors as well. So you can",
" really run C sharp almost everywhere. Can anyone tell me the one thing that's missing",
" here that seems a bit strange given that we've got a PS4 and an Xbox 360? Xbox One. Microsoft",
" was the last company to get C sharp running on a console. We even have it running on a",
" Wii as well. So it's madness. But anyway. But you can also run C sharp in the cloud.",
" So the same C sharp, that base class library, all the code that you've already written and",
" that you're sharing across all of your different internal projects. You can run in the cloud.",
" So I can take the same C sharp and run it on a Net3no or on my watch and run it in app",
" service, which I think is amazing. So before we jump into the code, I want to briefly just",
" talk about the apps that I'm writing and how this talk kind of came to be. So I moved",
" to Belgium, to Brussels in 2013, 2012, to go and drink beer. I told everyone that I was",
" trying to impress that it was to learn Flemish and be cultural, but actually I just wanted",
" to go and drink beer. So I jumped on the Euro star and I moved over there for seven months.",
" And has anyone been to Brussels? Have you been to Delirium Cafe? Yeah. Well, Delirium",
" is a family-owned recipe that's brewed by Big Brewery now. I'm a real beer nerd. But",
" the family earned so much money from the big brewery to distribute it. They've got a couple",
" of pubs in Brussels. And one of their most famous pubs is Delirium Cafe. And this is",
" a bar that's in a basement with over 3,000 different types of beer. And can you imagine",
" walking into a bar when you say, can I get the menu and they give you a book? And I'm",
" not exaggerating. It's actually a book of beer. And it just names the beer, tells you",
" the percentage, and then it tells you the price. Now me as a tourist for the first few weeks,",
" I didn't know what beers I should be drinking. And the bar's always full because it's a tourist",
" hotspot. Everyone's like, it's got 3,000 beers. We've got to go. So you can't get to",
" Ars Abarman. Hey, what do you recommend? I really like Stella Artois because he's just",
" too busy. And even if you said that, he wouldn't serve you anyway. So when I was in the UK",
" preparing my liver for this trip, I was using an app called Untapped. Does anyone use this,",
" Untapped? It's a hybrid app. It's built using Cordova. And the back end is hosted in AWS.",
" And I think they use some like Redis Cache. And their infrastructure is very, very different",
" to the way that I'm developing my app. But the biggest problem with their app is there's",
" no offline capability. So there I am in Brussels, really excited to get into this bar and try",
" some beers. And I go into the bar and they give me the menu and I'm going to use Untapped",
" to find me some beer. Because it's got some recommendations. And I load up Untapped and",
" it's like, eh, can't do anything. You've got no signal. I'll connect to the Wi-Fi. A pub",
" without Wi-Fi, that doesn't exist, right? So I asked the barman, what's the Wi-Fi code?",
" He said, you don't have Wi-Fi. So here I am in a cellar with 3,000 beers to pick from",
" and I've got no idea where to start. So I was like, there's got to be a better way. I'm",
" going to fix this. I'm going to write a beer app myself that has offline capabilities.",
" So that's what I've been doing for a while in my spare time. It's based on Azure. So",
" it's got an app service back end. I've just migrated from mobile service. It's got offline",
" sync. We're using Azure Search so that we can do fuzzy matching and do spelling corrections",
" and do hit highlighting. We can boost turn. So if you're in an area where a particular",
" beer is trending, we can boost that in the search results for you. Yeah, we're going",
" to be using machine learning as well to be able to make the predictions for you for what",
" beers you're actually going to love. And when you do things like check in a beer, I even",
" take your current location and then go and look up the weather conditions so that I can",
" work out on a hot day. I really like Stella, but on a cold day, I love a Castile Donker.",
" So that when you're asking, hey, what beers do you think I should drink, the machine",
" learning can actually take into account the current weather that you're currently in in",
" order to make that prediction. So it's pretty fun. It's all open source and it's on GitHub.",
" And I'll quickly show you the project and then I'll show you the really, really, really",
" simple version of it to show why Forms is awesome. So I'll just share my screen with",
" you. No, no. Well, the beauty of it is that, you know, I don't have to wear money from",
" this. Xamarin pays for all the expenses. So, I mean, Azure Search is 150 quid a month.",
" It's the cheapest option. So if I roll that out throughout the world and I start to duplicate",
" so that we've got performance around the world, you know, it's 150 quid per location. So I've",
" only got it in Dublin at the moment, but I want it in Amsterdam. I want it on the east",
" coast and the west coast. And I'm probably going to need one in Australia as well. I",
" can probably miss out in the Middle East. I don't think I'm going to have a huge amount",
" of app installs there. But, yeah, so it's 150 times the location that I want to go to",
" and then you've got app service on top. But Xamarin just pays for it all. And my boss",
" is quite happy because it's all on GitHub, so he doesn't mind what I'm up to. So I think",
" it's great. But here is the main project. It's just for iOS at the moment. I've started",
" on UWP because that's awesome. And I've got a friend working on the Android version. But",
" it's a pretty big app. And as I say, it's all open source, but we'll get it running",
" so you can have a look. I did break it whilst I was on the stand earlier. Sometimes, you",
" would be amazed with what we can expense. Although I think, yeah, we're probably going",
" to get audited soon, so I think that's starting to get strict on that. But you can see this",
" hit highlighting. I'm using suggestions with Azure search. So as I type in a character,",
" it's going to tell me. So I can be really, really bad at spelling. So golden drunk is",
" a really nice caramel, 8%, maybe 9% Belgian beer. Delicious. And as a British man, when",
" I'm drunk, I'm going to call it golden drunk because I'm drunk and I'm trying to over pronounce.",
" And you would think if you're typing that in that you would type in golden drunk, maybe?",
" You can see I made the spelling mistake and if I was using a link query to look this up",
" in app service, go and find that equals, you know, named or equals this, I would never",
" find these beers. But it's made the correction for me. This is a possible match. Yep, that",
" is. So I can tap it and it does the real search and I get the proper results back. And I",
" can tap on it and we can see that bug I was talking about. I broke it. That's scaling",
" incorrectly, but I'll fix that afterwards. So it's 11%. So it's even stronger than I",
" thought. But it's a delicious beer. It's lovely. And then I can check that in and it gets added",
" to app service and we keep that in the future when we're using machine learning. So it's",
" pretty cool little app, but this is traditional. So most of the code that you see here for",
" the UI and bits, I'm not able to share any of this. Now, naturally, I've got ViewModels",
" and Bits and Bobs that I can share and I've got an API client that I'm able to reuse across",
" all platforms. But there's a lot of stuff like the list views that I should be able to",
" share. This isn't terribly difficult for iOS or Android, but all the code I write is unique",
" to those platforms. And to really show you that, I'll... In fact, let's do it in Visual",
" Studio. Here's Visual Studio running out iOS designer. And this is an even simpler version",
" of the proper beer drinking app. I call this basic beer, but this may actually... The forms",
" version may be turned into a beer drinking light in order to get UWP support very quickly.",
" But I've got a couple of views. I've got my navigation controller so that I can push and",
" pop view controllers. I've got a list view. I've created a table. We've got an image.",
" We've got a beer name. And then I go to a description. It's super simple. It doesn't get much simpler",
" than that. But the code I'm writing, if we take a look at... I've got this UI table view",
" controller because it's that one-to-one mapping to the iOS APIs. I have to inherit from that.",
" And then I've implemented some of the events and I've got some pop-ups to show I'm loading.",
" But I've got this data source. And the data source, again, is an iOS plus. So we'll go",
" to declaration. Where did I actually define that? Here we go. So you can see I'm having",
" to override. And all of this code is only for iOS. I can't use any of this code on Android",
" or Windows Phone. And all it's doing is showing me a list of beer. I mean, let's run it on",
" an iPhone simulator. And it will pop up down on the simulator icon. Tap down here. Hopefully.",
" It is building. iOS builds tend to take slightly longer than Android on the whole. Just because",
" we do that ahead of time. On the simulator, we don't actually do ahead of time. We can",
" do it on the device. So it's really important. And this is a general thing. When you're developing",
" in the simulator, you need to make sure before you ship to the device that you run on a physical",
" device. Because the simulator has access to every single resource on my computer, which",
" happens to be four cores and 16 gigs of RAM. Now, the iPad Pro is pretty good, but it still",
" doesn't have four cores or 16 gigs of RAM. So you can write some really horrible code",
" that will be really performant on the simulator. But it's going to run horribly on the actual",
" device. So there we go. I can search for a beer, do val, boom, we've got the beer result",
" come back, and I hit go forward and we're good. But I'm not sharing any of this code.",
" And if I type in golden drunk, even worse, because I'm not using my Azure search, it's",
" actually not going to return the beer I want. It's returned beers, but none of the beers",
" I want. Because it doesn't have that fuzzy matching. It's horrible. If you look here,",
" we've got 122 lines excluding white space of, or including white space, of code just",
" to be able to populate that table view. 122 lines of code. Now, I want to show you Xamarin",
" Forms. Because Xamarin Forms makes this a trillion times better. So with Xamarin Forms,",
" we've looked at our developers and we've seen that they're reinventing these views for all",
" the different platforms. They want to have a list view or maybe a map view, such as here.",
" So Apple Maps for iPhone, Google Maps for Android, and then Bing Maps for Windows Phone.",
" They all do the same thing. You get a location, you drop some pins. But the API is really,",
" really different across all of these platforms. And we thought it was mad that you couldn't",
" have a common API across all of them. So just like with the traditional approach, we've",
" got the shared T-Shark backend, which is about 75% of your app, and then you've got",
" that 25% that's unique to the platform. We can actually bring up the amount of code that",
" we share, because now we're able to share our UI layer as well, or parts of our UI level.",
" So in a best case scenario with Xamarin Forms, we're looking at a 99.9% cross-platform app.",
" So your code is 99.9% cross-platform, and that 0.1% is just code that's unique to each",
" platform project to get it started. So we need to initialize Xamarin Forms on iOS. We",
" need to initialize it on Android and UWP. But all of the code that you write is in a",
" possible class library or a shared project, and we can just run that everywhere.",
" So iOS has 33,000 APIs, and Android has 40,000 APIs. Plus, these are increasing with every",
" new version of iOS and Android. So that's a lot of APIs for you to learn and to take",
" advantage of. So Xamarin Forms tries to abstract some of these away from you so that the common",
" things across all of the platforms, you just have one API to learn. But it is worth learning",
" some of these APIs that are unique to the platform in order to start customizing. I'm actually",
" going to show you a custom renderer as we finish, which is, I think people call it an",
" advanced subject for Xamarin Forms, but it really is an advanced, and you'll see just",
" how easy it is a little later. So Xamarin Forms allows you to quickly and easily build",
" 100% native apps, just writing it once. And you can mix and match Xamarin with these native",
" APIs. So as I say, with the custom renderers, we can drop down from this high-level abstraction",
" into the native implementation, and so we can get access to every single API that we",
" want. My colleague, M Hutch, has actually written a library, which we're still not sure",
" if we're going to be allowed to release properly, but it's a library that allows you to say,",
" hey, Xamarin Forms, give me this button on iOS as a native type, and it will just give",
" you straight back a UI button. And at that point, you have access to every single control",
" that a UI button has. So you don't even have to go into custom renderers. So it's even more",
" customizable within the possible class library. And that's truly magic. The key point with",
" the mix and match is that you're not limited by Xamarin Forms. Although it's a abstraction",
" API when you need to start customizing and jumping down into the lower level, we've got",
" you covered. So what's included? You get 40 pages layout controls. You can build this",
" from code. So in C sharp or S sharp or XAML, you guys must be XAML developers because you",
" use WPF, right? So who here is a XAML developer? You use WPF without XAML? Wow. Interesting.",
" Well, if you're a XAML developer, you'll love Xamarin Forms because we absolutely support",
" it, which naturally means two-way data binding. And is anyone here used NVVM? It's pretty",
" awesome. If you've not used NVVM, it really feels like cheating. It takes a lot of the",
" boilerplate code that you would be writing to send events from the UI back to storing",
" it in data and vice versa. You update your view model and you want your UI to update.",
" We give you consistent navigation and animation API across all three platforms. And we give",
" you a dependency service which allows you to drop down into that lower level when you",
" need to. And on top of that, we give you a messaging center. And the messaging center",
" allows objects that have no idea about each other to communicate with each other so that",
" you have really decoupled code. So it makes unit testing really easy.",
" So we have a couple of pages that we give you by default. You get a content page, master",
" detail navigation tabs in Carousel. You'll do most of your work in a content page, to",
" be perfectly honest with you. You'll sometimes throw a content page within a tabs page so",
" that you can have tabs. And tabs are an interesting example within Xamarin Forms because on iOS",
" they live at the bottom, on Android they live at the top and on Windows Phone they become",
" a Carousel. Now, you don't have to specify the layout for that within Xamarin Forms",
" because we're just creating the native type. The OS will lay that out for us. But if we",
" want to get into layouts within our content pages, we've got a couple of options. So we've",
" got stack, absolute, relative grid, content view, scroll view, frame. I do 90% of my work",
" in a stack view. Because a stack view is a managed layout. Things like the absolute isn't",
" a managed layout. So with absolute you can have to do way more calculations of how you",
" move things around and how you scale depending on the device size. With a stack, we do a",
" lot of that for you. So with stack you can just throw view items into the stack layout",
" and present that on the screen and it's going to look great no matter what size device you're",
" running on. We give you a couple of controls out the box. These are the controls that we've",
" mapped that we found were common across all the platforms. But there are so, so many third",
" party controls now. It's unreal. If you go on to new get, you'll find that the community",
" is just endlessly adding to this list. So the community fills in this blank space. You",
" can fill in this blank space using those lower level APIs when you want to get access to",
" them. And you can even go so far as buying controls from people like infragistics or",
" Syncfusion. So you're not limited just to what we give you. In terms of the XAML, although",
" we don't have a huge amount of XAML developers in here, to the 2009 XAML specification, we're",
" pretty similar. So if you've already done XAML development before, you'll feel right",
" at home within Xamarin.Forms. There are a few new keywords that you'll need to learn,",
" but apart from that, you'll understand the basic idea of how you can get started within",
" Xamarin. So let's actually have a look at some forms code. I'll open up the project",
" within Xamarin Studio. Yeah.",
" Well, the specification is pretty loose. You would think as a spec it would be nailed",
" down, but it's quite airy-fair in areas, which is how we've been able to extend it to work",
" across all three platforms. So, yeah, it's... The key thing is if you already know the approach",
" to NVVM and XAML and how you do the data binding and create your view models, you're",
" going to find Xamarin.Forms really easy. In this example, and this is all on GitHub,",
" everything you see code-wise today is on GitHub and you can download it right now, I've actually",
" got within this project two different types of view. So I've got the XAML view and then",
" I've got a code behind view to show... Because often I'll talk to a room and there won't",
" be any XAML developers and I just want to see C sharp. C, C sharp. So I want to show",
" you from the very top. So if I created this in Visual Studio, I would actually have four",
" projects within the solution, so I'd have a Windows phone option as well. Now, we've",
" got UWP support in preview and we've had a lot of success with customers rolling out",
" UWP apps that they've built with forms. And all they had to do was add a new project,",
" which is a UWP project, download a new get package, which is Xamarin.Forms, add that",
" couple of lines of initialization and it was all done. They've built their app already.",
" So the main part of your application is going to live in this portable class library. And",
" this is all your views, your view models, maybe your business logic, some of your models,",
" although you might have those in a separate portable class library that you bring into",
" this as well. But the Droid project and iOS project and Windows phone project really don't",
" need to have a huge amount in them. If we take a look at the iOS project, we have this",
" app delegate. Now, an app delegate deals with the application lifecycle on iOS. Now, we've",
" got this, we override this finished launching method, which is exactly the same as the standard",
" iOS app. So lifecycle would happen within the app delegate. But you can see that we",
" init Xamarin.Forms. Now, we write this code for you. And this is that bit with 0.1% that",
" isn't cross-platform. It's unique to that device or platform in particular. But we",
" write it for you, but it is there. So there's a general rule when you're doing Xamarin.Forms,",
" you can just close their projects and not really need to look at them again. Whilst we're here,",
" we'll fire up that. If we come into the portable class library, we have our entry point, which",
" inherits from application. So just like with iOS, we've got our app delegate, which inherits",
" from UI application delegate. We inherit from application here. And I've got a property",
" of app or property of the class, which is main page, which I can set to be a content",
" page. But in this case, I'm setting it to be a navigation page, which is like the navigation",
" controller, so it allows me to push and pop without the app crashing. And there I'm adding",
" my search page. Now, the search page is the page that I built using XAML. So let's take",
" a look at that. Boom. And the search page is the page where we do the search and we",
" show the list of results. Can anyone remember how many lines of code that was to do in the",
" traditional version? 120? Yeah, it was 122, to be exact. Very good. So we've taken 122",
" lines of code that are unique to iOS. And now we're doing it in XAML in forms, and we've",
" got the UI down to 19 lines of code. Now, I do have a view model, which is where most",
" of this magic is happening, because you can see, you know, when I change text, I'm going",
" to update the search term within the view model. I've got search beers command. So when",
" I press the search button, I fire a command off in the view model, and that's some of",
" the heavy lifting to go back and populate this list view. So let's have a look at the",
" view model. There's nothing particularly exciting about the view model. It is just generic C",
" sharp. Obviously, I've imported some Xamarin forms namespace in order to get access to",
" R command type. But it really is just if you've done NVVM, it's just generic NVVM approach.",
" There's nothing really magical about this. So if I run this, let's see, we'll run it",
" on Android first. Perfect. I selected the wrong device. So this is our Android emulator.",
" It's actually not emulating anything. It's x86, so it's hardware accelerated. It's super",
" fast. It starts in about 17 seconds. So does anyone use the default Google emulator? Congrats",
" for getting here today, because it's probably still starting. It's horrifically slow. It",
" takes about a minute and a half, two minutes to go from nothing to being useful. Perfect.",
" What more could you want? Let's have a look. I'll try Kit Kat. I was going to show you",
" this all in Visual Studio, as I mentioned to you earlier, but I bravely decided to update",
" my Android SDK when I was on the stand. When you update your SDK 20 minutes before you",
" go on stage, you're guaranteed to break something, and it broke everything. So that's why we're",
" sporting Xamarin Studio here. We'll try that again. It's going to install the app. When",
" Android the first install takes a little while because we installed a shared runtime. The shared",
" runtime is used by all of the other Xamarin apps that are in debug. If you build a release",
" app, it's going to bundle the runtime with your application. We link it so it's really",
" small, but we'll bundle it so that the runtime doesn't change from underneath you, because",
" we don't want the next app to be installed to use version 2 of the runtime and you were",
" using version 3 and now your app doesn't work. We'll always bundle it. After we link it with",
" beer drinking, and I've already told you just how much that's doing, it's about two megs.",
" It's about the same as a high-quality image. Our link is incredible, to the point where",
" it can almost overlink, and when I say almost overlink, it does overlink in certain situations,",
" especially if you're using generics, it will start ripping stuff out and then your app",
" will crash because it can't find the type. You have to sometimes tame our linker in order",
" to not get rid of everything. A linker tamer, yeah. It's more difficult than a lion tamer.",
" We can see the Android app here. It's pretty hard to see because of the Android theme,",
" but I'm going to search for dovel again. Dovel being a Belgian beer that's pretty strong,",
" and then we've got the results. I'm loading the images, I think, so I'm not locking up",
" the UI thread, and I can come in here and I can tap on the beer, and again, I get the",
" results and I get an image at the top. Now, the image has a circle around it. The default",
" image I get back from BreweryDB, which is a database, just comes back as square. I'll",
" show you how I created that circle in a moment. You can see it's a pretty ugly app, but I've",
" not spent any time on theming this. I could go into the Android project and update the",
" theme, I could change the colors, I could really design this to look lovely, but I wanted to",
" show you just out of the box, file new project style, what we get with very minimal amounts",
" of coding. Let's see how this looks on iOS. We'll set a startup, and we'll run that again.",
" The same code is going to run on iOS as the Android version, so it's still not going to",
" look beautiful, so I've done no custom styling. There we go. Then I'll search for dovel again,",
" it gets the text faster than the images. We also cache images as well with Xamarin forms",
" for you, so that you're not constantly going and downloading that, which is pretty nice.",
" There we go. We've got the results, and it's exactly the same code. I could then go ahead",
" and run this on UWP, so I could have the same app without any modification running on an",
" Xbox. I get this running on a HoloLens, if Microsoft would give me one. I've not made",
" any modifications to the project, I just have to hit rebuild, and I'm good to go. That's",
" the real power of Xamarin forms, that as new platforms come out that are exciting, we",
" can make sure that we're on them. If we all go out tomorrow and buy a BlackBerry, you",
" can be guaranteed that Xamarin is going to make sure that we support the BlackBerry.",
" I don't think BlackBerry is ever going to take off again, so I don't think that will",
" happen, but if it did, we would be there. When I click here, interesting, there we go.",
" When I click here, we've got the square image, because I've not implemented a custom renderer",
" for iOS. On Android, I said I want to be, within my view, when I'm displaying this,",
" I want it to be a circle image, and in order to make that a circle image, I had to drop",
" down into the native API in Android to implement that.",
" I'll show you the implementation, custom renderers. Has anyone developed for Android",
" before? Android is a beautiful disaster of an operating system. It shouldn't work, because",
" it just shouldn't, but it does. Somehow Google make it work. As a user, it's a really, really",
" nice OS, but as a developer, it's pretty horrible. You can kind of see this between the difference",
" between how to crop a photo in Android, which is this code, which is pretty damn nasty,",
" versus if we look at the iOS equivalent, you know, much, much simpler.",
" So the key thing here is this custom renderer. I'm exporting a renderer. It's a type of image",
" circle. Image circle is a type within Xamarin, within Xamarin forms. I've got this method,",
" which is create circle. If I uncomment this line of code, we'll actually then be calling",
" into this method to do that cropping. We'll rerun that. While we're running it, we'll",
" pop in here. We'll see that I create a new image circle. If I don't provide a concrete",
" type for image circle on iOS or UWP, because I'm inheriting from just a standard image,",
" Xamarin forms is intelligent enough to say, well, this should just be a normal image.",
" He doesn't have an implementation for iOS, so we'll just give him a normal image for",
" you. Does that make sense? So you don't have to go ahead and implement each platform if",
" you don't want to. If you only want to customize for Android, just do it for Android, and",
" you're good to go. We'll search again for Stella, which is a Christmas beer, first",
" brewed in Lervon. There we go. We've got the circle because we've cropped it. That's custom",
" renderers. When you talk to Xamarin developers that are using forms, when they very first",
" start out, they're often scared to take advantage of the custom renderers because they see it",
" as scary to drop down into this platform Pacific APIs, but it's really, really simple. There's",
" nothing too intimidating about using a custom renderer, and it allows you to take advantage",
" of those 33,000 iOS APIs or the 40,000 Android APIs. You have access to everything when you're",
" dealing with the renderers. So in November, we announced version 2 as Xamarin forms. I",
" wanted to stand here and tell you a long list of features that version 2 adds, but version",
" 2 is very much just stability. So version 1 as Xamarin forms was something that took",
" off in a way that we 100% didn't expect. We initially called Xamarin forms Duplo when",
" we developed it, the project name, because we expected it for childishly easy apps to",
" build. But people were just like, this is amazing. I can use Xamarin and write it everywhere",
" so I'm going to. They pushed it and pushed it to the extreme and we're always trying",
" to catch up. We think we're at a point now with version 2 where we've caught up to what",
" developers expect of it because, as I say, they used it in a way we didn't think they",
" would. So we're at a point now where we're stable. We've got lots of big customers using",
" it and we're very happy with it. So version 2, I only add a couple of features, but the",
" list of bug fixes is huge. One of the most interesting features of version 2 is we now",
" do compiled XAML. It was one of our most requested features from developers. Our XAML interpreter",
" is actually incredibly fast, so there's not a performance increase when you're using",
" the compiled XAML instead, but people wanted it so we gave it to them.",
" If you want to learn more about Xamarin, we've got numerous options, but we also have a conference",
" in Orlando. Has anyone been to Orlando? Well, you should go again because you know how lovely",
" it is, especially in April. Yeah, so it's end of April. We have two days of training,",
" which is the Danu Instructors, our university instructors, and they're genuine experts on",
" so many different technologies and they'll be standing on stage and teaching you about",
" everything from garbage collectors to cell reuse on Android. You can get one-to-one with",
" engineers as well. So if you've got a problem, a bug in your project, you can sit down with",
" Miguel, who's our CTO, and he'll sit there and code review for you and tell you that",
" you're a great programmer or a terrible one, depending on your code. So it evolved pretty",
" awesome. And after the two days of training, we then go on to the conference, which is",
" I think two or three days of just having fun and learning about loads of different tech.",
" We've got this great thing, which is the Darwin lounge, and this is going to be even bigger,",
" but we have drones flying around. We've got an Oculus Rift. We have mini hacks, and we've",
" got the experts on hand. And if you do all the mini hacks, you win prizes, and the prizes",
" are actually worth trying to win. Hence why we've got so many people trying to win them.",
" Once you've bought your ticket, everything else is pretty much paid for. You get your",
" breakfast, your lunch, we'll take you out for dinner to some lovely places. Last year,",
" we went to, we had an old train shed that we put loads of amusement arcade stuff in",
" it as well, and we had all the local experience. We're in Georgia. We had loads of barbecue",
" places come along, and we had ribs, and it was lovely. And then the next day, we were",
" at the aquarium, and it's just, it's loads of fun. So highly recommend it. If you've",
" got a training budget that you've been allocated for the year, and you're thinking of a fun",
" way to spend it, just saying. So I've been Mike James, developer evangelist at",
" Cameron. I write loads of apps, and I write them all in C sharp. They're all on GitHub,",
" apart from Hydrate. That's not on GitHub because it's really horrible. So don't use",
" that. But it's my only OS 10 app, again built entirely in C sharp. So thank you very much.",
" Do we have any questions? I realize I've kind of just dumped my brain out to an audience",
" for 14 or five minutes. I would be quite fried by now. No questions? There's always a couple",
" of questions. Perfect. Let's go and get coffee then. Thanks, guys."
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10.5446/54545 (DOI) | Project: Egkatastasis | https://av.tib.eu/media/54545 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de62f5e48eb9eae8c132e31237ef6bbbdcff6683b0b8319a606c722228af185511/openSUSE_Conference_2018_-_Project__Egkatastasis_Ul15xYeWTAg.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2018 | Georgiadis, Panos | Chaos Computer Club e.V. | Testing package installation using containers In Tumbleweed with have roughly ~25.000 packages for 64-bit architecture. Do you know how many of those are actually install-able? From those who are not, do you know the reason behind? Do you know how many of those will become install-able if boo#123456 gets fixed? And from those which can actually be installed, do you know if there are any glitches at the post-installation scripts? -Sure, we have openQA, but still, it tests only the packages inside the DVD and not the entire ecosystem. - Sure, we have the OBS. So, everything that gets build should also be install-able. No? -Sure, we have libsolv techniques that can answer this. But have you tested if the results reflect the real world? There's only way to do verify what's really happening: one system per package. Yes, that is extreme, you would probably need 25.000 virtual machines. But ... hold on... what about using containers? Well, I have an idea! I have developed a project for fun, and I would be delighted to share it with you. Egkatastasis (you can call it *egg*) is an open source system for testing openSUSE container images providing basic mechanisms for installation, log analysis, and metrics visualization of every package contained into the official repositories. Egkatastasis tests production container workloads at scale using Docker and systemd-nspawn, combined with the best-of-breed ideas and practices from the community using Filebeat and Elastic Stack. | Hello, everybody. Welcome again. My name is Panos Uriadis. I'm QA maintenance engineer for SUSE. Today I'm going to talk to you about a personal project of mine that I did during Hack Week that I received a lot of good feedback and interest. I'm here setting it with you. The project is called the catastrophes, which is a Greek name. Most people couldn't even pronounce it. The reason I picked the Greek name is because, why not? I mean, since I'm in the containers world and testing, everything looks to be Greek there. Even Kubernetes is a Greek word. So I was like, I will use a Greek word. So what the catastrophes means for the people who are interested in that, because Marcus asked me before. Well, if we split the word, it's actually N, which is in, Kata, which is two, and Istimid, which is stallum, which is Latin, means medium. So it moves something into a location or medium, which is install. If you just look at that, and then here is the installation that everybody knows. So a catastrophes means installation. So my project is about installing something in that case. What it is? What it is? Yeah, I just came up with that. It's an open source project. You can find it in GitHub. And what it does, it's supposed to test packages inside the open source containers that we see. Okay. And how we do that? I use Docker and SystemDnSpawn. So I use both a process container and a system container. And I use then the Elk stack and the file bit. The whole project is in GitHub. And in case you like this, feel free to contribute to that and let's see if there is more interest about it. So how it started? About one year ago or even longer, it was HACWIC. And I was checking containers. I was like, what is Docker? What it is? I was learning stuff. So basically, I said, okay, I am an open source guy, so let's use the open source containers. So I go to GitHub, I pull the Docker image we have for Tumblr. And I see that we have orphan packages there. Like if you do Zipperserts in the package, this package was coming from nowhere. And then I filed a bug. We talked with Martin, we talked with Flavio, and we make it fixed. But it was a bug. Next, we had wrong repositories. After that fix, three months later, I downloaded again the new image for open source container trying to do Zip and refresh and Zip and refresh fails because the URL in the repository was wrong. And I was like, what is going on? We have packages coming from nowhere. We have broken repositories. How people and why I am the only one that finds those stuff? Like there was no bug report. So after those, I started looking how I can test it. So a lot of people how I can test containers in OpenQA. And the feedback I got is that basically you have to install OpenQA first, and then you have to spawn a virtual machine inside this virtual machine to run in a container. Which looks like too much. Like it's way more things to be done in that case. And it's really, really slow compared to the typical testing of containers. For those who are interested, since we are in the university here, there is a Google summer of code project for that. That people and students are interested to help us and contribute to OpenQA by investigating a docker or a container backend in that case. So feel free to check this. And so I talked with the guys that we do testing. I saw also this and then I realized that, you know, we actually push open-source images one year ago with no testing them. So I was like, let's try to see how I can test them. That was the motivation behind the whole thing. So the project tries to answer how many packages might be problematic without my knowledge. I mean, I was just lucky when I did the Zipper search on that specific package, which was Kerberos 5 mini in that case. But can this be that there are also other packages that are broken that I'm not aware of? And if so, how do we know unless I test them all in that case? How many packages are supported in our open-source container images? Are the same packages that we support in Tumbleweed, all of them supported also in open-source containers? I mean, if I open a bug, would be a legitimate bug or they would say, no, it's containers. We don't really support it there. And how big undertaking is going to be this, to test everything? How much time I'm going to take for that? Since it's a community-driven project, it's just for fun, learning, experimenting. So I would like not to spend that much of time. How much resources I'm going to need for that? How difficult is going to be? And how accurate the results are going to be? That was some first questions that I had. Okay? So expectations. The expectations I had is like, this thing has to be fast. What fast means? Fast, definition of fast for me, is in that case that I'm going to test the whole ecosystem of open-source packages. This means roughly 50,000 packages. I need to test individually 50,000 packages. So in that case, I would say a week would be the maximum for me. I wouldn't wait more than a week to see a result, five days or something like that. Trust. Trust means if I find something that is broken in the container, I expect that the same behavior happens in your laptop. If this is not true, my whole project is... No, it's working. Okay, perfect. Okay. Yes, I was saying that the whole project makes sense only if what I find is real and it's a bug officially and we have to fix it. Otherwise, if I see different behavior in a container that I've done in a laptop, on a desktop, it doesn't make sense to do it. And it has to be simple. Simple meaning anybody that wants to contribute, anybody who's not familiar with containers but can jump into it really fast without much knowledge. Requirements for the test environment in that case. I had to build an environment in order to test that. So infrastructure as a code. I needed something that no matter if I'm sitting in my laptop in my workstation at work, if I visit my friend that has another distribution, I would like not to spend time installing and configuring from scratch and messing up his system. So everything, the whole project is containerized. You just get cloned, run one command, you don't infect your system with any of the things I'm doing. It should be low overhead, meaning like it should be able to scale. If I run it in my laptop, which is a dual core with hyperthreading and 4 gigs of RAM, I should be able to run the whole project in my laptop. And of course, if I move the project into a different infrastructure which is bigger, 20 cores, more RAM, the project should be able to take advantage of this and be faster. Right? And then I needed isolation for exactly what I told you before. Like, I don't want to mess my host system when I'm doing testing in that case. So for isolation, what we have, we have virtual machines that they offer great isolation. But the tooling for making this automatically was a little bit not the easiest, let's say. As I said before, I would like to have things really easy for that project, like one command things. And also with the virtual machines, I realized that the project is not going to be lightweight. Because if I need to have one package per virtual machine, this means I need to spawn 50,000 virtual machines. This means I will end up in 2030 in that case. T-route, yeah, quite the opposite of what the virtual machine is, terrible isolation, terrible. So forget this. And I ended up with container with something in between. They offer, okay, isolation, the container can see, the kernel of your system can access the hardware resources, but at the same time is not going to mess my host or packages in that case, only touch the file system of the container. So I ended up with containers also because it was time for me that I was experimenting. The methodology now here. Test, student, influence each other. What it means. Back in the day, I was a journalist writing Linux articles and tutorials and guides. And one thing that I really learned is that if you write a guide for somebody to follow, you have to have a clean system always. If you are going to provide information on write documentation for somebody, you should make sure that you download the ISO, you boot a virtual machine, you do what you have to do, and this thing should be reproducible. So in that case, let's say that we have a test that I have to test packets A. So we spawn a virtual machine in that case, I install packets A. Then if I continue in this system and install packets B, it might be that packets B has a conflict with packets A, but this is not clean anymore because packets A is installed. It should be a virtual machine, packets A. Another virtual machine, packets B. Something like that. So one test, the test for testing packets A should not interfere with test of packets B. That is the scenario. Test should be ephemeral, meaning as soon as they run, they get automatically deleted. They don't take space in my machine, they don't use my resources anymore. I don't want to manually take care of removing containers, their images and other logs of Docker in that case. Test should not affect the host as they are running, what we said before. So this is a screenshot. Yeah, not the best one. I'm using Timux here, but I can give you a demo later on when I saw you better. What I'm doing here, basically, you see every line you see here, every of these green lines that has success, which means open suzerox in that case, all the packages in that screen is installable, is one container. And this in that project, here you see, for example, how much time remains until the test is complete. Here you see file bit harvesting for logs and sending them to Elkstack. And here I have wrote a really, really high-key parser, since I'm not aware of any parser for zipper logs. Maybe if you are, please let me know. So I just look for errors and I parse for specific strings in the logs to see if they are happening. So the last time I ran that was in January. And we find, I found out that basically 98% of our 64-bit packages we have in open suzer is super healthy and only the other percent is not installable. The good thing with that project is that even if a package can be installed, sometimes we have messages happening in the post installation scripts. And you can aggregate those and see exactly how many packages are the same messages. And basically, when we release an open suzer snapshot, if we run this after that, we maybe can say, okay, if we fix this specific bug, 10 or 50 packages is going to be also fixed. So let me continue. Use cases. Visualization and metrics for the installation of our packages. You can either use the CLI and see the results on the command line, but you can also use elastic search and Kibana and go to your release manager and give him graphs and bars and I'm sure he will like it. Then I was like, what if open suzer had serverless infrastructure that a user before go to Facebook, Reddit or open to the forums and start complaining that package A is not working in his machine because he has installed a bunch of custom personal repositories from other people, he can go something like broken forever or it's just me in that case. So he can just, for the people that were in the previous presentation that I did, he can just send a request with a package and he can see if this package is installable or not and if it is in his system, it's not, then there's something wrong in his system, like he shouldn't file a bug for that in that case. Integration in build service, I'm not sure about that, I'm not very familiar in build service, actually I'm not at all familiar with that. I assume that there might be a use case for that as soon as we build the package, we can just run this outside of build service in another infrastructure in order not to cause any overhead in the build service in that case and have the output in a database. So this can be run also during building in that case. And this is a good entry point for newbies like me in that case, that they want to be maintainers of some packages. When I was volunteering for the Ubuntu bug squad, I remember that they had a panel that you can go as a noob basically and say, you know, I want to contribute to this project, I don't want to do translations, I want to write some code, they want to be a maintainer, but I have no idea from where to start, I need some easy tasks. And with this project, since you aggregate all the problems that might happen in the packages, you can classify them as easy things to do, like trivial things to do, and somebody you can give it, you know, take this and fix it. So there might be a collection of easy to solve problems for the people who are passionate in Ubuntu as maintainers. And then we probably can have like a comparison. We can have a live comparison of the status and the quality of the installation of packages in SUSE, Fedora, Ubuntu, Debian, you name it. You can convert them and we can also check live what version of packages they have. For example, I see people in forums say, we have the latest GNOME, no, no, we have it, but yeah, but we have this and that. So with this one, if you have all the logs there, you can actually take this information there, you can have a graph and everything. So I will talk a little bit about the future plans that I have with that and then I will give you a demo. So I will try to put this in Kubernetes to have it in a fast way, like you have a function, you say test this package, this package gets tested and I get the result if it is installable or not along with the log of Zipper in that case. Really, really fast. And then I would like to experiment with that, but now that Markus told me that he doesn't like this, you have to reconsider. Maybe with Cata containers, Cata containers and Google device or would be the thing that I would like to play just for experimentation. This is a fun project. Then I will try to learn a little bit about packaging and build service and see if it makes sense to put it there and how it works. And again, what we said before, entry point for Nubis and comparison among other distributions. So I am basically planning to have a website for that thing that you guys visit and you see results. So that's the presentation. Let me give you a demo with that. So what you have to do is clone the repository. The repository, I have already cloned this in that case. So let's go here. Let me open my browser. So here, if you go to GitHub, I basically have a tutorial, MD for the people who would like to try that. And also in the very front page, I have a logo though. So it's professional. You can just go into this folder, Docker in that case. So we go to, let me zoom. And here, there is a bunch of scripts. Let me see how much time we have. Okay. Another 10 minutes. So you can do test it. It should be simple. Like that. It will not infect your packages. And you put the name of the package that you would like to test. So what's happening in that case? In that case, there is an open-suzet with container downloading in my machine, running up, running the zipper, install Vim, as you know, with non-interactive accepting licenses and everything because I can't interact with that. As soon as this is finished, it will kill completely the container and remove it from my machine. But it will take the log from zipper and store it locally. As soon as this log is present in my system, file bit, here is going to collect it and send it to Logstas, which is a storage for enterprise logging. Logstas will do some purely idiotic filtering that I'm doing because I don't know any zipper or parser for that. So I'm just taking the whole thing. And it sends this to Elasticsearch. And I have Kibana, which is the web UI for Elasticsearch in case you would like to have some graphs and stuff like that. Perfect. So we see here that Vim is installable right now. That's a live test in the Tumbleweed. So if I open, for example, that's interesting, opening Vim. Yep. You see this is the complete zipper log. So in our open-source containers, that's what will happen. Six new packages will be installed. And here is the log of the whole thing. This now goes to Kibana, as I said. So... Yes. Here you can see that file bit took the file, send it to Kibana. And I have here the whole log in case I would like to have a central database or have a website, a web server that feeds the content from that database. Okay. And I think that I have something here that you might like. Yesterday, I ran this in my workstation at work. And I can give you some results for the packages that they are no-arts architecture. Unfortunately, the 64-bit packages are about 19,000. And this takes about one day and a half. And since I started it yesterday, it's not finished yet. The only thing that got finished is there are no-arts packages that they are roughly 15,000, I think. So I'm going to take this file and put it into my project in that case. And let me unpack it. So now we will see file bit getting crazy reading 15,000 logs. This means like since yesterday, I've managed to run 50,000 individual containers with one package per container. So we know exactly what's going on in our open-suzet tumbling with container images in that case. Let me, since this is sending the stuff to the database, let's use the parser to see some stuff here in the terminal. So you see here the timeout. I was a little bit too happy about that. And I was like, okay, I have six core machine at work. Maybe I can run 200 containers at the same time. Yes, I can. But what happened is that my internet connection is not that fast. So basically, I run into the problem that I have a hard time out that I don't want to wait forever for a package. There might be packages, if we check those packages because the open-suzet container image is pretty, pretty small, there might be that if you try to install one, it will try to install three gigabytes of packages. Theo loves, I know he loves. So what happened is, yeah, internet connection problem. So just some things here. We see that some packages here could not be able to install. So if I do like grep for that, we can see those packages. Python Django, network manager, novel VPN, this looks like a very old one. Copana web hub, and stuff like that, and what is also interesting is from what are installed in that case, I have like 1,500 wrong permissions here, something like this. So if I search for that, I get that, like setting, blah, blah, blah, trusting wrong permissions. I'm not sure if this is a bug or not, but this is something that I get. This is not a bug. Then why it says wrong permissions? Why there is the word wrong? I mean, yes? Because the permissions file is a configuration. All right. So these are not bugs that's good to know, but at least what I'm trying to say here is that the parser checks those. In case you need them, to check them, the parser checks those. And all those things are now in the database. Hopefully, all things are now here. Let me refresh that. Okay. So, yes, everything is here. All the packages. Yeah. And you can go to visualize, create a visualization, create a pie chart, and here you can have your metrics like these are all the packages that we have, these are the packages that fail with that error, these are the packages that fail with the other error, and so on and so forth. So you can say, okay, classify them and give them to your user to fix them. So that's the project so far. It was really fun for me and I received good feedback, so that's why I'm here. Maybe it's interesting for you. You have some ideas to tell me how this can be improved. Any questions? Yeah, let me pass you the microphone over. This can open like this. Okay. Yes, I didn't dare to press the red button. So, whenever you submit a package to open to the factory, there's an install check, but of course, only for that single package and of course, it could be that it breaks another package that's already there. So maybe these are the errors that you can find with your approach. But on the other end, when we have like a daily tumbleweed snapshot and you say that this takes like, you know, about a day, we cannot run this test for every tumbleweed snapshot. Do you have a suggestion when to do this? I don't know. Maybe we can write it for Leap. I have no idea if it makes sense. Actually, we spoke about that already in the past. You could only test the packages which changed and you could talk to a WebMQ which is fed by the build service, which packages are changed and you only need to test those. One thing that your regular test would find is packages which are fair to build and are now broken because their dependency has changed. So you would still need regular tests like once a week or once every two weeks. But if you only want to test in the tumbleweed time frames and test the packages where you get successful build events or publish events. All right. Okay. We have one minute. I would just like to say that this thing works with system dn spawn container also. So that was another experiment. You can find details how to do it. Any other questions in the room? Yes. No. No. Okay. So no questions. Thank you very much for being here. | {
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"text": [
" Hello, everybody. Welcome again. My name is Panos Uriadis. I'm QA maintenance engineer",
" for SUSE. Today I'm going to talk to you about a personal project of mine that I did during",
" Hack Week that I received a lot of good feedback and interest. I'm here setting it with you.",
" The project is called the catastrophes, which is a Greek name. Most people couldn't even",
" pronounce it. The reason I picked the Greek name is because, why not? I mean, since I'm",
" in the containers world and testing, everything looks to be Greek there. Even Kubernetes is",
" a Greek word. So I was like, I will use a Greek word. So what the catastrophes means",
" for the people who are interested in that, because Marcus asked me before. Well, if we",
" split the word, it's actually N, which is in, Kata, which is two, and Istimid, which is",
" stallum, which is Latin, means medium. So it moves something into a location or medium,",
" which is install. If you just look at that, and then here is the installation that everybody",
" knows. So a catastrophes means installation. So my project is about installing something",
" in that case. What it is? What it is? Yeah, I just came up with that. It's an open source",
" project. You can find it in GitHub. And what it does, it's supposed to test packages inside",
" the open source containers that we see. Okay. And how we do that? I use Docker and SystemDnSpawn.",
" So I use both a process container and a system container. And I use then the Elk stack and",
" the file bit. The whole project is in GitHub. And in case you like this, feel free to contribute",
" to that and let's see if there is more interest about it. So how it started? About one year",
" ago or even longer, it was HACWIC. And I was checking containers. I was like, what is Docker?",
" What it is? I was learning stuff. So basically, I said, okay, I am an open source guy, so",
" let's use the open source containers. So I go to GitHub, I pull the Docker image we have",
" for Tumblr. And I see that we have orphan packages there. Like if you do Zipperserts in the",
" package, this package was coming from nowhere. And then I filed a bug. We talked with Martin,",
" we talked with Flavio, and we make it fixed. But it was a bug. Next, we had wrong repositories.",
" After that fix, three months later, I downloaded again the new image for open source container",
" trying to do Zip and refresh and Zip and refresh fails because the URL in the repository was",
" wrong. And I was like, what is going on? We have packages coming from nowhere. We have",
" broken repositories. How people and why I am the only one that finds those stuff? Like",
" there was no bug report. So after those, I started looking how I can test it. So a lot",
" of people how I can test containers in OpenQA. And the feedback I got is that basically you",
" have to install OpenQA first, and then you have to spawn a virtual machine inside this",
" virtual machine to run in a container. Which looks like too much. Like it's way more things",
" to be done in that case. And it's really, really slow compared to the typical testing",
" of containers. For those who are interested, since we are in the university here, there",
" is a Google summer of code project for that. That people and students are interested to",
" help us and contribute to OpenQA by investigating a docker or a container backend in that case.",
" So feel free to check this. And so I talked with the guys that we do testing. I saw also",
" this and then I realized that, you know, we actually push open-source images one year ago",
" with no testing them. So I was like, let's try to see how I can test them. That was the",
" motivation behind the whole thing. So the project tries to answer how many packages",
" might be problematic without my knowledge. I mean, I was just lucky when I did the Zipper",
" search on that specific package, which was Kerberos 5 mini in that case. But can this",
" be that there are also other packages that are broken that I'm not aware of? And if so,",
" how do we know unless I test them all in that case? How many packages are supported in our",
" open-source container images? Are the same packages that we support in Tumbleweed, all",
" of them supported also in open-source containers? I mean, if I open a bug, would be a legitimate",
" bug or they would say, no, it's containers. We don't really support it there. And how",
" big undertaking is going to be this, to test everything? How much time I'm going to take",
" for that? Since it's a community-driven project, it's just for fun, learning, experimenting.",
" So I would like not to spend that much of time. How much resources I'm going to need",
" for that? How difficult is going to be? And how accurate the results are going to be?",
" That was some first questions that I had. Okay? So expectations. The expectations I",
" had is like, this thing has to be fast. What fast means? Fast, definition of fast for me,",
" is in that case that I'm going to test the whole ecosystem of open-source packages. This",
" means roughly 50,000 packages. I need to test individually 50,000 packages. So in that case,",
" I would say a week would be the maximum for me. I wouldn't wait more than a week to see",
" a result, five days or something like that. Trust. Trust means if I find something that",
" is broken in the container, I expect that the same behavior happens in your laptop.",
" If this is not true, my whole project is...",
" No, it's working. Okay, perfect.",
" Okay. Yes, I was saying that the whole project makes sense only if what I find is real and",
" it's a bug officially and we have to fix it. Otherwise, if I see different behavior in",
" a container that I've done in a laptop, on a desktop, it doesn't make sense to do it.",
" And it has to be simple. Simple meaning anybody that wants to contribute, anybody who's not",
" familiar with containers but can jump into it really fast without much knowledge. Requirements",
" for the test environment in that case. I had to build an environment in order to test that.",
" So infrastructure as a code. I needed something that no matter if I'm sitting in my laptop",
" in my workstation at work, if I visit my friend that has another distribution, I would like",
" not to spend time installing and configuring from scratch and messing up his system. So",
" everything, the whole project is containerized. You just get cloned, run one command, you",
" don't infect your system with any of the things I'm doing. It should be low overhead, meaning",
" like it should be able to scale. If I run it in my laptop, which is a dual core with",
" hyperthreading and 4 gigs of RAM, I should be able to run the whole project in my laptop.",
" And of course, if I move the project into a different infrastructure which is bigger,",
" 20 cores, more RAM, the project should be able to take advantage of this and be faster.",
" Right? And then I needed isolation for exactly what I told you before. Like, I don't want",
" to mess my host system when I'm doing testing in that case. So for isolation, what we have,",
" we have virtual machines that they offer great isolation. But the tooling for making this",
" automatically was a little bit not the easiest, let's say. As I said before, I would like",
" to have things really easy for that project, like one command things. And also with the",
" virtual machines, I realized that the project is not going to be lightweight. Because if",
" I need to have one package per virtual machine, this means I need to spawn 50,000 virtual",
" machines. This means I will end up in 2030 in that case. T-route, yeah, quite the opposite",
" of what the virtual machine is, terrible isolation, terrible. So forget this. And I ended up",
" with container with something in between. They offer, okay, isolation, the container",
" can see, the kernel of your system can access the hardware resources, but at the same time",
" is not going to mess my host or packages in that case, only touch the file system of the",
" container. So I ended up with containers also because it was time for me that I was experimenting.",
" The methodology now here. Test, student, influence each other. What it means. Back in the day,",
" I was a journalist writing Linux articles and tutorials and guides. And one thing that",
" I really learned is that if you write a guide for somebody to follow, you have to have a",
" clean system always. If you are going to provide information on write documentation for somebody,",
" you should make sure that you download the ISO, you boot a virtual machine, you do what",
" you have to do, and this thing should be reproducible. So in that case, let's say that we have a",
" test that I have to test packets A. So we spawn a virtual machine in that case, I install",
" packets A. Then if I continue in this system and install packets B, it might be that packets",
" B has a conflict with packets A, but this is not clean anymore because packets A is",
" installed. It should be a virtual machine, packets A. Another virtual machine, packets",
" B. Something like that. So one test, the test for testing packets A should not interfere",
" with test of packets B. That is the scenario. Test should be ephemeral, meaning as soon",
" as they run, they get automatically deleted. They don't take space in my machine, they",
" don't use my resources anymore. I don't want to manually take care of removing containers,",
" their images and other logs of Docker in that case. Test should not affect the host as they",
" are running, what we said before. So this is a screenshot. Yeah, not the best one. I'm",
" using Timux here, but I can give you a demo later on when I saw you better. What I'm doing",
" here, basically, you see every line you see here, every of these green lines that has",
" success, which means open suzerox in that case, all the packages in that screen is installable,",
" is one container. And this in that project, here you see, for example, how much time remains",
" until the test is complete. Here you see file bit harvesting for logs and sending them",
" to Elkstack. And here I have wrote a really, really high-key parser, since I'm not aware",
" of any parser for zipper logs. Maybe if you are, please let me know. So I just look for",
" errors and I parse for specific strings in the logs to see if they are happening. So",
" the last time I ran that was in January. And we find, I found out that basically 98% of",
" our 64-bit packages we have in open suzer is super healthy and only the other percent",
" is not installable. The good thing with that project is that even if a package can be installed,",
" sometimes we have messages happening in the post installation scripts. And you can aggregate",
" those and see exactly how many packages are the same messages. And basically, when we",
" release an open suzer snapshot, if we run this after that, we maybe can say, okay, if",
" we fix this specific bug, 10 or 50 packages is going to be also fixed. So let me continue.",
" Use cases. Visualization and metrics for the installation of our packages. You can either",
" use the CLI and see the results on the command line, but you can also use elastic search",
" and Kibana and go to your release manager and give him graphs and bars and I'm sure",
" he will like it. Then I was like, what if open suzer had serverless infrastructure that",
" a user before go to Facebook, Reddit or open to the forums and start complaining that package",
" A is not working in his machine because he has installed a bunch of custom personal repositories",
" from other people, he can go something like broken forever or it's just me in that case.",
" So he can just, for the people that were in the previous presentation that I did, he can",
" just send a request with a package and he can see if this package is installable or not",
" and if it is in his system, it's not, then there's something wrong in his system, like",
" he shouldn't file a bug for that in that case. Integration in build service, I'm not sure",
" about that, I'm not very familiar in build service, actually I'm not at all familiar",
" with that. I assume that there might be a use case for that as soon as we build the",
" package, we can just run this outside of build service in another infrastructure in order",
" not to cause any overhead in the build service in that case and have the output in a database.",
" So this can be run also during building in that case. And this is a good entry point for",
" newbies like me in that case, that they want to be maintainers of some packages. When I",
" was volunteering for the Ubuntu bug squad, I remember that they had a panel that you",
" can go as a noob basically and say, you know, I want to contribute to this project, I don't",
" want to do translations, I want to write some code, they want to be a maintainer, but I",
" have no idea from where to start, I need some easy tasks. And with this project, since you",
" aggregate all the problems that might happen in the packages, you can classify them as",
" easy things to do, like trivial things to do, and somebody you can give it, you know,",
" take this and fix it. So there might be a collection of easy to solve problems for the",
" people who are passionate in Ubuntu as maintainers. And then we probably can have like a comparison.",
" We can have a live comparison of the status and the quality of the installation of packages",
" in SUSE, Fedora, Ubuntu, Debian, you name it. You can convert them and we can also check",
" live what version of packages they have. For example, I see people in forums say, we have",
" the latest GNOME, no, no, we have it, but yeah, but we have this and that. So with this",
" one, if you have all the logs there, you can actually take this information there, you",
" can have a graph and everything. So I will talk a little bit about the future plans that",
" I have with that and then I will give you a demo. So I will try to put this in Kubernetes",
" to have it in a fast way, like you have a function, you say test this package, this",
" package gets tested and I get the result if it is installable or not along with the log",
" of Zipper in that case. Really, really fast. And then I would like to experiment with that,",
" but now that Markus told me that he doesn't like this, you have to reconsider. Maybe with",
" Cata containers, Cata containers and Google device or would be the thing that I would",
" like to play just for experimentation. This is a fun project. Then I will try to learn",
" a little bit about packaging and build service and see if it makes sense to put it there",
" and how it works. And again, what we said before, entry point for Nubis and comparison",
" among other distributions. So I am basically planning to have a website for that thing",
" that you guys visit and you see results. So that's the presentation. Let me give you a",
" demo with that. So what you have to do is clone the repository. The repository, I have",
" already cloned this in that case. So let's go here. Let me open my browser. So here,",
" if you go to GitHub, I basically have a tutorial, MD for the people who would like to try that.",
" And also in the very front page, I have a logo though. So it's professional. You can",
" just go into this folder, Docker in that case. So we go to, let me zoom. And here, there",
" is a bunch of scripts. Let me see how much time we have. Okay. Another 10 minutes. So",
" you can do test it. It should be simple. Like that. It will not infect your packages. And",
" you put the name of the package that you would like to test. So what's happening in that",
" case? In that case, there is an open-suzet with container downloading in my machine,",
" running up, running the zipper, install Vim, as you know, with non-interactive accepting",
" licenses and everything because I can't interact with that. As soon as this is finished, it",
" will kill completely the container and remove it from my machine. But it will take the log",
" from zipper and store it locally. As soon as this log is present in my system, file bit,",
" here is going to collect it and send it to Logstas, which is a storage for enterprise",
" logging. Logstas will do some purely idiotic filtering that I'm doing because I don't know",
" any zipper or parser for that. So I'm just taking the whole thing. And it sends this",
" to Elasticsearch. And I have Kibana, which is the web UI for Elasticsearch in case you",
" would like to have some graphs and stuff like that. Perfect. So we see here that Vim is",
" installable right now. That's a live test in the Tumbleweed. So if I open, for example,",
" that's interesting, opening Vim. Yep. You see this is the complete zipper log. So in",
" our open-source containers, that's what will happen. Six new packages will be installed.",
" And here is the log of the whole thing. This now goes to Kibana, as I said. So... Yes. Here",
" you can see that file bit took the file, send it to Kibana. And I have here the whole log",
" in case I would like to have a central database or have a website, a web server that feeds",
" the content from that database. Okay. And I think that I have something here that you",
" might like. Yesterday, I ran this in my workstation at work. And I can give you some results for",
" the packages that they are no-arts architecture. Unfortunately, the 64-bit packages are about",
" 19,000. And this takes about one day and a half. And since I started it yesterday, it's",
" not finished yet. The only thing that got finished is there are no-arts packages that",
" they are roughly 15,000, I think. So I'm going to take this file and put it into my project",
" in that case. And let me unpack it. So now we will see file bit getting crazy reading",
" 15,000 logs. This means like since yesterday, I've managed to run 50,000 individual containers",
" with one package per container. So we know exactly what's going on in our open-suzet",
" tumbling with container images in that case. Let me, since this is sending the stuff to",
" the database, let's use the parser to see some stuff here in the terminal. So you see",
" here the timeout. I was a little bit too happy about that. And I was like, okay, I have six",
" core machine at work. Maybe I can run 200 containers at the same time. Yes, I can. But",
" what happened is that my internet connection is not that fast. So basically, I run into",
" the problem that I have a hard time out that I don't want to wait forever for a package.",
" There might be packages, if we check those packages because the open-suzet container",
" image is pretty, pretty small, there might be that if you try to install one, it will",
" try to install three gigabytes of packages. Theo loves, I know he loves. So what happened",
" is, yeah, internet connection problem. So just some things here. We see that some packages",
" here could not be able to install. So if I do like grep for that, we can see those packages.",
" Python Django, network manager, novel VPN, this looks like a very old one. Copana web",
" hub, and stuff like that, and what is also interesting is from what are installed in",
" that case, I have like 1,500 wrong permissions here, something like this. So if I search for",
" that, I get that, like setting, blah, blah, blah, trusting wrong permissions. I'm not",
" sure if this is a bug or not, but this is something that I get. This is not a bug. Then",
" why it says wrong permissions? Why there is the word wrong? I mean, yes?",
" Because the permissions file is a configuration.",
" All right. So these are not bugs that's good to know, but at least what I'm trying to say",
" here is that the parser checks those. In case you need them, to check them, the parser checks",
" those. And all those things are now in the database. Hopefully, all things are now here.",
" Let me refresh that. Okay. So, yes, everything is here. All the packages. Yeah. And you can",
" go to visualize, create a visualization, create a pie chart, and here you can have your metrics",
" like these are all the packages that we have, these are the packages that fail with that",
" error, these are the packages that fail with the other error, and so on and so forth. So",
" you can say, okay, classify them and give them to your user to fix them. So that's the",
" project so far. It was really fun for me and I received good feedback, so that's why I'm",
" here. Maybe it's interesting for you. You have some ideas to tell me how this can be",
" improved. Any questions? Yeah, let me pass you the microphone over. This can open like",
" this. Okay. Yes, I didn't dare to press the red button. So, whenever you submit a package",
" to open to the factory, there's an install check, but of course, only for that single",
" package and of course, it could be that it breaks another package that's already there.",
" So maybe these are the errors that you can find with your approach. But on the other",
" end, when we have like a daily tumbleweed snapshot and you say that this takes like,",
" you know, about a day, we cannot run this test for every tumbleweed snapshot. Do you",
" have a suggestion when to do this? I don't know. Maybe we can write it for Leap. I have",
" no idea if it makes sense. Actually, we spoke about that already in the past. You could",
" only test the packages which changed and you could talk to a WebMQ which is fed by the",
" build service, which packages are changed and you only need to test those. One thing",
" that your regular test would find is packages which are fair to build and are now broken",
" because their dependency has changed. So you would still need regular tests like once a",
" week or once every two weeks. But if you only want to test in the tumbleweed time frames",
" and test the packages where you get successful build events or publish events.",
" All right. Okay. We have one minute. I would just like to say that this thing works with",
" system dn spawn container also. So that was another experiment. You can find details how",
" to do it. Any other questions in the room? Yes. No. No. Okay. So no questions. Thank",
" you very much for being here."
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10.5446/47427 (DOI) | NOVA Microhypervisor on ARMv8-A | https://av.tib.eu/media/47427 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de01cb074a726570855db085c71c85cbbf5d91e534804a853c408e2f3ccf09da46/uk_nova.mp4 | CC Attribution 2.0 Belgium:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2020 | Steinberg, Udo | null | NOVA is a modern open-source microhypervisor that can host unmodified guest operating systems next to critical host applications. Although originally developed for the x86 virtualization extensions of Intel and AMD, the internals of the microhypervisor and its external API were designed with flexibility in mind, such that the code could also be ported to other architectures. In this talk we present the first ever version of NOVA on ARMv8-A. We will show how the NOVA abstractions map onto the ARM architecture, how modern virtualization features such as GIC and SMMU are being used, discuss the ongoing evolution of the NOVA API and how the ARM port differs from the earlier x86 version. The talk will conclude with a short demo, an outlook into the NOVA roadmap and the formal verification efforts around the code base, as well as opportunities for collaboration with the NOVA community. | The next talk is given by Udo Steindag. I'm excited about Udo because Udo hasn't been giving a talk here for many years, I think. Six, seven. Now he's back to talk about new developments in the Nova world. Yeah, I'm excited to be here too. Let's first do a little poll. Who of the audience has heard of Nova or who has worked with Nova? Maybe a quick short of hands. Okay, I think about half the folks. So today I'll be giving a talk about Nova hypervisor on ARM V8A, which is our port of Nova to the most recent ARM architecture. And since only half of you know Nova very well, the first part of the talk will go a little bit into detail about what Nova is and where we came from. Then the second part of the talk, I'll talk about virtualization on ARM V8A. ARM A is the A profile for the performance course. There's also ARM R for real-time course and ARM M. We are talking about Cortex A. And then I'll conclude the talk with the current status. We'll do a little demo here. We've already put some equipment here and then I'll talk a little bit about roadmap. So those of you who've been following the micro-commoderum today, you've seen this system which is Nova on x86 already in action when Norman gave his talk on G-node. So Nova on x86 is a system that has existed for more than 10 years. And the way that virtualization works on x86 is that without the virtualization extensions, you have two processor rings, really four of which only two are used. You have ring zero which is used by the kernel and ring three which is user mode. And you have an operating system and applications running in those two modes. With virtualization, these rings are now called guest rings, which is why we call them ring zero, G, and ring three, G. And you get the same set of rings duplicated for host mode. We have ring zero H and ring three H. So ring zero host is occupied by the Nova microhypervisor. And ring three host is occupied by what we call hyper processes. And the whole G-node framework that you saw two talks ago is a framework that runs in rings three host. It's interesting to note that the Nova microhypervisor is the only component that runs privileged. And everything else, all the colorful apps that run in the host and everything that runs in guest runs deep privileged. And there's a little footnote there that says obviously we have no control of firmware. What's also interesting to note is that we give every virtual machine its own instance of a user level virtual machine monitor, which means that should something go wrong in a virtual machine, should you have a VMscape, should an instruction not be virtualized properly or something like that, then a VMscape will only affect that VMM instance and the rest of the system will not be affected. So now we took this system and we said, can we build something like that on ARMv8? And the next slide shows what does Nova look like on an ARMv8 architecture. So at the bottom we have the hardware and then we have four privileged levels which ARM calls execution levels. So starting at the top, we have EL0 which is user mode, EL1 which is supervisor mode where kernel runs, EL2 is called hypervisor mode. This is where Nova lives. And then we have EL3 which is called monitor mode in which a firmware monitor sits that can switch between a non-secure and a secure world. And we do not own this monitor. We do not control it. And we also do not control a trusted execution environment like an opti that runs along the side. But in the world that we own, which is the top left corner, the non-secure world upwards from EL2, Nova is the only privileged component and all the other properties that we had on X86, including a virtual machine monitor, per guest VM, and the deep privileged host environment, all of that has been carried forward to ARM. Now let's talk a little bit about Nova. Nova is hypervisor, micro hypervisor that takes the best ideas from micro kernels, capability-based systems, high performance virtualization, and puts all of that together in a small piece of code where the X86 version is less than 10,000 and the ARM version currently is less than 7,000 lines of code. It is based around capabilities. What does that mean? We have a bunch of kernel objects that I've shown in the middle. We have protection domains. These are address bases. We have execution contacts. You can think of them as threads of virtual CPUs. We have portals. These are communication endpoints by which protection domains and threads inside them can communicate. And all these kernel objects cannot be referenced directly. Instead, we give every protection domain that needs to access them a capability. What is the capability? You can think of a capability as a pointer to a kernel object plus associated permissions. So procession of a capability gives you the right to invoke that capability and to access that object. And if you don't have a capability to an object, you can neither name the object nor access it. So that's a very powerful security system. SEO4 has the same and a lot of newer micro kernels do. And you can build really powerful other systems on top as Norman has demonstrated with Genome. The same principle, by the way, works for memory where you can think of a virtual address as being a capability to a physical memory page with read write execute permissions. So that same principle is also applied for Nova. So we have multiple spaces. We have an object space for these capabilities. And we have a memory space for delegation of writes to memory. In the older version, the x86 version, we used to have a mapping database that tracked all these dependencies of who gave the capability to whom and things like that. We got rid of all that. We replaced it with a new hyper call called control protection domain, which takes two capabilities, the center and the receiver protection domain. And you have a take grant model where the possession of, let's say, a capability A and a capability B for those two protection domains, you can say, take the two capabilities from slots two and three in protection domain A and put them in slots six and seven of protection domain B. And obviously, we have more than eight slots. This is just for illustrative purposes. And then the user wants to refer to a capability. They give us a select door, which is a number and index into that space and say, I want to do something with capability to this is how it works. It's like a file script. So upon this, we built some basic abstractions. And these are the basics abstractions that the Nova version on x86 has had for a long time. So on the left, you can see two protection domain. Think of them as two address spaces, two applications that want to communicate with each other. And in the production domain, A, we have a call us red and EC here and it has a scheduling context attached to it. And those of you who saw gonna talk this morning know that the scheduling context is a really nice abstraction for expressing scheduling parameters and for delegating it along a call to implement priority inheritance and Nova has had this for 10 years. And we also have on the other side a call the execution context that has no scheduling context for the very same reason that Garnet gave that you can completely account the execution. Of a server invocation to the caller. So what what would that look like the caller makes a hyper call in this case called IPC call. It gives a capability select or a selector to a portal. And what's called an empty D we call is message transfer descriptor and a message transfer descriptor tells Nova how many words to copy from the UTCB of the caller to the UTCB of the callee. So the UTCB is like a message in an outbox. It's very abstract and the same mechanism applies no matter whether you are on x86 or on arm. So once that call has been made, you know, transition over to the right side. The situation looks like this. The scheduling context has been given to the callee. This achieves priority inheritance or in case of real time bandwidth inheritance. The callee can now execute because it has a time slice. Time is accounted to the client to the caller. And at some point the callee is going to do a reply. It invokes IPC reply, gives a message transfer descriptor says how many words to a one a copy back from my UTCB to the caller. And then we are back to the left side. This is the basic mechanism by which protection domains and threats in protection domains communicate with each other. And this also illustrates how the different kernel objects sort of come into play there. So the empty D defines the number of words to copy between those two yellow UTCBs. And we'll see in the next slide how the empty D is also used for other purposes. Now I said Nova is a micro hypervisor. This means at some point we need to deal with virtual machines, with virtual CPUs, with emulating instructions and devices. So a lot of you will notice that this light looks very, very similar to the previous light. Why is that? Because we layer VM exit handling and the emulation exactly on top of IPC. So the difference is that we now have two protection domains that are called a virtual machine in which an execution context run that is a VCPU. And we have a VMM, which in this case is the server. It provides the virtual machine service and the execution context here we call it handler. So at some point the virtual CPU is going to take a VM exit on x86 or an exception on ARM, which requires the attention of the virtualization there. This VM exit takes us into Nova. Nova will save the state in a page which we call virtual machine control block because we came from x86. And then Nova is going to synthesize an IPC call on behalf of the virtual CPU, send it to the handler. And the question is now what state do we transmit? And that state is called empty D arc. And it comes out of a portal where every event has its own portal. So you can say, if I see this event, here's that state that I want. If I see some other event, here's this state that I want. And then the VMM gets this message in its UTZB. And the reply works exactly like an IPC reply, except that the handler specifies an empty D arc. The result gets stored in a VMCB. And when the VCPU resumes or erads back to the guest, that state will be restored. So empty D arc is similar to the empty D that I showed you before, which copies state around, except this time between VMCB and UTZB and not between two UTZBs. Same with the scheduling context, the entire accounting of the emulation goes onto the scheduling context of the VCPU. Now we get into ARM territory. And before we do that, I'll show you how we hide the differences between x86 and ARM. And you don't have to understand all these details. But here I've shown you the empty D, the empty D arc for ARM and x86, which is basically a bit field that describes the different fields. And these will also be listed in the NOVA interface specification. So the VMM gets to decide for every event which part of the architectural states it wants to see. And by using this architecture-dependent message transfer descriptor, we can completely reuse all the mechanisms. It's just a message that looks different depending on which architecture you're on. FPU is an interesting state because it's kind of large. So on ARM, it's 32 128-bit words, which is 512 bytes. This is something you do not want to switch on every VM exit or on every context switch. So we switch the FPU lazily, which has some consequences. So we call this thread, which currently has its state saved in the FPU. We call it the FPU owner. And then whenever some other thread wants to access the FPU, we take the state from the owner, we save it lazily, give it to the other guy. So that means that the hypervisor has to do two things. When we switch away from the FPU owner, we have to disable the FPU to see any other access trapping. And when we switch back to the FPU owner, we have to re-enable the FPU because we don't want the owner to trap. The owner has its state in the FPU. And that means on a typical kernel exit pass, you have multiple conditions to check. Like, am I going back to the FPU owner? Is the FPU enabled? If not, and this can all be very time consuming because it's branch heavy code. So how do we make this efficient? Nova has a notion of hazards, which are exceptional conditions that the kernel needs to fix up before it goes back to user mode. And we have two types. We have a CPU hazard for certain exceptional conditions on the CPU, like the CPU needs to reschedule, the CPU needs to flush it, the CPU needs to restore a certain state. And we have the same thing for ECs. The EC needs to reload some state. The EC has been recalled and things like that. So what we do is we overlay two bits of the state from the CPU hazard and the EC hazard. Namely, the state FPU is disabled and the EC is not the FPU owner and FPU is enabled and the EC is the FPU owner. And only if the XOR of both states yields a value of one, which means these two conditions are out of sync, do we actually vector through the hazard pass and do we do this FPU switching magic? In the fast case, where the FPU is already in the right state, so it's disabled and the EC is not the owner or it's enabled or it is the owner, we will not take the slope pass. So these are some of the performance tricks that Nova is using to get really excellent virtualization performance. I'll talk a little bit about interrupt virtualization on ARM because unlike X86, we get a lot of help from the hardware. Actually, ARM V8 has the interrupt controller split into two parts. There's one part that lives in the chipset, which is called, which is the upper part, the upper box, consisting of the gig distributor and the gig redistributor. You can think of it like an IOAPIC. The distributor is the global part, which takes shared peripheral interrupts coming from devices and the redistributors are CPU local parts, which take interrupts like core local timer interrupts, core local performance counter interrupts and things like that. And then the distributor and redistributor send physical interrupts to the CPU interface, which is called gig C, and then they normally go to the processing element, which is your processor. So that's the left side of this diagram. And this is the thing that gets used when virtualization is not in the game. This virtualization, you get the right side of this processing element consisting of something called gig H and gig V. So what ARM did there is they created a virtual interface of the gig C, which looks exactly the same like the physical CPU interface, except that it doesn't get its interrupt from the distributors. It gets its interrupt from the hypervisor control interface. And this is what Nova drives. So what we do is the map gig V directly into the physical address space of the VM so the guest can access it anywhere at once without causing any exits. And all the interrupt injections that come from the hypervisor go to the control interface. And this control interface autonomously injects interrupts into the guest. So this is very efficient. How we expose this at the API level is twofold. First of all, the interrupt injection logic between gig two and gig three uses a different format, which is really not so nice. So we abstract on the injection interface the differences away. We let the VMM always tell us interrupts in gig three format. And if you run on something older, we convert. And then we have a hyper call called assign interrupt, which the partition manager can use to steer interrupts to specific cores. Next thing is timer virtualization. ARM has a global system counter, which distributes the time in the entire system to all the cores. And this is exposed on each core in form of two counters and two timer instances. One is called the physical timer, which is directly reflects the system counter and the other is called virtual timer, which has an offset applied or subtracted from the system counter so that you can hide time progression from a guest. The good thing is that the physical timer can be trapped. So it can be disabled. You can trap and emulate it. And this is what we do. And this emulation works much similar to x86. So the VMM uses a timer interrupt summer for to catch this timer expiring. And then this interrupt is asynchronously delivered. It's much more complicated for the virtual timer because the ARM architecture does not allow you to trap or to intercept the virtual timer, which really forces you to contact, switch it. So every time we switch from one vcpu to another, we context switch the virtual timer, which is obviously a little bit ugly from a context state-saving perspective. But the good thing is that the timer interrupt will always be synchronous to the execution of the vcpu. So the timer interrupt can never come when that vcpu is not running. And whenever a timer interrupt comes, it is for exactly this vcpu. So we deliver such a timer interrupt directly synchronously via a portal. Next thing is I want to talk about is a system MMU. System MMU is a crucial piece of a security critical system because you need not only protect applications from viding to each other's address spaces by means of virtual memory and an MMU. You also need to prevent rogue drivers that can do DMA from DMA, DMAing all over the place, like overriding the hypervisor, overriding their neighboring protection domain, and this is what x86 uses an IOMMU for, and the ARM concept is called a system MMU. So a DMA transaction that arrives at the system MMU on the left side of the picture has two attributes. It has a stream ID which identifies which device it's coming from, and it has a, let's call it a virtual address or an IOM address, which is where the device wants to DMA to. And then ARM has a configuration piece in the SMMU that consists of stream mapping group which allows you to associate streams to translation context. So we have two streams mapping to the first translation, one stream mapping to the first translation context, and two streams mapping to the second translation context. So this would be two devices assigned to the same PD, and then a translation context directly maps to a DMA page table, and there's a TLD in the middle that can cache frequently used translations. So it's really important to have this piece supported in Hypervisor, otherwise DMA is a critical attack vector. So there's a limited number of these stream mapping groups and context, which is why we let the partition manager manage them, and NOVA then manages the translation part, keeping the page tables and the TLD consistent, assigning devices to PDs, and there's an assigned device hypercall for doing this assignment and binding a device to protection domain. So with that, let's take a look at all the platforms that we currently support. We'll do a little demo here in a few minutes. We'll do this demo on the top left board, which is an Affnit-Tilings Ultra96 board, and the reason we are doing that is precisely because it has an SMMU. A lot of the other boards do not, but this board has one, and we obviously want to use the best infrastructure that we can have. We also run on the NXP IMX 8M quad, and those of you who were in Stefan's talk just a couple minutes ago, you already saw that board in action, and the VMM that we use on top of NOVA was, as Stefan pointed out, a joint development effort between Bedrock and Gnode, and it was a lot of fun to work on this together. We also run on an Renaissance R-car. The difference for the R-car is that it's actually two clusters, of course, of different cores, so it's a big little system. We also support big little, and then, as we know, Fustim is a community conference, and a lot of you have probably gotten a Raspberry Pi 4, so NOVA also runs on that. We also did a lot of prototyping on QMU, so naturally, we support QMU out of the box. The NXP, by the way, is the only board we have that has a GIG-3. We have all combinations of different GIGs, this MMU, this out SMMU, single cluster, multi cluster, all of this is supported. With that, I'd like to invite my colleague Shantanu up here, who will do a little demo for you. I'll quickly summarize what we are going to show. We have NOVA hypervisor, we have a bunch of devices. We'll assign different devices to different virtual machines using SMMU, as you can see here in these shaded colors. Every virtual machine has a bunch of VRDIO interfaces, like a virtual ethernet and a virtual UART. We connect the different virtual machines together using a virtual ethernet switch. We also have a console into every virtual machine using a UART multiplexer, with the UART driver being a component in the host that has direct access to the UART hardware. With that, I'll give the mic to Shantanu and he will walk you through the demo and show you a bunch of things. Okay, so Udo, do you make this full screen? Can you make this full screen? I don't know, just this draw, sorry. Okay, it was that easy. Okay, so going by the picture that Udo showed earlier, we've now booted into our UART multiplexer. This is the administrative console of our multiplexer. It's an asynchronous console. Basically, we can cache all the data coming from our virtual machines. We can list the clients that are connected right now. As you see, we have three virtual machines, so three VMMs. We have the console from NOVA. We have the MSC, that's the master controller, that's our root hyper process. Then we have the three guests, which is an Android and two Linuxes. Just to show you the boot logs, maybe from NOVA, because we just had the talk. The screen is not big enough, but what you see here is the typical boot log you get from NOVA. Most of what's here is basically the interrupts that have been passed on and configured for the guests. To show you maybe a virtual machine monitor, these are the logs from our VMM. This one is hosting an Android system. What you see here is a pass-through for the devices, the display, the USB controller, because there's a touchscreen attached, and also a connection to the V-switch. We have a virtual switch that connects three virtual machines here, like Udo showed earlier. Let me quickly get into a guest here. This one is running the network driver. It has our Wi-Fi driver, and I'll also set it up to use the virtual console switch and set up DHCP server so that the other machines can get an IP. What I need to do is probably assign myself an IP address and also start a DHCP server. To make sure that this is working, I have another Linux system. This one doesn't have network connection right now, but I can run DHCP clients here. Now I have a virtual connection and I also got myself an IP address from the other VM. We can exercise this interface, maybe sending some packets, possibly doing a throughput test with the other VM. I think I put the wrong IP address. I can definitely ping. Sorry for that. I put the wrong IP address earlier. We have a throughput of 580 megabits or so between the two virtual machines. This is just exercising the interface. Because this is the VM that has access to our Wi-Fi driver, I can also connect it. Maybe I'll just set up a quick hotspot on my cell phone, not trusting the Wi-Fi here. I just used WPS applicants to set up a Wi-Fi network. Now I have Wi-Fi on my Linux. I have a virtual Ethernet. Now I can show you the console from Android. This is a development build, so please ignore all the audit logs coming from my Linux. As you can see, Android has also picked up an IP address because of our DHCP server running. Basically, what it now needs is just a connection to the Internet. I'll do that. I'll just set up NAT tables and make my network VM behave as a router. Now my Android should have access to the network. It does. Basically, this is how we isolate the network driver from Android. It's a separate virtual machine. Android itself can be connected to the outside world through this connection. Because there was already a Star Wars shown before this, I will probably run some other web page. Maybe the data and time today. I don't know if people at the back can see. I think I misdaped something. Can you type that? Unfortunately, not very used to German keyboards. You should see a page loading here telling you the data and time today. It's a very slow Internet connection. We have today's data time getting it from the network. I'll hand it back to Udo to conclude this. Thanks, Shantanu, for this impressive demo. Shantanu spent a lot of time working on this with the other parts of our user land team. It's only fair to let him demo this system in action. Let me just repeat what you just saw. We showed three VMs, an Android with two virtual CPUs, a Linux and another Linux with a single core. We can support SMP and uniprocessor virtual machines. We can show different types of virtual machines. Android and we saw two different versions of Linux. We have virtual devices, we have pass-through devices with the SMMU. We have a virtual ethernet switch that can connect all the different VMs together. We can do host drivers and all of this on an RMA system. Let's talk a little bit about roadmap because this is obviously not the end of the road. We made the ARM port as a rapid prototyping effort together with our friends from Geno to help us on the VMM side. We developed this independently on a separate branch, which means that today the ARM and the X86 version have a little bit diverged. The next effort that I'll be spending time on is to merge significant portions of the X86 and ARM branch. I said we have roughly 10,000 lines of code on one side and 7,000 on the other side and we can probably get that well below 17,000. Maybe half that or something like that. We want to support newer ARM features because ARM has put a lot of cool features into the architecture such as point authentication, memory tagging, all of which is useful in a secure system. In terms of what additional functionality we'll add to NOVA, then in the X86 and ARM version, we make the hypervisor binary relocatable, which means you can move it anywhere in memory and it will run. So that's good for different systems which have different physical memory layouts. We add a lot of features which will help people build VM introspection on top of NOVA, which means you can use the hypervisor to peek into what's happening inside a virtual machine, maybe protect stuff inside a virtual machine from the outside. We have a lot of ideas how we can improve the current resource management and obviously as part of the effort of merging these two branches, we'll also take a look at all the cool things that other people have built on top of NOVA and see which of those are useful for us. And there's I bet also a bunch of bug fixes that we haven't yet incorporated. There will always be performance optimizations. I think performance is already on par with the best microcores that we have, but we encourage independent benchmarking and we have a big effort going on around formal verification of the hypervisor code and of the verification of the components that run on top of it. And those of you who heard the SFO talk today know that verifying something is a really hard exercise, especially if you're talking about something like on V8 and especially if you're talking about SMP. So what does formal verification on NOVA roughly look like? And I don't want to go into the details here. The head of our form message team is here, so if there are any detailed questions, I will just directly hand those questions to him. But to give you a feeling for what that would look like, you have a really simple function here and obviously the functions in NOVA are a lot more complicated. A function that adds two unsigned 32-bit numbers, X and Y, and returns the result. And what programmers do to make their code formally verifiable is they annotate it with pre and post conditions. Component-lit already showed sort of a similar structure. So what we say here is we have, we introduce in the precondition two new variables, V1 and V2, that carry integer values, V1 and V2, that we bind to the parameters X1 and X2. Otherwise the precondition is empty because this function does not touch any global state. And we have a post condition that also does not touch any external global state except for the return value. And the return value is the sum of V1 plus V2. But since we are adding two 32-bit numbers, this addition can obviously overflow. So we have to trim the result to a 32-bit value. And all the functions in the kernel will be annotated with specifications like this. And then we have a tool chain that looks like the bottom of this slide. So the way this list works is as follows. From a high-level perspective, we have the source code which is written in CPP or HPP files. Then we run a tool on it which is called CPP to V. CPP to V is a tool that we wrote at Bedrock. Gregory wrote it. The gentleman sitting there. It's a clang plug-in which takes the abstract syntax tree of NOVA and converts it into a cog representation of that abstract syntax tree. So what you get out of this is a file called foo.cvp.v. And the annotations of the source code which you can either write inline or we nowadays prefer to write them out of line, come in a separate file called foo.cvp.spec.v. These two files are put in the cog compiler along with semantics of the C++ language. And we are also heavily investing in proof automation because proving something, as you heard earlier today, is a lot of manual effort. And the more you can automate this, the faster you can re-prove things. Like if you make a change which touches only a minor portion of the code, there's a high chance that significant portions of that proof will just go through the automation. What you get out of it is then a file called foo.cvp.proof.vo, which is the machine check proof. And this is an ongoing effort, so we're not as far as SEO4, but I think the toolchain that we have there is already looking really, really good. So with that, I'll conclude my talk and take questions. We just made the source code of the NOVA on port public. As the rest of NOVA, it's available under a GPL v2 license. You can download it from those two links. There's a bedrock systems repository, and there's the repository where NOVA has always lived, my private one. It's important to pick up the ARM branch, not the old XZ6 branch. And there's web pages that have further information, papers, links, and so forth. And with that, I'll conclude the talk and I'll be happy to take any questions you may have. So where do you see the differentiating points to SEO4? So as far as I understand, SEO4 has mostly, so the question was, where do we see the differentiating points to SEO4? So I think the major focus of SEO4 has always been on the formal verification of the kernel. The major focus for NOVA's existence was always to make virtualization and component-based systems on top of a single hypervisor possible. At some point, you also have to formally verify to get a compelling security story. So this is something where I see SEO4 clearly as the thought leader. But performance-wise, I think we are very competitive. I'm not sure, maybe Garnet can comment on that. The way I understood it, SEO4 only runs on ARMv7, and there's an ongoing effort to port it to ARMv8, so NOVA is now running on ARMv8. You're running on ARMv8? We support it on ARMv8 for at least three years at least. So SEO4 also runs on ARMv8, but it's not verified. So we do not plan to support ARMv7 as a hypervisor interface, but we support 32-bit guests, which are ARMv7 backward compatible. I can quite get the formal verification bit. I do understand if you actually could use some kind of input to the formal verifier from the SQL. That's my understanding, but that's different from having, well, a design that actually breaking down stuff and improving stuff in regard to the design. So what you can prove is that a function probably has specific characteristics, but this has nothing about the overall architecture. So what is the question? So you need a model. So the question was, if you have a simple function like this, this connect to the overall architecture because proving a simple function doesn't prove that your whole system is correct. We use a concept called separation logic to be able to reason independently about different functions of the system, which makes the whole proof effort very modular, which means if you can reason about this function, only touches a certain fraction of the state and does not affect anything in the other portion of the state, then you can verify that function and you know it doesn't affect the other side. You need to prove certain things at different levels. So we need to have a model of how the system behaves, like how Nova behaves, but you also need to show that the source code actually conforms to that model. So the system specification and the specification of the Nova functions will be connected through those annotations. The actual source code will be connected to the functional specification of all these functions through the tool CPP2V, which shows that the code that the compiler generated, the abstract syntax tree, conforms to the specification that this function has. Where does the system model come from? It's also something that we built. Okay. Yeah. So is the aim full function correctness? Gregor, you want to take that question? Yeah. So the aim was, or the question was, is the aim full functional correctness? So one of the properties that we will prove at Bedrock is what we call the bare metal property. And the bare metal property in a nutshell expresses that if you execute something in a virtual machine, it will behave as if you executed it on bare hardware minus some timing requirements. But from a correctness perspective, you want to show that execution of something in a VM does not differ except for small timing effects from execution on a bare metal machine. And this function or this property obviously also entails that NOVA does not crash and that the VM emulates the instructions correctly and so forth. Yes, here's another question. Do you have a thing that it will require some changes in architecture to make the oldest form of verification run or you assume that your current architecture is suitable for your goals? No back in architecture, I mean, not looking about it, just deploying crashes. So the question was, will formal verification require us to re-architect certain aspects of NOVA or do we expect it to be formally verifiable as is? I expect that we may find maybe one or two things that we want to change. Maybe also not because they were incorrect but because they make the verification easier. But overall, I don't expect too many surprises in terms of the code being correct because we exercise it already quite a lot and other people like Gino do too. And you've seen the complex scenarios that run on top of it. Are we surprised, of course. Of course. Is there a question in the middle? I've seen VM introspection in the road map. What kind of introspection do we have there? So the question was, we've listed VM introspection in our road map. What kind of VM introspection do we do? So we provide mechanisms for VM introspection for being able to look at the memory of a virtual machine, to be able to look at register state, maybe set breakpoints, intercept execution control at critical points. But these are low-level mechanisms. The more richer VM introspection features that we build on top, we have not yet disclosed. Yep. What's your open source plan beyond NOVA? I mean, you showed several other components. So the question was, what is our plan for open sourcing the remaining parts of the stack? So NOVA has just gone open source. The remaining parts of the system will progressively go open source over the course of the next year. Like we said, we jointly developed the user-level virtual machine monitor with G-Node. Before we make that public, we want to make sure that it really fits their model and our model very well, because we want this to be a community effort. So we don't want to go out with something that is half-baked. So we will polish that a little bit before we make it public. But the plan is to make the entire virtualization layer basically everything that's shown in the host public. Gennad. Will the verification artifacts be open sourced? I'll... Gregory? The question was, will the verification artifacts be open sourced? If you're in discussions about that, I would like to open source as much as possible. So the answer was, you would like to make the artifacts public, but this is a separate discussion and we will discuss it offline. Just so it's clear that all the words match in my opinion. Yep. I think Gregory would agree with that. There was another question here. Which use cases could you imagine for the pro-co-op information? So the primary use case for the proof automation is that we want the code to be agile, not in the development sense, but in the sense that we want to add new features. We want to make changes. We want to make additions, new architecture port. And we do not want to go through a lot of manual labor of fixing up the proof. So we want to automate this as much as possible. So the whole purpose of proof automation is to make the proof go through faster, to make the proof less manual. And I think we also have a plan to work a lot with academia on developing new tactics to make the proof automation smarter. So if anybody is interested in working in these areas, talk to Gregory. Any further questions? Okay. I think that's it. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. | {
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"text": [
" The next talk is given by Udo Steindag.",
" I'm excited about Udo because Udo hasn't been giving a talk here for many years, I think.",
" Six, seven.",
" Now he's back to talk about new developments in the Nova world.",
" Yeah, I'm excited to be here too.",
" Let's first do a little poll.",
" Who of the audience has heard of Nova or who has worked with Nova?",
" Maybe a quick short of hands.",
" Okay, I think about half the folks.",
" So today I'll be giving a talk about Nova hypervisor on ARM V8A, which is our port of Nova to the most recent ARM architecture.",
" And since only half of you know Nova very well, the first part of the talk will go a little bit into detail about what Nova is and where we came from.",
" Then the second part of the talk, I'll talk about virtualization on ARM V8A.",
" ARM A is the A profile for the performance course.",
" There's also ARM R for real-time course and ARM M.",
" We are talking about Cortex A.",
" And then I'll conclude the talk with the current status.",
" We'll do a little demo here.",
" We've already put some equipment here and then I'll talk a little bit about roadmap.",
" So those of you who've been following the micro-commoderum today,",
" you've seen this system which is Nova on x86 already in action when Norman gave his talk on G-node.",
" So Nova on x86 is a system that has existed for more than 10 years.",
" And the way that virtualization works on x86 is that without the virtualization extensions,",
" you have two processor rings, really four of which only two are used.",
" You have ring zero which is used by the kernel and ring three which is user mode.",
" And you have an operating system and applications running in those two modes.",
" With virtualization, these rings are now called guest rings,",
" which is why we call them ring zero, G, and ring three, G.",
" And you get the same set of rings duplicated for host mode.",
" We have ring zero H and ring three H.",
" So ring zero host is occupied by the Nova microhypervisor.",
" And ring three host is occupied by what we call hyper processes.",
" And the whole G-node framework that you saw two talks ago is a framework that runs in rings three host.",
" It's interesting to note that the Nova microhypervisor is the only component that runs privileged.",
" And everything else, all the colorful apps that run in the host and everything that runs in guest runs deep privileged.",
" And there's a little footnote there that says obviously we have no control of firmware.",
" What's also interesting to note is that we give every virtual machine its own instance",
" of a user level virtual machine monitor, which means that should something go wrong in a virtual machine,",
" should you have a VMscape, should an instruction not be virtualized properly or something like that,",
" then a VMscape will only affect that VMM instance and the rest of the system will not be affected.",
" So now we took this system and we said, can we build something like that on ARMv8?",
" And the next slide shows what does Nova look like on an ARMv8 architecture.",
" So at the bottom we have the hardware and then we have four privileged levels which ARM calls execution levels.",
" So starting at the top, we have EL0 which is user mode, EL1 which is supervisor mode where kernel runs,",
" EL2 is called hypervisor mode. This is where Nova lives.",
" And then we have EL3 which is called monitor mode in which a firmware monitor sits that can switch between a non-secure and a secure world.",
" And we do not own this monitor. We do not control it.",
" And we also do not control a trusted execution environment like an opti that runs along the side.",
" But in the world that we own, which is the top left corner, the non-secure world upwards from EL2,",
" Nova is the only privileged component and all the other properties that we had on X86,",
" including a virtual machine monitor, per guest VM, and the deep privileged host environment,",
" all of that has been carried forward to ARM.",
" Now let's talk a little bit about Nova.",
" Nova is hypervisor, micro hypervisor that takes the best ideas from micro kernels, capability-based systems,",
" high performance virtualization, and puts all of that together in a small piece of code where the X86 version is less than 10,000",
" and the ARM version currently is less than 7,000 lines of code.",
" It is based around capabilities. What does that mean?",
" We have a bunch of kernel objects that I've shown in the middle. We have protection domains.",
" These are address bases. We have execution contacts. You can think of them as threads of virtual CPUs.",
" We have portals. These are communication endpoints by which protection domains and threads inside them can communicate.",
" And all these kernel objects cannot be referenced directly.",
" Instead, we give every protection domain that needs to access them a capability.",
" What is the capability?",
" You can think of a capability as a pointer to a kernel object plus associated permissions.",
" So procession of a capability gives you the right to invoke that capability and to access that object.",
" And if you don't have a capability to an object, you can neither name the object nor access it.",
" So that's a very powerful security system.",
" SEO4 has the same and a lot of newer micro kernels do.",
" And you can build really powerful other systems on top as Norman has demonstrated with Genome.",
" The same principle, by the way, works for memory where you can think of a virtual address as being a capability to a physical memory page with read write execute permissions.",
" So that same principle is also applied for Nova.",
" So we have multiple spaces. We have an object space for these capabilities.",
" And we have a memory space for delegation of writes to memory.",
" In the older version, the x86 version, we used to have a mapping database that tracked all these dependencies of who gave the capability to whom and things like that.",
" We got rid of all that.",
" We replaced it with a new hyper call called control protection domain, which takes two capabilities, the center and the receiver protection domain.",
" And you have a take grant model where the possession of, let's say, a capability A and a capability B for those two protection domains, you can say,",
" take the two capabilities from slots two and three in protection domain A and put them in slots six and seven of protection domain B.",
" And obviously, we have more than eight slots.",
" This is just for illustrative purposes.",
" And then the user wants to refer to a capability.",
" They give us a select door, which is a number and index into that space and say, I want to do something with capability to this is how it works.",
" It's like a file script.",
" So upon this, we built some basic abstractions.",
" And these are the basics abstractions that the Nova version on x86 has had for a long time.",
" So on the left, you can see two protection domain.",
" Think of them as two address spaces, two applications that want to communicate with each other.",
" And in the production domain, A, we have a call us red and EC here and it has a scheduling context attached to it.",
" And those of you who saw gonna talk this morning know that the scheduling context is a really nice abstraction for expressing scheduling parameters and for delegating it along a call to implement priority inheritance and Nova has had this for 10 years.",
" And we also have on the other side a call the execution context that has no scheduling context for the very same reason that Garnet gave that you can completely account the execution.",
" Of a server invocation to the caller.",
" So what what would that look like the caller makes a hyper call in this case called IPC call.",
" It gives a capability select or a selector to a portal.",
" And what's called an empty D we call is message transfer descriptor and a message transfer descriptor tells Nova how many words to copy from the UTCB of the caller to the UTCB of the callee.",
" So the UTCB is like a message in an outbox.",
" It's very abstract and the same mechanism applies no matter whether you are on x86 or on arm.",
" So once that call has been made, you know, transition over to the right side.",
" The situation looks like this.",
" The scheduling context has been given to the callee.",
" This achieves priority inheritance or in case of real time bandwidth inheritance.",
" The callee can now execute because it has a time slice.",
" Time is accounted to the client to the caller.",
" And at some point the callee is going to do a reply.",
" It invokes IPC reply, gives a message transfer descriptor says how many words to a one a copy back from my UTCB to the caller.",
" And then we are back to the left side.",
" This is the basic mechanism by which protection domains and threats in protection domains communicate with each other.",
" And this also illustrates how the different kernel objects sort of come into play there.",
" So the empty D defines the number of words to copy between those two yellow UTCBs.",
" And we'll see in the next slide how the empty D is also used for other purposes.",
" Now I said Nova is a micro hypervisor.",
" This means at some point we need to deal with virtual machines, with virtual CPUs, with emulating instructions and devices.",
" So a lot of you will notice that this light looks very, very similar to the previous light.",
" Why is that?",
" Because we layer VM exit handling and the emulation exactly on top of IPC.",
" So the difference is that we now have two protection domains that are called a virtual machine in which an execution context run that is a VCPU.",
" And we have a VMM, which in this case is the server.",
" It provides the virtual machine service and the execution context here we call it handler.",
" So at some point the virtual CPU is going to take a VM exit on x86 or an exception on ARM, which requires the attention of the virtualization there.",
" This VM exit takes us into Nova.",
" Nova will save the state in a page which we call virtual machine control block because we came from x86.",
" And then Nova is going to synthesize an IPC call on behalf of the virtual CPU, send it to the handler.",
" And the question is now what state do we transmit?",
" And that state is called empty D arc.",
" And it comes out of a portal where every event has its own portal.",
" So you can say, if I see this event, here's that state that I want.",
" If I see some other event, here's this state that I want.",
" And then the VMM gets this message in its UTZB.",
" And the reply works exactly like an IPC reply, except that the handler specifies an empty D arc.",
" The result gets stored in a VMCB.",
" And when the VCPU resumes or erads back to the guest, that state will be restored.",
" So empty D arc is similar to the empty D that I showed you before, which copies state around, except this time between VMCB and UTZB and not between two UTZBs.",
" Same with the scheduling context, the entire accounting of the emulation goes onto the scheduling context of the VCPU.",
" Now we get into ARM territory.",
" And before we do that, I'll show you how we hide the differences between x86 and ARM.",
" And you don't have to understand all these details.",
" But here I've shown you the empty D, the empty D arc for ARM and x86, which is basically a bit field that describes the different fields.",
" And these will also be listed in the NOVA interface specification.",
" So the VMM gets to decide for every event which part of the architectural states it wants to see.",
" And by using this architecture-dependent message transfer descriptor, we can completely reuse all the mechanisms.",
" It's just a message that looks different depending on which architecture you're on.",
" FPU is an interesting state because it's kind of large. So on ARM, it's 32 128-bit words, which is 512 bytes.",
" This is something you do not want to switch on every VM exit or on every context switch.",
" So we switch the FPU lazily, which has some consequences.",
" So we call this thread, which currently has its state saved in the FPU.",
" We call it the FPU owner.",
" And then whenever some other thread wants to access the FPU, we take the state from the owner, we save it lazily, give it to the other guy.",
" So that means that the hypervisor has to do two things.",
" When we switch away from the FPU owner, we have to disable the FPU to see any other access trapping.",
" And when we switch back to the FPU owner, we have to re-enable the FPU because we don't want the owner to trap.",
" The owner has its state in the FPU.",
" And that means on a typical kernel exit pass, you have multiple conditions to check.",
" Like, am I going back to the FPU owner? Is the FPU enabled? If not, and this can all be very time consuming because it's branch heavy code.",
" So how do we make this efficient?",
" Nova has a notion of hazards, which are exceptional conditions that the kernel needs to fix up before it goes back to user mode.",
" And we have two types.",
" We have a CPU hazard for certain exceptional conditions on the CPU, like the CPU needs to reschedule, the CPU needs to flush it, the CPU needs to restore a certain state.",
" And we have the same thing for ECs. The EC needs to reload some state. The EC has been recalled and things like that.",
" So what we do is we overlay two bits of the state from the CPU hazard and the EC hazard.",
" Namely, the state FPU is disabled and the EC is not the FPU owner and FPU is enabled and the EC is the FPU owner.",
" And only if the XOR of both states yields a value of one, which means these two conditions are out of sync, do we actually vector through the hazard pass and do we do this FPU switching magic?",
" In the fast case, where the FPU is already in the right state, so it's disabled and the EC is not the owner or it's enabled or it is the owner, we will not take the slope pass.",
" So these are some of the performance tricks that Nova is using to get really excellent virtualization performance.",
" I'll talk a little bit about interrupt virtualization on ARM because unlike X86, we get a lot of help from the hardware.",
" Actually, ARM V8 has the interrupt controller split into two parts. There's one part that lives in the chipset, which is called, which is the upper part, the upper box, consisting of the gig distributor and the gig redistributor.",
" You can think of it like an IOAPIC. The distributor is the global part, which takes shared peripheral interrupts coming from devices and the redistributors are CPU local parts, which take interrupts like core local timer interrupts,",
" core local performance counter interrupts and things like that.",
" And then the distributor and redistributor send physical interrupts to the CPU interface, which is called gig C, and then they normally go to the processing element, which is your processor.",
" So that's the left side of this diagram. And this is the thing that gets used when virtualization is not in the game.",
" This virtualization, you get the right side of this processing element consisting of something called gig H and gig V.",
" So what ARM did there is they created a virtual interface of the gig C, which looks exactly the same like the physical CPU interface, except that it doesn't get its interrupt from the distributors.",
" It gets its interrupt from the hypervisor control interface. And this is what Nova drives.",
" So what we do is the map gig V directly into the physical address space of the VM so the guest can access it anywhere at once without causing any exits.",
" And all the interrupt injections that come from the hypervisor go to the control interface.",
" And this control interface autonomously injects interrupts into the guest. So this is very efficient.",
" How we expose this at the API level is twofold.",
" First of all, the interrupt injection logic between gig two and gig three uses a different format, which is really not so nice.",
" So we abstract on the injection interface the differences away. We let the VMM always tell us interrupts in gig three format.",
" And if you run on something older, we convert.",
" And then we have a hyper call called assign interrupt, which the partition manager can use to steer interrupts to specific cores.",
" Next thing is timer virtualization.",
" ARM has a global system counter, which distributes the time in the entire system to all the cores.",
" And this is exposed on each core in form of two counters and two timer instances.",
" One is called the physical timer, which is directly reflects the system counter and the other is called virtual timer,",
" which has an offset applied or subtracted from the system counter so that you can hide time progression from a guest.",
" The good thing is that the physical timer can be trapped.",
" So it can be disabled. You can trap and emulate it. And this is what we do.",
" And this emulation works much similar to x86.",
" So the VMM uses a timer interrupt summer for to catch this timer expiring.",
" And then this interrupt is asynchronously delivered.",
" It's much more complicated for the virtual timer because the ARM architecture does not allow you to trap or to intercept the virtual timer,",
" which really forces you to contact, switch it.",
" So every time we switch from one vcpu to another, we context switch the virtual timer,",
" which is obviously a little bit ugly from a context state-saving perspective.",
" But the good thing is that the timer interrupt will always be synchronous to the execution of the vcpu.",
" So the timer interrupt can never come when that vcpu is not running.",
" And whenever a timer interrupt comes, it is for exactly this vcpu.",
" So we deliver such a timer interrupt directly synchronously via a portal.",
" Next thing is I want to talk about is a system MMU.",
" System MMU is a crucial piece of a security critical system because you need not only protect applications from viding to each other's address spaces",
" by means of virtual memory and an MMU.",
" You also need to prevent rogue drivers that can do DMA from DMA, DMAing all over the place, like overriding the hypervisor,",
" overriding their neighboring protection domain, and this is what x86 uses an IOMMU for, and the ARM concept is called a system MMU.",
" So a DMA transaction that arrives at the system MMU on the left side of the picture has two attributes.",
" It has a stream ID which identifies which device it's coming from, and it has a, let's call it a virtual address or an IOM address,",
" which is where the device wants to DMA to.",
" And then ARM has a configuration piece in the SMMU that consists of stream mapping group which allows you to associate streams to translation context.",
" So we have two streams mapping to the first translation, one stream mapping to the first translation context,",
" and two streams mapping to the second translation context.",
" So this would be two devices assigned to the same PD, and then a translation context directly maps to a DMA page table,",
" and there's a TLD in the middle that can cache frequently used translations.",
" So it's really important to have this piece supported in Hypervisor, otherwise DMA is a critical attack vector.",
" So there's a limited number of these stream mapping groups and context, which is why we let the partition manager manage them,",
" and NOVA then manages the translation part, keeping the page tables and the TLD consistent, assigning devices to PDs,",
" and there's an assigned device hypercall for doing this assignment and binding a device to protection domain.",
" So with that, let's take a look at all the platforms that we currently support.",
" We'll do a little demo here in a few minutes.",
" We'll do this demo on the top left board, which is an Affnit-Tilings Ultra96 board,",
" and the reason we are doing that is precisely because it has an SMMU.",
" A lot of the other boards do not, but this board has one, and we obviously want to use the best infrastructure that we can have.",
" We also run on the NXP IMX 8M quad, and those of you who were in Stefan's talk just a couple minutes ago,",
" you already saw that board in action, and the VMM that we use on top of NOVA was, as Stefan pointed out,",
" a joint development effort between Bedrock and Gnode, and it was a lot of fun to work on this together.",
" We also run on an Renaissance R-car.",
" The difference for the R-car is that it's actually two clusters, of course, of different cores, so it's a big little system.",
" We also support big little, and then, as we know, Fustim is a community conference,",
" and a lot of you have probably gotten a Raspberry Pi 4, so NOVA also runs on that.",
" We also did a lot of prototyping on QMU, so naturally, we support QMU out of the box.",
" The NXP, by the way, is the only board we have that has a GIG-3.",
" We have all combinations of different GIGs, this MMU, this out SMMU, single cluster, multi cluster, all of this is supported.",
" With that, I'd like to invite my colleague Shantanu up here, who will do a little demo for you.",
" I'll quickly summarize what we are going to show.",
" We have NOVA hypervisor, we have a bunch of devices.",
" We'll assign different devices to different virtual machines using SMMU, as you can see here in these shaded colors.",
" Every virtual machine has a bunch of VRDIO interfaces, like a virtual ethernet and a virtual UART.",
" We connect the different virtual machines together using a virtual ethernet switch.",
" We also have a console into every virtual machine using a UART multiplexer,",
" with the UART driver being a component in the host that has direct access to the UART hardware.",
" With that, I'll give the mic to Shantanu and he will walk you through the demo and show you a bunch of things.",
" Okay, so Udo, do you make this full screen? Can you make this full screen?",
" I don't know, just this draw, sorry.",
" Okay, it was that easy.",
" Okay, so going by the picture that Udo showed earlier, we've now booted into our UART multiplexer.",
" This is the administrative console of our multiplexer. It's an asynchronous console.",
" Basically, we can cache all the data coming from our virtual machines.",
" We can list the clients that are connected right now.",
" As you see, we have three virtual machines, so three VMMs.",
" We have the console from NOVA.",
" We have the MSC, that's the master controller, that's our root hyper process.",
" Then we have the three guests, which is an Android and two Linuxes.",
" Just to show you the boot logs, maybe from NOVA, because we just had the talk.",
" The screen is not big enough, but what you see here is the typical boot log you get from NOVA.",
" Most of what's here is basically the interrupts that have been passed on and configured for the guests.",
" To show you maybe a virtual machine monitor, these are the logs from our VMM.",
" This one is hosting an Android system.",
" What you see here is a pass-through for the devices, the display, the USB controller,",
" because there's a touchscreen attached, and also a connection to the V-switch.",
" We have a virtual switch that connects three virtual machines here, like Udo showed earlier.",
" Let me quickly get into a guest here.",
" This one is running the network driver.",
" It has our Wi-Fi driver, and I'll also set it up to use the virtual console switch",
" and set up DHCP server so that the other machines can get an IP.",
" What I need to do is probably assign myself an IP address and also start a DHCP server.",
" To make sure that this is working, I have another Linux system.",
" This one doesn't have network connection right now, but I can run DHCP clients here.",
" Now I have a virtual connection and I also got myself an IP address from the other VM.",
" We can exercise this interface, maybe sending some packets, possibly doing a throughput test with the other VM.",
" I think I put the wrong IP address.",
" I can definitely ping.",
" Sorry for that.",
" I put the wrong IP address earlier.",
" We have a throughput of 580 megabits or so between the two virtual machines.",
" This is just exercising the interface.",
" Because this is the VM that has access to our Wi-Fi driver, I can also connect it.",
" Maybe I'll just set up a quick hotspot on my cell phone, not trusting the Wi-Fi here.",
" I just used WPS applicants to set up a Wi-Fi network.",
" Now I have Wi-Fi on my Linux.",
" I have a virtual Ethernet.",
" Now I can show you the console from Android.",
" This is a development build, so please ignore all the audit logs coming from my Linux.",
" As you can see, Android has also picked up an IP address because of our DHCP server running.",
" Basically, what it now needs is just a connection to the Internet.",
" I'll do that. I'll just set up NAT tables and make my network VM behave as a router.",
" Now my Android should have access to the network.",
" It does.",
" Basically, this is how we isolate the network driver from Android.",
" It's a separate virtual machine.",
" Android itself can be connected to the outside world through this connection.",
" Because there was already a Star Wars shown before this, I will probably run some other web page.",
" Maybe the data and time today.",
" I don't know if people at the back can see.",
" I think I misdaped something.",
" Can you type that?",
" Unfortunately, not very used to German keyboards.",
" You should see a page loading here telling you the data and time today.",
" It's a very slow Internet connection.",
" We have today's data time getting it from the network.",
" I'll hand it back to Udo to conclude this.",
" Thanks, Shantanu, for this impressive demo.",
" Shantanu spent a lot of time working on this with the other parts of our user land team.",
" It's only fair to let him demo this system in action.",
" Let me just repeat what you just saw.",
" We showed three VMs, an Android with two virtual CPUs, a Linux and another Linux with a single core.",
" We can support SMP and uniprocessor virtual machines.",
" We can show different types of virtual machines.",
" Android and we saw two different versions of Linux.",
" We have virtual devices, we have pass-through devices with the SMMU.",
" We have a virtual ethernet switch that can connect all the different VMs together.",
" We can do host drivers and all of this on an RMA system.",
" Let's talk a little bit about roadmap because this is obviously not the end of the road.",
" We made the ARM port as a rapid prototyping effort together with our friends from Geno to help us on the VMM side.",
" We developed this independently on a separate branch, which means that today the ARM and the X86 version have a little bit diverged.",
" The next effort that I'll be spending time on is to merge significant portions of the X86 and ARM branch.",
" I said we have roughly 10,000 lines of code on one side and 7,000 on the other side and we can probably get that well below 17,000.",
" Maybe half that or something like that.",
" We want to support newer ARM features because ARM has put a lot of cool features into the architecture such as point authentication, memory tagging,",
" all of which is useful in a secure system.",
" In terms of what additional functionality we'll add to NOVA, then in the X86 and ARM version,",
" we make the hypervisor binary relocatable, which means you can move it anywhere in memory and it will run.",
" So that's good for different systems which have different physical memory layouts.",
" We add a lot of features which will help people build VM introspection on top of NOVA,",
" which means you can use the hypervisor to peek into what's happening inside a virtual machine,",
" maybe protect stuff inside a virtual machine from the outside.",
" We have a lot of ideas how we can improve the current resource management and obviously as part of the effort of merging these two branches,",
" we'll also take a look at all the cool things that other people have built on top of NOVA and see which of those are useful for us.",
" And there's I bet also a bunch of bug fixes that we haven't yet incorporated.",
" There will always be performance optimizations.",
" I think performance is already on par with the best microcores that we have,",
" but we encourage independent benchmarking and we have a big effort going on around formal verification of the hypervisor code",
" and of the verification of the components that run on top of it.",
" And those of you who heard the SFO talk today know that verifying something is a really hard exercise,",
" especially if you're talking about something like on V8 and especially if you're talking about SMP.",
" So what does formal verification on NOVA roughly look like?",
" And I don't want to go into the details here.",
" The head of our form message team is here, so if there are any detailed questions,",
" I will just directly hand those questions to him.",
" But to give you a feeling for what that would look like, you have a really simple function here",
" and obviously the functions in NOVA are a lot more complicated.",
" A function that adds two unsigned 32-bit numbers, X and Y, and returns the result.",
" And what programmers do to make their code formally verifiable is they annotate it with pre and post conditions.",
" Component-lit already showed sort of a similar structure.",
" So what we say here is we have, we introduce in the precondition two new variables, V1 and V2,",
" that carry integer values, V1 and V2, that we bind to the parameters X1 and X2.",
" Otherwise the precondition is empty because this function does not touch any global state.",
" And we have a post condition that also does not touch any external global state except for the return value.",
" And the return value is the sum of V1 plus V2.",
" But since we are adding two 32-bit numbers, this addition can obviously overflow.",
" So we have to trim the result to a 32-bit value.",
" And all the functions in the kernel will be annotated with specifications like this.",
" And then we have a tool chain that looks like the bottom of this slide.",
" So the way this list works is as follows.",
" From a high-level perspective, we have the source code which is written in CPP or HPP files.",
" Then we run a tool on it which is called CPP to V.",
" CPP to V is a tool that we wrote at Bedrock.",
" Gregory wrote it. The gentleman sitting there.",
" It's a clang plug-in which takes the abstract syntax tree of NOVA and converts it into a cog representation of that abstract syntax tree.",
" So what you get out of this is a file called foo.cvp.v.",
" And the annotations of the source code which you can either write inline or we nowadays prefer to write them out of line,",
" come in a separate file called foo.cvp.spec.v.",
" These two files are put in the cog compiler along with semantics of the C++ language.",
" And we are also heavily investing in proof automation because proving something, as you heard earlier today,",
" is a lot of manual effort. And the more you can automate this, the faster you can re-prove things.",
" Like if you make a change which touches only a minor portion of the code,",
" there's a high chance that significant portions of that proof will just go through the automation.",
" What you get out of it is then a file called foo.cvp.proof.vo, which is the machine check proof.",
" And this is an ongoing effort, so we're not as far as SEO4,",
" but I think the toolchain that we have there is already looking really, really good.",
" So with that, I'll conclude my talk and take questions.",
" We just made the source code of the NOVA on port public.",
" As the rest of NOVA, it's available under a GPL v2 license.",
" You can download it from those two links.",
" There's a bedrock systems repository, and there's the repository where NOVA has always lived, my private one.",
" It's important to pick up the ARM branch, not the old XZ6 branch.",
" And there's web pages that have further information, papers, links, and so forth.",
" And with that, I'll conclude the talk and I'll be happy to take any questions you may have.",
" So where do you see the differentiating points to SEO4?",
" So as far as I understand, SEO4 has mostly, so the question was,",
" where do we see the differentiating points to SEO4?",
" So I think the major focus of SEO4 has always been on the formal verification of the kernel.",
" The major focus for NOVA's existence was always to make virtualization",
" and component-based systems on top of a single hypervisor possible.",
" At some point, you also have to formally verify to get a compelling security story.",
" So this is something where I see SEO4 clearly as the thought leader.",
" But performance-wise, I think we are very competitive.",
" I'm not sure, maybe Garnet can comment on that.",
" The way I understood it, SEO4 only runs on ARMv7, and there's an ongoing effort to port it to ARMv8,",
" so NOVA is now running on ARMv8.",
" You're running on ARMv8?",
" We support it on ARMv8 for at least three years at least.",
" So SEO4 also runs on ARMv8, but it's not verified.",
" So we do not plan to support ARMv7 as a hypervisor interface,",
" but we support 32-bit guests, which are ARMv7 backward compatible.",
" I can quite get the formal verification bit.",
" I do understand if you actually could use some kind of input to the formal verifier from the SQL.",
" That's my understanding, but that's different from having, well, a design that actually breaking down stuff",
" and improving stuff in regard to the design.",
" So what you can prove is that a function probably has specific characteristics,",
" but this has nothing about the overall architecture.",
" So what is the question?",
" So you need a model.",
" So the question was, if you have a simple function like this,",
" this connect to the overall architecture because proving a simple function doesn't prove that your whole system is correct.",
" We use a concept called separation logic to be able to reason independently about different functions of the system,",
" which makes the whole proof effort very modular,",
" which means if you can reason about this function,",
" only touches a certain fraction of the state and does not affect anything in the other portion of the state,",
" then you can verify that function and you know it doesn't affect the other side.",
" You need to prove certain things at different levels.",
" So we need to have a model of how the system behaves, like how Nova behaves,",
" but you also need to show that the source code actually conforms to that model.",
" So the system specification and the specification of the Nova functions will be connected through those annotations.",
" The actual source code will be connected to the functional specification of all these functions through the tool CPP2V,",
" which shows that the code that the compiler generated, the abstract syntax tree,",
" conforms to the specification that this function has.",
" Where does the system model come from?",
" It's also something that we built.",
" Okay.",
" Yeah.",
" So is the aim full function correctness?",
" Gregor, you want to take that question?",
" Yeah.",
" So the aim was, or the question was, is the aim full functional correctness?",
" So one of the properties that we will prove at Bedrock is what we call the bare metal property.",
" And the bare metal property in a nutshell expresses that if you execute something in a virtual machine,",
" it will behave as if you executed it on bare hardware minus some timing requirements.",
" But from a correctness perspective, you want to show that execution of something in a VM does not differ",
" except for small timing effects from execution on a bare metal machine.",
" And this function or this property obviously also entails that NOVA does not crash",
" and that the VM emulates the instructions correctly and so forth.",
" Yes, here's another question.",
" Do you have a thing that it will require some changes in architecture to make the oldest form of verification run",
" or you assume that your current architecture is suitable for your goals?",
" No back in architecture, I mean, not looking about it, just deploying crashes.",
" So the question was, will formal verification require us to re-architect certain aspects of NOVA",
" or do we expect it to be formally verifiable as is?",
" I expect that we may find maybe one or two things that we want to change.",
" Maybe also not because they were incorrect but because they make the verification easier.",
" But overall, I don't expect too many surprises in terms of the code being correct",
" because we exercise it already quite a lot and other people like Gino do too.",
" And you've seen the complex scenarios that run on top of it.",
" Are we surprised, of course.",
" Of course.",
" Is there a question in the middle?",
" I've seen VM introspection in the road map.",
" What kind of introspection do we have there?",
" So the question was, we've listed VM introspection in our road map.",
" What kind of VM introspection do we do?",
" So we provide mechanisms for VM introspection for being able to look at the memory of a virtual machine,",
" to be able to look at register state, maybe set breakpoints,",
" intercept execution control at critical points.",
" But these are low-level mechanisms.",
" The more richer VM introspection features that we build on top, we have not yet disclosed.",
" Yep.",
" What's your open source plan beyond NOVA?",
" I mean, you showed several other components.",
" So the question was, what is our plan for open sourcing the remaining parts of the stack?",
" So NOVA has just gone open source.",
" The remaining parts of the system will progressively go open source over the course of the next year.",
" Like we said, we jointly developed the user-level virtual machine monitor with G-Node.",
" Before we make that public, we want to make sure that it really fits their model and our model very well,",
" because we want this to be a community effort.",
" So we don't want to go out with something that is half-baked.",
" So we will polish that a little bit before we make it public.",
" But the plan is to make the entire virtualization layer basically everything that's shown in the host public.",
" Gennad.",
" Will the verification artifacts be open sourced?",
" I'll... Gregory?",
" The question was, will the verification artifacts be open sourced?",
" If you're in discussions about that, I would like to open source as much as possible.",
" So the answer was, you would like to make the artifacts public,",
" but this is a separate discussion and we will discuss it offline.",
" Just so it's clear that all the words match in my opinion.",
" Yep. I think Gregory would agree with that.",
" There was another question here.",
" Which use cases could you imagine for the pro-co-op information?",
" So the primary use case for the proof automation is that we want the code to be agile,",
" not in the development sense, but in the sense that we want to add new features.",
" We want to make changes. We want to make additions, new architecture port.",
" And we do not want to go through a lot of manual labor of fixing up the proof.",
" So we want to automate this as much as possible.",
" So the whole purpose of proof automation is to make the proof go through faster,",
" to make the proof less manual.",
" And I think we also have a plan to work a lot with academia on developing new tactics",
" to make the proof automation smarter.",
" So if anybody is interested in working in these areas, talk to Gregory.",
" Any further questions?",
" Okay. I think that's it. Thank you very much.",
" Thank you very much."
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10.5446/44983 (DOI) | How to use Web-Sockets in Python | https://av.tib.eu/media/44983 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/dee07eb986a9d5f23a8159b0d042c3a5b59c3e4cf5b64257fbcdf201bf9080fc53/Anton_Caceres_-_Python_and_Web_Sockets_6oQuQ5coSQ0.mp4 | CC Attribution - NonCommercial - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal and non-commercial purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor and the work or content is shared also in adapted form only under the conditions of this | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2018 | Caceres, Anton | null | Modern web-apps require bi-directional communication, reacting not only to user actions but also to server events. This can be achieved elegantly using Web Sockets, a protocol standardized by W3C to be a default tool for full-duplex connections on the Web. Although most web-frameworks do not support Web Socket integration out of the box, Python has multiple options available making it a piece of cake. This talk showcases integrating Web Sockets in Python web-apps, focusing on situations that can make good use of it and presenting implementations with most popular frameworks: Tornado and Django. We will explore a similar style but different underlying technologies of both, and finish with a live demo. | Thank you very much for coming. It's a pleasure to see all those new and familiar faces here in this room. Have you enjoyed the conference so far? Yeah, I did too. Good. All right, I have a first question to you. You've probably heard of a saying, like, if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail. You certainly did. Well, it's not just a saying. It's actually something formulated as the law of the instrument by the American philosopher Abraham Kaplan. But not the Kaplan, most of the jungle author has nothing to do with it, a different thing. Yeah. Well, anyway, what does it have to do with today's talk? The thing is that I believe that this saying perfectly illustrates the way we work with the web today and the way we are using HTTP. We're a bit childish by using HTTP because it's our hammer. Whatever task we have, HTTP, do it. Do it, please. But there is more than HTTP on the web. So HTTP was not designed to do the tasks that we often forced it to do. The protocol itself, the HTTP, is just centered around the request and response. That's it. There is no progress reporting. There is no multiple requests or responses per request, anything like that. If you need something, you can build an abstraction of top, of course. But at the end, even if you build like the pseudo-acing communication with HTTP, it still does not change the way the underlying HTTP protocol works. It's still synchronous and it's still centered around the request and response cycle. So again, the idea is that simple. In the good old times, there was just a request to the back end. We fetched the page. We displayed it. That's it. Easy. Well, then the web evolved, of course. It became smarter so that we needed the application server. It also became more beautiful, so we needed the CSS, images, fonts, files. And then the picture changed more or less like this. So we still have our browser, the client. It makes requests to the web server to get stuff, more stuff now, and even more stuff, but it still fits in the paradigm. Still fits into the way the HTTP is supposed to work. Just more requests, but that's okay. The first time I noticed, I remember that something goes wrong here, is when I had to deal with icons. Do you remember a good old times of the icon sprites? Like this, it was an obvious problem. Like, hmm, we have too many icons. That means too many requests. HTTP is not handling that well. What can we do? Oh, let's pack all of the icons into one image and just offset it to the left and to the right. Genius. Well, this is something that I mean by the web abuse and using the HTTP, not in the way it is designed to be used. It has nothing to do with web sockets, but the story is going. Then, async requests. So the problem was fixed by introducing Ajax when we thought, okay, we need some pre-order call updates of our content without reloading the whole page. And then we got Ajax. But at the end, it's good. However, Ajax does not change anything for the backend. Ajax is a pure client-side technology. For the backend, it looks totally the same way, and it's again the very same HTTP. Moreover, if you take a look on how exactly the paradigm, how exactly Ajax update works, like, we wanted to get something like a dialogue between the client and the server. What's a dialogue? Well, dialogue is like when two parties exchange their opinions, they're equally involved, they are respecting each other, this is a dialogue. But how our dialogue between the browser and the backend look? It's more like this. Because at the end, we are dictators. The client is a dictator. The servers are not allowed to speak, only when we ask. So it is kind of a funny way of doing dialogue, in my opinion. And so although Ajax solves this problem partially, meaning that we can just periodically ask the backend about the updates, and it's a pseudo-dialogue, it's still ugly. So yeah, as I already explained, we have a couple of problems. We have first problem is that the dialogue is not really a dialogue, it's a pseudo-dialogue. And the second is that you still need a lot of requests, and the more frequent updates you want, the more requests you do. And this obviously does not scale well. Moreover, you are still using HTTP on the background. HTTP has quite a high noise-to-the-signal ratio, meaning that you send all of the headers, all of the cookies, everything, just to get a response from the backend, nothing new happened. That's not cool. And then we come to the long-falling. Well, this is already something. This is already some progress, let's say. We open the connection, we keep the connection alive. Connection is just idling, idling, idling. And whenever something new happens on the backend, we push it through. Well, that's great. HTTP overhead is still in place, but at least it's not periodical as Ajax. It's waiting for stuff, idling. And in my opinion, well, it's of course good because you get things asynchronously, and it's even better because long-falling is kind of romantic. Because if you think of it, it's like looking in someone's eyes when no words are needed. You just wait and wait and wait. And then here she replies something to you. The problem is I don't think that my level of relationship is already there on the web. I don't want it. Enough. Please. Every time you use long-falling, a guy from Boston Dynamics kicks the robot. Now finally, enough of this nonsense. There is just one way to do the real-time bidirectional communication between the client and the server, and that is WebSockets. Nothing else. Forget Socket.io. Forget this library that's built on top of usually long-falling and in the worst case Ajax. They are outdated. There is totally no reason not to use WebSockets these days. As the developers, we can finally benefit from WebSockets because we have no longer a problem of the HTTP overhead. We have no longer a problem of the real, full-duplex connections, meaning both parties can start talking to each other as a normal dialogue. And finally, the interface is really easy from the client as well as from the server. I'll show you in a moment a couple of code pieces and as well as a demo. But first, WebSockets in a glance. So another cool advantage is that WebSockets, they are not HTTP, but they are compatible with HTTP, meaning that they run on ports used by HTTP, 80 and 443. So all of the firewalls will work. All of the proxies will probably just let it through. So basically, you do not need any new setup in your infrastructure. You can just use NGINX or whatever reverse proxy you use. It should just work. Then how exactly we jump from the HTTP to WebSockets protocol? We start normally, as we always did with HTTP. We do the handshake. We establish a connection. And then our client says to the server that, hey, I want to upgrade to the WebSockets protocol. And if the server supports it, it says, yeah, do it. Then they establish this connection, the full-duplex TCP connection. They do not communicate over that connection with HTTP. Now it's pure WebSocket connection, meaning that HTTP headers do not go through it. And this is cool because we're not sending HTTP overhead anymore to the client every time. All right. Let's go for the use cases. So obviously, it's stupid to say just use WebSockets for everything because there are good sites and bad sites. So the good cases for WebSockets are any cases when you need to implement kind of a multiplayer behavior. It's obviously games. It's also tracking system. When you have multiple objects, let's say, moving on the map, and you need to update their locations in the real time, this is typical scenario for WebSockets. Also the collaborative editing, Google Docs. When you have, again, multiple cursors writing in text at the same time, that's exactly the case. However, as I said, there are also bad cases to implement WebSockets. First of all, because you are with losing HTTP overhead, you're also losing the benefits of HTTP. And that is caching. That are the standard HTTP responses like 400, 400, 500, and so on. Most of our JavaScript clients these days see automatically react to the problems, to the error codes of HTTP. Like if you return 500, your web framework will know that it's a server problem, 400, it's a client problem. Well, on WebSockets, we don't have an overhead, meaning we don't have status codes. All that you get is just a message, a pure message. And then it's up to you to handle it. So if you want to say there was an error, you cannot send a status code because there are no status codes. You have to somehow encode it yourself. And then on the client, parse it yourself and say, oh, this was an error. So remember this. Then in HTTP, we know that GET requests are identipotent, meaning that you can repeat it as much as you want. In WebSockets, you cannot say it. Again, it's just sending a message. There are no GETs and posting WebSockets. It's just sending a message. So it's up to you to decide if you want to build it in idempotent fashion on the back end or not. And the client also has nothing to do with it. Now let's see a little example. As I mentioned already, WebSockets are really, really easy. So to prove it, here is the vanilla JS example of what do you need to do to establish the connection with the back end? Can you see it? I can. You can? Oh, that's great. That's already something. I don't have the mouse here, but all right. I'll just comment it like this. So as you see, we're just not using any sort of libraries. It's a pure JavaScript. You open the debugger in Chrome, and that's what you need to type. So you are creating first the WebSocket connection to that host, in this case, local host. And then you define three callbacks. What to do on open when the connection is established? What to do when you get the message? In this case, I'm just depending it to document body. And what to do on error? Obviously, nothing. No care about that. These are 10 lines that you need to write to use WebSockets. So it's really, really easy. Now it would be, of course, boring if I wouldn't come up with a demo. I thought, like, I want to get some feedback about this talk. And the best feedback for a speaker is obviously throwing tomatoes on him. So I really like this shirt, so please don't do it right now. But you can do it on the Web. So if you just go to, oh, this is the wrong URL, you go to, I'll just do it with you. Go to demo.caseras.me. You don't have to do it. But if you have a laptop anyway, you can just do it. Then you learn how to use WebSockets. I hear I have a little code snippet. I'll just zoom in for you. Okay, didn't make it much better. Anyway, you'll get the idea. So if you copy this into the debugger, yeah, I saw that someone already did it. You are throwing tomatoes on the speaker. Well, you might think that this guy is actually not so bad. Like I do not want to throw tomato on him. I better throw a candy. You can do that too. Then instead of tomato over there, you write candy. Oh, somebody throw an egg on me. That's bad. All right. Well, anyway, have fun. Have fun with it. What this demo shows is that when all of you are throwing tomatoes on me, I like tomatoes. That's fine. When you're doing it, one person throws it and everyone sees it everywhere. Because on the background, what you do is you send, oh, my God. Could you please send some candies too or cats? You can send cats, by the way. Oh, my God. Yeah, so you see it's updated in the real time. One person sends, everyone receives it. And if you reload, oh, this is sweet. If you reload the page, then you get it all at once. The WebSocket is pushing through everything that it received by now. And this is just that three lines, four lines over there. And you can see the source code. There are no libraries involved at all. It's just one HTML page with JavaScript inlined. Super easy, super cool. I want to say to you that there is no barrier in not using WebSocket these days. Now back to the presentation. Yeah, you can have fun meanwhile. Let's see at the end. Let's see at the end what's there. I'm really interested now. Okay. Now we still have time to see how much time do we have? 15. Great. So now we obviously want to see, it's a Python conference. How can you use it from the back end side? So we have several frameworks that can do it. And the easiest one is Tornado. Well, in my opinion. Tornado is kind of a flask, but the async way. You all know that flask is super minimalistic, but Tornado is also minimalistic. You can have just one py file and this is actually all that you need, this 26 lines to run the web server with WebSockets. And you have here already the handler implemented. This is literally all you need to do. PIP install Tornado, that you have it running. Now let's just have a few comments on what exactly does it do. It's very, very much similar to what we do on the client side. We define three callbacks on open, on message, and on close. What should we do? And when you receive a message, obviously, or the on message callback is triggered, and in this example, I'm just sending it back. I do sell that right message hello, and this just sends back hello and whatever you received at the beginning. That easy. Of course, it's not so easy if we want to throw tomatoes on the speaker. It's a bit more difficult because you want some place to store all of the thrown objects. And then you want to send it not just to one client, you want to send it to all clients, meaning the broadcasting. But for this, you can just use plain Python tools. Just append everything to the list, and then when the new client connects, it writes on that list and sends it back. So there is no magic. It's just normal Python data structures in this case. I implemented it super simple on purpose. You do not need any kind of readme file for this. Super easy. But if you want more complex setup because it's still minimalistic, you can take a look on Django. Django in channels is very different because Django in the first place is a synchronous web framework. So you cannot run web sockets on Django out of the box because it just does not work by design. What they did, it was a good idea. They created a synchronous server next to the synchronous server. So actually when you send the web socket data in Django, you're not sending it through the main web server. You're sending it on kind of alternative one, which is a synchronous which supports the thing. And then they integrate. So please understand that Django channels has little to do with Django. They tried to write it in the similar way and they succeeded. But it's still two different libraries working in totally different ways. They are somehow integrated and the tool set is really cool and really huge. It's nothing compared to Tornado because it has all of the broadcasting features, the sessions, the users. Tornado doesn't have it. You have to implement it yourself. Like in Django channels, it's relatively easy to say to map the user to the web socket connection if you want. If you want to split your users by group, like only this group will receive this message. In Django channels, it's easy. In Tornado, you have to do it yourself, even though it's also easy, but you have to do it. Okay. Now, let's go to the next one, the bonus one, the web socket package called web sockets. This is how it looks. This is really the most minimalistic thing I have found. So you have just one function, one handler that is handling your web socket connections. And here you can use the asyncio library with asyncio wait syntax if you like. So I think it's quite self-explanatory. I tried to build up this example very minimalistic again. You do the await web socket receive, meaning that you idle in that moment until the data arrives. When it arrives, it's written to the name variable. Then you formulate the string that you want to send back. And then you again do the await web socket.send, sending it synchronously. And that's it. And that's three lines on the bottom are just running the asyncio IOLOOP, quite standard stuff, I would say. And you can integrate those because Tornado runs on, I think, not out of the box, but it supports asyncio IOLOOP. So you can run both. I don't know why would you need this, but people ask these questions if I can integrate this, you can. All right. So this looks already like some dialogue to me. If you use web sockets, I noticed your reaction to the guy kicking the robots from Boston Dynamics. I see that you're also concerned about this topic, so I think at the end of the presentation it's important to show you that there is a petition. Stop robot abuse. And the best thing are the comments there. So feel free to sign it. I think it's outdated, but it's hilarious. I had to edit there. Now the commercial time, sales time, I run a Python agency. If you have projects or you're interested in doing a project with me, please contact me. Let's see how many tomatoes are on me by now. Lots of cats. Well, this is nice. It's like a paradise. Cat paradise. The funny thing is that I was really in a rush for this demo, so I have no way to flush it now. I have to redeploy the whole thing, but I think I will not because it's really cute, isn't it? Okay. Yeah. Then last thing, the credits. There are really cool articles online about web sockets and about using them with Python, also the videos. And that's it. Thank you very much. Okay, anyone have a question? Please stand up and come here. You send that over the HTTP, the Web sockets. You start with it. Yes. Can we have all the, it's a get, I think. It's a get request at first. And can we have all the parameters like a get parameters just to know what to send or what to do with this Web socket? Thanks for the question. So yes, you start with HTTP because you never know if the back end supports the Web socket. You start with, you are connecting as if you are connecting HTTP, but you only do it not to send the data. You only do it to ask if we can upgrade to the Web socket connection. And if you can, there are no get requests. There are no parameters, nothing. So if the server and the client both support Web sockets protocol, as soon as the connection will be established, you totally forget about HTTP. So no, you cannot get parameters and you do not have statuses and you do not have request types like getPostput that doesn't exist. HTTP is really used just as a transport at the first phase to establish the connection and that's it. And it is done that way in order to be compatible with firewalls, reverse proxies and so on. So the protocols are very different. They have not so much similar because the Web socket was developed in order to maximally decrease the overhead of sending messages back and forth. Basically in Web sockets, everything you send, almost everything is a message. There are a few frames at the beginning of the data frame indicating the order so that the back end can then combine this Web socket message pieces into one big message and that's it. That's all the metadata that is sent. So no parameters. Thanks. More questions? How practical Web sockets for Python like other libraries and frameworks there so they could scale big projects, I guess? So how practical are Web sockets in Python? Well, would you have a like a big project like this scale of... Of course....of course....of there so they can have... Well, first of all, most of the things that, as I mentioned in the use cases of collaborative editing, multiplayer games and tracking systems are already on Web sockets like Google Docs. So it's quite a big project, I would say. It's not in Python, unfortunately, but it's basically the only way that you can do the reliable full-duplex communication these days between the client and the server. So it's not like you have much of a choice. You can use Ajax, yes, but if you have imagined like this room right now sending these cats with Ajax, I mean my poor server would just die from that. And since you use in context of Python, I can mention again that it's a special well-playing in Python because you have async await syntax. So it's really cool you don't have to do the callback spaghetti as you have in JavaScript. You can use async.io with async await syntax and it even looks nice and you do not see much of a difference with a normal request handler like you have in Flask or Tornado or Django. You just put await and it's perfect. Thank you. Any more questions? Yes. Oh, that's a, oh, okay. We have the whole queue. Yes. And does this work? Yes. So I am using Web sockets for a trading application and it's, the bandwidth it's using is about, I don't know, maybe one or two megabits per second, not megabytes. And I find that the library I use is consuming up to like 25% CPU just to pass messages. What library do you use? I think it's WebSocket-clients and it's something built on top of it. But do you find that is normal or is it way too much over? I have to be honest, I never used the WebSockets library because that's all you need to write the WebSockets connection. This is ten lines or something. So I know that in the old days when WebSockets have been just introduced, you had a lot of browsers introduced in Internet Explorer that did not support it. Then you had to use something like socket IO that would fall back to long polling and if that doesn't work, it would fall back to Ajax requests. Yes. But these days are gone. That's it. All of the browsers, including IE, I think since even... I have to say it's a common line client in Britain and Python has got nothing to do with the JavaScript world. Python clients. Okay. Which name again? It's WebSocket-clients. I wonder if you could be able to advise efficient CPU-ized WebSocket libraries. I mean that you can just use the standard testing IO with WebSockets library. That's what I was using when I was experimenting in production. I used tornado always for WebSockets because it has other things that the web browser... The web server needs templates, sessions and so on. But if you just need pure WebSockets, then the WebSockets library is okay. I never seen any CPU or memory issues with it, to be honest. It is... Probably just a fluke with the library. It could be that the libraries are outdated, but at the end, if you're using WebSockets with a sync IO, something that would cause you a lot in your resources would be a sync IO and it's optimized quite well now. So I don't think that you will encounter any problem with that. Okay. Thanks. Great. You're welcome. Hi. On your last slide, you had a link to WebSockets versus REST APIs. Can you just talk a little bit about the difference? Yes, sure. REST APIs are using the HTTP. So with that, you automatically, when you're writing the REST clients, you can first of all rely on the status codes, as I said, that if you do any request and it returns you any number in the status that begins with four, you can understand that you are doing something wrong with your requests. It would be probably parameters. You forgot something in your parameters. Or you didn't authenticate. That's another status code, actually, but REST APIs are not always implemented. So like just having default responses can already give you some hints on what you're doing wrong and what you're doing right. Like if you get response to 100, status means everything is perfect. On WebSockets, you don't have it. So let's say you receive a WebSocket message, okay. That's probably good. But the fact is that you do not even need to receive any message, because when you send the WebSockets message to the backend, there is no response by default. Only if the server wants to send you something back, you will know if it even worked or not. Like here, you just send cats to me and the only way you know that it's there is by seeing it on the page, meaning that the whole loop worked. In the RESTful APIs, you would see in the shell over there on the right, red signs. You know, when something on the HTTP goes wrong, the debugger tells you automatically like on this line, in this file, or in this connection, something is bad. In WebSockets, you don't have it. You have to debug everything by yourself. You have to understand everything by yourself. The browser knows nothing about your communication. And that's the first and I think the biggest difference and difficulties in building APIs in using WebSockets and using RESTful approach. And secondly, it's just hard to compare it, because there's two totally different partings. I'm just comparing now from the technical side, like exactly the protocol and implementation. But in general, like you can also think on the WebSockets, when you reconnected to this page, like did the page reload, what I have to do here is send one message for each object over there. In the RESTful API, you would usually send them all at once, like one big thing. And the big difference is that you could cache it with RESTful APIs. Here you can't. So it's kind of different approaches. The WebSockets are really tailored to be one by one communication. So I'm sending everything to everyone. I cannot cache it. That's another thing. Yeah, I mean, we can discuss it for a really long time, because RESTful and WebSockets are two different sites at this point. But I think that these are two main differences as a technical protocol perspective. Welcome. One more question. Does WebSocket can be based on the path of the server? It is. Yes. So WebSocket, this is the path that I'm using right now. WS is normal WebSockets. WSS is the secure WebSockets, kind of the HTTPS for WebSockets. And yes, you can have different paths here. And this would map in your application server to different handlers or endpoints that will be handling that. What's the behavior of WebSockets when the client is roaming in a mobile, for example, and changing from one, losing the connection for some reason, but reconnecting later? You don't have it. So again, in HTTP requests, if you didn't get requests and something is wrong with connection, this get is always adempotent, the browser knows that it can just repeat it, can do it again and again until it gets something. In WebSockets, you don't. And there is no success message or failure message. So you sent it, network, gone, you don't know if it was delivered or not. It's TCP, so on the protocol level, you do know. But you do not know if it was complete, if it was successful and so on. So this is, yeah, it's a big difference. You don't have this. You have to take care of it by yourself. So the usual thing is that in the client, the connection is lost, then the client connects again. Yes, yes. But you have to implement it. You have to implement it yourself. Okay, one more. Hi. So can you do query parameters for WebSockets request? No, you can't. Let's take a quick one. Yeah. What's the point of using async if you don't get a response at all? So where's the async actually mattering? Well, thank you. Yeah, but thanks. Yeah, well, there are many cases of using WebSockets. Like, first of all, if you ask me about the async, I'd first of all think on the back end. On the back end side, it's fully async. You do not have an overhead of keeping the connection open as you have in WebSockets, in long polling. The protocol is tailored that way that you have minimal overhead of multiple connections. So with just minimal AWS machine, you can easily solve the 10K connection problem. It costs back and nothing. And you can use a single-threaded server like Tornado or Node.js to handle them, and you can use a fancy async await syntax on Python. So even if you are not using it in a request response fashion, which you actually shouldn't do because it's totally up to you, you can just receive messages. You do not have to send something back. If it's, let's say, a tracking application, you just want to get the positions of your items somewhere. You're just collecting them. You're not sending anything back. But the way you're collecting them are asynchronous in a sense that the connection is open. You do not do anything with that connection. The data comes through, and only when it comes through, your code is triggered just as you have on the HTTP connections as well if you're using the async or your similar thing, but without the HTTP overhead. Okay. I think it's time to off. Good. Okay. Coffee break. Okay. You're talking about it. Yeah. Ask me on the coffee break if you have more questions. Thank you very much for that. Okay. Thank you. Okay. I'll get it. Okay. I'll get it. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. | {
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"text": [
" Thank you very much for coming.",
" It's a pleasure to see all those new and familiar faces here in this room.",
" Have you enjoyed the conference so far?",
" Yeah, I did too.",
" Good.",
" All right, I have a first question to you.",
" You've probably heard of a saying, like, if all you have is a hammer, everything looks",
" like a nail.",
" You certainly did.",
" Well, it's not just a saying.",
" It's actually something formulated as the law of the instrument by the American philosopher",
" Abraham Kaplan.",
" But not the Kaplan, most of the jungle author has nothing to do with it, a different thing.",
" Yeah.",
" Well, anyway, what does it have to do with today's talk?",
" The thing is that I believe that this saying perfectly illustrates the way we work with",
" the web today and the way we are using HTTP.",
" We're a bit childish by using HTTP because it's our hammer.",
" Whatever task we have, HTTP, do it.",
" Do it, please.",
" But there is more than HTTP on the web.",
" So HTTP was not designed to do the tasks that we often forced it to do.",
" The protocol itself, the HTTP, is just centered around the request and response.",
" That's it.",
" There is no progress reporting.",
" There is no multiple requests or responses per request, anything like that.",
" If you need something, you can build an abstraction of top, of course.",
" But at the end, even if you build like the pseudo-acing communication with HTTP, it still",
" does not change the way the underlying HTTP protocol works.",
" It's still synchronous and it's still centered around the request and response cycle.",
" So again, the idea is that simple.",
" In the good old times, there was just a request to the back end.",
" We fetched the page.",
" We displayed it.",
" That's it.",
" Easy.",
" Well, then the web evolved, of course.",
" It became smarter so that we needed the application server.",
" It also became more beautiful, so we needed the CSS, images, fonts, files.",
" And then the picture changed more or less like this.",
" So we still have our browser, the client.",
" It makes requests to the web server to get stuff, more stuff now, and even more stuff,",
" but it still fits in the paradigm.",
" Still fits into the way the HTTP is supposed to work.",
" Just more requests, but that's okay.",
" The first time I noticed, I remember that something goes wrong here, is when I had to",
" deal with icons.",
" Do you remember a good old times of the icon sprites?",
" Like this, it was an obvious problem.",
" Like, hmm, we have too many icons.",
" That means too many requests.",
" HTTP is not handling that well.",
" What can we do?",
" Oh, let's pack all of the icons into one image and just offset it to the left and to the",
" right.",
" Genius.",
" Well, this is something that I mean by the web abuse and using the HTTP, not in the way",
" it is designed to be used.",
" It has nothing to do with web sockets, but the story is going.",
" Then, async requests.",
" So the problem was fixed by introducing Ajax when we thought, okay, we need some pre-order",
" call updates of our content without reloading the whole page.",
" And then we got Ajax.",
" But at the end, it's good.",
" However, Ajax does not change anything for the backend.",
" Ajax is a pure client-side technology.",
" For the backend, it looks totally the same way, and it's again the very same HTTP.",
" Moreover, if you take a look on how exactly the paradigm, how exactly Ajax update works,",
" like, we wanted to get something like a dialogue between the client and the server.",
" What's a dialogue?",
" Well, dialogue is like when two parties exchange their opinions, they're equally involved,",
" they are respecting each other, this is a dialogue.",
" But how our dialogue between the browser and the backend look?",
" It's more like this.",
" Because at the end, we are dictators.",
" The client is a dictator.",
" The servers are not allowed to speak, only when we ask.",
" So it is kind of a funny way of doing dialogue, in my opinion.",
" And so although Ajax solves this problem partially, meaning that we can just periodically ask the",
" backend about the updates, and it's a pseudo-dialogue, it's still ugly.",
" So yeah, as I already explained, we have a couple of problems.",
" We have first problem is that the dialogue is not really a dialogue, it's a pseudo-dialogue.",
" And the second is that you still need a lot of requests, and the more frequent updates",
" you want, the more requests you do.",
" And this obviously does not scale well.",
" Moreover, you are still using HTTP on the background.",
" HTTP has quite a high noise-to-the-signal ratio, meaning that you send all of the headers,",
" all of the cookies, everything, just to get a response from the backend, nothing new happened.",
" That's not cool.",
" And then we come to the long-falling.",
" Well, this is already something.",
" This is already some progress, let's say.",
" We open the connection, we keep the connection alive.",
" Connection is just idling, idling, idling.",
" And whenever something new happens on the backend, we push it through.",
" Well, that's great.",
" HTTP overhead is still in place, but at least it's not periodical as Ajax.",
" It's waiting for stuff, idling.",
" And in my opinion, well, it's of course good because you get things asynchronously, and",
" it's even better because long-falling is kind of romantic.",
" Because if you think of it, it's like looking in someone's eyes when no words are needed.",
" You just wait and wait and wait.",
" And then here she replies something to you.",
" The problem is I don't think that my level of relationship is already there on the web.",
" I don't want it.",
" Enough.",
" Please.",
" Every time you use long-falling, a guy from Boston Dynamics kicks the robot.",
" Now finally, enough of this nonsense.",
" There is just one way to do the real-time bidirectional communication between the client and the server,",
" and that is WebSockets.",
" Nothing else.",
" Forget Socket.io.",
" Forget this library that's built on top of usually long-falling and in the worst case",
" Ajax.",
" They are outdated.",
" There is totally no reason not to use WebSockets these days.",
" As the developers, we can finally benefit from WebSockets because we have no longer",
" a problem of the HTTP overhead.",
" We have no longer a problem of the real, full-duplex connections, meaning both parties can start",
" talking to each other as a normal dialogue.",
" And finally, the interface is really easy from the client as well as from the server.",
" I'll show you in a moment a couple of code pieces and as well as a demo.",
" But first, WebSockets in a glance.",
" So another cool advantage is that WebSockets, they are not HTTP, but they are compatible",
" with HTTP, meaning that they run on ports used by HTTP, 80 and 443.",
" So all of the firewalls will work.",
" All of the proxies will probably just let it through.",
" So basically, you do not need any new setup in your infrastructure.",
" You can just use NGINX or whatever reverse proxy you use.",
" It should just work.",
" Then how exactly we jump from the HTTP to WebSockets protocol?",
" We start normally, as we always did with HTTP.",
" We do the handshake.",
" We establish a connection.",
" And then our client says to the server that, hey, I want to upgrade to the WebSockets protocol.",
" And if the server supports it, it says, yeah, do it.",
" Then they establish this connection, the full-duplex TCP connection.",
" They do not communicate over that connection with HTTP.",
" Now it's pure WebSocket connection, meaning that HTTP headers do not go through it.",
" And this is cool because we're not sending HTTP overhead anymore to the client every time.",
" All right.",
" Let's go for the use cases.",
" So obviously, it's stupid to say just use WebSockets for everything because there are",
" good sites and bad sites.",
" So the good cases for WebSockets are any cases when you need to implement kind of a multiplayer",
" behavior.",
" It's obviously games.",
" It's also tracking system.",
" When you have multiple objects, let's say, moving on the map, and you need to update",
" their locations in the real time, this is typical scenario for WebSockets.",
" Also the collaborative editing, Google Docs.",
" When you have, again, multiple cursors writing in text at the same time, that's exactly the",
" case.",
" However, as I said, there are also bad cases to implement WebSockets.",
" First of all, because you are with losing HTTP overhead, you're also losing the benefits",
" of HTTP.",
" And that is caching.",
" That are the standard HTTP responses like 400, 400, 500, and so on.",
" Most of our JavaScript clients these days see automatically react to the problems, to",
" the error codes of HTTP.",
" Like if you return 500, your web framework will know that it's a server problem, 400,",
" it's a client problem.",
" Well, on WebSockets, we don't have an overhead, meaning we don't have status codes.",
" All that you get is just a message, a pure message.",
" And then it's up to you to handle it.",
" So if you want to say there was an error, you cannot send a status code because there",
" are no status codes.",
" You have to somehow encode it yourself.",
" And then on the client, parse it yourself and say, oh, this was an error.",
" So remember this.",
" Then in HTTP, we know that GET requests are identipotent, meaning that you can repeat",
" it as much as you want.",
" In WebSockets, you cannot say it.",
" Again, it's just sending a message.",
" There are no GETs and posting WebSockets.",
" It's just sending a message.",
" So it's up to you to decide if you want to build it in idempotent fashion on the back",
" end or not.",
" And the client also has nothing to do with it.",
" Now let's see a little example.",
" As I mentioned already, WebSockets are really, really easy.",
" So to prove it, here is the vanilla JS example of what do you need to do to establish the",
" connection with the back end?",
" Can you see it?",
" I can.",
" You can?",
" Oh, that's great.",
" That's already something.",
" I don't have the mouse here, but all right.",
" I'll just comment it like this.",
" So as you see, we're just not using any sort of libraries.",
" It's a pure JavaScript.",
" You open the debugger in Chrome, and that's what you need to type.",
" So you are creating first the WebSocket connection to that host, in this case, local host.",
" And then you define three callbacks.",
" What to do on open when the connection is established?",
" What to do when you get the message?",
" In this case, I'm just depending it to document body.",
" And what to do on error?",
" Obviously, nothing.",
" No care about that.",
" These are 10 lines that you need to write to use WebSockets.",
" So it's really, really easy.",
" Now it would be, of course, boring if I wouldn't come up with a demo.",
" I thought, like, I want to get some feedback about this talk.",
" And the best feedback for a speaker is obviously throwing tomatoes on him.",
" So I really like this shirt, so please don't do it right now.",
" But you can do it on the Web.",
" So if you just go to, oh, this is the wrong URL, you go to, I'll just do it with you.",
" Go to demo.caseras.me.",
" You don't have to do it.",
" But if you have a laptop anyway, you can just do it.",
" Then you learn how to use WebSockets.",
" I hear I have a little code snippet.",
" I'll just zoom in for you.",
" Okay, didn't make it much better.",
" Anyway, you'll get the idea.",
" So if you copy this into the debugger, yeah, I saw that someone already did it.",
" You are throwing tomatoes on the speaker.",
" Well, you might think that this guy is actually not so bad.",
" Like I do not want to throw tomato on him.",
" I better throw a candy.",
" You can do that too.",
" Then instead of tomato over there, you write candy.",
" Oh, somebody throw an egg on me.",
" That's bad.",
" All right.",
" Well, anyway, have fun.",
" Have fun with it.",
" What this demo shows is that when all of you are throwing tomatoes on me, I like tomatoes.",
" That's fine.",
" When you're doing it, one person throws it and everyone sees it everywhere.",
" Because on the background, what you do is you send, oh, my God.",
" Could you please send some candies too or cats?",
" You can send cats, by the way.",
" Oh, my God.",
" Yeah, so you see it's updated in the real time.",
" One person sends, everyone receives it.",
" And if you reload, oh, this is sweet.",
" If you reload the page, then you get it all at once.",
" The WebSocket is pushing through everything that it received by now.",
" And this is just that three lines, four lines over there.",
" And you can see the source code.",
" There are no libraries involved at all.",
" It's just one HTML page with JavaScript inlined.",
" Super easy, super cool.",
" I want to say to you that there is no barrier in not using WebSocket these days.",
" Now back to the presentation.",
" Yeah, you can have fun meanwhile.",
" Let's see at the end.",
" Let's see at the end what's there.",
" I'm really interested now.",
" Okay.",
" Now we still have time to see how much time do we have?",
" 15.",
" Great.",
" So now we obviously want to see, it's a Python conference.",
" How can you use it from the back end side?",
" So we have several frameworks that can do it.",
" And the easiest one is Tornado.",
" Well, in my opinion.",
" Tornado is kind of a flask, but the async way.",
" You all know that flask is super minimalistic, but Tornado is also minimalistic.",
" You can have just one py file and this is actually all that you need, this 26 lines",
" to run the web server with WebSockets.",
" And you have here already the handler implemented.",
" This is literally all you need to do.",
" PIP install Tornado, that you have it running.",
" Now let's just have a few comments on what exactly does it do.",
" It's very, very much similar to what we do on the client side.",
" We define three callbacks on open, on message, and on close.",
" What should we do?",
" And when you receive a message, obviously, or the on message callback is triggered, and",
" in this example, I'm just sending it back.",
" I do sell that right message hello, and this just sends back hello and whatever you received",
" at the beginning.",
" That easy.",
" Of course, it's not so easy if we want to throw tomatoes on the speaker.",
" It's a bit more difficult because you want some place to store all of the thrown objects.",
" And then you want to send it not just to one client, you want to send it to all clients,",
" meaning the broadcasting.",
" But for this, you can just use plain Python tools.",
" Just append everything to the list, and then when the new client connects, it writes on",
" that list and sends it back.",
" So there is no magic.",
" It's just normal Python data structures in this case.",
" I implemented it super simple on purpose.",
" You do not need any kind of readme file for this.",
" Super easy.",
" But if you want more complex setup because it's still minimalistic, you can take a look",
" on Django.",
" Django in channels is very different because Django in the first place is a synchronous",
" web framework.",
" So you cannot run web sockets on Django out of the box because it just does not work by",
" design.",
" What they did, it was a good idea.",
" They created a synchronous server next to the synchronous server.",
" So actually when you send the web socket data in Django, you're not sending it through the",
" main web server.",
" You're sending it on kind of alternative one, which is a synchronous which supports the",
" thing.",
" And then they integrate.",
" So please understand that Django channels has little to do with Django.",
" They tried to write it in the similar way and they succeeded.",
" But it's still two different libraries working in totally different ways.",
" They are somehow integrated and the tool set is really cool and really huge.",
" It's nothing compared to Tornado because it has all of the broadcasting features, the",
" sessions, the users.",
" Tornado doesn't have it.",
" You have to implement it yourself.",
" Like in Django channels, it's relatively easy to say to map the user to the web socket",
" connection if you want.",
" If you want to split your users by group, like only this group will receive this message.",
" In Django channels, it's easy.",
" In Tornado, you have to do it yourself, even though it's also easy, but you have to do",
" it.",
" Okay.",
" Now, let's go to the next one, the bonus one, the web socket package called web sockets.",
" This is how it looks.",
" This is really the most minimalistic thing I have found.",
" So you have just one function, one handler that is handling your web socket connections.",
" And here you can use the asyncio library with asyncio wait syntax if you like.",
" So I think it's quite self-explanatory.",
" I tried to build up this example very minimalistic again.",
" You do the await web socket receive, meaning that you idle in that moment until the data",
" arrives.",
" When it arrives, it's written to the name variable.",
" Then you formulate the string that you want to send back.",
" And then you again do the await web socket.send, sending it synchronously.",
" And that's it.",
" And that's three lines on the bottom are just running the asyncio IOLOOP, quite standard",
" stuff, I would say.",
" And you can integrate those because Tornado runs on, I think, not out of the box, but",
" it supports asyncio IOLOOP.",
" So you can run both.",
" I don't know why would you need this, but people ask these questions if I can integrate",
" this, you can.",
" All right.",
" So this looks already like some dialogue to me.",
" If you use web sockets, I noticed your reaction to the guy kicking the robots from Boston Dynamics.",
" I see that you're also concerned about this topic, so I think at the end of the presentation",
" it's important to show you that there is a petition.",
" Stop robot abuse.",
" And the best thing are the comments there.",
" So feel free to sign it.",
" I think it's outdated, but it's hilarious.",
" I had to edit there.",
" Now the commercial time, sales time, I run a Python agency.",
" If you have projects or you're interested in doing a project with me, please contact",
" me.",
" Let's see how many tomatoes are on me by now.",
" Lots of cats.",
" Well, this is nice.",
" It's like a paradise.",
" Cat paradise.",
" The funny thing is that I was really in a rush for this demo, so I have no way to flush",
" it now.",
" I have to redeploy the whole thing, but I think I will not because it's really cute,",
" isn't it?",
" Okay.",
" Yeah.",
" Then last thing, the credits.",
" There are really cool articles online about web sockets and about using them with Python,",
" also the videos.",
" And that's it.",
" Thank you very much.",
" Okay, anyone have a question?",
" Please stand up and come here.",
" You send that over the HTTP, the Web sockets.",
" You start with it.",
" Yes.",
" Can we have all the, it's a get, I think.",
" It's a get request at first.",
" And can we have all the parameters like a get parameters just to know what to send or",
" what to do with this Web socket?",
" Thanks for the question.",
" So yes, you start with HTTP because you never know if the back end supports the Web",
" socket.",
" You start with, you are connecting as if you are connecting HTTP, but you only do it not",
" to send the data.",
" You only do it to ask if we can upgrade to the Web socket connection.",
" And if you can, there are no get requests.",
" There are no parameters, nothing.",
" So if the server and the client both support Web sockets protocol, as soon as the connection",
" will be established, you totally forget about HTTP.",
" So no, you cannot get parameters and you do not have statuses and you do not have request",
" types like getPostput that doesn't exist.",
" HTTP is really used just as a transport at the first phase to establish the connection",
" and that's it.",
" And it is done that way in order to be compatible with firewalls, reverse proxies and so on.",
" So the protocols are very different.",
" They have not so much similar because the Web socket was developed in order to maximally",
" decrease the overhead of sending messages back and forth.",
" Basically in Web sockets, everything you send, almost everything is a message.",
" There are a few frames at the beginning of the data frame indicating the order so that",
" the back end can then combine this Web socket message pieces into one big message and that's",
" it.",
" That's all the metadata that is sent.",
" So no parameters.",
" Thanks.",
" More questions?",
" How practical Web sockets for Python like other libraries and frameworks there so they",
" could scale big projects, I guess?",
" So how practical are Web sockets in Python?",
" Well, would you have a like a big project like this scale of...",
" Of course.",
"...of course.",
"...of there so they can have...",
" Well, first of all, most of the things that, as I mentioned in the use cases of collaborative",
" editing, multiplayer games and tracking systems are already on Web sockets like Google Docs.",
" So it's quite a big project, I would say.",
" It's not in Python, unfortunately, but it's basically the only way that you can do the",
" reliable full-duplex communication these days between the client and the server.",
" So it's not like you have much of a choice.",
" You can use Ajax, yes, but if you have imagined like this room right now sending these cats",
" with Ajax, I mean my poor server would just die from that.",
" And since you use in context of Python, I can mention again that it's a special well-playing",
" in Python because you have async await syntax.",
" So it's really cool you don't have to do the callback spaghetti as you have in JavaScript.",
" You can use async.io with async await syntax and it even looks nice and you do not see",
" much of a difference with a normal request handler like you have in Flask or Tornado",
" or Django.",
" You just put await and it's perfect.",
" Thank you.",
" Any more questions?",
" Yes.",
" Oh, that's a, oh, okay.",
" We have the whole queue.",
" Yes.",
" And does this work?",
" Yes.",
" So I am using Web sockets for a trading application and it's, the bandwidth it's using is about,",
" I don't know, maybe one or two megabits per second, not megabytes.",
" And I find that the library I use is consuming up to like 25% CPU just to pass messages.",
" What library do you use?",
" I think it's WebSocket-clients and it's something built on top of it.",
" But do you find that is normal or is it way too much over?",
" I have to be honest, I never used the WebSockets library because that's all you need to write",
" the WebSockets connection.",
" This is ten lines or something.",
" So I know that in the old days when WebSockets have been just introduced, you had a lot of",
" browsers introduced in Internet Explorer that did not support it.",
" Then you had to use something like socket IO that would fall back to long polling and",
" if that doesn't work, it would fall back to Ajax requests.",
" Yes.",
" But these days are gone.",
" That's it.",
" All of the browsers, including IE, I think since even...",
" I have to say it's a common line client in Britain and Python has got nothing to do with",
" the JavaScript world.",
" Python clients.",
" Okay.",
" Which name again?",
" It's WebSocket-clients.",
" I wonder if you could be able to advise efficient CPU-ized WebSocket libraries.",
" I mean that you can just use the standard testing IO with WebSockets library.",
" That's what I was using when I was experimenting in production.",
" I used tornado always for WebSockets because it has other things that the web browser...",
" The web server needs templates, sessions and so on.",
" But if you just need pure WebSockets, then the WebSockets library is okay.",
" I never seen any CPU or memory issues with it, to be honest.",
" It is...",
" Probably just a fluke with the library.",
" It could be that the libraries are outdated, but at the end, if you're using WebSockets",
" with a sync IO, something that would cause you a lot in your resources would be a sync",
" IO and it's optimized quite well now.",
" So I don't think that you will encounter any problem with that.",
" Okay.",
" Thanks.",
" Great.",
" You're welcome.",
" Hi.",
" On your last slide, you had a link to WebSockets versus REST APIs.",
" Can you just talk a little bit about the difference?",
" Yes, sure.",
" REST APIs are using the HTTP.",
" So with that, you automatically, when you're writing the REST clients, you can first of",
" all rely on the status codes, as I said, that if you do any request and it returns you any",
" number in the status that begins with four, you can understand that you are doing something",
" wrong with your requests.",
" It would be probably parameters.",
" You forgot something in your parameters.",
" Or you didn't authenticate.",
" That's another status code, actually, but REST APIs are not always implemented.",
" So like just having default responses can already give you some hints on what you're",
" doing wrong and what you're doing right.",
" Like if you get response to 100, status means everything is perfect.",
" On WebSockets, you don't have it.",
" So let's say you receive a WebSocket message, okay.",
" That's probably good.",
" But the fact is that you do not even need to receive any message, because when you send",
" the WebSockets message to the backend, there is no response by default.",
" Only if the server wants to send you something back, you will know if it even worked or not.",
" Like here, you just send cats to me and the only way you know that it's there is by seeing",
" it on the page, meaning that the whole loop worked.",
" In the RESTful APIs, you would see in the shell over there on the right, red signs.",
" You know, when something on the HTTP goes wrong, the debugger tells you automatically",
" like on this line, in this file, or in this connection, something is bad.",
" In WebSockets, you don't have it.",
" You have to debug everything by yourself.",
" You have to understand everything by yourself.",
" The browser knows nothing about your communication.",
" And that's the first and I think the biggest difference and difficulties in building APIs",
" in using WebSockets and using RESTful approach.",
" And secondly, it's just hard to compare it, because there's two totally different partings.",
" I'm just comparing now from the technical side, like exactly the protocol and implementation.",
" But in general, like you can also think on the WebSockets, when you reconnected to this",
" page, like did the page reload, what I have to do here is send one message for each object",
" over there.",
" In the RESTful API, you would usually send them all at once, like one big thing.",
" And the big difference is that you could cache it with RESTful APIs.",
" Here you can't.",
" So it's kind of different approaches.",
" The WebSockets are really tailored to be one by one communication.",
" So I'm sending everything to everyone.",
" I cannot cache it.",
" That's another thing.",
" Yeah, I mean, we can discuss it for a really long time, because RESTful and WebSockets are",
" two different sites at this point.",
" But I think that these are two main differences as a technical protocol perspective.",
" Welcome.",
" One more question.",
" Does WebSocket can be based on the path of the server?",
" It is.",
" Yes.",
" So WebSocket, this is the path that I'm using right now.",
" WS is normal WebSockets.",
" WSS is the secure WebSockets, kind of the HTTPS for WebSockets.",
" And yes, you can have different paths here.",
" And this would map in your application server to different handlers or endpoints that will",
" be handling that.",
" What's the behavior of WebSockets when the client is roaming in a mobile, for example,",
" and changing from one, losing the connection for some reason, but reconnecting later?",
" You don't have it.",
" So again, in HTTP requests, if you didn't get requests and something is wrong with connection,",
" this get is always adempotent, the browser knows that it can just repeat it, can do it",
" again and again until it gets something.",
" In WebSockets, you don't.",
" And there is no success message or failure message.",
" So you sent it, network, gone, you don't know if it was delivered or not.",
" It's TCP, so on the protocol level, you do know.",
" But you do not know if it was complete, if it was successful and so on.",
" So this is, yeah, it's a big difference.",
" You don't have this.",
" You have to take care of it by yourself.",
" So the usual thing is that in the client, the connection is lost, then the client connects",
" again.",
" Yes, yes.",
" But you have to implement it.",
" You have to implement it yourself.",
" Okay, one more.",
" Hi.",
" So can you do query parameters for WebSockets request?",
" No, you can't.",
" Let's take a quick one.",
" Yeah.",
" What's the point of using async if you don't get a response at all?",
" So where's the async actually mattering?",
" Well, thank you.",
" Yeah, but thanks.",
" Yeah, well, there are many cases of using WebSockets.",
" Like, first of all, if you ask me about the async, I'd first of all think on the back",
" end.",
" On the back end side, it's fully async.",
" You do not have an overhead of keeping the connection open as you have in WebSockets,",
" in long polling.",
" The protocol is tailored that way that you have minimal overhead of multiple connections.",
" So with just minimal AWS machine, you can easily solve the 10K connection problem.",
" It costs back and nothing.",
" And you can use a single-threaded server like Tornado or Node.js to handle them, and you",
" can use a fancy async await syntax on Python.",
" So even if you are not using it in a request response fashion, which you actually shouldn't",
" do because it's totally up to you, you can just receive messages.",
" You do not have to send something back.",
" If it's, let's say, a tracking application, you just want to get the positions of your",
" items somewhere.",
" You're just collecting them.",
" You're not sending anything back.",
" But the way you're collecting them are asynchronous in a sense that the connection is open.",
" You do not do anything with that connection.",
" The data comes through, and only when it comes through, your code is triggered just as you",
" have on the HTTP connections as well if you're using the async or your similar thing, but",
" without the HTTP overhead.",
" Okay.",
" I think it's time to off.",
" Good.",
" Okay.",
" Coffee break.",
" Okay.",
" You're talking about it.",
" Yeah.",
" Ask me on the coffee break if you have more questions.",
" Thank you very much for that.",
" Okay.",
" Thank you.",
" Okay.",
" I'll get it.",
" Okay.",
" I'll get it.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay.",
" Okay."
],
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10.5446/40202 (DOI) | The HLF Portraits: Donald Ervin Knuth | https://av.tib.eu/media/40202 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de82417c10c08a0bb8b88f7e10784cc839e4e0ddae14b1bf8b3b4a99454a47faf7/The_Heidelberg_Laureate_Forum_Foundation_presents_the_HLF_Portraits__Donald_Ervin_Knuth_BYkFfCqen7M.mp4 | No Open Access License:
German copyright law applies. This film may be used for your own use but it may not be distributed via the internet or passed on to external parties. | Computer Science
Mathematics | Conference/Talk | 2017 | Knuth, Donald Ervin | Pachter, Marc | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Donald Ervin Knuth; ACM A.M. Turing Award, 1974 Recipients of the ACM A.M. Turing Award and the Abel Prize in discussion with Marc Pachter, Director Emeritus National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institute, about their lives, their research, their careers and the circumstances that led to the awards. Video interviews produced for the Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation by the Berlin photographer Peter Badge. The opinions expressed in this video do not necessarily reflect the views of the Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation or any other person or associated institution involved in the making and distribution of the video. Background: The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation (HLFF) annually organizes the Heidelberg Laureate Forum (HLF), which is a networking event for mathematicians and computer scientists from all over the world. The HLFF was established and is funded by the German foundation the Klaus Tschira Stiftung (KTS), which promotes natural sciences, mathematics and computer science. The HLF is strongly supported by the award-granting institutions, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM: ACM A.M. Turing Award, ACM Prize in Computing), the International Mathematical Union (IMU: Fields Medal, Nevanlinna Prize), and the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (DNVA: Abel Prize). The Scientific Partners of the HLFF are the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS) and Heidelberg University. | Music Professor Knuth, I want to begin at the beginning. So can you tell me something about the world into which you were born? I was born in the world of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and that was 1938, which makes me 78 years old now. And my dad was a well-actioned organist, also a school teacher in the Lutheran school systems. And my mother worked, when I was growing up, during the war, she had a job as a secretary. And then she went on to become involved in real estate in downtown Milwaukee as manager of several buildings. How many children in the family? My sister was born, let's see, three years after me. So there's two of us. Would you say that there were encouragements in particular directions? My parents read every book on how to raise children. And I think with Dr. Spock probably told them what to do. And they decided to actually let me read books, while the common wisdom was to keep that until I was older, because I would then be born in school if I already knew something about it. So the interesting thing was that the Milwaukee Public Library had a bookworm program. And that was the first time I was in the newspaper ever, when I was two years old or something. I was the youngest member of the bookworm club. So I could talk a little more about it, but in those days, children could ride streetcars to downtown Milwaukee safely without the parents there. And I'm not sure how old I was, but I was probably less than ten years old. And I went to the library and took a book and sat by the window. And I didn't know about closing time, and so they had to call my parents. They found me there. My parents had to come and get me out of the library. So they knew that I was, well, I guess the most different thing about me was my long attention span, that I wasn't distracted by something every few months. That's probably the biggest difference between kids now and kids. How much? I understand a bit the role of music in your life a little bit because of the nature of your family and your school, the nature of faith in the early part, although I'd be interested in talking more about that. But what about science and technology in particular? So we didn't have very much about science in my school, but we had very good about grammar, for example, English grammar. So one of the things that fascinated me the most when I was in seventh grade was how to diagram sentences, subject and predicate, and that made sense. We learned something about physiology and so on, but when I get to high school, it would be my first exposure to chemistry. High school really was when you began to... To know something about science that was non-trivial. And the math teachers in high school didn't know that much. But I had a wonderful chemistry and physics teacher in high school. And so there was somebody there to show you the possibilities. Yeah, no. He inspired me greatly. And he wrote his own textbook. So when I... And I said my father was involved with music and I had taken lessons since I was seven years old or something like that. So I continued to draw my interest in music and in high school. For example, I was the accompanist to the chorus. I was in the marching band. I was in the symphonic band. And in one of them I played the saxophone. In one of the other I played the sousaphone. The big one. So then when I came time to go to college, I thought I'd major either in music or in physics. Physics because of the one teacher who inspired me and music because of the other. So you were torn. Well, I was... I mainly considered two different colleges. One of which I would have been a music major and the other which I chose, which was K-Stuck in Cleveland, Ohio, where I started in physics then. I'm not going to let you go to college yet because there's one thing about your childhood through high school that is often referenced in writings about you and that is you're very much of a young problem solver. You're enjoying the idea of solving problems and in some cases in a very witty way solving problems. So can you... Is that fair to describe to you then that you are intrigued by that process? Yeah, but I was also... I was kind of an automaton. I mean, I did what I was told. But I would see things that... And I would play with numbers or... Well, I spent, I don't know how many hours with a little game that has six horses that run around the track and you roll dice and then that tells you how far the horse goes and I would root for the red horse, but I would roll the dice and I would spend hours and hours just watching... Watching the patterns of seeing that some horses actually, even though the fair dice, some horses were actually getting ahead of the others. And my dad had a little calculator, a mechanical calculator that was capable of multiplying ten-digit numbers. And I would run that calculator and I would... I would plot graphs. I suppose I have a function like 3x squared plus 2x minus 5, plus 0.1x cubed or something like this, I would... I spent also hours drawing the graphs as I varied the coefficients of this function and I would see how the graph would change and I filled hundreds of sheets of orange graph paper until my eyes started to hurt. What age are you at this point? I was like a second year in high school, let's say. So clearly you're being recognized by now in your high school as quite able? The thing that... the first time I was recognized was when I was in eighth grade and there was a competition in Milwaukee by the TV station. There was a science show on TV every Saturday morning and the sponsor was Ziegler's Giant Bar Corporation. And the question was, how many words can you make out of the letters in Ziegler's Giant Bar? And so I was very intrigued by this and I feigned stomach ache for two weeks so that I could stay home from school and work on this and find as many words from Ziegler's Giant Bar as I could. And I came up with 4,500 words and the judges had only 2,500 words on it. Yes, astonishing. So instead of problem-solving I would... I guess it's more like obsessive focusing on something. Okay, some would call it a perfectionist or very patient, but obsessive will do. Or just sort of... Determined. Yeah, but doing something completely rather than partway. Right. And this was admired or considered odd? I didn't... I don't know. I just did it. I didn't pay any attention. Right. Which is probably a good lesson in life. So now I can let you go to college and you've decided between physics and music in your college choice. And what was that choice? Where? So I went to K's Tech in Cleveland, Ohio, and that's near my mother's family. She grew up in suburban Cleveland. And the standards of admission were tough and the dean told us the first day that she would look at the guy on our left and on the right. And one of us wouldn't be there next year. So I was... Panic wasn't the right word, but I worked very hard on studying and trying to get... do more work than was assigned for the... for class and things like that. Are you... by the way, did you get a scholarship? I had a scholarship and actually... well, it was a partial scholarship. My parents were not at all well off. Being an organist is not a famous way to make money. No, no, no. But his salary was something like twelve dollars a month when I was born. And he bought this piano over here or rented it. I mean, bought it on... eventually was able to pay it off and... but make a living wage by taking students for piano teaching. Right. In college, we experienced at least two kinds of communities. The communities of fellow students and the communities that the faculty represent in terms of noticing and interacting with. Let's start with the community of students. Was that important, influential in your life in terms of choices? Right. I... well, at first it was just in my dorm, but I would play a lot of ping-pong with the kids and things like that. Until my grades would slip a little bit and then I would have to give up ping-pong bridge and then any other activities. But I joined the school paper and I was a manager for the basketball team. I joined the symphonic band. I was a manager for the track team. So I did lots of extra curricular activities and I also pledged a fraternity in my first year and then became vice president of the fraternity. Yeah. A normal good college experience. Yes. Right. So in other words, I certainly didn't absorb myself fully in my studies, although I did try hard to get those priorities. In terms of faculty mentoring, were there particular individuals who made the difference in your development? Right. My freshman year, I would say that my chemistry teacher knew a lot of chemistry. My physics teacher knew a lot of chemistry and physics and my math teacher knew a lot of mathematics, chemistry and physics. And he was the one that really impressed me. But his main characteristic was that I couldn't impress him. No matter how much I tried, he would just sort of grunt. But I admired him and I wanted him to see that, you know, to say something good about my work and it didn't work. But he was very much, you know, got me to put out and learn a lot of mathematics. Most of it was entirely new to me. I hadn't had in high school. You hadn't had much of a background. In high school, I'd come up with questions that my teachers couldn't answer so I stopped asking. That's very interesting. That's very interesting. So now you have some teachers who can. Not only that, they challenge you. Conversely, in the physics, that was my major, but I found out that I could pass the exams in physics, but I didn't have the intuition. I could answer all the questions, but I didn't know why they asked the questions. So that's a good definition of maybe a moment when you decide this is not for me. Well, that was half of it. The other half was that in physics lab, I was totally inept. I would drop the beakers or whatever. In one of the experiments, we were supposed to measure the heat of, what is it, the specific heat of something. And experimentally, and the answer that I got was so far off that according to the formula in the physics book, I was 220% in error. Wow. And I said, how can anybody be more than 100% wrong? So not only did I know that I was no good at it in the lab, but I also didn't like the way physicists defined percent of error. Yes. I figured they had the wrong formula for percent of error. There was another thing, too. I mean, since I didn't know anything about mathematics when they started, but then I found out that in mathematics, it was possible to have some problems where you actually knew when you had the answer. But I realized that if physics never gets to that state, it's only you get accumulated more and more evidence and things become more and more true. You can never go to the sun and see what's going on there. You can never magnify reality to the point where you know exactly what's there. There's always another layer that's beyond you. And so, you know, the physicist has to go through his whole life with never knowing that he has anything righteous, getting more and more. Sure. Well, that, you know, it's not a bad life, but mathematics has this extra little. So you were welcome to the mathematics faculty. Well, I mean, as a student. Yeah. The other story is that we had this eccentric teacher named Louis Green who had the previous year failed the entire class of civil engineers that he had. And he taught a class for sophomores that he had written the textbook for called basic mathematics. And it talked about logic and things like that. It's now become part of standard curriculum, but he had done it on his own at that time. This was the late 50s. And so he had this reputation for being really brutal. Yeah. I mean, even more than Paul Gunter, who had been my campus teacher. So anyway, Louis gave us this. He touched on a problem one day and he said, you know, if anybody solves this problem, you can automatically in the class. And so naturally, we didn't look at the problem because, you know, if he would give it, it must be hopelessly difficult. Right. But one Saturday morning, I was in the marching band and the band was scheduled to go to Detroit to play a game. And I missed the bus. So I had the whole day, which, you know, which I sort of planned to be just away. And so I said, OK, let me work on Louis Green's impossible problem. And, you know, I was lucky and I solved it. And so on Monday morning, I turned in the answer and he said, OK, you're going to end the class. And so I cut class the rest of the time, you know, I'm busy and the other activity. But then I, but then I fell a little guilty about that afterwards. And so I, in my third year, I became the grader for this class. And so I could make up and learn the stuff that I hadn't learned the previous time. And I switched into being a math major then. And there were five of us for math majors in those days. Now, I'm going to leak just because you have such a rich life. Still need to get you graduated. But I think something quite amazing happened that you didn't just get your BS. The faculty decided to toss in a masters in the process. Yes. How did that come to be? And what had you done? So astonished. Well, this is the fact is, well, I might as well admit it. I found out that it was easy to take grad courses and undergrad courses. Case didn't have as high standards for admitting grad students as undergrad students. And so there's almost no competition. You take a grad course and you can just, it's a breeze. And so, but other students hadn't discovered this yet. So I could take the grad courses and externally it looked like that I was doing more. But it really was, it gave me time to work with the basketball team and the fraternity and so on. Because I didn't have to really work that hard on the grad courses. So then, but Case had a very good press agent, you know, a public relations man. He wanted to get stories in the newspaper. So somehow anyway, I don't know who idea it was, but they made an unprecedented, they had never done it before. Given a master's degree at the same time. And probably not very often after. Yeah, I have no idea. But I was more mostly prominent because of what I did on the basketball team. Because I had computerized, I had figured out a computer program that would rate the basketball players. And this got featured in the Cleveland newspapers and even in CBS Sunday News. And so that got into the paper. And then I was editor of the Science Magazine. Right. Part of my senior year. So the faculty knew that I had been active in extracurricular activities. And so that was, but I think it might have been done mostly as a publicity stunt. It worked for everyone concerned. Okay. Give me a sense of the state of computer science at this point. And by the way, the year of your graduation is 1960. Okay. 1960. What is the state of computer science? Well, I think if even so named, you're right, I think it was probably named in 1962. Okay. Before it's named. Yeah, there was somebody. Yeah, it's probably somebody had had used the word in 15th or something, but it wasn't at all. So, so, all right. So it's a wonderful thing at Case that I happened to be there because there were, I believe, essentially only two universities in the world that trusted undergraduates to do computing. Dartmouth and Case. Really? Yeah. And we had this very enlightened administrator named Fred Way who allowed the, allowed us not only to touch the machines, but to write the software that was used by the rest of the campus. And so, for example, between my second and third year, I worked in the summer at the computer lab with about two dozen other undergraduates. But we wrote a compiler that was used on the campus machine. And I wrote the textbook that was used as a text in my junior course on computing. It sure did. I mean, it wasn't really, the textbook was basically a manual for how to use it. A manual, yes. The user's manual for the compiler. But that was the, that was the text for the course. And so, except, you know, as an undergraduate, he allowed, you know, it wasn't only me. It was a whole bunch of us. So, now you read the cusp of a revolution, whether you know it or not, at this point. And how are you deciding about your next academic stage? Well, there was no connection with, I was a math major, but I had a job as a computer programmer. And I didn't see that those worlds mixed at all. As a computer programmer, I had one set of, you know, you fiddle with your program until it worked, or until you couldn't make it fail. And you tried to squeeze in, the machines were very slow and very small in those times. So, the name of the game mostly was to see how many features, how many things you could accomplish within the limitations of the machine. And so, you know, we got our kicks out of saying that we could make the machine do more tricks than we had believed possible the previous year. But it was the same machine. And on the other hand, in mathematics, we have this tradition of proving that things are correct and much more abstractions. You have axioms that, and you can deduce if A and B are true, then C has to be true and so on. And so, it's a different world entirely. And those worlds didn't join for me until sometime later. So, I didn't know there was a computer world. I mean, I knew that people were using my software. And I also knew that we had some techniques that probably other people could use. And so, there was this magazine sitting around in the computer lab. And I had been writing for newspapers and the student engineering magazine. So, I wrote an article in this for the ACM communications, which was a new publication at the time, explaining the compiler that we had written. However, I had no idea about intellectual property or things. And so, I had only been reading magazine articles and so on, and here's something cool about it. What are the facts? So, this article, I totally didn't even occur to me to mention the names of the other people working on this project. Violation of protocol. But I didn't know there was such protocol. You know, in Time Magazine, you read articles. How old are you, by the way, at this moment? I'm a senior in college. Senior in college. And so, I realized that afterwards that I was getting credit for something that... I expected that I would get the credit for being the journalist or something, but not as the initiator of the idea. What is going to help you decide, again, the next level? Where is your intellectual curiosity taking you? So, the kind of mathematics that I like the most are what's called combinatorial mathematics. It's where you're dealing with things that you can write on pencil and paper, instead of things that are continuously varying as in explosions or differential equations. Much more, you're appealed to me what is the construction of designs and patterns. And so, when I went to... And I had a particularly charismatic teacher, a visitor for the year named Bose, or Raj Chandra...Bose in my senior year, who was inspiring in combinatorial mathematics. And so, he said, well, a good place to go would be Caltech and work with Marshall Hall. And so, that's what I did for graduate. And because of what kind of specialization, what was Caltech going to offer you? The combinatorial mathematics expertise. So, Marshall Hall was one of the...he was just finishing his book on combinatorial mathematics. Would you say at this point in life, as you look to your future, you were expecting to be a theoretical mathematician? I was expecting to be a college teacher. My father was a teacher. When I was in first grade, I wanted to be a first grade teacher, when I was in second grade, I wanted to be a second grade teacher. When I got to college, I wanted to be a college teacher. And I thought maybe I would have a part-time job on the side as an organist like my father had been. That was my plan. So, after you went, Caltech, I'm just guessing he accepted you. Yes. A few when. And again, in a, unfortunately, a short interview, just what becomes the turning point in your intellectual life while you're at Caltech? Right. So, the thing that turns me to computer science is getting to know by correspondence, a guy named Robert Floyd. Bob was also a Turing Award winner later on, but somehow we got to writing it, not to each other. And he was one of the very first people to realize that mathematics can help computer programmers. And so, he said you could prove that a program was correct. You know, not only fiddle with it until it doesn't make mistakes, but you could actually say that it's not going to ever have a mistake again. And this was revolutionary. And I got, and I got to, he also was the best leading person in the field of programming languages and writing compilers. And so, we got into, you know, we met each other at a conference in Syracuse, ACM National Conference in Syracuse in 62, and we hit it off and started writing letters back and forth. And so then, meanwhile, though, I had turned down my fellowships. You turned down your fellowship? I had National Science Foundation fellowship. Yes. But the restriction was that you could not do part-time work. You had to be a full-time student. But really, I was a consultant to Burroughs Corporation. And, you know, because right next to Caltech was the greatest group of compiler writers in the world. And so I got into that group, and so outside of graduate school, I was with them and consulting not only on software but hardware design. Is this a courageous decision? I mean, I'm just interested. This distinguished fellowship offered you something in your gut is telling you, no, don't do that because a better prospect or a more interesting life. Yeah, it's hard for me to remember now, but in a way, it wasn't that. I wasn't ever very strategic. I was more like, you know, I was more like, you know, following water downhill. But there were two things. First of all, I could see that people, there was a great need for people to have better software. And I had this experience in such a case had been so enlightened in developing young people to write software. So I was one of the few people in the world that knew how to write compilers. And, you know, and in fact, the other, you know, big turning point was that January of 62 when a publisher approached me and said, would you write a book on how to write a book? This is a famous moment. So let's stay with this. They come to you and what is it they are expecting, asking you to do? Write a book about compilers and it had lunch with me and it was Addison Wesley representative. And my favorite textbooks throughout undergraduate have been published by Addison Wesley. And so, of course, I was and I had been doing a lot of writing for newspapers and things like that. And so, gosh, this was just clicked. I mean, it was a dream, but I hadn't thought of being an author before, but they presented this to me and I got home and I took a yellow sheet of tablet paper that I still have somewhere. And I chatted down 12 chapters that I thought would be in a book about compilers. And that was, they say that was 1962. So I was in my second year of graduate school. And in the middle of that. By the way, was this compatible with the kind of investment of time that was going to be necessary to get a doctor? Or was that also not a problem for you? I, okay. Somebody had told me when I was very young that you go to grade school for eight years, you go to high school for four years, and then go to college for four years. And then if you want to go further, you go to graduate school for three years. And somebody had told me it took three years to get a PhD. Now, I had that had been planted in me from so so I just had a 12 o'clock. Oh, you're stuck in your case. So I ought to be, you know, I ought to be getting done on graduation day. I looked around and there was only one other guy who had a. You were the only one who had done it in three years. And Al Hales, who also also went on to be quite a mathematician. But anyway, the, the. So it didn't interfere with you again. If this guy had told me that it was going to take five years, I would have done five years. Yeah. But, but you see, I, I'm, the ability to write compilers was all was was rare enough skill that that also it would that it paid for my marriage and my honeymoon. Between my between undergraduate and college, I wrote the, I wrote a compiler and I got paid $5,000 for it. Actually, 5,500. But anyway, that was that that was a lot of money in those days. I mean, yes, yes, more than my father's. And you know, right. And I was starting university professor was $11,000 a year or something like that. Were you getting any advice from mentors at the graduate level about whether or not to take this project on the, the, the Edison Wesley project? No, no, no, no, I, I just. Well, I kept in the back of my mind as something that I would like to do. And I had no idea how, how hard it was going to be. I started to work on it. Now, Caltech asked me during my third year of graduate school, they asked me to teach a class about computers. It's part of the math department offering. And, and, and so I, it for this class, I developed this mythical computer called M I X, which, which, which we're going to be used. And I know I knew I'd be able to use my book. And so, you know, so I was able to develop a few aspects of the book while I was still a graduate student. So there was some compatibility. But, but, but still the, the, the, the mathematical work, the proof and things like that. So the things I did in the math department weren't overlapping with my computer programming and consulting activities very much at all. Now, again, famously, but important to record, I think, again, is what you did with the task of coming up with 12. I'm going to call them neat chapters. I'm sure very complicated chapters. And somehow you didn't manage the 12 chapters. It was not functional to just do 12 chapters. No, no, no, how did that come to be? No, it turned out that that 12 that each chapter, however, became half of a book. I mean, each. So, so the final, the present, the present table of contents for the art of computer programming has still has 12 chapters in it. Oh, yes. But it's not the same order, not the same time. But it's close to volume. But, but, yeah, but, but like chapter seven, for example, is probably going to fill volume for a for B for C, maybe part of for D, because the chapter seven was about combinatorial algorithms and this whole subject exploded. Almost nothing was known in 1962 about combinatorial algorithms. And it's turned out to be immensely important and developed. So, so the word chapter is being misused in my book, actually. Are you essentially the sole author of the multi volume series? Yeah. Called the art of computer programming. Yeah. So you've in a way stumbled into a life. Well, if not an entire life project along. Yeah, a long project. No, it's more than a lifetime project. More than a lifetime project. But I didn't know that. Right, of course, which was probably just as well. Yeah. So now, again, because of the importance of so many things that you've done. So how do you come to master the algorithms? Yeah. Okay, so as I'm working on on the on my okay, so I finished my thesis and then I and then I start which is on what what is the topic thesis was on finite geometries. And so these are these are our beautiful mathematical patterns. Right. It's one of the only parts of mathematics I I've never applied to computer science. Was what you wrote. Yeah. Although it's very beautiful subject. We now know that you're using random techniques. You can do it just as well. So you don't need you don't need all this complication that we had at the time. But still, you know, it it that work is finding applications in studying of tensors and other things now in mathematics. But but it's it's but not applying to computer science. Right. So so I started in earnest to draft chapter on sorting for for it was actually sorting was actually hardly used in in compiler writing. But I thought it would be cool to have a chapter on sorting anyway. And because I had seen that that there was a need for somebody to write about sorting. There were lots of of of uninformed articles out there about it that I'd seen in the literature. So I started working on sorting in it. And all of a sudden I'm able to use my math what I've learned in mathematics to learn about sorting. And and and besides I'm in correspondence with Bob Floyd, who also has good ideas about sorting and mathematics and combinations. So that all of a sudden that then I had this aha moment where I where I where I I saw that by studying a computer method quantitatively instead of qualitatively, I can not only see that work, but I could say that it it worked 13 percent better than this other method. And not just not not only that was better, but that it was that I could quantify exactly how how fast the method was. And and well, actually the aha moment had come in the summer of 62 when I was writing a for-trade compiler. I was in the midst of writing that compiler. One of the things a compiler has to do is is the programmer makes up the name for quantity in his program. And I and the computer has to figure out has to look up that name and see if that name has occurred before. And and and and the the method used in this inside the compiler is called hashing. And so there was a technique that would work in the small computers we had in those days that would work. It would work especially well that that would that would be able to decide what you know what identify somebody has a name, you know, al pha or something like this. And the computer looks it up and says, oh, yeah, that that's something that that I know this is a certain part of your program. So there was there was a hashing method that they had worked, but nobody knew how well it worked. And and there was a rumor that some students at Princeton had worked had tried to solve this problem unsuccessfully. Yeah. But but I took one one day off from writing the compiler because it was kind of tedious working seven days a week, just turning out code. So I spent a day saying, well, let me see if I can figure out how fast hashing goes. And again, I got lucky and and I was able to solve the problem and use the different kind of mathematics and I'd seen before. And so I I wrote a few pages of notes on it. And and then it occurred to me, you know, this could be a lifetime. This could be a lifetime of of of using mathematics to say how good computer algorithms are. So that was really that was really to me the most important change in direction in my life, I would say is most of the evolution of your thought happening principally. And this may not be a question worth answering conversations with yourself or conversation with others. Is it is it mostly a lonely or social inquiry that you're proceeding on in this case? So it's a great question. I I and they say I was mostly just going downhill in those days. But but but I was but also my parents instilled in me this idea of service and teaching. So I also look at it as not a struggle against people, but a struggle against ignorance and to advance advance knowledge and to have something that that other people can use. And and and so so here I have this that you know, I've analyzed this algorithm and I really and I say, well, I, you know, there was a there was a young subject at the time called queuing theory where people had taken a particular kind of algorithm of studying people who are standing in line and figuring out the characteristics of what are what are good ways to service people in line. And that was the only existing algorithm, except a few sorting out that have been analyzed. And so I and so I said, wait, no, here I took hashing and I was able to handle hashing. I was able to analyze that. And and so there must be there must be hundreds of other important algorithms that could be analyzed. And so this could be this could be something that would there would be, you know, really of service to a lot of people if this gave in and to develop this kind of that's wonderful to hear. This is a process. I'm going to ask them general things that of course also have complex answers. But among your other achievements, we all know it, of course, is if you will, the your inquiry into the elegance of type setting in this new form of communication. What set you on that goal? I mean, your achievement of a kind of lasting, both archival and elegant type setting is something that you are much celebrated. How did that come to be? Okay, well, partly I married an artist who could who could introduce me to aesthetics and we took some classes together. And so I got to I got to understand more about that. But you know, it's by Osmosis from my wife, let's say. Yes. Also, as I say, I loved my Edison Wesley textbooks when I was an undergraduate. And they had the only publishing house that had their own their in-house composition and design. The other publishers were were outsourcing it. And so I had I had developed some kind of, you know, just as a reader of books that appealed to me, I had developed a little bit of sense that way. And so when I was approached by us and Wesley to write books, I was thinking, OK, great, I can have my books are going to look just as good too. Then there was a revolution in the type setting world, which went away from metal type. And and no, and and all the people who knew how to do it with the old equipment were dying off and the new machines have not been adapted to mathematics or technical or technical work. And so when I so I had revised my books for the for the second edition of volume two, the proofs came back and made me made me sick because it was just extremely poor. It was it was nowhere near looking like the books had looked before. And and I mean, it was unbelievably bad that the the subscripts were in a different style of type than the than the other parts of a formula and and letters were crooked and blotched. And and really there was so little market for technical type setting that that all the all the publishers had just gone for the their paying customers. So so I was I was in despair until I I happened to see an example of a a book that had been type set on a new kind of machine, which was entirely digital, entirely made of of black and white dots, black dots on a page. And this machine was able to produce books that were that looked like the best of metal type. If if if one just wrote the computer program to decide where the blacks are going and where the whites should go. And and so once they saw that it only took a computer programming in order to solve my problem, then I decided to spend a year figuring out how to write those programs. You know, again, I underestimated and it took 10 years. Something again to a layman who has talked with mathematicians and computer scientists, you're both that it's important, particularly mathematics, to use words and think in elegant terms. The aesthetic phrases that are often used not so much by computer scientists, but certainly seems to me that search for elegance seem to have informed not only your intellectual background, but your visual background in in your contributions to computers. Is that fair to say? Well, the the aesthetic notion of beauty is inherent to to mathematics as well as and I I one of the reasons I call my book the art of computer programming was because it has some aesthetic art. Exactly, it has some something about the beauty in it as well. In your continued years, because we can't really explore them at Stanford, which is of course, very important part of your life. I think you wound up with a title which the art of computing is inherent in the title there must be the only one in the world. No, I don't think so. No, well, if it exists, it's because you. Well, but anyway, my touring lecture was actually about computer programming as an art, or it's the title. And I addressed the question there, what does the word art mean? And what does it mean when you say something as an art and not a science? There's all kinds of famous things like, you know, it's clever, but is it art and so on. But the word really means is really more close to artisan and artificial. Artisan, yes. Artificial. It means it means something that's not in nature, something that human beings have added to the natural world. But then, I mean, in German, the same word. But then it often means then the fine arts and connects to this, these ideas of elegance and beauty. But really, it mostly means something that's not in the natural world. I see. So the beauty's incidental. It's what we added on though. Another very broad question I wanted to ask you, and you've had other people wonder at this before, is how faith operates in your life which is compatible to that of a mathematician and computer scientist. And you've actually written about this. Is it unusual in your field and profession to welcome faith as well as science? Yeah, well, it's hard to say that people don't broadcast this very much. But in the academic world, there are more people who broadcast their lack of faith, I wouldn't say. And so I had this great opportunity when people at MIT asked me if I would come in 1999 and give a series of lectures that would talk about the relations between faith and science. And this was the second or third year of a program that they had had. But this year, they wanted, in the previous years, they had just had guest lectures about a bunch of people. But this time, I was supposed to do all six. And so I figured, well, what better, if I was ever going to do something like this, what better place to do it than Boston at MIT because they had also all these great theological schools around there and Harvard and where I had spent some time. So I couldn't resist the temptation. Of course. I wanted to. It's an elegant invitation. But yeah. So then I gave these lectures. And the lectures were hour and a half each and about 30 minutes of that I prepared and an hour where I would just answer the questions of all the people in the audience that cover the whole thing. So this was transcribed into a book and people couldn't look at it. But the way I overall, in general, I think, well, computer science is wonderful, mathematics is wonderful, but it's not everything. And as I said, I like the fact that with mathematics, I could get to different answers. But I also am happy that there are things that are beyond my ken and questions that I'll never know the answers to, but mysteries that I can learn more and more about. I wouldn't be happy if everything was a mystery, but I'm also not happy if nothing is a mystery. Maybe that's a way to think about it that in some ways in science, modern science, there's an intolerance of mystery or a kind of irritation with mystery. And hubris, once we've solved something, then we can solve everything. And so I find the opposite. When I learn something new, then I also learn more that I don't know. | {
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"text": [
" Music",
" Professor Knuth, I want to begin at the beginning.",
" So can you tell me something about the world into which you were born?",
" I was born in the world of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and that was 1938, which makes me 78 years old now.",
" And my dad was a well-actioned organist, also a school teacher in the Lutheran school systems.",
" And my mother worked, when I was growing up, during the war, she had a job as a secretary.",
" And then she went on to become involved in real estate in downtown Milwaukee as manager of several buildings.",
" How many children in the family?",
" My sister was born, let's see, three years after me. So there's two of us.",
" Would you say that there were encouragements in particular directions?",
" My parents read every book on how to raise children.",
" And I think with Dr. Spock probably told them what to do.",
" And they decided to actually let me read books, while the common wisdom was to keep that until I was older,",
" because I would then be born in school if I already knew something about it.",
" So the interesting thing was that the Milwaukee Public Library had a bookworm program.",
" And that was the first time I was in the newspaper ever, when I was two years old or something.",
" I was the youngest member of the bookworm club.",
" So I could talk a little more about it, but in those days, children could ride streetcars to downtown Milwaukee safely without the parents there.",
" And I'm not sure how old I was, but I was probably less than ten years old.",
" And I went to the library and took a book and sat by the window.",
" And I didn't know about closing time, and so they had to call my parents.",
" They found me there.",
" My parents had to come and get me out of the library.",
" So they knew that I was, well, I guess the most different thing about me was my long attention span,",
" that I wasn't distracted by something every few months.",
" That's probably the biggest difference between kids now and kids.",
" How much? I understand a bit the role of music in your life a little bit because of the nature of your family and your school,",
" the nature of faith in the early part, although I'd be interested in talking more about that.",
" But what about science and technology in particular?",
" So we didn't have very much about science in my school, but we had very good about grammar, for example, English grammar.",
" So one of the things that fascinated me the most when I was in seventh grade was how to diagram sentences,",
" subject and predicate, and that made sense.",
" We learned something about physiology and so on, but when I get to high school, it would be my first exposure to chemistry.",
" High school really was when you began to...",
" To know something about science that was non-trivial.",
" And the math teachers in high school didn't know that much.",
" But I had a wonderful chemistry and physics teacher in high school.",
" And so there was somebody there to show you the possibilities.",
" Yeah, no. He inspired me greatly.",
" And he wrote his own textbook.",
" So when I... And I said my father was involved with music and I had taken lessons since I was seven years old or something like that.",
" So I continued to draw my interest in music and in high school.",
" For example, I was the accompanist to the chorus.",
" I was in the marching band. I was in the symphonic band.",
" And in one of them I played the saxophone.",
" In one of the other I played the sousaphone.",
" The big one.",
" So then when I came time to go to college,",
" I thought I'd major either in music or in physics.",
" Physics because of the one teacher who inspired me and music because of the other.",
" So you were torn.",
" Well, I was... I mainly considered two different colleges.",
" One of which I would have been a music major and the other which I chose,",
" which was K-Stuck in Cleveland, Ohio, where I started in physics then.",
" I'm not going to let you go to college yet because there's one thing about your childhood through high school",
" that is often referenced in writings about you and that is you're very much of a young problem solver.",
" You're enjoying the idea of solving problems and in some cases in a very witty way solving problems.",
" So can you... Is that fair to describe to you then that you are intrigued by that process?",
" Yeah, but I was also... I was kind of an automaton.",
" I mean, I did what I was told.",
" But I would see things that...",
" And I would play with numbers or...",
" Well, I spent, I don't know how many hours with a little game that has six horses that run around the track",
" and you roll dice and then that tells you how far the horse goes",
" and I would root for the red horse, but I would roll the dice and I would spend hours and hours just watching...",
" Watching the patterns of seeing that some horses actually, even though the fair dice,",
" some horses were actually getting ahead of the others.",
" And my dad had a little calculator, a mechanical calculator that was capable of multiplying ten-digit numbers.",
" And I would run that calculator and I would...",
" I would plot graphs.",
" I suppose I have a function like 3x squared plus 2x minus 5,",
" plus 0.1x cubed or something like this, I would... I spent also hours drawing the graphs",
" as I varied the coefficients of this function and I would see how the graph would change",
" and I filled hundreds of sheets of orange graph paper until my eyes started to hurt.",
" What age are you at this point?",
" I was like a second year in high school, let's say.",
" So clearly you're being recognized by now in your high school as quite able?",
" The thing that... the first time I was recognized was when I was in eighth grade",
" and there was a competition in Milwaukee by the TV station.",
" There was a science show on TV every Saturday morning",
" and the sponsor was Ziegler's Giant Bar Corporation.",
" And the question was, how many words can you make out of the letters in Ziegler's Giant Bar?",
" And so I was very intrigued by this",
" and I feigned stomach ache for two weeks so that I could stay home from school",
" and work on this and find as many words from Ziegler's Giant Bar as I could.",
" And I came up with 4,500 words and the judges had only 2,500 words on it.",
" Yes, astonishing.",
" So instead of problem-solving I would... I guess it's more like obsessive focusing on something.",
" Okay, some would call it a perfectionist or very patient, but obsessive will do.",
" Or just sort of...",
" Determined.",
" Yeah, but doing something completely rather than partway.",
" Right. And this was admired or considered odd?",
" I didn't... I don't know. I just did it. I didn't pay any attention.",
" Right. Which is probably a good lesson in life.",
" So now I can let you go to college and you've decided between physics and music in your college choice.",
" And what was that choice? Where?",
" So I went to K's Tech in Cleveland, Ohio, and that's near my mother's family.",
" She grew up in suburban Cleveland.",
" And the standards of admission were tough and the dean told us the first day that she would look at the guy on our left and on the right.",
" And one of us wouldn't be there next year.",
" So I was... Panic wasn't the right word, but I worked very hard on studying and trying to get... do more work than was assigned for the... for class and things like that.",
" Are you... by the way, did you get a scholarship?",
" I had a scholarship and actually... well, it was a partial scholarship.",
" My parents were not at all well off.",
" Being an organist is not a famous way to make money.",
" No, no, no. But his salary was something like twelve dollars a month when I was born.",
" And he bought this piano over here or rented it.",
" I mean, bought it on... eventually was able to pay it off and... but make a living wage by taking students for piano teaching.",
" Right.",
" In college, we experienced at least two kinds of communities.",
" The communities of fellow students and the communities that the faculty represent in terms of noticing and interacting with.",
" Let's start with the community of students.",
" Was that important, influential in your life in terms of choices?",
" Right.",
" I... well, at first it was just in my dorm, but I would play a lot of ping-pong with the kids and things like that.",
" Until my grades would slip a little bit and then I would have to give up ping-pong bridge and then any other activities.",
" But I joined the school paper and I was a manager for the basketball team.",
" I joined the symphonic band. I was a manager for the track team.",
" So I did lots of extra curricular activities and I also pledged a fraternity in my first year and then became vice president of the fraternity.",
" Yeah.",
" A normal good college experience.",
" Yes.",
" Right.",
" So in other words, I certainly didn't absorb myself fully in my studies, although I did try hard to get those priorities.",
" In terms of faculty mentoring, were there particular individuals who made the difference in your development?",
" Right.",
" My freshman year, I would say that my chemistry teacher knew a lot of chemistry.",
" My physics teacher knew a lot of chemistry and physics and my math teacher knew a lot of mathematics, chemistry and physics.",
" And he was the one that really impressed me.",
" But his main characteristic was that I couldn't impress him.",
" No matter how much I tried, he would just sort of grunt.",
" But I admired him and I wanted him to see that, you know, to say something good about my work and it didn't work.",
" But he was very much, you know, got me to put out and learn a lot of mathematics.",
" Most of it was entirely new to me.",
" I hadn't had in high school.",
" You hadn't had much of a background.",
" In high school, I'd come up with questions that my teachers couldn't answer so I stopped asking.",
" That's very interesting.",
" That's very interesting.",
" So now you have some teachers who can.",
" Not only that, they challenge you.",
" Conversely, in the physics, that was my major, but I found out that I could pass the exams in physics, but I didn't have the intuition.",
" I could answer all the questions, but I didn't know why they asked the questions.",
" So that's a good definition of maybe a moment when you decide this is not for me.",
" Well, that was half of it.",
" The other half was that in physics lab, I was totally inept.",
" I would drop the beakers or whatever.",
" In one of the experiments, we were supposed to measure the heat of, what is it, the specific heat of something.",
" And experimentally, and the answer that I got was so far off that according to the formula in the physics book, I was 220% in error.",
" Wow.",
" And I said, how can anybody be more than 100% wrong?",
" So not only did I know that I was no good at it in the lab, but I also didn't like the way physicists defined percent of error.",
" Yes.",
" I figured they had the wrong formula for percent of error.",
" There was another thing, too. I mean, since I didn't know anything about mathematics when they started, but then I found out that in mathematics, it was possible to have some problems where you actually knew when you had the answer.",
" But I realized that if physics never gets to that state, it's only you get accumulated more and more evidence and things become more and more true.",
" You can never go to the sun and see what's going on there. You can never magnify reality to the point where you know exactly what's there.",
" There's always another layer that's beyond you.",
" And so, you know, the physicist has to go through his whole life with never knowing that he has anything righteous, getting more and more.",
" Sure. Well, that, you know, it's not a bad life, but mathematics has this extra little.",
" So you were welcome to the mathematics faculty.",
" Well, I mean, as a student.",
" Yeah. The other story is that we had this eccentric teacher named Louis Green who had the previous year failed the entire class of civil engineers that he had.",
" And he taught a class for sophomores that he had written the textbook for called basic mathematics.",
" And it talked about logic and things like that.",
" It's now become part of standard curriculum, but he had done it on his own at that time.",
" This was the late 50s.",
" And so he had this reputation for being really brutal.",
" Yeah. I mean, even more than Paul Gunter, who had been my campus teacher.",
" So anyway, Louis gave us this.",
" He touched on a problem one day and he said, you know, if anybody solves this problem, you can automatically in the class.",
" And so naturally, we didn't look at the problem because, you know, if he would give it, it must be hopelessly difficult.",
" Right.",
" But one Saturday morning, I was in the marching band and the band was scheduled to go to Detroit to play a game.",
" And I missed the bus.",
" So I had the whole day, which, you know, which I sort of planned to be just away.",
" And so I said, OK, let me work on Louis Green's impossible problem.",
" And, you know, I was lucky and I solved it.",
" And so on Monday morning, I turned in the answer and he said, OK, you're going to end the class.",
" And so I cut class the rest of the time, you know, I'm busy and the other activity.",
" But then I, but then I fell a little guilty about that afterwards.",
" And so I, in my third year, I became the grader for this class.",
" And so I could make up and learn the stuff that I hadn't learned the previous time.",
" And I switched into being a math major then.",
" And there were five of us for math majors in those days.",
" Now, I'm going to leak just because you have such a rich life.",
" Still need to get you graduated.",
" But I think something quite amazing happened that you didn't just get your BS.",
" The faculty decided to toss in a masters in the process.",
" Yes.",
" How did that come to be?",
" And what had you done?",
" So astonished.",
" Well, this is the fact is, well, I might as well admit it.",
" I found out that it was easy to take grad courses and undergrad courses.",
" Case didn't have as high standards for admitting grad students as undergrad students.",
" And so there's almost no competition.",
" You take a grad course and you can just, it's a breeze.",
" And so, but other students hadn't discovered this yet.",
" So I could take the grad courses and externally it looked like that I was doing more.",
" But it really was, it gave me time to work with the basketball team and the fraternity and so on.",
" Because I didn't have to really work that hard on the grad courses.",
" So then, but Case had a very good press agent, you know, a public relations man.",
" He wanted to get stories in the newspaper.",
" So somehow anyway, I don't know who idea it was, but they made an unprecedented, they had never done it before.",
" Given a master's degree at the same time.",
" And probably not very often after.",
" Yeah, I have no idea.",
" But I was more mostly prominent because of what I did on the basketball team.",
" Because I had computerized, I had figured out a computer program that would rate the basketball players.",
" And this got featured in the Cleveland newspapers and even in CBS Sunday News.",
" And so that got into the paper.",
" And then I was editor of the Science Magazine.",
" Right.",
" Part of my senior year.",
" So the faculty knew that I had been active in extracurricular activities.",
" And so that was, but I think it might have been done mostly as a publicity stunt.",
" It worked for everyone concerned.",
" Okay.",
" Give me a sense of the state of computer science at this point.",
" And by the way, the year of your graduation is 1960.",
" Okay.",
" 1960.",
" What is the state of computer science?",
" Well, I think if even so named, you're right, I think it was probably named in 1962.",
" Okay.",
" Before it's named.",
" Yeah, there was somebody.",
" Yeah, it's probably somebody had had used the word in 15th or something, but it wasn't at all.",
" So, so, all right.",
" So it's a wonderful thing at Case that I happened to be there because there were, I believe,",
" essentially only two universities in the world that trusted undergraduates to do computing.",
" Dartmouth and Case.",
" Really?",
" Yeah.",
" And we had this very enlightened administrator named Fred Way who allowed the,",
" allowed us not only to touch the machines, but to write the software that was used by the rest of the campus.",
" And so, for example, between my second and third year, I worked in the summer at the computer lab with about two dozen other undergraduates.",
" But we wrote a compiler that was used on the campus machine.",
" And I wrote the textbook that was used as a text in my junior course on computing.",
" It sure did.",
" I mean, it wasn't really, the textbook was basically a manual for how to use it.",
" A manual, yes.",
" The user's manual for the compiler.",
" But that was the, that was the text for the course.",
" And so, except, you know, as an undergraduate, he allowed, you know, it wasn't only me.",
" It was a whole bunch of us.",
" So, now you read the cusp of a revolution, whether you know it or not, at this point.",
" And how are you deciding about your next academic stage?",
" Well, there was no connection with, I was a math major, but I had a job as a computer programmer.",
" And I didn't see that those worlds mixed at all.",
" As a computer programmer, I had one set of, you know, you fiddle with your program until it worked,",
" or until you couldn't make it fail.",
" And you tried to squeeze in, the machines were very slow and very small in those times.",
" So, the name of the game mostly was to see how many features, how many things you could accomplish",
" within the limitations of the machine.",
" And so, you know, we got our kicks out of saying that we could make the machine do more tricks",
" than we had believed possible the previous year.",
" But it was the same machine.",
" And on the other hand, in mathematics, we have this tradition of proving that things are correct",
" and much more abstractions.",
" You have axioms that, and you can deduce if A and B are true, then C has to be true and so on.",
" And so, it's a different world entirely.",
" And those worlds didn't join for me until sometime later.",
" So, I didn't know there was a computer world.",
" I mean, I knew that people were using my software.",
" And I also knew that we had some techniques that probably other people could use.",
" And so, there was this magazine sitting around in the computer lab.",
" And I had been writing for newspapers and the student engineering magazine.",
" So, I wrote an article in this for the ACM communications, which was a new publication at the time,",
" explaining the compiler that we had written.",
" However, I had no idea about intellectual property or things.",
" And so, I had only been reading magazine articles and so on, and here's something cool about it.",
" What are the facts?",
" So, this article, I totally didn't even occur to me to mention the names of the other people working on this project.",
" Violation of protocol. But I didn't know there was such protocol.",
" You know, in Time Magazine, you read articles.",
" How old are you, by the way, at this moment?",
" I'm a senior in college.",
" Senior in college.",
" And so, I realized that afterwards that I was getting credit for something that...",
" I expected that I would get the credit for being the journalist or something, but not as the initiator of the idea.",
" What is going to help you decide, again, the next level?",
" Where is your intellectual curiosity taking you?",
" So, the kind of mathematics that I like the most are what's called combinatorial mathematics.",
" It's where you're dealing with things that you can write on pencil and paper,",
" instead of things that are continuously varying as in explosions or differential equations.",
" Much more, you're appealed to me what is the construction of designs and patterns.",
" And so, when I went to...",
" And I had a particularly charismatic teacher, a visitor for the year named Bose,",
" or Raj Chandra...Bose in my senior year, who was inspiring in combinatorial mathematics.",
" And so, he said, well, a good place to go would be Caltech and work with Marshall Hall.",
" And so, that's what I did for graduate.",
" And because of what kind of specialization, what was Caltech going to offer you?",
" The combinatorial mathematics expertise.",
" So, Marshall Hall was one of the...he was just finishing his book on combinatorial mathematics.",
" Would you say at this point in life, as you look to your future, you were expecting to be a theoretical mathematician?",
" I was expecting to be a college teacher.",
" My father was a teacher.",
" When I was in first grade, I wanted to be a first grade teacher,",
" when I was in second grade, I wanted to be a second grade teacher.",
" When I got to college, I wanted to be a college teacher.",
" And I thought maybe I would have a part-time job on the side as an organist like my father had been.",
" That was my plan.",
" So, after you went, Caltech, I'm just guessing he accepted you.",
" Yes.",
" A few when.",
" And again, in a, unfortunately, a short interview, just what becomes the turning point in your intellectual life while you're at Caltech?",
" Right.",
" So, the thing that turns me to computer science is getting to know by correspondence, a guy named Robert Floyd.",
" Bob was also a Turing Award winner later on, but somehow we got to writing it, not to each other.",
" And he was one of the very first people to realize that mathematics can help computer programmers.",
" And so, he said you could prove that a program was correct.",
" You know, not only fiddle with it until it doesn't make mistakes, but you could actually say that it's not going to ever have a mistake again.",
" And this was revolutionary.",
" And I got, and I got to, he also was the best leading person in the field of programming languages and writing compilers.",
" And so, we got into, you know, we met each other at a conference in Syracuse, ACM National Conference in Syracuse in 62, and we hit it off and started writing letters back and forth.",
" And so then, meanwhile, though, I had turned down my fellowships.",
" You turned down your fellowship?",
" I had National Science Foundation fellowship.",
" Yes.",
" But the restriction was that you could not do part-time work.",
" You had to be a full-time student.",
" But really, I was a consultant to Burroughs Corporation.",
" And, you know, because right next to Caltech was the greatest group of compiler writers in the world.",
" And so I got into that group, and so outside of graduate school, I was with them and consulting not only on software but hardware design.",
" Is this a courageous decision?",
" I mean, I'm just interested.",
" This distinguished fellowship offered you something in your gut is telling you, no, don't do that because a better prospect or a more interesting life.",
" Yeah, it's hard for me to remember now, but in a way, it wasn't that.",
" I wasn't ever very strategic.",
" I was more like, you know, I was more like, you know, following water downhill.",
" But there were two things.",
" First of all, I could see that people, there was a great need for people to have better software.",
" And I had this experience in such a case had been so enlightened in developing young people to write software.",
" So I was one of the few people in the world that knew how to write compilers.",
" And, you know, and in fact, the other, you know, big turning point was that January of 62 when a publisher approached me and said,",
" would you write a book on how to write a book?",
" This is a famous moment.",
" So let's stay with this.",
" They come to you and what is it they are expecting, asking you to do?",
" Write a book about compilers and it had lunch with me and it was Addison Wesley representative.",
" And my favorite textbooks throughout undergraduate have been published by Addison Wesley.",
" And so, of course, I was and I had been doing a lot of writing for newspapers and things like that.",
" And so, gosh, this was just clicked.",
" I mean, it was a dream, but I hadn't thought of being an author before, but they presented this to me and I got home and I took a yellow sheet of tablet paper that I still have somewhere.",
" And I chatted down 12 chapters that I thought would be in a book about compilers.",
" And that was, they say that was 1962.",
" So I was in my second year of graduate school.",
" And in the middle of that.",
" By the way, was this compatible with the kind of investment of time that was going to be necessary to get a doctor?",
" Or was that also not a problem for you?",
" I, okay.",
" Somebody had told me when I was very young that you go to grade school for eight years, you go to high school for four years, and then go to college for four years.",
" And then if you want to go further, you go to graduate school for three years.",
" And somebody had told me it took three years to get a PhD.",
" Now, I had that had been planted in me from so so I just had a 12 o'clock.",
" Oh, you're stuck in your case.",
" So I ought to be, you know, I ought to be getting done on graduation day.",
" I looked around and there was only one other guy who had a.",
" You were the only one who had done it in three years.",
" And Al Hales, who also also went on to be quite a mathematician.",
" But anyway, the, the.",
" So it didn't interfere with you again.",
" If this guy had told me that it was going to take five years, I would have done five years.",
" Yeah.",
" But, but you see, I, I'm, the ability to write compilers was all was was rare enough skill that that also it would that it paid for my marriage and my honeymoon.",
" Between my between undergraduate and college, I wrote the, I wrote a compiler and I got paid $5,000 for it.",
" Actually, 5,500.",
" But anyway, that was that that was a lot of money in those days.",
" I mean, yes, yes, more than my father's.",
" And you know, right.",
" And I was starting university professor was $11,000 a year or something like that.",
" Were you getting any advice from mentors at the graduate level about whether or not to take this project on the, the, the Edison Wesley project?",
" No, no, no, no, I, I just.",
" Well, I kept in the back of my mind as something that I would like to do.",
" And I had no idea how, how hard it was going to be.",
" I started to work on it.",
" Now, Caltech asked me during my third year of graduate school, they asked me to teach a class about computers.",
" It's part of the math department offering.",
" And, and, and so I, it for this class, I developed this mythical computer called M I X, which, which, which we're going to be used.",
" And I know I knew I'd be able to use my book. And so, you know, so I was able to develop a few aspects of the book while I was still a graduate student.",
" So there was some compatibility.",
" But, but, but still the, the, the, the mathematical work, the proof and things like that.",
" So the things I did in the math department weren't overlapping with my computer programming and consulting activities very much at all.",
" Now, again, famously, but important to record, I think, again, is what you did with the task of coming up with 12.",
" I'm going to call them neat chapters.",
" I'm sure very complicated chapters.",
" And somehow you didn't manage the 12 chapters.",
" It was not functional to just do 12 chapters.",
" No, no, no, how did that come to be?",
" No, it turned out that that 12 that each chapter, however, became half of a book.",
" I mean, each. So, so the final, the present, the present table of contents for the art of computer programming has still has 12 chapters in it.",
" Oh, yes.",
" But it's not the same order, not the same time.",
" But it's close to volume.",
" But, but, yeah, but, but like chapter seven, for example, is probably going to fill volume for a for B for C, maybe part of for D, because the chapter seven was about combinatorial algorithms and this whole subject exploded.",
" Almost nothing was known in 1962 about combinatorial algorithms.",
" And it's turned out to be immensely important and developed.",
" So, so the word chapter is being misused in my book, actually.",
" Are you essentially the sole author of the multi volume series?",
" Yeah.",
" Called the art of computer programming.",
" Yeah.",
" So you've in a way stumbled into a life. Well, if not an entire life project along.",
" Yeah, a long project.",
" No, it's more than a lifetime project.",
" More than a lifetime project.",
" But I didn't know that.",
" Right, of course, which was probably just as well.",
" Yeah.",
" So now, again, because of the importance of so many things that you've done.",
" So how do you come to master the algorithms?",
" Yeah.",
" Okay, so as I'm working on on the on my okay, so I finished my thesis and then I and then",
" I start which is on what what is the topic thesis was on finite geometries.",
" And so these are these are our beautiful mathematical patterns.",
" Right.",
" It's one of the only parts of mathematics I I've never applied to computer science.",
" Was what you wrote.",
" Yeah.",
" Although it's very beautiful subject. We now know that you're using random techniques.",
" You can do it just as well.",
" So you don't need you don't need all this complication that we had at the time.",
" But still, you know, it it that work is finding applications in studying of tensors and other",
" things now in mathematics.",
" But but it's it's but not applying to computer science.",
" Right.",
" So so I started in earnest to draft chapter on sorting for for it was actually sorting",
" was actually hardly used in in compiler writing.",
" But I thought it would be cool to have a chapter on sorting anyway.",
" And because I had seen that that there was a need for somebody to write about sorting.",
" There were lots of of of uninformed articles out there about it that I'd seen in the literature.",
" So I started working on sorting in it.",
" And all of a sudden I'm able to use my math what I've learned in mathematics to learn about",
" sorting. And and and besides I'm in correspondence with Bob Floyd, who also has good ideas about",
" sorting and mathematics and combinations.",
" So that all of a sudden that then I had this aha moment where I where I where I I saw that",
" by studying a computer method quantitatively instead of qualitatively, I can not only see",
" that work, but I could say that it it worked 13 percent better than this other method.",
" And not just not not only that was better, but that it was that I could quantify exactly",
" how how fast the method was.",
" And and well, actually the aha moment had come in the summer of 62 when I was writing",
" a for-trade compiler.",
" I was in the midst of writing that compiler. One of the things a compiler has to do is is",
" the programmer makes up the name for quantity in his program.",
" And I and the computer has to figure out has to look up that name and see if that name has",
" occurred before.",
" And and and and the the method used in this inside the compiler is called hashing.",
" And so there was a technique that would work in the small computers we had in those days",
" that would work.",
" It would work especially well that that would that would be able to decide what you know",
" what identify somebody has a name, you know, al pha or something like this.",
" And the computer looks it up and says, oh, yeah, that that's something that that I know",
" this is a certain part of your program.",
" So there was there was a hashing method that they had worked, but nobody knew how well",
" it worked.",
" And and there was a rumor that some students at Princeton had worked had tried to solve",
" this problem unsuccessfully.",
" Yeah.",
" But but I took one one day off from writing the compiler because it was kind of tedious",
" working seven days a week, just turning out code.",
" So I spent a day saying, well, let me see if I can figure out how fast hashing goes.",
" And again, I got lucky and and I was able to solve the problem and use the different kind",
" of mathematics and I'd seen before.",
" And so I I wrote a few pages of notes on it.",
" And and then it occurred to me, you know, this could be a lifetime.",
" This could be a lifetime of of of using mathematics to say how good computer algorithms are.",
" So that was really that was really to me the most important change in direction in my life,",
" I would say is most of the evolution of your thought happening principally.",
" And this may not be a question worth answering conversations with yourself or conversation",
" with others.",
" Is it is it mostly a lonely or social inquiry that you're proceeding on in this case?",
" So it's a great question.",
" I I and they say I was mostly just going downhill in those days.",
" But but but I was but also my parents instilled in me this idea of service and teaching.",
" So I also look at it as not a struggle against people, but a struggle against ignorance and",
" to advance advance knowledge and to have something that that other people can use.",
" And and and so so here I have this that you know, I've analyzed this algorithm and I really",
" and I say, well, I, you know, there was a there was a young subject at the time called queuing",
" theory where people had taken a particular kind of algorithm of studying people who are",
" standing in line and figuring out the characteristics of what are what are good ways to service people",
" in line.",
" And that was the only existing algorithm, except a few sorting out that have been analyzed.",
" And so I and so I said, wait, no, here I took hashing and I was able to handle hashing.",
" I was able to analyze that.",
" And and so there must be there must be hundreds of other important algorithms that could be",
" analyzed.",
" And so this could be this could be something that would there would be, you know, really",
" of service to a lot of people if this gave in and to develop this kind of that's wonderful",
" to hear.",
" This is a process.",
" I'm going to ask them general things that of course also have complex answers.",
" But among your other achievements, we all know it, of course, is if you will, the your inquiry",
" into the elegance of type setting in this new form of communication.",
" What set you on that goal?",
" I mean, your achievement of a kind of lasting, both archival and elegant type setting is",
" something that you are much celebrated.",
" How did that come to be?",
" Okay, well, partly I married an artist who could who could introduce me to aesthetics",
" and we took some classes together.",
" And so I got to I got to understand more about that.",
" But you know, it's by Osmosis from my wife, let's say.",
" Yes.",
" Also, as I say, I loved my Edison Wesley textbooks when I was an undergraduate.",
" And they had the only publishing house that had their own their in-house composition and",
" design.",
" The other publishers were were outsourcing it.",
" And so I had I had developed some kind of, you know, just as a reader of books that appealed",
" to me, I had developed a little bit of sense that way.",
" And so when I was approached by us and Wesley to write books, I was thinking, OK, great,",
" I can have my books are going to look just as good too.",
" Then there was a revolution in the type setting world, which went away from metal type.",
" And and no, and and all the people who knew how to do it with the old equipment were dying",
" off and the new machines have not been adapted to mathematics or technical or technical work.",
" And so when I so I had revised my books for the for the second edition of volume two, the",
" proofs came back and made me made me sick because it was just extremely poor.",
" It was it was nowhere near looking like the books had looked before.",
" And and I mean, it was unbelievably bad that the the subscripts were in a different style",
" of type than the than the other parts of a formula and and letters were crooked and blotched.",
" And and really there was so little market for technical type setting that that all the all",
" the publishers had just gone for the their paying customers.",
" So so I was I was in despair until I I happened to see an example of a a book that had been",
" type set on a new kind of machine, which was entirely digital, entirely made of of",
" black and white dots, black dots on a page.",
" And this machine was able to produce books that were that looked like the best of metal type.",
" If if if one just wrote the computer program to decide where the blacks are going and where",
" the whites should go.",
" And and so once they saw that it only took a computer programming in order to solve my",
" problem, then I decided to spend a year figuring out how to write those programs.",
" You know, again, I underestimated and it took 10 years.",
" Something again to a layman who has talked with mathematicians and computer",
" scientists, you're both that it's important, particularly mathematics, to use words and",
" think in elegant terms.",
" The aesthetic phrases that are often used not so much by computer scientists, but certainly",
" seems to me that search for elegance seem to have informed not only your intellectual",
" background, but your visual background in in your contributions to computers.",
" Is that fair to say?",
" Well, the the aesthetic notion of beauty is inherent to to mathematics as well as and",
" I I one of the reasons I call my book the art of computer programming was because it has",
" some aesthetic art.",
" Exactly, it has some something about the beauty in it as well.",
" In your continued years, because we can't really explore them at Stanford, which is",
" of course, very important part of your life.",
" I think you wound up with a title which the art of computing is inherent in the title",
" there must be the only one in the world.",
" No, I don't think so.",
" No, well, if it exists, it's because you.",
" Well, but anyway, my touring lecture was actually about computer programming as an art, or it's",
" the title.",
" And I addressed the question there, what does the word art mean?",
" And what does it mean when you say something as an art and not a science?",
" There's all kinds of famous things like, you know, it's clever, but is it art and so on.",
" But the word really means is really more close to artisan and artificial.",
" Artisan, yes.",
" Artificial.",
" It means it means something that's not in nature, something that human beings have added",
" to the natural world.",
" But then, I mean, in German, the same word.",
" But then it often means then the fine arts and connects to this, these ideas of elegance",
" and beauty.",
" But really, it mostly means something that's not in the natural world.",
" I see.",
" So the beauty's incidental.",
" It's what we added on though.",
" Another very broad question I wanted to ask you, and you've had other people wonder at",
" this before, is how faith operates in your life which is compatible to that of a mathematician",
" and computer scientist.",
" And you've actually written about this.",
" Is it unusual in your field and profession to welcome faith as well as science?",
" Yeah, well, it's hard to say that people don't broadcast this very much.",
" But in the academic world, there are more people who broadcast their lack of faith, I",
" wouldn't say.",
" And so I had this great opportunity when people at MIT asked me if I would come in 1999 and",
" give a series of lectures that would talk about the relations between faith and science.",
" And this was the second or third year of a program that they had had.",
" But this year, they wanted, in the previous years, they had just had guest lectures about",
" a bunch of people.",
" But this time, I was supposed to do all six.",
" And so I figured, well, what better, if I was ever going to do something like this,",
" what better place to do it than Boston at MIT because they had also all these great theological",
" schools around there and Harvard and where I had spent some time.",
" So I couldn't resist the temptation.",
" Of course.",
" I wanted to.",
" It's an elegant invitation.",
" But yeah.",
" So then I gave these lectures.",
" And the lectures were hour and a half each and about 30 minutes of that I prepared and",
" an hour where I would just answer the questions of all the people in the audience that cover",
" the whole thing.",
" So this was transcribed into a book and people couldn't look at it.",
" But the way I overall, in general, I think, well, computer science is wonderful, mathematics",
" is wonderful, but it's not everything.",
" And as I said, I like the fact that with mathematics, I could get to different answers.",
" But I also am happy that there are things that are beyond my ken and questions that I'll",
" never know the answers to, but mysteries that I can learn more and more about.",
" I wouldn't be happy if everything was a mystery, but I'm also not happy if nothing is a mystery.",
" Maybe that's a way to think about it that in some ways in science, modern science, there's",
" an intolerance of mystery or a kind of irritation with mystery.",
" And hubris, once we've solved something, then we can solve everything.",
" And so I find the opposite.",
" When I learn something new, then I also learn more that I don't know."
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10.5446/49765 (DOI) | Whispers Among the Stars | https://av.tib.eu/media/49765 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de908cf0b948638cdbfd61f2288ac06bb3c7208ddc4cfc9ac8c5d29e4975069841/DEF_CON_Safe_Mode_-_James_Pavur_-_Whispers_Among_t_ku0Q_Wey4K0.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2020 | Pavur, James | null | Space is changing. The number of satellites in orbit will increase from around 2,000 today to more than 15,000 by 2030. This briefing provides a practical look at the considerations an attacker may take when targeting satellite broadband communications networks. Using $300 of widely available home television equipment I show that it is possible to intercept deeply sensitive data transmitted on satellite links by some of the world's largest organizations. The talk follows a series of case studies looking at satellite communications affecting three domains: air, land, and sea. From home satellite broadband customers, to wind farms, to oil tankers and aircraft, I show how satellite eavesdroppers can threaten privacy and communications security. Beyond eavesdropping, I also discuss how, under certain conditions, this inexpensive hardware can be used to hijack active sessions over the satellite link. The talk concludes by presenting new open source tools we have developed to help researchers seeking to improve satellite communications security and individual satellite customers looking to encrypt their traffic. The talk assumes no background in satellite communications or cryptography but will be most interesting to researchers interested in tackling further unsolved security challenges in outer space. | It's August 2018. A CIS admin logs in to the control panel of a wind turbine in southern France to update its firmware. More than 600 kilometers away, their PHP session token appears on my screen. Eight months later, an Egyptian oil tanker pulls into the port of Sfax, Tunisia with a malfunctioning alternator on board. From my vantage point, more than 1500 kilometers away, I learned that this ship will be out of commission for at least a month, and I learned the name and passport number of the engineer who's flying away to fix it. This summer, 13,000 meters above the Atlantic Ocean, the accountant of a Polish real estate group put the finishing touches on their annual financial report. The Word document she prepared reached my computer at the same time it arrived at the inboxes of her colleagues at her parent company, one of Europe's largest private commercial real estate trusts. How does this sort of thing happen? How do I get this kind of information, and how do we protect it in the future? I'm James Pervort, I'm a PhD student at Oxford University, where I research satellite cybersecurity. And today, I want to talk about the results of more than two years of experiments looking at real-world use of satellite broadband. I do this work with a bunch of talented people from both the UK and Switzerland, and I'm honored to get to share what we've found. This actually started as a fairly small kind of summer project. What we wanted to do is take a look at some research from the mid to late 2000s, and see if we could replicate these findings. And what was cool about this research is that these people found that there were these satellite television feeds that were encapsulating internet traffic as well, and that if you had the right equipment and the right know-how, you could actually find sensitive, unencrypted internet traffic inside those feeds. Now a lot has changed both about the way we use satellites and the way we use the internet since 2005, right? We have like smartphones and stuff now. And so we wanted to update this research and also to make it a little bit broader and more systematic, kind of look at large-scale use of patterns. So what we ended up doing is conducting a series of domain-focused experiments, looking at real-world users at land, at sea, and in the sky for these satellite internet connections. In total, we analyzed signals from 18 satellites in geostationary orbit with a combined coverage area of about 100 million square kilometers. To put that in a perspective, that means we were able to receive signals from as far away as parts of the United States and the Caribbean, China, and India, a massive coverage area for an attacker. And in all 18 of these feeds, we identified deeply sensitive internet traffic, whether it was being transmitted using those protocols that had issues we've known about since 2005, or using newer protocols that have replaced it. And it wasn't just any data, it was some pretty interesting traffic. We saw sensitive information from nine members of the Fortune Global 500 that we're able to identify, traffic belonging to passengers on six of the 10 largest airlines in the world by passenger count, traffic belonging to maritime companies who together make up 40% of the world's cargo shipping capacity by volume, and traffic belonging to government agencies ranging from the postal service of an Eastern European nation to an actual Air Force jet belonging to a North African country. We even saw traffic from regular people like you, people who like Brio's Wi-Fi in a coffee shop, or update their Instagram while they're on a cruise. Now before I delve into kind of the meat of this traffic, how we got at it and what it has inside, I want to kind of be sure we're all starting at the same point and give you a bit of a crash course in satellite communications. So I'm going to run through a very simple scenario here to kind of explain what satellite communications look like in practice. So here's our satellite. It's in geostationary orbit, which means it's 30,000 kilometers above the Earth's surface. We have a customer in the Atlantic Ocean who wants to talk to this satellite. And to do this, they want to visit a website over the satellite feed that's hosted over here in Ireland. We'll say it's google.com and they have a device on their boat that's called a VSAT terminal or a very small aperture terminal, which is what they'll use for this connection. And that device was sold to them by an internet service provider who runs a ground station here in Madrid. We'll also imagine an attacker who's quite far away from this conversation down here in a craw, but still wants to intercept the communications. So how does this play out? Well, because our satellite's in geostationary orbit, it doesn't move around. So our customer just needs to point their satellite dish to the sky and say, get me google.com using whatever weird satellite protocol is used in this network. The satellite is more or less a dumb bent pipe. It doesn't really do any processing or networking. It just sends that signal right back down on a focused beam towards the ground station in Madrid. You'll notice this beam is very narrow, so it passes over our attacker and across head. They can't intercept this communication. Once we get to Madrid, the satellite internet service provider will convert this weird satellite protocol into normal IP traffic and route it to Google, just like if you were visiting a web page at home, terrestrially. It'll get the response over the terrestrial internet and then beam it back up into space. It's worth noting that when I say beam up into space, this isn't a fast process. The round trip time for a conversation like this can be as long as 700 milliseconds because the speed of light is only so fast and geostationary orbit, which is the kind of satellite we're looking at, is very far away. Once we finally make it out there, though, there's one last step, which is to beam this signal back down to Earth. Only this time, we'll do it with a kind of critical difference, which is because satellites are expensive and we want to serve a lot of customers, we'll send it on a really broad forward link signal. You'll notice that the footprint of this signal reaches both our attacker in Ghana and our customer in the Atlantic Ocean, so those radio waves carrying that response from Google will hit our attacker's satellite dish at the same time as it hit the customers. This is the crux of satellite eavesdropping. An attacker can reliably expect to intercept a signal from very far away on these forward links, but they can't always be guaranteed to see both sides of the conversation, which is somewhat unusual for an eavesdropper. Additionally, we can kind of think about the security properties in this context because if we were imagining, say, a vulnerability in Wi-Fi or GSM where the attacker has to be in your city or in your neighborhood to intercept your communications, here an attacker could be in a different country or on a different continent from their victim. So what does an attacker actually need to pull off this attack? Let's talk a little bit about our threat model. So in this case, if the attacker is a nation state, it's very simple. They simply need a little bit of money. There are companies out there that sell specialized modems for intelligence collection purposes, like this one, and you hook them up to a multimillion dollar ground station, like this one, and you're off to the races just listening to whatever satellite signals you want. And it's a pretty reasonable assumption to say that national intelligence services are doing this. However, they don't really give this equipment to PhD students. So I had to find a different way to get this information, and that prior research that talked about using television signals is kind of what led our next step. So we tried to see how far we could get using simple home television equipment that's widely available. We picked up this nifty flat panel satellite dish, which costs around 90 bucks, although honestly you could get something free off of Craigslist or Gumtree most of the time. You may even have a satellite dish kind of like rusting on your roof that you could use. And then we got a card to interpret these signals in our computer. Now we used a professional end card, which tends to run about 200 to 300 dollars. You could use a much cheaper card, like the $80 price range, at the cost of maybe not being able to comprehend the more complex internet signals, but you'd still definitely find something. Once we have this equipment, the next test is to actually use it to connect to a satellite signal. And figuring out where the satellite is is easy. It's public information, and since they're in geostationary orbit, they're not moving anywhere. But actually connecting is a little bit trickier. So let me show you what that looks like in our lab environment. So what we're going to go ahead and do is use a tool called EBS Pro, which is designed to help people find satellite television feeds to listen to if they want to watch TV on their computer. And we're going to scan to hunt for internet signals instead. Now what we're going to do is point our dish at a satellite that we think has internet service, say because of our press release. And we're going to scan the KU band of the radio spectrum, because that's what our equipment is set up for. And what we're looking for is kind of signal against all of this background noise that's indicative of channels that might have information. In this case, the signal is pretty noisy, but we do see a few distinct humps in the spectrum graph that might contain actual traffic inside them. We'll go ahead and tell our car to connect to this one and interpret it as a digital video broadcasting for satellite feed. After a few seconds, we get a lock, meaning that we've found a satellite and we're listening to signals from it. Now for the demo, I'm going to connect to this weaker signal here because I know it has interesting information. You'll see the signal to noise ratio is pretty abysmal, so we're not likely to get all of the packets in this network, but hopefully we'll find something. I'll go ahead and real quick just jot down some information about the frequency, the orientation and the symbol rate, because we're going to have to switch tools. This tool doesn't get us all the way, it's designed for television feeds, and what we really want is raw data from that digital video broadcasting signal. So to do that, I'll use a tool that's provided with our device, that PCIe card in the drivers. We'll lock to that signal we discovered, and then we'll kick off a quick recording. The amount of traffic you get in a recording like this is hugely variable. You could get a terabyte in a week, you could get a megabyte in a week. It depends on your equipment and the signal you're listening to. In this case, I'm just going to record a couple hundred kilobytes, and then we'll take a look at the file and see if we have any indicators that it has internet traffic instead of television traffic. There's no trick here to differentiating between the two types. All I'm going to do is just kind of grep through that binary file for the string HTTP, which we would expect to see in an internet recording, but we wouldn't expect to see in a television feed. And sure enough, we see here what looks like the output of a SOAP API. At this point, this is the security vulnerability, right? We're seeing clear text information from someone else's internet signal using freely available tools and commercial off-the-shelf equipment, and that's pretty bad, right? They could have sensitive information just in this API string. But as an attacker, what we really want is to see if we can pull off something even worse. We want to understand the semantics of this connection, kind of the nature of the communications. And to do that, we have to delve a bit into the protocols that are being used. So in our research, we've looked at two protocols, although there are others out there. The first is called mPEG-TS. Now, you might be saying mPEG, isn't that a video streaming format? And you'd be correct, mPEG is widely used across the internet for sending videos. It's used for satellite television video feeds, for example. And over the years, people have kind of added all kinds of weird additions. They've added the ability to pause live satellite television or update your set-top boxes firmware over these feeds. And these functionalities have been kind of hacked together to offer interactivity and internet services. And so inside all of these layers of weird protocols, you have a fairly standard container format that there's a lot of great tooling for working with. And so in fact, if you're like really lucky and you get a high-quality signal-to-noise ratio, you may just be able to open that file we saved in the desktop directly in Wireshark and start seeing real packets. This is kind of where prior research focused because it was a pretty straightforward process to line up all the tools correctly. And then you could spend most of your time looking at the contents of the traffic, which is the interesting bit. However, mPEG TS is still a used standard for satellite internet, but it's getting replaced by newer protocols like GSE or generic stream encapsulation. GSE makes a lot more sense. It essentially has an IP layer, which is embedded inside of this generic stream, which is broken up into fragments, and then put directly into that digital video broadcasting feed. So you have none of the weird mPEG characteristics that are intended for video streaming that aren't relevant to internet. We found that it was particularly popular among enterprise customers. So people who had an entire satellite transponder for their network think like, mirror time customers are aviation customers. But these customers also had much better equipment than we do. They would spend tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars on signal processing hardware, whereas we're using like 200 bucks of a PCIe card. And so when we were trying to receive these signals, we were often missing fragments of IP packets and had super corrupted feeds, which meant that existing tools weren't able to parse these signals for us. We didn't get much help in that regard. So what we did instead is build our own tool called GSE extract. And the goal of GSE extract is to forensically reconstruct PCAP files from corrupted recordings of GSE feeds. And it does this by taking some shortcuts. If we were designing a satellite modem, we would have to consider all of the edge cases and how a network operates or how a packet gets sent. But for GSE extract, we can say generally we would expect the start of an IP packet to appear here, or we'd expect this fragment to belong to this payload. And by making some of those assumptions, GSE extract is able to help us figure out what to do with between 50 and 70% of the frames that are hitting our dish. This is significantly better than existing tool, which we're just throwing error message because the feed is so corrected. Hopefully by the time that you're watching this recording, GSE extract will be available on my research groups GitHub. It may take a little bit longer because we're still kind of doing some responsible disclosure review process stuff, but it should eventually end up there. In the interim, if you want to delve into how it works a little bit deeper, it's described in pretty high detail in a related academic paper that we published a few months ago in the appendix of that paper. So this is kind of what you get at the end of the day by using GSE extract. This is a JPEG file that we intercepted from an engineer aboard a maritime vessel who was dealing with a maintenance issue and sending pictures to his colleagues. You'll see that we're able to get like the start of the packet. We're able to kind of figure out, you know, this is a JPEG file. We knew what port it was going to. We kind of knew the nature of the communications, but at some point we start losing fragments and then in the case of like a compressed file like this, we aren't able to get everything. That said, the first chunk of an IP Paleo often has the most interesting bits. It may be the entire packet or it may be the parts that you care about from like a session login or something. And so we think this is still useful to an attacker, even if it's not a hundred percent recovery and allows someone to get away with $200 or $300 of home television equipment and do harm that they would otherwise need tens of thousands of dollars to play with in these networks. All right. So at this point, we're in a good spot. We have a satellite dish that we can use to talk to signals. We know that if those signals are in the digital video broadcasting for satellite format, which is very common from geostationary orbit, we can parse that using that PCIe card on our computer. Depending on the contents of those streams, we can use existing tools like DVB Snoop or Wire Shark or tools we've written ourselves like GSE Extract to get meaningful PCAP data out of it and understand the internet traffic inside. The next step is really to understand the impact of what we've found. How does this affect modern users of terrestrial satellite communications, maritime and aviation communication links? So across all three of these domains, there are a couple of general things we found that are worth highlighting. The first is that none of the ISPs we looked at appear to employ encryption by default. That is to say that like individual customers might choose to encrypt their traffic, but the satellite ISP was sending over the satellite feed traffic in essentially the same format that it was coming into the modem. What this means is that as an attacker, we had an ISP level vantage point on the traffic that was coming to a customer. We saw every website they visited, every bit torrent they downloaded, every connection they made would pass over that satellite link and we would get it. But when we looked at the enterprise customers, this got even more interesting because a lot of these enterprise networks operate basically as a LAN environment across the satellite feed. A good example is a cruise line we were looking at that had Windows machines on all of their ships and the internal like Windows LDAP traffic from that network that Windows local area environment was being broadcast across the satellite feed. Getting to see like Windows to Windows corporate LAN communications as a wireless eavesdropper is really unusual and we thought it was a particularly interesting angle because it got us behind the firewall of a lot of these big corporations networks. So the first environment I want to talk about the first domain is terrestrial customers and these were really interesting to us because they're real people. They're kind of your home internet users and they care about privacy. Now I know what you might be saying. You might say, wait a second, my browser has this lock icon on it, which says that my traffic is encrypted. What couldn't eavesdropper do to cause harm to me? And I would say to you convenient made up straw man that there's actually a lot that an attacker can do to mess with your communications in this context. So even though we can't see exactly the content of your communications, we get to see your DNS queries for example, which is essentially every website you're visiting and we can use that to piece together your browsing history. Additionally, those TLS certificates that you think are protecting your traffic or protecting the contents of that traffic, but they're fingerprinting the websites you're visiting, which allowed us to determine like which networks devices belong to or generally where users were going. Now, this is a mild privacy concern. You don't want an entire continent to hear your browsing history, but it gets worse when you slip up. One of the most illustrative examples of this comes from a lawyer whose emails we intercepted across this feed. So this lawyer in Spain was communicating with one of his clients about an upcoming court case. He was a defense attorney and we intercepted the emails that were going to his inbox because he was using pop three to download them over the satellite link. And so this is obviously bad news for that attorney's client and for attorney client privilege and customer privacy in general and all of that, but it gets a little bit worse if we think about it in the context of everything else we know about this lawyer because we also know what other websites he was visiting. And so we can say, hey, this lawyer goes to PayPal.com. We see that from his DNS queries. We have his email address and we can read everything that goes to his inbox. We can go and hit the reset my password link on PayPal and essentially hijack his accounts. This demonstrates how a man in the middle attacker who's listening to your entire connection, who's essentially an internet service provider can engage in attacks that are way more sophisticated and someone is just eavesdropping in a single connection to an insecure service. So the other thing we were curious about were kind of IoT systems because these didn't really exist when people were looking at these fields last time, especially in kind of the electricity and critical infrastructure domain. We found that a lot of operators seem to be using these networks under the assumption that they were secure against eavesdropping. A great example of this is a major electricity provider in Europe who had this HTTP basic authentication login that you see on the left to access the Cisco router inside their network's configuration page. I blacked out all of the sensitive information, but like clearly this is a clear text admin username and credential that could probably change some settings on that router. If you have a keen eye, you'll see that the host IP address for this router is publicly routable, meaning that anyone with an internet connection could use these credentials to log into the device. Very similarly, I kind of touched on this at the beginning, there are a lot of wind turbines that use satellite connections because they're in remote locations and they don't have terrestrial internet access. What we found is that a lot of them have these control panels that were used to configure the devices that were being sent over the satellite feed. These control panels are publicly routable over the open internet. We could get these credentials that were being leaked in clear text over the satellite feed, whether that be a login cookie or username and password, and combine it with any internet connection to potentially start messing around with these power generation facilities. Obviously, we didn't engage in any attacks on the electrical grid system, so there could be another protection when you log in on some sort of second factor control, but I think it's intuitively concerning that this stuff is getting sent in clear text. Heading out to sea for a moment, I think one of the most interesting things for us about the maritime case was how unique every boat in the network is. We had these terabytes and terabytes of traffic from all kinds of different companies and all kinds of different ships. What we really wanted to do was figure out a way to tie an IP address in this massive PCAP file to a specific boat in the ocean to figure out what it was doing. We picked 100 random IP addresses from the thousands that we had, and we set ourselves a little challenge. We designed a fingerprint based off of DNS queries and TLS certificates and a couple of strings from the first few kilobytes of their traffic, and we used that to see if we could de-anonymize IP addresses and identify ships. This very basic kind of manual process was sufficient to de-anonymize 10% of the vessels in that case, then. We used to de-anonymize 12 vessels. I've hidden their names here because I want to maintain the privacy of their owners, but you get a real sense for the breadth of the type of ships impacted by this research. The smallest fleet that we listened to was this fishing fleet here, which had a single fishing vessel and was using some sort of software over the satellite feed to help it find fish. I'm not really sure how it works. On the flip side, we have this enormous container ship, one of the larger container ships in the world belonging to one of the larger shipping companies in the world. It's operating within the same IP address space as that random fishing crew. Beyond being able to identify which companies and organizations are affected, another cool thing we could do is kind of fingerprint operational technology aboard the vessel. A good example is this subsea repair ship down here, which is owned by a major petroleum company. We were able to identify from the traffic inside those PCAP files that there was a device onboard the ship running a vulnerable version of Windows Server 2003 that had all kinds of CVEs that could be deployed against it. At this point, if we wanted to attack that ship, we could potentially deploy CVEs not just against that one, but against any ship in this petroleum company's fleet and potentially cause some serious harm. Another piece of operational technology we were curious about was something called electronic chart display and information systems or ECTIS. ECTIS are essentially GPS NAV terminals for boats. They tell boats where they can go safely or legally. They have various hazard updates for mariners. There's been a lot of great research on securing them. There are actually formats out there to stop people from tampering with these charts using various cryptographic authenticity guarantees. Unfortunately, we saw that a lot of maritime operators were using older or proprietary versions of these formats that did not have protections against tampering attacks that we could see. Now, you might be saying, why does this matter? You can get free nautical charts and maybe save a couple hundred bucks if you want to go on a sailing expedition, but can you really mess with this data as someone who's just passively listening to a satellite connection? It turns out that you can because a lot of these are updated insecurely. A great example is this ship which had a publicly routable FTP server onboard. The way that we get their chart updates is someone on land in the back office would copy the latest chart files into a folder called chart delivery on the FTP server and then it would get deployed to the ECTIS terminal. Because this FTP server is accessible over the internet, anyone with an internet connection can connect to it. The password is getting sent in clear text over the satellite fee because they didn't use SFTP. It would be pretty trivial to send a false chart to this folder or even deploy targeted malware. Another common way that charts get update is via emails. Generally, there's an email address like chartupdates underscore shipname at shipcompany.org which will get updates every so often as attachments to the inbox. The captain will copy those files onto a flash drive, walk over to the ECTIS terminal, plug it in and kind of update the information. That's not inherently insecure, but if you're like this captain and you use an insecure email protocol, then we get a pretty good template for a targeted social engineering operation that might persuade you to copy malicious charts or malware onto your own vessel's critical operational technology. Beyond this kind of operational technology, I think it's important to remember that there are real people aboard these ships who have real privacy concerns, like billionaires sailing around on their super yachts. Now I know getting up at DEFCON and saying, think of the billionaires is not a great starting point, but this was a really fun case study that I want to kind of delve into a little bit. So we were listening to this traffic from this Greek billionaire's mega yacht and there were all kinds of interesting anecdotes that came up in the traffic that really painted a picture of what was going on. For example, one day the captain of this yacht forgot to log in to his Microsoft account and so the credentials for that captain's account came across the satellite feed in clear text in the format of an account reset link. Now at this point, we could hijack the account of someone who has reason to communicate with a very high net worth individual and potentially engage in some super targeted social engineering attacks. Because the captain's email address included the name of the yacht, we could also very easily identify which billionaire was affected by this traffic. Additionally, once we had kind of de-anonymized the owner of this yacht, there were other things we could piece together. For example, the yacht used software to manage like lunch orders and stuff for the crew members and for guests. And so we could see who this billionaire was inviting on their yacht or where they were going or even what they were eating for lunch on a particular day, which is like not inherently sensitive, but if you're hiding who you're meeting or you don't want an entire continent to know about your social life, it could be a little bit concerning for these individuals. Beyond the billionaires though, there are also regular people on vessels across the sea who have privacy concerns. Another privacy thing that we encountered was what looked like point of sale terminal traffic coming off of cruise ships from a major European cruise operator. And I don't know if there were credit card numbers in here, so I've censored the data very heavily. A lot of the numbers did pass the loon check, but it could have been coincidental. At the very least, anything that tells you how much someone paid for a soda, what their name was and when they did it, is pretty deeply concerning that it's being broadcast across an entire continent in clear text. Another example of sensitive information from like real people on cruise ships or on vessels would be when ports have cargo vessels come in, they often require the crew to share some visa information. And this particular port authority thought that a great way to do that would be an insecure HTTP web service. And so as a result, we could see from the cargo vessels pulling into this port, all of the names and passport numbers and date of birth of the crew members aboard these ships. Obviously, this is deeply sensitive information that should have been encrypted. All right, let's head out to the skies. So the aviation use case is really interesting to me because it's the newest one. We were going to do this as our 2020 experiment. We're going to get all kinds of great data from airplanes this year and really get a feeling for how aviation intersects with satellite communication security. And we started out great. We had some great traffic from these in-flight entertainment systems in February. We're super excited for the year. And then everyone stopped flying. The number of people in airplanes sank dramatically because of the pandemic. And so the amount of traffic we were getting also tanked. I was originally pretty salty about this, but then I realized that there's actually a silver lining here. You see, back in February, the traffic we were seeing was a lot, but it was mostly garbage. It was people checking their Facebook on a flight, which isn't that interesting from a security researcher perspective. But in April, when the airplanes were flying empty, almost all of the traffic in these networks was somehow essential to either the operation of the airline or the operation of the airplane. And we had a lot of passengers to generate noise. And even as passenger counts increased, the passengers we saw tended to be like high-value business executives as opposed to just random tourists, which made the traffic a little bit more interesting from a privacy perspective. Now because we had this unique opportunity, there was something I wanted to test, which was a claim that was made by a researcher whose work I really admire. So Ruben Sanamarda does research in the satellite modems. He's definitely presented at Black Hat and Def Con and stuff, doing a lot of like hardware reverse engineering. And he has this blog post where he looks at in-flight entertainment systems, including some of the systems that we were seeing traffic from. And he posited that he suspects the satellite terminal could be a bridge between the part of the airplane that keeps people entertained and happy, and the part of the airplane that keeps it in the sky and going in the right direction. And we wanted to see if there was anything in these traffic captures that crossed that red line and kind of crossed those two separate information security domains, which shouldn't be happening. We would have missed this if we had all of that Facebook traffic. We actually had traffic from this device for several months and we didn't realize it until coronavirus hit. But we found what I'm going to call the loneliest EFB. So an EFB is an electronic flight bag. It's essentially a information terminal like an ECTIS terminal, but for airplanes, it includes navigational information and weather updates and all kinds of stuff that the pilot needs to manage the flight. And this specific Chinese airline had made a mistake in configuring their EFB such that it wasn't logging in correctly, someone had like fat finger to password or something. And so all of the requests it was sending were getting balanced off of this redirect page from the satellite modem and reaching us. And we could use that to not only fingerprint like how this API works and what sort of data is being sent from the airplane and where the airplane was at any time, but we could also identify other vessels that were using this same device. And even though it seems to be encrypted over the air in most cases, we're able to confirm that the network that's carrying this operational technology traffic is the same one as the person a few rows back who's browsing Instagram. Another case that we were interested in for airplanes is something called a femtocell. There have been a couple of talks at DEFCON about it, I think. And it's essentially a miniature cell tower that they put in airplanes that allows customers to use their cell phones as if they were on the ground. And we saw that the front end of these is fairly secure. It uses GSM or LT or whatever, which has some security guarantees over the air. But the back end was being rather unencrypted in these kind of SCTP wrappers that over the satellite signal. And so we're able to see the contents of people's cellular communications. What's particularly scary about this is that we don't know if these customers were aware of what they were doing. If you forgot to put your phone into airplane mode, it's very possible a text message that you receive during your flight will show up in our packet captures. You're not even aware you're connected to a satellite network. And to kind of bring home the severity, here's a good example. There's this person who was on a flight, and in the middle of their flight they got their negative coronavirus test result. Now that's a huge relief for anyone who's sitting next to one airplane, right? But for the rest of us who care about health data privacy, it's a huge information breach that this is being sent in clear text across the continent. We saw all kinds of wild text messages. I remember listening to some guy who spoke Croatian in his text messages talking about a wild dream he had, whereas like friends' mom showed up in a burning house or something. Just real people's personal communications are being sent in clear text. And it's not just personal communications. If you've ever used like SMS as a second factor for account login, it's very clear how this could be deployed in an account hijacking attack. So fundamentally, everything we've done is passive. We haven't gotten any equipment to send signals in these networks. We don't have a license to do that. But is it possible that there are other sort of semi-active or fully active attacks we could deploy against these networks? One scenario I saw, which is based off of some malware that actually has been used in practice by a Russian APT group called Turla Group, would be to use satellites for untraceable data exfiltration. And there are only two requirements for this to play out. First, you have to compromise a device that you want to steal data from. And it needs to be connected to a network that has a route to a satellite IP address. Generally, the internet is sufficient because there are a lot of satellite devices that have internet-routable IP addresses. But it could also be a device inside someone's LAN environment. Additionally, as an attacker, you need to be able to be inside that satellite signal's forward link footprint. You need to be able to eavesdrop on the traffic. And that's it. Let's see how this plays out. So an attacker who's compromised the device has a problem. They want to send the sensitive data they've stolen to their server somewhere on the internet. The problem is that if they decide to just route this along the internet, just send a post request with whatever file they have to a web server they run, then law enforcement can very easily trace that post request and identify where the attacker's command and control server or data exfiltration database is. But if the attacker uses a satellite hop as an intermediary, they can really cause some trouble for law enforcement. Because you see, the compromised computer with the malware can send a signal to a satellite customer that will be routed over the satellite feed. And this customer doesn't need to be involved at all. It can just be a random ship in the ocean that happens to have an IP address. It doesn't even need a service running at that port. It could be a closed port or broken connection. And what will happen is the satellite will beam that signal down across its footprint area. And if the pilot, if a law enforcement officer tries to investigate this, they'll see it reach this broken surface on a maritime ship and have no idea where it's gone. Meanwhile, behind the scenes, the attacker can be using a satellite dish to eavesdrop on that connection and leak information in clear text. Even if the satellite network had some degree of encryption, which there are some networks out there that do, the attacker might still be able to use even just like the size of packets or the contents of packets or the existence of packets as a signal that's virtually untraceable because they are somewhere in this massive continent-sized footprint and that's all law enforcement could possibly know. Another attack that we tried to pull off is something called TCP session hijacking, which is a very classic kind of networking attack. Essentially, TCP has this three-way handshake to set up connections where you have to know these randomly selected sequence numbers to prove you are who you say you are. And what we found is that in certain satellite environments, you could actually impersonate one of these endpoints very reliably due to the physical characteristics of orbit and hijack arbitrary TCP session numbers. We did this against our own connection to one device and one specific satellite network, but we didn't test it at a very broad scale because we didn't want to mess with anything important. Let me give you a show of how this kind of works from a physical perspective. Let's take a look. So just like before, we have someone in Ireland, only this time they're a maritime office that wants to visit a website that's hosted in the cargo vessel with status information. So what they'll do is they'll send a TCP SIN number as a start of a TCP three-way handshake and this has a sequence number that you have to know to prove that you received the start of the handshake and that you're party to this conversation. This is like a very fundamental protection against spoofing attacks. However, our attacker can easily get the sequence number over the unencrypted satellite link and at the next step, our attacker, remember how I said they were in Accra in Ghana? So Accra happens to have some of the fastest terrestrial internet in Africa and a direct backbone link to the UK, although that doesn't necessarily matter. But because the speed of light is only so fast, the attacker 100% of the time can beat the legitimate acknowledgement message from that handshake to our maritime office in Ireland. And at this point, the maritime office will start a conversation thinking they're talking to the vessel when they're actually sending information to our attacker. Our attacker can continue to eavesdrop over the satellite link and that message with their spoofed acknowledgement will reach the ship at sea who will simply ignore it because that is incorrect sequence numbers, but our attacker at this point has free reign to send whatever information they want to the maritime office and impersonate the ship in a way that's virtually undetectable if you're not employing some sort of certificate signing scheme. So this is like a very simple example that shows that even though we can't transmit directly in the satellite network, we're fundamentally part of a broader network, which is the internet and in that environment, active attacks are definitely possible. So obviously this research has some ethical implications. It's a real world networks and real people. So we're very careful to adhere to the laws and go above and beyond that. You might be a little disappointed today that I haven't named and shamed any companies. That's a conscious choice because I don't want this to be about X airline is leaking your data. I want the focus to be on the fact that this is a systemic issue that affects a lot thousands, tens of thousands of satellite customers around the world. We've of course engaged in responsible disclosure. Many of the satellite companies have known about this as early as 2019, as well as some of their customers who have leaked particularly interesting data or particularly large. Most people are receptive to this. We talked to a lot of CISOs who have started changing around their networks. We don't know exactly what they're doing, but at least they're aware of the risks. And we only had one company threatened to sue us, which is really good for this kind of systemic cybersecurity research. We got a huge boost to responsible disclosure, courtesy of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, who releases threat intelligence notification to the maritime industry. And what's really interesting about this notification is that it showed up online from the FBI almost a month before our academic paper was publicly available. So the only people that accessed this PDF file were people we responsibly disclosed to you with the request that they keep it private and our academic peer reviewers. Yet somehow the FBI was able to cite specific information from a chart inside that paper. Now as a researcher, this is a little bit unsettling how did the FBI get my paper before I gave it to anyone, but if you're ever wondering, maybe you should join one of these threat intelligence schemes, it's clear that the FBI does a good job at getting a scoop ahead of the industry or even the researchers themselves thinking it's out there. So how do we protect against these attacks going forward? How do we defend these networks? Well, I think we need to understand why these kinds of attacks can happen. And it's easy to say it's because satellite operators are ignorant, but the reality is more complicated. Remember when I said the speed of light is only so fast? That means that sending a signal to space is slow, which makes all of those TCP connections you get when you visit a website add up to make your internet seem really slow. So what ISPs have done is they started splitting these handshakes as a man in the middle attacker, basically, who benevolently accelerates your connection via what we call a performance enhancing proxy. The problem is that if a customer uses like end to end encryption over VPN, these performance enhancing proxies can't find those TCP through your handshakes and so they can't accelerate the connection. So in the short term, you might have to accept that as reality and just say, you know what, passport numbers are sensitive enough that we should send them encrypted or not send them at all. And in many cases, if you're using like a TCP layer encryption protocol or a UDP encryption protocol, it doesn't affect performance at all. You should never be using pop for your emails, although we found thousands of thousands of people still do. You should be using an encrypted email client. And since ISPs are already screwing around with TCP sequence numbers and TCP sessions, if they just change the sequence numbers over the air from what they are on the ground, they can prevent TCP hijacking attacks. A lot of ISPs seem to do this already, although I think it's largely accidental. In the longer term, though, we're trying to work on a solution that makes it easier for individual customers to be sure their data is always encrypted regardless of what protocol mistakes they might make. We're building a tool called QPEP, which uses the quick protocol, which is a TCP replacement that is encrypted by default. And it's kind of a combination between like a tunneling VPN and a performance enhancing proxy. If you want to take a look at QPEP, there is a public GitHub repository for it. This isn't like a commercial product. The goal is to kind of build a tool for people to start playing around with securing these networks. It's designed to be much more accessible than existing PEPs, which tend to be written in this really obtuse like C libraries for networking. It's written in Python as a testbed, so you can simulate it without a satellite equipment at all, and then most of the networking layer is written in Go for performance reasons. And the end goal is to help individuals protect their traffic instead of trying to berate ISPs into encrypting data, which we know doesn't work because we've been doing it since 2005. So this kind of shows the difference between those two options versus using an encrypted proxy like the one that we're building and using a very good open source VPN, but one that doesn't take into account the unique aspects of satellite communications. And you can see the difference in the amount of time it takes to load just a very typical web page as an indicator of why customers aren't encrypting their data. It's not that they don't know privacy is at risk. Many of the people who were responsible disclosed to you were like, this isn't a security vulnerability because everyone knows about it, which has its own problems. But I think fundamentally, when you give someone a choice between performance and privacy, it's very likely that they will choose performance, especially in an environment like satellite where you already have kind of sluggish connections. And so finding technological solutions that enable people to have as good of a performance as they come to expect while adding in privacy basically invisible in the background is I think the best way that we can bolster privacy and security in these networks for real satellite customers. So to sum things up, today I've kind of presented the case that satellite broadband as it's used in the status quo is vulnerable to long range eavesdropping attacks. Something a different country or on a different continent from you can be listening to your internet communications. And yet many people act like this isn't the case. Whether it's a massive Fortune 500 company or a random person in a coffee shop somewhere, people are leaking deeply sensitive traffic over satellite feeds as if they don't know that an eavesdropper could be listening. We think this can be changed. We think the underlying reason that this is still a problem is that performance encryption is something that ISPs have to build into their satellite networks instead of something that individuals can just run for themselves when they connect to a satellite terminal. And we think that we can balance out that trade off and bring security to customers regardless of how they interface with the satellite connection. So if I wanted to give a broader lesson, kind of a major takeaway from this talk that has almost nothing to do with satellites, it would be very simple. And that is that the next top is unknown. When you connect to the internet, there's a whole web of different nodes and connections that's constantly changing that's routing your traffic. And any one of those nodes could be a satellite link or a wireless tower or a wire tapped internet cable. And so if we want to be sure that no one is listening to our traffic wherever it might go next, right, because we could connect to a Wi-Fi hotspot and they could have the best encryption in the world. But if the next hop is a satellite link, that does us no good. So having the ability to encrypt your own traffic, having the right to encrypt your own traffic and having the knowledge to make that encryption as secure and robust as possible is, I think, critical to preventing this whole class of attack, regardless of the domain we consider it in. Thank you so much for listening to my presentation. I'm happy to answer any questions via email or in a breakout session after this. And I hope you enjoyed the talk. | {
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"text": [
" It's August 2018.",
" A CIS admin logs in to the control panel of a wind turbine in southern France to update",
" its firmware.",
" More than 600 kilometers away, their PHP session token appears on my screen.",
" Eight months later, an Egyptian oil tanker pulls into the port of Sfax, Tunisia with",
" a malfunctioning alternator on board.",
" From my vantage point, more than 1500 kilometers away, I learned that this ship will be out",
" of commission for at least a month, and I learned the name and passport number of the",
" engineer who's flying away to fix it.",
" This summer, 13,000 meters above the Atlantic Ocean, the accountant of a Polish real estate",
" group put the finishing touches on their annual financial report.",
" The Word document she prepared reached my computer at the same time it arrived at the",
" inboxes of her colleagues at her parent company, one of Europe's largest private commercial",
" real estate trusts.",
" How does this sort of thing happen?",
" How do I get this kind of information, and how do we protect it in the future?",
" I'm James Pervort, I'm a PhD student at Oxford University, where I research satellite cybersecurity.",
" And today, I want to talk about the results of more than two years of experiments looking",
" at real-world use of satellite broadband.",
" I do this work with a bunch of talented people from both the UK and Switzerland, and I'm",
" honored to get to share what we've found.",
" This actually started as a fairly small kind of summer project.",
" What we wanted to do is take a look at some research from the mid to late 2000s, and see",
" if we could replicate these findings.",
" And what was cool about this research is that these people found that there were these satellite",
" television feeds that were encapsulating internet traffic as well, and that if you had the right",
" equipment and the right know-how, you could actually find sensitive, unencrypted internet",
" traffic inside those feeds.",
" Now a lot has changed both about the way we use satellites and the way we use the internet",
" since 2005, right?",
" We have like smartphones and stuff now.",
" And so we wanted to update this research and also to make it a little bit broader and more",
" systematic, kind of look at large-scale use of patterns.",
" So what we ended up doing is conducting a series of domain-focused experiments, looking",
" at real-world users at land, at sea, and in the sky for these satellite internet connections.",
" In total, we analyzed signals from 18 satellites in geostationary orbit with a combined coverage",
" area of about 100 million square kilometers.",
" To put that in a perspective, that means we were able to receive signals from as far away",
" as parts of the United States and the Caribbean, China, and India, a massive coverage area",
" for an attacker.",
" And in all 18 of these feeds, we identified deeply sensitive internet traffic, whether",
" it was being transmitted using those protocols that had issues we've known about since 2005,",
" or using newer protocols that have replaced it.",
" And it wasn't just any data, it was some pretty interesting traffic.",
" We saw sensitive information from nine members of the Fortune Global 500 that we're able",
" to identify, traffic belonging to passengers on six of the 10 largest airlines in the world",
" by passenger count, traffic belonging to maritime companies who together make up 40% of the",
" world's cargo shipping capacity by volume, and traffic belonging to government agencies",
" ranging from the postal service of an Eastern European nation to an actual Air Force jet",
" belonging to a North African country.",
" We even saw traffic from regular people like you, people who like Brio's Wi-Fi in a coffee",
" shop, or update their Instagram while they're on a cruise.",
" Now before I delve into kind of the meat of this traffic, how we got at it and what it",
" has inside, I want to kind of be sure we're all starting at the same point and give you",
" a bit of a crash course in satellite communications.",
" So I'm going to run through a very simple scenario here to kind of explain what satellite",
" communications look like in practice.",
" So here's our satellite.",
" It's in geostationary orbit, which means it's 30,000 kilometers above the Earth's surface.",
" We have a customer in the Atlantic Ocean who wants to talk to this satellite.",
" And to do this, they want to visit a website over the satellite feed that's hosted over",
" here in Ireland.",
" We'll say it's google.com and they have a device on their boat that's called a VSAT",
" terminal or a very small aperture terminal, which is what they'll use for this connection.",
" And that device was sold to them by an internet service provider who runs a ground station",
" here in Madrid.",
" We'll also imagine an attacker who's quite far away from this conversation down here",
" in a craw, but still wants to intercept the communications.",
" So how does this play out?",
" Well, because our satellite's in geostationary orbit, it doesn't move around.",
" So our customer just needs to point their satellite dish to the sky and say, get me",
" google.com using whatever weird satellite protocol is used in this network.",
" The satellite is more or less a dumb bent pipe.",
" It doesn't really do any processing or networking.",
" It just sends that signal right back down on a focused beam towards the ground station",
" in Madrid.",
" You'll notice this beam is very narrow, so it passes over our attacker and across head.",
" They can't intercept this communication.",
" Once we get to Madrid, the satellite internet service provider will convert this weird satellite",
" protocol into normal IP traffic and route it to Google, just like if you were visiting",
" a web page at home, terrestrially.",
" It'll get the response over the terrestrial internet and then beam it back up into space.",
" It's worth noting that when I say beam up into space, this isn't a fast process.",
" The round trip time for a conversation like this can be as long as 700 milliseconds because",
" the speed of light is only so fast and geostationary orbit, which is the kind of satellite we're",
" looking at, is very far away.",
" Once we finally make it out there, though, there's one last step, which is to beam this",
" signal back down to Earth.",
" Only this time, we'll do it with a kind of critical difference, which is because satellites",
" are expensive and we want to serve a lot of customers, we'll send it on a really broad",
" forward link signal.",
" You'll notice that the footprint of this signal reaches both our attacker in Ghana and our",
" customer in the Atlantic Ocean, so those radio waves carrying that response from Google will",
" hit our attacker's satellite dish at the same time as it hit the customers.",
" This is the crux of satellite eavesdropping.",
" An attacker can reliably expect to intercept a signal from very far away on these forward",
" links, but they can't always be guaranteed to see both sides of the conversation, which",
" is somewhat unusual for an eavesdropper.",
" Additionally, we can kind of think about the security properties in this context because",
" if we were imagining, say, a vulnerability in Wi-Fi or GSM where the attacker has to",
" be in your city or in your neighborhood to intercept your communications, here an attacker",
" could be in a different country or on a different continent from their victim.",
" So what does an attacker actually need to pull off this attack?",
" Let's talk a little bit about our threat model.",
" So in this case, if the attacker is a nation state, it's very simple.",
" They simply need a little bit of money.",
" There are companies out there that sell specialized modems for intelligence collection purposes,",
" like this one, and you hook them up to a multimillion dollar ground station, like this one, and",
" you're off to the races just listening to whatever satellite signals you want.",
" And it's a pretty reasonable assumption to say that national intelligence services are",
" doing this.",
" However, they don't really give this equipment to PhD students.",
" So I had to find a different way to get this information, and that prior research that talked",
" about using television signals is kind of what led our next step.",
" So we tried to see how far we could get using simple home television equipment that's widely",
" available.",
" We picked up this nifty flat panel satellite dish, which costs around 90 bucks, although",
" honestly you could get something free off of Craigslist or Gumtree most of the time.",
" You may even have a satellite dish kind of like rusting on your roof that you could use.",
" And then we got a card to interpret these signals in our computer.",
" Now we used a professional end card, which tends to run about 200 to 300 dollars.",
" You could use a much cheaper card, like the $80 price range, at the cost of maybe not",
" being able to comprehend the more complex internet signals, but you'd still definitely",
" find something.",
" Once we have this equipment, the next test is to actually use it to connect to a satellite",
" signal.",
" And figuring out where the satellite is is easy.",
" It's public information, and since they're in geostationary orbit, they're not moving",
" anywhere.",
" But actually connecting is a little bit trickier.",
" So let me show you what that looks like in our lab environment.",
" So what we're going to go ahead and do is use a tool called EBS Pro, which is designed",
" to help people find satellite television feeds to listen to if they want to watch TV on their",
" computer.",
" And we're going to scan to hunt for internet signals instead.",
" Now what we're going to do is point our dish at a satellite that we think has internet",
" service, say because of our press release.",
" And we're going to scan the KU band of the radio spectrum, because that's what our equipment",
" is set up for.",
" And what we're looking for is kind of signal against all of this background noise that's",
" indicative of channels that might have information.",
" In this case, the signal is pretty noisy, but we do see a few distinct humps in the spectrum",
" graph that might contain actual traffic inside them.",
" We'll go ahead and tell our car to connect to this one and interpret it as a digital",
" video broadcasting for satellite feed.",
" After a few seconds, we get a lock, meaning that we've found a satellite and we're listening",
" to signals from it.",
" Now for the demo, I'm going to connect to this weaker signal here because I know it",
" has interesting information.",
" You'll see the signal to noise ratio is pretty abysmal, so we're not likely to get all of",
" the packets in this network, but hopefully we'll find something.",
" I'll go ahead and real quick just jot down some information about the frequency, the",
" orientation and the symbol rate, because we're going to have to switch tools.",
" This tool doesn't get us all the way, it's designed for television feeds, and what we",
" really want is raw data from that digital video broadcasting signal.",
" So to do that, I'll use a tool that's provided with our device, that PCIe card in the drivers.",
" We'll lock to that signal we discovered, and then we'll kick off a quick recording.",
" The amount of traffic you get in a recording like this is hugely variable.",
" You could get a terabyte in a week, you could get a megabyte in a week.",
" It depends on your equipment and the signal you're listening to.",
" In this case, I'm just going to record a couple hundred kilobytes, and then we'll take a look",
" at the file and see if we have any indicators that it has internet traffic instead of television",
" traffic.",
" There's no trick here to differentiating between the two types.",
" All I'm going to do is just kind of grep through that binary file for the string HTTP, which",
" we would expect to see in an internet recording, but we wouldn't expect to see in a television",
" feed.",
" And sure enough, we see here what looks like the output of a SOAP API.",
" At this point, this is the security vulnerability, right?",
" We're seeing clear text information from someone else's internet signal using freely available",
" tools and commercial off-the-shelf equipment, and that's pretty bad, right?",
" They could have sensitive information just in this API string.",
" But as an attacker, what we really want is to see if we can pull off something even worse.",
" We want to understand the semantics of this connection, kind of the nature of the communications.",
" And to do that, we have to delve a bit into the protocols that are being used.",
" So in our research, we've looked at two protocols, although there are others out there.",
" The first is called mPEG-TS.",
" Now, you might be saying mPEG, isn't that a video streaming format?",
" And you'd be correct, mPEG is widely used across the internet for sending videos.",
" It's used for satellite television video feeds, for example.",
" And over the years, people have kind of added all kinds of weird additions.",
" They've added the ability to pause live satellite television or update your set-top boxes firmware",
" over these feeds.",
" And these functionalities have been kind of hacked together to offer interactivity and internet services.",
" And so inside all of these layers of weird protocols, you have a fairly standard container",
" format that there's a lot of great tooling for working with.",
" And so in fact, if you're like really lucky and you get a high-quality signal-to-noise",
" ratio, you may just be able to open that file we saved in the desktop directly in Wireshark",
" and start seeing real packets.",
" This is kind of where prior research focused because it was a pretty straightforward process",
" to line up all the tools correctly.",
" And then you could spend most of your time looking at the contents of the traffic, which",
" is the interesting bit.",
" However, mPEG TS is still a used standard for satellite internet, but it's getting replaced",
" by newer protocols like GSE or generic stream encapsulation.",
" GSE makes a lot more sense.",
" It essentially has an IP layer, which is embedded inside of this generic stream, which is broken",
" up into fragments, and then put directly into that digital video broadcasting feed.",
" So you have none of the weird mPEG characteristics that are intended for video streaming that",
" aren't relevant to internet.",
" We found that it was particularly popular among enterprise customers.",
" So people who had an entire satellite transponder for their network think like, mirror time",
" customers are aviation customers.",
" But these customers also had much better equipment than we do.",
" They would spend tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars on signal processing hardware,",
" whereas we're using like 200 bucks of a PCIe card.",
" And so when we were trying to receive these signals, we were often missing fragments of",
" IP packets and had super corrupted feeds, which meant that existing tools weren't able",
" to parse these signals for us.",
" We didn't get much help in that regard.",
" So what we did instead is build our own tool called GSE extract.",
" And the goal of GSE extract is to forensically reconstruct PCAP files from corrupted recordings",
" of GSE feeds.",
" And it does this by taking some shortcuts.",
" If we were designing a satellite modem, we would have to consider all of the edge cases",
" and how a network operates or how a packet gets sent.",
" But for GSE extract, we can say generally we would expect the start of an IP packet to",
" appear here, or we'd expect this fragment to belong to this payload.",
" And by making some of those assumptions, GSE extract is able to help us figure out what",
" to do with between 50 and 70% of the frames that are hitting our dish.",
" This is significantly better than existing tool, which we're just throwing error message",
" because the feed is so corrected.",
" Hopefully by the time that you're watching this recording, GSE extract will be available",
" on my research groups GitHub.",
" It may take a little bit longer because we're still kind of doing some responsible disclosure",
" review process stuff, but it should eventually end up there.",
" In the interim, if you want to delve into how it works a little bit deeper, it's described",
" in pretty high detail in a related academic paper that we published a few months ago in",
" the appendix of that paper.",
" So this is kind of what you get at the end of the day by using GSE extract.",
" This is a JPEG file that we intercepted from an engineer aboard a maritime vessel who was",
" dealing with a maintenance issue and sending pictures to his colleagues.",
" You'll see that we're able to get like the start of the packet.",
" We're able to kind of figure out, you know, this is a JPEG file.",
" We knew what port it was going to.",
" We kind of knew the nature of the communications, but at some point we start losing fragments",
" and then in the case of like a compressed file like this, we aren't able to get everything.",
" That said, the first chunk of an IP Paleo often has the most interesting bits.",
" It may be the entire packet or it may be the parts that you care about from like a session",
" login or something.",
" And so we think this is still useful to an attacker, even if it's not a hundred percent",
" recovery and allows someone to get away with $200 or $300 of home television equipment",
" and do harm that they would otherwise need tens of thousands of dollars to play with",
" in these networks.",
" All right.",
" So at this point, we're in a good spot.",
" We have a satellite dish that we can use to talk to signals.",
" We know that if those signals are in the digital video broadcasting for satellite format, which",
" is very common from geostationary orbit, we can parse that using that PCIe card on our",
" computer.",
" Depending on the contents of those streams, we can use existing tools like DVB Snoop or",
" Wire Shark or tools we've written ourselves like GSE Extract to get meaningful PCAP data",
" out of it and understand the internet traffic inside.",
" The next step is really to understand the impact of what we've found.",
" How does this affect modern users of terrestrial satellite communications, maritime and aviation",
" communication links?",
" So across all three of these domains, there are a couple of general things we found that",
" are worth highlighting.",
" The first is that none of the ISPs we looked at appear to employ encryption by default.",
" That is to say that like individual customers might choose to encrypt their traffic, but",
" the satellite ISP was sending over the satellite feed traffic in essentially the same format",
" that it was coming into the modem.",
" What this means is that as an attacker, we had an ISP level vantage point on the traffic",
" that was coming to a customer.",
" We saw every website they visited, every bit torrent they downloaded, every connection",
" they made would pass over that satellite link and we would get it.",
" But when we looked at the enterprise customers, this got even more interesting because a lot",
" of these enterprise networks operate basically as a LAN environment across the satellite feed.",
" A good example is a cruise line we were looking at that had Windows machines on all of their",
" ships and the internal like Windows LDAP traffic from that network that Windows local area",
" environment was being broadcast across the satellite feed.",
" Getting to see like Windows to Windows corporate LAN communications as a wireless eavesdropper",
" is really unusual and we thought it was a particularly interesting angle because it",
" got us behind the firewall of a lot of these big corporations networks.",
" So the first environment I want to talk about the first domain is terrestrial customers",
" and these were really interesting to us because they're real people.",
" They're kind of your home internet users and they care about privacy.",
" Now I know what you might be saying.",
" You might say, wait a second, my browser has this lock icon on it, which says that my traffic",
" is encrypted.",
" What couldn't eavesdropper do to cause harm to me?",
" And I would say to you convenient made up straw man that there's actually a lot that",
" an attacker can do to mess with your communications in this context.",
" So even though we can't see exactly the content of your communications, we get to see your",
" DNS queries for example, which is essentially every website you're visiting and we can use",
" that to piece together your browsing history.",
" Additionally, those TLS certificates that you think are protecting your traffic or protecting",
" the contents of that traffic, but they're fingerprinting the websites you're visiting,",
" which allowed us to determine like which networks devices belong to or generally where users",
" were going.",
" Now, this is a mild privacy concern.",
" You don't want an entire continent to hear your browsing history, but it gets worse when",
" you slip up.",
" One of the most illustrative examples of this comes from a lawyer whose emails we intercepted",
" across this feed.",
" So this lawyer in Spain was communicating with one of his clients about an upcoming court",
" case.",
" He was a defense attorney and we intercepted the emails that were going to his inbox because",
" he was using pop three to download them over the satellite link.",
" And so this is obviously bad news for that attorney's client and for attorney client",
" privilege and customer privacy in general and all of that, but it gets a little bit",
" worse if we think about it in the context of everything else we know about this lawyer",
" because we also know what other websites he was visiting.",
" And so we can say, hey, this lawyer goes to PayPal.com.",
" We see that from his DNS queries.",
" We have his email address and we can read everything that goes to his inbox.",
" We can go and hit the reset my password link on PayPal and essentially hijack his accounts.",
" This demonstrates how a man in the middle attacker who's listening to your entire connection,",
" who's essentially an internet service provider can engage in attacks that are way more sophisticated",
" and someone is just eavesdropping in a single connection to an insecure service.",
" So the other thing we were curious about were kind of IoT systems because these didn't",
" really exist when people were looking at these fields last time, especially in kind of the",
" electricity and critical infrastructure domain.",
" We found that a lot of operators seem to be using these networks under the assumption",
" that they were secure against eavesdropping.",
" A great example of this is a major electricity provider in Europe who had this HTTP basic",
" authentication login that you see on the left to access the Cisco router inside their network's",
" configuration page.",
" I blacked out all of the sensitive information, but like clearly this is a clear text admin",
" username and credential that could probably change some settings on that router.",
" If you have a keen eye, you'll see that the host IP address for this router is publicly",
" routable, meaning that anyone with an internet connection could use these credentials to log",
" into the device.",
" Very similarly, I kind of touched on this at the beginning, there are a lot of wind turbines",
" that use satellite connections because they're in remote locations and they don't have terrestrial",
" internet access.",
" What we found is that a lot of them have these control panels that were used to configure",
" the devices that were being sent over the satellite feed.",
" These control panels are publicly routable over the open internet.",
" We could get these credentials that were being leaked in clear text over the satellite feed,",
" whether that be a login cookie or username and password, and combine it with any internet",
" connection to potentially start messing around with these power generation facilities.",
" Obviously, we didn't engage in any attacks on the electrical grid system, so there could",
" be another protection when you log in on some sort of second factor control, but I think",
" it's intuitively concerning that this stuff is getting sent in clear text.",
" Heading out to sea for a moment, I think one of the most interesting things for us about",
" the maritime case was how unique every boat in the network is.",
" We had these terabytes and terabytes of traffic from all kinds of different companies and",
" all kinds of different ships.",
" What we really wanted to do was figure out a way to tie an IP address in this massive",
" PCAP file to a specific boat in the ocean to figure out what it was doing.",
" We picked 100 random IP addresses from the thousands that we had, and we set ourselves",
" a little challenge.",
" We designed a fingerprint based off of DNS queries and TLS certificates and a couple",
" of strings from the first few kilobytes of their traffic, and we used that to see if",
" we could de-anonymize IP addresses and identify ships.",
" This very basic kind of manual process was sufficient to de-anonymize 10% of the vessels",
" in that case, then.",
" We used to de-anonymize 12 vessels.",
" I've hidden their names here because I want to maintain the privacy of their owners, but",
" you get a real sense for the breadth of the type of ships impacted by this research.",
" The smallest fleet that we listened to was this fishing fleet here, which had a single",
" fishing vessel and was using some sort of software over the satellite feed to help it",
" find fish.",
" I'm not really sure how it works.",
" On the flip side, we have this enormous container ship, one of the larger container ships in",
" the world belonging to one of the larger shipping companies in the world.",
" It's operating within the same IP address space as that random fishing crew.",
" Beyond being able to identify which companies and organizations are affected, another cool",
" thing we could do is kind of fingerprint operational technology aboard the vessel.",
" A good example is this subsea repair ship down here, which is owned by a major petroleum",
" company.",
" We were able to identify from the traffic inside those PCAP files that there was a device",
" onboard the ship running a vulnerable version of Windows Server 2003 that had all kinds of",
" CVEs that could be deployed against it.",
" At this point, if we wanted to attack that ship, we could potentially deploy CVEs not",
" just against that one, but against any ship in this petroleum company's fleet and potentially",
" cause some serious harm.",
" Another piece of operational technology we were curious about was something called electronic",
" chart display and information systems or ECTIS.",
" ECTIS are essentially GPS NAV terminals for boats.",
" They tell boats where they can go safely or legally.",
" They have various hazard updates for mariners.",
" There's been a lot of great research on securing them.",
" There are actually formats out there to stop people from tampering with these charts using",
" various cryptographic authenticity guarantees.",
" Unfortunately, we saw that a lot of maritime operators were using older or proprietary versions",
" of these formats that did not have protections against tampering attacks that we could see.",
" Now, you might be saying, why does this matter?",
" You can get free nautical charts and maybe save a couple hundred bucks if you want to",
" go on a sailing expedition, but can you really mess with this data as someone who's just",
" passively listening to a satellite connection?",
" It turns out that you can because a lot of these are updated insecurely.",
" A great example is this ship which had a publicly routable FTP server onboard.",
" The way that we get their chart updates is someone on land in the back office would copy",
" the latest chart files into a folder called chart delivery on the FTP server and then",
" it would get deployed to the ECTIS terminal.",
" Because this FTP server is accessible over the internet, anyone with an internet connection",
" can connect to it.",
" The password is getting sent in clear text over the satellite fee because they didn't",
" use SFTP.",
" It would be pretty trivial to send a false chart to this folder or even deploy targeted",
" malware.",
" Another common way that charts get update is via emails.",
" Generally, there's an email address like chartupdates underscore shipname at shipcompany.org",
" which will get updates every so often as attachments to the inbox.",
" The captain will copy those files onto a flash drive, walk over to the ECTIS terminal, plug",
" it in and kind of update the information.",
" That's not inherently insecure, but if you're like this captain and you use an insecure email",
" protocol, then we get a pretty good template for a targeted social engineering operation",
" that might persuade you to copy malicious charts or malware onto your own vessel's critical",
" operational technology.",
" Beyond this kind of operational technology, I think it's important to remember that there",
" are real people aboard these ships who have real privacy concerns, like billionaires sailing",
" around on their super yachts.",
" Now I know getting up at DEFCON and saying, think of the billionaires is not a great starting",
" point, but this was a really fun case study that I want to kind of delve into a little",
" bit.",
" So we were listening to this traffic from this Greek billionaire's mega yacht and there",
" were all kinds of interesting anecdotes that came up in the traffic that really painted",
" a picture of what was going on.",
" For example, one day the captain of this yacht forgot to log in to his Microsoft account",
" and so the credentials for that captain's account came across the satellite feed in",
" clear text in the format of an account reset link.",
" Now at this point, we could hijack the account of someone who has reason to communicate with",
" a very high net worth individual and potentially engage in some super targeted social engineering",
" attacks.",
" Because the captain's email address included the name of the yacht, we could also very easily",
" identify which billionaire was affected by this traffic.",
" Additionally, once we had kind of de-anonymized the owner of this yacht, there were other",
" things we could piece together.",
" For example, the yacht used software to manage like lunch orders and stuff for the crew members",
" and for guests.",
" And so we could see who this billionaire was inviting on their yacht or where they were",
" going or even what they were eating for lunch on a particular day, which is like not inherently",
" sensitive, but if you're hiding who you're meeting or you don't want an entire continent",
" to know about your social life, it could be a little bit concerning for these individuals.",
" Beyond the billionaires though, there are also regular people on vessels across the",
" sea who have privacy concerns.",
" Another privacy thing that we encountered was what looked like point of sale terminal",
" traffic coming off of cruise ships from a major European cruise operator.",
" And I don't know if there were credit card numbers in here, so I've censored the data",
" very heavily.",
" A lot of the numbers did pass the loon check, but it could have been coincidental.",
" At the very least, anything that tells you how much someone paid for a soda, what their",
" name was and when they did it, is pretty deeply concerning that it's being broadcast across",
" an entire continent in clear text.",
" Another example of sensitive information from like real people on cruise ships or on",
" vessels would be when ports have cargo vessels come in, they often require the crew to share",
" some visa information.",
" And this particular port authority thought that a great way to do that would be an insecure",
" HTTP web service.",
" And so as a result, we could see from the cargo vessels pulling into this port, all",
" of the names and passport numbers and date of birth of the crew members aboard these",
" ships.",
" Obviously, this is deeply sensitive information that should have been encrypted.",
" All right, let's head out to the skies.",
" So the aviation use case is really interesting to me because it's the newest one.",
" We were going to do this as our 2020 experiment.",
" We're going to get all kinds of great data from airplanes this year and really get a",
" feeling for how aviation intersects with satellite communication security.",
" And we started out great.",
" We had some great traffic from these in-flight entertainment systems in February.",
" We're super excited for the year.",
" And then everyone stopped flying.",
" The number of people in airplanes sank dramatically because of the pandemic.",
" And so the amount of traffic we were getting also tanked.",
" I was originally pretty salty about this, but then I realized that there's actually",
" a silver lining here.",
" You see, back in February, the traffic we were seeing was a lot, but it was mostly garbage.",
" It was people checking their Facebook on a flight, which isn't that interesting from",
" a security researcher perspective.",
" But in April, when the airplanes were flying empty, almost all of the traffic in these",
" networks was somehow essential to either the operation of the airline or the operation",
" of the airplane.",
" And we had a lot of passengers to generate noise.",
" And even as passenger counts increased, the passengers we saw tended to be like high-value",
" business executives as opposed to just random tourists, which made the traffic a little",
" bit more interesting from a privacy perspective.",
" Now because we had this unique opportunity, there was something I wanted to test, which",
" was a claim that was made by a researcher whose work I really admire.",
" So Ruben Sanamarda does research in the satellite modems.",
" He's definitely presented at Black Hat and Def Con and stuff, doing a lot of like hardware",
" reverse engineering.",
" And he has this blog post where he looks at in-flight entertainment systems, including",
" some of the systems that we were seeing traffic from.",
" And he posited that he suspects the satellite terminal could be a bridge between the part",
" of the airplane that keeps people entertained and happy, and the part of the airplane that",
" keeps it in the sky and going in the right direction.",
" And we wanted to see if there was anything in these traffic captures that crossed that",
" red line and kind of crossed those two separate information security domains, which shouldn't",
" be happening.",
" We would have missed this if we had all of that Facebook traffic.",
" We actually had traffic from this device for several months and we didn't realize it until",
" coronavirus hit.",
" But we found what I'm going to call the loneliest EFB.",
" So an EFB is an electronic flight bag.",
" It's essentially a information terminal like an ECTIS terminal, but for airplanes, it",
" includes navigational information and weather updates and all kinds of stuff that the pilot",
" needs to manage the flight.",
" And this specific Chinese airline had made a mistake in configuring their EFB such that",
" it wasn't logging in correctly, someone had like fat finger to password or something.",
" And so all of the requests it was sending were getting balanced off of this redirect",
" page from the satellite modem and reaching us.",
" And we could use that to not only fingerprint like how this API works and what sort of data",
" is being sent from the airplane and where the airplane was at any time, but we could",
" also identify other vessels that were using this same device.",
" And even though it seems to be encrypted over the air in most cases, we're able to confirm",
" that the network that's carrying this operational technology traffic is the same one as the",
" person a few rows back who's browsing Instagram.",
" Another case that we were interested in for airplanes is something called a femtocell.",
" There have been a couple of talks at DEFCON about it, I think.",
" And it's essentially a miniature cell tower that they put in airplanes that allows customers",
" to use their cell phones as if they were on the ground.",
" And we saw that the front end of these is fairly secure.",
" It uses GSM or LT or whatever, which has some security guarantees over the air.",
" But the back end was being rather unencrypted in these kind of SCTP wrappers that over the",
" satellite signal.",
" And so we're able to see the contents of people's cellular communications.",
" What's particularly scary about this is that we don't know if these customers were aware",
" of what they were doing.",
" If you forgot to put your phone into airplane mode, it's very possible a text message that",
" you receive during your flight will show up in our packet captures.",
" You're not even aware you're connected to a satellite network.",
" And to kind of bring home the severity, here's a good example.",
" There's this person who was on a flight, and in the middle of their flight they got their",
" negative coronavirus test result.",
" Now that's a huge relief for anyone who's sitting next to one airplane, right?",
" But for the rest of us who care about health data privacy, it's a huge information breach",
" that this is being sent in clear text across the continent.",
" We saw all kinds of wild text messages.",
" I remember listening to some guy who spoke Croatian in his text messages talking about",
" a wild dream he had, whereas like friends' mom showed up in a burning house or something.",
" Just real people's personal communications are being sent in clear text.",
" And it's not just personal communications.",
" If you've ever used like SMS as a second factor for account login, it's very clear how this",
" could be deployed in an account hijacking attack.",
" So fundamentally, everything we've done is passive.",
" We haven't gotten any equipment to send signals in these networks.",
" We don't have a license to do that.",
" But is it possible that there are other sort of semi-active or fully active attacks we",
" could deploy against these networks?",
" One scenario I saw, which is based off of some malware that actually has been used in practice",
" by a Russian APT group called Turla Group, would be to use satellites for untraceable",
" data exfiltration.",
" And there are only two requirements for this to play out.",
" First, you have to compromise a device that you want to steal data from.",
" And it needs to be connected to a network that has a route to a satellite IP address.",
" Generally, the internet is sufficient because there are a lot of satellite devices that",
" have internet-routable IP addresses.",
" But it could also be a device inside someone's LAN environment.",
" Additionally, as an attacker, you need to be able to be inside that satellite signal's",
" forward link footprint.",
" You need to be able to eavesdrop on the traffic.",
" And that's it.",
" Let's see how this plays out.",
" So an attacker who's compromised the device has a problem.",
" They want to send the sensitive data they've stolen to their server somewhere on the internet.",
" The problem is that if they decide to just route this along the internet, just send a",
" post request with whatever file they have to a web server they run, then law enforcement",
" can very easily trace that post request and identify where the attacker's command and",
" control server or data exfiltration database is.",
" But if the attacker uses a satellite hop as an intermediary, they can really cause some",
" trouble for law enforcement.",
" Because you see, the compromised computer with the malware can send a signal to a satellite",
" customer that will be routed over the satellite feed.",
" And this customer doesn't need to be involved at all.",
" It can just be a random ship in the ocean that happens to have an IP address.",
" It doesn't even need a service running at that port.",
" It could be a closed port or broken connection.",
" And what will happen is the satellite will beam that signal down across its footprint",
" area.",
" And if the pilot, if a law enforcement officer tries to investigate this, they'll see it",
" reach this broken surface on a maritime ship and have no idea where it's gone.",
" Meanwhile, behind the scenes, the attacker can be using a satellite dish to eavesdrop",
" on that connection and leak information in clear text.",
" Even if the satellite network had some degree of encryption, which there are some networks",
" out there that do, the attacker might still be able to use even just like the size of",
" packets or the contents of packets or the existence of packets as a signal that's virtually",
" untraceable because they are somewhere in this massive continent-sized footprint and",
" that's all law enforcement could possibly know.",
" Another attack that we tried to pull off is something called TCP session hijacking, which",
" is a very classic kind of networking attack.",
" Essentially, TCP has this three-way handshake to set up connections where you have to know",
" these randomly selected sequence numbers to prove you are who you say you are.",
" And what we found is that in certain satellite environments, you could actually impersonate",
" one of these endpoints very reliably due to the physical characteristics of orbit and",
" hijack arbitrary TCP session numbers.",
" We did this against our own connection to one device and one specific satellite network,",
" but we didn't test it at a very broad scale because we didn't want to mess with anything",
" important.",
" Let me give you a show of how this kind of works from a physical perspective.",
" Let's take a look.",
" So just like before, we have someone in Ireland, only this time they're a maritime office that",
" wants to visit a website that's hosted in the cargo vessel with status information.",
" So what they'll do is they'll send a TCP SIN number as a start of a TCP three-way handshake",
" and this has a sequence number that you have to know to prove that you received the start",
" of the handshake and that you're party to this conversation.",
" This is like a very fundamental protection against spoofing attacks.",
" However, our attacker can easily get the sequence number over the unencrypted satellite link",
" and at the next step, our attacker, remember how I said they were in Accra in Ghana?",
" So Accra happens to have some of the fastest terrestrial internet in Africa and a direct",
" backbone link to the UK, although that doesn't necessarily matter.",
" But because the speed of light is only so fast, the attacker 100% of the time can beat",
" the legitimate acknowledgement message from that handshake to our maritime office in Ireland.",
" And at this point, the maritime office will start a conversation thinking they're talking",
" to the vessel when they're actually sending information to our attacker.",
" Our attacker can continue to eavesdrop over the satellite link and that message with their",
" spoofed acknowledgement will reach the ship at sea who will simply ignore it because that",
" is incorrect sequence numbers, but our attacker at this point has free reign to send whatever",
" information they want to the maritime office and impersonate the ship in a way that's virtually",
" undetectable if you're not employing some sort of certificate signing scheme.",
" So this is like a very simple example that shows that even though we can't transmit directly",
" in the satellite network, we're fundamentally part of a broader network, which is the internet",
" and in that environment, active attacks are definitely possible.",
" So obviously this research has some ethical implications.",
" It's a real world networks and real people.",
" So we're very careful to adhere to the laws and go above and beyond that.",
" You might be a little disappointed today that I haven't named and shamed any companies.",
" That's a conscious choice because I don't want this to be about X airline is leaking",
" your data.",
" I want the focus to be on the fact that this is a systemic issue that affects a lot thousands,",
" tens of thousands of satellite customers around the world.",
" We've of course engaged in responsible disclosure.",
" Many of the satellite companies have known about this as early as 2019, as well as some",
" of their customers who have leaked particularly interesting data or particularly large.",
" Most people are receptive to this.",
" We talked to a lot of CISOs who have started changing around their networks.",
" We don't know exactly what they're doing, but at least they're aware of the risks.",
" And we only had one company threatened to sue us, which is really good for this kind",
" of systemic cybersecurity research.",
" We got a huge boost to responsible disclosure, courtesy of the Federal Bureau of Investigation,",
" who releases threat intelligence notification to the maritime industry.",
" And what's really interesting about this notification is that it showed up online from the FBI almost",
" a month before our academic paper was publicly available.",
" So the only people that accessed this PDF file were people we responsibly disclosed to you",
" with the request that they keep it private and our academic peer reviewers.",
" Yet somehow the FBI was able to cite specific information from a chart inside that paper.",
" Now as a researcher, this is a little bit unsettling how did the FBI get my paper before",
" I gave it to anyone, but if you're ever wondering, maybe you should join one of these threat intelligence",
" schemes, it's clear that the FBI does a good job at getting a scoop ahead of the industry",
" or even the researchers themselves thinking it's out there.",
" So how do we protect against these attacks going forward?",
" How do we defend these networks?",
" Well, I think we need to understand why these kinds of attacks can happen.",
" And it's easy to say it's because satellite operators are ignorant, but the reality is",
" more complicated.",
" Remember when I said the speed of light is only so fast?",
" That means that sending a signal to space is slow, which makes all of those TCP connections",
" you get when you visit a website add up to make your internet seem really slow.",
" So what ISPs have done is they started splitting these handshakes as a man in the middle attacker,",
" basically, who benevolently accelerates your connection via what we call a performance enhancing",
" proxy.",
" The problem is that if a customer uses like end to end encryption over VPN, these performance",
" enhancing proxies can't find those TCP through your handshakes and so they can't accelerate",
" the connection.",
" So in the short term, you might have to accept that as reality and just say, you know what,",
" passport numbers are sensitive enough that we should send them encrypted or not send",
" them at all.",
" And in many cases, if you're using like a TCP layer encryption protocol or a UDP encryption",
" protocol, it doesn't affect performance at all.",
" You should never be using pop for your emails, although we found thousands of thousands of",
" people still do.",
" You should be using an encrypted email client.",
" And since ISPs are already screwing around with TCP sequence numbers and TCP sessions,",
" if they just change the sequence numbers over the air from what they are on the ground,",
" they can prevent TCP hijacking attacks.",
" A lot of ISPs seem to do this already, although I think it's largely accidental.",
" In the longer term, though, we're trying to work on a solution that makes it easier for",
" individual customers to be sure their data is always encrypted regardless of what protocol",
" mistakes they might make.",
" We're building a tool called QPEP, which uses the quick protocol, which is a TCP replacement",
" that is encrypted by default.",
" And it's kind of a combination between like a tunneling VPN and a performance enhancing",
" proxy.",
" If you want to take a look at QPEP, there is a public GitHub repository for it.",
" This isn't like a commercial product.",
" The goal is to kind of build a tool for people to start playing around with securing these",
" networks.",
" It's designed to be much more accessible than existing PEPs, which tend to be written in",
" this really obtuse like C libraries for networking.",
" It's written in Python as a testbed, so you can simulate it without a satellite equipment",
" at all, and then most of the networking layer is written in Go for performance reasons.",
" And the end goal is to help individuals protect their traffic instead of trying to berate ISPs",
" into encrypting data, which we know doesn't work because we've been doing it since 2005.",
" So this kind of shows the difference between those two options versus using an encrypted",
" proxy like the one that we're building and using a very good open source VPN, but one",
" that doesn't take into account the unique aspects of satellite communications.",
" And you can see the difference in the amount of time it takes to load just a very typical",
" web page as an indicator of why customers aren't encrypting their data.",
" It's not that they don't know privacy is at risk.",
" Many of the people who were responsible disclosed to you were like, this isn't a security vulnerability",
" because everyone knows about it, which has its own problems.",
" But I think fundamentally, when you give someone a choice between performance and privacy,",
" it's very likely that they will choose performance, especially in an environment like satellite",
" where you already have kind of sluggish connections.",
" And so finding technological solutions that enable people to have as good of a performance",
" as they come to expect while adding in privacy basically invisible in the background is I",
" think the best way that we can bolster privacy and security in these networks for real satellite",
" customers.",
" So to sum things up, today I've kind of presented the case that satellite broadband as it's",
" used in the status quo is vulnerable to long range eavesdropping attacks.",
" Something a different country or on a different continent from you can be listening to your",
" internet communications.",
" And yet many people act like this isn't the case.",
" Whether it's a massive Fortune 500 company or a random person in a coffee shop somewhere,",
" people are leaking deeply sensitive traffic over satellite feeds as if they don't know",
" that an eavesdropper could be listening.",
" We think this can be changed.",
" We think the underlying reason that this is still a problem is that performance encryption",
" is something that ISPs have to build into their satellite networks instead of something",
" that individuals can just run for themselves when they connect to a satellite terminal.",
" And we think that we can balance out that trade off and bring security to customers",
" regardless of how they interface with the satellite connection.",
" So if I wanted to give a broader lesson, kind of a major takeaway from this talk that has",
" almost nothing to do with satellites, it would be very simple.",
" And that is that the next top is unknown.",
" When you connect to the internet, there's a whole web of different nodes and connections",
" that's constantly changing that's routing your traffic.",
" And any one of those nodes could be a satellite link or a wireless tower or a wire tapped",
" internet cable.",
" And so if we want to be sure that no one is listening to our traffic wherever it might",
" go next, right, because we could connect to a Wi-Fi hotspot and they could have the best",
" encryption in the world.",
" But if the next hop is a satellite link, that does us no good.",
" So having the ability to encrypt your own traffic, having the right to encrypt your",
" own traffic and having the knowledge to make that encryption as secure and robust as possible",
" is, I think, critical to preventing this whole class of attack, regardless of the domain",
" we consider it in.",
" Thank you so much for listening to my presentation.",
" I'm happy to answer any questions via email or in a breakout session after this.",
" And I hope you enjoyed the talk."
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10.5446/46424 (DOI) | Resurgence through Path Integrals | https://av.tib.eu/media/46424 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de81bff4939b5becd798ee91f6edf624c107d22ef642f2423396a04b66b5dd53cc/Maxim_Kontsevich_-_Resurgence_through_Path_Integra_3-zaDZk_DSs.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Mathematics
Physics | Conference/Talk | 2019 | Kontsevich, Maxim | Fondation Mathématique Jacques Hadamard
Kontsevich, Maxim
Soibelman, Yan | I will review the approach to the resurgence phenomenon via integration overrapid decay cycles (Lefschetz thimbles) in path integrals. Examples include WKB asymptotics, heat kernels, WZW models and Chern-Simons theory. | Okay. Thank you very much. Yeah. So I will try to present some little bit, some perspective on resurgence through algebraic geometry. So I recall that if you have series sum over n, which is divergent, but coefficients grow like n factorial, then we make Laplace transform, take sum over n factorial z to the power n, z to goes to zero, and it will be germ of analytic function near zero, and the property of resurgence has endless analytic continuation. In the talk of Jean-Nacal, we heard some word otarchy and the isographic form. And now the main guess. This thing means that you have polarized exponential hodge structure, let's play a second, of infinite rank. Yeah. So kind of like infinite dimensional break geometry, and it looks that the words have this meanings. So what is, and this exponential hodge structure of infinite rank, it's something if you make Laplace transform, we'll get a variation of hodge structure on a fine line, maybe with infinitely many points. So it's a usual variation of hodge structures, of polarized pure hodge structures. On c minus, in general, infinite set, maybe everywhere dense, some countable set. And to get representation of fundamental group of this two, some J-Linfinity of integers, which will be integrality of this desolation coefficients roughly. Yeah. So what is this exponential hodge structure of infinite rank? It's a finite rank, because for infinite rank, we don't have yet rigorous theory. Sir? This is pure hodge structure. Pure, yeah. No, why did you do that? Mixed maybe, yeah, maybe. Yeah, right, yeah, but yeah. Yeah, let me recall you what are usual hodge structures. Let's start with pure hodge structure. Use pure hodge structure. It's a vector space over c. This hodge filtration, sounds like an N of VH, and lattice, so you multiply not compatible with this filtration. And you have a property such that if you consider real in evolution, so it lattice gives you real structure on H. And now consider F bar and NF will be opposite filtrations up to shift. So you get decomposition of H into sum of HPQ. That's a P plus Q is equal to N. And yeah, that's a usual hodge structure, which appears in the commod of, let's say, complex projective variety. And then there's something called polarization, which come from the ample bundle. You get non-degenerate baleenar form on integral lattice, which is symmetric or skew symmetric, depending on parity of weight. And such that it induce baleenar forms on, it induce pseudo-hermitian form on HPQ for HP and Q. Namely, you consider the pairing of alpha and alpha bar for alpha belonging to HPQ. And this has signature minus 1 to power p. So it will be either positive or negative, depending on the things. And if you take sum of this appropriate sum, you get hermitian form. So you get Hilbert space structure. So sum of p minus 1p of this form on HPQ will be positive definite to get Hilbert space structure. Okay, that's a usual hodge structure, which appears on commod of projective varieties. And exponential hodge structures, it's some notion which we introduced about 10 years ago with Kacarkov and Pantiev, studying Mir Simitiv of Landau-Gisburg models. It's related to exponential integrals. This is a rate-to-easual integrals, and the definition of exponential hodge structures is the following. We get a holomorphic vector bundle. On C, this coordinate, we denote it U. It's the same as Planck constant or small parameter zeta in this one, or zeta in this situation. So we get this holomorphic bundle, so we get just a family of spaces depending on U. And then on U-plane, we have a special point, U equal to zero, and we get a connection on this bundle. And the holomorphic connection has second order pole on bundle with second order pole at U equal to zero. And in particular, you have certain monodromes, and we assume that flat sections of the bundle long-race and flat sections on rays grow like exponent minus some constant times U. In principle, they can have more different singularities. Then, on each array, we get filtration by order of growth. So this is the DeLine-Montgarnes filtration. And what is assumed that we have certain lattice. So the data is given, extra data is given to have a lattice, HUZ, sitting in HU, for U non-equal to zero, which is coverently constant with respect to filtration, with that connection. And all terms of filtration are also integer subspaces. I define it over PoZ. So this will be analog of HOD structure. Actually, the usual HOD structure is particular case when this is not the second order pole, and the monodromes plus minus one. So the analog of HOD structure and polarization is given by the following data. You get for U non-equal to zero, you get non-degenerate pairing. It's opposite side source filtration, which is coverently constant, and also compatible with integer lattice on HUZ. And then there is a way to formulate sign of polarization, which eventually gives you some Hilbert space structure on HU. And also from this synchrony, it can deduce certain filtrations on this HU without Z, labeled not only by integers, but maybe some fractional numbers. So that's its abstract story in where it appears. Appears in exponential intervals. So your H is finite dimensional. Yeah, here it will be finite dimensional, and what I want to say is that at least some past intervals one can see is infinite dimensional examples of this. Appears in exponential intervals, namely imagine the following situation. Suppose X is a final algebraic variety. One can think about just coordinate space, and suppose we have some polynomial, some function. And I'll just give you the simplest possible example. Assume that this polynomial has isolated points, isolated critical points. And there's some condition. I forgot what is the name. It says that something that this polynomial has no critical points at infinity. Same, yeah. Suppose you have this polynomial. What will be this H of U? We can consider space of algebraic conforms on X, and mod out by the quotient space by the image d minus U d plus multiplication by ds, applied to n minus one forms. It will be finite dimensional space, and the dimension of this H U will be number of critical points. So we get a vector bundle. Now I want to say what is the lattice for unit not equal to zero. Notice it will be commod of the following set. We consider X and consider pre-image of the domain when real part divide one over U s. This also function. So we take pre-image of the domain when real part of very big and take commod of the centrifugal fusions. So the dual space, or dual lattice, can be sorted certain cycles over which real part of s divided by U goes to plus infinity. And now what we can do, if you have a pairing between H of U and such cycles, we can integrate over such cycle of the function to integrate s minus U, and times some algebraic conform. We represent a class in this commod. So the centrifugal will be convergent, and this centrifugal gives you a family of lattices, it gives you a certain form of Fortis connection, and has a second order pole. But the main story is that this guy has definition when U equal to zero as well. And that's like analog of Hodge filtration. What is this pairing? I want to describe the pairing on kind of, the pairing is also completely natural in this situation. I will describe pairing on level of homology, and I'm going to go to dual, get pairing on level of homology. Namely, let's assume the target of U is generic. Then we get the basis of HUZ dual, consisting of called left-shift symbols. Namely, what you do? You have critical values of our polynomial. Now we draw a straight path along which this s of U minus some constants will be real and goes to plus infinity. We get the straight path, and over the straight path in ambient manifold we draw a family of, nearby we have kind of vanishing cycles, some small sphere, s minus one dimensional sphere. And then one continuously extends this family of s minus one dimensional sphere, we get a copy of Rn embedded in our space. And the bending depends on this critical point. So there are critical x alpha will be critical points. And then you get s of x alpha. And for each critical point you get the left-shift symbols, you get the convergent integral. So you get this convergent integral, and then we change the direction, argument of your U goes to minus U, you just get left-shift dual cycle going to the opposite direction. It acclaims and it's easy to see that it's kind of currently constant and you get duality between, it's just one kind of pairing between homogenous and fiber U and fiber minus U. So that's kind of scientific way to formulate this integral of left-shift symbols. And here's the whole story one can reformulate in kind of more elementary ways, namely for each alpha and in generic argument of U. So we can write what is the integral over left-shift symbol. It will be integral, we choose again some expression. We integrate over this left-shift symbol starting in point x alpha. We integrate some n-form which you write something like polynomial function of x multiplied by some reference or form which you write dnx, yeah. And f will be some polynomial function. So we get this integral to calculate and then when U goes to zero along the ray, we have this symmetric expansion to be exponent of my critical value. S of x alpha divided by U. Then we multiply by square root of 2 pi h bar to the dimension over 2, 2 pi U, sorry, dimension over 2. Then we divide by determinant of second derivative point x alpha for quadratic approximation theory. And then start with series starting from f of U x alpha plus you get certain series in form, power, series and U. It will be value of this function at this point and then we get extra correction. And this series has factorial growth. Maybe this series I denote by, it's a series which has factorial growth but it's actually equal to certain number which I kind of denote by square root of determinant, yeah. And this I denote by something like g alpha of U. Now it's actual function which has a symmetric expansion. So we remove all irrelevant terms. So, oops, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. We get just a bunch of functions g alpha of U, alpha of N, for one to number of critical points, which have defined outside of some stock's race, when the direction, race. And which have, but this function have the same asymptotic expansion which doesn't depend on direction. Formal expansion is the same. Stock's, stock's, formal expansion doesn't depend on the sector. So we get just a bunch of formal power series which you can calculate on computer using only formal expansion at this point. But you get actual functions as well. Okay, you get actual function, yeah. And this function satisfies kind of jump property, jump, if you go through some ray where argument ray, when it says it's argument of U, is equal to argument of difference between two critical values, yeah. And also, it's a self-prope. One minus self-prope, say. When you get this array, then what we see, it's kind of standard picture. What happens if you, on the one side of the ray, when you, on one side of the ray, and then we get rotation, we get different homologic classes. And you see that one homologic class doesn't change, so one function stays analytic. G alpha 2 is analytic. So jump, from the ray, g alpha 2 is 0. And jump of g alpha 1 is a certain multiple, integer multiple of some integer, and alpha 1, alpha 2, multiplied by g alpha 1, alpha 2. But because of this factor, we multiply by exponentially small term. Take exponent s of minus s of x alpha 2 minus s of s alpha 1 divided by h bar, which is very, very small. So it has no exponentially small. So it has trivial expansion. Sorry? Ah, yeah, sorry, yeah, because I kind of, it's notation I have in mind, this h bar and u, this was the same. Maximum, what is the upper vector? Delta, it's jump. It kind of jump of, I have function defined on two sides on a ray. It can see the difference. Yeah, so it's equivalent, yeah, so it's kind of in completely elementary mathematical terms. All this hot structure, besides this positivity process of polarizations, it's very elementary object. The polarization itself, it's kind of tricky stuff. It's called TT star equations and we'll not talk about this thing at all. Okay, yeah, so we got this completely clear picture in finite dimensions. Now go to infinite dimensions. Yeah, suppose I have certain remaining manifold, maybe two points of this remaining manifold. And I assume that manifold can be complicitized to some complex manifold. Maybe an algebraic manifold and metric will be algebraic tensor on this manifold. Now, so get this big complex manifold. Now, and m is, okay, as example, you can try to see like m is a sphere or some, some sequence could write explicitly formulas. Sphere or ellipsoid or hyperbolic space, maybe flat space even, yeah. Taurus are something, it's a very nice concrete formula. Now this, then have infinite dimensional complex manifold. X, which will be the space of path connecting this to points m0 and 1. Maps phi from 0, 1 to mc, m4 0 is m0, m4 1 is m1. It's infinite dimensional complex manifold, it's, it contains kind of half infinite dimensional things past sitting in real path, in real locals. And this is the same boundary condition. And now the Feynman integral, which you can see that the action functional will be one half of integral from 0 to 1 d phi, that's dT squared dT. Yeah, so you get this functional integral and now when we integrate over Xr, expand of S of phi divided, let's say by u, but now maybe I denote it by Planck constant. And defies, what expression means in path integral. So it's analog of this situation. We'll find a dimensional exponential integral. And all this, so it should have some kind of critical points, former power series expansion, and then actual functions and all this geometry. Let's me explain you kind of basic trick here. So we integrate how to calculate this integral. When h bar is equal to 1, so I have just, so you get this usual linear measure, it should be brown and motion on your manifold and you start from point m0 and point m1 and time 1. And this should be like, it should be equal by value of heat kernel, exponent minus one half of Laplacian on X real and you use physics notations. So consider heat kernel for time one between points zero and one m0, m1 and what to do for general h bar. The idea is it's very simple. So we see you multiply the thing divided by one of h bar. Let's keep on half. So you get this, this thing, and you see that it's in time, this thing is homogeneous of degree minus one. So one says that it's put it time bar is equal to ht. So tau bar will belongs to interval zero h bar, we will identify 10 points and then it will be equal to just equal df over dt bar. So you see that this integral is equal to the heat kernel for small time. To h bar, yeah. So you get this nice formula. So it will be heat kernel for small time. So the prediction is the following. If consider heat kernel for small time and divide by this leading term, you get some asymptotic expansion, then it should be resurgence series. This should be resurgence series and now, yeah, so it has some exponential small term. So it should divide by exponent minus, I think one over h bar times some cyclic square of lengths distance between those points. It should be leading growth of the portion. So it should be kind of like series in h bar and this should be resurgence. So this is actually completely open question for general like sinfinti remaining main fault we really don't know. Resurgence and I think it's true only for some special like algebraic varieties so things close to them. So let me show this example which I found extremely striking is this is example when consider this manifold will be hyperbolic plane. Yeah, that's maybe the simplest example which could be because in this case you have just only one geodesic into point and for some classical formula for the heat kernel. One can express that this m0 exponent minus Laplacian and you multiply by h bar is equal to the following thing. So it's written constant. It will be small s not capital S but it's related to the critical values of my function. So the L is distance between my two points. No negative real number. So the sink is given by certain integral and what here goes on. You can see the critical values of C on the space of compressive height pass. And consider what are critical values. The critical values are the following. You get certain points on a parabola, integer points in the parabola, and zero points on parabola. And you can see you get a bunch of lefty symbols. And this is my integral of the lefty symbols. And in fact if you look on this integral you will get certain finite dimensional. And actually you say that you identify up to the simple factors in the front. You identify the infinite dimension integral with finite dimension integral but over remaining surface which is infinite genus remaining surface. Remified this countable set of critical values. You can see this function of small s, this square root of hypervolic cosine minus hypervolic cosine. It's something which is too valued. On a sphere we have closed the jadez. Yes, yes. And that is the sphere. On a sphere if you have two points you have not only one jadez but you go around, around, around. And to length you add this length of the periodic jadez which is purely imaginary. You get some kind of length plus all these points have the following meaning. You consider this length plus 2 pi i n where n is an integer. One is real and the other one is just adding the energy in this sphere. But of imaginary radius i. So the critical value should be... Yes, all these points is a set of all these points which I consider. So you see you get kind of these integer points on a parabola. Moreover, this example I think is already very interesting because from the answer you can see, you have a prediction how many... You have prediction how this function jumps when you rotate zeta. These are the integer numbers n alpha 1, alpha 2 for each two critical points. And it's a very simple number to calculate for this interval. Plus minus 1. And the claim that should be coincided with something very interesting. Because if you look what is alpha 1, alpha 2 in general, there is some kind of number of certain gradient lines from one critical point to another. And gradient lines will be gradient lines in the space of paths. So it means that you should solve certain paths in the space of paths. It's a map from surface. And it means that the gradient lines will be a number of certain surfaces satisfying certain kind of Kashi-Rieman equation in a complexifying space. So it's kind of a very non-trivial prediction that from this answer we can see that everything fits together. We get kind of convergent answer only if you know this number of paths from power series. And this will be given by this picture. Now, so that's the main example, non-trivial example, which I have to tell you. About this heat kernel on hyperbolic space. One can ask similar stuff. What in small modification I can study the case of sphere, but for example, in this case it will be case of ellipsoid. It's non-equal axis in R3. It's ellipsoid. Actually, of any dimension. Why ellipsoids are nice? For ellipsoids, this geodesic flow is integral. So one can write lengths of geodesics to some set of functions, but also eigenvalues of Laplacian also kind of known. It's because it belongs to family of commuting operators. For example, one can do kind of really extreme case when ellipsoid became a flat, it will became like double of disk. Imagine disk glued to itself along the boundary. So geodesics will be this polygons labeled by pair of integers. So it will be lengths of geodesics. And calculate like close things. It will be Q times 2 cosine 2 pi P of Q something like this. And eigenvalues of Laplacian will be because decomposed by 0 of some basic functions. So in this case, there will be certain great identities, certain infinite sum, personality combination, along these zeroes of basic functions. It will be interesting to calculate all data explicitly. In this case. So here what was the trick? This action for this free particle was homogeneous in time, degree minus 1. Because of df over dt squared times dt to the homogeneous of degree minus 1. And then we can make this calculation. One can do make kind of similar exercise. It's related to very old work by Andrea Warrows. So consider a curator. In other example, consider such instead of Laplacian, consider secretary plus potential. And the whole story is the main thing is should be also homogeneous function. Like one can generate many variables. I just thought this one variable. So you have this homogeneous function. And when we calculate trace of exponent minus lambda h bar, how to calculate it? Again, by Feynman-Catz formula, it's will be integral of the space of pass. Is periodic boundary condition to R1, this coordinate x. I have a separator and I multiply by exponent minus action. You denote by s lambda of phi, d phi. S lambda of phi is just integral 0 to 1 and half dt squared. dT. It's a discrete spectrum. It's a discrete spectrum because the spectrum is discrete because its potential goes to plus infinity. It has a val. It's not the integral from 0 to lambda in s lambda. Sorry, you're right. The lambda. And now I try to rewrite the integral from 0 to 1. I want to rescale time and rescale everything. Time and phi. To make it integral from 0 to 1. Namely, I take now, tau lambda is lambda 1 minus t. And then when rate phi lambda is equal to. If you make it rescaling, then s lambda will be integral of 0 to 1. I'm going to go to the variables. I multiply by lambda to certain power, which is... You get just a homogeneity game. Nothing tricky here. And then the conclusion will be the following. Then if you take consider trace function, whatever zeta goes to, trace exponent minus zeta h to power n over n plus 1 should admit an endless analytic continuation. That's what's under the word predicted. But it's not on the level of pass integral. It's this simple homogeneity game with pass integrals. So there are two basic examples when it's very, very concrete. So it was a case of free particle and also this homogenous potential. There is still another example. Suppose we get... use the same name, but now... One can write another pass integral very badly defined. Suppose it has a complex manifold, like a tangent model, or more generally, holomorphic simpleactic manifold, which contains two complex Lagrangian sub-manifolds in 0 and 1. And what I want to write, I want to integrate... The space xc will be no real space at all here. So my infinite dimensional complex manifold will be space of pass. So that f of 0 belongs to L0, f of 1 belongs to L1, and it's my two tangent bundle. So in the action I choose... I have the infinite dimensional space. The action function, which I consider here, is defined only up to a constant and only locally. So I have to write what is the differential of these things. It will be a homomorphic one form, which will be integral of two forms of my pass. When I have one parameter of family of pass, I get surface, and to integrate it, I get... we'll define it. So roughly, in mechanics, you write something like this things plus boundary terms. It's called first-order formalism. And plus boundary terms. Yeah, in principle, one can include this random work. I think certain terms, like you add certain functions, it depends on three parameters. So it will be a function on cotangent bundle m times some time variable to c, and it's function h. You can add this such term, and if the thing is quadratic in p, this will be the equivalent to pass integral one, can integrate over p variable, and you get exactly random work. But now I ignore these things completely. So it seems it's completely geometric. I have this integral of one form. So the question, what is it, and what we'll have here? Yeah, in general, it's pretty unclear. How to interpret it? How to interpret it, what is the integral, yeah, it's... And what is the property of what we should expect from this integral? But at least it looks that for certain kind of class of example, this could be the following. L0, we'll get some L0, city can cotangent bundle, here draw fibers of my cotangent bundle, and it will be like this, this is L0, and L1 will be cotangent far by its certain point. Then we get finitely many intersection points, and kind of the guess is if L0 kind of corresponds like spectral curve, again, it's long story how to identify parameters to algebraic bundle with a connection. Then this asymptotic series, which you should get here, should be like WKB series for formal solutions of the models. You write L0, it's graph of differential, graph of D, maybe called F0, some multivalent function, and then it will be... you write a solution, you remove this main term to get a asymptotic series in each bar. So that's something which with Yan we can... part of general project we have with Yan on wall crossing, and what is going on, here's some kind of really interesting effect here, right to the following story. On the space of paths, we don't have really one valid function, we get functions defined up to constant, we have closed one form, and that means the following, we can... in the whole integral, we can go to universal cover, and then we go down, we can twist this arbitrary rank one local system on space of paths. So we get certain torus, and C star two kind of... by which you can twist your integral. Yeah, for example, if the substation can be in finite dimension of the story, you can twist your... a real connection by rank one local system, consider again commode of pair and so on, so you get things depending on a point on a torus. And what happens in infinite dimension? There are certain directions of Planck constant, for which you change parameterization of space, you kind of apply nonlinear automorphism of the torus. So you get things which are kind of very close to kind of a Calvaronian picture, you have some nonlinear changes along the rays. It's kind of new infinite dimensional effect. There are kind of new walls, new rays. So we're going to... you can apply analytic defomorphism of torus, some domain of torus depending on small parameter. So you get more involved picture with some kind of nonlinear changes as well. Before we had just vector bundle with basis and transformational grace, but now you have vector bundle on torus and parameterization... vector bundle of rings, which is sort of... Yes, yes. But eventually it should give again the same resurgent properties of the whole story. So I didn't had a time... That's essentially all one dimensional examples. And in principle, what was completely untouched, one can try to make, I guess, to imitate this, at least the question for two dimensional series, like the Minovitan or three dimensional with Sharon Simons. So again one get actual values of integrals from physics and then the same picture predicts your resurgence structure. Thank you. A question, Lesha, so you consider this free particle on hyperbolic space, you can think of it on circles, here or... Any varieties here? So for the general case, the general group, there is a formula called deus thermo-techmann, which essentially we write this as a sum over geodesics on this space, but as far as I remember... No, no, this is certain... No, there was a sudden sub-deus thermo-techmann for any remaining manifold. If you consider trace of exponent... If you consider some trace of exponent minus E t, that's a square root of Laplacian, it has singularities on a major axis equal to lengths of geodesics, yeah. So, for example, if I just found the particle on a circle, again I can write a sum over geodesics, there are no fluctuations around them. Yes, yes, you got the exact formula, yeah. It's exact formula. You got C to function, yeah, I think. So there is no asymptotic expansion. Yes, it's trivial, in this case it's trivial, yeah. And in these general cases where this deus thermo-techmann applies, it's also the same structure, right? No, but the conjecture is for more general remaining manifold with algebraic metric, then we get very complicated expansions, if it's not... if it's not homogeneous, yeah. Can you describe the whole structure of infinite rank in terms of this function functional, related to homology? Yeah, no, there's kind of... one can write this convulsion of perivot, what is it? But you see this number of... this gradient lines integer numbers in alpha 1 or 2, gives you the example of the day, kind of step-by-step construction of this infinite... should be space generated by all geodesics, yeah. I think it should be pure in this case, yeah. More questions? Yeah, I would like to... I didn't understand everything obviously, but how far are we, or you, from effective computation on the finite path integral for say a non-homogeneous problem? Yeah, for general potential... I think it's... for general potential, yeah. In principle, it looks that if it's... if it's not homogeneous, this gives you kind of few steps procedure, which is completely mechanical, one can calculate critical points in complex domain, then one should count how many gradient lines, it's a number of solutions of certain... like, pseudo-holographic disks somewhere, or some integer numbers which one can calculate, and then you get form power series which you do at each point, and then after that it should produce the actual numbers. Can you replace it by so many numbers? Yeah, because it should... yeah, the story is the following. This integers and alpha... and those jump formals for J, which depends only on critical values and integer numbers. So it gives you a way to glue certain holomorphic vector bundle, sterilize the infinity structure at zero, and then there's form power series after you solve the problem. It will be convergence series, yeah. Yeah, yes, yes, yes, it's completely general procedure. From this perspective it will be... It's effective, yeah, it will get to actual number, yeah. It will get it, convergent. Thank you. Is it clear that if you write for... if you write the formal WKB solution, such as in the classical... or is the same as you get a finite integral, a diagonal exception. So is it clear or... No, no, no, no, no, it's not clear. Okay, comment on your question. So from the final integral point of view, that's very difficult, but if you do Bender-Wohl type analysis, you can actually computerize... Yeah, you can... yeah, because you substitute the things to your expansion and you get to... It's pretty computational things here. It's a computer quality of... I think even the determinational part is not completely clear. Yeah. Yeah, but there are many things here. For example, here, the dimension, yeah, it will zeta function regularization then, sir. This will be zeta prime of zero, yeah, yeah, so it's... In field theory, all terms make sense here. No question. Thank you. | {
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"text": [
" Okay. Thank you very much.",
" Yeah. So I will try to present some little bit,",
" some perspective on resurgence through algebraic geometry.",
" So I recall that if you have series sum over n,",
" which is divergent,",
" but coefficients grow like n factorial,",
" then we make Laplace transform,",
" take sum over n factorial z to the power n,",
" z to goes to zero,",
" and it will be germ of analytic function near zero,",
" and the property of resurgence has endless analytic continuation.",
" In the talk of Jean-Nacal,",
" we heard some word otarchy and the isographic form.",
" And now the main guess.",
" This thing means that you have polarized exponential hodge structure,",
" let's play a second, of infinite rank.",
" Yeah. So kind of like infinite dimensional break geometry,",
" and it looks that the words have this meanings.",
" So what is, and this exponential hodge structure of infinite rank,",
" it's something if you make Laplace transform,",
" we'll get a variation of hodge structure on a fine line,",
" maybe with infinitely many points.",
" So it's a usual variation of hodge structures,",
" of polarized pure hodge structures.",
" On c minus, in general, infinite set,",
" maybe everywhere dense, some countable set.",
" And to get representation of fundamental group of this two,",
" some J-Linfinity of integers,",
" which will be integrality of this desolation coefficients roughly.",
" Yeah. So what is this exponential hodge structure of infinite rank?",
" It's a finite rank,",
" because for infinite rank, we don't have yet rigorous theory.",
" Sir?",
" This is pure hodge structure.",
" Pure, yeah.",
" No, why did you do that?",
" Mixed maybe, yeah, maybe.",
" Yeah, right, yeah, but yeah.",
" Yeah, let me recall you what are usual hodge structures.",
" Let's start with pure hodge structure.",
" Use pure hodge structure.",
" It's a vector space over c.",
" This hodge filtration,",
" sounds like an N of VH,",
" and lattice,",
" so you multiply not compatible with this filtration.",
" And you have a property such that if you consider real in evolution,",
" so it lattice gives you real structure on H.",
" And now consider F bar and NF will be opposite filtrations up to shift.",
" So you get decomposition of H into sum of HPQ.",
" That's a P plus Q is equal to N.",
" And yeah, that's a usual hodge structure,",
" which appears in the commod of, let's say, complex projective variety.",
" And then there's something called polarization,",
" which come from the ample bundle.",
" You get non-degenerate baleenar form on integral lattice,",
" which is symmetric or skew symmetric, depending on parity of weight.",
" And such that it induce baleenar forms on,",
" it induce pseudo-hermitian form on HPQ for HP and Q.",
" Namely, you consider the pairing of alpha and alpha bar for alpha belonging to HPQ.",
" And this has signature minus 1 to power p.",
" So it will be either positive or negative, depending on the things.",
" And if you take sum of this appropriate sum, you get hermitian form.",
" So you get Hilbert space structure.",
" So sum of p minus 1p of this form on HPQ will be positive definite to get Hilbert space structure.",
" Okay, that's a usual hodge structure, which appears on commod of projective varieties.",
" And exponential hodge structures, it's some notion which we introduced about 10 years ago",
" with Kacarkov and Pantiev, studying Mir Simitiv of Landau-Gisburg models.",
" It's related to exponential integrals.",
" This is a rate-to-easual integrals, and the definition of exponential hodge structures is the following.",
" We get a holomorphic vector bundle.",
" On C, this coordinate, we denote it U.",
" It's the same as Planck constant or small parameter zeta in this one, or zeta in this situation.",
" So we get this holomorphic bundle, so we get just a family of spaces depending on U.",
" And then on U-plane, we have a special point, U equal to zero, and we get a connection on this bundle.",
" And the holomorphic connection has second order pole on bundle with second order pole at U equal to zero.",
" And in particular, you have certain monodromes, and we assume that flat sections of the bundle long-race",
" and flat sections on rays grow like exponent minus some constant times U.",
" In principle, they can have more different singularities.",
" Then, on each array, we get filtration by order of growth.",
" So this is the DeLine-Montgarnes filtration.",
" And what is assumed that we have certain lattice.",
" So the data is given, extra data is given to have a lattice, HUZ, sitting in HU, for U non-equal to zero,",
" which is coverently constant with respect to filtration, with that connection.",
" And all terms of filtration are also integer subspaces.",
" I define it over PoZ.",
" So this will be analog of HOD structure.",
" Actually, the usual HOD structure is particular case when this is not the second order pole,",
" and the monodromes plus minus one.",
" So the analog of HOD structure and polarization is given by the following data.",
" You get for U non-equal to zero, you get non-degenerate pairing.",
" It's opposite side source filtration, which is coverently constant, and also compatible with integer lattice on HUZ.",
" And then there is a way to formulate sign of polarization, which eventually gives you some Hilbert space structure on HU.",
" And also from this synchrony, it can deduce certain filtrations on this HU without Z, labeled not only by integers, but maybe some fractional numbers.",
" So that's its abstract story in where it appears.",
" Appears in exponential intervals.",
" So your H is finite dimensional.",
" Yeah, here it will be finite dimensional, and what I want to say is that at least some past intervals one can see is infinite dimensional examples of this.",
" Appears in exponential intervals, namely imagine the following situation.",
" Suppose X is a final algebraic variety.",
" One can think about just coordinate space, and suppose we have some polynomial, some function.",
" And I'll just give you the simplest possible example.",
" Assume that this polynomial has isolated points, isolated critical points.",
" And there's some condition. I forgot what is the name. It says that something that this polynomial has no critical points at infinity.",
" Same, yeah.",
" Suppose you have this polynomial. What will be this H of U?",
" We can consider space of algebraic conforms on X, and mod out by the quotient space by the image d minus U d plus multiplication by ds, applied to n minus one forms.",
" It will be finite dimensional space, and the dimension of this H U will be number of critical points.",
" So we get a vector bundle.",
" Now I want to say what is the lattice for unit not equal to zero.",
" Notice it will be commod of the following set. We consider X and consider pre-image of the domain when real part divide one over U s.",
" This also function.",
" So we take pre-image of the domain when real part of very big and take commod of the centrifugal fusions.",
" So the dual space, or dual lattice, can be sorted certain cycles over which real part of s divided by U goes to plus infinity.",
" And now what we can do, if you have a pairing between H of U and such cycles, we can integrate over such cycle of the function to integrate s minus U, and times some algebraic conform.",
" We represent a class in this commod.",
" So the centrifugal will be convergent, and this centrifugal gives you a family of lattices, it gives you a certain form of Fortis connection, and has a second order pole.",
" But the main story is that this guy has definition when U equal to zero as well.",
" And that's like analog of Hodge filtration.",
" What is this pairing? I want to describe the pairing on kind of, the pairing is also completely natural in this situation.",
" I will describe pairing on level of homology, and I'm going to go to dual, get pairing on level of homology.",
" Namely, let's assume the target of U is generic.",
" Then we get the basis of HUZ dual, consisting of called left-shift symbols.",
" Namely, what you do? You have critical values of our polynomial.",
" Now we draw a straight path along which this s of U minus some constants will be real and goes to plus infinity.",
" We get the straight path, and over the straight path in ambient manifold we draw a family of, nearby we have kind of vanishing cycles, some small sphere, s minus one dimensional sphere.",
" And then one continuously extends this family of s minus one dimensional sphere, we get a copy of Rn embedded in our space.",
" And the bending depends on this critical point.",
" So there are critical x alpha will be critical points.",
" And then you get s of x alpha.",
" And for each critical point you get the left-shift symbols, you get the convergent integral.",
" So you get this convergent integral, and then we change the direction, argument of your U goes to minus U, you just get left-shift dual cycle going to the opposite direction.",
" It acclaims and it's easy to see that it's kind of currently constant and you get duality between, it's just one kind of pairing between homogenous and fiber U and fiber minus U.",
" So that's kind of scientific way to formulate this integral of left-shift symbols.",
" And here's the whole story one can reformulate in kind of more elementary ways, namely for each alpha and in generic argument of U.",
" So we can write what is the integral over left-shift symbol.",
" It will be integral, we choose again some expression.",
" We integrate over this left-shift symbol starting in point x alpha.",
" We integrate some n-form which you write something like polynomial function of x multiplied by some reference or form which you write dnx, yeah.",
" And f will be some polynomial function.",
" So we get this integral to calculate and then when U goes to zero along the ray, we have this symmetric expansion to be exponent of my critical value.",
" S of x alpha divided by U.",
" Then we multiply by square root of 2 pi h bar to the dimension over 2, 2 pi U, sorry, dimension over 2.",
" Then we divide by determinant of second derivative point x alpha for quadratic approximation theory.",
" And then start with series starting from f of U x alpha plus you get certain series in form, power, series and U.",
" It will be value of this function at this point and then we get extra correction.",
" And this series has factorial growth.",
" Maybe this series I denote by, it's a series which has factorial growth but it's actually equal to certain number which I kind of denote by square root of determinant, yeah.",
" And this I denote by something like g alpha of U. Now it's actual function which has a symmetric expansion.",
" So we remove all irrelevant terms.",
" So, oops, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry.",
" We get just a bunch of functions g alpha of U, alpha of N, for one to number of critical points,",
" which have defined outside of some stock's race, when the direction, race.",
" And which have, but this function have the same asymptotic expansion which doesn't depend on direction.",
" Formal expansion is the same.",
" Stock's, stock's, formal expansion doesn't depend on the sector.",
" So we get just a bunch of formal power series which you can calculate on computer using only formal expansion at this point.",
" But you get actual functions as well.",
" Okay, you get actual function, yeah.",
" And this function satisfies kind of jump property, jump, if you go through some ray where argument ray, when it says it's argument of U,",
" is equal to argument of difference between two critical values, yeah.",
" And also, it's a self-prope. One minus self-prope, say.",
" When you get this array, then what we see, it's kind of standard picture.",
" What happens if you, on the one side of the ray, when you, on one side of the ray, and then we get rotation, we get",
" different homologic classes. And you see that one homologic class doesn't change, so one function stays analytic.",
" G alpha 2 is analytic. So jump, from the ray, g alpha 2 is 0.",
" And jump of g alpha 1 is a certain multiple, integer multiple of some integer, and alpha 1, alpha 2, multiplied by g alpha 1, alpha 2.",
" But because of this factor, we multiply by exponentially small term.",
" Take exponent s of minus s of x alpha 2 minus s of s alpha 1 divided by h bar, which is very, very small.",
" So it has no exponentially small. So it has trivial expansion.",
" Sorry?",
" Ah, yeah, sorry, yeah, because I kind of, it's notation I have in mind, this h bar and u, this was the same.",
" Maximum, what is the upper vector? Delta, it's jump. It kind of jump of, I have function defined on two sides on a ray.",
" It can see the difference.",
" Yeah, so it's equivalent, yeah, so it's kind of in completely elementary mathematical terms.",
" All this hot structure, besides this positivity process of polarizations, it's very elementary object.",
" The polarization itself, it's kind of tricky stuff. It's called TT star equations and we'll not talk about this thing at all.",
" Okay, yeah, so we got this completely clear picture in finite dimensions.",
" Now go to infinite dimensions.",
" Yeah, suppose I have certain remaining manifold, maybe two points of this remaining manifold.",
" And I assume that manifold can be complicitized to some complex manifold.",
" Maybe an algebraic manifold and metric will be algebraic tensor on this manifold.",
" Now, so get this big complex manifold.",
" Now, and m is, okay, as example, you can try to see like m is a sphere or some, some sequence could write explicitly formulas.",
" Sphere or ellipsoid or hyperbolic space, maybe flat space even, yeah.",
" Taurus are something, it's a very nice concrete formula.",
" Now this, then have infinite dimensional complex manifold.",
" X, which will be the space of path connecting this to points m0 and 1.",
" Maps phi from 0, 1 to mc, m4 0 is m0, m4 1 is m1.",
" It's infinite dimensional complex manifold, it's, it contains kind of half infinite dimensional things past sitting in real path, in real locals.",
" And this is the same boundary condition.",
" And now the Feynman integral, which you can see that the action functional will be one half of integral from 0 to 1 d phi, that's dT squared dT.",
" Yeah, so you get this functional integral and now when we integrate over Xr, expand of S of phi divided, let's say by u, but now maybe I denote it by Planck constant.",
" And defies, what expression means in path integral.",
" So it's analog of this situation.",
" We'll find a dimensional exponential integral.",
" And all this, so it should have some kind of critical points, former power series expansion, and then actual functions and all this geometry.",
" Let's me explain you kind of basic trick here.",
" So we integrate how to calculate this integral.",
" When h bar is equal to 1, so I have just, so you get this usual linear measure, it should be brown and motion on your manifold and you start from point m0 and point m1 and time 1.",
" And this should be like, it should be equal by value of heat kernel, exponent minus one half of Laplacian on X real and you use physics notations.",
" So consider heat kernel for time one between points zero and one m0, m1 and what to do for general h bar.",
" The idea is it's very simple.",
" So we see you multiply the thing divided by one of h bar.",
" Let's keep on half. So you get this, this thing, and you see that it's in time, this thing is homogeneous of degree minus one.",
" So one says that it's put it time bar is equal to ht.",
" So tau bar will belongs to interval zero h bar, we will identify 10 points and then it will be equal to just equal df over dt bar.",
" So you see that this integral is equal to the heat kernel for small time.",
" To h bar, yeah.",
" So you get this nice formula.",
" So it will be heat kernel for small time.",
" So the prediction is the following.",
" If consider heat kernel for small time and divide by this leading term, you get some asymptotic expansion, then it should be resurgence series.",
" This should be resurgence series and now, yeah, so it has some exponential small term.",
" So it should divide by exponent minus, I think one over h bar times some cyclic square of lengths distance between those points.",
" It should be leading growth of the portion.",
" So it should be kind of like series in h bar and this should be resurgence.",
" So this is actually completely open question for general like sinfinti remaining main fault we really don't know.",
" Resurgence and I think it's true only for some special like algebraic varieties so things close to them.",
" So let me show this example which I found extremely striking is this is example when consider this manifold will be hyperbolic plane.",
" Yeah, that's maybe the simplest example which could be because in this case you have just only one geodesic into point and for some classical formula for the heat kernel.",
" One can express that this m0 exponent minus Laplacian and you multiply by h bar is equal to the following thing.",
" So it's written constant.",
" It will be small s not capital S but it's related to the critical values of my function.",
" So the L is distance between my two points.",
" No negative real number.",
" So the sink is given by certain integral and what here goes on.",
" You can see the critical values of C on the space of compressive height pass.",
" And consider what are critical values. The critical values are the following. You get certain points on a parabola, integer points in the parabola, and zero points on parabola.",
" And you can see you get a bunch of lefty symbols.",
" And this is my integral of the lefty symbols.",
" And in fact if you look on this integral you will get certain finite dimensional.",
" And actually you say that you identify up to the simple factors in the front. You identify the infinite dimension integral with finite dimension integral but over remaining surface which is infinite genus remaining surface.",
" Remified this countable set of critical values.",
" You can see this function of small s, this square root of hypervolic cosine minus hypervolic cosine. It's something which is too valued.",
" On a sphere we have closed the jadez.",
" Yes, yes. And that is the sphere. On a sphere if you have two points you have not only one jadez but you go around, around, around.",
" And to length you add this length of the periodic jadez which is purely imaginary. You get some kind of length plus all these points have the following meaning.",
" You consider this length plus 2 pi i n where n is an integer.",
" One is real and the other one is just adding the energy in this sphere.",
" But of imaginary radius i.",
" So the critical value should be...",
" Yes, all these points is a set of all these points which I consider.",
" So you see you get kind of these integer points on a parabola.",
" Moreover, this example I think is already very interesting because from the answer you can see, you have a prediction how many...",
" You have prediction how this function jumps when you rotate zeta.",
" These are the integer numbers n alpha 1, alpha 2 for each two critical points.",
" And it's a very simple number to calculate for this interval.",
" Plus minus 1.",
" And the claim that should be coincided with something very interesting.",
" Because if you look what is alpha 1, alpha 2 in general, there is some kind of number of certain gradient lines from one critical point to another.",
" And gradient lines will be gradient lines in the space of paths.",
" So it means that you should solve certain paths in the space of paths.",
" It's a map from surface.",
" And it means that the gradient lines will be a number of certain surfaces satisfying certain kind of Kashi-Rieman equation in a complexifying space.",
" So it's kind of a very non-trivial prediction that from this answer we can see that everything fits together.",
" We get kind of convergent answer only if you know this number of paths from power series.",
" And this will be given by this picture.",
" Now, so that's the main example, non-trivial example, which I have to tell you.",
" About this heat kernel on hyperbolic space.",
" One can ask similar stuff.",
" What in small modification I can study the case of sphere, but for example, in this case it will be case of ellipsoid.",
" It's non-equal axis in R3.",
" It's ellipsoid.",
" Actually, of any dimension.",
" Why ellipsoids are nice?",
" For ellipsoids, this geodesic flow is integral.",
" So one can write lengths of geodesics to some set of functions, but also eigenvalues of Laplacian also kind of known.",
" It's because it belongs to family of commuting operators.",
" For example, one can do kind of really extreme case when ellipsoid became a flat, it will became like double of disk.",
" Imagine disk glued to itself along the boundary.",
" So geodesics will be this polygons labeled by pair of integers.",
" So it will be lengths of geodesics.",
" And calculate like close things.",
" It will be Q times 2 cosine 2 pi P of Q something like this.",
" And eigenvalues of Laplacian will be because decomposed by 0 of some basic functions.",
" So in this case, there will be certain great identities, certain infinite sum, personality combination, along these zeroes of basic functions.",
" It will be interesting to calculate all data explicitly.",
" In this case.",
" So here what was the trick?",
" This action for this free particle was homogeneous in time, degree minus 1.",
" Because of df over dt squared times dt to the homogeneous of degree minus 1.",
" And then we can make this calculation.",
" One can do make kind of similar exercise.",
" It's related to very old work by Andrea Warrows.",
" So consider a curator.",
" In other example, consider such instead of Laplacian, consider secretary plus potential.",
" And the whole story is the main thing is should be also homogeneous function.",
" Like one can generate many variables.",
" I just thought this one variable.",
" So you have this homogeneous function.",
" And when we calculate trace of exponent minus lambda h bar, how to calculate it?",
" Again, by Feynman-Catz formula, it's will be integral of the space of pass.",
" Is periodic boundary condition to R1, this coordinate x.",
" I have a separator and I multiply by exponent minus action.",
" You denote by s lambda of phi, d phi.",
" S lambda of phi is just integral 0 to 1 and half dt squared.",
" dT.",
" It's a discrete spectrum.",
" It's a discrete spectrum because the spectrum is discrete because its potential goes to plus infinity.",
" It has a val.",
" It's not the integral from 0 to lambda in s lambda.",
" Sorry, you're right.",
" The lambda.",
" And now I try to rewrite the integral from 0 to 1.",
" I want to rescale time and rescale everything.",
" Time and phi.",
" To make it integral from 0 to 1.",
" Namely, I take now, tau lambda is lambda 1 minus t.",
" And then when rate phi lambda is equal to.",
" If you make it rescaling, then s lambda will be integral of 0 to 1.",
" I'm going to go to the variables.",
" I multiply by lambda to certain power, which is...",
" You get just a homogeneity game.",
" Nothing tricky here.",
" And then the conclusion will be the following.",
" Then if you take consider trace function, whatever zeta goes to,",
" trace exponent minus zeta h to power n over n plus 1 should admit an endless analytic continuation.",
" That's what's under the word predicted.",
" But it's not on the level of pass integral.",
" It's this simple homogeneity game with pass integrals.",
" So there are two basic examples when it's very, very concrete.",
" So it was a case of free particle and also this homogenous potential.",
" There is still another example.",
" Suppose we get... use the same name, but now...",
" One can write another pass integral very badly defined.",
" Suppose it has a complex manifold, like a tangent model,",
" or more generally, holomorphic simpleactic manifold,",
" which contains two complex Lagrangian sub-manifolds in 0 and 1.",
" And what I want to write, I want to integrate...",
" The space xc will be no real space at all here.",
" So my infinite dimensional complex manifold will be space of pass.",
" So that f of 0 belongs to L0, f of 1 belongs to L1,",
" and it's my two tangent bundle.",
" So in the action I choose...",
" I have the infinite dimensional space.",
" The action function, which I consider here,",
" is defined only up to a constant and only locally.",
" So I have to write what is the differential of these things.",
" It will be a homomorphic one form,",
" which will be integral of two forms of my pass.",
" When I have one parameter of family of pass, I get surface,",
" and to integrate it, I get... we'll define it.",
" So roughly, in mechanics, you write something like this things plus boundary terms.",
" It's called first-order formalism.",
" And plus boundary terms.",
" Yeah, in principle, one can include this random work.",
" I think certain terms, like you add certain functions,",
" it depends on three parameters.",
" So it will be a function on cotangent bundle m times some time variable to c,",
" and it's function h.",
" You can add this such term, and if the thing is quadratic in p,",
" this will be the equivalent to pass integral one,",
" can integrate over p variable, and you get exactly random work.",
" But now I ignore these things completely.",
" So it seems it's completely geometric.",
" I have this integral of one form.",
" So the question, what is it, and what we'll have here?",
" Yeah, in general, it's pretty unclear.",
" How to interpret it?",
" How to interpret it, what is the integral, yeah, it's...",
" And what is the property of what we should expect from this integral?",
" But at least it looks that for certain kind of class of example,",
" this could be the following.",
" L0, we'll get some L0, city can cotangent bundle,",
" here draw fibers of my cotangent bundle,",
" and it will be like this, this is L0,",
" and L1 will be cotangent far by its certain point.",
" Then we get finitely many intersection points,",
" and kind of the guess is if L0 kind of corresponds like spectral curve,",
" again, it's long story how to identify parameters to algebraic bundle with a connection.",
" Then this asymptotic series, which you should get here,",
" should be like WKB series for formal solutions of the models.",
" You write L0, it's graph of differential,",
" graph of D, maybe called F0, some multivalent function,",
" and then it will be...",
" you write a solution,",
" you remove this main term to get a asymptotic series in each bar.",
" So that's something which with Yan we can...",
" part of general project we have with Yan on wall crossing,",
" and what is going on, here's some kind of really interesting effect here,",
" right to the following story.",
" On the space of paths, we don't have really one valid function,",
" we get functions defined up to constant, we have closed one form,",
" and that means the following, we can...",
" in the whole integral, we can go to universal cover,",
" and then we go down, we can twist this arbitrary rank one local system on space of paths.",
" So we get certain torus,",
" and C star two kind of...",
" by which you can twist your integral.",
" Yeah, for example, if the substation can be in finite dimension of the story,",
" you can twist your... a real connection by rank one local system,",
" consider again commode of pair and so on,",
" so you get things depending on a point on a torus.",
" And what happens in infinite dimension?",
" There are certain directions of Planck constant,",
" for which you change parameterization of space,",
" you kind of apply nonlinear automorphism of the torus.",
" So you get things which are kind of very close to kind of a Calvaronian picture,",
" you have some nonlinear changes along the rays.",
" It's kind of new infinite dimensional effect.",
" There are kind of new walls, new rays.",
" So we're going to...",
" you can apply analytic defomorphism of torus,",
" some domain of torus depending on small parameter.",
" So you get more involved picture with some kind of nonlinear changes as well.",
" Before we had just vector bundle with basis and transformational grace,",
" but now you have vector bundle on torus and parameterization...",
" vector bundle of rings, which is sort of...",
" Yes, yes.",
" But eventually it should give again the same resurgent properties",
" of the whole story.",
" So I didn't had a time...",
" That's essentially all one dimensional examples.",
" And in principle, what was completely untouched,",
" one can try to make, I guess,",
" to imitate this, at least the question for two dimensional series,",
" like the Minovitan or three dimensional with Sharon Simons.",
" So again one get actual values of integrals from physics",
" and then the same picture predicts your resurgence structure.",
" Thank you.",
" A question, Lesha,",
" so you consider this free particle on hyperbolic space,",
" you can think of it on circles, here or...",
" Any varieties here?",
" So for the general case, the general group,",
" there is a formula called deus thermo-techmann,",
" which essentially we write this as a sum over geodesics on this space,",
" but as far as I remember...",
" No, no, this is certain...",
" No, there was a sudden sub-deus thermo-techmann for any remaining manifold.",
" If you consider trace of exponent...",
" If you consider some trace of exponent minus E t,",
" that's a square root of Laplacian,",
" it has singularities on a major axis equal to lengths of geodesics, yeah.",
" So, for example, if I just found the particle on a circle,",
" again I can write a sum over geodesics,",
" there are no fluctuations around them.",
" Yes, yes, you got the exact formula, yeah.",
" It's exact formula.",
" You got C to function, yeah, I think.",
" So there is no asymptotic expansion.",
" Yes, it's trivial, in this case it's trivial, yeah.",
" And in these general cases where this deus thermo-techmann applies,",
" it's also the same structure, right?",
" No, but the conjecture is for more general remaining manifold with algebraic metric,",
" then we get very complicated expansions,",
" if it's not... if it's not homogeneous, yeah.",
" Can you describe the whole structure of infinite rank",
" in terms of this function functional, related to homology?",
" Yeah, no, there's kind of...",
" one can write this convulsion of perivot, what is it?",
" But you see this number of...",
" this gradient lines integer numbers in alpha 1 or 2,",
" gives you the example of the day, kind of step-by-step construction of this infinite...",
" should be space generated by all geodesics, yeah.",
" I think it should be pure in this case, yeah.",
" More questions?",
" Yeah, I would like to... I didn't understand everything obviously,",
" but how far are we, or you, from effective computation on the finite path integral",
" for say a non-homogeneous problem?",
" Yeah, for general potential... I think it's... for general potential, yeah.",
" In principle, it looks that if it's... if it's not homogeneous,",
" this gives you kind of few steps procedure,",
" which is completely mechanical, one can calculate critical points in complex domain,",
" then one should count how many gradient lines,",
" it's a number of solutions of certain... like,",
" pseudo-holographic disks somewhere,",
" or some integer numbers which one can calculate,",
" and then you get form power series which you do at each point,",
" and then after that it should produce the actual numbers.",
" Can you replace it by so many numbers?",
" Yeah, because it should... yeah, the story is the following.",
" This integers and alpha... and those jump formals for J,",
" which depends only on critical values and integer numbers.",
" So it gives you a way to glue certain holomorphic vector bundle,",
" sterilize the infinity structure at zero,",
" and then there's form power series after you solve the problem.",
" It will be convergence series, yeah.",
" Yeah, yes, yes, yes, it's completely general procedure.",
" From this perspective it will be...",
" It's effective, yeah, it will get to actual number, yeah.",
" It will get it, convergent.",
" Thank you.",
" Is it clear that if you write for... if you write the formal WKB solution,",
" such as in the classical... or is the same as you get a finite integral,",
" a diagonal exception.",
" So is it clear or...",
" No, no, no, no, no, it's not clear.",
" Okay, comment on your question.",
" So from the final integral point of view, that's very difficult,",
" but if you do Bender-Wohl type analysis, you can actually computerize...",
" Yeah, you can... yeah, because you substitute the things to your expansion",
" and you get to...",
" It's pretty computational things here.",
" It's a computer quality of...",
" I think even the determinational part is not completely clear.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah, but there are many things here.",
" For example, here, the dimension, yeah,",
" it will zeta function regularization then, sir.",
" This will be zeta prime of zero, yeah, yeah, so it's...",
" In field theory, all terms make sense here.",
" No question.",
" Thank you."
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10.5446/45489 (DOI) | Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) implementation and support in OpenBSD | https://av.tib.eu/media/45489 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de4454ea11b4493d5bc4917584dc930abe10d0842caaeaf5c9f5bad9378fecb858/Bidirectional_Forwarding_Detection_BFD_implementat_nLq6T8zUryo.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2016 | Hessler, Peter | null | Biidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) is a protocol that allows detecting faults in links or routes. This is similar to GRE keep-alives, but is actually supported on real routers. Contrary to traditional link-state detection, BFD works on the next-hop IP address; so one can detect failures of some peers that do not affect the link state. Internet links fail. This is a truism as old as Internet links. When a link fails, traffic gets dropped until the failure is detected and traffic can be re-routed. Detection of failures can be quite tricky however, since they are not always directly visible. Most systems use link state or a form of keep-alives for detection of failures. Link state detection does not help when there are active devices between a router and the other system, such as a switch or long distance links which use MPLS. The in-protocol BGP timers can also be quite long (a common default is 90 seconds) which is a lot of traffic when one are sending 10Gbps or even faster rates. BFD is a new protocol that exists outside of existing routing protocols, but can communicate the status to all protocols. This allows for a single keep-alive to detect the health of a single link, without having to depend on a keep-alive in each and every protocol being used. As this is part of the "parent" interface, this does not introduce another layer in the network configuration. And since the link-state is only per next-hop IP, one can mix and match BFD and non-BFD neighbours on the same interface. This is extremely useful for routers connected to an Internet Exchange Point, which can have hundreds of peers spread over 10 or more physical locations. A clever description of this is described in a draft RFC, which introduces automagic configuration of BFD between parties allowing for stronger resilience when there are many potential neighbouring networks without the overhead of manual configuration. I will be discussing of the implementation of the BFD protocol for OpenBSD, problems discovered in both the protocol and network stack, use cases and production experience. | My name is Peter Hussler. I'm working on implementing the bidirectional forwarding detection protocol for OpenVSD. I apologize for my voice. I have a bit of a head cold that I've been working on. So to tell you about BFD, we have to tell you about the life before BFD and what problem is it trying to solve. BFD is a protocol that is designed for big iron routers for connecting one router to another and making sure that there is a full data path between the two. Traditionally what you do is you have a single ethernet cable that you plug in to each router and they're right next to each other. So you just can depend on the link state of the connection. In a fiber connection, you see the light from both sides or in a copper ethernet, you see the electrical connectivity. And this is pretty common. But you cannot always depend on this. Maybe there will be a failure in the connection that keeps the link up, but the machine is actually down. Or there may be active devices in the path between you and your neighbor. A common case would be like if you're at an internet exchange and you're connected to the switch at the IXP and then your neighbor that you want to talk to is connected to either the same switch or even a different switch at that IXP. Or you have a long reach dark fiber cable between you and them and there are active paths in the middle that will always show you link state. Yeah? Good. The echo is pretty rough. That means you're coming to my recording. Yeah, but my record is in the back. Oh, sorry. All right. Okay. So what is BFD? It's a collection of RFCs. There's two that are mandatory to implement. The first one simply defines bi-directional forwarding detection. And what it does is it does a health check on the actual forwarding plane of the two devices. For those of you who've been doing a lot of networks and have been using tunneling, it works similar to GRE Keepalives and where it just sends a hello packet every so often and then it receives the response of, yes, I got you. It is protocol independent so it can work on anything. In the wild, I've seen it most commonly used in association with BGP. An interesting thing about the original BFD RFC is that it doesn't tell you what the packet is in. It is just a set of data that you continue. And so the RFC that directly follows it talks about actually implementing it inside of an IP packet. In that case, it's just a simple UDP packet with a well-known port and it just passes it back and forth that way. The reason why they split it up like that is so you can embed the BFD actual features into any sort of packet you want. It can either be something in OSPF or it can be in IP for just standard usage. It can be in Sonet if you want. It can be pretty much anywhere. So why do you care? In the BGP, when you're checking the health of your neighbor, the timers are really commonly around 90 seconds to detect failure if your neighbor is no longer available. That can turn into a huge amount of data when you're at high data rates. How much is that at 10 gigabits or even at 100 gigabits? This can be just massive, massive problems for you. And one problem is that in BGP, the fastest you can do is three seconds because the lowest you can do is one second and you have to lose three packets in order for it to detect the other side is down. And as a side note, the vast majority of the big iron hardware that has 100 gigabit connectors can't do BGP packets every second or cannot do BGP hello packets every second because they're standard CPUs have less computing power than this cup of tea. So as I said, this is very commonly found on big iron routers like Cisco, your high end Juniper, et cetera. The specs talk about microseconds and that's not milliseconds, the one that you're used to normally. It's the u or the mu or whatever, the Greek s not the MS. Yes. Because of how OpenBSD is architected in the background, as an implementation detail, we are extremely unlikely to support anything faster than every 50 milliseconds. And even that is very aggressive. Many for our use cases, that's not a big worry. So there are two modes in BFT. The first one is called asynchronous or active and it's just your standard keep alive. You send the hello, it sends back, I received it. And you just keep sending that back and forth. It behaves just like any other keep alive protocol you've ever heard of. The other one is on demand mode and it is implementation defined, but what most implementations are doing is they're actually monitoring the actual packet counters on that interface. And when it's, and so as long as it's receiving packets from its neighbor, then it just keeps resetting the timer. If it hasn't received the packet from the neighbor, then it manually sends out the hello packet, which when you are running at extremely high data rates or if you have a huge amount of neighbors configured on your system, this can be very beneficial because it lowers the amount of traffic that you have to actually generate and send out. There's an interesting and incredibly stupid part to the spec. This is a direct quotation from the IPv4 and specifically within the UDP part. It mandates which ephemeral port range the sending port must be. And it is not the standard ephemeral port range. This is the high upper ephemeral port range, which is a side note I discovered was defined because of FTP and ports in this range for FTP should not be firewalled. Thank you 1985 or whenever that was. It recommends that the source port is globally unique for all of the BFDPers and that you can reuse it, but you should minimize your reuse. But none of that matters because you must use the mechanisms actually built into VFD to identify which session is which. So we defined all these crazy rules and unfortunately you have to follow them because these are musts in the spec, but they ultimately just don't matter. I discovered that this actually matters because if you don't set your port in that range, you cannot bring up against a juniper. It's a must, okay. All right, I guess. Another delightful part of the spec is there is an optional encryption portion where you can ensure that the packet you're sending your neighbor is the same as the packet they actually receive. And so they have two modes for most of them. Key for the SHA1 authentication is keyed SHA1 and meticulous keyed SHA1. And in this, the authentication header includes the type, the length, the sequence number and the key itself, and then there's some magic done on the packet to encrypt it or to hash it. For meticulous keyed, the sequence number must be incremented for every packet, which means for non-meticulous, it's optional. So even though the entire point of this is to avoid replay attacks, it's kind of an optional thing, whether you are avoiding a replay attack or not. As a implementation detail, we will always increment the sequence number even if you're in the non-meticulous mode because that is legal. You're allowed to increase it any time you want to. And just for receiving the packets, we'll just have to have, if it's non-meticulous, then it's allowed to equal the last one. Interestingly, both of the RFCs are full of these sort of very interesting requirements. It seems like I get the real feeling it was hardware engineers who worked on these specs and not necessarily network engineers. The large parts of it were if you read it, you get the feeling it was really easy to implement this into an ASIC, but doesn't actually matter on the wire. It doesn't match what a software engineer would, or like a software-based network engineer would expect. Currently, I've implemented all the musts of the 5880 and 5881, which is the base BFD implementation and the single hop IPv4 and IPv6. I can do a turn up against the Juniper device, and I can do all the regular health checks with that. When I pull a link, I see it fail correctly within the appropriate amount of time. I can do, it's all the basic configuration options are there. A few bits are hard-coded just because I haven't felt like actually dealing with that yet. Some basic logging, quite a bit of this will need to be removed because it's still printfdebugging, printfdevelopment style. I am using route messages to indicate certain state changes within BFD, which I'll go into a bit later. Nicely, because of the mechanisms I'm using, even though this is entirely within the kernel, you can use pf to block or otherwise manipulate the packets. They show up as regular packets. They enter all the regular interfaces, and I'm not bypassing the stack to either send or receive, which definitely simplifies my life a lot and keeps it to a generic solution for making that fast as opposed to, oh, God, I have to process every single packet received on the interface. My development for this was a lot of exploration that needed to happen to fully understand all the details of this. This is one of the first time I've implemented a network protocol actually in the kernel. There was a lot of just poking at exploration. One of the original designs from us was to do interface to interface for your standard link between two routers. Because we have a number of pieces that support interface link manipulation, then it seemed like that would be a very good place to start to at least get it up, get it running, and to get that working. Unfortunately, as I was implementing it, I discovered that manipulating the interface state was at the exact same place as interacting with the actual route state itself. Since one of my end goals was to get this to have on an IX, where I can connect to multiple peers at the same time, I decided to just skip working on the interfaces itself and move it all into the routing subsystem. Because of that, I've ended up migrating it to the routing subsystem. This is definitely a much better location for it because it's almost exclusively to do with the next top IP address, with your neighbor IP address, that you want to send all of your routes across. You want to send all of your routes to that address. In the OpenVC kernel, when we notice that the next top neighbor IP address is no longer accessible for whatever reason, then we have all these built-in mechanisms that will mark it down. It'll say this is an invalid next hop, and then either the built-in kernel routing table will just fail over to whatever has an overlapping route, or it'll signal to a routing daemon, such as BGPD, and then BGP will then make its, will recalculate all of the routes because its next top is no longer valid, and it'll be able to redistribute the routes as appropriate. So as I mentioned that the interface link state was as equally as difficult to work as the route next top link state. I tried working with that, but this is hard-coded in quite a few places, so I decided just to punt on this problem, and I'll come back to it at a later point in time. What I did do was I was able to, I created two new route flags that I'll be using to signal the BFD state. For now, because it kind of matches, and I have both upper and lower case available, I decided to use F as my BFD state, capital F is when it's up, lower case F when it's down, and I also have some special route messages that allow me to tell that I can announce that the specific details of that BFD state, so that way an application that cares, such as BGPD, can then monitor that and then not have to decipher all of the route flag messages itself. You can listen only for those messages globally as opposed to listening for just a subset of nets. I've run into some very interesting problems. I had an interesting problem originally where I was leaking an M buff for every packet I received, which created a really interesting thing as at almost exactly 90 minutes after I brought up the session, we would panic because we'd ran out of memory. It was just strange that it was almost exactly like two of the second 90 minutes after I brought up the session. After using your standard free functions, I was able to work around that. Now it's a very interesting thing where somewhere deep in SO receive, I receive a panic after about eight hours or so, I haven't touched SO receive at all. This will require some very interesting debugging to figure out what is going on there. My guess is I'm stopping in memory somewhere. It's relatively easy to do, but since it's nothing that I've touched, I'm confused. It's always in SO receive somewhere deep inside it. I reconfigure BFD either because I'm typing too fast in my search, in my shell, and I enter before I actually read what I'm command I'm setting, or if I just rerun it for whatever reason, it gets into a weird half-configured, half-unconfigured mode that needs to be fixed. That's just a lot of looking at the details of how I'm spinning up and actually connecting BFD to the system. Since all of that will have to be completely rewritten when I migrate fully to the route side, I'm not really super worried about that. Okay, so the question is, what do I mean by manipulating or going to the route side? So right now, I'm configuring everything with ifconfig, and it is a pointer that hangs off of the ifp pointer structure. Yeah, I can see some grimaces. As I said before, this is completely the wrong place. What my plan is is to have this be attributes on the next hop, and then the actual user interface side will be within the, you'll configure it through route. Okay, yeah, so it will be attached to a route, because we'll have to have a route to whatever sort of thing that we're monitoring. Okay, can I. that we need that word, we got the valid, but the correct one is the other word is the other one, the main valid, but that's actually what we need to serve on the dot. Correct. That is something that will need to be worked on. And right now in the implementation that's completely ignored for now. But when it's actually moved into the root subsystem properly is that knowledge will need to be maintained. And then we'll need to do, we'll need to have some, probably have some hooks for when we learn identical routes and have not necessarily empath knowledge because empath is primarily for the, where the priority is the same. Because in OpenBSD the way we implement that is if you learn through BGP you get one priority. In terms of OSPF you get a different priority. If it's statically configured it's at a yet third different priority and the lowest number priority would win. And so yeah we would need to look at that and make sure that, make sure that we handle that case correctly. Possibly, possibly. This is something that will. Yeah, those are details that we'll have to pay attention to definitely. Right, so that's what I'll be doing with the route message. Yeah. Right, precisely that's, that is the situation that I'm in now. Is that with the monitoring is because as I said I'm punting on that issue. I have the route message and then anyone who will have knowledge of BFD unfortunately will have to make small modifications to the daemons that care about this to understand it more. We can also take a look at maybe integrating the BFD up down flag state as well. But yeah this is like we'll definitely have some special knowledge for those protocols but then the question is do we care about the static route. So if you, if you manually configure and you're not using a routing daemon what happens in that situation like it and or like if it's plugged in directly on the same subnet. Right. But if that link is down so if you unplug the cable we see that and then we fail over the normal route elections in the kernel side. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. and I have a simple minimal, all I need is the BFD damage. I don't need any other stuff. I'm just going to stop here. Yeah, so this is how I'm doing it in some of my testing with, against our Juniper, is exactly that. That only refers to routes that have a next top of my BFD destination, my BFD peer. I'm also thinking about manipulating it so the BFD peer itself is offline. And that one, I agree, maybe we would be the only ones doing that. I want to look and investigate that a lot more before we would go into that sort of situation. Because if no one else is doing it, maybe it's not worth it. Okay, yeah, so what we do in OpenBSD is that we have the different priorities. If we mark it as not up, remove the up flag, the routes stay, but then they're no longer valid. And so we just remove it that way. Yeah, so that way when the peer goes back up, they're then available. And you can keep using them. I have state D solve the problem when I want to design this on my own. It doesn't necessarily solve it when I want to connect to other big iron implementations. Because trying to get someone to run a state D on like say their Cisco or their Juniper is not going to work out so well. Yeah, and then also BFD is designed for the ultra ultra high performance. As I mentioned, it's in milliseconds. And the other one is if loss of view, if loss of view would be a PGP session, the signal to PGP, PGP does its thing. They go, oh, my peer is down. It's starting to establish a mutation. It's still not, no, better to track all the routes. But the FD does the same thing. There's no data for static routes. Right. I have state D and build back all the way. In limited ways. The relady also has a not so well known node. Yeah. Yeah, it can monitor routes. It can check relady and monitor 45 model. Right. Yeah. That's a different thing than BFD. I think that BFD, as you said, can do it against the system. Exactly. Exactly. This is something that you don't necessarily need to, the configuration is much simpler, because you just say IP and go. I was just going to point out that the principle we survive, BFD is a device we're testing. And it's testing something else. Right. Yeah. Yeah. It's telling the other parts of the local system if something is accessible or non-accessible. The BFD code is a principle that is forever available to the people. Now you've got to put the same stuff. Right. Yeah. It's going to teach people. I've noticed. No, but this isn't finished yet. There are a lot of details to be aware of. Yeah. About 50% of the code I've written so far needs to be thrown away. It needs to be thrown away very, very quickly. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. The code is rather horrific right now. There are some interesting naming schemes that I'm using, which are basically I'm copying the RFC so I don't need to translate from RFC to my code and understand which is happening. Yeah. It's colorful. Colorful is a good word. At least there are no intentional spellings in it like the HTML protocol or HTML spec. And it's classified as a fairly wide-ranging system in general. So why does it need to be done in general? For two primary reasons. One, the performance requirements. In Useland, it'll get dropped at high load. And then secondly, I'm actually manipulating the actual route, the status of the route flags. And you can't really do that cleanly with the outside of the kernel. Yeah. And so the other thing is that this only supports one period of time. I have most of the framework to handle multiple peers, but I just haven't finished that yet. And once I realize it was the wrong place, I will migrate it somewhere nice, get that all working, and then start working on the multiple peers and multiple configurations because that will completely, completely change. So just to give you a little bit of the simple setup, this is kind of a cleaned up version of it's config output. You see here you have two BFD lines. It tells me the source, which is my IP, destination, which is my neighbor. I'm in the active mode, also known as asynchronous, but that's a stupid name. And we're doing it basically at one second for both the transmit and the receive. And the multiplier is three. The multiplier is an interesting bit where when the session goes down, you have to be up for the multiplier times the transmit, time frame. And then if you keep flapping, the multiplier increases it and how often before it goes back up again. So if you go up for three seconds and then you go down again, you have to be up for nine seconds before it marks it up, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. I was going to say, well, there are limits within it of how many times to multiply. I think it's just you can only do it, you only multiply by itself a total number of times. No, no, no, no, no. We've seen this before. Oh yeah, yeah, definitely, definitely. So that's just a very simple, this is completely wrong, completely wrong place, as I said. It doesn't belong in a config. But I'll show you what I have. Oh, nice, it just barely fits. So this is the routing table that I have. And you can see here the capital F means that I have brought it up against my neighbor. That is Juniper MX80 in our test lab. And then this is also the Juniper side that shows the configuration. You can see it's been up for almost an hour and a half. It shows a variety of information. Our, so you set in the BFT packet, you set a discriminator, which is your unique session ID. Juniper, like the vast majority of people, just do i++ for every time they're configured. We do arc for random. So that way we try to make it nonpredictable. And the Juniper thankfully understands it and doesn't fight too much about that. Future plans, fix the bugs, fix all the bugs, of course. Yeah, as I said, we need to migrate from the interface subsystem to over to routing. And as part of our discussion earlier, is that it's a much, much better place to put it because we're actively care about routes and not necessarily which interface it's on. That being said, if it does change interfaces, then you mark it down and you redo everything. It's appropriate. The user interface user experience is right now really bad. That clearly needs to become better. Thankfully, I think I have enough information to be able to explain what all the issues would be at an upcoming hackathon so we can have a nice catfight and argue about that. Definitely need to support multiple peers over the same interface. Right now it's limited to one source and destination on one interface. We can do multiple interfaces, but that only solves a small amount of the problem. We need to add support for the encryption, which is that meticulous and non-meticulous features. Right now they've only specified Simple, which is just a pre-shared key that you just splat in. They also have an MD5, which I believe was a historical implementation. And then they support SHA-1. I have not looked very hard, but I didn't see any other encryption methods. Unfortunately, right now SHA-1 is a must support. So we still have to deal with that algorithm, even though it's not the best. And as I said, we do want to work, or rather I want to work on the actual manipulation of the up-down states in the routing table. Whether or not we do that is both a decision that we should make and possibly a technical limitation that we would run into. We do want to work on adding this knowledge into the various routing daemons so they can make their own intelligent decisions on the content and get them working so they can do their own route decisions based on the BFD state. Possibly integrates into SwitchD, VXLands. That way those layers understand more about the actual connectivity to the various endpoints that they're trying to talk to. And that way we can signal this in a way where it brings the, so we would know when one of them is up or down. There's also a multi-hop feature available in BFD. And that allows for very interesting things where you can say, I want to monitor this IP. Then I have three possible routes to it. And you actually health monitor each of the three different routes. Because it's standard routing, you can only make decisions based on the first next hop. If they all converge after that and go through the same path, you can't really do much about that. Or like, Bell Canada here in Ontario, where you're going to be here, just off your next stop. Yeah, that would definitely be very, very handy to have. Is, yeah, the comment was, one of the local providers, Bell Canada? Yeah. Bell Canada, your BGP session is a multi-hop session. Canada's not that third world, but it's damn near. Yeah, telecom wise, telecom wise, of course. It's bad. Why? Well, yourshall φo funnily changed lap sinceApplausePK And now, because I represent our graduates, we're gonnappe pops up at 0 white, but with a global dummy. You get one access to a section, where we can actually boot all of the time we have left. Here, have a switch. That's frightening. Yeah, thankfully in Frankfurt we have no such issues. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, you can, you can do it. And so, well, when you, when you configure it, you say what the minimum and the maximum values are. And so there is a negotiation of the timers. Yes, they do heading. Yeah. Right there. It tests quite a bit of the forwarding path but not 100% of it, which is unfortunate because that was, that was the design behind it. And I think it's, on the bright side it does detect when the actual remote site is up. So if your remote site has crashed, then, you know, thankfully it goes down at that point. But there are, there are some limitations about how, about where exactly is processed. And yeah, as I said, like, okay, this cup is too empty and like it still has more computing power than most of the routing CPUs and those devices. Yeah. I glanced at the RFC and said, oh, different RFC. I'm putting you aside for now. Yeah, it's, yeah, doing it over, over, yeah, aggregated links. Trunk, legs, whatever. Essentially you need to monitor each member. And I'm not sure if I think in that case then it is encapsulated inside special Ethernet frames and not necessarily within UDP itself. So that's one of the reasons why they've extracted it out and made them different RFCs. That is definitely something we'll have to look at. And, but I have, I have designed the code in a way where the actual BFD processing monitoring, it basically, it takes, it takes the configuration or it takes the, what should I be encapsulated in as, as an external thing. So it just, it still works independently and just uses whatever method that you gave it to do. Yeah. Ooh, fun times. Fun times. If you, if it's easy to do it hardware, it should be hard to do in software. Yep. Yep. So thankfully that's right at the end. Are there any more questions? Why wouldn't you aggregate the technology running it over lag? You want to know that when it's down to the greatest extent. I think don't have to be any of you, why is that? It is, you know, really, if there's virtually no value add to it. Well, the value add there is that you can tell that if you're, if you're aggregating like 10, 10 gig links and you go from, from 100 gigs total to 90 gigs total, you want to know that. And you want to be able to make decisions based on that. And you have a kitchen sink, so you want to solve everything with the kitchen sink. And like, like, like, like, lack P binds them together, but isn't necessarily, it doesn't give be, be GP this information. It doesn't tell you when it's degraded, so to speak. I'm not sure of a one member popping out really is still in scope for this. I get a burden. Yeah. It's, it's, it's, that's completely out of scope for now. Yeah, definitely. I have. Where. You can tell because you get no traffic. Yeah. So you're putting your traffic for way, way, way. And you're being. You're back. Right. Yeah. There are certainly interesting. Yeah. Well, not in the, in this. I have a useful underlying thing there. Technology wise. Well, I would argue that. Yes, welcome to the internet. Yeah. Right. Well, part of the, part of the concern there is that how does the, how does lack P do the hashing and are you getting lucky and then just going over just the one link that's working, but you're still losing the other end links. Right. So thankfully it's not listed as a must within RFC 5880. So maybe we'll support it. Maybe we won't. Question in the back. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And since it has knowledge of the, since the other side has to actually respond back over the same link. Yeah. Right. Right. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And either that or you may have interesting results over trunk. Yeah. Other questions. All right. Thank you. | {
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"text": [
" My name is Peter Hussler.",
" I'm working on implementing the bidirectional forwarding detection protocol for OpenVSD.",
" I apologize for my voice.",
" I have a bit of a head cold that I've been working on.",
" So to tell you about BFD, we have to tell you about the life before BFD and what problem",
" is it trying to solve.",
" BFD is a protocol that is designed for big iron routers for connecting one router to",
" another and making sure that there is a full data path between the two.",
" Traditionally what you do is you have a single ethernet cable that you plug in to each router",
" and they're right next to each other.",
" So you just can depend on the link state of the connection.",
" In a fiber connection, you see the light from both sides or in a copper ethernet, you see",
" the electrical connectivity.",
" And this is pretty common.",
" But you cannot always depend on this.",
" Maybe there will be a failure in the connection that keeps the link up, but the machine is",
" actually down.",
" Or there may be active devices in the path between you and your neighbor.",
" A common case would be like if you're at an internet exchange and you're connected to",
" the switch at the IXP and then your neighbor that you want to talk to is connected to either",
" the same switch or even a different switch at that IXP.",
" Or you have a long reach dark fiber cable between you and them and there are active",
" paths in the middle that will always show you link state.",
" Yeah?",
" Good.",
" The echo is pretty rough.",
" That means you're coming to my recording.",
" Yeah, but my record is in the back.",
" Oh, sorry.",
" All right.",
" Okay.",
" So what is BFD?",
" It's a collection of RFCs.",
" There's two that are mandatory to implement.",
" The first one simply defines bi-directional forwarding detection.",
" And what it does is it does a health check on the actual forwarding plane of the two",
" devices.",
" For those of you who've been doing a lot of networks and have been using tunneling,",
" it works similar to GRE Keepalives and where it just sends a hello packet every so often",
" and then it receives the response of, yes, I got you.",
" It is protocol independent so it can work on anything.",
" In the wild, I've seen it most commonly used in association with BGP.",
" An interesting thing about the original BFD RFC is that it doesn't tell you what the",
" packet is in.",
" It is just a set of data that you continue.",
" And so the RFC that directly follows it talks about actually implementing it inside of an",
" IP packet.",
" In that case, it's just a simple UDP packet with a well-known port and it just passes",
" it back and forth that way.",
" The reason why they split it up like that is so you can embed the BFD actual features",
" into any sort of packet you want.",
" It can either be something in OSPF or it can be in IP for just standard usage.",
" It can be in Sonet if you want.",
" It can be pretty much anywhere.",
" So why do you care?",
" In the BGP, when you're checking the health of your neighbor, the timers are really commonly",
" around 90 seconds to detect failure if your neighbor is no longer available.",
" That can turn into a huge amount of data when you're at high data rates.",
" How much is that at 10 gigabits or even at 100 gigabits?",
" This can be just massive, massive problems for you.",
" And one problem is that in BGP, the fastest you can do is three seconds because the lowest",
" you can do is one second and you have to lose three packets in order for it to detect the",
" other side is down.",
" And as a side note, the vast majority of the big iron hardware that has 100 gigabit connectors",
" can't do BGP packets every second or cannot do BGP hello packets every second because",
" they're standard CPUs have less computing power than this cup of tea.",
" So as I said, this is very commonly found on big iron routers like Cisco, your high",
" end Juniper, et cetera.",
" The specs talk about microseconds and that's not milliseconds, the one that you're used",
" to normally.",
" It's the u or the mu or whatever, the Greek s not the MS.",
" Yes.",
" Because of how OpenBSD is architected in the background, as an implementation detail, we",
" are extremely unlikely to support anything faster than every 50 milliseconds.",
" And even that is very aggressive.",
" Many for our use cases, that's not a big worry.",
" So there are two modes in BFT.",
" The first one is called asynchronous or active and it's just your standard keep alive.",
" You send the hello, it sends back, I received it.",
" And you just keep sending that back and forth.",
" It behaves just like any other keep alive protocol you've ever heard of.",
" The other one is on demand mode and it is implementation defined, but what most implementations",
" are doing is they're actually monitoring the actual packet counters on that interface.",
" And when it's, and so as long as it's receiving packets from its neighbor, then it just keeps",
" resetting the timer.",
" If it hasn't received the packet from the neighbor, then it manually sends out the hello",
" packet, which when you are running at extremely high data rates or if you have a huge amount",
" of neighbors configured on your system, this can be very beneficial because it lowers the",
" amount of traffic that you have to actually generate and send out.",
" There's an interesting and incredibly stupid part to the spec.",
" This is a direct quotation from the IPv4 and specifically within the UDP part.",
" It mandates which ephemeral port range the sending port must be.",
" And it is not the standard ephemeral port range.",
" This is the high upper ephemeral port range, which is a side note I discovered was defined",
" because of FTP and ports in this range for FTP should not be firewalled.",
" Thank you 1985 or whenever that was.",
" It recommends that the source port is globally unique for all of the BFDPers and that you",
" can reuse it, but you should minimize your reuse.",
" But none of that matters because you must use the mechanisms actually built into VFD",
" to identify which session is which.",
" So we defined all these crazy rules and unfortunately you have to follow them because these are",
" musts in the spec, but they ultimately just don't matter.",
" I discovered that this actually matters because if you don't set your port in that range,",
" you cannot bring up against a juniper.",
" It's a must, okay.",
" All right, I guess.",
" Another delightful part of the spec is there is an optional encryption portion where you",
" can ensure that the packet you're sending your neighbor is the same as the packet they",
" actually receive.",
" And so they have two modes for most of them.",
" Key for the SHA1 authentication is keyed SHA1 and meticulous keyed SHA1.",
" And in this, the authentication header includes the type, the length, the sequence number",
" and the key itself, and then there's some magic done on the packet to encrypt it or",
" to hash it.",
" For meticulous keyed, the sequence number must be incremented for every packet, which",
" means for non-meticulous, it's optional.",
" So even though the entire point of this is to avoid replay attacks, it's kind of an optional",
" thing, whether you are avoiding a replay attack or not.",
" As a implementation detail, we will always increment the sequence number even if you're",
" in the non-meticulous mode because that is legal.",
" You're allowed to increase it any time you want to.",
" And just for receiving the packets, we'll just have to have, if it's non-meticulous,",
" then it's allowed to equal the last one.",
" Interestingly, both of the RFCs are full of these sort of very interesting requirements.",
" It seems like I get the real feeling it was hardware engineers who worked on these specs",
" and not necessarily network engineers.",
" The large parts of it were if you read it, you get the feeling it was really easy to",
" implement this into an ASIC, but doesn't actually matter on the wire.",
" It doesn't match what a software engineer would, or like a software-based network engineer",
" would expect.",
" Currently, I've implemented all the musts of the 5880 and 5881, which is the base BFD",
" implementation and the single hop IPv4 and IPv6.",
" I can do a turn up against the Juniper device, and I can do all the regular health checks",
" with that.",
" When I pull a link, I see it fail correctly within the appropriate amount of time.",
" I can do, it's all the basic configuration options are there.",
" A few bits are hard-coded just because I haven't felt like actually dealing with that yet.",
" Some basic logging, quite a bit of this will need to be removed because it's still printfdebugging,",
" printfdevelopment style.",
" I am using route messages to indicate certain state changes within BFD, which I'll go",
" into a bit later.",
" Nicely, because of the mechanisms I'm using, even though this is entirely within the kernel,",
" you can use pf to block or otherwise manipulate the packets.",
" They show up as regular packets.",
" They enter all the regular interfaces, and I'm not bypassing the stack to either send",
" or receive, which definitely simplifies my life a lot and keeps it to a generic solution",
" for making that fast as opposed to, oh, God, I have to process every single packet received",
" on the interface.",
" My development for this was a lot of exploration that needed to happen to fully understand all",
" the details of this.",
" This is one of the first time I've implemented a network protocol actually in the kernel.",
" There was a lot of just poking at exploration.",
" One of the original designs from us was to do interface to interface for your standard",
" link between two routers.",
" Because we have a number of pieces that support interface link manipulation, then it seemed",
" like that would be a very good place to start to at least get it up, get it running, and",
" to get that working.",
" Unfortunately, as I was implementing it, I discovered that manipulating the interface",
" state was at the exact same place as interacting with the actual route state itself.",
" Since one of my end goals was to get this to have on an IX, where I can connect to multiple",
" peers at the same time, I decided to just skip working on the interfaces itself and",
" move it all into the routing subsystem.",
" Because of that, I've ended up migrating it to the routing subsystem.",
" This is definitely a much better location for it because it's almost exclusively to do",
" with the next top IP address, with your neighbor IP address, that you want to send all of your",
" routes across.",
" You want to send all of your routes to that address.",
" In the OpenVC kernel, when we notice that the next top neighbor IP address is no longer",
" accessible for whatever reason, then we have all these built-in mechanisms that will mark",
" it down.",
" It'll say this is an invalid next hop, and then either the built-in kernel routing table",
" will just fail over to whatever has an overlapping route, or it'll signal to a routing daemon,",
" such as BGPD, and then BGP will then make its, will recalculate all of the routes because",
" its next top is no longer valid, and it'll be able to redistribute the routes as appropriate.",
" So as I mentioned that the interface link state was as equally as difficult to work as",
" the route next top link state.",
" I tried working with that, but this is hard-coded in quite a few places, so I decided just",
" to punt on this problem, and I'll come back to it at a later point in time.",
" What I did do was I was able to, I created two new route flags that I'll be using to",
" signal the BFD state.",
" For now, because it kind of matches, and I have both upper and lower case available,",
" I decided to use F as my BFD state, capital F is when it's up, lower case F when it's",
" down, and I also have some special route messages that allow me to tell that I can announce",
" that the specific details of that BFD state, so that way an application that cares, such",
" as BGPD, can then monitor that and then not have to decipher all of the route flag messages",
" itself.",
" You can listen only for those messages globally as opposed to listening for just a subset",
" of nets.",
" I've run into some very interesting problems.",
" I had an interesting problem originally where I was leaking an M buff for every packet I",
" received, which created a really interesting thing as at almost exactly 90 minutes after",
" I brought up the session, we would panic because we'd ran out of memory.",
" It was just strange that it was almost exactly like two of the second 90 minutes after I",
" brought up the session.",
" After using your standard free functions, I was able to work around that.",
" Now it's a very interesting thing where somewhere deep in SO receive, I receive a panic after",
" about eight hours or so, I haven't touched SO receive at all.",
" This will require some very interesting debugging to figure out what is going on there.",
" My guess is I'm stopping in memory somewhere.",
" It's relatively easy to do, but since it's nothing that I've touched, I'm confused.",
" It's always in SO receive somewhere deep inside it.",
" I reconfigure BFD either because I'm typing too fast in my search, in my shell, and I",
" enter before I actually read what I'm command I'm setting, or if I just rerun it for whatever",
" reason, it gets into a weird half-configured, half-unconfigured mode that needs to be fixed.",
" That's just a lot of looking at the details of how I'm spinning up and actually connecting",
" BFD to the system.",
" Since all of that will have to be completely rewritten when I migrate fully to the route",
" side, I'm not really super worried about that.",
" Okay, so the question is, what do I mean by manipulating or going to the route side?",
" So right now, I'm configuring everything with ifconfig, and it is a pointer that hangs",
" off of the ifp pointer structure.",
" Yeah, I can see some grimaces.",
" As I said before, this is completely the wrong place.",
" What my plan is is to have this be attributes on the next hop, and then the actual user",
" interface side will be within the, you'll configure it through route.",
" Okay, yeah, so it will be attached to a route, because we'll have to have a route to whatever",
" sort of thing that we're monitoring.",
" Okay, can I.",
" that we need that word, we got the valid, but the correct one is the other word is",
" the other one, the main valid, but that's actually what we need to serve on the dot.",
" Correct. That is something that will need to be worked on. And right now in the implementation",
" that's completely ignored for now. But when it's actually moved into the root subsystem",
" properly is that knowledge will need to be maintained. And then we'll need to do, we'll",
" need to have some, probably have some hooks for when we learn identical routes and have",
" not necessarily empath knowledge because empath is primarily for the, where the priority is",
" the same. Because in OpenBSD the way we implement that is if you learn through BGP you get",
" one priority. In terms of OSPF you get a different priority. If it's statically configured",
" it's at a yet third different priority and the lowest number priority would win. And",
" so yeah we would need to look at that and make sure that, make sure that we handle that",
" case correctly. Possibly, possibly. This is something that will.",
" Yeah, those are details that we'll have to pay attention to definitely.",
" Right, so that's what I'll be doing with the route message.",
" Yeah. Right, precisely that's, that is the situation",
" that I'm in now. Is that with the monitoring is because as I said I'm punting on that issue.",
" I have the route message and then anyone who will have knowledge of BFD unfortunately will",
" have to make small modifications to the daemons that care about this to understand it more.",
" We can also take a look at maybe integrating the BFD up down flag state as well. But yeah",
" this is like we'll definitely have some special knowledge for those protocols but then the",
" question is do we care about the static route. So if you, if you manually configure and you're",
" not using a routing daemon what happens in that situation like it and or like if it's",
" plugged in directly on the same subnet. Right.",
" But if that link is down so if you unplug the cable we see that and then we fail over",
" the normal route elections in the kernel side. Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.",
" and I have a simple minimal, all I need is the BFD damage.",
" I don't need any other stuff.",
" I'm just going to stop here.",
" Yeah, so this is how I'm doing it in some of my testing",
" with, against our Juniper, is exactly that.",
" That only refers to routes that have a next top",
" of my BFD destination, my BFD peer.",
" I'm also thinking about manipulating it",
" so the BFD peer itself is offline.",
" And that one, I agree, maybe we would be the only ones",
" doing that.",
" I want to look and investigate that a lot more",
" before we would go into that sort of situation.",
" Because if no one else is doing it, maybe it's not worth it.",
" Okay, yeah, so what we do in OpenBSD is that we have",
" the different priorities.",
" If we mark it as not up, remove the up flag,",
" the routes stay, but then they're no longer valid.",
" And so we just remove it that way.",
" Yeah, so that way when the peer goes back up,",
" they're then available.",
" And you can keep using them.",
" I have state D solve the problem when I want to design",
" this on my own.",
" It doesn't necessarily solve it when I want to connect",
" to other big iron implementations.",
" Because trying to get someone to run a state D",
" on like say their Cisco or their Juniper",
" is not going to work out so well.",
" Yeah, and then also BFD is designed",
" for the ultra ultra high performance.",
" As I mentioned, it's in milliseconds.",
" And the other one is if loss of view,",
" if loss of view would be a PGP session,",
" the signal to PGP, PGP does its thing.",
" They go, oh, my peer is down.",
" It's starting to establish a mutation.",
" It's still not, no, better to track all the routes.",
" But the FD does the same thing.",
" There's no data for static routes.",
" Right.",
" I have state D and build back all the way.",
" In limited ways.",
" The relady also has a not so well known node.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah, it can monitor routes.",
" It can check relady and monitor 45 model.",
" Right.",
" Yeah.",
" That's a different thing than BFD.",
" I think that BFD, as you said, can do it against the system.",
" Exactly.",
" Exactly.",
" This is something that you don't necessarily need to,",
" the configuration is much simpler, because you just say IP",
" and go.",
" I was just going to point out that the principle",
" we survive, BFD is a device we're testing.",
" And it's testing something else.",
" Right.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" It's telling the other parts of the local system",
" if something is accessible or non-accessible.",
" The BFD code is a principle that is forever",
" available to the people.",
" Now you've got to put the same stuff.",
" Right.",
" Yeah.",
" It's going to teach people.",
" I've noticed.",
" No, but this isn't finished yet.",
" There are a lot of details to be aware of.",
" Yeah.",
" About 50% of the code I've written so far",
" needs to be thrown away.",
" It needs to be thrown away very, very quickly.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" The code is rather horrific right now.",
" There are some interesting naming schemes",
" that I'm using, which are basically",
" I'm copying the RFC so I don't need to translate from RFC to my",
" code and understand which is happening.",
" Yeah.",
" It's colorful.",
" Colorful is a good word.",
" At least there are no intentional spellings in it",
" like the HTML protocol or HTML spec.",
" And it's classified as a fairly wide-ranging",
" system in general.",
" So why does it need to be done in general?",
" For two primary reasons.",
" One, the performance requirements.",
" In Useland, it'll get dropped at high load.",
" And then secondly, I'm actually manipulating the actual route,",
" the status of the route flags.",
" And you can't really do that cleanly",
" with the outside of the kernel.",
" Yeah.",
" And so the other thing is that this only supports",
" one period of time.",
" I have most of the framework to handle multiple peers,",
" but I just haven't finished that yet.",
" And once I realize it was the wrong place,",
" I will migrate it somewhere nice, get that all working,",
" and then start working on the multiple peers",
" and multiple configurations because that will completely,",
" completely change.",
" So just to give you a little bit of the simple setup,",
" this is kind of a cleaned up version of it's config output.",
" You see here you have two BFD lines.",
" It tells me the source, which is my IP, destination,",
" which is my neighbor.",
" I'm in the active mode, also known as asynchronous,",
" but that's a stupid name.",
" And we're doing it basically at one second",
" for both the transmit and the receive.",
" And the multiplier is three.",
" The multiplier is an interesting bit",
" where when the session goes down, you",
" have to be up for the multiplier times the transmit,",
" time frame.",
" And then if you keep flapping, the multiplier increases it",
" and how often before it goes back up again.",
" So if you go up for three seconds and then you go down again,",
" you have to be up for nine seconds before it",
" marks it up, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera.",
" I was going to say, well, there are limits within it",
" of how many times to multiply.",
" I think it's just you can only do it, you only multiply by itself",
" a total number of times.",
" No, no, no, no, no.",
" We've seen this before.",
" Oh yeah, yeah, definitely, definitely.",
" So that's just a very simple, this is completely wrong,",
" completely wrong place, as I said.",
" It doesn't belong in a config.",
" But I'll show you what I have.",
" Oh, nice, it just barely fits.",
" So this is the routing table that I have.",
" And you can see here the capital F",
" means that I have brought it up against my neighbor.",
" That is Juniper MX80 in our test lab.",
" And then this is also the Juniper side that shows",
" the configuration.",
" You can see it's been up for almost an hour and a half.",
" It shows a variety of information.",
" Our, so you set in the BFT packet,",
" you set a discriminator, which is your unique session ID.",
" Juniper, like the vast majority of people,",
" just do i++ for every time they're configured.",
" We do arc for random.",
" So that way we try to make it nonpredictable.",
" And the Juniper thankfully understands it",
" and doesn't fight too much about that.",
" Future plans, fix the bugs, fix all the bugs, of course.",
" Yeah, as I said, we need to migrate from the interface",
" subsystem to over to routing.",
" And as part of our discussion earlier,",
" is that it's a much, much better place",
" to put it because we're actively care about routes",
" and not necessarily which interface it's on.",
" That being said, if it does change interfaces,",
" then you mark it down and you redo everything.",
" It's appropriate.",
" The user interface user experience",
" is right now really bad.",
" That clearly needs to become better.",
" Thankfully, I think I have enough information",
" to be able to explain what all the issues would be",
" at an upcoming hackathon so we can have a nice catfight",
" and argue about that.",
" Definitely need to support multiple peers",
" over the same interface.",
" Right now it's limited to one source and destination",
" on one interface.",
" We can do multiple interfaces, but that only solves",
" a small amount of the problem.",
" We need to add support for the encryption, which",
" is that meticulous and non-meticulous features.",
" Right now they've only specified Simple,",
" which is just a pre-shared key that you just splat in.",
" They also have an MD5, which I believe",
" was a historical implementation.",
" And then they support SHA-1.",
" I have not looked very hard, but I",
" didn't see any other encryption methods.",
" Unfortunately, right now SHA-1 is a must support.",
" So we still have to deal with that algorithm,",
" even though it's not the best.",
" And as I said, we do want to work,",
" or rather I want to work on the actual manipulation",
" of the up-down states in the routing table.",
" Whether or not we do that is both a decision",
" that we should make and possibly a technical limitation",
" that we would run into.",
" We do want to work on adding this knowledge",
" into the various routing daemons so they can make",
" their own intelligent decisions on the content",
" and get them working so they can do their own route",
" decisions based on the BFD state.",
" Possibly integrates into SwitchD, VXLands.",
" That way those layers understand more",
" about the actual connectivity to the various endpoints",
" that they're trying to talk to.",
" And that way we can signal this in a way where it brings the,",
" so we would know when one of them is up or down.",
" There's also a multi-hop feature available in BFD.",
" And that allows for very interesting things",
" where you can say, I want to monitor this IP.",
" Then I have three possible routes to it.",
" And you actually health monitor each of the three",
" different routes.",
" Because it's standard routing, you",
" can only make decisions based on the first next hop.",
" If they all converge after that and go through the same path,",
" you can't really do much about that.",
" Or like, Bell Canada here in Ontario, where you're",
" going to be here, just off your next stop.",
" Yeah, that would definitely be very, very handy to have.",
" Is, yeah, the comment was, one of the local providers,",
" Bell Canada?",
" Yeah.",
" Bell Canada, your BGP session is a multi-hop session.",
" Canada's not that third world, but it's damn near.",
" Yeah, telecom wise, telecom wise, of course.",
" It's bad.",
" Why?",
" Well, yourshall φo funnily changed lap since",
"ApplausePK And now, because I represent our",
" graduates, we're gonnappe pops up at 0 white,",
" but with a global dummy.",
" You get one access to a section, where we can",
" actually boot all of the time we have left.",
" Here, have a switch.",
" That's frightening.",
" Yeah, thankfully in Frankfurt we have no such issues.",
" Yeah, yeah.",
" Yeah, yeah.",
" Yeah, yeah.",
" Yeah, yeah.",
" Yeah, yeah.",
" Yeah, yeah.",
" Yeah, yeah.",
" Yeah, yeah.",
" Yeah, yeah.",
" Yeah, yeah.",
" Yeah, you can, you can do it.",
" And so, well, when you, when you configure it, you say what the minimum and the maximum values are.",
" And so there is a negotiation of the timers.",
" Yes, they do heading.",
" Yeah.",
" Right there.",
" It tests quite a bit of the forwarding path but not 100% of it, which is unfortunate because that was, that was the design behind it.",
" And I think it's, on the bright side it does detect when the actual remote site is up.",
" So if your remote site has crashed, then, you know, thankfully it goes down at that point.",
" But there are, there are some limitations about how, about where exactly is processed.",
" And yeah, as I said, like, okay, this cup is too empty and like it still has more computing power than most of the routing CPUs and those devices.",
" Yeah.",
" I glanced at the RFC and said, oh, different RFC.",
" I'm putting you aside for now.",
" Yeah, it's, yeah, doing it over, over, yeah, aggregated links.",
" Trunk, legs, whatever.",
" Essentially you need to monitor each member.",
" And I'm not sure if I think in that case then it is encapsulated inside special Ethernet frames and not necessarily within UDP itself.",
" So that's one of the reasons why they've extracted it out and made them different RFCs.",
" That is definitely something we'll have to look at.",
" And, but I have, I have designed the code in a way where the actual BFD processing monitoring, it basically, it takes, it takes the configuration or it takes the, what should I be encapsulated in as, as an external thing.",
" So it just, it still works independently and just uses whatever method that you gave it to do.",
" Yeah.",
" Ooh, fun times.",
" Fun times.",
" If you, if it's easy to do it hardware, it should be hard to do in software.",
" Yep.",
" Yep.",
" So thankfully that's right at the end.",
" Are there any more questions?",
" Why wouldn't you aggregate the technology running it over lag?",
" You want to know that when it's down to the greatest extent.",
" I think don't have to be any of you, why is that?",
" It is, you know, really, if there's virtually no value add to it.",
" Well, the value add there is that you can tell that if you're, if you're aggregating like 10, 10 gig links and you go from, from 100 gigs total to 90 gigs total, you want to know that.",
" And you want to be able to make decisions based on that.",
" And you have a kitchen sink, so you want to solve everything with the kitchen sink.",
" And like, like, like, like, lack P binds them together, but isn't necessarily, it doesn't give be, be GP this information.",
" It doesn't tell you when it's degraded, so to speak.",
" I'm not sure of a one member popping out really is still in scope for this.",
" I get a burden.",
" Yeah.",
" It's, it's, it's, that's completely out of scope for now.",
" Yeah, definitely.",
" I have.",
" Where.",
" You can tell because you get no traffic.",
" Yeah.",
" So you're putting your traffic for way, way, way.",
" And you're being.",
" You're back.",
" Right.",
" Yeah.",
" There are certainly interesting.",
" Yeah.",
" Well, not in the, in this.",
" I have a useful underlying thing there.",
" Technology wise.",
" Well, I would argue that.",
" Yes, welcome to the internet.",
" Yeah.",
" Right.",
" Well, part of the, part of the concern there is that how does the, how does lack P do the",
" hashing and are you getting lucky and then just going over just the one link that's working,",
" but you're still losing the other end links.",
" Right.",
" So thankfully it's not listed as a must within RFC 5880.",
" So maybe we'll support it.",
" Maybe we won't.",
" Question in the back.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" And since it has knowledge of the, since the other side has to actually respond back",
" over the same link.",
" Yeah.",
" Right.",
" Right.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" Yeah.",
" And either that or you may have interesting results over trunk.",
" Yeah.",
" Other questions.",
" All right. Thank you."
],
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10.5446/55010 (DOI) | Discourje: Runtime Verification of Communication Protocols in Clojure | https://av.tib.eu/media/55010 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de8d5c30e1e47a4bbf7524e63ce092de53ddd92fcec5e6e6f502e322463b881509cc/604907f51a80aac83ca25d9e.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Germany:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2021 | Jongmans, Sung-Shik | Hamers, Ruben | This paper presents Discourje: a runtime verification framework for communication protocols in Clojure. Discourje guarantees safety of protocol implementations relative to specifications, based on an expressive new version of multiparty session types. The framework has a formal foundation and is itself implemented in Clojure to offer a seamless specification-implementation experience. Benchmarks show Discourje's overhead can be less than 5% for real/existing concurrent programs. | Hello, my name is Seng Shik Yongmans. I'm assistant professor at Open University of the Netherlands and guest researcher at CWI in Amsterdam. And my student Ruben Hammers and I, we've been working on runtime verification of communication protocols in Clojure. The plan for this talk is to give a brief overview of the tool that we developed called Discourse. But before we get started, I really do want to emphasize that a large majority of the material in our TACAS 2020 paper was developed by Ruben. So he definitely deserves most of the credit. In general, my long-term research aim is to design and implement new foundations and tools to make concurrent programming easier. And in this presentation in particular, I'll concentrate on dynamic analysis of application level message-passing communication protocols on shared memory architectures. Now, the motivation is that in recent years, several modern programming languages like Go, and Rust, and Clojure, they've all started to offer channels as a programming abstraction for shared memory to make concurrent programming easier. But at the same time, by now, there's also evidence that channels have their own issues too. So in a nutshell, the aim of this work was to provide some kind of tool support for this. OK, now the problem can be described as a classical verification challenge. So imagine that we have a specification as an implementation I, such that the specification prescribes the following elements. First, we have the concurrent processes that the program consists of. Second, we have the communication channels that the processes can use to send and receive messages to and from each other. And third, we have the communication protocols that need to be followed. So for instance, in natural language, we could specify that first, a number needs to be communicated from Alice to Bob, and then a number from Bob, either to Carol or to Dave, et cetera. So we specify a whole tree of admissible communications. Now, assuming that we have such an SNI, the question is then how to ensure that the implementation is safe and live relative to the specification, where safety and liveness can be understood in the classical sense that bad communication actions, according to the specification, never happen in the implementation, while good communication actions eventually happen. Now, in this talk, we'll look at runtime verification as a method to answer this question. And perhaps I should also clarify that my own background is actually in static analysis. So over the past years in particular, I've been working a lot on multiparty session types, abbreviated MPSD, which constitute a behavioral type system to reason about safety and liveness at compile time. Now, potentially, this MPSD approach is really quite powerful. But the trouble is that it's also a bit limited in expressiveness. So the reason we initially got into runtime verification as an alternative was just to explore how much more expressive we could get by using dynamic analysis. OK. Now, in more detail, here's a graphical one-slide summary of the runtime verification approach that we use. So at the bottom, we have the implementation of a concurrent program. And on this slide, it consists of three concurrent processes, Alice, Bob, and Carol. At the top, we have a specification. Now, to verify the implementation against the specification, we need to add two ingredients to this picture. First, we add a thin wrapper around the implementation called the instrumentation. The only purpose of the instrumentation is to make certain events of interest observable. And in our case, the events of interest are, of course, the communication actions that the processes perform. So it's the sends and the receives. Second, we put the specification in a new runtime component of the program called the monitor. And the purpose of the monitor is to actually verify every send and receive that can be observed through the instrumentation against the specification in an event-driven fashion. So more concretely, this works as follows. Imagine that we start executing Alice, Bob, and Carol in this example. Then at some point, for instance, Alice may try to send number four through which channel from her to Bob. And on the slide, this action is denoted by AB, exclamation mark four. Now, right before the send actually happens, the instrumentation will quickly intervene, interrupt the send, and temporarily block Alice. Then, while Alice is blocked, the instrumentation will ask the monitor if the communication action is actually allowed by the specification. Now, upon receiving this request, the monitor will consult the specification. And if the send is indeed allowed, it will inform the instrumentation that everything is indeed OK. Besides, the monitor will also update the specification to its remainder, so to speak, as if it makes a transition. So we're executing a specification similar to a state machine, so to speak. At the same time, the instrumentation will unblock Alice and allow the send to actually happen. Now, sometime later, Bob may try to actually receive the value. And again, the instrumentation quickly intervenes and asks the monitor if the receive is allowed. The monitor will check the specification, see that it's OK, and inform the instrumentation accordingly, so everything is still fine. But again, sometime later, Bob may try to send value true to Carol. But now, this is apparently not OK according to the specification. So the monitor will inform the instrumentation of a violation. And in this case, the instrumentation will not allow the violating communication action to actually happen, but throw a runtime exception instead. Now, the key point here is that all of this is enough to ensure safety. But in contrast, liveness is a bit more difficult to guarantee using an approach like this. We do have some ideas to explore, but it's beyond the scope of Fortacus 2020 paper. OK, so here's a more precise overview of our contributions. Our paper consists of two parts. In the practical part, we first introduce a specification language for communication protocols. This is essentially a closure library to write specifications in a domain-specific language and to define monitors. Second, we present an implementation language, which is essentially another closure library to add instrumentation to closure programs. And finally, we describe non-trivial examples. And we also report on a number of benchmarks to evaluate the amount of overhead that our dynamic analysis inflicts on executions at runtime. OK, so that's the practical part. In the theoretical part, we formalize the specification and implementation languages into Calculi. So the specification calculus is based on global multi-party session types, but more expressive. While the implementation calculus is essentially a miniature version of closure, including the channel library. Now, in the rest of this talk, in the interest of time, I will skip the theoretical part of the paper and only briefly summarize our practical contributions in a bit more detail. OK? So our practical work targets the closure programming language. And closure is a version of Lisp on the JVM. Now, there are several reasons why closure is interesting for us. First, closure supports shared memory concurrency, and it has a core library for channels. So, well, that fits the premise of this project very well. Second, closure is dynamically typed, which makes it a good fit with runtime verification. Third, closure has a powerful macro system, which made it possible to embed the specification language in closure itself. So, well, this should be nice from a usability perspective. Fourth, in the yearly closure developer survey, closure programmers indicate that ease of development is generally more important to them than runtime performance. So they might be slightly more inclined than, for instance, embedded C programmers to pay for communication safety guarantees with a bit of extra runtime overhead. And finally, closure was the seventh most loved programming language in 2019. So it's really not a niche language anymore that it used to be. Of course, this is not extremely important from a scientific point of view, but for us, it was, well, more interesting to conduct this research for a mainstreamish programming language. OK. Now, to explain how our tool works, let's have a look at the simple tic-tac-toe example. In this example, there are two processes, Alice and Bob, with two channels between them. Furthermore, Alice and Bob both have their own private copy of the game grid. Now, at runtime, it works as follows. So suppose Alice goes first and puts an X in some space of her own grid. Bob can see this, right? So Alice needs to inform Bob about her move explicitly. So she sends the index of the space to Bob. Now, Bob subsequently receives the message and updates his own grid accordingly. Next, he selects and puts an O in a blank space of his own grid. Then he sends a message to Alice, et cetera. So in this way, Alice and Bob continue to take turns to play the game until Alice makes a winning move and Bob is informed accordingly. At this point, Alice and Bob both know that the game is over. So they close the channels to free up resources and then determine it. So this is how the program works. Now, the specification for this program looks as follows in our DSL. First, we define two conceptual roles identified by A and B to represent Alice and Bob. Next, we define an auxiliary specification identified by TTTCL. And we'll use it later in the main specification and it has the following meaning. The DSL keyword indicates that we're writing a specification. The PAR keyword prescribes free interleaving of its operands. And the three hashes operator prescribes the close of the channel from the first operand to the second operand. So if you put all of this together, then this auxiliary specification simply prescribes that the two channels between Alice and Bob are closed in no particular order. Now, the main specification looks as follows. It's a bit more complicated than the auxiliary one, but the general anatomy is still the same. So we again start with the DSL keyword. The fixed keyword prescribes recursion, where colon x is the recursion variable. Square brackets indicate sequencing. The arrow keyword indicates a communication through the channel from the first operand to the second operand. That additionally satisfies a constraint on the message. So in this example, we have a type constraint, but in general, it can be any boolean predicate. The alt keyword indicates choice. And finally, the ins keyword prescribes insertion of an auxiliary specification. If you again put all of this together, then the main specification states that first, a message of type long, so a number, is communicated from Alice to Bob. Next, there is a choice to either close the channels and terminate or to continue. In the latter case, another message is communicated from Bob to Alice. And finally, there's again a choice either to close and terminate or to continue recursively. Intuitively, this is quite a simple communication protocol, but actually, it's not supported by existing MPST tools. So this example, tic-tac-toe, it has actually been our motivating example to do this work. So let's briefly also have a look at a tic-tac-toe implementation enclosure. So first, we need to have a bunch of generic tic-tac-toe concepts. So for instance, we represent the game grid simply as a list. And we have some functions to find the blank space on the grid and to update the grid. And to check if the grid is not final, mean all kind of basic stuff. Next, we import the core library of closure that provides channels. And this library is called closure.core.async. Using the channel function of this library, we define two asynchronous channels with a one-capacity buffer identified by C1 from Alice to Bob and C2 from Bob to Alice. And so now, the only thing that we still need to do is to actually define Alice and Bob. And if we first look at Alice, she's basically implemented as a thread. And the final action of this thread is to close the outgoing channel. But before Alice does so, she executes a loop. And in each iteration of the loop, she first finds a blank space on the grid and puts an x on that space. Next, she sends the index of that space through channel C1 to Bob. Then she checks if the grid is not final. If so, she tries to receive a message through channel C2 and update her grid accordingly. And if at that point the grid is still not final, Alice enters another iteration of the loop. If the grid is final in contrast, then Alice breaks the loop, closes channel C1, and terminates. Now, Bob is defined similarly, so let's not go through those details as well. So what we now have on the slide is basically a full implementation of tic-tac-toe in Clojure. And it's important to emphasize that this is actually all pure Clojure. So we haven't used our tool yet to write this implementation. Now, to add runtime verification to it and really start using our tool, there are basically three steps. First, instead of loading Clojure's core library for channels, we need to load our own library. Second, we need to construct a monitor for the TTT specification from the previous slide. And third, we need to add instrumentation to the channels. And more precisely, we annotate the channels with the intended sender, the intended receiver, and the monitor to perform the analysis. Besides these three small changes, nothing else needs to be modified. And in particular, the implementations of Alice and Bob, including the generic tic-tac-toe concepts, they can remain exactly the same as they were. Now, when we execute the program, the monitor will verify all sends and receives. And completely unexpectedly, we actually found an unsafe execution of the tic-tac-toe program in this way. So that was a good surprise to us. OK, now, this slide shows a few other examples of specifications that we support. The interesting thing here is that they involve parametrization in the number of processes. And this is traditionally quite difficult to do with multi-party session types. Now, to give some examples, we can specify a parameterized ring network or a parametrized star network and many other parallel topologies as well. But the details of those, well, they're not really important in this talk. The last thing I want to show is some experimental results. Because, well, conventional wisdom is that runtime verification may inflict serious monitoring overhead. So we also wanted to study to what extent this is true for our tool. Now, we had a look at four existing concurrent programs from a third-party benchmark suite called NASparallel Benchmarks. And essentially, what we did is we just wrote specifications for the communication protocols in these programs. And we extended the existing reference implementations with monitoring. So then, once we had done that, we ran the implementations both with and without monitoring on a sizable multi-core machine for increasing numbers of processes to also investigate scalability. And we repeated all these runs 50 times to smooth out variability. Here are the results for each of the four programs. The horizontal axis shows a number of processes, while the vertical axis shows the slowdown of the monitored versions relative to the unmonitored ones. And I just want to highlight two observations. First, if we look at the middle two charts, then the overhead of using monitors can be less than 5%. And this was really encouraging for us to see, especially since 5% seems low enough to use this technology in actual production environments as well. Sort of as a fail-safe mechanism. At the same time, the charts on the two sides, they show that overhead can also be substantially higher, up to 4 and 1 half times with 16 processes. Now, this is definitely too much for production environments, but it should be acceptable just for testing and debugging. So we basically identified two possible usages of our tool. OK, so this concludes my talk. Here is, again, the slide with a summary of our contributions. Regarding future work, I think there are at least two interesting avenues. First, we want to investigate support for liveness in combination with a mechanism to automatically recover from violations. The second thing that's interesting to us is verification of specifications, because it's not always easy to get the spec right, actually. OK, so that's all. Thank you for your attention. | {
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"text": [
" Hello, my name is Seng Shik Yongmans.",
" I'm assistant professor at Open University of the Netherlands",
" and guest researcher at CWI in Amsterdam.",
" And my student Ruben Hammers and I,",
" we've been working on runtime verification",
" of communication protocols in Clojure.",
" The plan for this talk is to give a brief overview",
" of the tool that we developed called Discourse.",
" But before we get started, I really do want to emphasize",
" that a large majority of the material in our TACAS 2020",
" paper was developed by Ruben.",
" So he definitely deserves most of the credit.",
" In general, my long-term research aim",
" is to design and implement new foundations and tools",
" to make concurrent programming easier.",
" And in this presentation in particular,",
" I'll concentrate on dynamic analysis of application level",
" message-passing communication protocols",
" on shared memory architectures.",
" Now, the motivation is that in recent years,",
" several modern programming languages like Go, and Rust,",
" and Clojure, they've all started to offer channels",
" as a programming abstraction for shared memory",
" to make concurrent programming easier.",
" But at the same time, by now, there's also evidence",
" that channels have their own issues too.",
" So in a nutshell, the aim of this work",
" was to provide some kind of tool support for this.",
" OK, now the problem can be described",
" as a classical verification challenge.",
" So imagine that we have a specification",
" as an implementation I, such that the specification prescribes",
" the following elements.",
" First, we have the concurrent processes",
" that the program consists of.",
" Second, we have the communication channels",
" that the processes can use to send and receive messages",
" to and from each other.",
" And third, we have the communication protocols",
" that need to be followed.",
" So for instance, in natural language,",
" we could specify that first, a number needs",
" to be communicated from Alice to Bob,",
" and then a number from Bob, either to Carol or to Dave,",
" et cetera.",
" So we specify a whole tree of admissible communications.",
" Now, assuming that we have such an SNI,",
" the question is then how to ensure",
" that the implementation is safe and live relative",
" to the specification, where safety and liveness",
" can be understood in the classical sense",
" that bad communication actions, according to the specification,",
" never happen in the implementation,",
" while good communication actions eventually happen.",
" Now, in this talk, we'll look at runtime verification",
" as a method to answer this question.",
" And perhaps I should also clarify that my own background",
" is actually in static analysis.",
" So over the past years in particular,",
" I've been working a lot on multiparty session types,",
" abbreviated MPSD, which constitute a behavioral type",
" system to reason about safety and liveness at compile time.",
" Now, potentially, this MPSD approach",
" is really quite powerful.",
" But the trouble is that it's also a bit limited",
" in expressiveness.",
" So the reason we initially got into runtime verification",
" as an alternative was just to explore",
" how much more expressive we could get",
" by using dynamic analysis.",
" OK.",
" Now, in more detail, here's a graphical one-slide summary",
" of the runtime verification approach that we use.",
" So at the bottom, we have the implementation",
" of a concurrent program.",
" And on this slide, it consists of three concurrent processes,",
" Alice, Bob, and Carol.",
" At the top, we have a specification.",
" Now, to verify the implementation",
" against the specification, we need",
" to add two ingredients to this picture.",
" First, we add a thin wrapper around the implementation",
" called the instrumentation.",
" The only purpose of the instrumentation",
" is to make certain events of interest observable.",
" And in our case, the events of interest",
" are, of course, the communication actions",
" that the processes perform.",
" So it's the sends and the receives.",
" Second, we put the specification in a new runtime",
" component of the program called the monitor.",
" And the purpose of the monitor is to actually verify every send",
" and receive that can be observed through the instrumentation",
" against the specification in an event-driven fashion.",
" So more concretely, this works as follows.",
" Imagine that we start executing Alice, Bob, and Carol",
" in this example.",
" Then at some point, for instance, Alice",
" may try to send number four through which channel",
" from her to Bob.",
" And on the slide, this action is denoted by AB,",
" exclamation mark four.",
" Now, right before the send actually happens,",
" the instrumentation will quickly intervene,",
" interrupt the send, and temporarily block Alice.",
" Then, while Alice is blocked, the instrumentation",
" will ask the monitor if the communication action is actually",
" allowed by the specification.",
" Now, upon receiving this request,",
" the monitor will consult the specification.",
" And if the send is indeed allowed,",
" it will inform the instrumentation",
" that everything is indeed OK.",
" Besides, the monitor will also update the specification",
" to its remainder, so to speak, as if it makes a transition.",
" So we're executing a specification",
" similar to a state machine, so to speak.",
" At the same time, the instrumentation will unblock Alice",
" and allow the send to actually happen.",
" Now, sometime later, Bob may try to actually receive the value.",
" And again, the instrumentation quickly intervenes",
" and asks the monitor if the receive is allowed.",
" The monitor will check the specification,",
" see that it's OK, and inform the instrumentation",
" accordingly, so everything is still fine.",
" But again, sometime later, Bob may try to send value true",
" to Carol.",
" But now, this is apparently not OK according",
" to the specification.",
" So the monitor will inform the instrumentation of a violation.",
" And in this case, the instrumentation",
" will not allow the violating communication action",
" to actually happen, but throw a runtime exception instead.",
" Now, the key point here is that all of this",
" is enough to ensure safety.",
" But in contrast, liveness is a bit more difficult to guarantee",
" using an approach like this.",
" We do have some ideas to explore,",
" but it's beyond the scope of Fortacus 2020 paper.",
" OK, so here's a more precise overview of our contributions.",
" Our paper consists of two parts.",
" In the practical part, we first introduce a specification",
" language for communication protocols.",
" This is essentially a closure library",
" to write specifications in a domain-specific language",
" and to define monitors.",
" Second, we present an implementation language,",
" which is essentially another closure library",
" to add instrumentation to closure programs.",
" And finally, we describe non-trivial examples.",
" And we also report on a number of benchmarks",
" to evaluate the amount of overhead",
" that our dynamic analysis inflicts on executions at runtime.",
" OK, so that's the practical part.",
" In the theoretical part, we formalize the specification",
" and implementation languages into Calculi.",
" So the specification calculus is based on global multi-party",
" session types, but more expressive.",
" While the implementation calculus",
" is essentially a miniature version of closure,",
" including the channel library.",
" Now, in the rest of this talk, in the interest of time,",
" I will skip the theoretical part of the paper",
" and only briefly summarize our practical contributions",
" in a bit more detail.",
" OK?",
" So our practical work targets the closure programming language.",
" And closure is a version of Lisp on the JVM.",
" Now, there are several reasons why closure is interesting for us.",
" First, closure supports shared memory concurrency,",
" and it has a core library for channels.",
" So, well, that fits the premise of this project very well.",
" Second, closure is dynamically typed,",
" which makes it a good fit with runtime verification.",
" Third, closure has a powerful macro system,",
" which made it possible to embed the specification language",
" in closure itself.",
" So, well, this should be nice from a usability perspective.",
" Fourth, in the yearly closure developer survey,",
" closure programmers indicate that ease of development",
" is generally more important to them than runtime performance.",
" So they might be slightly more inclined than, for instance,",
" embedded C programmers to pay for communication safety",
" guarantees with a bit of extra runtime overhead.",
" And finally, closure was the seventh most loved programming",
" language in 2019.",
" So it's really not a niche language anymore",
" that it used to be.",
" Of course, this is not extremely important",
" from a scientific point of view, but for us, it was, well,",
" more interesting to conduct this research for a mainstreamish",
" programming language.",
" OK.",
" Now, to explain how our tool works,",
" let's have a look at the simple tic-tac-toe example.",
" In this example, there are two processes, Alice and Bob,",
" with two channels between them.",
" Furthermore, Alice and Bob both have their own private copy",
" of the game grid.",
" Now, at runtime, it works as follows.",
" So suppose Alice goes first and puts an X in some space",
" of her own grid.",
" Bob can see this, right?",
" So Alice needs to inform Bob about her move explicitly.",
" So she sends the index of the space to Bob.",
" Now, Bob subsequently receives the message",
" and updates his own grid accordingly.",
" Next, he selects and puts an O in a blank space of his own grid.",
" Then he sends a message to Alice, et cetera.",
" So in this way, Alice and Bob continue",
" to take turns to play the game until Alice makes a winning",
" move and Bob is informed accordingly.",
" At this point, Alice and Bob both know that the game is over.",
" So they close the channels to free up resources",
" and then determine it.",
" So this is how the program works.",
" Now, the specification for this program",
" looks as follows in our DSL.",
" First, we define two conceptual roles identified by A and B",
" to represent Alice and Bob.",
" Next, we define an auxiliary specification",
" identified by TTTCL.",
" And we'll use it later in the main specification",
" and it has the following meaning.",
" The DSL keyword indicates that we're",
" writing a specification.",
" The PAR keyword prescribes free interleaving of its operands.",
" And the three hashes operator prescribes",
" the close of the channel from the first operand",
" to the second operand.",
" So if you put all of this together,",
" then this auxiliary specification simply",
" prescribes that the two channels between Alice and Bob",
" are closed in no particular order.",
" Now, the main specification looks as follows.",
" It's a bit more complicated than the auxiliary one,",
" but the general anatomy is still the same.",
" So we again start with the DSL keyword.",
" The fixed keyword prescribes recursion,",
" where colon x is the recursion variable.",
" Square brackets indicate sequencing.",
" The arrow keyword indicates a communication",
" through the channel from the first operand",
" to the second operand.",
" That additionally satisfies a constraint on the message.",
" So in this example, we have a type constraint,",
" but in general, it can be any boolean predicate.",
" The alt keyword indicates choice.",
" And finally, the ins keyword prescribes",
" insertion of an auxiliary specification.",
" If you again put all of this together,",
" then the main specification states that first,",
" a message of type long, so a number,",
" is communicated from Alice to Bob.",
" Next, there is a choice to either close the channels",
" and terminate or to continue.",
" In the latter case, another message",
" is communicated from Bob to Alice.",
" And finally, there's again a choice either to close and terminate",
" or to continue recursively.",
" Intuitively, this is quite a simple communication protocol,",
" but actually, it's not supported by existing MPST tools.",
" So this example, tic-tac-toe, it has actually",
" been our motivating example to do this work.",
" So let's briefly also have a look at a tic-tac-toe",
" implementation enclosure.",
" So first, we need to have a bunch of generic tic-tac-toe",
" concepts.",
" So for instance, we represent the game grid simply as a list.",
" And we have some functions to find the blank space on the grid",
" and to update the grid.",
" And to check if the grid is not final,",
" mean all kind of basic stuff.",
" Next, we import the core library of closure",
" that provides channels.",
" And this library is called closure.core.async.",
" Using the channel function of this library,",
" we define two asynchronous channels",
" with a one-capacity buffer identified by C1 from Alice",
" to Bob and C2 from Bob to Alice.",
" And so now, the only thing that we still need to do",
" is to actually define Alice and Bob.",
" And if we first look at Alice, she's basically implemented",
" as a thread.",
" And the final action of this thread",
" is to close the outgoing channel.",
" But before Alice does so, she executes a loop.",
" And in each iteration of the loop,",
" she first finds a blank space on the grid",
" and puts an x on that space.",
" Next, she sends the index of that space",
" through channel C1 to Bob.",
" Then she checks if the grid is not final.",
" If so, she tries to receive a message through channel C2",
" and update her grid accordingly.",
" And if at that point the grid is still not final,",
" Alice enters another iteration of the loop.",
" If the grid is final in contrast, then Alice",
" breaks the loop, closes channel C1, and terminates.",
" Now, Bob is defined similarly, so let's not go through those",
" details as well.",
" So what we now have on the slide is basically",
" a full implementation of tic-tac-toe in Clojure.",
" And it's important to emphasize that this is actually",
" all pure Clojure.",
" So we haven't used our tool yet to write this implementation.",
" Now, to add runtime verification to it",
" and really start using our tool, there are basically",
" three steps.",
" First, instead of loading Clojure's core library",
" for channels, we need to load our own library.",
" Second, we need to construct a monitor",
" for the TTT specification from the previous slide.",
" And third, we need to add instrumentation to the channels.",
" And more precisely, we annotate the channels",
" with the intended sender, the intended receiver,",
" and the monitor to perform the analysis.",
" Besides these three small changes,",
" nothing else needs to be modified.",
" And in particular, the implementations of Alice and Bob,",
" including the generic tic-tac-toe concepts,",
" they can remain exactly the same as they were.",
" Now, when we execute the program,",
" the monitor will verify all sends and receives.",
" And completely unexpectedly, we actually",
" found an unsafe execution of the tic-tac-toe program",
" in this way.",
" So that was a good surprise to us.",
" OK, now, this slide shows a few other examples of specifications",
" that we support.",
" The interesting thing here is that they",
" involve parametrization in the number of processes.",
" And this is traditionally quite difficult",
" to do with multi-party session types.",
" Now, to give some examples, we can specify a parameterized",
" ring network or a parametrized star network",
" and many other parallel topologies as well.",
" But the details of those, well, they're not really",
" important in this talk.",
" The last thing I want to show is some experimental results.",
" Because, well, conventional wisdom",
" is that runtime verification may inflict serious monitoring",
" overhead.",
" So we also wanted to study to what extent",
" this is true for our tool.",
" Now, we had a look at four existing concurrent programs",
" from a third-party benchmark suite called NASparallel Benchmarks.",
" And essentially, what we did is we just",
" wrote specifications for the communication protocols",
" in these programs.",
" And we extended the existing reference implementations",
" with monitoring.",
" So then, once we had done that, we ran the implementations",
" both with and without monitoring on a sizable",
" multi-core machine for increasing numbers of processes",
" to also investigate scalability.",
" And we repeated all these runs 50 times",
" to smooth out variability.",
" Here are the results for each of the four programs.",
" The horizontal axis shows a number of processes,",
" while the vertical axis shows the slowdown of the monitored",
" versions relative to the unmonitored ones.",
" And I just want to highlight two observations.",
" First, if we look at the middle two charts,",
" then the overhead of using monitors can be less than 5%.",
" And this was really encouraging for us to see,",
" especially since 5% seems low enough",
" to use this technology in actual production environments",
" as well.",
" Sort of as a fail-safe mechanism.",
" At the same time, the charts on the two sides,",
" they show that overhead can also be substantially higher,",
" up to 4 and 1 half times with 16 processes.",
" Now, this is definitely too much for production environments,",
" but it should be acceptable just for testing and debugging.",
" So we basically identified two possible usages of our tool.",
" OK, so this concludes my talk.",
" Here is, again, the slide with a summary of our contributions.",
" Regarding future work, I think there",
" are at least two interesting avenues.",
" First, we want to investigate support for liveness",
" in combination with a mechanism to automatically recover",
" from violations.",
" The second thing that's interesting to us",
" is verification of specifications,",
" because it's not always easy to get the spec right, actually.",
" OK, so that's all.",
" Thank you for your attention."
],
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10.5446/45153 (DOI) | RoCE as a performance accelerator | https://av.tib.eu/media/45153 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de3299cfb6ebd3bc8c821fb8caeadd435c5cfbdaaf92a8d09322e0b2e49927625f97/Slava_Shwartsman__RoCE_as_a_performance_accelerator_--_BSDCan_2018_h1NyBaPHuyE.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
You are free to use, adapt and copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in adapted or unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | Computer Science | Conference/Talk | 2018 | Shwartsman, Slava | null | RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) and its RoCE (RDMA over Converged Ethernet) implementation, currently available in FreeBSD, is growing in popularity as a way to transfer large amounts of data with high bandwidth, low latency and minimal CPU involvement. This session will describe the RDMA stack update done in FreeBSD, focusing on the addition of RoCEv2 (Routable RoCE) and complementary protocols. We will also present the performance benefits of RDMA, demonstrating the enhancement of several storage protocols relaying on RoCE transport, starting with what is already part of FreeBSD – iSER, an iSCSI extension for RDMA, and moving on to more opportunities available on other platforms which can be introduced to FreeBSD. | So, first of all, thank you for joining me today. We are going to talk a little bit about Rocky as a performance accelerator. So a few words about me. My name is Slava Schwartzman. I live in Israel in Kvarsaba, which actually translates to Grandpas Village, but it's a medium-sized city in Israel. I'm a software engineer at Malamux Technologies. My main interests are the networking stack and the InfiniBand. I'll be mostly focusing on Rocky and RDMA. I'm a new committer at Source, and my mentors are Konstantin Belosov, Kib, and Hans-Peter Sulaski. So, today we are going to talk a little bit about Rocky, or what is Rocky, and where it comes from, and a little bit about history and its current implementation in previous day. We'll talk a little bit about complementary protocols, and why do we need it for Rocky. And then we'll have a look at some graphs and some performance acceleration for storage protocols using RDMA. So before starting to talk about RDMA or Rocky, we need to understand a little bit about its history. Rocky actually comes from the InfiniBand world, and RDMA is coming from the InfiniBand world. InfiniBand is basically a networking stack, just like Ethernet, but it's on the pre-ations for the layer one, two, and three, three, and four. And its main characteristics are that it has low latency, high bandwidth, and very low CPU utilization. It can achieve those benefits or characteristics by using RDMA. RDMA, which stands for Remote Direct Memory Access. I'm pretty sure that most of you are familiar with DMMA, basically the ability for hardware to directly access memory regions without any involvement of the CPU. RDMA basically allows remote direct memory access, basically allows the HCA to access memory on remote hosts. The current implementation of RDMA allows hardware offload, basically packet processing in the hardware instead of doing them in the kernel itself. And of course, RDMA was designed with security concerns, like protection domains, for example. They have user level access and exchange of keys. The benefits of RDMA are minimal CPU involvement, of course, since the packet processing is actually being offloaded into the hardware, hence the CPU doesn't have to work too hard or there is minimal involvement from the CPU. Kernel bypass, for example. We allow user applications to fully bypass our kernel and use, again, those memory regions. Scutter gather entry support. Basically RDMA was designed with Scutter gather entry support as definition. Basically allows you to not allocate continuous memory and just use pieces and Scutter gather them. Zero copy basically stands for the fact that unlike traditional sockets where the buffer that being allocated by the application needs to be copied along the networking stack in RDMA, this buffer is used by the RDMA in itself and copied and transferred to the remote host. So Rocky? So with that concerning mind that to achieve the benefits of RDMA, you need to change the entire architecture of your network is not something trivial to ask. And hence Rocky or RDMA overconverged Ethernet was introduced. Basically RDMA overconverged Ethernet allows you to use RDMA benefits over an existing Ethernet fabrics. Rocky is a standard protocol, standardized by the IBTA, which stands for Infiniband Trade Association and both Infiniband and Rocky APIs share the same common MPI. It's interestingly enough to mention that both FreeBSD and Linux, for example, will share the same API because those are the same APIs. And that's it. I wanted to say something about it, but it's enough. So here is the header layout of the Rocky protocol. Basically you can see that the Infiniband things are encapsulated inside in an Ethernet header. The Ether type will indicate that the next packet is IBGRH, which stands for Infiniband Global Routing Header, which actually contains the layer 3 addresses for Infiniband. And the next header is IBBTH, Infiniband-based transport header, which is the layer 4 header. The main problem with Rocky, or as we will see in a second, with Rocky V1, is the fact that it's limited to its domain, meaning it's not routable. And hence, Rocky V2 was introduced. Rocky V2 is basically a straightforward extension of the Rocky V1 protocol, which allows it to be routed between different subnets. The change that was done is basically to the headers and telf. We can see this in this diagram. Instead of having IBGRH at the layer 3, we now have an IP header. So the Ether type in Rocky V2 will indicate that the next header is actually an IP header. And the IP header will indicate that the next header will be UDP header, which will have a specific destination port indicating that this packet is Rocky V2. And we still have the IBBTH and the Infiniband payload inside. So the current status in FreeBSD is that we have Rocky V2 support both for FreeBSD11 and FreeBSD12. We currently need special hardware support, of course, when hardware support is working. And in order to enjoy the RDMA capabilities, you will have to rebuild world and kernel with off-ed yes. So we're currently actually working on make the build kernel with off-ed yes as a default, where if you would like, you can change it, of course, to build without off-ed. So let's have a quick look at some APIs or as we call them, verbs. So you can find them on user-included Infiniband verbs, of course, after building the whole kernel with off-ed. And let's have a look at one of those examples, which will be IBVRGMR. IBVRGMR stands for Infiniband verbs, register, memory region. This functionality actually enables you to pin a memory for later use by the hardware. What this function accepts as input are the protection domain, which is basically an entity that connects this memory region to a specific QP or QS. It will have the address and the length of this memory region, and the access user and the access are the user-level flags, which will, again, for security reasons, of course. Each IBVRGMR will be followed by IBVRGMR, of course, to free this pin memory. Taking a quick look and in the trace of calling, for example, IBVRGMR, you will actually work with verbs, which is the API for the user application, which will have a callback called REGMR, which every RDMA user space provider will have to implement, which will be MLX5 REGMR, for example, which will call IBVRGMR, which is, again, a callback, back to the verbs, which will actually issue a right command for the hardware, for the kernel, of course. So going back and forth from the verbs to the RDMA provider, which is in our case MLX5, and back to verbs makes it basically a generic API from the user application perspective and back a generic API to the kernel code itself. After handling the CIS call of write, IBU verbs will have its character device with an implementation of the right callback, which will call REG user MR, which is, again, a callback that has to be implemented by the RDMA driver, or the driver of the specific vendor, which will call the MMAP single, which is the actual pinning of that memory. So for some better use case or simpler use case, we have pushed to FreeBSD, both 11 and 12, of course, to contrib off at lib RDMA and lib IBVRGMR examples. We have multiple user space applications, which can be used to investigate or to play with RDMA. Also we have CIS contrib RDMA key arping, which is a kernel application example of how can we use, basically, RDMA in the kernel column. And recently, actually thanks for Philip, we just pushed the Perftest, which is a micro benchmarking tool for RDMA. Questions so far? Awesome. So when taking such a protocol as RDMA from the infiniband world and putting it into Ethernet, we have a lot of benefits. Like, like just said, we have low latency, we have low CPU utilization, we have great bandwidth, but on the other hand, we encounter into some difficulties. One of those difficulties is the fact that Ethernet is a lossy fabric. In the next part, we will talk what does it mean that Ethernet is a lossy fabric, and how can we manage that by introducing a few complementary protocols? And why do we care about it for Rocky, for example? So the fact that Ethernet is a lossy fabric means that Ethernet allows packets to be dropped when buffers overflow. And actually Ethernet is using this to indicate that a congestion has occurred in the fabric. From a rocky perspective, when a packet is being dropped, since everything is being offloaded to the hardware, it means that there is a firmer flow, which is very expensive from a performance perspective. And another thing that I will demonstrate in the upcoming slide is what exactly is being happening when this transmission happens. So we can manage those packet loss by or those congestions in two manners. First of all, we can improve the hardware to work faster when the transmission flows are needed. Basically, we were working on this on Connectic 6, and I will explain what is the difference between what's going on now and what it's going to do. Or the other approach can be to do a congestion control on the link layer. So from a rocky perspective, when a packet is being dropped, PSN stands for packet sequence number. When you see, for example, if PSN number two was dropped, we will have to retransmit not only this second packet, we will have to retransmit everything from this packet and on. This is again because of the way that Trocki works. Important thing to notice is the fact that in the infinite world, this is the difference between infinite and Internet, there is no such thing as packet loss, basically. The idea of infinite is a little bit different. They work with something, they exchange data to transmit as much as can, some different algorithm that we can talk a little bit about later. But basically the problem that in Internet, we will have to retransmit everything from this packet and on. One of the mechanisms to avoid that or to manage that will be flow control or global pause. Basically what global pause means is that whenever the buffer will reach a certain threshold, a special packet called pause will descend from the receiver to the center side, asking him to completely stop any traffic. Of course, global pause is a link level flow control and I'll explain it in a second how it works. So, basically, let's imagine that we have single receiver and multiple transmitters to the same receiver guys. So those transmitters send a lot of traffic to this receiver up to the fact that his buffers are starting to get to some point in his threshold. When this happens, this guy will send a pause frame but instead of sending it for each of the senders, he will send it to the switch which is directly connected to him and only when his buffers will get to this certain threshold, he will send the pause frames back to the senders asking them to stop down. The problem, basically this is a high level view of that. The problem with that is that when we have multiple senders and single receiver, we have multiple types of flows and each of these flows has its own thing. So for example, if we don't want a specific flow to be paused at all, for example, if we have video traffic and, I don't know, HTTP traffic, for example. So we need a way to distinguish between those flows and deal with that. One of the approaches to do this will be priority flow control or PFC. So basically, we have something called PCP which is a priority code point. It's a mechanism to put a priority inside the shim, inside the dot one q shim which is also called a villain header and to distinguish between different types of flows. In this mechanism with PFC, instead of stopping all the traffic at once from the sender side to the receiver, we can stop each and every priority. Basically how it works, that we have multiple queues right now, multiple buffers, and we can stop the traffic on each buffer by itself instead of stopping altogether. Again, this protocol PFC is link level, just like the previous one, just like pause. So two problems with both PFC and global pause is the fact that first, it's link level. And the second one, that the granularity is not that good. Still, we have only eight priorities. And the third, but maybe a little bit different thing, is the fact that in PFC and global pause, what will happen is that we will stop sending any traffic at all, meaning instead of slowing down. What basically happens behind the scenes is that when a sender receives a pause packet, he will start a counter which will start sending traffic again only when this counter expires and he didn't receive another pause frame. So the next mechanism called ECN, or explicit congestion notification, is basically an extension of the IP protocol which allows an end-to-end congestion notification almost without dropping any packets. This mechanism works a little bit different. It uses DCQCN, which is very much like red, and red stands for random early detection. Basically the idea is that instead of sending a pause frame or a pause asking for the sender to slow down his traffic on a certain threshold, using red, what happens is that as much as if the longer the queue of the packets in the buffers, the higher probability of marking a packet as a congestion experience gets higher. Basically unlike PFC and global pause, what happens with ECN is that the intermediate devices like switches and routers can mark a specific flow that a congestion has occurred and when the receiver side will get this packet, a regular packet from the flow with congestion experience, he will send a special packet called CMP or congestion notification packet to the sender side asking him to slow down. So from ECN what we get is much better granularity and as you can see, instead of stopping the traffic completely, he will ask him to just slow down. So as a little summary for what we've been talking so far is first of all that ROKV2 is erudible, unlike ROKV1 which was introduced in the previous generations of previous D. ROKV is scalable. ROKV is actually being implemented right now in not implemented, sorry, is used in one of the biggest cloud providers like Azure. ROKV works on Ethernet available distances, meaning that all distances that are available for Ethernet will be available for ROKV2. ROKV works with all advanced Ethernet signaling rates, meaning that ROKV is working on 100 gigabit Ethernet. Common traffic management and monitoring tools work with ROKV, for example TCP-DAM has support for sniffing ROKV packets, even in free BSD. It is something that was pushed after updating lead pickup. ROKV requires lossless network. This is true, but we have great mechanisms for supporting that. ROKV is supported by multiple vendors. It is, it's not only Melanox. And ROKV interoperability between different vendors is regularly tested by IBTA, by the InfiniBend Association, actually this is happening twice a year and being published for general availability. Any questions? So ROKV has a lot of application. We can, we can accelerate MPI applications, for example, we can accelerate HPC applications. And one of the interesting points that we have is that ROKV can accelerate storage protocols. All those storage protocols that everyone are using like iSCSI, like NFS, like NVME, like Samba, which I'm not going to talk about. But basically all of them can be accelerated using ROKV. So let's start from the first example, which is actually already implemented for free BSD, which is ISER. ISER is basically an iSCSI extension for RDMA. We are using iSCSI and instead of using the TCP stack as the transport layer, we're actually using RDMA. The benefits, of course, just like any other RDMA or ROKV application, will be high bandwidth, high IOPS, low latency, we will reduce CPU usage, and of course all the iSCSI management tools are available. So here are some ISER performance examples on both on Connectix 4 and Connectix 4LX for 25 and 100 gig. So from this graph, you can see that using one small thing that I have to mention, those performance results are wore down on Linux and not on free BSD, unfortunately. So as you can see that using 512 bytes as a block size for IO, you can see that we can get three times better performance from IO perspective. We can get almost three times better latency using ISER and almost four times better bandwidth using latency. Again, I'm comparing the same devices, the same PCs, the same computers, the same everything, just using RDMA and using regular TCP. Using CPU performance, we can see that we can get almost four and a half times better from CPU utilization. NFS over RDMA, which is unfortunately not available yet for free BSD, basically the idea that when there was, and I'm pretty sure that most of you, if not all, are familiar with NFS. When NFS was introduced, it was introduced on 10 megabit Ethernet and the migration to 100 megabit actually showed much performance improvements. On the other hand, the next generation didn't show that much improvement on the other and from the CPU utilization perspectives, NFS was much worse when migrating to faster networks. So here I'll show some performance results done by Oracle actually. So you can see again that we gain almost four times better on the read IOPS and much better on the right. You can see that almost three times better. This on 16 was on one thread, sorry, and on six threads, as you can see here, using big block sizes and for 4K and 8K, we see the same picture basically from NFS over RDMA point of view. The next protocol that I would like to talk about is NVME over fabrics, which again is unfortunately not available for free BSD yet. Only NVME is nonvolatile memory express, allows you to have an SSD device basically attached to your PCI. NVME over fabrics allows you to write using RDMA to NVME devices from remote. So here are some performance measurements for Connectix 5, for example, and from this graph you can see that the performance for doing an NVME device, meaning NVME over fabric, is almost alike doing a local write. And again, from throughput and IOPS perspective, you can see that using NVME for NVME over fabrics, we can get to up to 4 million IOPS on small block sizes, and we get to almost saturating the whole link in 4K. Questions? Right, exactly, right, and even with the new generation like the SOC, we can offload the target completely. You can have the whole target inside the NIC itself. Bluefield. Can you go back to slide the... I couldn't read that. I couldn't read my eyes with that. I couldn't read the color. Which one? What each color means? So the blue one is RDMA write IOPS. The orange one is IP of write B write IOPS. It's actually not comparing real TCP to RDMA. It's basically comparing IP of write B to RDMA. And then RDMA read IOPS and IP of write B read IOPS. It's read write and RDMA versus IP of write B. Yes, of course. So for RDMA, I understand that this is basically the star will write something. Bear with me here, sorry. For NVME, if a write is coming in, the NIC is going to put the data into memory and the NIC is going to issue the piece management to the device, say, go write using this buffer. So I'm not an NVME expert. But as far as I understand how it works is basically that by using the NVME protocol, first of all, we have to understand that NVME is not scousing, right? Yeah. NVME is NVME. So as far as I understand, when we get the NVME message on the wire to the card itself, it will just put the data or the buffer directly on the NVME device over the PCI instead of going up to the CPU and back. Yeah, that's why I'm saying the NIC is putting the, it's doing the buffer for what comes in over the network and then the NIC is sending the right man to... Directly on the PCI to the NVME device. Other questions? Suppose I still do the double-fogging device and write something to RAM and NIC takes from RAM and send to the... So this is the point that I'm not sure about and I want to commit to. But as far as I understand, there will no be... No security interaction, but this double-DMA. So I'm not sure if there will be a double-DMA. This is what I'm not sure about, but I think that it will be a direct DMA to the NVME device itself. But this one I'll have to check because I'm not sure about it. Of course. Do you mean Rocky Multicast? You mean Rocky Multicast. Are DMA Multicast, basically? Yes. Yes. And actually we have the MCC application located in the same place. I think it's under RDMA applications, under LibRDMA. And MCC is basically a user space application which uses multicast for RDMA traffic. I do have one comment, I mean, it's not a message here, several complementary protocols to make the internet fabric to be lost as a step of policy. So this is something that we are trying to overcome harder so there won't be a need for those protocols. And basically we are trying to advance the way we are doing the transmission and we have to keep it to be less involved. So we are just setting the exact piece that was missing and cut it off just like the DC piece that can reduce the need for any complementary protocols. So, you know, future generations and connecting six LX and beyond and onwards, you want to need them for a piece of what's called I work for. No. It's a different protocol. It's also based on RDMA. And you are an expert here that's the pilot. So basically what will happen just like I demonstrated in the next generations, instead of resending everything from the lost packet and force, we can just resend the lost packet itself instead of resending everything. This is what many was trying to describe about the next generations. Right. But, but, but, right, of course. So basically about the complementary protocols, the best practice that we recommend will be to use PFC or global pause, which is, of course, PFC because it has better granularity and ECN because ECN still allows a little bit of traffic to be dropped. And when using global pause, there is no chance or PFC, of course, there is no chance for traffic loss. ECN is implemented in hardware, for example. Yes, of course. So I wasn't sure if I have enough time to talk about ECN because ECN is, but I do have. So talk about it a little bit. So what happens with ECN is, first of all, if you have two servers connected back to back, you will not have ECN at all. So what happens with ECN, the intermediate devices, the switches and routers must support ECN. What basically happens is when the threshold in the intermediate devices buffers gets to a certain point, this packet will be marked, like both bits will be turned on. And when the receiver side will get a regular packet with those two bits on, but in hardware, it will generate those special packets called C&P, which is a congestion notification packet, sending it directly to the sender, asking him to slow down the traffic. Okay. Awesome. Any further questions? So I think that it. Thank you, everybody, for joining me today. | {
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"text": [
" So, first of all, thank you for joining me today.",
" We are going to talk a little bit about Rocky as a performance accelerator.",
" So a few words about me.",
" My name is Slava Schwartzman.",
" I live in Israel in Kvarsaba, which actually translates to Grandpas Village, but it's a",
" medium-sized city in Israel.",
" I'm a software engineer at Malamux Technologies.",
" My main interests are the networking stack and the InfiniBand.",
" I'll be mostly focusing on Rocky and RDMA.",
" I'm a new committer at Source, and my mentors are Konstantin Belosov, Kib, and Hans-Peter",
" Sulaski.",
" So, today we are going to talk a little bit about Rocky, or what is Rocky, and where it",
" comes from, and a little bit about history and its current implementation in previous",
" day.",
" We'll talk a little bit about complementary protocols, and why do we need it for Rocky.",
" And then we'll have a look at some graphs and some performance acceleration for storage",
" protocols using RDMA.",
" So before starting to talk about RDMA or Rocky, we need to understand a little bit about its",
" history.",
" Rocky actually comes from the InfiniBand world, and RDMA is coming from the InfiniBand world.",
" InfiniBand is basically a networking stack, just like Ethernet, but it's on the pre-ations",
" for the layer one, two, and three, three, and four.",
" And its main characteristics are that it has low latency, high bandwidth, and very low",
" CPU utilization.",
" It can achieve those benefits or characteristics by using RDMA.",
" RDMA, which stands for Remote Direct Memory Access.",
" I'm pretty sure that most of you are familiar with DMMA, basically the ability for hardware",
" to directly access memory regions without any involvement of the CPU.",
" RDMA basically allows remote direct memory access, basically allows the HCA to access",
" memory on remote hosts.",
" The current implementation of RDMA allows hardware offload, basically packet processing",
" in the hardware instead of doing them in the kernel itself.",
" And of course, RDMA was designed with security concerns, like protection domains, for example.",
" They have user level access and exchange of keys.",
" The benefits of RDMA are minimal CPU involvement, of course, since the packet processing is",
" actually being offloaded into the hardware, hence the CPU doesn't have to work too hard",
" or there is minimal involvement from the CPU.",
" Kernel bypass, for example.",
" We allow user applications to fully bypass our kernel and use, again, those memory regions.",
" Scutter gather entry support.",
" Basically RDMA was designed with Scutter gather entry support as definition.",
" Basically allows you to not allocate continuous memory and just use pieces and Scutter gather",
" them.",
" Zero copy basically stands for the fact that unlike traditional sockets where the buffer",
" that being allocated by the application needs to be copied along the networking stack in",
" RDMA, this buffer is used by the RDMA in itself and copied and transferred to the remote host.",
" So Rocky?",
" So with that concerning mind that to achieve the benefits of RDMA, you need to change the",
" entire architecture of your network is not something trivial to ask.",
" And hence Rocky or RDMA overconverged Ethernet was introduced.",
" Basically RDMA overconverged Ethernet allows you to use RDMA benefits over an existing",
" Ethernet fabrics.",
" Rocky is a standard protocol, standardized by the IBTA, which stands for Infiniband Trade",
" Association and both Infiniband and Rocky APIs share the same common MPI.",
" It's interestingly enough to mention that both FreeBSD and Linux, for example, will share",
" the same API because those are the same APIs.",
" And that's it.",
" I wanted to say something about it, but it's enough.",
" So here is the header layout of the Rocky protocol.",
" Basically you can see that the Infiniband things are encapsulated inside in an Ethernet header.",
" The Ether type will indicate that the next packet is IBGRH, which stands for Infiniband",
" Global Routing Header, which actually contains the layer 3 addresses for Infiniband.",
" And the next header is IBBTH, Infiniband-based transport header, which is the layer 4 header.",
" The main problem with Rocky, or as we will see in a second, with Rocky V1, is the fact",
" that it's limited to its domain, meaning it's not routable.",
" And hence, Rocky V2 was introduced.",
" Rocky V2 is basically a straightforward extension of the Rocky V1 protocol, which allows it",
" to be routed between different subnets.",
" The change that was done is basically to the headers and telf.",
" We can see this in this diagram.",
" Instead of having IBGRH at the layer 3, we now have an IP header.",
" So the Ether type in Rocky V2 will indicate that the next header is actually an IP header.",
" And the IP header will indicate that the next header will be UDP header, which will have",
" a specific destination port indicating that this packet is Rocky V2.",
" And we still have the IBBTH and the Infiniband payload inside.",
" So the current status in FreeBSD is that we have Rocky V2 support both for FreeBSD11 and",
" FreeBSD12.",
" We currently need special hardware support, of course, when hardware support is working.",
" And in order to enjoy the RDMA capabilities, you will have to rebuild world and kernel",
" with off-ed yes.",
" So we're currently actually working on make the build kernel with off-ed yes as a default,",
" where if you would like, you can change it, of course, to build without off-ed.",
" So let's have a quick look at some APIs or as we call them, verbs.",
" So you can find them on user-included Infiniband verbs, of course, after building the whole",
" kernel with off-ed.",
" And let's have a look at one of those examples, which will be IBVRGMR.",
" IBVRGMR stands for Infiniband verbs, register, memory region.",
" This functionality actually enables you to pin a memory for later use by the hardware.",
" What this function accepts as input are the protection domain, which is basically an entity",
" that connects this memory region to a specific QP or QS.",
" It will have the address and the length of this memory region, and the access user and",
" the access are the user-level flags, which will, again, for security reasons, of course.",
" Each IBVRGMR will be followed by IBVRGMR, of course, to free this pin memory.",
" Taking a quick look and in the trace of calling, for example, IBVRGMR, you will actually work",
" with verbs, which is the API for the user application, which will have a callback called",
" REGMR, which every RDMA user space provider will have to implement, which will be MLX5",
" REGMR, for example, which will call IBVRGMR, which is, again, a callback, back to the verbs,",
" which will actually issue a right command for the hardware, for the kernel, of course.",
" So going back and forth from the verbs to the RDMA provider, which is in our case MLX5,",
" and back to verbs makes it basically a generic API from the user application perspective",
" and back a generic API to the kernel code itself.",
" After handling the CIS call of write, IBU verbs will have its character device with an implementation",
" of the right callback, which will call REG user MR, which is, again, a callback that has",
" to be implemented by the RDMA driver, or the driver of the specific vendor, which will call",
" the MMAP single, which is the actual pinning of that memory.",
" So for some better use case or simpler use case, we have pushed to FreeBSD, both 11 and",
" 12, of course, to contrib off at lib RDMA and lib IBVRGMR examples.",
" We have multiple user space applications, which can be used to investigate or to play",
" with RDMA.",
" Also we have CIS contrib RDMA key arping, which is a kernel application example of how",
" can we use, basically, RDMA in the kernel column.",
" And recently, actually thanks for Philip, we just pushed the Perftest, which is a micro",
" benchmarking tool for RDMA.",
" Questions so far?",
" Awesome.",
" So when taking such a protocol as RDMA from the infiniband world and putting it into Ethernet,",
" we have a lot of benefits.",
" Like, like just said, we have low latency, we have low CPU utilization, we have great",
" bandwidth, but on the other hand, we encounter into some difficulties.",
" One of those difficulties is the fact that Ethernet is a lossy fabric.",
" In the next part, we will talk what does it mean that Ethernet is a lossy fabric, and",
" how can we manage that by introducing a few complementary protocols?",
" And why do we care about it for Rocky, for example?",
" So the fact that Ethernet is a lossy fabric means that Ethernet allows packets to be dropped",
" when buffers overflow.",
" And actually Ethernet is using this to indicate that a congestion has occurred in the fabric.",
" From a rocky perspective, when a packet is being dropped, since everything is being offloaded",
" to the hardware, it means that there is a firmer flow, which is very expensive from a",
" performance perspective.",
" And another thing that I will demonstrate in the upcoming slide is what exactly is being",
" happening when this transmission happens.",
" So we can manage those packet loss by or those congestions in two manners.",
" First of all, we can improve the hardware to work faster when the transmission flows",
" are needed.",
" Basically, we were working on this on Connectic 6, and I will explain what is the difference",
" between what's going on now and what it's going to do.",
" Or the other approach can be to do a congestion control on the link layer.",
" So from a rocky perspective, when a packet is being dropped, PSN stands for packet sequence",
" number.",
" When you see, for example, if PSN number two was dropped, we will have to retransmit not",
" only this second packet, we will have to retransmit everything from this packet and on.",
" This is again because of the way that Trocki works.",
" Important thing to notice is the fact that in the infinite world, this is the difference",
" between infinite and Internet, there is no such thing as packet loss, basically.",
" The idea of infinite is a little bit different.",
" They work with something, they exchange data to transmit as much as can, some different",
" algorithm that we can talk a little bit about later.",
" But basically the problem that in Internet, we will have to retransmit everything from",
" this packet and on.",
" One of the mechanisms to avoid that or to manage that will be flow control or global",
" pause.",
" Basically what global pause means is that whenever the buffer will reach a certain threshold,",
" a special packet called pause will descend from the receiver to the center side, asking",
" him to completely stop any traffic.",
" Of course, global pause is a link level flow control and I'll explain it in a second how",
" it works.",
" So, basically, let's imagine that we have single receiver and multiple transmitters",
" to the same receiver guys.",
" So those transmitters send a lot of traffic to this receiver up to the fact that his",
" buffers are starting to get to some point in his threshold.",
" When this happens, this guy will send a pause frame but instead of sending it for each of",
" the senders, he will send it to the switch which is directly connected to him and only",
" when his buffers will get to this certain threshold, he will send the pause frames back",
" to the senders asking them to stop down.",
" The problem, basically this is a high level view of that.",
" The problem with that is that when we have multiple senders and single receiver, we have",
" multiple types of flows and each of these flows has its own thing.",
" So for example, if we don't want a specific flow to be paused at all, for example, if",
" we have video traffic and, I don't know, HTTP traffic, for example.",
" So we need a way to distinguish between those flows and deal with that.",
" One of the approaches to do this will be priority flow control or PFC.",
" So basically, we have something called PCP which is a priority code point.",
" It's a mechanism to put a priority inside the shim, inside the dot one q shim which",
" is also called a villain header and to distinguish between different types of flows.",
" In this mechanism with PFC, instead of stopping all the traffic at once from the sender side",
" to the receiver, we can stop each and every priority.",
" Basically how it works, that we have multiple queues right now, multiple buffers, and we",
" can stop the traffic on each buffer by itself instead of stopping altogether.",
" Again, this protocol PFC is link level, just like the previous one, just like pause.",
" So two problems with both PFC and global pause is the fact that first, it's link level.",
" And the second one, that the granularity is not that good.",
" Still, we have only eight priorities.",
" And the third, but maybe a little bit different thing, is the fact that in PFC and global",
" pause, what will happen is that we will stop sending any traffic at all, meaning instead",
" of slowing down.",
" What basically happens behind the scenes is that when a sender receives a pause packet,",
" he will start a counter which will start sending traffic again only when this counter expires",
" and he didn't receive another pause frame.",
" So the next mechanism called ECN, or explicit congestion notification, is basically an extension",
" of the IP protocol which allows an end-to-end congestion notification almost without dropping",
" any packets.",
" This mechanism works a little bit different.",
" It uses DCQCN, which is very much like red, and red stands for random early detection.",
" Basically the idea is that instead of sending a pause frame or a pause asking for the sender",
" to slow down his traffic on a certain threshold, using red, what happens is that as much as",
" if the longer the queue of the packets in the buffers, the higher probability of marking",
" a packet as a congestion experience gets higher.",
" Basically unlike PFC and global pause, what happens with ECN is that the intermediate",
" devices like switches and routers can mark a specific flow that a congestion has occurred",
" and when the receiver side will get this packet, a regular packet from the flow with congestion",
" experience, he will send a special packet called CMP or congestion notification packet",
" to the sender side asking him to slow down.",
" So from ECN what we get is much better granularity and as you can see, instead of stopping the",
" traffic completely, he will ask him to just slow down.",
" So as a little summary for what we've been talking so far is first of all that ROKV2",
" is erudible, unlike ROKV1 which was introduced in the previous generations of previous D.",
" ROKV is scalable.",
" ROKV is actually being implemented right now in not implemented, sorry, is used in one",
" of the biggest cloud providers like Azure.",
" ROKV works on Ethernet available distances, meaning that all distances that are available",
" for Ethernet will be available for ROKV2.",
" ROKV works with all advanced Ethernet signaling rates, meaning that ROKV is working on 100",
" gigabit Ethernet.",
" Common traffic management and monitoring tools work with ROKV, for example TCP-DAM",
" has support for sniffing ROKV packets, even in free BSD.",
" It is something that was pushed after updating lead pickup.",
" ROKV requires lossless network.",
" This is true, but we have great mechanisms for supporting that.",
" ROKV is supported by multiple vendors.",
" It is, it's not only Melanox.",
" And ROKV interoperability between different vendors is regularly tested by IBTA, by the",
" InfiniBend Association, actually this is happening twice a year and being published for general",
" availability.",
" Any questions?",
" So ROKV has a lot of application.",
" We can, we can accelerate MPI applications, for example, we can accelerate HPC applications.",
" And one of the interesting points that we have is that ROKV can accelerate storage protocols.",
" All those storage protocols that everyone are using like iSCSI, like NFS, like NVME,",
" like Samba, which I'm not going to talk about.",
" But basically all of them can be accelerated using ROKV.",
" So let's start from the first example, which is actually already implemented for free BSD,",
" which is ISER.",
" ISER is basically an iSCSI extension for RDMA.",
" We are using iSCSI and instead of using the TCP stack as the transport layer, we're actually",
" using RDMA.",
" The benefits, of course, just like any other RDMA or ROKV application, will be high bandwidth,",
" high IOPS, low latency, we will reduce CPU usage, and of course all the iSCSI management",
" tools are available.",
" So here are some ISER performance examples on both on Connectix 4 and Connectix 4LX for",
" 25 and 100 gig.",
" So from this graph, you can see that using one small thing that I have to mention, those",
" performance results are wore down on Linux and not on free BSD, unfortunately.",
" So as you can see that using 512 bytes as a block size for IO, you can see that we can",
" get three times better performance from IO perspective.",
" We can get almost three times better latency using ISER and almost four times better bandwidth",
" using latency.",
" Again, I'm comparing the same devices, the same PCs, the same computers, the same everything,",
" just using RDMA and using regular TCP.",
" Using CPU performance, we can see that we can get almost four and a half times better",
" from CPU utilization.",
" NFS over RDMA, which is unfortunately not available yet for free BSD, basically the",
" idea that when there was, and I'm pretty sure that most of you, if not all, are familiar",
" with NFS.",
" When NFS was introduced, it was introduced on 10 megabit Ethernet and the migration to",
" 100 megabit actually showed much performance improvements.",
" On the other hand, the next generation didn't show that much improvement on the other and",
" from the CPU utilization perspectives, NFS was much worse when migrating to faster networks.",
" So here I'll show some performance results done by Oracle actually.",
" So you can see again that we gain almost four times better on the read IOPS and much better",
" on the right.",
" You can see that almost three times better.",
" This on 16 was on one thread, sorry, and on six threads, as you can see here, using big",
" block sizes and for 4K and 8K, we see the same picture basically from NFS over RDMA point",
" of view.",
" The next protocol that I would like to talk about is NVME over fabrics, which again is",
" unfortunately not available for free BSD yet.",
" Only NVME is nonvolatile memory express, allows you to have an SSD device basically attached",
" to your PCI.",
" NVME over fabrics allows you to write using RDMA to NVME devices from remote.",
" So here are some performance measurements for Connectix 5, for example, and from this",
" graph you can see that the performance for doing an NVME device, meaning NVME over fabric,",
" is almost alike doing a local write.",
" And again, from throughput and IOPS perspective, you can see that using NVME for NVME over",
" fabrics, we can get to up to 4 million IOPS on small block sizes, and we get to almost",
" saturating the whole link in 4K.",
" Questions?",
" Right, exactly, right, and even with the new generation like the SOC, we can offload the",
" target completely.",
" You can have the whole target inside the NIC itself.",
" Bluefield.",
" Can you go back to slide the...",
" I couldn't read that.",
" I couldn't read my eyes with that.",
" I couldn't read the color.",
" Which one?",
" What each color means?",
" So the blue one is RDMA write IOPS.",
" The orange one is IP of write B write IOPS.",
" It's actually not comparing real TCP to RDMA.",
" It's basically comparing IP of write B to RDMA.",
" And then RDMA read IOPS and IP of write B read IOPS.",
" It's read write and RDMA versus IP of write B.",
" Yes, of course.",
" So for RDMA, I understand that this is basically the star will write something.",
" Bear with me here, sorry.",
" For NVME, if a write is coming in, the NIC is going to put the data into memory and",
" the NIC is going to issue the piece management to the device, say, go write using this buffer.",
" So I'm not an NVME expert.",
" But as far as I understand how it works is basically that by using the NVME protocol,",
" first of all, we have to understand that NVME is not scousing, right?",
" Yeah.",
" NVME is NVME.",
" So as far as I understand, when we get the NVME message on the wire to the card itself,",
" it will just put the data or the buffer directly on the NVME device over the PCI instead of",
" going up to the CPU and back.",
" Yeah, that's why I'm saying the NIC is putting the, it's doing the buffer for what comes",
" in over the network and then the NIC is sending the right man to...",
" Directly on the PCI to the NVME device.",
" Other questions?",
" Suppose I still do the double-fogging device and write something to RAM and NIC takes from",
" RAM and send to the...",
" So this is the point that I'm not sure about and I want to commit to.",
" But as far as I understand, there will no be...",
" No security interaction, but this double-DMA.",
" So I'm not sure if there will be a double-DMA.",
" This is what I'm not sure about, but I think that it will be a direct DMA to the NVME device",
" itself.",
" But this one I'll have to check because I'm not sure about it.",
" Of course.",
" Do you mean Rocky Multicast?",
" You mean Rocky Multicast.",
" Are DMA Multicast, basically?",
" Yes.",
" Yes.",
" And actually we have the MCC application located in the same place.",
" I think it's under RDMA applications, under LibRDMA.",
" And MCC is basically a user space application which uses multicast for RDMA traffic.",
" I do have one comment, I mean, it's not a message here, several complementary protocols",
" to make the internet fabric to be lost as a step of policy.",
" So this is something that we are trying to overcome harder so there won't be a need for",
" those protocols.",
" And basically we are trying to advance the way we are doing the transmission and we",
" have to keep it to be less involved.",
" So we are just setting the exact piece that was missing and cut it off just like the",
" DC piece that can reduce the need for any complementary protocols.",
" So, you know, future generations and connecting six LX and beyond and onwards, you want to",
" need them for a piece of what's called I work for.",
" No.",
" It's a different protocol.",
" It's also based on RDMA.",
" And you are an expert here that's the pilot.",
" So basically what will happen just like I demonstrated in the next generations, instead",
" of resending everything from the lost packet and force, we can just resend the lost packet",
" itself instead of resending everything.",
" This is what many was trying to describe about the next generations.",
" Right.",
" But, but, but, right, of course.",
" So basically about the complementary protocols, the best practice that we recommend will",
" be to use PFC or global pause, which is, of course, PFC because it has better granularity",
" and ECN because ECN still allows a little bit of traffic to be dropped.",
" And when using global pause, there is no chance or PFC, of course, there is no chance for",
" traffic loss.",
" ECN is implemented in hardware, for example.",
" Yes, of course.",
" So I wasn't sure if I have enough time to talk about ECN because ECN is, but I do have.",
" So talk about it a little bit.",
" So what happens with ECN is, first of all, if you have two servers connected back to",
" back, you will not have ECN at all.",
" So what happens with ECN, the intermediate devices, the switches and routers must support",
" ECN.",
" What basically happens is when the threshold in the intermediate devices buffers gets to",
" a certain point, this packet will be marked, like both bits will be turned on.",
" And when the receiver side will get a regular packet with those two bits on, but in hardware,",
" it will generate those special packets called C&P, which is a congestion notification packet,",
" sending it directly to the sender, asking him to slow down the traffic.",
" Okay.",
" Awesome.",
" Any further questions?",
" So I think that it.",
" Thank you, everybody, for joining me today."
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10.5446/55054 (DOI) | 3d SUSY Gauge Theory and Quantum Groups at Roots of Unity | https://av.tib.eu/media/55054 | https://tib.flowcenter.de/mfc/medialink/3/de956f9da9d511832977ec0f182ce68da47cd2e758478c5dcb8a53cd6ceeadb2bc/Tudor_Dimofte_-_3d_SUSY_Gauge_Theory_and_Quantum_G_NTxHMx_nxQ8.mp4 | CC Attribution 3.0 Unported:
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Physics | Lecture | 2021 | Dimofte, Tudor | Negut, Andrei (Organization)
Sala, Francesco (Organization)
Schiffmann, Olivier (Organization) | Topological twists of 3d N=4 gauge theories naturally give rise to non-semisimple 3d TQFT's. In mathematics, prototypical examples of the latter were constructed in the 90's (by Lyubashenko and others) from representation categories of small quantum groups at roots of unity; they were recently generalized in work of Costantino-Geer-Patureau Mirand and collaborators. I will introduce a family of physical 3d quantum field theories that (conjecturally) reproduce these classic non-semisimple TQFT's. The physical theories combine Chern-Simons-like and 3d N=4-like sectors. They are also related to Feigin-Tipunin vertex algebras, much the same way that Chern-Simons theory is related to WZW vertex algebras. | I wanted to talk about some work in progress that I hope we will be finishing up very soon with Thomas Kreitzig, Nick Garner, and Nathan Geer. It started out a few years ago as part of an SF-FRG collaboration. And it's related but probably not in a way that will be obvious to some previous work with some of these co-authors and Jennifer Brown, a grad student, and Stavros Garfilidis about recursion relations for so-called ADO invariants. It's also closely related to a paper that appeared last year by Gukovsin Nakajima Parkpe in Topenko that gives in a way I will say a little bit more about later, sort of a 3D mirror of our construction. And there's also ongoing work in that direction by Gukov Fagan and Reshiti Ghan. So to sort of set up the story I want to discuss, there was sort of fantastic progress in math and in physics that started about 30 years ago in a bunch of papers, but in particular in work of Witton's and of Reshiti Ghan and Turayev that sort of connected some ideas coming from representation theory of quantum groups and vertex algebras, WCW models, and Trin Simons quantum field theory. One of the first examples of so-called topological quantum field theories whose partition functions give you topological invariants, in this case of three manifolds with links inside. So I am hoping that many of you have know at least part of this picture. One of the huge exciting powerful aspects of this is that there were at least three different perspectives on quantum invariants that appeared and one could sort of study each side and connect them. So a key object, sorry there's a lot of feedback coming through, let me know if the audio is not okay for me at some point. Okay, so a key object in each of these constructions that appears is a certain braided tensor category and in the axiomatics of TQFT on the math side one can sort of reproduce the entire TQFT from this braided tensor category. In Trin Simons theory, on the physics side, this is the so-called category of line operators. Its objects are extended operators that are localized on some sort of lines or curves and three-dimensional space time. In the OA land, the objects of this category are modules for the relevant VOA, which is WCW, and in terms of quantum groups, objects of this category are modules for a quantum group UQG at a root of unity. So, their objects of this category, more precisely their objects of a massive semi-simplification of this category. So the category at a root of unity, which is really what I want to talk about during most of this talk, is extremely complicated. It's not semi-simple and it was known a long time ago that it wasn't semi-simple, and sort of a tiny piece of it goes into this original Reshti-Kintari construction. Right, so like I mentioned, so in this old classic story, the category involved is semi-simple. In terms of physics, semi-simple means there are no non-trivial junctions of line operators. And in math, I'm hoping you all know what semi-simple means. So mathematically, you would say there are no non-trivial morphisms among objects and morphisms are junctions on the physics side. Okay, so a lot of progress has been made since then, sort of extending into the non-semi-simple world. On the quantum group side, even in the early 90s, Li Buchenko and others started writing down partial TQFTs that started off with a non-semi-simple category. And so the Kutsude-Gucchi, Otsuki, or ADO invariance of links are sort of related to this. They're related to a semi-simple part of a bigger category that I'll mention later on. Well, the problem there is not that it's not semi-simple, the problem is that there, some representations have vanished in quantum dimensions that need to be regularized. And some of the patterns of problems come up in general when looking at the big category of UQMG modules at a root of unity that need to be dealt with somehow. A systematic set of tools for dealing with the various problems that come up has been constructed much more recently starting in work of Geo Constantino and Patiro Muran, and extending in a bunch of different ways since then. And so now there is, well, there are still extensions that are being developed, but there is at least one TQFT defined using these techniques, these new techniques that involves the full representation category of UQMG. I'll talk about this category in about 10 minutes. So, on the VOA side, there have been similar developments. So going non-semi-simple there in its simplest incarnation means generalizing from rational VOAs to logarithmic VOAs. And the simplest logarithmic vertex algebra, the so-called triplet model, and that's been generalized also in many ways, but the generalization that's relevant here is in terms of what are called Fagin-Tepunin Algebras. That's what FT stands for. So this is Fagin-Tepunin. And with suitable matching, the representation category, the module category of these Fagin-Tepunin Algebras is supposed to match modules for quantum groups at certain roots of unity. Well, it was supposed to, I think it was conjectured a long time ago and in recent work, that I'll give you a few references here. The equivalence has been proven in certain cases and generalized to an equivalence of actual rated tensor categories. So we modulate tensor categories that sort of the data you needed to build the TQFT out of this. Okay, so I said a lot has been done. Yeah, sorry, was there a question? Okay. So what hasn't been done is the physics side of this. Transimans led to a lot of sort of amazing computations and predictions, things like geometric quantization to produce Hilbert spaces and conceivage integrals and so on. And the transimans part of this non-simple story does not exist yet. So what we're doing, part of what we're doing is actually to propose a quantum field theory that fits in this third physics perspective. Some non-simple aspects, I should say, have appeared. Now, triplet algebras have started appearing in supersymmetric theories in a paper on 3D modularity, maybe, by Chang-Chen Ferrari-Gericot Harrison. So logarithmic things have started appearing, in particular in a supersymmetric context. So, supergroup transimans theories have also been investigated, and I would, using sort of physics language, I would say they fall into the same universality class. They, supergroup transimans theories have a lot of properties in common with the theories I will discuss today. They're just not exactly the direction we're going in. So the result I want to talk about, in part proposal and part result, is that there exists a three-dimensional quantum field theory that is topological, whose category of line operators matches sort of the big quantum group at a root of unity category. Here the case I'll focus on is an even root of unity, and I am certain about this in type A, and there are obvious generalizations for groups of other type. And the category of lines matches modules for the fake and tipunin algebra, and in fact, the way we actually get at this more naturally is in a sort of morally level rank dual of the fake and tipunin algebra. So they're actually two vertex algebras that appear that have equivalent categories of modules. So, we have a, I would call it physics proof that the vertex algebra categories are the categories of lines. And in the QFT I will talk about for the case of certainly, sorry, for the case of SL2, I think for general type A. So, to make this statement I have to actually say what I mean by physics proof taken suitably liberally, I would say this makes sense for general type A. And Thomas Kreutig in our paper gives a proof that for SL2, the two vertex algebras I showed here are equivalent and it's already known that the fake and tipunin algebra is related to quantum SL2 modules at a root of unity. So sort of the new bit is the left side of this picture. So whatever quantum field theory sits on the left here had better be labeled by a group or a Lie algebra and an integer k that tells you what root of unity we're working at. And change the page on my screen but it's not coming through so I may need to re-marry. Just a sec. Oh, you guys can see that. Okay. Let me just play again. Good. Right, so the theory is starts out as a 3D n equals 4 theory and it's mostly a 3D n equals 4 theory called QFT. That can be analyzed using all of the lovely algebraic techniques that you're hearing about in other parts of this workshop. And it's a very quick twist. So, so it's sort of a mix of a 3D n equals 4 theory and a trans-simon theory. That's what that G of K is doing there. And so it doesn't, it falls slightly outside the class of things that are easily analyzed algebraically right now. And one of the points of my talk is to motivate all of you to think about how to solve this problem. Sorry, and I see Sasha has a question in the chat. It's for all G. So, this theory that I'm talking about here makes sense for all G and all. I was asking about the previous line about the. No, there are subtleties when I would expect it to work for a to E type and there are very huge technical things and that happened later where some language stools need to be involved and so there's some natural guesses for what happens, but the story is not so simple. Okay, thank you. And it's like it's sort of clear and on each from each perspective why the story is not so simple, matching up the various subtleties is is hard and is something we realize we should not attempt in in this first shot at at this project. So, one can write down a sort of a Lagrangian, an action for for the steering and type a using a twisted BV formalism. Just is kind of nice. So in that sense, it's very much like turn simons. It's a concrete theory. And using that Lagrangian one can write down a boundary vertex algebra, the analog of WCW, and there are in fact two of them that show up. And in WCW there's also another algebra that you could use which is the level rank dual of WCW that has exactly the same category of modules. And, and here as well, there are there's sort of two natural algebras that show up that are level rank duals of each other in the appropriate generalization of level rank. And it should be possible, like, it's sort of clear what to write down for other types from 40 brain constructions. But there are lots of technical issues that show up. Right. So, we write all this down and then then the natural question is like what what what you gain from the physics and what can you compute to check that that this guess is even correct. So it's easy to compute using supersymmetric localization techniques, the growth and the group of the category of line operators and with our characters of hybrid spaces which are said this, there's this D bar sitting everywhere, there's a D bar sitting everywhere. So, the physics theory because it's this sort of supersymmetric theory that needs to be topologically twisted to get something topological is like sort of naturally a derived beast or like the category of line operators is naturally a DG category. And so all of the equivalences that we get, particularly between QFT and the V ways are that that first equivalence is a derived equivalence. There are many different ways of describing the category of line operators and it shows up as a DG category and it is equivalent to the derived category of modules for this VLA. The thing that's also relevant on the quantum group site is the derived category of quantum group modules. The things associated to surfaces are going to exist in many co homological degrees, and their other characters are easy things to compute as partition functions. And so what we can compute are things like the category itself from a few FT perspective or the hybrid space itself in a math and classroom action, and I'll indicate some techniques to try to go about that. But like this is where like fully generalizing algebraic approaches to 3D n equals four theories things like the BFM construction would be really useful. That's the end of the long introduction. You know if there are any questions to wrap me at any time as well. I want to actually say a few more concrete things about the representation theory of quantum groups at a root of unity, and I'm just going to stick to the case of SL2 here for illustrative purposes. Great. So, right, so quantum SL2 looks like standard SL2 except the part time generator has been exponentiated. And it looks like there is a question coming but I'll wait till it actually comes. At an even root of unity in fact that any root of unity, but even is the relevant situation for me. There's, in addition to the center that comes from from Kazimier operators that sort of the higher chandra center. There's an extra bit of the center that just comes from case powers of the F and the K. And so the extra central elements act as constants on any indicomposable representations. And so the representation theory sort of decomposes into what little pieces based on what values the central elements take. And the fancy way to say that is that it ends up vibing over spec of this other part of the center. And this other part of the center parameterizes an open cell in the group PGL to So, the reason PGL to is coming up here is because it's the Langland's tool of SL2. And at at an even root of unity. The fancy way to say this is that the category of modules fibers over PGL to at an odd root of unity at fibers of grass. I think technically I should also say this is a coherent chief of categories which is also something that shows up in the field theory. But I think that's all I want to say for now. Really simple example of this is that when. So if you if you take a diagonal element of PGL to that has some eigenvalue either the alpha one would associate that to mod to a subcategory of modules on which either the K and after the K act to zero coming from these off diagonal zeros and K to the 2K acts as you the alpha one. Should also say like the relevant thing about these, these different fibers or different stocks of the chief is that they're there are no hams between them so they're each full subcategories, the total categories a direct sum of all of these stocks. And, yeah. Right. So I'll say. I'll say that terrible transition. So it was observed, it was proven a long time ago by the continue and cats and even root of unity case by back that what the stock of fiber looks like, but the particular elements of PGL to have the center of the K act only depends on the conjugacy class of this element and in PGL to up to isomorphism. And then what was realized a little later on by initially by Koshile and Russian TK is that this sort of fibering of the category over PGL to not just to invariance of links and three manifolds, but more generally to invariance of links and three month in three manifolds with flat connections in the complements of the links. So this was roughly but not entirely correct on and more like correct. And it's been made very precise in the case of links links and s3 in a recent paper by a bunch a gear, but you're on and Russia taken. So, so they build an invariance of three manifolds, sorry, invariance of links and s3 with flat PGL to connections in the complement of the link. And there's work in progress, trying to really promote that to a full QFT that that gives invariance three manifolds with with flat PGL to connections. And the picture that I always have in mind when when trying to understand why why this should be true is is the following. So, so the category has all these different blocks or stocks labeled by by elements of PGL to one should if if trying to translate this to some sort of physics picture, or topology picture that involves say links where the strands are labeled by objects of this category. One should think that the piece of the category that object from labeled by some element G. And then you can define the whole ennemy of your background flat connection, the flat connection that you've enriched the three manifold with in a small loop, going around this line. If you just have a single line. It's only the conjugacy class of the whole ennemy should matter which is consistent with the old theorem of decontini cats and perches that a fiber of this category only met only depends on the conjugacy class. Now, if you want to start building a TQFT out of this you need to make sure that this is compatible with the tensor structure in the category. And you would expect if you're looking at base pointed whole ennemy is that when two lines collide, when gets the tensor product of those representations using the hop algebra structure of the quantum group. And that had better be compatible with multiplying the base pointed whole ennemy's. And it's literally true when all of your hall enemies are diagonal, and it is almost true when the whole ennemy's are general non abelian things and the almost was described precisely in in this book by Kashyap and Russia to get in this later paper by one shade here at your mirror on Russia to get. I'll just focus on the abelian case. Okay. So, this sort of setup where we're looking at three manifolds with the decorated by flat connections appears in physics when we have a quantum field theory with a global symmetry. As opposed to a gaged symmetry. So, so quantum field theories with global symmetries can couple to connections that are not fields that one integrates over in the path in a goal but fields that are just put in by hand and fixed for all time. And so the sort of theory we're looking for had better have some sort of global symmetry. And so the theories in the background of a whole ennemy defect like this were described really nicely a few years ago in a paper of Victor make high looks in the context of super symmetric trans diamonds but the story is is sorry, the context of super grip trans diamonds, but but the story is very similar here. Okay. Let me try to describe what a few of these fibers look like. Just so I can say some concrete things later on. If we take a generic diagonal element of GL to then we look at representations of you qsl to on which K to the 2k acts is that I can value and you do the K and after the K at zero. The category ends up being semi simple with exactly 2k semi simple objects. And that look sort of like standard highest weight modules, except the weights are, I can values of cave rather than an H. And so they're, they're cute as a something. They all have dimension K, and they wrap around the unit circle. And so the, the, the, the, the weights wrapped around the unit circle, which gives rise to vanishing quantum dimensions, which is one of the things that needs to be regularized in order to build a TQFT out of this but that was done so this is the 80 and variant uses precisely these sorts of representations. And more economy also worked on that in the 90s and then Constantino, you're in a mirror and sort of systematized the data you would need to not get all of your link invariance to be zero. And so the average rise quantum vanishing quantum dimensions would naively tell you that even the hop, and even the unknot has expectation value zero. These sort of generic stocks of the category has an extremely simple tensor product. And sort of looks like what you would expect for an in an abelian theory, it's like for quantum gl one. It leads to very easy calculations of dimensions of putative Hilbert spaces or spaces of states on various surfaces. So, you get a space of states on the tourists. You can generate states by filling the tourists into a solid tourists and putting objects, colored by all the different possible representations along its core. Now, since we're dealing with a QFT enriched by flat connections. We shouldn't just say the Hilbert space of the tourists we should say the Hilbert space of the tourists together with a flat PGL to connection on it. And putting an abelian connection on there with a specified holonymy around the meridian of the tourists tells us what piece of the category to choose objects from on the core. And so we just take the two K different objects in that piece of the category along the core that gives us to K states in that Hilbert space. And so we should say, I'm saying Hilbert space because in physics, we always say Hilbert. These are not necessarily Hilbert spaces in the mathematical sense, and in this sort of teacher at T's I'll be discussing. They are vector spaces, they have duals, they don't necessarily, they're not necessarily isomorphic to their dual in a natural way. They're not necessarily just say vector spaces of states. In genus G. One can use the very simple my nodal structure to also draw all trivalent networks of the two, keep one they say line operators inside the core of a handle body, whose boundaries of particular genius G surface and count what the options are. And when gets to the G, K to the 3G minus three different states. That's a very easy combinatorics problem. Okay, so that's sort of the generic setting. And when, when you're looking at the surface with a generic flat connection on it. There's also the most interesting, most non generic case when the flat connections trivial. So, so the connection itself which is zero everywhere. And so in this case, looking at what sorts of what to be labeled aligned by in the presence of trivial homony. The answer is representations of what is called the smaller restricted quantum group. So, it's modules on which K to the K, K to the two k axis one and you to the K and F to the K act is zero. So this is an extremely well studied category in representation theory. It is not semi simple. It has two to the K simple objects. That can form interesting extensions with one another. The two to the K simple objects roughly look like two copies of ordinary representations of SO2 of dimensions 123, although we have to K. And they taking the projective covers of the simple objects when gets projected. And they have sort of diamond structures and movie diagrams. And they're so they're to K, the composable projectives in, in this piece of the category as well. The semi simplification that was used by restyling to read uses a single copy of the, of what look like ordinary SL to representations of dimensions one up to K minus one. So if one sort of quotients out by everything else, setting it to zero. Another way of saying portion out by everything else is set to zero everything that has a vanishing quantum dimension, when gets a semi simplified category that leads to the old story. So the entire of invariant that's involved in the volume conjecture is defined using this last simple and projective representation of dimension K. And, and finally, sort of the entire thing is, is what we Bush and considered when, when starting to define non semisimple to get these in the 90s. Okay. So, I mentioned at beginning that in general, our spaces of states on surfaces would be homological beasts. They, they have multiple co homological degrees. In terms of the category of lines mathematically. One would calculate the Hilbert space of states in general by taking a whole show of the appropriate piece of the category, depending on what flat connection we've chosen and so on a tourist with zero flat connection. So we have a small quantum group category. And we should find it's Hilbert space is Hochschild homology of the small quantum group category. And so what that amounts to is considering the fact that when there are morphisms among the objects in your category, you don't, you can't just wrap single lines around the core but you have to consider junctions of multiple lines. And so, we're the, the, we'll give you the zero zeroes Huxchild homology, higher degrees and Huxchild homology and Huxchild homology come from integrating descendants of junctions around paths in this core. That is, a statement for anyone in the audience who knows about descendants. So it's a totally sensible thing to do both physically and mathematically. In order to compute Huxchild homology of this category it's useful to have a geometric description of it. And archipath, as you can pick off in Ginsburg, and then those are coming to cut the month, let's go Dave such a geometric description, which at an even rate of unity amounts to saying that as a category, not a monotone category, category. So the first category of representations of the small quantum group has sort of two semi simple pieces to that's just coming from the two symbols that were also projected. And then a bunch of copies of the derived category of her she's on the flag manifold. K minus one copies of that. And gives us a geometric way to compute Huxchild homology which ends up looking like, I want to say total double homology. Looks like total co homology of these of P star flags computed in algebraic way. And then there's an answer. The, the relevance base of states becomes infinite dimensional with non negative co homological degrees and it's finite in each co homological degree. And the parts that the Bush and could have used back in the 90s. I say that on the next slide. And the part that the Bush and could would have used is just h8 zero. But, but there ought to be a derived generalization of, of all of the earlier work and also the current work of CGP and collaborators. Okay. So, I, I, I've sort of written what the different ways look like in terms of representations of the symmetry group PGL to that acts on star flag. There are also nice things to say about deforming from trivial connection to non zero generic connection. Which, there we go. Which again, I think I need to. That's the slide I actually want to be on. I'll just see this very briefly but but to go. So, at generic connection, the space of states had dimension to K at zero connection the space of states is this infinite dimensional thing with the infinite dimensional graded components. And there's a differential that one can turn on to deform the infinite dimensional thing to something that exists only in degree zero and has dimensions UK. The other character is invariant under this deformation the other character doesn't care what flat connection you put on. And at a category level. The field theory interpretation that I'm about to get to also suggests that there's there's just, there's a, well, this is a sheet that coherent chief of categories. And very close to the identity elements in PGL to coherent sheaves gets deformed to matrix factorizations with a super potential. And that involves the complex moment map for for a certain elements of PGL to that that's the stock. That's defined by the stock we're looking at. Okay. I said that other characters don't change under this deformation. Okay, that's, that's, sorry, I probably said too much about that I have really enjoyed during this project, sort of learning and trying to put together more of the structure of this big category of representations of the quantum group at a rate of unity. You can probably tell. Okay, so I'm going to take all of that information and translate it quickly to to physics and then try to explain what what one still has to do on the physics side. So we're looking for a quantum joke theory that is labeled by algebra and a level and an integer k. And that's what the term Simon's like. And that, like it sort of looks very close to the rest you can try the category should have some finite like in each piece of the category that a finite number of objects it should have something that looks sort of looks like a close in lines and in this previous paper on recursion relations for 80 and variants we found like we found structure that was very, very, very similar to the simple or the semi simple story involved in so so 80 80 and variants are different from color and they are the same models but they obey the same recursion relations. And so there are a lot of things that sort of look the same. You should see something turn Simon's like here. However, the line operators in this theory should have nontrivial junctions we should not be getting a simple category. So, very easy signal that quantum field theory gives rise to a non semi simple category of lines is that there are non trivial local operators. This is the sort of thing that the BFM construction computes. So, BFM computes an algebra. And it's the algebra of local operators in a 3D field theory. And so that construction applied to this story had better give you something non trivial. If you apply it to turn Simon's it just gives you the identity and that's it. And there should be a global symmetry around that leads to flat connections. And those criteria lead to an essentially unique answer, which is, if you're not familiar with the physics side of the story is going to look strange and weird and not unique at all. But anyway, so the easiest thing one can do to satisfy this property is to start with a 3D and equals for super symmetric theory that's going to have been introduced called t of G. And even though I write a group here it secretly only depends on a le algebra. And roughly speaking, it has symmetry G times the language to do a little bit. Sorry, is this literally true I thought it only had she symmetry and also it's it's mirrored dual had the check symmetry is that. No, I mean, it has both it's it one acts on the Higgs branch and one acts on the coolant branch, but the, the, what I saw the coolant branch is not a symmetry of the theory. No, of course it is no no no it's exactly on the same pudding. It's if you write down a Lagrangian for this for the theory and type a, all you see is the maximal torus, but otherwise it's down the theory in terms of fields and what you call the Higgs branch and what you call the coolant branch is is arbitrary at the level of quantum field theory. And so it really does. It really does have both of these symmetries. So you mean that it's before you twisted. Yes, yes, yes, exactly. Okay, okay, and the different ways. Right, of course, after you twist, depending on what sort of twist you use. Only one of them will appear as a symmetry of the twist. Or the acting very, very different ways. Okay, yeah, okay, now I see what I mean. Yeah. Okay. So then we take G and engage it further. But, but this gauging is different from the standard three, three D n equals four gauging. It's something one can do in the series with less supersymmetry. And so physics terms I would say using n equals two vector multiple it. And so this less supersymmetric gauging allows the introduction of a non trivial trans diamonds level. And so one sort of writes down. If you if you're not worried about supersymmetry you write on the trans diamonds Lagrangian for G and couple it to the rest of this theory to G. And the result of this gauging does it still have some supersymmetry left on it. Yes, but this is subtle. So, in physics terms, it only if you write down a grand G and you try to do this in terms of fields you can only see n equals two supersymmetry in the infrared or with a suitable twist. It should have full and equals four. But seeing that as. Before getting to topological twist so maybe I'll also say later. So, in using the BV formalism one can actually write down a Lagrangian that does not look like it has n equals two or n equals four supersymmetry but has the single super charts you need to topologically to perform what would otherwise be the twist. So if you can only in the infrared this thing regains full on n equals four supersymmetry and you can topologically twist. But there, but there are subtle views around. There, if you believe that this has any of this for supersymmetry. There are two twists available. One that's focused on the Coulomb branch and one that's focused on the Higgs branch or a twist in the B twist. The G dual symmetry behaves in different ways with respect to the two choices. The one that will leave you with an ability to turn on flat G dual connections is is the A twist in this case and it's it's the one that's sort of focused on the Coulomb branch. The B twist of the same theory was something that Kapustin Salina studied 10 years ago, and something they called transimons rosansky written theory. The B twist is transimons rosansky written. But it is, it is completely different theory, at least it looks, it behaves very differently and it's not the thing that's relevant for quantum groups that are really unique. Okay. So the other thing to say is that this is a quiver gauge theory. So the in sorry when when the group is type A when we're looking at us UN this is a quiver gauge theory. Most of the quiver is the quiver you would write down for a T star flag. That's the Nakajima quiver variety for P star flag. However, in T star flag there's a framing node. And again, for for GLN or for for S you and that that final that final framing node is the thing that's staged with an extra insurance simons level. And so the gauge group of the theory is a product of GL one through not GL minus one but all the way through GLN with the transimons level for for GLN. And this extra transimons gauging both the Higgs and the column branch look like the star of the flag manifold. The extra gauging destroys the branch and it actually seems to do nothing at all to the column branch, except to change well. Same T star flag is maybe incorrect. I should rather say it's the outcome. It seems to this extra transimons gauging seems to introduce some extra singularities at the origin of the notebook and come, which I can't discuss any more precisely than that. What do you mean when I say is destroys the Higgs branch. That's right. So, so you would, I mean, sorry, the thing that it does is it, it takes a clear question of the Higgs branch. Not not a hypercalor quotient, but just no ordinary. So, so you, you, if they weren't to turn simons level around, you would expect the Higgs, the Higgs branch just be quotient by GLN. So they have less super similar to the Higgs branch is no longer calomorphic symplectic. Exactly. The maximal torus of the flat, the maximum torus of in this case, it's PGL to our PGLN shows up in terms of resolution, complexified resolution parameters for the coolant branch. Sorry, their deformation parameters for the coolant branch or yeah. I'm short on time. So I think that's that's all I'll say there's a lot I think there's been a lot about 3D and equals four theories in this conference. And the Wilson line operators that we wanted to see show up for the turn simons factor. So it's surprising in general that one would have Wilson lines in this a twist that is focused on the coolant branch, it can happen here. Precisely because of the trans simons level. It would not happen. Okay, so, so then there's a black box. So this, I claim is theory one can write down a Lagrangian. Lagrangian for the PV formalism. There are lots of localization techniques that apply to that or just or if you just think of it as n equals two supersymmetric theory, their localization techniques that will compute partition functions and expectations of both some line operators in this theory. So this is the work of Microsoft and shuttle Schvilly and recent work on unfisted indices. This. So, in, in, like, half a day, when can code up a computation that spits out other characters for spaces of states, and remind you other characters don't care about what flat connection is turned on. And when on the nose gets the right answer for SU two and we've checked for SU three and SU SU four as well. Also using the beta roots analysis of Microsoft and shuttle Schvilly that that gives you expectation values of line operators. One can get the growth and dig ring of the small quantum group. And so that's with zero flat connection. And so that tells you something about the small quantum group but it doesn't tell you anything about the interesting non semi simple behavior. So, to actually see directly from the field theory more of the non semi simple stuff. So, in the case of the data, one should try to apply for getting there. A lot of the more modern methods developed in the last five years or so. In, including by the fm and Webster and work of mine with guy at the ball and water, Hilburn and company. And so it's a recent work of Matt Bollemore and co authors and writing down Hilbert spaces. So, so there are algebraic to piece one can use one has to sort of adapt the current techniques to this sort of hybrid case that is mostly 3D n equals for in the a twist with a bit of 3D n equals to with a transignments level. The sort of thing when expects for the category of line operators looks as follows. So if, and I want to compare on this slide what happens in ordinary transignments theory to the quantum field theories I'm discussing so in terms of in theory, you can write ordinary transignments theory to the point that the answer is a 3D n equals to theory and use modern techniques to say what the category of line operators should be and the answer is loop group, equivalent coherent sheaves on a point, which, which of course is is the loop group at level k which is the correct thing for to match wcw and the semi simplified quantum group and the whole term Simon story. In these new theories what one gets instead should look something like loop group at covariant coherent sheaves on a deformation of the tangent bundle of the loop space of the Higgs branch of this quiver. And if I didn't say loop group echo variant, and I did say deformation it's the deformation that deforms coherent sheaves to the modules. And the modules on the loop space of the Higgs branch is due to a bunch of the references above the modern description for what a category of line operators the a twist of 3D n equals fourth theory should be. And one needs to somehow combine that the module deformation with a loop group, equivalents. And maybe there's just an obvious way to do that in mathematically I, I have not thought about it enough except to make this heuristic statement, the very very concrete way to do this. That looks very close to the sort of category I've down is to go to vertex algebra which I'll get to in the last minus one minutes of the talk. So the one of the vertex algebra is I will write down look very much like functions, like the derived algebra functions on the space that we're taking coherent sheaves over. Okay, Hilbert spaces so in transimans in geometric quantization they show up in sections of the case power of some line bundle over bungee. And in this new setting, they should show up as sections of the same line bundle, answered with a very complicated sheath that if you don't turn any flat connection on is infinite rank, but finite rank of each homological degree. And it's a sheath that initially Gayoto described for the TMG theories. And so it's against something that we can heuristically write down. I have not done any explicit calculations with that yet. Except in the case where the surface is unit zero. And one is supposed to get local operators in the QFT. And one gets one dimensional space associated to S to intern Simons and functions on T star flag. And in this other theory which is functions on T star flag is the thing you would get from the derived category of small content group representations I mentioned earlier, as well. And that's why I said functions on the colon branch, which is why I said the colon branch as a variety has not changed, but, but extra stackiness is involved for other for higher genus surfaces, this sort of makes sheath description suggests that you should get something roughly looking like the transimans Hilbert space times a factor of the local homology of star flag. And that's actually what we got by computing. Haxchul Tomology of the small quantum group representation category. It was almost of this form with a few extra factors. So at least things look reasonable but but it would be nice to actually do the computation more precisely in this geometric quantization language. Okay, and I'll finish up quickly. So, first, there's, there's some 40 construction of this quantum field theory that I mentioned that is closely related to geometric langlines and for the s duality with different boundary conditions that I can answer questions about at the end, if anyone else is interested. So this 40 setup seems to be closely related to that work of Gukath at all from from last year that I mentioned in the introduction. And finally there are vertex algebra is involved and the vertex algebra is coming from either putting boundary conditions on the 3D quantum field theory, or by working in this for deconstruction and considering not just the sandwich of boundary conditions but a corner. And this was yet a third boundary condition and using work on vertex algebra is at the corner that Sasha must have talked about yesterday. Anyway, one can extract vertex out of this from these brain constructions and from the field theory and when they're actually two natural ways to do it. And I mentioned level rank duality before. So, in, in the classic transignment story, there are two WCW models that play a role that are cosets of each other inside some number of free fermions. And in the news story, there are also two algebras that play a role. And one is the Fagan to put an algebra and one is something new. And the something new is the thing that looks like functions on that weird space that I was trying to take loop group from when I had the module on. Okay, so the Fagan to put inside of this directly relates to the small quantum group, and I haven't turned on any flat connections when making these statements, the vertex algebras can also be performed by flat connections. And this, this new vertex algebra. So, we can gather some number of copies of a bit of a beta gamma system for each edge in the quiver, and then takes a BRST quotient by GL one up to GLM for the nodes in the quiver. And then a final, not the RST quotient but just derived in variance for a final copy of SLN at level So that's, that's that's the new vertex algebra. And Thomas Thomas quite sick showed this was actually dual to the fake to take it to put in for SL to. Okay, but that's, sorry, horribly out of time. So that's all say is, there's a, there's a really amazing vertex algebra story here. So, Thomas could give a one plus hour talk on on the vertex algebra side of this. So, let me say, so I've, I've indicated that that, like, it would be really awesome to sort of generalize the BFM like and other modules on the loop space constructions for line operators. So, I think that's the best to, and Webster to generalize that to include transignment levels that that should land in this case on the small quantum group module category. And I think that's just all correct. Be great to implement this geometric quantization perspective, start looking at open spaces and more so to get actions of the modular group or the mapping class group on spaces and states, which are currently kind of hard to implement. And there's been work for the tourists. Looking at things is that close can and key. Looking at the action of the modular group on hox show homology of that small group category, but I don't have anything in higher genus. So, yeah, they're beautifully in some derived version of this CGP like TQF. Okay, thanks. So, if you have a question now I'm able to let them speak. Yeah. Yeah, can you. I'll answer the technical first. If I can analytically, you are generalized Sharon Simons theory with respect to the level and anyhow different from ordinary terms. So, yes, the answer is certainly yes in some cases. And so, like, like Sergey Gukhov and co authors already described the analytic continuation of the 80 and variance. So, the analytic continuation uses a generalization of this 40 setup that I wrote down with different boundary conditions. So, it's always easier to discuss the analytic continuation than what happens at that integer level. And it's very, very similar to what went and did with ordinary transimons. So, so like the different choices there are all about choosing boundary conditions carefully and this 40 story. So, one needs to move to a half space. I got it. And the second question you mentioned this work of the other and the other check on the vertex algebra in the corner. I understand that it's kind of geometry. It's sort of certain derived category of coherence shifts on on say three day on C, C cube supported on some fat divisors given by coordinate planes, which kind of define you with corner. Now, how do you so that so this is a simple case of that where yeah yeah. Okay, but just look look at this simple, simple case. So how do you see this geometry. And do you see the tall. Yes. So, so there, see if I can actually draw on here. So the thing you're talking about involves sort of the, the full vertex corner. And here we're looking at and zero and zero brains. And so, so that's that's trying to describe say what happens here. And one also needs to tilt to tilt the brains relative to each other a bit, according to the trans diamonds level. So, so what I drew was probably not quite right. And so instead of that one needs to have some sort of tilted corner. So one can extract from that from the corner, the pieces that show up here. So, in one of these corner constructions the one that gives rise to Fagan to put in. And then starts off with a corner that after the summit this after the simplification spits out a w algebra. And so the general corner is these like why and then and algebras that are like massive generalizations of w algebras. In your story you see only and zero zero. Exactly. And, but it would like, of course, like, it would be beautiful to them like start generalizing this and relate to other quantum groups. But but it's yeah so my story is a very, very small part of that. And so colliding two corners, one, and they both have n zero zero but with slightly different decorations on them. And so one gives rise to a w algebra and the other gives rise to to to catch moody, rather to WCW. And, and so colliding those and taking an infinite level limit. And so it gives Fagan to put in. Okay, yeah, all right, thank you. Any other question. I have a question, can I, maybe I mean, some rise what you did in the end, just don't understand if if I understand if I understood it correctly so you can see this. So you get this theory of few G and then instead of gauged in a strong Simon sense, and you get some n equal to super symmetric theory which still has a in between and he's in cool and branch. But. Okay, that's kind of, it's kind of magical that it still has a and be twists. It's not magical what's on so you think I mean, is it so you mean that general and theory school. They don't they only have a holomorphic twist. I have a holomorphic topological twist on and and so what the way we actually analyze this is by starting with the holomorphic topological twist and observing that there is an extra differential that can still be turned on to to deform that to a topological twist. So it's not something general it's just kind of specific. It's very special. Okay, yes. Now, what is the statement sorry that this is probably the main point one of the main points of your talk which I, which I missed what is the state of the relationship between this theory and representation of the quantum group. I mean, so. So this the a twist of this theory. So, this is the same theory that has still has a symmetry and it's the symmetry that acts on the cool and branch. Okay. And the cool and branches is still the no potent cone so so the symmetry is the language dual group. Okay. So, one can, if one wants, turn on a background flat connection for that symmetry. And three manifolds with flat connections, if you don't do that. And you just ask, without any deformation what is the category of line operators. The category of line operators in that theory is representations of the small quantum group. It's it's it should be the derived category of representations of the small quantum group. So the camera for line operators is the For the eight ways for the eight ways. Okay. Yeah. And this is something that you sort of can more or less prove or I mean this. Yes. But we the only way we can actually prove it is by introducing a holomorphic boundary condition that supports the vertex algebra. And assuming that the category of lines is the same as modules for that verdict such a breath, which is what you would expect for a sufficiently rich boundary condition. And then we take that vertex algebra show that it's proved that it's dual to fake in to put in which is known to be the same as as modules for the small quantum group. And I'm wondering, you know, for the small quantum group business, the category of representation of small quantum group. It has this description by sort of bizarre county of Finkelberg and checkman in terms of factorizable sheaves. And, and I'm wondering if you have some feeling that it should be relevant for what you're doing but I have, I have exactly the same feeling. I don't understand that work well enough, but they like that, that story also gives derived like in principle should give derived spaces of conformal blocks. Yes. For these. Exactly. Yeah. So, so I, I think that should be very highly relevant for for all of this. I guess I also think that dates, dates, great has been been doing along the same lines. Maybe one small question you mentioned trans-simon theory for super groups. I mean, did you mention just because it's analogous or does it play any role in what you're doing. There should be an analogous construction that involves quantum super groups. And like, as, like as you know in this world of like 40 young mills with different boundary conditions and interfaces, one can engineer things that look like super group trans-simon as well. And so there should be generalizations of this that involves super groups. And part of the super group story is also like an under derived version of the super group story has been discussed. And it's like Rosenski and Soler wrote that trans-simon theory down and I guess in the simplest case for GL11. And started talking about what GL11 WZW you should look like and found non-synical categories. I think if one approaches this from the super symmetric side when we end up with the derived category of everything in sight. Yeah, I think the super group story is very close. Yeah, we can thank you again. | {
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"text": [
" I wanted to talk about some work in progress that I hope we will be finishing up very soon",
" with Thomas Kreitzig, Nick Garner, and Nathan Geer. It started out a few years ago as part of an SF-FRG collaboration.",
" And it's related but probably not in a way that will be obvious to some previous work with some of these co-authors",
" and Jennifer Brown, a grad student, and Stavros Garfilidis about recursion relations for so-called ADO invariants.",
" It's also closely related to a paper that appeared last year by Gukovsin Nakajima Parkpe in Topenko",
" that gives in a way I will say a little bit more about later, sort of a 3D mirror of our construction.",
" And there's also ongoing work in that direction by Gukov Fagan and Reshiti Ghan.",
" So to sort of set up the story I want to discuss, there was sort of fantastic progress in math and in physics that started about 30 years ago",
" in a bunch of papers, but in particular in work of Witton's and of Reshiti Ghan and Turayev that sort of connected some ideas coming from representation theory of quantum groups",
" and vertex algebras, WCW models, and Trin Simons quantum field theory.",
" One of the first examples of so-called topological quantum field theories whose partition functions give you topological invariants,",
" in this case of three manifolds with links inside.",
" So I am hoping that many of you have know at least part of this picture.",
" One of the huge exciting powerful aspects of this is that there were at least three different perspectives on quantum invariants that appeared and one could sort of study each side and connect them.",
" So a key object, sorry there's a lot of feedback coming through, let me know if the audio is not okay for me at some point.",
" Okay, so a key object in each of these constructions that appears is a certain braided tensor category and in the axiomatics of TQFT on the math side one can sort of reproduce the entire TQFT from this braided tensor category.",
" In Trin Simons theory, on the physics side, this is the so-called category of line operators. Its objects are extended operators that are localized on some sort of lines or curves and three-dimensional space time.",
" In the OA land, the objects of this category are modules for the relevant VOA, which is WCW, and in terms of quantum groups, objects of this category are modules for a quantum group UQG at a root of unity.",
" So, their objects of this category, more precisely their objects of a massive semi-simplification of this category. So the category at a root of unity, which is really what I want to talk about during most of this talk, is extremely complicated.",
" It's not semi-simple and it was known a long time ago that it wasn't semi-simple, and sort of a tiny piece of it goes into this original Reshti-Kintari construction.",
" Right, so like I mentioned, so in this old classic story, the category involved is semi-simple.",
" In terms of physics, semi-simple means there are no non-trivial junctions of line operators.",
" And in math, I'm hoping you all know what semi-simple means. So mathematically, you would say there are no non-trivial morphisms among objects and morphisms are junctions on the physics side.",
" Okay, so a lot of progress has been made since then, sort of extending into the non-semi-simple world.",
" On the quantum group side, even in the early 90s, Li Buchenko and others started writing down partial TQFTs that started off with a non-semi-simple category.",
" And so the Kutsude-Gucchi, Otsuki, or ADO invariance of links are sort of related to this. They're related to a semi-simple part of a bigger category that I'll mention later on.",
" Well, the problem there is not that it's not semi-simple, the problem is that there, some representations have vanished in quantum dimensions that need to be regularized.",
" And some of the patterns of problems come up in general when looking at the big category of UQMG modules at a root of unity that need to be dealt with somehow.",
" A systematic set of tools for dealing with the various problems that come up has been constructed much more recently starting in work of Geo Constantino and Patiro Muran, and extending in a bunch of different ways since then.",
" And so now there is, well, there are still extensions that are being developed, but there is at least one TQFT defined using these techniques, these new techniques that involves the full representation category of UQMG.",
" I'll talk about this category in about 10 minutes.",
" So, on the VOA side, there have been similar developments.",
" So going non-semi-simple there in its simplest incarnation means generalizing from rational VOAs to logarithmic VOAs.",
" And the simplest logarithmic vertex algebra, the so-called triplet model, and that's been generalized also in many ways, but the generalization that's relevant here is in terms of what are called Fagin-Tepunin Algebras.",
" That's what FT stands for.",
" So this is Fagin-Tepunin.",
" And with suitable matching, the representation category, the module category of these Fagin-Tepunin Algebras is supposed to match modules for quantum groups at certain roots of unity.",
" Well, it was supposed to, I think it was conjectured a long time ago and in recent work, that I'll give you a few references here.",
" The equivalence has been proven in certain cases and generalized to an equivalence of actual rated tensor categories.",
" So we modulate tensor categories that sort of the data you needed to build the TQFT out of this.",
" Okay, so I said a lot has been done.",
" Yeah, sorry, was there a question?",
" Okay.",
" So what hasn't been done is the physics side of this.",
" Transimans led to a lot of sort of amazing computations and predictions, things like geometric quantization to produce Hilbert spaces and",
" conceivage integrals and so on. And the transimans part of this non-simple story does not exist yet.",
" So what we're doing, part of what we're doing is actually to propose a quantum field theory that fits in this third physics perspective.",
" Some non-simple aspects, I should say, have appeared.",
" Now, triplet algebras have started appearing in supersymmetric theories in a paper on 3D modularity, maybe, by Chang-Chen Ferrari-Gericot Harrison.",
" So logarithmic things have started appearing, in particular in a supersymmetric context.",
" So, supergroup transimans theories have also been investigated, and I would, using sort of physics language, I would say they fall into the same universality class.",
" They, supergroup transimans theories have a lot of properties in common with the theories I will discuss today.",
" They're just not exactly the direction we're going in.",
" So the result I want to talk about, in part proposal and part result, is that there exists a three-dimensional quantum field theory that is topological, whose category of line operators matches",
" sort of the big quantum group at a root of unity category.",
" Here the case I'll focus on is an even root of unity, and I am certain about this in type A, and there are obvious generalizations for groups of other type.",
" And the category of lines matches modules for the fake and tipunin algebra, and in fact, the way we actually get at this more naturally is in a sort of morally level rank dual of the fake and tipunin algebra.",
" So they're actually two vertex algebras that appear that have equivalent categories of modules.",
" So, we have a, I would call it physics proof that the vertex algebra categories are the categories of lines.",
" And in the QFT I will talk about for the case of certainly, sorry, for the case of SL2, I think for general type A.",
" So, to make this statement I have to actually say what I mean by physics proof taken suitably liberally, I would say this makes sense for general type A.",
" And Thomas Kreutig in our paper gives a proof that for SL2, the two vertex algebras I showed here are equivalent and it's already known that the fake and tipunin algebra is",
" related to quantum SL2 modules at a root of unity.",
" So sort of the new bit is the left side of this picture.",
" So whatever quantum field theory sits on the left here had better be labeled by a group or a Lie algebra and an integer k that tells you what root of unity we're working at.",
" And change the page on my screen but it's not coming through so I may need to re-marry.",
" Just a sec.",
" Oh, you guys can see that.",
" Okay.",
" Let me just play again. Good.",
" Right, so the theory is starts out as a 3D n equals 4 theory and it's mostly a 3D n equals 4 theory called QFT.",
" That can be analyzed using all of the lovely algebraic techniques that you're hearing about in other parts of this workshop.",
" And it's a very quick twist. So, so it's sort of a mix of a 3D n equals 4 theory and a trans-simon theory.",
" That's what that G of K is doing there.",
" And so it doesn't, it falls slightly outside the class of things that are easily analyzed algebraically right now. And one of the points of my talk is to motivate all of you to think about how to",
" solve this problem.",
" Sorry, and I see Sasha has a question in the chat.",
" It's for all G. So, this theory that I'm talking about here makes sense for all G and all.",
" I was asking about the previous line about the.",
" No, there are subtleties when I would expect it to work for a to E type and there are very huge technical things and that happened later where some language stools need to be involved and",
" so there's some natural guesses for what happens, but the story is not so simple. Okay, thank you.",
" And it's like it's sort of clear and on each from each perspective why the story is not so simple, matching up the various subtleties is is hard and is something we realize we should not attempt in in this first shot at at this project.",
" So, one can write down a sort of a Lagrangian, an action for for the steering and type a using a twisted BV formalism.",
" Just is kind of nice. So in that sense, it's very much like turn simons. It's a concrete theory.",
" And using that Lagrangian one can write down a boundary vertex algebra, the analog of WCW, and there are in fact two of them that show up. And in WCW there's also another algebra that you could use which is the level rank dual of WCW that has exactly the same category of modules.",
" And, and here as well, there are there's sort of two natural algebras that show up that are level rank duals of each other in the appropriate generalization of level rank.",
" And it should be possible, like, it's sort of clear what to write down for other types from 40 brain constructions. But there are lots of technical issues that show up.",
" Right. So, we write all this down and then then the natural question is like what what what you gain from the physics and what can you compute to check that that this guess is even correct.",
" So it's easy to compute using supersymmetric localization techniques, the growth and the group of the category of line operators and with our characters of hybrid spaces which are said this, there's this D bar sitting everywhere,",
" there's a D bar sitting everywhere. So, the physics theory because it's this sort of supersymmetric theory that needs to be topologically twisted to get something topological is like sort of naturally a derived beast or like the category of line operators is naturally a DG category.",
" And so all of the equivalences that we get, particularly between QFT and the V ways are that that first equivalence is a derived equivalence.",
" There are many different ways of describing the category of line operators and it shows up as a DG category and it is equivalent to the derived category of modules for this VLA.",
" The thing that's also relevant on the quantum group site is the derived category of quantum group modules.",
" The things associated to surfaces are going to exist in many co homological degrees, and their other characters are easy things to compute as partition functions.",
" And so what we can compute are things like the category itself from a few FT perspective or the hybrid space itself in a math and classroom action, and I'll indicate some techniques to try to go about that.",
" But like this is where like fully generalizing algebraic approaches to 3D n equals four theories things like the BFM construction would be really useful.",
" That's the end of the long introduction.",
" You know if there are any questions to wrap me at any time as well.",
" I want to actually say a few more concrete things about the representation theory of quantum groups at a root of unity, and I'm just going to stick to the case of SL2 here for illustrative purposes.",
" Great.",
" So, right, so quantum SL2 looks like standard SL2 except the part time generator has been exponentiated.",
" And it looks like there is a question coming but I'll wait till it actually comes.",
" At an even root of unity in fact that any root of unity, but even is the relevant situation for me.",
" There's, in addition to the center that comes from from Kazimier operators that sort of the higher chandra center.",
" There's an extra bit of the center that just comes from case powers of the F and the K.",
" And so the extra central elements act as constants on any indicomposable representations.",
" And so the representation theory sort of decomposes into what little pieces based on what values the central elements take.",
" And the fancy way to say that is that it ends up vibing over spec of this other part of the center.",
" And this other part of the center parameterizes an open cell in the group PGL to",
" So, the reason PGL to is coming up here is because it's the Langland's tool of SL2.",
" And at at an even root of unity.",
" The fancy way to say this is that the category of modules fibers over PGL to at an odd root of unity at fibers of grass.",
" I think technically I should also say this is a coherent chief of categories which is also something that shows up in the field theory.",
" But I think that's all I want to say for now.",
" Really simple example of this is that when.",
" So if you if you take a diagonal element of PGL to that has some eigenvalue either the alpha",
" one would associate that to mod to a subcategory of modules on which either the K and after the K act to zero coming from these off diagonal zeros and K to the 2K acts as you the alpha",
" one.",
" Should also say like the relevant thing about these, these different fibers or different stocks of the chief is that they're there are no hams between them so they're each full subcategories, the total categories a direct sum of all of these stocks.",
" And, yeah.",
" Right.",
" So I'll say.",
" I'll say that terrible transition. So it was observed, it was proven a long time ago by the continue and cats and even root of unity case by back that what the stock of fiber looks like, but the particular elements of PGL to have the center",
" of the K act only depends on the conjugacy class of this element and in PGL to up to isomorphism.",
" And then what was realized a little later on by initially by Koshile and Russian TK is that this sort of fibering of the category over PGL to",
" not just to invariance of links and three manifolds, but more generally to invariance of links and three month in three manifolds with flat connections in the complements of the links.",
" So this was roughly but not entirely correct on and more like correct. And it's been made very precise in the case of links links and s3 in a recent paper by a bunch a gear, but you're on and Russia taken.",
" So, so they build an invariance of three manifolds, sorry, invariance of links and s3 with flat PGL to connections in the complement of the link.",
" And there's work in progress, trying to really promote that to a full QFT that that gives invariance three manifolds with with flat PGL to connections.",
" And the picture that I always have in mind when when trying to understand why why this should be true is is the following.",
" So, so the category has all these different blocks or stocks labeled by by elements of PGL to one should if if trying to translate this to some sort of physics picture, or topology picture that involves say links where the strands",
" are labeled by objects of this category.",
" One should think that the piece of the category that object from labeled by some element G.",
" And then you can define the whole ennemy of your background flat connection, the flat connection that you've enriched the three manifold with in a small loop, going around this line.",
" If you just have a single line. It's only the conjugacy class of the whole ennemy should matter which is consistent with the old theorem of decontini cats and perches that a fiber of this category only met only depends on the conjugacy class.",
" Now, if you want to start building a TQFT out of this you need to make sure that this is compatible with the tensor structure in the category.",
" And you would expect if you're looking at base pointed whole ennemy is that when two lines collide, when gets the tensor product of those representations using the hop algebra structure of the quantum group.",
" And that had better be compatible with multiplying the base pointed whole ennemy's. And it's literally true when all of your hall enemies are diagonal, and it is almost true when the whole ennemy's are general non abelian things and the almost was described precisely in in this",
" book by Kashyap and Russia to get in this later paper by one shade here at your mirror on Russia to get.",
" I'll just focus on the abelian case.",
" Okay.",
" So, this sort of setup where we're looking at three manifolds with the decorated by flat connections appears in physics when we have a quantum field theory with a global symmetry.",
" As opposed to a gaged symmetry.",
" So, so quantum field theories with global symmetries can couple to connections that are not fields that one integrates over in the path in a goal but fields that are just put in by hand and fixed for all time.",
" And so the sort of theory we're looking for had better have some sort of global symmetry.",
" And so the theories in the background of a whole ennemy defect like this were described really nicely a few years ago in a paper of Victor make high looks in the context of super symmetric trans diamonds but the story is is sorry, the context of super grip trans diamonds, but but the story is very similar here.",
" Okay.",
" Let me try to describe what a few of these fibers look like.",
" Just so I can say some concrete things later on.",
" If we take a generic diagonal element of GL to",
" then we look at representations of you qsl to on which K to the 2k acts is that I can value and you do the K and after the K at zero.",
" The category ends up being semi simple with exactly 2k semi simple objects.",
" And that look sort of like standard highest weight modules, except the weights are, I can values of cave rather than an H. And so they're, they're cute as a something.",
" They all have dimension K, and they wrap around the unit circle.",
" And so the, the, the, the, the weights wrapped around the unit circle, which gives rise to vanishing quantum dimensions, which is one of the things that needs to be regularized in order to build a TQFT out of this but that was done so",
" this is the 80 and variant uses precisely these sorts of representations.",
" And more economy also worked on that in the 90s and then Constantino, you're in a mirror and sort of systematized the data you would need to not get all of your link invariance to be zero.",
" And so the average rise quantum vanishing quantum dimensions would naively tell you that even the hop, and even the unknot has expectation value zero.",
" These sort of generic stocks of the category has an extremely simple tensor product.",
" And sort of looks like what you would expect for an in an abelian theory, it's like for quantum gl one.",
" It leads to very easy calculations of dimensions of putative Hilbert spaces or spaces of states on various surfaces.",
" So, you get a space of states on the tourists.",
" You can generate states by filling the tourists into a solid tourists and putting objects, colored by all the different possible representations along its core.",
" Now, since we're dealing with a QFT enriched by flat connections.",
" We shouldn't just say the Hilbert space of the tourists we should say the Hilbert space of the tourists together with a flat PGL to connection on it.",
" And putting an abelian connection on there with a specified holonymy around the meridian of the tourists tells us what piece of the category to choose objects from on the core.",
" And so we just take the two K different objects in that piece of the category along the core that gives us to K states in that Hilbert space.",
" And so we should say, I'm saying Hilbert space because in physics, we always say Hilbert. These are not necessarily Hilbert spaces in the mathematical sense, and in this sort of teacher at T's I'll be discussing.",
" They are vector spaces, they have duals, they don't necessarily, they're not necessarily isomorphic to their dual in a natural way.",
" They're not necessarily just say vector spaces of states.",
" In genus G.",
" One can use the very simple my nodal structure to also draw all trivalent networks of",
" the two, keep one they say line operators inside the core of a handle body, whose boundaries of particular genius G surface and count what the options are. And when gets to the G, K to the 3G minus three different states.",
" That's a very easy combinatorics problem.",
" Okay, so that's sort of the generic setting.",
" And when, when you're looking at the surface with a generic flat connection on it.",
" There's also the most interesting, most non generic case when the flat connections trivial.",
" So, so the connection itself which is zero everywhere.",
" And so in this case, looking at what sorts of what to be labeled aligned by in the presence of trivial homony.",
" The answer is representations of what is called the smaller restricted quantum group.",
" So, it's modules on which K to the K, K to the two k axis one and you to the K and F to the K act is zero.",
" So this is an extremely well studied category in representation theory.",
" It is not semi simple.",
" It has two to the K simple objects.",
" That can form interesting extensions with one another.",
" The two to the K simple objects roughly look like two copies of ordinary representations of SO2 of dimensions 123, although we have to K.",
" And they taking the projective covers of the simple objects when gets projected.",
" And they have sort of diamond structures and movie diagrams. And they're so they're to K, the composable projectives in, in this piece of the category as well.",
" The semi simplification that was used by restyling to read uses a single copy of the, of what look like ordinary SL to representations of dimensions one up to K minus one.",
" So if one sort of quotients out by everything else, setting it to zero.",
" Another way of saying portion out by everything else is set to zero everything that has a vanishing quantum dimension, when gets a semi simplified category that leads to the old story.",
" So the entire of invariant that's involved in the volume conjecture is defined using this last simple and projective representation of dimension K.",
" And, and finally, sort of the entire thing is, is what we Bush and considered when, when starting to define non semisimple to get these in the 90s.",
" Okay.",
" So, I mentioned at beginning that in general, our spaces of states on surfaces would be",
" homological beasts.",
" They, they have multiple co homological degrees.",
" In terms of the category of lines mathematically.",
" One would calculate the Hilbert space of states in general by taking a whole show of the appropriate piece of the category, depending on what flat connection we've chosen and so on a tourist with zero flat connection.",
" So we have a small quantum group category. And we should find it's Hilbert space is Hochschild homology of the small quantum group category.",
" And so what that amounts to is considering the fact that when there are morphisms among the objects in your category, you don't, you can't just wrap single lines around the core but you have to consider junctions of multiple lines.",
" And so, we're the, the, we'll give you the zero zeroes Huxchild homology, higher degrees and Huxchild homology and Huxchild homology come from integrating descendants of junctions around paths in this core.",
" That is, a statement for anyone in the audience who knows about descendants.",
" So it's a totally sensible thing to do both physically and mathematically.",
" In order to compute Huxchild homology of this category it's useful to have a geometric description of it.",
" And archipath, as you can pick off in Ginsburg, and then those are coming to cut the month, let's go Dave such a geometric description, which at an even rate of unity amounts to saying that as a category, not a monotone category, category.",
" So the first category of representations of the small quantum group has sort of two semi simple pieces to that's just coming from the two symbols that were also projected.",
" And then a bunch of copies of the derived category of her she's on the flag manifold.",
" K minus one copies of that.",
" And gives us a geometric way to compute Huxchild homology which ends up looking like, I want to say total double homology.",
" Looks like total co homology of these of P star flags computed in algebraic way.",
" And then there's an answer. The, the relevance base of states becomes infinite dimensional with non negative co homological degrees and it's finite in each co homological degree.",
" And the parts that the Bush and could have used back in the 90s.",
" I say that on the next slide.",
" And the part that the Bush and could would have used is just h8 zero.",
" But, but there ought to be a derived generalization of, of all of the earlier work and also the current work of CGP and collaborators.",
" Okay.",
" So, I, I, I've sort of written what the different ways look like in terms of representations of the symmetry group PGL to that acts on star flag.",
" There are also nice things to say about deforming from trivial connection to non zero generic connection.",
" Which, there we go.",
" Which again, I think I need to.",
" That's the slide I actually want to be on.",
" I'll just see this very briefly but but to go. So, at generic connection, the space of states had dimension to K at zero connection the space of states is this infinite dimensional thing with",
" the infinite dimensional graded components. And there's a differential that one can turn on to deform the infinite dimensional thing to something that exists only in degree zero and has dimensions UK.",
" The other character is invariant under this deformation the other character doesn't care what flat connection you put on.",
" And at a category level.",
" The field theory interpretation that I'm about to get to also suggests that there's there's just, there's a, well, this is a sheet that coherent chief of categories.",
" And very close to the identity elements in PGL to coherent sheaves gets deformed to matrix factorizations with a super potential.",
" And that involves the complex moment map for",
" for a certain elements of PGL to that that's the stock. That's defined by the stock we're looking at.",
" Okay.",
" I said that other characters don't change under this deformation.",
" Okay, that's, that's, sorry, I probably said too much about that I have really enjoyed during this project, sort of learning and trying to put together more of the structure of this big category of representations of the quantum group at a rate of unity.",
" You can probably tell.",
" Okay, so",
" I'm going to take all of that information and translate it quickly to to physics and then try to explain what what one still has to do on the physics side.",
" So we're looking for a quantum joke theory that is labeled by algebra and a level and an integer k.",
" And that's what the term Simon's like. And that, like it sort of looks very close to the rest you can try the category should have some finite like in each piece of the category that a finite number of objects it should have something that looks sort of looks like",
" a close in lines and in this previous paper on recursion relations for 80 and variants we found like we found structure that was very, very, very similar to the simple or the semi simple story involved in so so 80 80 and variants are different from color",
" and they are the same models but they obey the same recursion relations. And so there are a lot of things that sort of look the same. You should see something turn Simon's like here.",
" However, the line operators in this theory should have nontrivial junctions we should not be getting a simple category.",
" So, very easy signal that quantum field theory gives rise to a non semi simple category of lines is that there are non trivial local operators.",
" This is the sort of thing that the BFM construction computes. So, BFM computes an algebra.",
" And it's the algebra of local operators in a 3D field theory.",
" And so that construction applied to this story had better give you something non trivial.",
" If you apply it to turn Simon's it just gives you the identity and that's it.",
" And there should be a global symmetry around that leads to flat connections.",
" And those criteria lead to an essentially unique answer, which is, if you're not familiar with the physics side of the story is going to look strange and weird and not unique at all.",
" But anyway, so the easiest thing one can do to satisfy this property is to start with a 3D and equals for super symmetric theory that's going to have been introduced called t of G.",
" And even though I write a group here it secretly only depends on a le algebra. And roughly speaking, it has symmetry G times the language to do a little bit.",
" Sorry, is this literally true I thought it only had she symmetry and also it's it's mirrored dual had the check symmetry is that.",
" No, I mean, it has both it's it one acts on the Higgs branch and one acts on the coolant branch, but the, the, what I saw the coolant branch is not a symmetry of the theory.",
" No, of course it is no no no it's exactly on the same pudding.",
" It's if you write down a Lagrangian for this for the theory and type a, all you see is the maximal torus, but otherwise it's",
" down the theory in terms of fields and what you call the Higgs branch and what you call the coolant branch is is arbitrary at the level of quantum field theory.",
" And so it really does. It really does have both of these symmetries.",
" So you mean that it's before you twisted. Yes, yes, yes, exactly. Okay, okay, and the different ways. Right, of course, after you twist, depending on what sort of twist you use.",
" Only one of them will appear as a symmetry of the twist.",
" Or the acting very, very different ways.",
" Okay, yeah, okay, now I see what I mean.",
" Yeah.",
" Okay.",
" So then we take G and engage it further.",
" But, but this gauging is different from the standard three, three D n equals four gauging. It's something one can do in the series with less supersymmetry.",
" And so physics terms I would say using n equals two vector multiple it.",
" And so this less supersymmetric gauging allows the introduction of a non trivial trans diamonds level.",
" And so one sort of writes down.",
" If you if you're not worried about supersymmetry you write on the trans diamonds Lagrangian for G and couple it to the rest of this theory to G.",
" And the result of this gauging does it still have some supersymmetry left on it.",
" Yes, but this is subtle. So, in physics terms, it only if you write down a grand G and you try to do this in terms of fields you can only see n equals two supersymmetry in the infrared or with a suitable twist.",
" It should have full and equals four.",
" But seeing that as.",
" Before getting to topological twist so",
" maybe I'll also say later. So, in using the BV formalism one can actually write down a Lagrangian that does not look like it has n equals two or n equals four supersymmetry but has the single super charts you need to topologically",
" to perform what would otherwise be the twist.",
" So if you can only in the infrared this thing regains full on n equals four supersymmetry and you can topologically twist.",
" But there, but there are subtle views around.",
" There, if you believe that this has any of this for supersymmetry.",
" There are two twists available. One that's focused on the Coulomb branch and one that's focused on the Higgs branch or a twist in the B twist.",
" The G dual symmetry behaves in different ways with respect to the two choices.",
" The one that will leave you with an ability to turn on flat G dual connections is is the A twist in this case and it's it's the one that's sort of focused on the Coulomb branch.",
" The B twist of the same theory was something that Kapustin Salina studied 10 years ago, and something they called transimons rosansky written theory.",
" The B twist is transimons rosansky written.",
" But it is, it is completely different theory, at least it looks, it behaves very differently and it's not the thing that's relevant for quantum groups that are really unique.",
" Okay.",
" So the other thing to say is that this is a quiver gauge theory.",
" So the in sorry when when the group is type A when we're looking at us UN this is a quiver gauge theory.",
" Most of the quiver is the quiver you would write down for a T star flag. That's the Nakajima quiver variety for P star flag.",
" However, in T star flag there's a framing node.",
" And again, for for GLN or for for S you and that that final that final framing node is the thing that's staged with an extra insurance simons level.",
" And so the gauge group of the theory is a product of GL one through not GL minus one but all the way through GLN with the transimons level for for GLN.",
" And this extra transimons gauging both the Higgs and the column branch look like the star of the flag manifold.",
" The extra gauging destroys the branch and it actually seems to do nothing at all to the column branch, except to change well.",
" Same T star flag is maybe incorrect. I should rather say it's the outcome.",
" It seems to this extra transimons gauging seems to introduce some extra singularities at the origin of the notebook and come, which I can't discuss any more precisely than that.",
" What do you mean when I say is destroys the Higgs branch.",
" That's right.",
" So, so you would, I mean, sorry, the thing that it does is it, it takes a clear question of the Higgs branch.",
" Not not a hypercalor quotient, but just no ordinary.",
" So, so you, you,",
" if they weren't to turn simons level around, you would expect the Higgs, the Higgs branch just be quotient by GLN.",
" So they have less super similar to the Higgs branch is no longer calomorphic symplectic.",
" Exactly.",
" The maximal torus of the flat, the maximum torus of in this case, it's PGL to our PGLN shows up in terms of resolution, complexified resolution parameters for the coolant branch.",
" Sorry, their deformation parameters for the coolant branch or yeah.",
" I'm short on time. So I think that's that's all I'll say there's a lot I think there's been a lot about 3D and equals four theories in this conference.",
" And the Wilson line operators that we wanted to see show up for the turn simons factor.",
" So it's surprising in general that one would have Wilson lines in this a twist that is focused on the coolant branch, it can happen here.",
" Precisely because of the trans simons level.",
" It would not happen.",
" Okay, so, so then there's a black box. So this, I claim is theory one can write down a Lagrangian.",
" Lagrangian for the PV formalism.",
" There are lots of localization techniques that apply to that or just or if you just think of it as n equals two supersymmetric theory, their localization techniques that will compute partition functions and expectations of both some line operators in this",
" theory.",
" So this is the work of Microsoft and shuttle Schvilly and recent work on unfisted indices.",
" This. So, in, in, like, half a day, when can code up a computation that spits out other characters for spaces of states, and remind you other characters don't care about what flat connection is turned on.",
" And when on the nose gets the right answer for SU two and we've checked for SU three and SU SU four as well.",
" Also using the beta roots analysis of Microsoft and shuttle Schvilly that that gives you expectation values of line operators.",
" One can get the growth and dig ring of the small quantum group.",
" And so that's with zero flat connection. And so that tells you something about the small quantum group but it doesn't tell you anything about the interesting non semi simple behavior.",
" So, to actually see directly from the field theory more of the non semi simple stuff.",
" So, in the case of the data, one should try to apply for getting there. A lot of the more modern methods developed in the last five years or so.",
" In, including by the fm and Webster and work of mine with guy at the ball and water, Hilburn and company.",
" And so it's a recent work of Matt Bollemore and co authors and writing down Hilbert spaces.",
" So, so there are algebraic to piece one can use one has to sort of adapt the current techniques to this sort of hybrid case that is mostly 3D n equals for in the a twist with a bit of 3D n equals to with a transignments level.",
" The sort of thing when expects for the category of line operators looks as follows. So if, and I want to compare on this slide what happens in ordinary transignments theory to the quantum field theories I'm discussing so in terms of in theory, you can write ordinary",
" transignments theory to the point that the answer is a 3D n equals to theory and use modern techniques to say what the category of line operators should be and the answer is loop group, equivalent coherent sheaves on a point, which, which of course is is",
" the loop group at level k which is the correct thing for to match wcw and the semi simplified quantum group and the whole term Simon story.",
" In these new theories what one gets instead should look something like loop group at covariant coherent sheaves on a deformation of",
" the tangent bundle of the loop space of the Higgs branch of this quiver.",
" And if I didn't say loop group echo variant, and I did say deformation it's the deformation that deforms coherent sheaves to the modules.",
" And the modules on the loop space of the Higgs branch is due to a bunch of the references above the modern description for what a category of line operators the a twist of 3D n equals fourth theory should be.",
" And one needs to somehow combine that the module deformation with a loop group, equivalents.",
" And maybe there's just an obvious way to do that in mathematically I, I have not thought about it enough except to make this heuristic statement, the very very concrete way to do this.",
" That looks very close to the sort of category I've down is to go to vertex algebra which I'll get to in the last minus one minutes of the talk.",
" So the one of the vertex algebra is I will write down look very much like functions, like the derived algebra functions on the space that we're taking coherent sheaves over.",
" Okay, Hilbert spaces so in transimans in geometric quantization they show up in sections of the case power of some line bundle over bungee.",
" And in this new setting, they should show up as sections of the same line bundle, answered with a very complicated sheath that if you don't turn any flat connection on is infinite rank, but finite rank of each homological degree.",
" And it's a sheath that initially Gayoto described for the TMG theories.",
" And so it's against something that we can heuristically write down. I have not done any explicit calculations with that yet.",
" Except in the case where the surface is unit zero.",
" And one is supposed to get local operators in the QFT. And one gets one dimensional space associated to S to intern Simons and functions on T star flag. And in this other theory which is functions on T star flag is the thing you would get from the derived category of small content group representations I mentioned earlier, as well.",
" And that's why I said functions on the colon branch, which is why I said the colon branch as a variety has not changed, but, but extra stackiness is involved for other for higher genus surfaces, this sort of makes sheath description suggests that you should get something",
" roughly looking like the transimans Hilbert space times a factor of the local homology of star flag.",
" And that's actually what we got by computing.",
" Haxchul Tomology of the small quantum group representation category. It was almost of this form with a few extra factors.",
" So at least things look reasonable but but it would be nice to actually do the computation more precisely in this geometric quantization language. Okay, and I'll finish up quickly.",
" So, first, there's, there's some 40 construction of this quantum field theory that I mentioned that is closely related to geometric langlines and for the s duality with different boundary conditions that I can answer questions about at the end, if anyone else is interested.",
" So this 40 setup seems to be closely related to that work of Gukath at all from from last year that I mentioned in the introduction.",
" And finally there are vertex algebra is involved and the vertex algebra is coming from either putting boundary conditions on the 3D quantum field theory, or by working in this for deconstruction and considering not just the sandwich of boundary conditions but a corner.",
" And this was yet a third boundary condition and using work on vertex algebra is at the corner that Sasha must have talked about yesterday.",
" Anyway, one can extract vertex out of this from these brain constructions and from the field theory and when they're actually two natural ways to do it.",
" And I mentioned level rank duality before. So, in, in the classic transignment story, there are two WCW models that play a role that are cosets of each other inside some number of free fermions.",
" And in the news story, there are also two algebras that play a role. And one is the Fagan to put an algebra and one is something new. And the something new is the thing that looks like functions on that weird space that I was trying to take loop group",
" from when I had the module on. Okay, so the Fagan to put inside of this directly relates to the small quantum group, and I haven't turned on any flat connections when making these statements, the vertex algebras can also be performed by flat connections.",
" And this, this new vertex algebra.",
" So, we can gather some number of copies of a bit of a beta gamma system for each edge in the quiver, and then takes a BRST quotient by GL one up to GLM for the nodes in the quiver. And then a final, not the RST quotient but just derived in variance for a final copy of SLN at level",
" So that's, that's that's the new vertex algebra.",
" And Thomas Thomas quite sick showed this was actually dual to the fake to take it to put in for SL to.",
" Okay, but that's, sorry, horribly out of time. So that's all say is, there's a, there's a really amazing vertex algebra story here.",
" So, Thomas could give a one plus hour talk on on the vertex algebra side of this.",
" So, let me say, so I've, I've indicated that that, like, it would be really awesome to sort of generalize the BFM like and other modules on the loop space constructions for line operators.",
" So, I think that's the best to, and Webster to generalize that to include transignment levels that that should land in this case on the small quantum group module category.",
" And I think that's just all correct. Be great to implement this geometric quantization perspective, start looking at open spaces and more so to get actions of the modular group or the mapping class group on spaces and states, which are currently kind of hard to",
" implement. And there's been work for the tourists. Looking at things is that close can and key.",
" Looking at the action of the modular group on hox show homology of that small group category, but I don't have anything in higher genus.",
" So, yeah, they're beautifully in some derived version of this CGP like TQF.",
" Okay, thanks.",
" So, if you have a question now I'm able to let them speak. Yeah. Yeah, can you.",
" I'll answer the technical first. If I can analytically, you are generalized Sharon Simons theory with respect to the level and anyhow different from ordinary terms.",
" So, yes, the answer is certainly yes in some cases. And so, like, like Sergey Gukhov and co authors already described the analytic continuation of the 80 and variance.",
" So, the analytic continuation uses a generalization of this 40 setup that I wrote down with different boundary conditions. So,",
" it's always easier to discuss the analytic continuation than what happens at that integer level. And it's very, very similar to what went and did with ordinary transimons.",
" So, so like the different choices there are all about choosing boundary conditions carefully and this 40 story.",
" So, one needs to move to a half space.",
" I got it. And the second question you mentioned this work of the other and the other check on the vertex algebra in the corner.",
" I understand that it's kind of geometry. It's sort of certain derived category of coherence shifts on on say three day on C, C cube supported on some fat divisors given by coordinate planes, which kind of define you with corner.",
" Now, how do you so that so this is a simple case of that where yeah yeah. Okay, but just look look at this simple, simple case.",
" So how do you see this geometry.",
" And do you see the tall.",
" Yes. So, so there, see if I can actually draw on here. So the thing you're talking about involves sort of the, the full vertex corner.",
" And here we're looking at and zero and zero brains.",
" And so, so that's that's trying to describe say what happens here.",
" And one also needs to tilt to tilt the brains relative to each other a bit, according to the trans diamonds level. So, so what I drew was probably not quite right.",
" And so instead of that one needs to have some sort of tilted corner.",
" So one can extract from that from the corner, the pieces that show up here. So, in one of these corner constructions the one that gives rise to Fagan to put in.",
" And then starts off with a corner that after the summit this after the simplification spits out a w algebra. And so the general corner is these like why and then and algebras that are like massive generalizations of w algebras.",
" In your story you see only and zero zero.",
" Exactly. And, but it would like, of course, like, it would be beautiful to them like start generalizing this and relate to other quantum groups.",
" But but it's yeah so my story is a very, very small part of that.",
" And so colliding two corners, one, and they both have n zero zero but with slightly different decorations on them. And so one gives rise to a w algebra and the other gives rise to to to catch moody, rather to WCW.",
" And, and so colliding those and taking an infinite level limit.",
" And so it gives Fagan to put in.",
" Okay, yeah, all right, thank you.",
" Any other question.",
" I have a question, can I, maybe I mean, some rise what you did in the end, just don't understand if if I understand if I understood it correctly so you can see this.",
" So you get this theory of few G and then instead of gauged in a strong Simon sense, and you get some n equal to super symmetric theory which still has a in between and he's in cool and branch.",
" But.",
" Okay, that's kind of, it's kind of magical that it still has a and be twists.",
" It's not magical what's on so you think I mean, is it so you mean that general and theory school.",
" They don't they only have a holomorphic twist.",
" I have a holomorphic topological twist on and and so what the way we actually analyze this is by starting with the holomorphic topological twist and observing that there is an extra differential that can still be turned on to to deform that to a topological",
" twist.",
" So it's not something general it's just kind of specific.",
" It's very special.",
" Okay, yes.",
" Now, what is the statement sorry that this is probably the main point one of the main points of your talk which I, which I missed what is the state of the relationship between this theory and representation of the quantum group.",
" I mean, so.",
" So this the a twist of this theory.",
" So, this is the same theory that has still has a symmetry and it's the symmetry that acts on the cool and branch.",
" Okay.",
" And the cool and branches is still the no potent cone so so the symmetry is the language dual group.",
" Okay.",
" So, one can, if one wants, turn on a background flat connection for that symmetry.",
" And three manifolds with flat connections, if you don't do that. And you just ask, without any deformation what is the category of line operators.",
" The category of line operators in that theory is representations of the small quantum group. It's it's it should be the derived category of representations of the small quantum group.",
" So the camera for line operators is the",
" For the eight ways for the eight ways.",
" Okay.",
" Yeah.",
" And this is something that you sort of can more or less prove or I mean this.",
" Yes.",
" But we the only way we can actually prove it is by introducing a holomorphic boundary condition that supports the vertex algebra.",
" And assuming that the category of lines is the same as modules for that verdict such a breath, which is what you would expect for a sufficiently rich boundary condition.",
" And then we take that vertex algebra show that it's proved that it's dual to fake in to put in which is known to be the same as as modules for the small quantum group.",
" And I'm wondering, you know, for the small quantum group business, the category of representation of small quantum group. It has this description by sort of bizarre county of Finkelberg and checkman in terms of factorizable sheaves.",
" And, and I'm wondering if you have some feeling that it should be relevant for what you're doing but I have, I have exactly the same feeling.",
" I don't understand that work well enough, but they like that, that story also gives derived like in principle should give derived spaces of conformal blocks.",
" Yes.",
" For these.",
" Exactly. Yeah.",
" So, so I, I think that should be very highly relevant for for all of this.",
" I guess I also think that dates, dates, great has been been doing along the same lines.",
" Maybe one small question you mentioned trans-simon theory for super groups.",
" I mean, did you mention just because it's analogous or does it play any role in what you're doing.",
" There should be an analogous construction that involves quantum super groups.",
" And like, as, like as you know in this world of like 40 young mills with different boundary conditions and interfaces, one can engineer things that look like super group trans-simon as well.",
" And so there should be generalizations of this that involves super groups.",
" And part of the super group story is also like an under derived version of the super group story has been discussed. And it's like Rosenski and Soler wrote that trans-simon theory down and I guess in the simplest case for GL11.",
" And started talking about what GL11 WZW you should look like and found non-synical categories.",
" I think if one approaches this from the super symmetric side when we end up with the derived category of everything in sight.",
" Yeah, I think the super group story is very close.",
" Yeah, we can thank you again."
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} | en |
Subsets and Splits