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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to couplings for conduits or pipes, and more particularly to a coupling adapter for nonthreaded plastic pipe or tubing. The conventional manner of joining pipe, tubing and the like by providing complimentary threaded surfaces is somewhat disadvantageous and tends to be relatively expensive because separate operations are usually required to produce the threaded portions on the tube conduits. Also, the wall thickness of the coupled conduits must generally be sufficient to permit threads to be cut or otherwise formed therein. Alternate permanent joints may be produced by sweating, brazing, welding and the like without the need for threads, but sometimes such joints are undesirable or inconvenient and their joinder may involve expensive equipment to disconnect the joined pipe. It is the aim of the present invention to provide a novel coupling apparatus employing components which are relatively simple and economical to produce but which nevertheless provide a secure and fluid tight joint and which may be disassembled readily to complete repairs. It is one object of the present invention to provide an improved pipe coupling device. One feature of the present invention is to provide an improved fluid tight pipe coupling device which may be applied without flaring or threading of the pipe. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The pipe coupling device of the present invention comprises a first member of generally concentric configuration with an enlarged head and adjacent narrow neck at one end thereof, and a second member of generally concentric configuration with a cavity or receptacle adjacent one end thereof for receiving the flexible head of the first member. The flexible head can be distorted to a reduced diameter flattened for insertion in the receptacle of the second member. The head regains its prior configuration when inserted and locks the two members indefinitely. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS So that the manner in which the above recited features, advantages and objects of the present invention are attatined and can be understood in detail, more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of an improved coupling device and associated pipe, embodying the present invention; FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of the assembled coupling device shown applied to a pipe; FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a tubular coupling member of the invention; FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the tubular coupling member of the invention shown in the retracted position. FIG. 5 is a transverse sectional view along the line 5--5; and FIG. 6 is a sectional view showing a locking tab and notch. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawing which illustrates a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reference numeral 10 generally designates the improved coupling device which is illustrated as applied to a pipe 11 which may be a plastic pipe, tubing, conduit or other form of pipe. The coupling device 10 includes a first or insertive coupling member 12 and a second or receptive coupling member 13, the coupling members preferrably being formed of a polymeric material such as polyvinyl chloride or the like of thermoplastic material. A typical size is pipe in the range of 2 inches to 8 inches in diameter. Typical internal pressures are in the range of up to about 100 PSI. The axial or bending loads on the coupled joint are neglible. The first coupling member 12 is of tubular figuration including a rigid shaft 14 and a flexible head 16. The coupling member 12 has an axial bore extending therethrough. The diameter of the bore through the shaft 14 is slightly less than the outside diameter of the pipe 11. In attaching the coupling member 12 to the pipe 11, the shaft 14 is slid onto the pipe 11 until the end of the pipe 11 abuts against an inwardly extending circumferential lip 18 located at the distal end of the head 16. The lip 18 extends inwardly into the axial bore about the thickness of the pipe 11 providing a peripheral shoulder or abutment with the edge of the pipe. Turning now to FIG. 4, the coupling member 12 is shown in the retracted position. Upon moving the shaft 14 to the right as shown in FIG. 4, the head 16 is caused to collapse about the pipe 11. In this position, the end of the coupling member 12 may easily be inserted in the receptacle of the second coupling member 13. The sliding or telescoping movement of the thick wall shaft 14 is hand implemented, or is pulled with a clamping tool with hoop pressure sufficient to grip and activate its axial movement. The second coupling member is of tubular configuration including a shaft 20 having an internal undercut receptacle 22 formed in the distal end thereof. The second coupling member is preferably formed of a suitable polymeric material such as polyvinyl chloride or the like. An axial bore extends through the second coupling member 13 and the bore terminates in a repository recess or receptacle 22 sized to receive the head 16 of the first coupling member 12. The deformable nature of the head 16 of the first coupling member 12 permits limited axial shifting of the shaft 14 along the pipe 11. The wall of the head 16 is substantially thinner than the wall of the shaft 14 so that upon relative shifting, the head 16, rather than the shaft 14, elongates and shrinks. The head 16 is illustrated in its collapsed configuration in FIG. 4 to enable stabbing into the female fitting. The retraction radially inwardly contacts the surface of the pipe 11. The head 16 is thus expandable to an enlarged locking configuration as illustrated in FIG. 3 (the head 16 is bulbous); the maximum head diameter is substantially greater than the diameter of the pipe 11 to lock into the female coupling. In operation, the first coupling member 12 is ready for insertion or removal from the receptacle 22 upon deforming the head 16 to its collapsed configuration by relatively shifting the shaft 14 axially along the pipe 11 to the position illustrated in FIG. 4. The surrounding shaft 14 thus has two positions differing by a distance enabling diametrical expansion. This shrinks the maximum diameter of the head 16 and thus facilitates either insertion or removal of the head 16 from the receptacle 22 of the second coupling member 12. With the head 16 in its collapsed configuration, the first coupling member 12 is inserted into the cavity 22 until the head 16 lies inside the interior of the receptacle 22. While holding the pipe 11 relatively stationary, the shaft 14 is shifted axially leftwardly as viewed in the various figures to its first position (see FIG. 3) wherein the head 16 expands within the receptacle 22 of the second coupling member 13 as best shown in FIG. 2. The shifting of shaft 14 (contrast FIG. 3 to FIG. 4) permits the head 16 to enlarge to its prior size and configuration within the receptacle 22 into a leak proof peripheral seal therewith. The head 16 is sufficiently yieldable so as to deform between the collapsed and locking configuration as desired, yet it is also sufficiently rigid in nature so as to hold its shape in opposition to the normal stresses of locked arrangement. This self holding property of the head 16 assures that unwanted relative shifting or release of the first and second coupling members is resisted. Positively holding the two coupling members together persists until the shaft 14 is again deliberately axially telescoped along the pipe 11 to collapse the head 16 for release. When it is desired to uncouple the pipe 11, the shaft 14 of the first coupling member 12 is shifted axially (see FIG. 3 and FIG. 4) to thereby pull and reduce, without fail, the head 16 to its collapsed configuration of FIG. 4 for release. Accordingly, the first coupling member 12 is then removed from the receptacle 22 of the second coupling member 13 as easily as it was inserted. Since head 16 is not permanently sealed within the receptacle 22, adequate forces resisting accidental shifting of the shaft 14 is that force required to deform the head 16 to its collapsed configuration and the friction encountered on sliding along the pipe 11. The shaft 14 telescopes without rotation. Rotation is prevented by an elongate key and key slot shown in FIG. 5. The tip of the thin wall head 16 is shown in FIG. 6 attached to the end of the pipe 11. A mating notch and matching tab 32 align those parts in FIG. 6; a contact solvent or adhesive assists in joining the parts together so the end of the head is fixed against accidental release. The foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment but the scope is determined by the claims which follow

A pipe coupling apparatus comprising a concentric, relatively telescoping tube is adapted to be inserted into a receptacle. A deformable head at the distal end of the tube is deformable to an enlarged, preselected retention configuration wherein the head engages the inner wall of the receptacle to hold the pipe coupling in a locked position. Relative axial shifting of the tube deforms the head from the locking configuration to a collapsed and elongated configuration wherein the head elongates to facilitate insertion or removal of the coupling from the receptacle.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to improvements in papermaking machines, and more particularly to improvements in press sections and to an arrangement for reducing the vibration which occurs between two or more press rolls loaded to form a press nip for dewatering a traveling web of paper. In papermaking machines, the web of paper is made continuously by depositing a slurry of fibers of wood or other vegetable substances with the addition of additives onto a traveling foraminous wire in order to form a layer which is dewatered through the wire and subsequently pressed and dried to form a continuous paper web or sheet. During this operation, the web formed on the wire is transferred, usually with one or two water absorbing felts between the succession of pairs of press rolls. A typical press roll will have opposed rolls pressure loaded against each other with one of granite and one of steel, although other materials may be used, which are pressed one against the other with considerable force to press water from the paper web and force it into the felt. In the pressing operation the rolls necessarily operate at the high speeds of the machine and are subject to persistent vibration which leads to nonuniformity in the paper web and in the felt. Because the rolls are pressed together with substantial pressure, vibrations create minute variations in this pressure which translate into differences in water extraction, and the sheet produced, therefore, is not perfectly uniform and regular. Also, because of the high rotational speed of the rolls, load noise is produced, and in some instances the vibration will cause damage to the rolls and support members and other component parts. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a mechanism for satisfactorily reducing the vibration of press rolls in a papermaking machine which eliminates the disadvantages referred to and which inherently accompany vibration. A further object of the invention is to provide an improved vibration absorbing or preventing mechanism of simplified construction for a paper press in a papermaking machine which has the operating life of the press and which does not require repair or attention during its operating life. In accordance with the principles of the invention, the device contemplates the provision of a paper machine press with a pair of rolls forming a press nip with each of the rolls being supported by a pair of bearings fixed to the frame of the assembly for supporting the rolls. At least one of the rolls is provided with a vibration absorbing mechanism which includes a pair of layers of deformable elastic material disposed between the bearings and the frame. One of the layers is disposed so that it deforms by compression when the movement of the bearing is induced by vibration in a first direction, and the other layer is disposed in such position that it deforms by compression when the movement of the bearing takes place in the opposite direction. Other advantages, features and objects will become more apparent with the teaching of the principles of the invention in connection with the disclosure of the preferred embodiments thereof in the specification, claims and drawings, in which: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a front view of a press section in a papermaking machine showing the ends of rolls of the press, and constructed and operating in accordance with the principles of the invention; FIG. 2 is an enlarged front view of one embodiment of the invention with parts omitted for clarity, as compared with FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a fragmentary view, taken partially in section, substantially along line III--III of FIG. 1 with a fragmentary portion illustrated within the circle showing details of construction; FIGS. 4 and 5 are fragmentary views, shown partially in section, of two additional embodiments of the mechanism; and FIGS. 6 and 7 are fragmentary perspective views of resilient pads of alternate construction. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As illustrated in FIGS. 1-3, FIG. 1 illustrates overall a press for a papermaking machine having an upper frame 2 with supports for rolls shown at 3, 4, 5 and 6. An endless felt 7 carries a web 8 through the nip between press rolls 15 and 16. The press 1 also includes a lever arm 10 housed in the frame 2 and being constructed substantially of U-shaped cross-section. A first end 11 of the lever 10 is hinged to the frame, and the other end 12 rests on a hydraulic cylinder 13. Two support elements 14 rest on an intermediate portion of the lever arm 10, and by means of suitable bearings, not shown in detail, the support elements 14 support the ends of a shaft which carries the roll 15. The roll 15 is normally of steel or cast iron and has a suitable outer coating layer and is pressed by the action of the lever 10 against the roll 16. The roll 16 is usually of granite or other coated material and is supported and carried on an upper frame member 17. The force exerted by the roll 15 on the roll 16 and thus on the felt 7 and on the web 8 is obtained by the force produced by the hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder 13 so that water is expressed from the web into the felt as the two travel together through the nip between rolls 15 and 16. As the rolls rotate, either by being provided with drive means, not shown, or due to contact with the web and felt, vibrations tend to be induced which are absorbed and reduced or eliminated by the vibration eliminating mechanism indicated at 20, and by absorbing the vibration of the upper rolls, the device will also tend to absorb the vibrations of the lower roll. The particular embodiment of the device includes resilient vibration absorbing members which absorb the vibration of the rolls in a direction normal to the path of travel of the web through the nip. The vibration absorbing members are part of a support carrying the bearings for the upper roll on the frame member 17 and the support is arranged so that displacement in the direction parallel to the path of travel of the web is prevented by nonyieldable portion of the support. The vibration absorbing device includes a pair of layers of deformable elastic material 21 and 22, FIG. 3, which are disposed between each of the end roll bearings 23 and the press frame 17. One of the layers is disposed in a position such that it deforms by compression when the movement of the bearing 23 induced by vibration takes place in a first direction and the other layer is disposed in a position such that it deforms by compression when the movement of the bearing induced by vibration takes place in a second direction which is opposite the first. The direction of vibration which is absorbed is along a straight line normal to the direction of web travel or, in other words, essentially along a straight line which is normal to the surfaces of the two rolls at the nip or in other words, along a line passing through the axial centers of the rolls. The construction of the mechanism is shown in FIGS. 1-3 and includes a plate 25 which is rigidly connected to the bearing 23 by a bearing bracket member 24. The layers of material 21 and 22 are disposed on opposite sides of said plate 25, and also disposed between an upper plate 26 and a lower plate 27 rigid with the frame 17. The upper plate 26 is suitably secured to the frame, and the lower plate 27 is made rigid with the frame by utilizing bolts 28 with their heads secured to the lower plate and the upper ends threaded into the rigid plate 26 which is rigid with the frame. The plate 25, however, has holes therethrough which permit it to move up and down relative to the bolts 28. A suitable loose bushing 29a surrounds the bolts, and as the bolt 28 is tightened, the bushing 29a is pulled tight between the plates 26 and 27. Between the bearing 23 and the frame 17, the support includes a mechanical locking member which permits movement in the direction normal to the nip in order to absorb the vibration, but which permits no movement in the direction parallel to the nip. In the arrangement of FIGS. 1-3, this locking member which is part of the support consists of a hinge 29, FIGS. 1 and 2, positioned between the support member 24 and the frame 17. The hinge allows the bearings to move up and down as shown in the drawings, but not laterally. In the arrangement of FIG. 4, the mechanical locking member which is part of the support is shown as a pair of tongues 30, one of which is attached to the rigid upper plate 26, and the other which is attached to the plate 25 movable with the bearing. An opening is provided through the pad 21 to accommodate these tongues, and the tongues have vertical sliding surfaces permitting up and down movement, but preventing lateral movement. The mechanical locking member, shown as tongues 30 in FIG. 4, and as a hinge 29 in FIG. 1, while shown in the preferred forms, may include other forms of structure such as a resilient arm or connecting rod, not shown, disposed between the frame and oscillating plate 25. In the structure of FIG. 5, the support member 24 is swivel or swing mounted and is hinged by an overhead pintel pin. The plate 25 is rigid with the support member 24. For use of this arrangement, the pressing nip structure includes two opposed rolls 15 positioned on laterally opposite sides of the roll 16 so as to form two separate nips through which the web and felt pass for the pressing operation. During the pressing operation, vibration arises which causes the roll 16 to undergo movements in a direction which is normal to the nip, or in other words, normal to the path of travel of the web through the nip. These vibration movements are substantially vertical in the construction of FIG. 1. When the vibration induces movement in an upward direction, the upper pad or layer 21 is deformed by compression and stores the kinetic energy generated by the vibration thus preventing this from being transmitted to the frame 17. Because of the nature of the materials of the layers 21 and 22, these are able to act effectively as shock absorbers. When the direction of movement induced by the vibration is reversed, the lower layer 21 compresses in the same manner. The pads 21 and 22 may be of various materials which have deformable elastic qualities such as rubber. The operation of the device and the embodiments shown in FIG. 5 is similar to that described inasmuch as the layers 21 and 22 operate alternately by compression as a result of the rocking of the support 24 about the hinge pin 31 induced by vibration. The presence of the mechanical locking members, the hinge 29, or the tongues 30, or the hinge pin 31 between the rolls prevent the components of the force which are directed along the plane of the travel of the web, from being able to act directly on the pads 21 and 22 which would not be able to support such movements. This permits the pads 21 and 22 to be designed for optimum vertical vibration absorption and are not required to be designed for lateral movement. The layers or pads 21 and 22 can be of any deformable elastic material such as rubber, elastomer, plastics or the like. Conveniently, each of the layers can be constructed by superimposing a plurality of sheets of the material on each other and disposing a metal plate between two adjacent sheets. In one form, the deformability of the assembly can be increased such as by providing the surface of the pads with grooves in the manner shown in FIG. 6 wherein a pad 33 has ribs 34 on the surface. In another construction, as illustrated in FIG. 7, a pad 35 has a series of depressions 36 on the surface. Such ribs 34 or depressions 36 may be on one or both surfaces of the pads depending upon the physical characteristic desired. Thus, I have provided an improved press mechanism for a papermaking machine which provides the objectives and advantages above set forth, and it will be understood that other equivalent structures and methods may be employed within the spirit and scope of the invention.

A mechanism for a press section of a papermaking machine including a press having first and second press rolls forming a pressure loaded press nip therebetween with a support frame and end bearings for the first roll with a support carrying the end bearings on the frame including first and second layers of deformable elastic material with a plate connected to the bearing between the layers of material and plates on the outer surfaces of the layers connected to the frame so that vibrational forces normal to the direction of movement of the web through the nip are passed through the layers of elastic material.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for mechanical joining a metallic fitting, in particular an end coupling member, onto a tube of a composite material, especially for use in offshore oil exploration. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the offshore oil exploration field, the tubes and their end coupling members must resist tensile loads capable of reaching, in normal conditions of use, about a million Newtons. The metallic tubes with metallic end coupling members used in oil exploration resist such loads. Various industrial methods have been developed to produce composite tubes fitted with metallic end coupling members and capable of withstanding the significant tensile loads. The composite tubes have substantial advantages over metallic tubes because of their fatigue strength, corrosion resistance and lower weight. According to a method described in French patent FR-A-2,509,011 by the applicants, a conical metallic insert is placed at the end of a composite tube. Between the outer surface of this end and the inner wall of the tube, an elastomeric layer is applied and adhesively bonded onto this outer surface, so that the loads are transmitted through the elastomeric layer. After a first polymerization of the tube, a second metallic member in the shape of a shell is applied on the polymerized composite, and is then hooped by a circumferential winding, for example of glass fibers. The metal/composite bond can also be provided through another elastomeric layer by a second curing to provide the polymerization of the outer hooping and the adhesive films. A further method, described in EP-A-0,093,012, enables the joining of a tube made up of filament windings and of another body. Tubular and hollow metallic envelopes are interposed between fiber layers made up of filament windings, spaced in the radial direction, this being done at the ends. The connection is provided by securing devices which pass through the composite and the metallic envelopes. In this case, the tensile load applied to the metallic end coupling member is transmitted to the composite structure by a "hammering" effect. According to yet another method described in French Patent FR-A-2,641,841 by the applicants, essentially longitudinal fibers are would continuously around a cylindrical mandrel in order to constitute the running part of the composite tube and, at the same time, around a metallic bi-conical shaped end coupling member. These longitudinal fibers are next bound to the metallic end coupling member by circumferential fibers before providing a final polymerization of the tube. Supplementary means are provided to enhance the integration of the end coupling member in the tube, and thus, limit the tube elongation. These methods provide tubes which can be described as "rigid" by contrast with the "flexible" or "supple" metallic tubes, and which can withstand the tensile loads of the exploitation conditions of oil exploration at sea, while offering a minimal elongation under the internal pressure. However, such tubes all have the drawback that the length of the finished tube must be known before proceeding to the fabrication of the running part of the tube, that is to say the arrangement of filament windings. In fact, in the three techniques referred to above, the winding of the filament layers constituting the tube is carried out on a mandrel bearing the connecting fittings, or end coupling members, of the tubes. These fittings are then wrapped by the fibers, and thus, "fixed" to the composite material. Thus, it is not possible to produce and stock composite tubes until such time as the required length of the tube, equipped with connecting and coupling members, is known. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a system for joining a metallic end coupling member, or, more generally a metallic fitting, to a composite tube previously wound and polymerized or hardened. Another object of the present invention involves connecting a metallic fitting to a preformed composite tube by penetrating elements embedded into the two elements to be assembled so as to obtain a joining having a maximal tensile strength compared with the strength of the running part of the tube. The present invention relates to a method for mechanical joining a tube made up of a composite material and a tubular metal fitting. In a first step, a tube of constant section is provided by winding filaments of pre-impregnated fibers which can be subjected subsequently to polymerization. The tube thus obtained can be cut into sections at right angles to its axis, to the desired length. Then, a tubular metal fitting is introduced at least partially into each end of the tube. The end of the tube and the penetrating part of the metal insert are secured by penetrating elements arranged according to at least uniform circumferential alignments, which are identical and identically spaced from one another. Each circumferential alignment defines a plane perpendicular to the axis of the tube and conforms to the following law of distribution: ##EQU1## D=the distance between two successive planes of circumferential alignments of penetrating elements, K=an integer equal to 1 or 2, n=the number of alignments, i=the interval between two consecutive penetrating elements of the same alignment, and α=the angle, with respect to the axis of the tube, of the layer of fibers providing the tensile strength. Such method balances the resistance to "hammering" load of the composite material opposite the penetrating elements and the tensile strength of the remaining section of composite material on the first circumferential alignment of penetrating elements, which integrally withstands the whole tensile load. The following alignments (towards the end of the tube) withstand a progressively lower tensile load according to their rank. Once this prior choice has been made, having regard to the distribution requirements set out above, the penetrating elements are distributed along helical lines, and more precisely, according to both right-hand pitch helical alignments and left-hand pitch helical alignments. All helical alignments are at the same angle equal to the positive or negative winding angle, corresponding to the backwards and forwards winding directions, respectively, of the fibers. The above penetrating elements will be aligned according to generatrices of the tube or in staggered rows, according to whether the value adopted for the coefficient K is 1 or 2. One or other of these values is selected at will and takes into account the value of the winding angle. The effects of the two distribution modes are similar. Each helical alignment of penetrating elements will affect the same bundle or bundles of fibers. Thus, the number of fibers sectioned for the implantation of the penetrating elements will be reduced. The number of penetrating elements per circumferential alignment is determined, as indicated above, in order to obtain the balance between resistance to "hammering" load and tensile strength of the composite material on the first alignment. The total number of penetrating elements for each end of the tube is determined to obtain the desired resistance to "hammering" load. The elements are distributed according to an appropriate number n of adjacent circumferential alignments. Calculations and tests have shown that three was an optimal value for the number n. According to an embodiment of the method of the present invention, the metal fitting comprises an inner tubular part introduced into the tube, and an outer tubular element coaxial and integral with the inner part to sandwich the end of the tube. The penetrating elements can be pins extending through bores formed radially in the two metallic elements and the end of the tube. Advantageously, the bores formed in the inner tubular metallic part are blind and do not open on the inner wall or surface of the metal fitting. The method of the present invention does not necessitate any machining, either of the outside or of the inside, of the composite tube. This guarantees the integrity of the resistance of the tube. Machining includes all grinding of the diameter, internal or external, likely to cut into the fibers, and thus, diminish the resistance. On the other hand, it may be necessary to perform a prior "bleaching" of the end of the tube, internal as well as external. The "bleaching" eliminates surface defects due to "rejects" of resin. Such "bleaching" is not likely to reach the fibers, that is to reduce the intrinsic resistance of the tube. The method of the present invention can be applied to a tube having fibers wound along a constant angle. It can apply also to a tube having two types of fibers wound along different angles. In this case, the penetrating elements are distributed in conformity with the above law of distribution, taking into account only the winding angle of the fibers which are the most loaded in tension, that is, the fibers having the lowest winding angle with respect to the axis of the tube, without taking into account the fibers wound along the other winding angle. These latter fibers will be taken into account, to a certain extent, in distributing the penetrating elements in a particular manner. This particular manner involves distributing the penetrating elements according, on the one hand, to two circumferential alignments complying with the law of distribution set out above and in which the angle β is the winding angle of the fibers which are the most loaded in tension and, on the other hand, to a third alignment interposed between the first two and delimited by the intersections between one or other of the helical alignments, with a left-hand or right-hand pitch. The penetrating elements of the above-mentioned two alignments and one or other of the helices, with a left-hand or right-hand pitch, are equal in angle to the winding angle of the second type of fibers and cross the penetrating elements of the first alignment. Preferably, the following supplementary condition will be assigned to the distance D between two consecutive circumferential alignments: D≧K'd in which K'=an integer or a mixed number ranging from 3 to 4, d=the diameter of a penetrating element. This supplementary requirement can equally be imposed in a general manner to any distribution of the penetrating elements according to the present invention. Other objects, advantages and salient features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, which, taken in conjunction with the annexed drawings, discloses preferred embodiments of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Referring to the drawings which form a part of this disclosure: FIG. 1 is a partial side elevational view in section of the end of a composite tube joined to a metal end coupling member in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a diagram of the distribution pattern according to generatrices of the tube of the pins of the device of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a diagram of a distribution pattern of the pins, according to a second embodiment of the present invention, in staggered rows, for the same winding angle as that of FIG. 2; FIG. 4 is an enlarged and more detailed view of FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a distribution pattern of the method of the present invention, according to a third embodiment of the present invention, for a low winding angle of the fibers; FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a distribution pattern of pins according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention which takes into account a second type of fibers having a winding angle different from that of the first type of fibers; FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of the end of a composite tube having two types of fibers with different winding angles, equipped with a metal end coupling member whose pins are distributed according to the diagram of FIG. 6; and FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the tube of FIG. 7, illustrating a distribution pattern for layers of the two type of fibers. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 illustrates a tube 1 made up of composite material of constant thickness and formed by winding fibers, for example, carbon fibers. The fibers are wound along the same winding angle, marked α in absolute value, relative to the axis 2 of the tube. An equal proportion of fibers is wound in a +α direction, for example, winding to the left or in the forward direction, and in a -α direction, winding to the right or in the backward direction. It will be assumed, at first, that the tube 1 comprises only the wound carbon fibers. The thickness of the tube is for example, about 20 mm. The tube 1 is formed in a known manner, by winding pre-impregnated fibers on a mandrel, followed by a polymerization. After that, the tube is withdrawn from the mandrel and cut into sections to the desired length. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the end of the tube receives a metallic tubular fitting. The metal fitting has an end coupling member 3 comprising a part 3a in the form of a wedge, or inner insert, intended to be inserted inside the tube 1. The tube end abuts against a shoulder 4 of the end coupling member 3 and a separate metallic outer tubular part or insert 5, coaxial with the end coupling member. Outer tubular part 5 is added and secured on the outside of the end coupling member to grip the end of the tube in a sandwich manner with the inner part 3a. The outer part 5 comprises an inner peripheral heel 6 locked between the shoulder 4 and a nut 7 screwed onto a thread on the outer part 3b of the end coupling member. A pin 8 extends radially through the outer insert 5 and penetrates partially into the shoulder 4. This allows a radial indexing of the tube 1. The areas of insertion of the penetrating elements in the inner part 3a and outer part 5 have constant thicknesses. Beyond the insertion areas, that is, towards the central part of the tube, the thicknesses of parts 3a and 5 are reduced uniformly according to a slope intended to minimize the local bending of the composite material in the transition area between the running part of the tube and the metallic end coupling member. The inner part 3a and the outer part 5 are provided with radial bores 9 and 10, respectively. The radial bores receive pins 11 extending radially through the wall of the tube 1. The pin ends are seated in opposing radial bores 9 and 10. FIG. 2 illustrates the distribution pattern of the pins 11 all around the tube 1 and its end coupling member 3. The pins 11 are distributed in three circumferential alignments 12, 13 and 14 (FIG. 2). Each circumferential alignment comprises the same fixed number of pins regularly distributed along an angle, the interval between two pins being i. Each alignment defines a plane perpendicular to the axis 2 of the tube. The distance D between two consecutive planes or alignments 12, 13, 14 is identical. The pins 11 are, according to the present invention, distributed according to the law: ##EQU2## D=the distance between two successive planes of circumferential alignments (12, 13, 14), K=is equal to 1, which corresponds to a distribution of the pins 11 according to generatrices of the tube 1, n=the number of alignments, and is equal to 3, i=the interval between two consecutive pins of the same circumferential alignment (12, 13, 14), α=the winding angle, with respect to the axis 2 of the tube 1, of the fibers of the tube. FIG. 3 illustrates a distribution pattern of the same total number of pins 11, also in three circumferential alignments 12, 13, 14, as the pattern illustrated in FIG. 2, and complies with the same law of distribution. However, the coefficient K has a value equal to 2, corresponding to a staggered row distribution of the pins 11. The effects of the two patterns of distribution in FIGS. 2 and 3 are equivalent, as will be explained by reference to FIG. 4. The spatial distribution of the pins 11, whether according to the pattern in FIG. 2 or according to the pattern in FIG. 3, is such that the pins 11 are in helical alignments 15 and 16 with a left-hand pitch of angle +α, (FIGS. 2 to 4), and in helical alignments 17 and 18 with a right-hand pitch of angle -α. These helical alignments correspond to bundles of fibers in forward and backward directions. The same forward bundle, for example N (FIG. 4), will be crossed through from place to place by all the pins 11 of the alignment 16. The same backward bundle, for example N', will be crossed through from place to place by all the pins 11 of the alignment 18. By bundle, the set of fibers superimposed over the entire thickness of the tube is contemplated. In that way, a minimal number of fibers of the winding will be cut by the bores provided for the pins 11. Thus, for example, the conjunction of the bundles of fibers N-1 and N'-1, which precede the bundles N and N' when viewing the winding from the left towards the right in FIG. 4, will take up the longitudinal loads F applied to the pin 11'. The bundle N-1 will withstand the load F'. The bundle N'-1 will withstand the load F". The resultant of F' and F" is equivalent to F in absolute value. The delimitation of the bundles of fibers N,N',N-1,N'-1 is purely artificial and intended simply to facilitate the understanding of the effects of the particular implantation of the pins 11. The fibers are aligned and distributed in a homogeneous way through the entire thickness of the tube 1. After calculations and tests, it was found that three was an optimal number of circumferential alignments. Each circumferential alignment 12, 13 or 14 comprises the same number of pins 11. This number is preferably determined to obtain a balance between the resistance to "hammering" load of the composite material bearing on all the pins of the assembly and the tensile strength of the remaining section of composite material on the circumferential alignment in question. The calculations are performed considering the resistance of the composite material. The composite material resistance is less than that of the material, for example, stainless steel, of the end coupling member (3,5). Balancing between resistance to "hammering" load and tensile strength satisfies the following equation: Rm·d·N·n=Rt (πD-d'N) in which: Rm=the resistance to "hammering" load of the composite material, d=the diameter of the pins, N=the number of pins per circumferential alignment, n=the number of circumferential alignments, Rt=the tensile strength of the composite material, D=the average diameter of the composite tube, and ##EQU3## Comparing FIGS. 2 and 3, in the distribution of the pins 11 according to generatrices (FIG. 2), the distance D between two consecutive circumferential alignments (12,13,14) is twice that of the distribution in taggered rows (FIG. 3). Thus, the choice of the value 1 or 2 for coefficient K may depend on the configuration of the metallic end coupling member 3 and on the value of the angle α. For the same number of circumferential alignments, a greater concentration of pins could be selected (FIG. 3), covering a shorter length on an end coupling member. The case can occur, nevertheless, of a tube with a small winding angle α, as illustrated by FIG. 5. With such an angle, a more dense distribution in staggered rows of the pins on three circumferential alignments extends over a too wide surface of the end coupling member. Then, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention, two circumferential alignments 12' and 13' will be defined, corresponding to the law of distribution according to the present invention, with K=2. Between the two alignments 12' and 13', preferably at mid-distance, a third alignment 14' is added, identical to the two others and constituted by pins 11 placed on the right-hand pitch helical alignments 17,18 as illustrated in FIG. 5, or on the left-hand pitch helical alignments 15,16. This distribution is a compromise, since the pins 11 of the alignment 14' will necessarily affect the forward (or backward) winding of the fibers. Moreover, the distance D' between two consecutive circumferential alignments (12',13',14') can be set at a minimal value by constraining the implantation of pins by respecting, moreover, the following condition: D'≧K'd in which K'=an integer or a mixed number ranging from 3 to 4, and d=the diameter of a pin. In the case of FIG. 5, for the available or desirable length for the implantation of pins on the metal end coupling member in three circumferential alignments, due to the value of the angle α, the distance D' may not fulfil the second condition set out above. In such case, two alignments 12' and 13' would be used or adopted. This second condition may clearly be applied to the distance D of the distribution patterns of FIGS. 2 to 4. If the tube comprises two types of fibers, for example, carbon fibers intended to carry the longitudinal loads and glass fibers intended to carry the circumferential loads, the winding angle α of the carbon fibers will be taken into account for the distribution of the pins. The higher or lower number of glass fibers cut for the insertion of the pins will not fundamentally affect the behavior of the end coupling member with respect to the longitudinal loads. The mounting of the inner part 3a and outer part 5, as well as the drilling of the bores 9 and 10, does not necessitate any machining of the end of the tube 1, either inside or outside. The generatrices of the tube remain rectilinear. Only a light non-destructive "bleaching" of the fibers may be necessary to remove resin thrown outs and enable the mounting, especially of the inner part 3a. Moreover, the increases in external diameter and the decreases in internal diameter at the level of the parts 5 and 3a are minimized as much as possible with respect to the running part of the composite tube. However, it can be advantageous to account for the second type of fiber and to find a compromise enabling, not only a limitation of the cutting of the fibers having the highest coefficient of tensile strength, under the same conditions as set out above, but also, to a certain extent, the best use of the fibers of the other type which also participate, although to a lower degree, in the strength of the tube with respect to the longitudinal loads. FIG. 6 illustrates a distribution of the pins in such case, according to another embodiment of the method of the present invention. As in FIG. 5, two circumferential alignments 12',13' of pins 11 are defined. The alignments correspond to the law of distribution of the present invention, with the angle α of the first type of fibers and with K=2. A third circumferential alignment (14'a or 14'b) is defined, interposed between the two others and constituted by pins implanted at the intersection of the right-hand pitch helix 17' passing through the pins 11 of the first alignment 12' and of angle β. Angle β is equal to the winding angle of the second type of fibers (or even of the left-hand pitch helix of the same angle) with one or other of the helical alignments, with a left-hand pitch 15 or a right hand pitch 17, of the pins 11. At one of the two intersections, a pin 11a or 11b will be implanted. Whichever of the two pins 11a,11b satisfies, the supplementary condition set out above regarding the minimal distance between the third alignment 14'a or 14'b and one or other of the alignments 12' and 13' will possibly be chosen. In that way, the pins (11a or 11b) of the third alignment will be on bundles of fibers, of the first and of the second type, already cut by the pins 11 and the first two alignments 12' and 13'. However, the pins 11a or 11b will affect the backward (or forward) winding of the fibers of the second type. In the case where the supplementary condition is not satisfied for either of the alignments 14'a, 14'b, for example where the angles α and β are close together, distribution will be according to FIG. 5. If the left-hand pitch helices of angles +β 15' are chosen, the pins will be implanted as illustrated at 11'a and 11'b in FIG. 6, symmetrically with the pins 11a, 11b with respect to the axis 2 of the tube 1. FIG. 7 represents a metal end coupling member 3 fixed to the end of a composite tube 1. An implantation of the pins 11 is according to the pattern of FIG. 6 (pins 11 and 11a or 11'b) FIG. 8 shows an illustrative embodiment of the tube 1 with two types of windings. A winding mandrel 20 supports strata of glass fibers 21, each constituted by a certain number of layers of fibers, and three strata of carbon fibers 22, each also constituted by a certain number of layers of fibers. The winding angle of the glass fibers is, for example, on the order of 60°. The winding angle of the carbon fibers is on the order of 20°. The two alignments 12' and 13' of pins 11 of FIG. 7 are determined by the law of distribution according to the present invention with α=20° and K=2. The intermediate alignment 14' is determined in accordance with the distribution pattern illustrated by FIG. 6, with helices 15' of angle +β=60°. The method of the present invention applies in general manner to all joining of a composite tube stressed in tension, compression, inner pressure, and torsion, with a tubular metal fitting added to the ends, and particularly, but not exclusively, with end coupling members. While various embodiments have been chosen to illustrate the invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

A method of joining a tube of composite material and a tubular metal fitting includes, winding filaments of pre-impregnated fibers to produce a tube with a longitudinal axis. The fibers that provide tensile strength for the tube are at a tensile fiber angle relative to the longitudinal axis. A tubular metal fitting is introduced at least partially into an end of a tube section, with inner and outer parts of the fitting being located inside and outside of the tube section. The inner and outer parts are secured by inserting penetrating elements extending radially through the tube section and the parts of the fitting. The penetrating elements are arranged in uniform circumferential alignments which are equally spaced from each other along the longitudinal axis. Each circumferential alignment defines an alignment plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and spaced by a distance which is a function of an integer, the number of circumferential alignments, the interval between two consecutive penetrating elements in the same circumferential alignment and the tensile fiber angle.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] The present application is a non-provisional of U.S. Ser. No. 61/778,814, filed Mar. 13, 2013, incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING IN COMPUTER READABLE FORM [0002] The application includes sequences in txt file 439616SEQLIST.txt created Feb. 21, 2014, and 1 kbyte in size, which is incorporated by reference. FIELD [0003] Genetically modified non-human animals that have a mutant allele of an Acvr1 gene; nucleic acid constructs that comprise conditional mutants of an Acvr1 gene; non-human animals that exhibit a phenotypical feature of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Genetically modified mice that exhibit ectopic bone formation. Non-human animals containing conditional mutant ACRV1 alleles that are expressed ex utero but not in utero. BACKGROUND [0004] Acrv1 is a type I receptor for bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs). Certain mutations in the human Acvr1 gene, including mutations that give rise to the amino acid modification R206H mutation, are strongly associated with the disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) (see, e.g., US Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2009/0253132; see also, Pignolo, R. J. (2011) Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: Clinical and Genetic Aspects, Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 6:80,1-6). The R206H mutation, among others, is believed to increase sensitivity of the receptor to activation and render it more resistant to silencing. Chimeric mice that bear an R206H mutation in Acvr1 develop an FOP-like phenotype (see, e.g., Chakkalakal et al. (2012) An Acvr1 R206H knock-in mouse has fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, J. Bone and Mineral Res. 27:1746-1756). [0005] Certain mutations in the Acvr1, e.g., those resulting in an R206H Acvr1 protein mutation, are perinatal lethal in mice. Where a mutation is perinatal lethal, it is not possible to pass a knock-in gene comprising the mutation through the germline of a non-human animal. For example, the above-mentioned studies required working with chimeric mice that possess in some cells the indicated mutation but that are unable to transmit the mutation in the germline; thus, a stable and useful mouse line has not been established that comprises the R206H mutation in the germline. There remains a need for non-human animals that can transmit an ACRV1 mutation that is perinatal or embryonic lethal in the germline to produce progeny that are useful, e.g., to produce a non-human animal that exhibits a phenotype associated with the ACRV1 mutation, e.g. FOP, an FOP feature, or a feature of a related disorder, or a related disorder. SUMMARY [0006] Genetically modified non-human animals are provided that comprise in their germline a nucleic acid sequence that comprises a modification of an Acvr1 gene. [0007] Genetically modified non-human animals are provided that comprise in their germline a nucleic acid sequence that comprises a conditional genetic modification of an Acvr1 gene, wherein the genetic modification renders the non-human animal susceptible to ectopic bone formation. [0008] Genetically modified non-human animals are provided that comprise in their germline a nucleic acid sequence that comprises a conditional genetic modification comprising a conditional mutant Acvr1 exon, wherein induction of expression of the conditional mutant Acvr1 exon confers upon the non-human animal a susceptibility to ectopic bone formation. In one embodiment, the mutant Acvr1 exon is exon 5. In a specific embodiment, the mutation expresses an Amid-encoded protein having an exon 5 with a R2026H mutation. [0009] Non-human animals are provided that conditionally express a mutant Amid allele. In various aspects, the mutant Amid allele is an allele that confers a pathological phenotype on the non-human animal expressing the allele. In various aspects, the non-human animals comprise a mutant exon of an Amid allele flanked upstream and downstream with site-specific recombinase recognition sites (SRRS's), and the non-human animal comprises a recombinase that recognizes the SRRS's, wherein the recombinase is inducible. [0010] Non-human animals are provided that comprise a modification of an Amid allele that causes (in one embodiment, in a heterozyogte; in one embodiment, in a homozygote), promotes, or makes the non-human animal susceptible to ectopic ossification. [0011] Non-human animals are provided that comprise a conditional mutation of an Amid allele, wherein the mutant Amid allele is not expressed in utero, and is not expressed perinatally, and wherein the non-human animals express the mutant Amid allele in a conditional manner, wherein the conditional expression is induced by administration of a compound of interest to the non-human animal. [0012] Acvr1 loci are provided that comprise a modification that comprises a conditional mutant exon, wherein the conditional mutant exon is expressed upon an experimentally-induced induction. [0013] In one aspect, a genetically modified Acvr1 locus is provided, comprising a mutant exon in antisense orientation, flanked upstream and downstream by SRRS's. In one embodiment, the locus is present in a non-human animal that further comprises an inducible recombinase gene that recognizes the SRRS's that flank the mutant exon. [0014] In one aspect, a non-human animal is provided that comprises a modified Acvr1 locus comprising a mutant exon in antisense orientation, wherein the mutant exon is flanked upstream and downstream by RSSR's that are oriented to direct an inversion when acted upon by a recombinase that recognizes the RSSR's. In one embodiment, the mutant exon upon inversion replaces the corresponding wild-type exon of the Acvr1 locus. In one embodiment, the non-human animal further comprises an inducible recombinase gene, wherein the recombinase of the inducible recombinase gene recognizes the RSSR's. In a specific embodiment, the RSSR's are lox sites or variants thereof, the recombinase is Cre, and the recombinase is inducible by tamoxifen. In a specific embodiment, the recombinase is a Cre-ER T2 . In one embodiment, the non-human animal is a rodent, e.g., a mouse or rat. In a specific embodiment, the rodent is a rat, and the mutant Acvr1 exon is exon 5. [0015] In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided that comprises a nucleic acid construct comprising a mutant exon 5 (e5) encoding an R206H mutation, wherein the mutant e5 is present in antisense orientation and is flanked upstream and downstream by RSSRs oriented to direct an inversion of the mutant e5; and the mouse comprises an inducible recombinase gene encoding a recombinase that is capable of inverting the antisense mutant e5 exon to sense orientation. [0016] In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided that comprises a nucleic acid construct at an Acvr1 locus in the germline of the mouse, wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises, with respect to the direction of transcription of the Acvr1 gene, a construct comprising a wild-type e5 gene in sense orientation and a mutant e5 allele in antisense orientation, wherein upstream of the wild-type e5 allele is a first RSSR (RSSR1) that is compatible with a second RSSR (RSSR2) located just downstream (with respect to transcriptional direction of the Acvri gene) of the antisense mutant e5, wherein RSSR1 and RSSR2 are oriented to direct an inversion. The construct further comprises a third RSSR (RSSR3) disposed between the wild-type e5 and the mutant antisense e5, and the construct further comprises a fourth RSSR (RSSR4) that is compatible with RSSR3, and which is located downstream (with respect to the direction of orientation of the Acvr1 gene) of RSSR2, wherein RSSR3 and RSSR4 are oriented to direct an inversion. Each RSSR (1-4) is recognized by the same inducible recombinase. [0017] In one embodiment, the inducible recombinase is in the germline of the mouse. [0018] In one embodiment, the RSSR sites are recognizable by a Ore recombinase. [0019] In one embodiment, RSSR1 and RSSR2 are 1ox2372 sites; RSSR3 and RSSR4 are loxP sites, and the inducible recombinase is a CreER T2 (see, e.g., FIG. 1 ). [0020] In one embodiment, RSSR1 and RSSR2 are loxP sites; RSSR3 and RSSR4 are 1ox2372 sites, and the inducible recombinase is a CreER T2 (see, e.g., FIG. 1 ). [0021] In one embodiment, the CreER T2 is present at the ROSA26 locus (e.g., Gt(ROSA26)Sor CreERT 2/+. [0022] In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided comprising the genotype Acvr1 [R206H]COIN/+ ; Gt(ROSA26)Sor CreERt2/+ . [0023] In one aspect, a genetically modified rodent is provided that expresses a normal Acvr1 exon 5 in utero and perinatally, wherein upon treatment of the genetically modified rodent with a recombinase, the mouse expresses an Acvr1-encoded protein that comprises a mutation encoded by exon 5. In one embodiment, the mutation is an exon 5 mutation that encodes a R206H mutation. [0024] In one aspect, an adult rodent is provided that expresses a mutant Acvr1 gene product characterized by a R206H modification, wherein at least 99% of the cells of the mouse comprise a mutant Acvr1 gene encoding the R206H modification. [0025] In one aspect, a genetically modified rodent is provided that comprises a mutant Acvr1 gene product characterized by a R206H modification, wherein the mutant Acvr1 gene is present in at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or more of the cells of the genetically modified rodent. [0026] In one aspect, a genetically modified rodent is provided, wherein the rodent comprises an Acvr1 locus in its germline that, upon exposure to a recombinase, expresses a protein encoded by the Acvr1 locus that comprises a R206H modification. [0027] In one aspect, a rodent is provided that expresses a mutant protein comprising a R206H mutation, wherein the mouse is non-chimeric. In one embodiment, the extent of chimerism of the rodent is no more than 1%. [0028] In one aspect, a mouse is provided that expresses a mutant protein from a modified Acvr1 locus in the germline of the mouse, wherein all Acvr1-expressing cells of the mouse comprise a modified Acvr1 gene that encodes an Acvr1 protein that comprises an R206H modification. In one embodiment, all germ cells of the mouse comprise a modified Acrv1 locus comprising a conditional genetic modification that encodes an Acvr1 protein with an R206H modification. [0029] In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse comprising an engineered Acvr1 [R206H]COIN allele is provided, wherein the first codon of human ACVR1 exan 5 (isoform 003) is modified encode an E, wherein at the protein level the humanized exon is identical to the wild type mouse Acvr1 exon 5 (isoform 001). [0030] In one aspect, a mouse is provided that comprises a conditional genetic modification of an Acvr1 gene, wherein the modification changes an amino acid in an ACVR1 α-helix comprising ACVR1 amino acids 198-206 and results in a constitutive activation of the protein encoded by the Acvr1 locus. [0031] In one embodiment, the conditional genetic modification is in an amino acid selected from amino acid 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, and a combination thereof. In a specific embodiment, the amino acid is 206, and the modification is a nucleotide change that forms a codon for histidine. [0032] In one embodiment, the mouse is heterozygous for the conditional genetic modification. In one embodiment, the mouse is homozygous for the conditional genetic modification. [0033] In various aspects, the non-human animal is a mammal. In one embodiment, the mammal is a rodent. In one embodiment, the rodent is selected from the group consisting of a mouse, a rat, and a hamster. In a specific embodiment, the rodent is a mouse. [0034] In various aspects, the genetically modified non-human animal comprises an array of RSSR's that are arranged to direct a deletion of a wild-type Acvr1 exon 5 and place a mutant exon 5 from an antisense orientation to a sense orientation. [0035] In various aspects, the genetically modified non-human animal further comprises an inducible recombinase that acts upon a nucleic acid construct in the Acvr1 locus to remove the wild-type exon and replace it with the mutant exon. In one embodiment, the inducible recombinase is CreER T2 . [0036] In various aspects, the genetically modified non-human animals, upon expression of the mutant Acvr1 allele, are capable of expressing the alternate (wild-type) allele. [0037] In various aspects, the genetically modified non-human animal that expresses the mutant Acvr1 allele is a model for an ectopic ossification disorder. In one embodiment, the ectopic ossification disorder is fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). [0038] In various aspects, genetically modified non-human animals are provided that conditionally express a mutant Acvr1 allele comprising a mutant exon 5 (e.g., expressing a protein comprising an R206H mutation) upon exposure to tamoxifen, wherein the non-human animals comprise a tamoxifen-inducible recombinase that converts a wild-type exon 5 to a mutant exon 5 within the Acvr1 gene. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0039] FIG. 1 illustrates design of a conditional allele at an Acvr1 locus that converts, e.g., a mouse Acvr1 exon 5 to a human R206H exon using loxp and 1ox2372 sites. [0040] FIG. 2 illustrates design of a conditional allele of Acvr1 R206H classic FOP mutant receptor gene. Mouse Exon 5 (e5 in isoform 001) is replaced with human exon 5 (in human ACVR1 isoform 003); a mouse mutant exon is simultaneously introduced in the antisense strand, together with a FRT'ed selection cassette (hUB-Neo); human e5 is flanked with loxP and lox2372 pointing East, and another loxP and Lox2372 sites are placed downstream of mouse e5(R206H) and deletion of the human e5, upon exposure to Cre, as detailed schematically in FIG. 1 [0041] FIG. 3 illustrates activation of the Acvr1 [R206H]COIN allele results in an FOP-like phenotype in mice genetically modified with the conditional allele. [0042] FIG. 4 illustrates ectopic bone formation in genetically modified mice comprising the conditional allele induced in mice administered tamoxifen; an example of ectopic bone formation at the sternum is indicated in the right panel with white arrows. In the absence of tamoxifen (left panel), no ectopic bone formation is detected. [0043] FIG. 5 provides another illustration of ectopic bone formation in genetically modified mice comprising the conditional allele induced in mice administered tamoxifen; an example of ectopic bone formation at the sternum is indicated in the right panel with white arrows. In the absence of tamoxifen (left panel), no ectopic bone formation is detected. [0044] FIG. 6 provides yet another illustration of ectopic bone formation in genetically modified mice comprising the conditional allele induced in mice administered tamoxifen; an example of ectopic bone formation at the sternum is indicated in the right panel with white arrows. In the absence of tamoxifen (left panel), no ectopic bone formation is detected. [0045] FIG. 7 illustrates control mice (left panels, ID 840095); and ectopic bone formation in genetically modified mice comprising the conditional allele induced in mice administered tamoxifen (Tamoxifen #2, ID:845202); top right panel shows ectopic bone formatoin at the sternebra; bottom right panel shows ectopic bone formation at the hip joint and the caudal vertebrae. [0046] FIG. 8 illustrates ectopic bone formation at the sternebra (left panel) and the caudal vertebrae (right panel) for genetically modified mice comprising the conditional allele induced in mice administered tamoxifen (Tamoxifen #3, ID:915546). [0047] FIG. 9 illustrates the absence of ectopic bone formation in genetically modified mouse comprising the conditional allele, induced with tamoxifen (Tamoxifen #4, ID:904067). [0048] FIG. 10 illustrates ectopic bone formation at the sternebra (left panel) in genetically modified mice comprising the conditional allele induced by administration of tamoxifen (Tamoxifen #5, ID:840098). [0049] FIG. 11 illustrates ectopic bone formation at the sternebra (left panel) and knee joint (right panel) in genetically modified mice comprising the conditional allele induced by administration of tamoxifen (Tamoxifen #6, ID:863713). [0050] FIG. 12 illustrates primers and probes used in a loss of allele assay to genotype genetically modified mice comprising the conditional mutation in the Acvr1 gene; SEQ ID NOs are, from top to bottom: for the forward primer from top to bottom SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2; for the reverse primer from top to bottom SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4; for the probe SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0051] Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an autosomal dominant disorder of ectopic bone formation. Linkage studies in affected families reveal that the FOP gene maps to chromosome 2q23-24 where a 617G-to-A mutation (R206-to-H) in the activation domain of activin A type I receptor gene (Acvr1) was found on all affected individuals examined in the studies (Shore et al., (2006) A recurrent mutation in the BMP type I receptor Acvr1 causes inherited and sporadic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, Nat. Genet. 38:525-527), consistent with FOP being caused by constitutive activation of Acvr1 (Id.). [0052] Genetically modified mice are provided that express an Acvr1 protein comprising a modification that results in a disorder characterized by ectopic bone formation, e.g., FOP. Mice expressing the modified Acvr1 protein include mice that are not chimeric, e.g., mice whose genomes carry a (conditional) modification of the Acvr1 protein that results in ectopic bone formation in a mouse that expresses the modified Acvr1 protein. [0053] Certain mutations in the Acvr1 protein, e.g., the FOP-associated R206H mutation, are difficult if not impossible to create in the germline of mice due to embryonic or perinatal fatality associated with the mutation. Genetically modified mice are provided that comprise an COnditional-by-INversion (COIN) design that provides for a conditional inversion and removal of a wild-type exon and replacement of the wild-type exon with a mutant exon. This COIN design allows for forming a conditional allele by placement of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an inverted mutant exon to be placed next to a wild-type exon to be deleted. Through selection of recombinase recognition sites (RRS's), the inverted mutant exon is reversed to place it in reading frame whereas the wild-type exon is deleted. This COIN approach relies on the placement of incompatible RSS's (e.g., 1ox2372 and loxp) surrounding the wild-type and mutant exons. This COIN approach thus does not allow for expression of the (perinatal/embryonic) lethal mutation unless the COIN allele is acted upon by the selected recombinase(s). Another advantage of this COIN approach is permanent removal of the wild-type exon upon exposure to the selected recombinase, and thus no inverted repeat remains in the genome post-inversion. This is advantageous because it eliminates the possibility of re-inversion, because the remaining recombinase sites are incompatible (e.g., 1ox2372 and loxP). In this instance, humanization of the wild-type mouse exon also minimizes inverted repeat sequence, thus facilitating cloning steps and alleviating concerns of rearrangements during and after targeting. [0054] If a mouse bearing the COIN allele is bred to a recombinase-containing mouse, the (perinatal/embryonic) lethal mutation will express in the progeny in utero, thus confounding the goal of making an animal that can be studied which expresses the allele. Therefore, the mouse bearing the COIN allele is not bred with an unregulated recombinase-containing mouse. Instead, the mouse is bred with a mouse that contains a Cre-ER protein that this modified with T2 mutations (a Cre-ER T2 mouse), or modified to contain a Cre-ER T2 allele. The Cre-ER T2 protein is a Cre protein modified with an estrogen receptor sequence that comprises T2 mutations that render the Cre protein inactive (see, Indra, A. et al. (1999) Temporally-controlled site-specific mutagenesis in the basal layer of the epidermis: comparison of the recombinase activity of the tamoxifen-inducible Cre-ER T and Cre-ER T2 recombinases, Nucleic Acids Res. 27(22):4324-4327; Feil, R. et al. (1997) Regulation of Cre Recombinase Activity by Mutated Estrogen Receptor Ligand-Binding Domains, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 237:752-757; U.S. Pat. No. 7,112,715). A mouse comprising a conditional allele constructed with Cre-responsive RSS's as described herein, and containing a Cre-ER T2 allele, would therefore express the wild-type allele unless and until the mouse was exposed to tamoxifen to induce Cre activity. In this way, mice are made that contain a mutant Acvr1 allele in their germline but that do not express a mutant Acvr1 protein unless and until the mice are exposed to tamoxifen. Following exposure to tamoxifen, the Cre-ER T2 fusion protein is activated and the conditional allele converts to a mutant allele and, in various embodiments, the conversion to the mutant allele is irreversible, with deletion of the wild-type allele. In this manner, a mouse line containing an otherwise lethal Acvr1 mutation can be maintained essentially indefinitely, producing the desired genetic lesion and accompanying phenotype whenever desired. In various embodiments, a genetically modified mouse comprising the Acvr1 COIN allele is made by modifying a mouse ES cell to contain the COIN allele, and modifying the same ES cell to contain a gene encoding the tamoxifen-inducible Cre-ER T or Cre-ER T2 , and using the ES cell as a donor cell to make a mouse that contains the COIN allele and the modified Cre gene. All of the references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. [0000] Engineering a Conditional ACVR1 Allele that is Germline Transmissible [0055] In order to engineer a mouse model of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP), the R206H “classic FOP” mutation of human Acvr1 (Shore et al. (2006)) was engineered into the corresponding mouse gene, Acvr1. This mutation has already been modeled non-conditionally in the mouse, but the resulting chimeric mice (arising from blastocyst microinjection of the targeted ES cells) were unable to transmit the mutation through the germline, presumably due to embryonic or perinatal lethality (Chakkalakal, S. A. et al. (2012) An Acvr1 R206H knock-in mouse had fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, J. Bone and Mineral Res. 27:1746-1756). Prior to knowledge of this phenotype, and based on the phenotype of Acvr1 homozygous-null mice, which reveals a profound role of Amid during development (Mishina et al. (1999) Multiple roles for activin-like kinase-2 signaling during mouse embryogenesis, Dev. Biol. 212:314-326), it was decided to engineer the Acvr1 [R206H] mutation in a conditional manner in the mouse, utilizing a variation on FIEx (Schnutgen, F. et al. (2003) A directional strategy for monitoring Cre-mediated recombination at the cellular level in the mouse, Nat. Biotech. 21:562-565) and COIN (U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,148) methodologies. [0056] FIEx employs a pair of mutant Lox sites—referred to as a FIEx array—that are recognized by the same recombinase—Cre—but which to do not react with one another, and laid out in an A-B/[A-B] configuration, where the “[A-B]” is in the opposite strand with respect to “A-B”, to enable inversion of the DNA sequence flanked by the arrays. In its published embodiment, FIEx utilized sites LoxP and Lox511. Less known, however, is that in the presence of Cre a low level of recombination takes place between LoxP and Lox511. Therefore, different combinations of Lox site variants were tested, and the LoxP-Lox2372 combination were selected for the conditional allele described herein, because these two sites did not exhibit any cross-reactivity. An additional feature of FIEx is that the sequence that is contained within each array—i.e., between the LoxP and Lox2372 sites of each array—will be deleted upon action by Cre. The engineering of the allele of the invention (Acvr1 [R206H]COIN allele) takes into account these two properties of FIEx. One embodiment of an conditional allele is illustrated in FIG. 2 . [0057] Mouse Acvr1 displays a variety of splice variants (e.g., 201, 202, 001, 003, 004). exon 5, which is mutated in FOP, is shared by all protein-coding splice variants of Acvr1. In one embodiment, the genetically modified mouse comprises a modification of exon 5 of an isoform selected from the group consisting of 201, 202, 001, 003, and 004. [0058] The Acvr1 [R206H]COIN allele was engineered by placing the mutant version of the R206-encoding exon of mouse Acvr1 (ENSMUSE00001021301) in the antisense strand, so that it is not incorporated into Acvr1's transcript. As the sequence encoded by exon 5 is required for Acvr1 function, this necessitated that an exon encoding for the wild type exon 5's sequence is also incorporated into the design (exon 5 is shared by all protein-coding splice variants of Acvr1). Furthermore, since exons are not recognized as such without accessory intronic sequences, both upstream and downstream of the exon had to be incorporated into both mutant and wild type R206-encoding exon. However, doing so would generate a large inverted repeat, and such DNA structures are inherently prone to recombination both during the genetic engineering steps required to build the targeting vector as well as post-targeting, in vivo (Holkers, M. et al. (2012) Nonspaced inverted DNA repeats are potential targets for homology-directed gene repair in mammalian cells, Nucleic Acids Res. 40:1984-1999). Furthermore, if the wild type mouse sequence of the R206-encoding exon and the upstream and downstream intronic sequence associated with it were retained intact, and precede the mutant exon, then this wild type region could act as a homology arm and be utilized during targeting in the mouse ES cells, thereby resulting in exclusion of the mutated exon from the targeted allele. Therefore, in order to address all these concerns the Acvr1 [R206H]COIN allele was designed in a manner such that: (a) A large inverted repeat is avoided. To accomplish this, the R206-encoding exon (ENSMUSE00001021301) as well associated upstream and downstream intronic sequences were replaced with the corresponding region from human ACVR1. (b) The wild type mouse sequence of the R206-encoding exon (ENSMUSE00001021301) is preserved at the protein level. Given that the mouse and human protein sequence respectively encoded by exons ENSMUSE00001021301 and ENSE00001009618 differ by one amino acid, the human ENSE00001009618 exon sequence was altered so as to match the mouse protein sequence of exon ENSMUSE00001021301. [0061] (c) The introduced human sequence is removed in its entirety upon action with Cre. Therefore, in the “conditional-on” state—where the Acvr1 [R206H] mutant gene is transcribed—no human sequences remain and hence any resulting phenotype cannot be attributed to the presence of extraneous sequence. [0062] More specifically, the region bounded by nucleotides 58474046 to 58474368 in mmuAcvr1 (i.e., nucleotides 58474046 to 58474368 of mouse Chromosome 2) where replaced with nucleotides 15863048 to 158630803 of hsaACVR1 (i.e., nucleotides 15863048 to 158630803 of human Chromosome 2), in a manner such that the introduced sequence, which includes hsaACVR1 exon ENSE00001009618 is transcribed as part of the resulting modified Acvr1 [R206H]COIN locus. In addition, the coding sequence of the first amino acid of human exon [0063] ENSE00001009618 was replaced from aspartic acid (D) to glutamic acid (E) to correspond at the protein level to the exactly the same protein sequence as that encoded by mouse exon ENSMUSE00001021301. (This introduced human sequence is referred to hereafter as hsa_e5+.) Therefore, prior to inversion of the COIN element (mutated exon ENSMUSE00001021301 and associated upstream and downstream intronic sequences—see below), the resulting locus, Acvr1 [R206H]COIN , should function as wild type. [0064] The R206H mutation was modeled by mutating exon ENSMUSE00001021301 in the corresponding position, by altering the codon defined by nucleotides 5847419 to 58474200 from CGC (coding for arginine) to CAC (coding for histidine). The resulting mutant exon, along with flanking intronic sequences upstream and downstream were placed 3′ to hsa_e5+ and in the antisense strand of mmuAcvr1, replacing nucleotides 58473775 to 58473879 of mmuAcvr1 in order to also create a small deletion and accommodate LOA probes (Gomez-Rodriguez, J. et al. (2008) Advantages of q-PCR as a method of screening for gene targeting in mammalian cells using conventional and whole BAC-based constructs, Nucleic Acids Res. 36:e117; Valenzuela, D. et al. (2003) High-throughput engineering of the mouse genome coupled with high-resolution expression analysis, Nat. Biotech. 21:652-659). (This introduced mutated mouse sequence is hereafter referred to as mmu_e5R206H+.) [0065] In order to enable Cre-dependent inversion of the mmu_e5R206H+ and simultaneous deletion of hsa_e5+, a combination of FIEx like Lox arrays where used such that: (a) hsa_e5+is preceded by a LoxP site, and followed by a Lox2372 site. In this respect, hsa_e5+is contained with the 5′ LoxP-Lox2372 FIEx-like array. (b) mmu_e5R206H+is followed by the 3′ LoxP-Lox2372 FIEx-like array, but this array is engineered such that it is in a mirror image configuration to 5′ LoxP-Lox2372 FIEx-like array. This enables permanent inversion of mmu_e5R206H+into the sense strand by Cre. [0068] When the resulting allele, Acvr1 [R206H]COIN is exposed to Cre, the hsa_e5+ will be deleted and the mmu e5R206H+will be inverted into the sense strand. As a result, Acvr1 [R206H] will be expressed in place of Acvr1. [0069] Genetically modified mice were genotypes employing a loss of allele assay (see, e.g., Valenzuela et al., (2003), supra). Primers and probes were as shown in FIG. 12 (Table 5). [0000] Phenotype of Acvr1 R206HCOIN/+ mice [0070] Acvr1 R206HCOIN/+ mice are phenotypically normal but develop FOP after activation of the R206H conditional mutation. [0071] Based on published results with a non-conditional, simple knock-in Acvr1 R206H chimeric mouse (Chakkalakal et al., 2012) as well as the fact that FOP is an autosomal-dominant disorder (for a review see (Pignolo et al., 2011)), it was hypothesized that: (a) Unlike the non-conditional Acvr1 R206H allele (Chakkalakal et al., 2012), targeted ES cells for Acvr1 [R206H]COIN will produce VELOCIMICE®, i.e., FO mice that are entirely derived from the targeted ES cells (Poueymirou et al. (2007) FO generation mice fully derived from gene-targeted embryonic stem cells allowing immediate phenotypic analyses, Nat. Biotech. 25:91-99). (b) Unlike the non-conditional Acvr1 R206H/+ chimeric mice (Chakkalakal et al., 2012), F0 Acvr 1 [R206H]COIN/+ mice will be phenotypically normal, and will transmit the Acvr1 [R206H]COIN allele to the next generation. (c) Upon inversion of mutant exon bearing the R206H mutation into the sense strand—an action mediated by Cre recombinase—cells that have been converted to the Acvr1 [R206H]INV/+ genotype will express the mutant Acvr1 [R206H] allele as well as the wild-type allele, mirroring the situation in FOP patients. Along the same lines, the resulting Acvr1 [R206H]INV/+ mice should overtime develop FOP-like symptoms. [0075] All of these hypotheses were born out. For example, ES cell clone 1649C-A2 gave rise to 16 VELOCIMICE® out of 19 mice generated using that clone (Table 1). [0000] TABLE 1 Acvr1 [R206H]COIN/+ ES Cells Give Rise Mainly to Male F0 Mice Wholly Derived from Donor ES Cells Mouse ID Chimerism (%) 1649C-A2/758470 100 1649C-A2/758471 100 1649C-A2/758472 100 1649C-A2/758473 100 1649C-A2/758474 100 1649C-A2/758475 100 1649C-A2/758476 100 1649C-A2/758477 100 1649C-A2/758478 100 1649C-A2/758479 100 1649C-A2/758480 100 1649C-A2/758481 100 1649C-A2/758482 100 1649C-A2/758483 100 1649C-A2/758484 100 1649C-A2/758485 100 1649C-A2/758486 80 1649C-A2/758487 70 1649C-A2/758488 30 [0076] Furthermore, these mice had no discernible phenotype and were able to reproduce and father Acvr1 [R206H]COIN/+ F1 generation mice (Table 2). [0000] TABLE 2 F1 Mice Born to Acvr1 [R206H]COIN/+ F0 Fathers Clone Name/ID Genotype Gender 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/840095 1649 Het 2251 Het M 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/840098 1649 Het 2251 Het M 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/845202 1649 Het 2251 Het M 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/845203 1649 Het 2251 Het F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/845204 1649 Het 2251 Het F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/845205 1649 Het 2251 WT F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/845809 1649 Het 2251 WT F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/863706 1649 Het 2251 WT F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/863707 1649 Het 2251 WT F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/863713 1649 Het 2251 Het M 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/863714 1649 Het 2251 WT M 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/897113 1649 Het 2251 WT F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/897115 1649 Het 2251 WT F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/897117 1649 Het 2251 Het F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/904065 1649 Het 2251 WT M 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/904067 1649 Het 2251 Het M 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/904069 1649 Het 2251 WT F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/904783 1649 Het 2251 WT M 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/904785 1649 Het 2251 WT F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/907167 1649 Het 2251 WT F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/915545 1649 Het 2251 WT M 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/915546 1649 Het 2251 Het M 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/964988 1649 Het 2251 Het F 1649C-A2/2251A-C6/964989 1649 Het 2251 Het F F1 generation Acvr1 [R206H]COIN/+ ; Gt(ROSA26)Sor CreERt2/+ mice born to Acv1 [R206H]COIN/+ F0 [0077] From a phenotypic standpoint, Acvr1 [R206H]COIN/+ mice appear normal, and display no discernible phenotypes. The same applies to Acvr1 [R206H]COIN/+ ; Gt(ROSA26)Sor CreERt2/+ mice, which in addition to the Acvr1 [R206H]COIN/+ allele also carry a CreER T2 transgene knocked into the Gt(ROSA26)Sor locus. This allows ubiquitous expression of an inactive version of Cre, one that is dependent upon tamoxifen for activation (Feil et al. (1997) Regulation of Cre recombinase activity by mutated estrogen receptor ligand-binding domains, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 237:752-757). This enables the activation of Cre at a specific point in time, and hence not only allows bypassing the embryonic lethality experienced with the conventional Acvr1 [R206H] knock-in of but also empowers the investigator to choose the time of activation of the Acvr1 ]R206H] expression in the corresponding mice. [0078] In order to investigate whether Acvr1 [R206H]COIN/+ ; Gt(ROSA26)Sor CreERt2/+ mice develop FOP after exposure to tamoxifen, we generated a small cohort and treated it with tamoxifen starting at approximately one year of age (Table 3); it is notable that by this age mice have completed their development, and therefore no modeling or development-related mechanisms are at play and therefore cannot contribute to the pathological process. Delivery of tamoxifen was by injection into the peritoneum using a 10 mg/mL solution in corn oil. Injections were performed daily for 8 days. In three mice (Mice 1, 2, and 3 of Table 3), a small piece of muscle was resected to induce injury. [0000] TABLE 3 Protocol for Cre-Mediated Tamoxifen-Dependent Activation of Acvr1 [R206H]COIN Allele in Acvr1 [R206H]COIN/+ ; Gt(ROSA26 )CreERt2/+ Mice Age at Sacrifice Mouse Daily Start Start End Sacrifice Age Mouse ID Injection Day (yrs) Day Day (yrs) 1 840095 corn oil 1 0.9  8 143 1.3 2 845202 TAM* 1 0.9  8 143 1.3 3 915546 TAM  1 0.56 8 143 1.0 4 904067 TAM  1 0.61 8 143 1.0 5 840098 TAM  1 0.90 8 143 1.3 6 863713 TAM  1 0.80 8 143 1.2 TAM: tamoxifen [0079] All but one of the tamoxifen-treated mice developed ectopic ossification, mirroring what has been observed in FOP (Table 4). Although the specific cell type(s) that might be contributing to the disease process were not determined in this experiment due to the fact that the expression of CreER t2 is ubiquitous (a property imparted by the fact that it is expressed from the Gt(ROSA26)Sor locus), one of the important aspects of this work is that it removes the developmental aspects of FOP (which are not those most important to FOP's pathology, as they do not contribute to the devastating loss in quality of life the FOP patients experience), and shows that the ectopic bone formation that is the major post-natal hallmark of FOP pathology is independent of developmental processes. [0000] TABLE 4 Four Acvr1 [R206H]COIN/+ ; Gt(ROSA26) CreERt2/+ Mice Exposed to Tamoxifen Develop FOP-Like Skeletal Pathology Mouse Mouse ID Ectopic Bone Formation 1 840095 None* 2 845202 sternebra, hip joint, caudal vertebrae 3 915546 sternebra, hip joint, caudal vertebrae 4 904067 none 5 840098 sternebra 6 863713 sternebra, knee joint *Treated with corn oil (vehicle) only, not tamoxifen [0080] Ectopic ossification is shown in images of genetically modified mice as described herein exposed to tamoxifen (which display ectopic ossification). Mice that are genetically modified as described herein but not exposed to tamoxifen do not display ectopic ossification See, e.g., FIG. 3 , FIG. 4 , FIG. 5 , FIG. 6 , FIG. 7 , FIG. 8 , FIG. 10 , and FIG. 11 . Ectopic ossification is demonstrated in a variety of body areas. As shown in FIG. 9 , one mouse showed no apparent ectopic bone formation.

A genetically modified mouse is provided that comprises a conditional Acvr 1 allele that comprises a mutated exon that, upon induction, converts to a mutant exon phenotype, wherein the mutant exon phenotype includes ectopic bone formation. Mice comprising a mutant Acvr1 exon 5 in antisense orientation, flanked by site-specific recombinase recognition sites, are provided, wherein the mice further comprise a site-specific recombinase that recognizes the site-specific recombinase recognitions sites, wherein the recombinase is induced upon exposure of the mouse to tamoxifen. Upon exposure to tamoxifen, the recombinase is expressed and acts on the RRS-flanked mutant exon 5 and places the mutant exon 5 in sense orientation and deletes the wild-type exon.

[0001] This application claims the benefit of pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/972,138, filed Sep. 13, 2007, the entire disclosure of which being incorporated by reference herein. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention is generally related to a tree transportation device that is selectively interconnected to a fork lift or a front end loader. One embodiment of the present invention includes a three-point interconnection scheme for lifting and transporting a bundled tree or other item. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Young trees are harvested from a nursery wherein their root structure is bundled with burlap or a plastic sack to maintain any soil therearound. In addition, a basket is often employed around the root ball to provide additional structure and hard points for lifting the tree. The basket also reduces damage to the branches, trunk, roots, etc. of the tree during transportation. Baskets often have a plurality of pick points that allow for individuals or equipment to pick up to a tree. For example, the pick points may be interconnected to chains that are associated with the forks of a forklift or the bucket of a front end loader. [0004] As one skilled in the art will appreciate, however, when a fork lift is primarily used to move a tree without additional supporting apparatus, the tree will sway or tilt such that branches and/or the trunk of the tree will impinge upon the forks of the forklift, for example, which damages the tree. This instability can be attributed to uneven load distribution of the tree with respect to the device transporting the tree wherein the center of gravity of the tree may cause the tree to swing in an unsafe manner. To address this instability, it is often common to supplement the lifting apparatus. For example, individuals may be employed to lift and/or stabilize a tree in transport. Although this transportation scheme may lessen the amount of potential damage caused to the tree, one skilled in the art will appreciate that transporting large and uneven loads may cause injury to those individuals that are aiding in the transport. [0005] Thus it is a long felt need in the field of tree planting and landscaping to provide a system for easily removing a tree or other item and transporting it to another location. The following disclosure describes an improved method of moving a tree that reduces the manpower required and increases the stability provided to the tree during transport. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] It is one aspect of the present invention to provide a device for transporting a tree. One embodiment of the present invention includes a plurality of arms that are interconnected to a cross tube. The cross tube also provides location for interconnection of a plurality of tubes that receive forks of a forklift, for example. A plurality of attachment locations are also employed on the arms and/or cross tube for the interconnection to pick points included on a basket that is used to bundle the root structure of a tree. This lifting scheme provides load balancing wherein the transported tree is protected from damage. Embodiments of the present invention include chains that are used to interconnect the basket to the tree moving device. One skilled in the art will appreciate that cables may be used instead of chains. In addition, the cables may be interconnected to winches or pulleys that are associated with the tree moving assembly that allow for selective adjustment of cable length to accommodate odd shaped trees or items that have an eccentric center of gravity. Although as shown below, three attachment locations are provided by embodiments of the tree moving device. One skilled in the art will appreciate that more attachment locations may be provided which may also be selectively adjustable, thereby providing a robust system of picking up a tree or other item. [0007] It is yet another aspect of the present invention to provide a tree moving device that is adjustable. For example, it is contemplated that the arms and tubes may be rotatably or slidingly interconnected to the cross tube to provide selective width or angular adjustments to accommodate objects of various sizes. [0008] It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a tree moving device that is adapted to transport other items. More specifically, although a tree moving device is disclosed herein, one skilled in the art will appreciate that other items such as signs, stones, fountains, yard ornaments, statues, bushes, etc. are contemplated for transport by the inventions disclosed herein as well. [0009] It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a lightweight device for transporting trees. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention weigh about 69 lbs. Thus it is contemplated that embodiments of the present invention may be easily transported within a pick-up truck, for example. Furthermore, it is envisioned that the tree moving device may be used by a single individual wherein the individual towing a trailer with a small forklift or Bobcat® would travel to a worksite, remove the lightweight tree moving device from his or her truck and use it with the forklift or Bobcat® to transport a tree. Thus the manpower needed to remove, transport, and plant trees is dramatically reduced by the invention described herein, which reduces cost and time. [0010] It is yet another aspect of the present invention to provide a tree moving device that may be disassembled into its component pieces, thereby facilitating transportation of the tree moving device. That is, embodiments of the present invention, which will be outlined in more detail below, are preferably welded. One skilled in the art, however, will appreciate that the tree moving device may employ component parts that are interconnected via bolts or other mechanisms which would further facilitate its transportation. In addition, a plurality of handles may be integrated onto the tree moving device. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the tree moving device may also be made foldable such that its external envelope may be selectively reduced to facilitate transportation as well. [0011] It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a tree moving device that includes a plurality of wheels that facilitates transportation. The wheels may be adjustable (i.e. fold out of the way during normal operations) or be detachable. Further, a related aspect of embodiments of the present invention is to provide jacks or other lifting devices that allow for selective height adjustment of the tree moving device. [0012] It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a tree moving device that is constructed from common materials. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention are constructed entirely, or at least partially, of aluminum, carbon steel, steel, composite materials, wood, plastic, iron, etc. The tree moving device may be painted or coated with materials to make them more aesthetically pleasing, indicate the source of manufacture (John Deere® green, for example), to reduce corrosion and/or to enhance safety. [0013] It is yet another aspect of the present invention to provide a tree moving device that includes at least one reflector or light for low-light operations. More specifically, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the tree moving device may include lights that are interconnected to the power system of the fork lift (or to an internal battery of the device, for example), thereby providing power thereto. The lights would facilitate transportation or location of a tree during low-light times and would enhance safety. [0014] The Summary of the Invention is neither intended nor should it be construed as being representative of the full extent and scope of the present invention. The present invention is set forth in various levels of detail in the Summary of the Invention as well as in the attached drawings and the Detailed Description of the Invention and no limitation as to the scope of the present invention is intended by either the inclusion or non-inclusion of elements, components, etc. in this Summary of the Invention. Additional aspects of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the Detail Description, particularly when taken together with the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0015] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the general description of the invention given above and the detailed description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of these inventions. [0016] FIG. 1 is a top rear perspective view of a tree moving device of one embodiment of the present invention; [0017] FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the tree moving device weldment shown in FIG. 1 ; [0018] FIG. 3 is a front bottom perspective view of the tree moving device shown in FIG. 1 ; [0019] FIG. 4 is a right elevation view of the tree moving device shown in FIG. 1 ; [0020] FIG. 5 is a detailed view of FIG. 1 ; [0021] FIG. 6 is a detailed view of FIG. 1 ; [0022] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the tree moving device interconnected to a fork lift; and [0023] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the tree moving device interconnected to a front end loader. [0024] To assist in the understanding of the present invention the following list of components and associated numbering found in the drawings is provided herein: [0000] # Component  2 Tree moving device  6 Tree 10 Cross tube 14R Right lift arm tube 14L Left lift arm tube 22 Fork tube 26 Fork 30 Fork lift 34A Eye hook 34B Clevis hook 38 Chain 42 Basket 46 Cross plate 50 Threaded stud 54 Wing nut 58 Upper surface 62 Bucket 66 Front end loader 70R Right outer end 70L Left outer end 74 Inner surface 78 Aperture 82L Left inner end 82R Right inner end 86 Pick point [0025] It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the invention or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the invention is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0026] Referring now to FIGS. 1-8 , a tree moving device 2 that facilitates the transportation of trees 6 or other items is shown. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention include a cross tube 10 that provides a location for the interconnection of a left lift arm tube 14 L and a right lift arm tube 14 R. The cross tube 10 is also interconnected to at least one fork tube 22 that is designed to receive the forks 26 of a forklift 30 , for example. The tree moving device 2 of one embodiment of the present invention preferably includes a plurality of welded components. As briefly mentioned above, these components may be alternatively interconnected by other methods such as bolts, clamps, adhesives, etc. The left lift arm tube 14 L and the right lift arm tube 14 R include a plurality of lifting points such as hooks 34 and chains 38 that are adapted for interconnection to a basket 42 of a tree 6 . The hooks 34 that are interconnected to the arm tubes 14 and/or cross tube 10 via welding or by devises (not shown). For example, eyehooks 34 A or clevis hooks 34 B are preferably employed for interconnection to the basket 42 of a tree 6 . [0027] The left lift arm tube 14 L and the right lift arm tube 14 R preferably include an arcuate portion to generally provide 360° support of the tree 6 . However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the arm tubes may be straight. Inner ends 82 of the arm tubes 14 are preferably offset from the cross tube 10 . The inner ends 82 may also be interconnected by a cross plate 46 to provide enhanced structural stability thereto. A threaded stud 50 that interconnects to a nut 54 or other device, such as a knob, may be incorporated into this end 82 of arm tubes 14 as well, which will be described in further detail below. [0028] The cross tube 10 also provides a location for the interconnection of at least one fork tube 22 that are designed to primarily receive the forks 26 of a forklift 30 . Alternatively, an upper surface 58 of the fork tube 22 may be positioned beneath a bucket 62 of a front end loader 66 wherein the inner ends 82 are positioned within the bucket 62 . One of skill in the art will appreciate that alternatively the fork tube 22 may be positioned beneath the cross tube 10 and the arm tubes 14 may be positioned above the cross tube 10 wherein the fork tube 22 would be positioned within the bucket 62 . As the bucket 62 is raised and lowered, the tree moving device 2 is moved up and down, which will be apparent with the review of FIG. 8 presented herein. In order to facilitate the interconnection between the tree moving device 2 and the bucket 62 , the threaded stud 50 is transitioned downwardly so that it abuts the inner surface of the bucket 74 . The nut 54 would then be tightened onto the cross plate 46 , thereby providing the necessary force needed to ensure that the tree moving device 2 does not move off the bucket 62 . Although one threaded stud 50 is shown in the figures, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the right lift arm tube 14 R may also include the same type of interconnection mechanism. It is also contemplated that the bucket 62 may include an aperture 78 , either threaded or non-threaded, for interconnection to the interconnecting mechanism 50 that securely fastens the tree moving device 2 to the bucket 62 . [0029] Referring now to FIG. 7 , one embodiment of the present invention is used in conjunction with a fork lift 30 wherein the forks 26 of the fork lift 30 are inserted within the fork tubes 22 of the tree moving device 2 . This configuration, since it provides the most stability and desired orientation of the tree moving device 2 , is a preferred method of using embodiments of the present invention. When the tree 6 is placed between the left lift arm tube 14 L and the right lift arm tube 14 R, the plurality of chains 38 will be located approximately 120 degrees about the perimeter of the root structure, thereby providing even load distribution as the tree 6 is lifted and moved. As discussed above, the chains 38 may be selectively adjustable or cables may be used to increase the robustness of the device. One skilled in the art will appreciate also that the fork tubes 14 may be selectively movable or telescopingly extendable and retractable with respect to the cross tube. [0030] Referring now to FIG. 8 , in another method of using the tree moving device 2 , the lower surface of the bucket 62 is positioned between the left lift arm tube 14 L and the right lift arm tube 14 R and the fork tubes 22 . As the bucket 62 is lifted and lowered, an outer end 70 L of the left lift arm tube 14 L and an outer end 70 R are accordingly moved up and down. In order to ensure that the tree moving device 2 does not slide along the length of the bucket 62 or fall off the bucket 62 , the threaded stud 50 is tightened onto the bucket 62 and the nut 54 is used to maintain the threaded stud 50 onto the cross plate 46 . Again, as in the first way of using the tree moving device 2 , when the tree moving device 2 is placed adjacent to the tree 6 , pick points 86 are positioned at about 120 degrees relative to each other to provide a stable lifting platform. [0031] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and alterations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and alterations are within the scope and spirit of the present invention, as set forth in the following claims.

A tree moving device is provided that includes a plurality of points for interconnecting to a basket that contains the root structure of a tree. The tree moving device includes a plurality of arms that provide locations for hooks that are interconnected to chains that receive the basket. Thus a system is provided that provides 360° support of a root ball of the tree. It is envisioned that the tree moving device be lightweight, thereby facilitating transportation and reducing manpower required to transport and plant the tree.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention herein pertains to upholstered furniture seating assemblies and particularly to resilient assemblies which are suspended between rigid furniture components such as found on chair or sofa frames. 2. Description of the Prior Art and Objectives of the Invention Furniture manufacturers have constantly improved their products and manufacturing techniques through the years in an attempt to provide consumers with comfortable, durable and reasonably priced upholstered furniture. Metal coil and sinuous springs have been used for many years in chair and sofa frames to the satisfaction of the purchasers. However, as labor costs have sharply risen, manufacturers are turning to a variety of constructions, some of which utilize fabric straps and webbings in place of the usual metal springs. Certain decking or suspension fabrics have been well accepted whereas others have been either too stiff or too resilient for widespread acceptance. Also, prior spring assemblies for furniture seating of the all metal type are extremely heavy and make handling and shipping difficult and expensive. Thus, with the disadvantages and problems associated with prior art seating constructions and assemblies, the present invention was conceived and one of its objectives is to provide a seating suspension assembly which will provide the user with comfort and durability over a period of years. It is another objective of the present invention to provide a seating suspension assembly which can be mass-produced in continuous form and delivered to the furniture assembly area in a convenient-to-handle roll. It is yet another objective of the present invention to provide a seating suspension assembly which can be easily, quickly affixed to a furniture frame by a single worker. It is still another objective of the present invention to provide a resilient seating suspension assembly and method which may include covered, pretensioned coil springs, fibrous batts or a polymeric foam. It is also an objective of the present invention to provide a method for forming a suspension assembly utilizing a fabric top strap and a fabric base strap which are joined in parallel alignment to create a pocket therebetween for receiving a coil spring or other resilient member. It is a further objective of the invention to provide a seating suspension assembly which provides a "crowned" seat. It is also an objective to provide a seating suspension assembly which has a pre-loaded or tensioned center. It is another objective of the invention to provide a seating suspension assembly with different tensions along the top, center and bottom. Still another objective of the invention to provide a suspension assembly which is easy to install by not requiring extreme tensioning on the flexible straps. Various other objectives and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art as a more detailed description is set forth below. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The aforesaid and other objectives are realized by providing a suspension assembly whereby a top strap or web is affixed to a bottom strap to form an opening or pocket therebetween. Resilient members, such as non-tensioned or pretensioned coil springs, a bent wire form, a fibrous batt or a polymeric foam are contained within the pocket just described. The preferred form of the suspension assembly utilizes coil springs which are contained within a flexible fabric covering. The spring covering and springs are positioned within the pocket and are attached thereto by metal clips or the like. The suspension assemblies can be mass-produced and packaged in rolls which can then be delivered to assembly areas within the furniture plant. These rolls can be unwound and cut into individual suspension assemblies and attached by staples or the like by a single worker to the furniture frames. Thereafter, fabric coverings, paddings and decorative fabrics can be placed thereon for supporting seat cushions on chairs, sofas and the like. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional sofa frame with a plurality of suspension assemblies of the invention thereon; FIG. 2 shows a top view of a section of the seating frame as seen in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 depicts a cross-sectional view of the seating frame as shown in FIG. 2 along lines 3--3 and with the fabric spring covering partially removed; FIG. 4 features another embodiment of the suspension assembly of the invention; FIG. 5 shows yet another embodiment of the suspension assembly of the invention; FIG. 6 demonstrates still yet another embodiment of the invention; and FIG. 7 illustrates a continuous roll of the suspension assemblies as seen in FIG. 3 before separation into individual assemblies. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The preferred form of the suspension assembly as described herein is shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 7. As seen in FIG. 3, a plurality of coil springs are pretensioned and enclosed within a fabric covering. The pretensioned springs provide a customized"feel" when sitting, for the user. The suspension assembly includes a top or upper strap member formed from a yarn such as nylon to provide the necessary strength and durability. The upper strap and lower or base strap are attached to each other in parallel alignment such as by sewing whereby a pocket is formed therebetween for reception of the enclosed coil springs. Metal clips are used to maintain the enclosed springs between the upper and lower straps. Other embodiments may use adhesives, C-rings or alternative devices and retention methods. The preferred method of forming the suspension assembly as described consists of selecting a flexible base strap of desired length such as a nylon strap or webbing having a width of approximately 50 mm. A similar flexible nylon strap is attached to the lower strap in parallel by sewing laterally thereacross at spaced intervals to provide pockets therebetween. Next, pretensioned coil springs which are enclosed within a fabric covering are then inserted between the top and base straps and are affixed therein by the metal clips. The preferred form of manufacturing includes making the suspension members in a continuous roll whereby the suspension members can later be cut into individual assemblies by knives or scissors during furniture assembly. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND OPERATION OF THE INVENTION For a better understanding of the invention and its operation, turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a typical use of seating suspension assembly 10 as positioned on a conventional wooden sofa frame 11. Sofa frame 11 includes seat frame 12 which is substantially rectangularly-shaped with opposing spaced front and rear components and as seen herein, utilizes eight seating suspension assemblies 10. Staples, tacks, adhesives or other means for fastening suspension assemblies 10 may be used as is standard in the trade. As would be understood, sofa frame 11 is but one of many rigid frames that could be utilized with the invention herein and other frames may include chair frames, vehicle seat frames or otherwise. While suspension assembly 10 is shown affixed to seat frame 12, back frames, arm frames or the like, may employ a suspension assembly 10 as needed. Seating suspension assembly 10, the preferred form, is seen in FIG. 2 with seat frame 12 in a fragmented top plan view and in FIG. 3, seat frame 12 is shown along lines 3--3 of FIG. 2 with portions of spring covering 13 removed to illustrate coil springs 15 contained therein. Suspension assembly 10 includes a flexible base strap 16 and a flexible top strap 17 which is affixed to base strap 16 by stitchings 18 and 19. Thus, base strap 16 and top strap 17 form a pocket 20 therebetween for containing resilient coil springs 15. Coil springs 15 are bound or otherwise secured in place within pocket 20 such as by u-shaped metal clips 21. Also, as further shown, springs 15, which are slightly compressed, are wrapped or enclosed by spring cover 13 formed from a conventional fabric. A wide variety of fabric straps may be employed for base strap 16 and top strap 17, formed from natural or synthetic fibers such as nylon. In addition, additional resiliency can be added to base strap 16 and top strap 17 by incorporating elastomeric yarns therein as is well-known and commonly employed in the strapping or webbing industries. The exact dimensions and constructions of strap 16, 17 are not described further herein, as such constructions are varied and well-known. In order to attach suspension assembly 10 to seat frame 12, staples 24 are employed as seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, although tacks, hooks, adhesives and other fasteners may be utilized in particular circumstances, and depending on the seat frame construction metal coil springs 15 (FIG. 3) are pretensioned and held by spring covering 13. Suspension assembly 10 can be mass or continuously produced and thereafter wound in rolls 30 as shown in FIG. 7 for shipment to various furniture plants. Rolls 30 could be made in various sizes and lengths, and then unwound, separated and utilized as required during furniture assembly. Rolls 30 could be made in various lengths and diameters for convenience in handling and storage. Various other embodiments of seating suspension assemblies could be likewise provided and in FIG. 4, suspension assembly 40 is shown which includes metal hooks 41, 42 for attachment to a loop or catch 43 attached to a conventional furniture frame (not seen) by straps 44, or possible placement in holes or slots in frames formed of metal tubing. Suspension assembly 40 includes a webbing or strap 45 which may be, for example, 50 mm wide, and sewn together by stitches 46. Webbing 45 forms an internal pocket 47 for containing metal coil springs 48. Springs 48 are pretensioned (slightly compressed) to provide customized comfortable support for the user during sitting. An outer spring cover 49 (shown cut away for illustrative purposes) encloses resilient coil springs 48 within pocket 47. Air or fluid bladders may be used in specialized circumstances in place of the resilient springs. Another suspension assembly embodiment is shown in FIG. 5 which is constructed like seating suspension assembly 10, however, rather than containing coil springs, contains a resilient fibrous batt 51 which may consist of polyester, nylon or other suitable non-woven fibers. As seen, assembly 50 is constructed with a top strap or webbing 52 and a bottom strap 53 which are joined together by sewing at each end of suspension assembly 50 by stitchings 54, 55. Seating suspension assembly 50 may be, for example, 50 mm wide and have an overall height of 100-150 mm at its crown 56. In another embodiment, seating suspension assembly 60 in FIG. 6 is formed as is seating assembly 50, however, an open cell polymeric foam of suitable density such as polyurethane foam 61 is placed in pocket 62 between upper flexible strap 63 and lower flexible strap 64. Straps 63, 64 can be sewn together at the ends of suspension assembly 60 by stitching 66, 67. Suspension assembly 60 may be 50-70 mm wide and have a height at its crown of approximately 100-150 mm. The illustrations and examples provided herein are for explanatory purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims.

A seating suspension assembly provides efficiency in the manufacture of upholstered furniture such as chairs, sofas or the like. The preferred form of the invention comprises a pair of flexible, durable fabric straps having coil springs fixedly positioned therebetween. The fabric can be attached to a rigid wooden chair seat frame and the suspension assembly stapled or tacked thereto. The coil springs are thus suspended between the front and back of the frame. Upon upholstering, the suspension assembly provides a comfortable, crowned seat for the user.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/138,652, filed May 26, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,423,554 which application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/576,262, filed Jun. 2, 2004, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. FIELD OF INVENTION This application relates generally to methods and apparatus for an aircraft security and alarm system. BACKGROUND The physical security of aircraft is historically poor on most aircraft in operation today. Aside from the ignition switches, the only security provided on most aircraft is key-type door locks which are generally of poor quality and can be readily opened with a wide variety of keys. Once inside the aircraft, an intruder has easy access to a multitude of easily removable and often expensive avionics and instrumentation devices. Engine ignition is also easily accomplished by an unauthorized person. For example, most single engine aircraft have key-type, turn-to-start ignition switches. The switch units are readily accessible and clearly marked on the back as to the function of each terminal, making the switch units easily bypassed and/or hot wired to achieve ignition. Multi-engine aircraft have no start security in that they have only toggle and/or push-button ignition switches. Accordingly, there is a need for an aircraft security system that is simple, light-weight, easy to install in new and existing aircraft, and is difficult to detect by an unauthorized person—yet prevents operation of the aircraft when armed. In addition, there is a need for a security system that does not draw power from the aircraft when armed, and is functional only when the aircraft is on the ground and parked. SUMMARY The various embodiments described herein relate to methods and apparatus of an aircraft security system. The teachings provided herein solve the earlier mentioned problems and additional problems not stated herein. Various embodiments of the present system include a system for the protection of aircraft from unauthorized operation and use. Some embodiments of the present system are adapted to provide entry security, as well as security against unauthorized attempts to remove installed devices such as avionic instruments. The security system taught is simple, light-weight, and easy to install on single engine and multiple engine aircraft, both new and used. One or more embodiments of the security system includes a starter breaker electrically connected to a main power bus and a starter switch where the main power bus is powered by a master switch from a main battery. Embodiments of the system further include a security relay having a first set of contacts and a second set of contacts, where the first set of contacts are electrically connected to the starter switch, a starter relay, and a starter motor. The second set of contacts are electrically connected to a remote battery, an alarm, and an isolation diode. A keyed security switch is electrically connected to the security relay. A variety of modes of operation are described. In one mode of operation, and for certain embodiments, activation of the aircraft master switch with an open (non activated) security switch allows current to flow from the main power buss through the starter breaker and the normally closed contacts of the security relay to the starter switch. When the starter switch is closed, the starter relay is activated and current flows to the starter motor, hence starting the engine. Embodiments of the present invention include another mode of operation, where activation of the master switch with a closed (armed) security switch activates the security relay and transfers its contacts, preventing power from reaching the starter motor while also drawing current from a remote battery to energizing an alarm. In one or more embodiments, an alarm is continuously energized and the relay activated (latched) by current flowing from the remote battery back through the security relay contacts and an isolation diode to the relay coil, keeping it activated. In an embodiment, the alarm is deactivated and the security relay opened by momentary activation of a remote normally closed switch that, when opened, terminates current flow from the remote battery to the alarm and the security relay. Further embodiments of the system include, but are not limited to, implementation with solid state devices such as transistors, diodes and silicon controlled rectifiers. One or more embodiments of the present system relate to functional control of aircraft starting options, management of avionics, and control surface articulation. One or more embodiments include, but are not limited to, security switch arming and disarming alternatives including physical keys, coded key cards, microprocessors, remote fobs (transmitting over inferred, visible light, magnetic transfer, or radio frequencies) coded touch key pads, retina, face or finger print recognition, remote arming and disarming systems via telephone or cellular phone, and other radio frequency (RF) devices. One or more embodiments of the present system include, but are not limited to, alarm alternatives including various audible and/or visual alarms, silent alarms that would notify the owner or operator, and would notify law enforcement authorities or aircraft/airport controlling agencies. One or more embodiments of the present system include, but are not limited to, door and access entry and avionics security systems, including but not limited to, Hall effect switches, reed switches, optical switches, or other motion or pressure detection proximity switches. Various embodiments of the present system include a system for securing an aircraft having a starter, a starter switch, a master switch to connect a first power source to a main power bus in an on position, comprising a security system connected to control power to the starter, the security system including: a security switch adapted to arm the security system in an armed state and disarm the security system in a disarmed state, a second power source to provide backup power to the security system, a controllable switch adapted to complete a starter circuit for powering the starter in a first mode and break the starter circuit in a second mode, the controllable switch adapted to be controlled by sensing states of at least the security switch and the main power bus, wherein in the armed state the security system is configured to prevent activation of the starter upon detection of attempted use of the aircraft before disarming the security system. One or more embodiments of the present system include an aircraft electrical system comprising a master switch connected to a battery, a starter relay having a starter switch interconnecting the main switch to the starter relay, a security switch connected to the main switch; and a security relay having a coil connected to the security switch, wherein the security relay interconnects the main switch and the starter relay in a coil unpowered state of operation, and further disconnects the main switch and the starter relay and interconnects a remote battery and the coil in a coil powered state of operation. Various embodiments of present system include an apparatus for securing an aircraft, comprising a first power supply; a starter and starter relay for use in starting an engine of the aircraft; a main power buss and master switch providing power to the starter relay and starter; and switch means for controllably disconnecting the first power supply from the starter relay and starter upon detection of an attempted intrusion while in an armed state. This summary is an overview of some of the teachings of the present application and is not intended to be an exclusive or exhaustive treatment of the present subject matter. Further details about the present subject matter are found in the detailed description below and in the appended claims. Other aspects of the system will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description and viewing the drawings that form a part thereof, each of which are not to be taken in a limiting sense. The scope of the present system is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of the present Aircraft Security System configured for both single and multi engine aircraft. FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of the present Aircraft Security System configured for both single and multi engine aircraft. FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic view of one embodiment of the present Aircraft Security System configured for single engine aircraft. FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic view of one embodiment of the present Aircraft Security System configured for multi engine aircraft. FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic view of one embodiment of the present Aircraft Security System configured for single engine aircraft. FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic view of one embodiment of the present Aircraft Security System configured for multi engine aircraft. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various embodiments. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the various embodiments may be practiced without some of these specific details. The following description and drawings provide examples for illustration, but are not intended in a limiting sense and are not intended to provide an exhaustive treatment of all possible implementations. It should be noted that references to “an embodiment” or “one embodiment” in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and such references may contemplate more than one embodiment. Further, the terms “bus” and “buss” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and in the drawings. Further, references made to actuation of a switch may include opening or closing of a switch. It is understood that embodiments demonstrating a circuit having a switch in a first state may also be reconfigured to a circuit having a switch in a second state without departing from the scope of the present subject matter. Thus, an embodiment having a normally closed switch may be realized in an embodiment having a normally open switch without departing from the present subject matter. Those of skill in the art upon reading and understanding the present application will appreciate that differences in configuration and components may be employed without departing from the scope of the present teachings. FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of an aircraft security system 100 , including block 71 including an aircraft battery, block 72 including an aircraft master switch and an electrical buss, block 73 including an anti-theft system, block 74 including one or more aircraft starter switches for single and multiple engines, and block 75 including one or more aircraft starter relays and starter motors for single and multiple engines. FIG. 1A illustrates blocks 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , and 75 as being coupled by connections 80 , 81 , 82 , and 83 all being shown as a single line. However, it will be realized by those of ordinary skill in the art that connections 80 , 81 , 82 , and 83 may include one or more conductors and one or more other forms of electrical or mechanical couplings between blocks 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , and 75 without departing from the scope of the present subject matter. In one embodiment, the aircraft battery of block 71 couples through connection 80 to the aircraft master switch and electrical buss of block 72 . In one embodiment, the aircraft master switch of block 72 , when closed, allows power from the aircraft battery to reach the electrical buss of block 72 , and when the aircraft master switch is open, power from the aircraft battery is disconnected from the electrical buss. When the master switch is closed, power from the electrical buss of block 72 is coupled through connection 81 to the anti-theft system of block 73 . In one embodiment, the anti-theft system operates in both an activated or armed mode, and a deactivated or unarmed mode. The apparatus and methods for determining the modes and operations of the anti-theft system are described in farther detail below. If power from block 72 reaches block 73 and the anti-theft system is activated, the anti-theft system will disconnect the power supplied from block 72 , and thus not allow power for the aircraft battery to power block 74 or block 75 . By not allowing power to reach blocks 74 and 75 , the anti-theft system of block 73 prevents the starting of the engine or engines present on the aircraft, even if the aircraft starter switch or switches of block 74 , as described below, are actuated (closed). If power from block 72 reaches block 73 and the anti-theft system is deactivated, the anti-theft system will allow the power to be coupled through connection 82 to block 74 . In various embodiments, block 74 includes one aircraft starter switch, associated with the singe engine of a single engine aircraft. If power is supplied to block 74 and the aircraft starter switch is actuated (closed), power will be coupled through connection 83 to block 75 . In various embodiments, block 75 includes an aircraft starter relay that will be energized by the power supplied through connection 83 . When energized, the aircraft starter relay will allow power to reach the starter motor associated with the aircraft engine, and thus allow starting of the aircraft's engine. In various embodiments, block 74 includes multiple aircraft starter switches, wherein each of the switches is associated with one of the engines of a multiple engine aircraft. If power is supplied to block 74 and one of the aircraft starter switches of block 74 is actuated (closed), power will be coupled through connection 83 to block 75 . It will be realized by those of ordinary skill in the art that for multiple engine applications, connection 83 may include separate connections associated with each of the engines of the multiple engine aircraft. In various embodiments, block 75 includes multiple aircraft starter relays, each one being associated with a starter motor. When power is supplied to block 75 through connection 83 , the particular starter relay associated with the starter switch being actuated will be energized. When energized, the particular starter relay energized will allow power to reach the aircraft starter motor associated with that starter relay, allowing the aircraft engine associated with that starter motor to be started. As described above with regards to a single engine aircraft, for a multiple engine aircraft, if power from block 72 reaches block 73 and the anti-theft system is activated, the anti-theft system will disconnect the power supplied from block 72 , and thus not allow power from the aircraft battery of block 71 to power block 74 or block 75 . By not allowing power to reach blocks 74 and 75 , the anti-theft system prevents starting of the engines present on the aircraft, even if the aircraft starter switch of the one or more starter switches of block 74 are actuated (closed). Thus, when activated, the anti-theft system prevents starting for any of the engines on the multiple engine aircraft. FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of an aircraft security system 110 . The embodiment of aircraft security system 110 is similar to the embodiment of system 100 , except that block 74 (aircraft starter switch-single and multiple engine) is coupled to block 72 through connection 81 , and block 74 is further coupled to the anti-theft system of block 73 through connection 82 . The anti-theft system of block 73 is coupled to block 75 through connection 83 . System 110 functions in a similar manner to system 100 . However, one embodiment may be preferred over the other with regards to installment of the system on an aircraft due to, among other factors, physical access to the various portions of the circuits in the aircraft. FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of an aircraft security system 200 including a starter breaker 4 electrically connected to main power bus 3 and a starter switch 5 , where the main power bus 3 is powered by a master switch 2 from a main battery 1 . In various embodiments, main power bus 3 may be an instrument bus. System 200 further includes a security relay 11 having activation means for a first set of contacts 20 and a second set of contacts 21 , where the first set of contacts 20 are normally closed, and are electrically connected to a starter switch 5 , a starter relay 6 , and where the second set of contacts 21 are normally open and are electrically connected to a remote battery 14 , a remote switch 12 , an alarm 13 , and a diode 10 A. A security switch 9 is electrically connected to the security relay 11 . In one embodiment, security switch 9 is a key lock switch. Other embodiments having different types of switches are possible without departing from the scope of the present subject matter. System 200 includes one or more modes of operation. In normal, unarmed operation, security switch 9 is open, and the control coil of security relay 11 is de-energized. In this mode, normally closed contacts 20 of security relay 11 will be in a closed state. Activation of the master switch 2 and the starter switch 5 in this mode causes current to flow through the normally closed contacts 20 of the security relay 11 , allowing current flow from main power bus 3 and starter breaker 4 , to the starter relay 6 , which, when energized, closes contacts 22 of starter relay 6 . With contacts 22 closed, power is delivered to starter motor 7 from starter bus 23 through electrical connection 55 , contacts 22 , and electrical connection 56 . In another mode of operation of system 200 , security switch 9 is closed. The control coil of security relay 11 is electrically coupled to main power bus 3 through electrical connection 60 , security switch 9 , electrical connection 57 . In one embodiment, diode 10 B couples electrical connection 60 with electrical connection 59 , electrical connection 59 being coupled to security switch 9 . Activation of master switch 2 with a closed (armed) security switch 9 allows current from main battery 1 to flow through master switch 2 to the main power bus 3 , and thus energizes the control coil of security relay 11 , causing normally closed contacts 20 to open. With normally closed contacts 20 open, the current flow from the main power bus 3 to starter relay 6 is disconnected. Starter relay 6 remains de-energized, and contacts 22 remain open. With contacts 22 open, no power is delivered to starter motor 7 from the starter bus 23 . With normally closed contacts 20 open, activation of starter switch 5 will not allow power from main battery 1 to energize starter relay 6 , and thus will prevent starting of the aircraft. FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the security system 200 in which at least one application is configured for single engine aircraft. During normal operation, the master switch 2 is closed, allowing battery power from the main battery 1 to flow to the main power bus 3 through electrical connections 50 and 51 . During a normal ignition sequence, current flows from the main power bus 3 through electrical connection 67 to starter breaker 4 , then through electrical connection 52 to starter switch 5 . When starter switch 5 is actuated (closed), current flows through starter switch 5 , and through electrical connection 58 to the normally closed contacts 20 of the security relay 11 . From normally closed contacts 20 , current flows through electrical connection 54 , energizing the control coil of starter relay 6 , and closing contacts 22 , providing power to the engine starter motor 7 from starter bus 23 through electrical connection 55 , contacts 22 , and electrical connection 56 . In various embodiments, the security switch 9 includes, but is not limited to, a toggle switch, a key pad, or a biometric security device which is activated for proper operation of the aircraft. In various embodiments, activation may include entering a Personal Identification Number (PIN) on a key pad before proper operation of the aircraft will be enabled. In various embodiments, the function and location of the security switch 9 is known only to authorized operators of the aircraft. In one or more embodiments, when the owner/operator desires security, the normally open security switch 9 is closed. Once security switch 9 is closed, activating the master switch 2 causes current to flow from the main power bus 3 along electrical connection 57 to the now closed (armed) contacts of the security switch 9 . Power is now available, through electrical connection 60 , to the control coil of security relay 11 , activating security relay 11 . In various embodiments, the path of current flow includes electrical connection 59 and diode 10 B. Activation of security relay 11 causes various events to occur. In an embodiment, the energized security relay 11 opens the normally closed contacts 20 , thus opening the start circuit and preventing starter motor 7 from energizing, even when starter switch 5 is actuated, or if starter switch 5 is tampered with. For example even if the “S” and “B” terminals of starter switch 5 , as illustrated in FIG. 2 , are jumpered or otherwise shorted, the normally open contacts 20 will prevent power from being delivered to starter relay 6 , and thus prevent starting of the aircraft's engine. In various embodiments, the energization of security relay 11 will close normally open contacts 21 . With normally open contacts 21 closed, current can flow from remote battery 14 through electrical connection 61 and through remote switch 12 and through electrical connection 62 , and through the now closed normally open contacts 21 of the security relay 11 . Current then continues to flow through electrical connection 63 and diode 10 A to electrical connection 60 , providing a second source of current flow through the control coil of security relay 11 , keeping security relay 11 energized (latched). In various embodiments, the current flow to electrical connection 63 will allow alarm 13 to become activated. Once latched, security relay 11 and alarm 13 will remain activated even if starter breaker 4 is opened or if the aircraft's primary power is removed from the main power bus 3 by opening the aircraft's master switch 2 . Alarm 13 is deactivated by opening the contacts of remote switch 12 . In various embodiments, the function and location of the remote switch 12 is known only to the owner/operator of the aircraft or other authorized persons. FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment where the security system 300 is useful in applications, including, but not limited to, use in multiple engine aircrafts. Reference numbers are repeated for elements of FIG. 3 which are the same or similar to those of FIG. 2 . Elements in FIG. 3 depicting additional iterations of the same or similar elements as depicted in FIG. 2 are shown using the same reference numbers with the addition of a letter, for example, “A” or “B.” According to various embodiments of system 300 , during normal operation, master switch 2 is activated allowing battery power to flow from main battery 1 to main power bus 3 . During a normal ignition sequence, current flows from main power bus 3 through electrical connection 67 and starter breaker 4 , then through electrical connection 52 to the normally closed contacts 20 of security relay 11 . In various embodiments, the current continues to flow through electrical connections 53 A and 53 B to the normally open contacts of the engine starter switches 5 A and 5 B respectively. In various embodiments, current also flows to additional engine starting circuits, for example, electrical connections 53 C and 53 D to the normally open contacts of starter switches 5 C and 5 D respectively. For purposes of illustration, only the complete starting circuits associated with starter switches 5 A and 5 B are shown and further discussed in detail. However, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that similar iterations of these circuits could be duplicated without departing from the scope of the present subject matter. In one embodiment, starter switches 5 A and 5 B are operated by separate means. In one embodiment, starter switches 5 A and 5 B may be operated at separate times. When starter switch 5 A is activated, current flows through its closed contacts and electrical connection 54 A to the associated starter relay 6 A, energizing the control coil of starter relay 6 A, and closing contacts 22 A. With contacts 22 A closed, current from starter bus 23 A flows through electrical connection 55 A, contacts 22 A, and electrical connection 56 A to power starter motor 7 A. Thus, the starting of the aircraft's engine associated with starter motor 7 A is enabled. When the starter switch 5 B is activated, current flows through its closed contacts and electrical connection 54 B to the associated engine starter relay 6 B, energizing the control coil of starter relay 6 B, and closing contacts 22 B. With contacts 22 B closed, current from starter bus 23 B flows through electrical connection 55 B, contacts 22 B, and electrical connection 56 B to power starter motor 7 B. Thus, the starting of the aircraft's engine associated with starter motor 7 B is enabled. As discussed above, various embodiments of security system 300 include additional electrical connections 53 C and 53 D that are coupled to starter switches 5 C and 5 D respectively. These additional circuits and starter switches are coupled to additional starter relays (not shown) and starter motors (not shown). It will be realized by those of skill in the art that additional circuits and various combinations of starter switches are possible without departing from the scope of the present subject matter. In various embodiments, the function and location of the security switch 9 is known only to authorized operators of the aircraft. When the owner/operator desires security, security switch 9 is activated (closed). In an embodiment, when security switch 9 is activated and an unauthorized start is attempted, current flows from main power bus 3 , through electrical connection 57 and the now closed security switch 9 , through electrical connection 60 , and to the control coil of security relay 11 , thus activating security relay 11 . In one embodiment, electrical connection 60 is coupled to security switch 9 through electrical connection 59 and diode 10 B. When security relay 11 is activated, various events occur. In an embodiment, the normally closed contacts 20 of the security relay 11 open, removing power from the starter switches 5 A and 5 B, and preventing either of the engines from being started, even if starter switches 5 A or 5 B are actuated. In an embodiment, when security relay 11 is activated, the normally open contacts 21 of security relay 11 close, allowing power to flow from the remote battery 14 through the remote switch 12 and electrical connections 61 , and 62 , through the now closed contacts of normally open contacts 21 , and through electrical connection 63 to the audio alarm 13 . Current also flows from electrical connection 63 through diode 10 A to keep the security relay 11 activated (latched) even if the starter breaker 4 is reopened or when the aircraft's primary power is removed from the main power bus 3 by re-opening the aircraft's master switch 2 . In one embodiment, once security switch 9 is opened (unarmed), the audible alarm 13 is turned off by opening remote switch 12 . This removes power from the alarm 13 as well as from the control coil of the security relay 11 , unlatching security relay 11 . Unlatching security relay 11 causes normally open contacts 21 to open, and normally closed contacts 20 to close. FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the security system 400 enhanced to provide security against unauthorized entry and unauthorized removal of installed devices. The embodiment is shown for single engine aircraft, but is equally applicable to multi-engine aircraft as shown in FIG. 5 . Reference numbers are repeated for elements of FIG. 4 that are the same or similar to those of FIG. 2 . Elements in FIG. 5 depicting additional iterations of the same or similar elements as depicted in FIG. 4 are shown using the same reference numbers with the addition of a letter, for example, “A” or “B.” Various embodiments of security system 400 are enhanced to include security switch 9 coupled to main power bus 3 through electrical connection 57 and a circuit protection device, for example, an in-line fuse 26 , is included between electrical connections 57 and 58 . Electrical connection 58 couples circuit 24 of security switch 9 through diode 10 B to electrical connection 60 , which then is coupled to the coil (the control portion) of security relay 11 . When security switch 9 is closed (armed) and master switch 2 is activated, power from main battery 1 flows from main battery 1 through master switch 2 and main power bus 3 , and further through circuit 24 of security switch 9 to energize the coil of security relay 11 . Once activated, security relay 11 opens normally closed contacts 20 and closes normally open contacts 21 , latching security relay 11 through remote battery 14 and remote switch 12 while preventing the powering of starter relay 6 , as described above. Further, in various embodiments, alarm 13 is activated when security relay 11 is energized. As illustrated in FIG. 4 , in various embodiments of system 400 , aircraft doors and removable equipment are protected with switches 15 and 16 . In FIG. 4 , switches 15 and 16 are shown as magnetic switches. However, switches 15 and 16 are not limited to being magnetic switches. In one embodiment, switches 15 and 16 are motion activated. In an embodiment, switches 15 and 16 are proximity switches. In various embodiments, other type switches are possible, including, but not limited to, optical, Hall effect, pressure, or other types of switches, such as proximity or motion activated switches. In various embodiments, additional switches are included. In various embodiments, switches 15 and 16 will not be the same type of switch. It will be recognized that various type switches, and various combinations of types of switches, may be used in a variety of applications and in various combinations. In various embodiments, switches 15 and 16 are in communication with system 400 using a wireless form of coupling. In various embodiments, switches 15 and 16 are arranged so that when a door or a hatch of the aircraft is opened, or in the case of installed equipment, the equipment is tampered with or removed from its housing, the associated switch 15 or 16 is actuated. This allows current to flow from remote battery 14 through electrical connection 61 and remote switch 12 , on through electrical connection 64 and the now actuated contacts of switches 15 or 16 , then on through electrical connection 65 to the circuit 25 of the security switch 9 . If the security system is set on (armed), the circuit 25 of security switch 9 will be closed, allowing current to flow through electrical connection 66 and diode 10 C to activate and latch security relay 11 , as discussed above. In various embodiments, alarm 13 is also activated when security relay 11 is activated or latched. In various embodiments, alarm 13 includes an audible alarm. In various embodiments, the alarm is a silent alarm. In various embodiments, alarm 13 includes notification of the activation of the alarm to one or more various parties, including but not limited to, the aircraft owner, the aircraft operator, airport security officials, and law enforcement officials. In one embodiment, activation of security relay 11 will cause normally closed contacts 20 to open, and thus prevent starting of the engine associated with starter motor 7 , even if starter switch 5 is tampered with as discussed above. In an embodiment, alarm 13 is turned off by opening remote switch 12 as discussed above. FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment where the security system 500 is useful in applications, including, but not limited to, use in multiple engine aircrafts. Reference numbers are repeated for elements of FIG. 5 which are the same or similar to those of FIG. 4 . Elements in FIG. 5 depicting additional iterations of the same or similar elements as depicted in FIG. 4 are shown using the same reference numbers with the addition of a letter, for example, “A” or “B.” As illustrated in FIG. 5 , in various embodiments of system 500 , aircraft doors and removable equipment are protected with switches 15 and 16 . In various embodiments, switches 15 and 16 are arranged so that when the door or hatch of the aircraft is opened, or in the case of installed equipment, the equipment is tampered with or removed from its housing, the associated switch 15 or 16 is actuated. In various embodiments, switches 15 and 16 are in communication with the system 500 through a wireless coupling. In various embodiments, if either of switches 15 or 16 actuate when security switch 9 is activated (armed), security relay 11 will be energized, and normally closed contacts 20 will open. With normally closed contacts 20 open, power is disconnected from starter switches 5 A and 5 B, and thus activation of either of starter switches 5 A or 5 B, even if tampered with or bypassed, will not enable the starting of either of the aircraft's engines associated with starter relays 6 A and 6 B. In various embodiments, if provided, additional engine starting circuits, for example, circuits associated with starter switches 5 C and 5 D (associated starter relays and starter motors not shown), would also be disconnected from power, and thus would also disable the starting of the aircraft's engine associated with that circuit. In various embodiments of system 500 , activation of security relay 11 will latch relay 11 . In various embodiments, alarm 13 is also activated when security relay 11 is activated or latched. In an embodiment, alarm 13 is turned off by opening remote switch 12 as discussed above. This description has set forth numerous characteristics and advantages of various embodiments and details of structure and function of an aircraft security system, but is intended to be illustrative and not intended in an exclusive or exhaustive sense. Changes in detail, material and management of parts, order of process and design may occur without departing from the scope of the appended claims and their legal equivalents.

The security system provides an aircraft security system capable of protecting both single and multiple engine aircraft. Variations of the present system prevent unauthorized starting of protected aircraft and activate an alarm when engine starting it is attempted. Embodiments of the system draw no power from the aircraft when the security system is armed and in no way interferes with the normal starting or operation of the aircraft when the system is disarmed. Embodiments of the present system can activate an alarm when an aircraft's doors or panels are opened. Embodiments of the present invention can activate an alarm when installed equipment or other devices are tampered with or removed from their housings.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a bridge device for connecting together, for example, Local Area Networks (hereinafter referred to simply as "LANs"). 2. Description of Related Art Conventionally, nodes (i.e. computers or printers, etc.) connected together on a network have often all been connected to a central location known as a "hub". These hubs originally often comprised merely a wiring panel or block where wires from each individual node were gathered together. A data packet from one node on the network to another node on the network would then pass through this passive hub. As networks have become more comprehensive, however, these passive hubs have been replaced by active hubs or repeaters that re-clock and amplify signals for the data packets before sending the packets to other parts of the network. A repeater, or when the repeater has a number of ports, a multiport repeater, handles data packets in a conference call manner, where every node on the network hears the conversation of every other node on the network. Therefore, on a shared network the available bandwidth is shared between all of the nodes on the network with available bandwidth being reduced for each node as new nodes are added to the network. The widespread use of personal computers has therefore resulted in ever-increasing strain being placed on the bandwidth of existing networks. This also results in an increased number of collisions and reduced throughput. Packet-switching hubs (hereinafter referred to for simplicity as "switching hubs") have therefore been introduced in recent years to combat this problem. A switching hub is an active device that looks at each network packet to determine its destination and then forwards each packet to the appropriate port. The packet is then only seen by its destination port. Switching hubs are therefore particularly useful for isolating traffic on one branch of a network from that of another branch. A switching hub also increases the overall bandwidth of the network when a plurality of nodes are communicating at the same time, so the full network bandwidth can be occupied and stability is improved as data is only sent to the required destination. A switching hub operates by receiving a data packet, translating the destination address of the data packet, and transmitting the data packet to the port to which the destination node is connected. In order to do this, Media Access Control (hereinafter referred to simply as "MAC") addresses of nodes connected to each port have to be known. This is generally carried out using the same method as for a learning bridge, i.e. a node address table for each node connected is made based on the send addresses of data packets received from each port. Here, data packets of unknown destinations and data packets having broadcast addresses are sent to all ports. Methods for hub switching are generally divided into the "on the fly" method (also referred to as the "cut-through" method), the "store and forward" method and the "fragment-free" method. In the on the fly method, a destination address field exists at the head of a data packet. The switching hub then receives the destination field first and a field check sequence field last. Then, just the destination field that is received first is looked at, the destination port of the data packet is determined and the data packet is soon sent. The time delay from receiving the data packet to transmitting the data packet is therefore small. The on the fly method is therefore closer to the operation of a conventional Hub than a bridge device (to be described later) and therefore has the same following three problems, i.e. a data packet is discarded when its output port is already being used, error data packets are transmitted, and transmission is not possible with networks of differing speeds. The store and forward method was therefore introduced to resolve these problems. The store and forward method is, in effect, that of a bridge device and is similar to the system architecture commonly employed in electronic mail systems. Here, received data packets are temporarily stored in memory at a shared check area where the received data packets are checked and data packets with errors are discarded. The output ports of correct data packets are then determined from the destination addresses of these data packets and outputted when the destination output port becomes free. This temporary storing means that the delay between receipt and transmission is large (as in, for example, electronic mail systems) but the aforementioned three problems with the on the fly method are resolved. In the fragment-free method, for example, a switching process is carried out where the packet is cut at 64 bytes, so that only short packets are detected. Further, in a client-server system, there is the problem on shared mediums that bottlenecks occur when a large number of clients attempt to access a single server simultaneously. A method known as a "fat pipe" or "big pipe" method where the server port is given a sufficiently large bandwidth so that client traffic gathering at the server can be processed has been put forward to solve this problem, although this approach has been hindered by the fact that packet processing is usually carried out by software and is therefore relatively slow. In addition to being used as a packet switcher within an individual LAN, this kind of packet switching device can also be applied to bridge devices by utilizing filtering functions and port characteristic functions to prevent collisions. A bridge device is a transmission device for carrying out bidirectional data transmission across a plurality of networks connected via ports. These bridge devices are usually realized by conventional software processes as in the well-known typical configuration shown in FIG. 1. The basic configuration of the bridge device comprises a MAC packet-switching processor 1 realized by software on a processor system and a common memory 2. The MAC packet-switching processor I and the common memory 2 are connected together via interfaces 3 and 4 and a bus 5. Interfaces #1 to #n are connected to the bus 5 and MAC layers (for each network are connected together via the interfaces 6. Here, #1 to #n in FIG. 1 indicate numbers given to each port and shall be referred to as "port numbers" in the following. Different physical layers and LAN ports are connected to each MAC layer but, as this is common knowledge in the network field, a description of these differing physical layers and LAN ports is omitted here. Next, a procedure for a MAC packet-switching process using a bridge device of this configuration is described. MAC packets from the MAC layers received by the bridge device are temporarily stored in the common memory 2. When stored, these MAC packets are read at the MAC packet-switching processor I and MAC packet-switching is executed using prescribed software processes. The packet-switching process consists of two processes, namely, a learning process and a packet-forwarding process. The learning process is a process for recording or updating a filtering table (a table holding pairs of MAC addresses and port numbers) from a source address (SA: Source Address) in a MAC header of a MAC packet and a port number given to the port the MAC packet was inputted at. On the other hand, the packet forwarding process is a process where the port to which the MAC packet is to be outputted is selected based on a destination address (DA: Destination Address) in the MAC header of the MAC packet and the filtering table. In this packet forwarding process, the port to which an inputted MAC packet is sent is decided and the MAC packet is sent based on one of the following three cases. (i) when an output destination destination port obtained by retrieving a port number corresponding to the destination address DA is a port other than the port receiving the aforementioned MAC packet, the MAC packet is sent to the MAC layer corresponding to the searched port. (ii) when the port of the port number corresponding to the destination address is the actual port that received the MAC packet, the MAC packet is not transmitted (discarded). (iii) when the destination address is all 1's (broadcast address) or is not yet recorded in the filtering table, the MAC packet is transmitted to the MAC layers of all of the ports other than the port that received the MAC packet. However, a high-speed switching operation is limited because in this bridge device, MAC packet transmission destinations are successively decided by software processes operating on a processor system. Further, with this bridge device, the delay time while writing to the common memory 2 is substantial because the transmission destination is decided after the inputted MAC packet is temporarily stored in the common memory 2 with the MAC packet then being read to the newly decided transmission destination. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a bridge device for connecting together a large number of networks via data link layers so that the bridge may be realized using only hardware, packet switching may be carried out more rapidly, and data bottlenecks that plague modern networks when a large number of users access the same server simultaneously can be alleviated. In order to achieve this object, a bridge device comprises an input port number assigner, content-adressable memory, a determiner, a selector, an output port assigner and output filters. The input port number assigner assigns input port numbers unique to each port to headers of inputted memory access control packets. The content-addressable memory stores destination addresses and groups of port numbers corresponding to the destination addresses. The determiner determines whether or not a destination address of a memory access control packet is stored in the content-addressable memory and whether or not a port number corresponding to the destination address is the same as an input port number of the memory access control packet. The selector selects as an output port number one of: a port number corresponding to the destination address (i.e. when the destination of a packet is known); a port number designating all ports other than the input port (when a packet is to be sent to everybody on a network); or a port number not designating any ports (when a packet is not to be sent to anybody), based on results of the determinations. The output port number assigner assigns an output port number to a memory access control packet. The output filters only allow memory access control packets that are actually addressed to their own output port to pass and do not allow packets that are addressed to other output ports to pass. Here, the determiner can also determine whether or not the port number recorded for the destination address designates all ports. The memory access control packet can also be held in a shift register while the determiner decides the output port number. Further the memory access control packet with the input port number assigned can be multiplexed in packet units across all ports and supplied to the determiner. In the bridge device of the present invention, the three basic operations of transmitting MAC packets to all ports, just a designated port or discarding a MAC packet can be achieved just using hardware because the basic operation for the selection process is based on whether or not port numbers are recorded or coincide. For example, when a MAC packet destination address is not recorded in content-addressable memory, output port numbers designating all ports are selected and the MAC packet is outputted to all ports. Further, when a MAC packet destination address is recorded in content-addressable memory, the port number corresponding to the recorded destination address and the input port number coincide and a port number not corresponding to any port is selected, this MAC packet is discarded. Moreover, when the port number corresponding to the destination address and the input port number coincide, the port number corresponding to the destination address is selected as the output port number and the MAC packet is outputted only to the port designated by this output port number. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram showing a related bridge device; FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram showing the overall configuration of a bridge device of this embodiment; FIG. 3 is an illustration of a MAC packet; FIG. 4 is a table showing example port numbers; FIG. 5 is a table showing an example of filtering using output port number filters; FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing an example of an output port number assigning circuit; FIG. 7 is a view illustrating an example operation when the destination address is a broadcast address or when the filtering table is not yet recorded; FIG. 8 is a view illustrating an example operation when a MAC packet is transmitted; and FIG. 9 is a view illustrating an example operation when a MAC packet is not transmitted. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Embodiment The following is a description, with reference to the drawings, of an embodiment of a bridge device of the present invention. (A) Bridge device configuration (A-1) Overall configuration. FIG. 2 is a functional block view showing a configuration of a bridge device of this embodiment. The difference between the bridge device shown in FIG. 2 and the related device is that the bridge device of this embodiment uses only hardware to carry out processing for MAC packetswitching operations. Interfaces 10 (#1, #2, #3, #4) are circuits corresponding to the ports of different LANs. These interfaces 10 connect the MAC layers of networks connected to each of the ports and this bridge device. Input port number assigning circuits 11 (#1, #2, #3, #4) are circuits corresponding to each of the interfaces (#1, #2, #3 and #4) that assign input port numbers NI unique to each port to MAC packets received from the MAC layers. An example of input port numbers NI given by the input port number assigning circuits II are shown in FIG. 3(A) and FIG. 3(B), where DA is the destination address and SA is the source address. FIG. 4 shows an example of the input port numbers NI. In FIG. 4, the left-hand column shows the input port number, the central column shows an example when there are both four input ports and four output ports, and the right-hand column shows an example when there are both eight input ports and eight output ports. In this example, each of the bits from the least significant bit to the most significant bit correspond to each port and the port at which each MAC packet was inputted can be uniquely determined by the position of the bit value "1". A multiplexor 12 is a circuit for multiplexing the outputs of each of the input port number assigning circuits 11 (#1, #2, #3 and #4). Here, the multiplexor 12 multiplexes the four MAC packets inputted from each of the input port number assigning circuits 11 at at least four times the rate for the MAC packets, as shown in FIG. 3(C), i.e. if the number of ports is n, multiplexing is carried out at at least n times the rate for the MAC packets. A shift register 13 is a circuit for delaying the multiplexed MAC packets by a fixed time and then transferring the multiplexed MAC packets to an output port number assigning circuit 14. This delay time is a period of time necessary for a state machine 15 and Content-Addressable Memory (hereinafter referred to for simplicity as "CAM") 16 to decide the transmission destination output port. The output port number assigning circuit 14 is a circuit for assigning port numbers, corresponding to the send destination(s) of MAC packets, to the headers of sequentially inputted MAC packets. Assigned output port numbers are assigned by the combined operation of the output port number assigning circuit 14, the state machine 15 and the CAM 16. Further, the output port number assigning circuit 14 removes the input port numbers NI from the headers and substitutes the output port numbers NO, at the same position as the input port numbers NI were in, when output port numbers NO are being assigned to the MAC packets. The state machine 15 is a controller for managing the operation timing and logic control of the shift register 13, the output port number assigning circuit 14 and the CAM 16. The CAM 16 also stores the output port numbers NO corresponding to the destination addresses DA in addition to the filtering table (a table holding a combination of the source address and the input port address). A bus 17 is a circuit line connecting the shift register 13, the output port number assigning circuit 14, the state machine 15 and the CAM 16. Output port number filters 19 (#1, #2, #3 and #4) are gate circuits for determining whether or not the output port numbers assigned to the headers of the MAC packets being outputted from the output port number assigning circuit 14 via the bus 18 are the numbers of the ports to which the output port number filters 19 are themselves connected. When an output port number filter 19 (#1, #2, #3 or #4) determines that a send destination of a MAC packet is it's own port, the output port number NO is removed and the MAC packet is sent, with the MAC packet being discarded when this is not the case. An example of filtering depending on this output port number filter 19 is shown in FIG. 5. The left-hand column in FIG. 5 shows the output port number. The center column shows an example of the case when there are four input ports and four output ports. The right-hand column shows an example when there are eight input ports and eight output ports. With the output port number filter 19 of this example, each bit from the least significant bit to the most significant bit corresponds to each port. An output port number filter 19 can then determine whether or not a MAC packet is intended for it's own port by monitoring whether or not the position of the bit value "I" corresponds to the port to which the output port number filter 19 is itself connected. A buffer 20 reads the written MAC packet at a speed of a quarter or less than the write speed (if there are n ports, this becomes 1/n or less) and sends these packets to each of the interfaces 21 (#1, #2, #3, #4). Interfaces 21 (#1, #2, #3, #4) then send the MAC packets read from the buffer 20 to MAC layers of an assignment network. (A-2) Configuration of the output port number assigning circuit 14. A more detailed description will now be given of the configuration of the output port number assigning circuit 14 described previously. FIG. 6 is a functional block view showing the detailed configuration of this output port number assigning circuit 14. The output port number assigning circuit 14 comprises a plurality of registers 14A, 14B, 14C and 14D, comparators 14E and 14F, an inverter 14G, an OR circuit 14H, a selector 14I and a multiplexor 14J. The register 14A is a circuit for latching, via the bus 17, the input port number NI assigned to the MAC packet from the MAC packet being delayed by the shift register 13. The inverter 14G is a circuit for inverting the value of an input port number S11 latched at the register 14A and providing the inversion results to the selector 14I as an output port number candidate S12. The output port number candidate S12 generated by the inverter 14G is a value where all of the bits other than the bit corresponding to the input port number are "1". When this output port number candidate S12 is then selected all of the ports other than the port used as the input port are then selected as the send destination for the output data. On the other hand, the register 14B is a circuit for latching, via the bus 17, the destination address DA of the MAC packet being processed and the searched port number NC recorded at the CAM 16. The destination address latched at the register 14B is also supplied to the selector 14I as an output port number candidate S13. The comparator 14F is a circuit for comparing the addresses latched by the register 14A and the register 14B. The result of this comparison S15 is then a "high" level when both addresses coincide. The register 14C is a circuit for latching a status signal for when a search is being made regarding whether or not a searched port number NC is recorded together with the destination address DA. This register 14C also supplies a latch output S16 to the OR circuit 14H. The latch output S16 is "high" when the searched port number NC is not yet recorded. The comparator 14E is a circuit for making a comparison to determine whether or not the destination address DA is a broadcast address (i.e. all bits are "1") designated for outputting to all ports. The results of this comparison are then provided to the OR circuit 14H after being latched at the register 14D. A latch output S17 of the register 14D is then "high" when the destination address coincides with a broadcast address. The OR circuit 14H that performs an OR operation on the latch output S16 and the latch output S17 therefore provides a "high" level determination signal S18 to the selector 14I when the destination address coincides with a broadcast address or when a searched port address is not yet recorded. The selector 14I is a circuit for selecting one of the three output port candidates based on the comparison results of the comparator 14F and the OR output S18 of the OR circuit 14H. The latch output S18 of the OR circuit 14H has a higher priority than the comparison results of the comparator 14F. Therefore, when the latch output S18 is a "high" level, the selector 14I selects the output port number candidate S12 designating ports other than the input port as the output port regardless of the value of the latch output S15 of the comparator 14F. When the latch output S18 of the OR circuit 14H is a "low" level, the selector 14I selects the output port number candidate S13 expressing the searched port number designating a single port if the latch output S15 of the comparator 14F is a "low" level, and selects the output port number candidate S14 of all bits of "0" if the latch output S15 of the comparator 14F is a "high" level. The multiplexor 14J is a circuit for adding the output port number S19 selected and outputted by the selector 141 to the header of the MAC packet S20 inputted from the shift register 13. At this time, the multiplexor 14J removes the input port number NI from the MAC packet header and adds the output port number NO to this position. (B) MAC packet-switching operation The MAC packet switching operation employing the bridge device of this configuration will now be described with reference to FIG. 7, FIG. 8 and FIG. 9. FIG. 7 is an example of the case where a MAC packet is transmitted, FIG. 8 is an example of the case when a MAC packet is not transmitted and FIG. 9 is an example of the case where the destination address DA is a broadcast address or is not yet recorded in the filtering table. MAC packets that have been timing-arbitrated by the multiplexor 12 are inputted from the interface 10 to the input port number assigning circuits 11. The input port number assigning circuits 11 therefore assigns numbers (NI) unique to each port to the heads of the MAC packets, as shown in FIG. 7(A), FIG. 8(A) and FIG. 9(A). The multiplexor 12 then sequentially multiplexes the MAC packets with these input port numbers NI attached at a rate of four or more times the bit rate at the interface 10 and outputs the result to the shift register 13. The shift register 13 delays the time when the multiplexed packets are supplied to the output port number assigning circuit 14 by a fixed time. The state machine 15 therefore controls the output port number assigning circuit 14 and the CAM 16 and the ports that each of the MAC packets held in the shift register are to be outputted to are obtained. This process comprises two processes, a learning process and a packet-forwarding process. First, the learning process is executed. The state machine 15 reads the source addresses assigned to each of the MAC packet headers and the input port numbers NI from the shift register 13 onto the bus 17 and the input port numbers NI are latched at the register 14A comprising the output port number assigning circuit 14. At the same time, the state machine 15 latches the source address SA and the input port number NI to the CAM 16 and a check is made as to whether or not the source address SA is recorded in the virtual memory. If the source address SA is not recorded, the state machine 15 causes the group of the source address SA and the input port number NI to be recorded in the CAM 16. If the source address SA is not recorded, the input port number NI is updated. The above is the learning process. Next, the packet-forwarding process is executed. First, the state machine 15 loads the destination address DA in the header of the MAC packet from the shift register 13 onto the bus 17 and this MAC packet is supplied to the output port number assigning circuit 14 and the CAM 16. At the output port number assigning circuit 14, the 48-bit destination address DA and a logic value having 48 bits all of "1" are compared at the comparator 14E supplied with this destination address DA and the comparison results are latched at the register 14D. On the other hand, a check is made at the CAM 16 as to whether or not the destination address DA is already recorded. The results of this check at the CAM 16 are then latched at the register 14C of the output port number assigning circuit 14 as a status signal. The output port number selection process is then switched over to after this, but when the destination address DA is recorded in the CAM 16, the searched port number NC recorded for the destination address DA is read from the CAM 16 and latched into the register 14B of the output port number assigning circuit 14. The output port number selection process is described in the following. In the following description, the case where a destination address DA is already recorded is taken to be "match" and the case where a destination address is not yet recorded is taken to be "no match". First, the case where a destination address DA is recorded at the CAM 16 or the case where it is determined from the comparison results from the comparator 14E that the destination address DA is a broadcast address is described. This example is shown in FIG. 7, where the input port is taken to be #1, i.e. "0001". In this case, the selector 14I selects an output port number candidate designating all of the ports except the input port and supplies the output port number candidate S12 ("1110" in FIG. 7(C)) to the multiplexor 14J as the output port number S19 (FIG. 7(H)). The multiplexor 14J then adds this output port number S19 to the MAC packet header inputted from the shift register 13 and outputs the result. This gradated MAC packet is shown in FIG. 7(I). The MAC packet is supplied to #1 to #4 of the output port number filters 19, passes only through the output port number filters 19 (i.e. only #2 to #4) designated by the output port number NO (i.e. "1110"), is subjected to high-speed adjustments by the buffer 20 and is sent to the MAC layer. This is shown in tables FIG. 8(J) to FIG. 8(M). The output port number NO is then removed from the MAC packet header at the output stage of the output port number filters 19, the internal processing speed is reduced to a quarter or less at the buffer 20 and the MAC packet is then outputted. A description will now be given of when the destination address DA is recorded in the CAM 16. In this case, two selections are considered, depending on whether or not the input port number NI and the searched port number NC coincide. Here, the case is described where both port numbers do not coincide. This example is shown in FIG. 8. In FIG. 8 also, the input port is #1, i.e. "0001" and the searched port number NC is taken to be "0100". The searched port number NC is taken to be "0100". In this case, the selector 141 is aware of the port the MAC packet is to be sent to. The output port number candidate S13 ("0100" in FIG. 8(D)) supplied from the register 14B is then selected and supplied to the multiplexor 14J as the output port number S19 (FIG. 8(H)). The operation thereafter is the same as for the aforementioned case but the MAC packet finally only passes through #3 of the interface 21 to be sent, as shown in FIG. 8(J), to FIG. 8(M). With regards to this, the case where the input port number NI and the searched port number NC coincide is as shown in FIG. 9. In the case in FIG. 9 also, the input port is taken to be #1, i.e. "0001", with the searched port number NC therefore being "0001". In this case, the selector 14I supplies an output port number candidate S14 of all bits "0" to the multiplexor 14J as an output port number S19 (FIG. 9(H)). In this case also, an output port number NO is added to the head of the MAC packet and this is outputted from the multiplexor 14J. However, in this case, none of the output port number filters 19 determine themselves to be the destination because all of the bit values are "0". Passage of the MAC packet is therefore halted and the MAC packet is discarded. In this way, the same packet switching as is carried out in software processing can also be performed by the bridge device of this case comprising only hardware. According to this embodiment, MAC packet switching can be carried out just using hardware by configuring a bridge device from input port number assigning circuits 11 for assigning port numbers NI unique to each port to MAC packet headers and identifying which ports the MAC packets were inputted at, the content-addressable memory 16 for storing the relationship between the unique port numbers NI and the MAC addresses (including the send addresses SA and the destination addresses DA), the output port number assigning circuit 14 for selecting send destinations for the MAC packets using the content-addressable memory 16 and assigning output port numbers NO to the MAC packets, a state machine for maintaining a continuous control procedure with regards to the output port number assigning circuit 14 and the content-addressable memory 16, and the output port number filters 19 that only allow MAC packets with port number that coincide with their own allotted port numbers to pass. MAC packet switching can therefore be carried out only in hardware, giving a faster switching operation when compared with the case of executing the same operation using software. Further, the operation of reading the headers is carried out in parallel with the operation of writing the MAC packets outputted from the input port number assigning circuits 11 and the time necessary for deciding the destination can therefore be made shorter. MAC packets inputted from each of the ports are multiplexed at the multiplexor 12 and data is read at a rate that is at least the number of ports times greater than the write rate. The time necessary for waiting for the writing of MAC packets being written to end can therefore be made shorter and the switching speed can be increased. In the above embodiment, each bit from the least significant bit to the most significant bit corresponds to each port and the ports inputting and outputting each MAC packet can be uniquely identified using the position of the bit value "1". However, other rules can be used to assign the port numbers, providing that the positions of the input/output ports are uniquely specified. Further, the result of a logical OR operation performed on a determination result as to whether or not the destination address is recorded in content-addressable memory (CAM) and a determination result as to whether or not the output port number corresponding to the destination address designates all ports is provided to the selector 14 as a selection signal. However, the present invention is by no means limited in this respect and determination results as to whether or not the destination address is recorded in content-addressable memory only can also be used. Further, in the aforementioned embodiment, the input port number NI is inverted at the inverter 14G and output port number candidates designating all of the ports other than the input port are generated. However, it is also possible to prepare these beforehand in response to each input port. According to the present invention, MAC packets inputted via each port are assigned input port numbers unique to each port and the output port number is selected based on whether or not the added input port number and the output port number recorded in the content-addressable memory coincide. This is then added to the MAC packet and supplied to the output filters. A bridge device capable of executing packet-switching of MAC packets can therefore be obtained because selection processes based on the existence of registered port numbers or the coincidence of port numbers can be performed just using hardware.

A bridge device for connecting networks together via data link layers, that assigns input port numbers unique to each port, to headers of input memory access control packets. A content-addressable memory stores destination addresses and groups of port numbers corresponding to the destination addresses. A determiner such as a controller determines whether or not a destination address of a memory access control packet is stored in the memory and determines whether or not a port number corresponding to the destination address coincides with an input port number of the memory access control packet. Based on the determinations made by the determiner, a selector selects one of the following as an output port number: either a port number corresponding to the destination address, or a port number designating all ports other than the input port, or a port number not designating any ports. An output port number assigner assigns an output port number to a memory access control port. Output filters such as gate circuits sequentially receive memory access control packets output by the assigner, and determine whether or not the output port numbers assigned to the headers of the packets are numbers of the ports to which the filters are themselves connected and allow passage of only those packets with the self-designating output port numbers, which are therefore actually addressed to their own output port.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a device for monitoring data on consumable goods. More particularly, the present invention relates to a device for monitoring the consumption, life span and nutritional value of various foods and related items. 2. Description of the Prior Art In this ever increasingly fast-paced world, it is becoming more and more difficult for households to keep track of the amount of food in the home, the shelf life of the food, and the food consumed by individual household members. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,335,509 and 5,487,276 disclose systems which monitor the expiration dates of various products and provide an alert when a product is close to its expiration date. However, these systems require an extensive amount of user input. Furthermore, these systems do not provide any information regarding the quantity of each product that remains or the nutritional information for the food that is consumed. Accordingly, there is a need for a device which can efficiently monitor the quantity and life span of food and related products in a household and can also monitor caloric and nutritional intake for individual household members. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an appliance door incorporating a monitor and display system. The system includes a microprocessor with memory means for storing information about consumer goods and individual users. Various means are associated with the microprocessor for inputting information regarding the consumer goods, including nutritional information, and individual user identifiers. An individual user can enter his or her identifier and an associated amount of goods consumed by the individual. The system computes and stores nutritional information related to the goods consumed by each individual user. The information can be displayed. A printer may also be provided for outputting the information. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partial isometric view of a refrigerator door incorporating the present invention. FIG. 2 is a front elevation view of the input/output (I/O) center of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a front elevation view of the preferred scale assembly of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a side elevation view of the scale assembly taken along the lines 4--4 in FIG. 3. FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of the scale assembly, as shown in FIG. 4, with the extension member extended. FIG. 6 is a side elevation view of the scale assembly, as shown in FIG. 4, in a cleaning position. FIG. 7 shows the screen displaying an exemplary main menu. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The preferred embodiment will be described with reference to the drawing figures where like numerals represent like elements throughout. The device 2 of the present invention generally includes a processor assembly 50, an input/output (I/O) center 8 and an associated scale assembly 32 which are integrated into the refrigerator door 20. The processor assembly 50 generally comprises a microprocessor 52 will be described hereinafter. The I/O center 8, as shown in FIG. 2, generally comprises a visual display 10, a keyboard 12, a printer 14 and a scanning wand or pen 16. The device 2 is normally powered by the host appliance, however, it is preferred that a back-up battery be supplied as a safe guard against power interruptions. The video screen 10 is preferably a flat screen of the type commonly used with lap top computers. The screen 10 displays menus which prompt the user and also provides output requested by the user. Alternatively, the screen 10 could be a touch screen. In this case, the keyboard 12 may not be required. The printer 14 is a standard small printer of the type frequently used with cash register receipts which allows the user to print desired information. The keyboard 12 and pen 16 allow the user to input information into the device 2. The keyboard 12 can be provided in various configurations including alpha-numeric characters, directional movement keys and command keys. The keyboard 12 is preferably fixed in the device. Alternatively, the keyboard can be connected to the device 2 through a cord (not shown) or can be provided with remote access capability. The pen 16 is preferably connected to the device 2 through the cord 22. Recess 18 is provided to secure the pen 16 adjacent to the I/O center 8. The pen 16 is preferably used to read UPC bar codes or other symbologies commonly used in the labeling of consumer goods. A scale assembly 32 is provided in communication with the device 2. In the preferred embodiment, the scale assembly 32 is provided as part of the refrigerator 20 ice and water dispenser 30. The ice and water assembly drainage shelf 34 is positioned on load cells 46 which communicate with the microprocessor assembly 52. An object to be weighed is placed on the shelf 34 and the load cells communicate the weight to the microprocessor 52. To accommodate larger objects, the shelf 34 is preferably provided with an extension member 36 which is pivotably connected at the outer edge of the shelf 34 by pivot pins 38. The extension member 36 is extended forward of the refrigerator door to allow taller and wider objects to be placed thereon. To facilitate cleaning, the shelf 34 and extension member 36 are pivoted upwardly as shown in FIG. 6. In the event that there is no drainage shelf 34 available, the weighing function may be provided through a peripheral scale which is connected to the computer or the information may be transferred via keyboard 12. As shown in FIG. 7, the screen 10 shows a default screen including the date, time and main menu. The main menu allows the user to select various options quickly by using the selected function on the keyboard 12. These program selection techniques will be familiar to individuals who have used personal computers. It is contemplated that the principal means of entering data about the food stuffs will be the use of the UPC bar code which is commonly found on packaged products. This data will generally be entered by swiping the light pen across the bar code on the product. Alternatively, the product number which is generally printed directly below the bar code may be entered into memory through the keyboard. In most instances, the UPC code will contain information about the size and quantity of the product but will not contain nutritional information. In those cases where the nutritional information is not provided, the data may need to be entered through the keyboard 12. In those instances where the products being stored are not an original package, the UPC code on the original package may be scanned and the quantity data modified through use of the keyboard 12. In the event that the quantity is not critical to the information, the UPC code from the original package may be copied and applied to the package through self stick labels or other means. When the item identifier is the product's UPC code the microprocessor will compare it's code with the stored codes to update the inventory. Through the use of codes, the microprocessor will be able to determine what the food product is, the current inventory and, when entered, the nutritional information regarding each portion per serving. Each time a product is presented to the system, the user will be prompted to enter any relevant expiration date together with any relevant storage data. Obviously, some products will not have an expiration date, however, it may still be desirable to know the date on which the product was first entered into the system for historical data to determine the rate at which the product is used. If an original bar code is not available for scanning, the user can type in an identifier, for example, "p e a s". The screen 10 will then prompt the user to enter the weight quantity, expiration date, caloric information, and location in which the item is stored. The microprocessor can maintain all of this information, regarding the quantity, location, and expiration date of stored products to be utilized by the user through the main menu and the other options. The processor assembly 50 with microprocessor 52 is preferably about the size of currently available lap top computers. Many of these devices are extremely powerful computing devices and contain substantial memory. Accordingly, the microprocessor 52 will have the memory capacity to retain basic, product specific nutritional information about consumables, and to be programed with the symbologies and decoding logic necessary for reading those symbologies commonly associated with consumer goods. While it is possible to incorporate a drive means into the microprocessor for loading data into the memory, it is currently preferred that the drive means be a peripheral device in order to save appliance space. It is also contemplated that the device would be pre-loaded with common software and information, such as the codes and nutritional information, prior to sale. As can be seen from the above, the present device will provide a user with a readily available means of imputing data regarding food stuffs and medications at an convenient location and will provide a convenient means for determining the consumption of the same. For instance, the user may determine that four portions of a particular product are desired for a particular meal. Through the use of the nutritional information, the user can determine the weight amount of product which is equivalent to four portions. The scale assembly 32 is then used to measure the proper portions of product. This procedure can be followed for each item which forms part of the meal. The nutritional information can then be collected, totaled and divided among the four individuals. The nutritional information may be maintained individually or collectively for those meals which are shared equally. In the event that the user consumes takeout food or food which is not prepared in the home, this information may added through the UPC code or the keyboard. However, it may be more difficult to track nutritional information for fast food items which often are not as fully described. In response to this concern, it is contemplated that the processor memory will include approximated nutritional food values for generally consumed foods and treats so that the values may be selected and entered by an associated code which can be found by scrolling through a list display on screen 10. In the event that a user is taking medications which may have an adverse reaction based on certain food stuffs, those food stuffs may be identified on that user's record and the program will scan the nutritional information of entered food stuffs to determine if such potentially adverse acting ingredients are present. If an individual wants to enter food consumed or added, the individual will select the appropriate record and will then enter the food items and the amount thereof. The item can be entered either through the keyboard or by swiping the pen 16 over a code. The microprocessor 52 will update the individual record and track the additions to or deletions from the total inventory. This allows the microprocessor to keep a current inventory and to determine the rate at which products are used and when they are running low. Based on the user's input as to desired inventory levels, the microprocessor will determine when the inventory is low and store a notation of the same in a shopping list memory. To find out the items on the shopping list, the user simply polls the inventory program. The user can then choose among a summary of input, a total inventory, a shopping list, or a history for product use. The summary of input would allow a user to track all the items entered. This information could be displayed on the screen or printed out in hard format. The inventory function would allow the user to display or print out the complete history of products stored in the system. Finally, the product life option will allow the individual to enter an item identifier, either with the light pen 16 or the keyboard 12, to determine the length of time it has been stored which will be displayed on the screen 10 or printed with the printer 14. The main menu also gives the user the option of storing medication information. Upon selection of this option, the user will be prompted to enter a name. The user can then enter the name(s) of the medication(s), the frequency of use, the dosage times and rates and any special instructions, such take with food. Each time a medication is due, the system 2 will cause a indicator to flash on the screen 10. An audio signal can also be produced. The processor memory may also store medical information for use in alerting the user if a potentially harmful combination of medicines has been entered. In addition to maintaining food and medical information, incorporation of the present invention into the appliance will permit the user to control the appliance features directly from the device 2. For instance, temperature, absolute humidity, defrost cycles and relative humidity may be monitored and adjusted without the need for opening the appliance door. Accordingly, the condition which is being adjusted will not be influenced by exposure to ambient conditions outside of the appliance. An additional advantage which is believed to stem from incorporation of the device directly into the appliance is the ability to generate a prompt or alert signal from the device when the appliance door is open. Through the use of such a prompt, the user will be reminded of the need to update the system information based on that use of the appliance. It will be understood that the user will be free to assign different degrees of the importance to the various functions and that the usefulness of the invention will be influenced by the accuracy of the information.

The present invention concerns an appliance door that incorporates a monitor and display system for tracking the inventory and use of consumer goods. The device includes a microprocessor having a memory that stores product specific information regarding the consumer goods, and is capable of receiving additional information regarding the same. The device maintains an inventory of the goods and will provide a display or hard copy of that inventory. In addition to maintaining inventories, the device may be programed to include information regarding the interaction of consumables with medications to alert the user to possible adverse reactions between them. The device preferably includes equipment for scanning the symbologies commonly associated with consumer goods.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/730,646 filed on Dec. 8, 2003, now abandoned which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/049,071 filed on Feb. 4, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,659,936, which claims the priority of International Patent Application number PCT/AU00/00925 filed on Aug. 4, 2000, and Australian Patent Application PQ 2026 filed on Aug. 4, 1999. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to prosthetic devices for the treatment of urinary incontinence and, in particular, to prosthetic devices employing transplanted tissue. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention is concerned with forms of incontinence caused wholly or partly by inadequate sphincter function. This may include forms of stress incontinence, urge incontinence and total incontinence. The invention has been developed initially for use in treating male incontinence and will be described principally with respect to that application. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention is also applicable for use in treating female incontinence. Incontinence is a major health problem, particularly with the ageing population, for which there is no well-accepted medical treatment. For females, surgically constructed slings are increasingly being used for stress incontinence and with increasing success. However, here is no low risk and reliably effective treatment for moderate to severe male stress incontinence particularly after treatment of prostate cancer. As the incidence of prostate cancer is increasing, this is a growing health issue. The internal sphincter of the urethra consists of smooth muscle cells interposed with elastic tissue and is located in the proximal urethra. Its constant tone is crucial to maintaining mechanical resistance in the proximal urethra sufficient to hold back the passive pressure exerted by urine in the bladder. Weakness in this area is a common cause of urinary incontinence, for example after treatment for prostate cancer. Prosthetic sphincter valves have been proposed in numerous forms, including mechanical, hydraulic and electrical devices which replace or supplement the defective damaged internal sphincter of the urethra (e.g. PT 101841, SE 931516, GB 2266844, FR 2638964, WO97/01309 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,245). Electrical stimulation of the muscles of the sphincter has also been proposed (DE 29614895). Other approaches have proposed the use of external or implanted electrodes to stimulate existing sphincter function. A variety of approaches have been proposed in relation to the electrical stimulation of the muscles of the sphincter, most of which are directed towards stimulating an existing sphincter and/or muscles disposed about, for example, a bladder (DE 29614895). Another group of prior art proposals for the treatment of incontinence are directed towards the stimulation of sacral nerves and the like. Such proposals again seek to use the existing muscle structures. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,771,779, U.S. Pat. No. 4,703,775, U.S. Pat. No. 4,607,639, U.S. Pat. No. 3,870,051, U.S. Pat. No. 4,688,575, U.S. Pat. No. 4,389,719 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,428). Other stimulation means have been proposed, for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,562,717, wherein stimulating electrodes are disposed on the skin of a person to externally stimulate existing muscles to control incontinence. This method is disadvantageous in that it requires electrodes to be disposed in a predetermined location of the person and be electrically connected to a power source therefore not allowing complete freedom. It has also been proposed to implant part of a small skeletal muscle from the thigh around the patient's urethra, and then to electrically stimulate the muscle to “retrain” it to function as a replacement sphincter ( New Scientist, 29 Jun. 1996). However, this approach, even if successful, would require relatively high levels of electrical stimulation to allow sufficient contracture of the replacement sphincter. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved prosthetic device for use in treating incontinence. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Broadly, the present invention utilises innervated smooth muscle to provide an auxiliary sphincter. This is stimulated by a suitable device in order to provide a functional sphincter in the patient. As a consequence, the stimulator device can operate with lower power consumption, and produce a superior sphincter action. According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided an implantable sphincter stimulator configured for operatively providing electrical stimulation to a surgically implanted innervated smooth muscle sphincter disposed about a urethra so as to control the flow of urine therethrough, the stimulator including: a stimulus generating unit in electrical communication with a receiver, the stimulus generating unit operatively configured to provide a first predetermined electrical stimulation signal adapted to contract said sphincter, and a second predetermined signal adapted to allow said sphincter to relax, one of said predetermined signals being selected in response to a signal received at the receiver from a remote controller. In preferred embodiments, the stimulator applies the first stimulation signal, unless a signal is received indicating that the patient wishes to empty the bladder. The second stimulation signal may be simply the absence of a stimulation, a lower level signal or an alternative signal. Preferably, the stimulation signal is one which will maintain a continuous tone in the innervated sphincter. In other preferred embodiments of the invention the stimulation signal is pulsatile. Preferably, the stimulator provides multiple channel pulse generation. Preferably also, the stimulation pulse frequency is in the range of 0.25 to 2.5 Hz and having a width in the range of 0.05 to 0.20 milliseconds. Preferably the stimuli applied have a current less than or equal to 30 mA. More preferably, the stimulation signal is generally rectangular and symmetrical biphasic, although alternative biphasic pulses may be used. Preferably, the sphincter stimulator includes a replaceable or rechargeable battery power source, preferably one which is in-situ rechargeable, for example inductively. Preferably, the signal to the receiver is communicated by microwave or radio means, optically or by magnetic energy and the receiver respectively is a microwave, radio, photon or magnetic energy receiver. Preferably, the stimulus generating unit includes a demodulator responsive to the received signal for providing a modulated signal to a stimulus encoder which in turn provides a signal to a stimulus driver. The stimulator preferably includes two or more electrodes for operatively delivering the stimuli to the sphincter. The stimuli may differ between electrodes, or may be the same at each. Preferably, after the sphincter has been relaxed, the stimulator is adapted to supply the first stimulation signal to contract the sphincter when a predetermined signal to contract the sphincter is not received by the receiver after a predetermined period. Preferably, the sphincter stimulator includes a transmitter for transmitting sphincter stimulator telemetry information indicative of one or more parameters of the stimulator for detection remotely. Preferably, the information is transmitted by means of radio waves, microwaves, optically or by magnetic energy. More preferably, the parameters include one or more of the stimulation signal frequency, current, width and/or shape, and/or of the received signal strength and battery status. Preferably, the stimulus generating unit includes a processing device with non-volatile memory. Preferably, the receiver is configured to accept a remotely generated sphincter stimulator calibration signal and in response, the stimulus generation unit selectively varies one or more of the stimulation signals. More preferably, the calibration signal is transmitted in response to received sphincter stimulator telemetry information, for example the telemetry signals from the stimulator. Preferably, the stimulator is in electrical communication with the sphincter by at least one electrical lead having two or more electrodes which are operatively implanted into the sphincter at a predetermined location. More preferably, the lead includes three electrodes disposed in an epimysal, cuff or tripolar configuration about the sphincter. Preferably, the smooth muscle is taken from the smooth muscle of the bladder and transplanted about the urethra and having its circulation intact. Alternatively, the muscle is venous smooth, anococcygeus smooth muscle, terminal ileum transplanted as a segment devoid of mucosa and having its circulation intact. A further alternative is the dartos smooth muscle from the scrotum or labia. In each case, the long axes of the muscle cells are disposed substantially circumferentially about the sphincter. Depending upon the muscle selected, the circulation may or may not be transplanted intact. If the circulation is not transplanted intact, new vessels will need to be regrown, or otherwise provided. According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a system for use in treating bladder incontinence in a person, the system including: a portion of innervated smooth muscle tissue configured to define a sphincter and implanted substantially circumferentially about the urethra of the person; an implanted sphincter stimulator arranged so as to allow electrical stimuli to be applied to the sphincter; and a non-implanted controller in communication with the sphincter stimulator for selectively triggering the generation of predetermined electrical stimulation signals to respectively contract the sphincter or allow the sphincter to relax. Preferably, the smooth muscle is in the form of a strip and is generally rectangular. More preferably, the strip has dimensions in the range from 4.5 cm to 7.5 cm by 1.25 cm to 2.25 cm. Also preferable, the muscle is disposed substantially fully around the urethra in a generally cylindrical arrangement such that the long axes of the muscle cells are substantially circumferentially aligned. Preferably, the smooth muscle is selected from those described above. Preferably, the system includes a sphincter as described above. Preferably, the controller includes: a transmitter; means for generating a predetermined signal at the transmitter; a power source; and actuation means for selectively generating a signal such that on receipt of the signal, the sphincter stimulator provides the stimulation signal at its output for contracting the sphincter or allowing it to relax. The signals for selecting relaxation or contracture may be different, or the same signal may trigger alternation of states. One form of the controller, particularly for use by a physician, may include a receiver for receiving the sphincter stimulator telemetry information signal from the sphincter stimulator. Preferably, the signal is transmitted by radio waves, microwaves, optically or by magnetic energy and receiver respectively is a radio, microwave, photon or magnetic energy receiver. Preferably, the system includes a remote sphincter stimulator programming unit for selectively programming the sphincter stimulator to provide a predetermined output. Preferably, one or more of the stimulation signal current, shape, frequency and width is variable in response to the calibration signal provided by the programming unit. More preferably, the programming unit includes a transceiver for providing the programming signal to the stimulator. The programming unit may conveniently be the physician controller. According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a method of using an implantable sphincter stimulator for treating bladder incontinence, the method including the steps of disposing an innervated smooth muscle sphincter about a urethra, arranging one or more electrodes so as to allow stimulation of the neural structures of said sphincter, said electrodes being connected to the sphincter stimulator, so that post implantation, a predetermined stimulation signal may be applied by a stimulus generating unit to selectively contract the sphincter or allow it to relax. Preferably, the method includes the step of transmitting the signal to the sphincter stimulator by radio signals, microwaves, optically or by magnetic energy. Preferably, three electrodes are arranged in the sphincter in an epimysal, cuff or tripolar configuration. Preferably, the sphincter is smooth muscle selected from those previously described. According to a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating incontinence including the steps of: disposing an innervated smooth muscle sphincter around a urethra; locating a plurality of electrodes in predetermined locations in the sphincter and electrically connecting the electrodes with an implanted sphincter stimulator; and selectively actuating the sphincter stimulator to provide a predetermined stimulation signal to either contract the sphincter or allow it to relax in response to a remotely generated signal. According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of surgically implanting a sphincter stimulator in a system for treating urinary incontinence, including the steps of: implanting the innervated smooth muscle sphincter about the urethra in a person; implanting the electrodes into the sphincter at predetermined locations; and implanting the sphincter stimulator, the arrangement being such that the electrodes are electrically connected to the sphincter controller to permit stimulation signals from said sphincter stimulator to stimulate the neural structures of said smooth muscle. Implanting in this context includes transplanting from the same or another person, or the use of externally prepared smooth muscle tissue. In each aspect, it is preferred that the implanted sphincter function so as to substantially prevent leakage of urine when contracted. In general, the main function of the innervated muscle prosthesis is to augment function in the internal sphincter. It should not be used to override any natural sphincter function that may be preserved. The sphincteric pressure exerted by the prosthesis should be sufficient to restore the net sphincteric resistance to its normal level of operation. Unnecessarily high pressure would not only be wasteful of internal stimulator energy but could also cause dangerous overfilling of the bladder. On the other hand, the pressure must be sufficiently high to prevent the leakage of urine. The smooth muscle tissue may be selected from those described above, or any other suitable smooth muscle tissue. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of smooth muscle may potentially be employed as the implantable sphincter including alpha-adrenergic excitatory innervation, cholinergenic excitatory or, inter alia, circular intestinal muscle. One advantage of using smooth muscle tissue is that it physiologically performs a sphincteric-like function and the muscle layer should be able to be transplanted whilst maintaining its innervation, or allowing for its reinnervation, and blood supply. Moreover, smooth muscle of the types described is readily reinnervated by sympathetic nerves should the existing innervation be damaged during surgery. Reinnervation may take some time, for example, two to three weeks, after surgery. Another advantages associated with the use of an innervated smooth muscle sphincter in accordance with the present invention is that in smooth muscle, a long-lasting contracture (2-3 seconds) results from a single neural stimulation. Accordingly, only a low frequency of stimulation is required to produce a tetanic contraction especially where it is moderated by neurotransmitter release. The tension generated per unit cross-sectional area of smooth muscle is greater than for skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle generates tension over a wide length/tension relationship, that is, it continues to generate tension even when partially contracted. Smooth muscle is able to maintain high tension with relatively low energy expenditure. Smooth muscle tissue generally displays a persistent generation of tone during low frequency repetitive nerve stimulation. A further advantage of the use of smooth muscle according to the present invention is that low frequency nerve stimulation causes the release of a chemical transmitter. Stimulating the nerves within smooth muscle invariably triggers a contraction because the neurotransmitter interacts with a receptor. The activated transmitter/receptor complex then activates a second messenger pathway and releases calcium ions from internal stores. It is relevant that calcium is the final trigger in the contraction of both skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscle. When stores release calcium they do so for extended periods of time, typically in the order of several seconds. Therefore, if the exciting pathway is triggered repeatedly at low frequencies a sustained rise in calcium occurs and the smooth muscle develops a contracture. That is, it does not relax between stimuli. In some smooth muscles, a few stimuli delivered every two seconds, for example, will lead to a sustained contraction. An alternative way to excite smooth muscle is to stimulate it directly which produces quite long lasting contractions but only on application of very high stimulating voltages. Nerves have low thresholds for activation, compared with muscles, and this, together with the low frequencies of activation required, means that stimulus spread will be avoided. Importantly, an electrical device can reasonably be expected to survive untouched for many years with such low usage demands. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a system for treating incontinence according to the invention; FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the implanted sphincter stimulator of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 3 schematically illustrates external and implanted parts of the system of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 4 illustrates a sphincter stimulator programming unit and sphincter stimulator of the system of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 5 is an alternative schematic illustration of the system of FIG. 1 showing a preferred configuration of electrodes; and FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of the electrode configuration of FIG. 5 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring in general to FIGS. 1 to 6 , there is illustrated an implantable sphincter stimulator 1 for selectively providing electrical stimulation to an innervated smooth muscle sphincter 2 disposed about a urethra 3 for controlling the flow of urine. Stimulator 1 includes a signal processing unit 4 in electrical communication with a receiver 5 . Signal processing unit 4 is configured to provide a predetermined electrical stimulation signal at a first output 6 of stimulator 1 in response to a signal generated remotely by controller 7 and applied at receiver 5 such that processing unit 4 selectively provides the stimulation signal to either contract sphincter 2 to substantially block the flow of urine along the urethra 3 or to allow sphincter 2 to relax and allow urine to flow. Referring to FIG. 2 particularly, signal processing unit 4 includes a demodulator 8 responsive to the signal received at receiver 5 for providing a modulated signal to a stimulus encoder 9 which in turn provides a signal to a stimulus driver 10 which provides the stimulated signal at sphincter stimulator output 6 . Once sphincter 2 is allowed to relax, processing unit 4 includes means to supply a stimulation signal at output 6 to contract sphincter 2 when a predetermined signal to contract the sphincter is not received by signal processing unit 4 via receiver 5 for a predetermined time period. In the preferred implementation, the processing unit 4 provides stimuli adapted to contract the sphincter unless a signal is received, in response to which the stimuli is turned off, and the sphincter relaxes. The signal is communicated to sphincter stimulator 1 by means of radio frequency waves and receiver 5 is an RF receiver. If the casing of the stimulator is made of titanium, and the receiver is inside, then a frequency of 8-10 kHz is preferred. If the casing is made of silicone rubber or the like, then 8-10 MHz is preferred. In other embodiments of the invention, the signal may be communicated optically in the range 630 nm to 1400 nm to sphincter stimulator 1 and receiver 5 is a photon detector in the form of a PMT, photo-diode or other suitable detector. In yet other embodiments of the invention, the signal is communicated to sphincter stimulator 1 by microwave means and receiver 5 is a microwave receiver. In such embodiments, the microwave signal has a frequency in the range of 0.9 to 2.5 GHz. Alternatively, the signal is communicated to sphincter stimulator 1 by magnetic means and receiver 5 is a magnetic energy receiver. Any other suitable communication arrangement may be used. As is best illustrated in FIG. 3 , controller 7 includes the RF transmitter which is driven by a means for generating the control signal. Controller 7 further includes actuation means for selectively generating the control signal at transmitter 11 . Part of transmitter 11 is also a receiver for receiving an information signal indicative of at least one parameter of the sphincter stimulator and provided by the sphincter stimulator. The telemetry information signal is transmitted to the controller by means of a transmitter disposed within receiver 5 . In embodiments of the invention where microwaves are employed to communicate either the control signal or telemetry information signal, transceiver 11 of controller 7 is configured to transmit and receive microwave radiation. In embodiments where the control signal is transmitted optically, transceiver 11 includes a photon detector in the form of a PMT or solid state device and a light source having a predetermined output. In embodiments of the invention where the control signal and the sphincter stimulator information signal are transmitted by magnetic energy, the transmitter receiver 5 functions as a passive proximity card and controller 7 functions as the active proximity card reader. FIG. 2 illustrates a stimulation signal in the form of a pulse. The pulse is generally rectangular and symmetrically biphasic. In other embodiments of the invention, not illustrated, sphincter stimulator 1 provides multiple channel pulse generation at output 6 . The stimulation signal is selected so as to provide a substantially continuous tone in the sphincter. The stimulation signal provided at output 6 has a substantially constant current less that or equal to 30 mA, and preferably of the order of 15 mA. The stimulation pulse frequency provided to sphincter 1 by output 6 is in the range of 0.25 Hz to 2.5 Hz and is preferably 2 Hz. The stimulation pulse width is in the range of 0.05 ms to 0.2 ms and is preferably 0.15 ms. It should be noted that the device is current regulated, and accordingly the stimulation voltage will vary with the resistance of the muscle tissue between the electrodes. Typical values for the voltage are between 0.2 and 7 volts. It should be noted, however, that these parameters are variable and are configured for each person. Preferably, the smooth muscle is taken from the smooth muscle of the bladder and transplanted about the urethra and having its circulation intact. Alternatively, the muscle may be venous smooth, anococcygeus smooth muscle, terminal ileum transplanted as a segment devoid of mucosa and having its circulation intact. A further alternative is the dartos smooth muscle from the scrotum or labia. Any other suitable muscle may be employed. In each case, the long axes of the muscle cells are disposed substantially circumferentially about the sphincter. The muscle is generally in the form of a rectangular strip such that the long axes of the muscle cells are disposed substantially lengthwise along the strip. The muscle is then disposed substantially fully around the urethra in a generally cylindrical arrangement such that the long axes of the muscle cells are substantially circumferencially disposed about the urethra. Preferably, the strip is completely disposed around the urethra. The muscle strip has dimensions 6 cm by 2 cm and is preferably provided in the range from 4.5 cm to 7.5 cm by 1.25 cm to 2.25 cm. The stimulation signal is provided at output 6 of sphincter stimulator 1 is supplied to sphincter 2 by an electrode implanted into the sphincter at a predetermined location and an electrical lead 16 being disposed intermediate. As is best illustrated in FIG. 6 , lead 16 includes three electrodes disposed in a tripolar configuration about sphincter 2 and having means to electrically connect to lead 16 . In other embodiments of the invention, the three electrodes are disposed in a cuff or epimysal configuration about the sphincter. Electrode leads may extend between the pulse generator and the electrodes, allowing some “slackness” in their length to account for normal body movements. As is best illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 , the configuration of the electrodes are disposed in a tripolar configuration. Simple tripolar electrodes are the least expensive alternative, are relatively easy to implant and can be used to stimulate the transplanted smooth muscle. Their exposed metallic surfaces usually consist of a cathode aligned between two anodes. In the epimysial configuration, the electrodes are sutured directly onto the surface of a muscle. These electrodes are implemented when stimulation of a motor nerve trunk is impractical, however, this is not necessarily always the case. In the cuff electrode configurations are employed in alternative embodiments and are contained within an insulating sheath substantially circumferentially around the circumference of the transplanted sphincter. They are capable of stimulating the embedded nerve fibres maximally while keeping the stimulus field local to the transplant. In other embodiments of the invention, not illustrated, the sphincter stimulator includes a second output such that one of the sphincter stimulator outputs provides a signal to contract the sphincter and the other output provides a stimulation signal to allow the sphincter to relax or contract to a lesser extent. In this embodiment, each of the first and second outputs of the sphincter stimulator each include a lead having three outputs in a tripolar configuration about the sphincter. In yet other embodiments, the first and second outputs each include a lead having three electrodes disposed in a cuff or epimysal configuration about the sphincter. It will be appreciated that in normal use, only two of the three electrodes will be used to deliver stimuli. The third electrode is provided as a spare, in the event that one of the electrodes ceases to function. However, it is contemplated that the present invention could use a more complicated set of stimuli, or more electrodes. Sphincter stimulator 1 includes a replaceable battery power source 17 , not illustrated in FIG. 2 . In one implementation, battery 17 is in electrical communication with signal processing unit 4 such that the control signal provided by controller 7 to sphincter stimulator 1 inductively provides energy to recharge the battery. In another implementation, in the case of radio frequency transceiving between the and sphincter stimulators, the signal is provided by modulating the RF signal such that the signal processing unit extracts the control signal and provides the battery with remaining power from the RF signal. As is best illustrated in FIG. 4 , RF transceiver 5 of stimulator 1 is communicable with a third output of processing unit 4 for transmitting sphincter stimulator telemetry information indicative of one or more the parameters of the sphincter stimulator for remote detection. The information is transmitted by radio frequency signals, however, in other embodiments of the invention the sphincter stimulator information is transmitted by microwave means, optical means or by magnetic energy. The sphincter stimulator information signal includes information regarding parameters such as stimulation signal-frequency, current, width and/or shape, and received signal strength and battery status. This is useful for use in a controller intended for use by physicians. A remote sphincter stimulator programming unit 13 is adapted to receive the sphincter stimulator information provided by receiver 5 . The sphincter stimulator programming unit includes a transceiver 14 for providing a calibration signal to stimulator 1 which, in response, selectively varies one or more of the output properties of stimulator 1 . The calibration signal is preferably transmitted in response to receiving the sphincter stimulator telemetry information. The calibration signal includes coding to selectively vary the output current, shape, frequency and/or width. Conveniently, the remote sphincter stimulator programming unit is integrated into the physician controller. The preferred embodiments of the invention also provide a method of treating urinary incontinence in a person including the steps of disposing the implanted smooth muscle sphincter substantially around a urethra, locating a plurality of electrodes in predetermined locations in the sphincter and electrically connecting them with an implanted sphincter stimulator as hereinbefore described. The sphincter stimulator is then selectively actuated on receipt of the control signal to provide the predetermined stimulation signal to either contract the sphincter or allow it to relax. The method includes providing the stimulation signal to contract the urethra or allow it to relax from output 6 of sphincter stimulator 1 . In other embodiments of the invention, however, the stimulation signal to contract the sphincter about the urethra is provided by a separate output of sphincter stimulator 1 to that which provides a stimulation signal to allow the urethra to relax. There is also provided a method of surgically implanting a sphincter stimulator system as hereinbefore described in a person for treating incontinence, the method including the steps of implanting the smooth muscle sphincter substantially about the urethra in a person, implanting the sphincter stimulator in the person proximal to the implanted sphincter and implanting electrodes into the sphincter at predetermined locations and electrically connecting the sphincter stimulator with the smooth muscle sphincter. Other preferred embodiments provide a stimulus system including circuit means defining a single channel electrical pulse generator, power supply means, a control circuit to allow a transplanted sphincter to relax, a separate control circuit to adjust pulse parameters, two or more stimulus electrodes, and leads connecting the stimulator to the electrodes. The prosthetic sphincter includes a sheath of innervated or reinnervatable muscle tissue taken from the selected muscle and transplanted around the urethra. In one embodiment, a segment of distal small intestine, 2-3 cm long, on a vascular pedicle is isolated and the remaining intestine is rejoined by end to end anastomosis. The isolated segment is opened along its antimesenteric border and the mucosa is dissected away. The isolated segment is drawn down to the neck of the bladder. It is then taken around the bladder neck, so that the circular muscle is disposed substantially circumferentially with respect to the neck, and the cut antimesenteric borders are sewn together to create a close fit around the neck of the bladder. If necessary, the circumferential length is reduced to create a close fit. The newly created and vascularised sphincter is secured in place by sewing it to the superficial connective tissue of the bladder neck. A stimulating electrode assembly is sewn to the transplanted intestine, with the axis of the electrode assembly at right angles to the circular muscle, adjacent to the entry of the vessels from the vascular pedicle. The anchoring ligatures penetrate the sphincter and are secured to the underlying bladder neck. In an alternative embodiment, the sphincter augmentation is made by dissecting the anococcygeus muscles from their spinal insertions, and drawing the freed muscle around the bladder neck. The sphincter may also be created from a section of muscular vein, venous smooth muscle, the terminal ilium and transplanted as a segment devoid of mucosa and having its circulation intact, or the dartos smooth muscle from the scrotum or labia. The stimulus pulse generator transfers electrical pulses to the electrodes and these pulses are converted into action potentials in the nerves transplanted with the muscle sphincter or in the nerves which re-innervate the sphincter after surgery. All implanted circuitry is preferably sealed and encased in a biologically inert material such as a biocompatible silicone material. The metallic electrodes and leads are preferably of Platinum-Iridium alloy. The connecting wires are preferably insulated with a silicone coating and lead to an implanted control unit placed between the abdominal muscle and skin. The stimulator is required to maintain continuous tone in the transplanted sphincter sufficient to hold urine in the bladder without leakage by continuous stimulation. To release urine, an external control unit using, for example, a radio frequency signal will turn off the internal unit to halt the stimulation of the sphincter, and is shown schematically in FIG. 3 . Alternative embodiments of the invention employ microwave or optical means, for example, in the form of infra-red radiation, to communicate the control signal to the sphincter stimulator, and the sphincter stimulator includes a corresponding receiver at or near the skin of the person. The person would hold the external device adjacent the skin over the implant (and push an actuation button) to allow the transplanted sphincter to relax and urine to flow. After bladder emptying, the patient would then push the button again to resume sphincteric pressure. As described, if the user forgets to push the button to close the sphincter, the stimulator could be programmed to resume operation automatically after a given time. The advantages of this system are twofold. Firstly, the patient does not need to hold the external control unit against their skin for the whole period of bladder emptying. They simply initiate the process and can then put the unit aside if desired. The second advantage is that such a system allows the stimulator circuitry to be adjusted externally. In embodiments where the signal is communicated magnetically, a permanent magnet is placed on the surface of the skin directly over the location of the implanted control circuit. The circuit is designed to detect the presence of the magnetic field and shut off the stimulation accordingly. To empty the bladder, therefore, the person simply places a magnet over the implant for the time period required to empty the bladder. A small permanent magnet is a convenient item to carry around and requires no batteries. One disadvantage of such a system is that a magnetic detector needs to be added to the implanted device and this, in turn, requires more power from the internal batteries. It is envisaged that the requirements of the stimulator may change, both post-operatively and with alteration of the preserved sphincteric resistance as the person ages. Access to the implanted device via surgery for the purpose of hardware adjustment is, of course, undesirable. Therefore, adjustment of the stimulus parameters via an external radio link to the sphincter stimulator programming unit 13 is a preferred feature of the system. It will be appreciated that various modifications and alterations may be made to the system described above without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

An improved method, system and arrangement for treatment of urinary incontinence is disclosed, in which a portion of innervated smooth muscle ( 2 ) is transplanted and disposed around the urethra to provide a urethral sphincter ( 2 ). Electrical stimulation, by an implanted stimulator ( 1 ), maintains continuous tone in the sphincter. A remote controller ( 7 ) permits the sphincter ( 2 ) to be allowed to relax, and hence permit urine to flow out of the bladder.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The invention relates to the field of moisture-curing hotmelt adhesives. PRIOR ART [0002] Hotmelt adhesives (hotmelts) are adhesives which are based on thermoplastic polymers. These polymers are solid at room temperature, soften on heating to give viscous liquids and can therefore be applied as a melt. In contrast to the so-called warmmelt adhesives (warmmelts), which have a pasty consistency and are applied at slightly elevated temperatures, typically in the range from 40 to 80° C., the application of the hotmelt adhesives is effected at temperatures from 85° C. On cooling to room temperature, they solidify with simultaneous buildup of the adhesive strength. Classical hotmelt adhesives are unreactive adhesives. On heating, they soften or melt again, with the result that they are not suitable for use at elevated temperature. In addition, classical hotmelt adhesives often also tend to creep even at temperatures well below the softening point (cold flow). [0003] These disadvantages were substantially eliminated in the case of the so-called reactive hotmelt adhesives by introducing into the polymer structure reactive groups leading to crosslinking. In particular, reactive polyurethane compositions are suitable as hotmelt adhesives. They are also referred to as PU-RHM for short. They generally consist of polyurethane polymers which have isocyanate groups and are obtained by reacting suitable polyols with an excess of diisocyanates. After their application, they rapidly build up a high adhesive strength by cooling and acquire their final properties, in particular their heat distortion resistance and resistance to environmental influences, by the postcrosslinking of the polyurethane polymer as a result of reaction of the isocyanate groups with moisture. Owing to the molar mass distribution resulting during the preparation of the polyurethane polymers having isocyanate groups, however, such PU-RHM generally contain significant amounts of unreacted monomeric diisocyanates which are partly expelled in gaseous form at the application temperatures of 85° C. to 200° C., typically 120° C. to 160° C., which are usual in the case of hotmelt adhesives and, in the form of irritant, sensitizing or toxic substances, they constitute a health hazard for the processor. For this reason, various efforts have been made to reduce the content of monomeric diisocyanates in reactive polyurethane compositions in general and in PU-RHM in particular. [0004] An obvious approach is the physical removal of the monomeric diisocyanate by distillation or extraction. These methods require complicated apparatus and are therefore expensive; in addition, they cannot be readily used for all diisocyanates. [0005] Another approach consists in the use of special diisocyanates having isocyanate groups of different reactivity. For example WO 03/033562 A1 describes the use of an asymmetrical MDI isomer, 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, with which polyurethane polymers having a low content of monomeric diisocyanates at low viscosity can be obtained in a simple manner. A disadvantage of this process is the insufficient availability of suitable diisocyanates on an industrial scale, associated with a high price. In addition, it is necessary to make sacrifices in the crosslinking rate since mainly only the isocyanate groups having the lower reactivity are available for the crosslinking reaction. [0006] Finally, one approach consists in using, instead of the monomeric diisocyanates, adducts or oligomers thereof in the reaction with polyols in order to reduce the volatility, described, for example, in DE 44 29 679 A1. Here, there are disadvantages in the case of the viscosity and the reactivity of the products thus prepared. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide reactive polyurethane compositions (PU-RHM) which can be used as hotmelt adhesive, have isocyanate groups and are obtainable in a simple process starting from polyols and industrially available monomeric diisocyanates, and which have a low content of monomeric diisocyanates and a long shelf-life and are readily processable and which undergo rapid crosslinking. [0008] Surprisingly, it was found that the object can be achieved by compositions as claimed in claim 1 . These contain polyurethane polymers which are solid at room temperature, have aldimino groups and can be prepared by reaction of corresponding polyurethane polymers having isocyanate groups with special compounds which contain one or more aldimino groups and an active hydrogen. [0009] A further aspect of the invention relates to a cured composition as claimed in claim 14 , and the use of the composition as a hotmelt adhesive and a method for adhesive bonding and articles resulting from such a method. [0010] Finally, in a further aspect, the invention relates to a method for reducing the content of monomeric diisocyanates in polyurethane polymers having isocyanate groups or in compositions which contain polyurethane polymers having isocyanate groups, by reacting the polyurethane polymers having isocyanate groups with special compounds which contain one or more aldimino groups and an active hydrogen. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0011] The invention relates to compositions comprising [0000] a) at least one polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which is solid at room temperature and has aldimino groups [0000] [0000] where, in formula (I) p is an integer 1 or 2, preferably 1, q is an integer 0 or 1, preferably 1, with the proviso that p+q=2; either R 1 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical having 6 to 30 C atoms which optionally has at least one heteroatom, in particular in the form of ether oxygen; or R 1 is a substituent of the formula (II) [0000] [0000] in which R 6 is a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 20 C atoms which optionally has at least one heteroatom, in particular in the form of ether oxygen, and R 7 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical having 1 to C atoms; R 2 and R 3 are either two substituents independent of one another which in each case are a monovalent hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 C atoms, or R 2 and R 3 together form a single substituent which is a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 4 to 20 C atoms, which is part of a carbocyclic ring having 5 to 8, preferably 6, C atoms, it being possible for this carbocyclic ring to be substituted; R 4 is a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 12 C atoms which optionally has at least one heteroatom, in particular in the form of ether oxygen or tertiary amine nitrogen; R 5 is the radical of a polyurethane polymer which is solid at room temperature and has isocyanate groups, after removal of (p+q) isocyanate groups; and X is O, S or N—R 8 , in which either R 8 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms which optionally has at least one carboxylic acid ester, nitrile, nitro, phosphonic acid ester, sulfone or sulfonic acid ester group or R 8 is a substituent of the formula (III) having the abovementioned meanings for R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 [0000] [0000] b) at least one polyurethane polymer P having isocyanate groups, if q in formula (I) is zero, or if X in formula (I) is N—R 8 with R 8 as a substituent of the formula (III). [0012] The dashed lines in the formulae in this document are in each case the bond between a substituent and the associated molecular radical. [0013] In a particularly preferred embodiment, R 2 =R 3 =methyl, and R 1 is a hydrocarbon radical having 11 to 30 C atoms. [0014] These compositions are suitable as reactive hotmelt adhesive compositions, also referred to as “PU-RHM” for short. [0015] In the present document, the term “polymer” comprises firstly a group of macromolecules which are chemically uniform but differ with respect to degree of polymerization, molar mass and chain length, which was prepared by a polyreaction (polymerization, polyaddition, polycondensation). Secondly, the term also comprises derivatives of such a group of macromolecules from polyreactions, i.e. compounds which were obtained by reactions such as, for example, additions or substitutions, of functional groups on specified macromolecules and which may be chemically uniform or chemically nonuniform. However, the term also comprises so-called prepolymers, i.e. reactive oligomeric preadducts whose functional groups are involved in the synthesis of macromolecules. [0016] The term “polyurethane polymer” comprises all polymers which are prepared by the so-called diisocyanate polyaddition process. This also includes those polymers which are virtually or completely free of urethane groups. Examples of polyurethane polymers are polyether-polyurethanes, polyester-polyurethanes, polyether-polyureas, polyureas, polyester-polyureas, polyisocyanurates and polycarbodiimides. [0017] A temperature of 25° C. is designated as “room temperature”. [0018] The polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which is solid at room temperature and has aldimino groups can be prepared by the reaction of at least one aldimine of the formula (XI) containing an active hydrogen with at least one polyurethane polymer D having isocyanate groups. That reactive group of the aldimine of the formula (XI) which carries the active hydrogen undergoes an addition reaction with an isocyanate group of the polyurethane polymer D. In the present document, the term “active hydrogen” designates a deprotonatable hydrogen atom bonded to a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom. The term “reactive group containing an active hydrogen” designates a functional group having an active hydrogen, in particular a primary or secondary amino group, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group or a urea group. [0000] [0019] In the formula (XI), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and X have the same meaning as described for formula (I). [0020] The aldimine of the formula (XI) can be prepared from at least one sterically hindered aliphatic aldehyde A and at least one aliphatic amine B corresponding to the formula H 2 N—R 4 —XH, which, in addition to one or more primary amino groups, also has a further reactive group containing a reactive hydrogen. [0021] The reaction between the aldehyde A and the amine B takes place in a condensation reaction with elimination of water. Such condensation reactions are very well known and are described, for example, in Houben-Weyl, “Methoden der organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry]”, vol. XI/2, page 73 et seq. Here, the aldehyde A is used stoichiometrically or in a stoichiometric excess relative to the primary amino groups of the amine B. [0022] For the preparation of the aldimine of the formula (XI), at least one sterically hindered aliphatic aldehyde A of the formula (IV) is used [0000] [0023] In the formula (IV), R 1 , R 2 and R 3 have the same meaning as described for formula (I). [0024] The aldehyde A is odorless. An “odorless” substance is understood as meaning a substance which has such little odor that it cannot be smelled by most human individuals, i.e. is not perceptible with the nose. [0025] The aldehyde A is prepared, for example, from a carboxylic acid R 1 —COOH and a β-hydroxyaldehyde of the formula (V) in an esterification reaction. This esterification can be effected by known methods, described, for example, in Houben-Weyl, “Methoden der organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry]”, vol. VIII, pages 516-528. The β-hydroxyaldehyde of the formula (V) is obtained, for example, in a crossed aldol addition from formaldehyde—or oligomeric forms of formaldehyde, such as paraformaldehyde or 1,3,5-trioxane—and an aldehyde of the formula (VI). [0000] [0026] In the formulae (V) and (VI), R 2 and R 3 have the same meaning as described for formula (I). [0027] For example the following may be mentioned as suitable carboxylic acids R 1 —COOH for the esterification with the β-hydroxyaldehydes of the formula (V): saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecanoic acid, arachidic acid; monounsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid; polyunsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, elaeostearic acid, arachidonic acid; cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids, such as cyclohexanecarboxylic acid; arylaliphatic carboxylic acids, such as phenylacetic acid; aromatic carboxylic acids, such as benzoic acid, naphthoic acid, toluic acid, anisic acid; isomers of these acids; fatty acid mixtures from the industrial saponification of natural oils and fats, such as, for example, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, olive oil, coconut oil, oil palm kernel oil and oil palm oil; and monoalkyl and monoaryl esters of dicarboxylic acids, as obtained from the monoesterification of dicarboxylic acids, such as succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, 1,12-dodecanedioic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, hexahydroisophthalic acid, hexahydroterephthalic acid, 3,6,9-trioxaundecanedioic acid and similar derivatives of polyethylene glycol, with alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, higher homologues and isomers of these alcohols. [0028] Caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, the isomers of these acids and industrial mixtures of fatty acids which contain these acids are preferred. Lauric acid is particularly preferred. [0029] Suitable aldehydes of the formula (VI) for reaction with formaldehyde to give β-hydroxyaldehydes of the formula (V) are, for example, isobutyraldehyde, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, 2-methylvaleraldehyde, 2-ethylcapronaldehyde, cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde, cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzaldehyde, 2-methyl-3-phenylpropionaldehyde, 2-phenylpropionaldehyde and diphenylacetaldehyde. Isobutyraldehyde is preferred. [0030] Suitable β-hydroxyaldehydes of the formula (V) are, for example, the products from the reaction of formaldehyde with the aldehydes of the formula (VI) which are mentioned above as being suitable. 3-Hydroxypivalaldehyde is preferred. [0031] The amine B is an aliphatic amine which, in addition to one or more primary amino groups, also has a further reactive group which contains an active hydrogen. In the present document, the term “primary amino group” designates an NH 2 group which is bonded to an organic radical, while the term “secondary amino group” designates an NH group which is bonded to two organic radicals. The term “aliphatic amine” designates compounds which contain at least one amino group which is bonded to an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or arylaliphatic radical. They thus differ from the aromatic amines in which the amino group is bonded directly to an aromatic radical, such as, for example, in aniline or 2-aminopyridine. [0032] For example, the compounds mentioned below are suitable as amines B: aliphatic hydroxyamines, such as 2-aminoethanol, 2-methylaminoethanol, 1-amino-2-propanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, 4-amino-1-butanol, 4-amino-2-butanol, 2-amino-2-methylpropanol, 5-amino-1-pentanol, 6-amino-1-hexanol, 7-amino-1-heptanol, 8-amino-1-octanol, 10-amino-1-decanol, 12-amino-1-dodecanol, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxyethylbenzene, 3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol; derivatives of glycols, such as diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, dibutylene glycol and higher oligomers and polymers of these glycols, which carry a primary amino group, for example 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, triethylene glycol monoamine, α-(2-hydroxymethylethyl)-ω-(2-aminomethylethoxy)poly(oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)); derivatives of polyalkoxylated trihydric or higher-hydric alcohols or of polyalkoxylated diamines which carry a hydroxyl group and an amino group; products from the monocyanoethylation and subsequent hydrogenation of glycols, for example 3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)propylamine, 3-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)propylamine, 3-(6-hydroxyhexyloxy)propylamine; aliphatic mercaptoamines, such as 2-aminoethanethiol (cysteamine), 3-aminopropanethiol, 4-amino-1-butanethiol, 6-amino-1-hexanethiol, 8-amino-1-octanethiol, 10-amino-1-decanethiol, 12-amino-1-dodecanethiol; aminothio sugars, such as 2-amino-2-deoxy-6-thioglucose; di- or polyfunctional aliphatic amines which, in addition to one or more primary amino groups, carry a secondary amino group, such as N-methyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-ethyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-butyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-hexyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-(2-ethylhexyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, N-cyclohexyl-1,2-ethanediamine, 4-aminomethylpiperidine, 3-(4-aminobutyl)piperidine, N-aminoethylpiperazine, diethylenetriamine (DETA), bishexamethylenetriamine (BHMT); di- and triamines from the cyanoethylation or cyanobutylation of primary mono- and diamines, for example N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-ethyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-butyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-hexyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-(2-ethylhexyl)-1,3-propanediamine, N-dodecyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-cyclohexyl-1,3-propanediamine, 3-methylamino-1-pentylamine, 3-ethylamino-1-pentylamine, 3-butylamino-1-pentylamine, 3-hexylamino-1-pentylamine, 3-(2-ethylhexyl)amino-1-pentylamine, 3-dodecylamino-1-pentylamine, 3-cyclohexylamino-1-pentylamine, dipropylenetriamine (DPTA), N3-(3-aminopentyl)-1,3-pentanediamine, N5-(3-aminopropyl)-2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine, N5-(3-amino-1-ethylpropyl)-2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine, and fatty diamines, such as N-cocoalkyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-oleyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-soyaalkyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-tallowalkyl-1,3-propanediamine or N—(C 16-22 -alkyl)-1,3-propanediamine, as are obtainable, for example, under the trade name Duomeen® from Akzo Nobel; the products from the Michael-like addition of aliphatic primary di- or polyamines with acrylonitrile, maleic or fumaric acid diesters, citraconic acid diesters, acrylic and methacrylic acid esters and itaconic acid diesters, reacted in the molar ratio 1:1; trisubstituted ureas which carry one or more primary amino groups, such as N-(2-aminoethyl)ethyleneurea, N-(2-aminoethyl)propyleneurea or N-(2-aminoethyl)-N′-methylurea. [0037] Particularly suitable aliphatic hydroxy- and mercaptoamines are those in which the primary amino group are separated from the hydroxyl or the mercapto group by a chain of at least 5 atoms, or by a ring, such as, for example, in 5-amino-1-pentanol, 6-amino-1-hexanol, 7-amino-1-heptanol, 8-amino-1-octanol, 10-amino-1-decanol, 12-amino-1-dodecanol, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxyethylbenzene, 3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, triethylene glycol monoamine, α-(2-hydroxymethylethyl)-ω-(2-aminomethylethoxy)poly(oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)), 3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)propylamine, 3-(2-(2-hydrooxyethoxy)ethoxy)propylamine, 3-(6-hydroxyhexyloxy)propylamine, 6-amino-1-hexanethiol, 8-amino-1-octanethiol, 10-amino-1-decanethiol and 12-amino-1-docanethiol. [0038] Preferred amines B are di- or polyfunctional aliphatic amines which, in addition to one or more primary amino groups, carry a secondary amino group, in particular N-methyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-ethyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-cyclohexyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-ethyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-butyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-cyclohexyl-1,3-propanediamine, 4-aminomethylpiperidine, 3-(4-aminobutyl)piperidine, DETA, DPTA, BHMT and fatty diamines, such as N-cocoalkyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-oleyl-1,3-propanediamine, N-soyaalkyl-1,3-propanediamine and N-tallowalkyl-1,3-propanediamine. Aliphatic hydroxy- and mercaptoamines in which the primary amino group are separated from the hydroxyl or the mercapto group by a chain of at least 5 atoms, or by a ring, are also preferred, in particular 5-amino-1-pentanol, 6-amino-1-hexanol and higher homologues thereof, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxyethylbenzene, 3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, triethylene glycol monoamine and higher oligomers and polymers thereof, 3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)propylamine, 3-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)propylamine and 3-(6-hydroxyhexyloxy)propylamine. [0039] The reaction between an aldehyde A and an amine B leads to hydroxyaldimines if a hydroxyamine is used as amine B; to mercaptoaldimines if a mercaptoamine is used as amine B; to aminoaldimines if a di- or polyfunctional amine which, in addition to one or more primary amino groups, carries a secondary amino group is used as amine B; or to ureaaldimines if a trisubstituted urea which carries one or more primary amino groups is used as amine B. [0040] Hydroxyamines and amines having one or two primary amino groups and a secondary amino group are preferred as amine B. [0041] In one embodiment, the aldimines of the formula (XI) have a substituent N—R 8 as substituent X. Such aldimines of the formula (XI) can be prepared by reacting at least one sterically hindered aliphatic aldehyde A of the formula (IV) with a difunctional aliphatic primary amine C of the formula H 2 N—R 4 —NH 2 in a first step to give an intermediate of the formula (VII) which, in addition to an aldimino group, also contains a primary amino group, and then reacting this intermediate in a second step in an addition reaction with a Michael acceptor of the formula (VIII) in a ratio of the number of double bonds:number of NH 2 groups=1:1. An aminoaldimine which, in addition to an aldimino group, also contains a secondary amino group forms. [0000] [0042] In the formula (VII), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 have the same meaning as described for formula (I). [0000] [0043] Thus, aldimines of the formula (XI) in which X is the radical N—R 8 and R 8 is a monvalent hydrocarbon radical of the formula (IX) or (IX′) form. Here, in the formulae (VIII), (IX) and (IX′), R 9 is a radical which is selected from the group consisting of —COOR 13 , —CN, —NO 2 , —PO(OR 13 ) 2 , —SO 2 R 13 and —SO 2 OR 13 and R 10 is a hydrogen atom or a radical from the group consisting of —R 13 , —COOR 13 and —CH 2 COOR 13 and R 11 and R 12 , independently of one another, are a hydrogen atom or a radical from the group consisting of —R 13 , —COOR 13 and —CN, R 13 being in each case a monovalent hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms. [0044] The amine C is an aliphatic amine having two primary amino groups. [0045] Examples of suitable amines C are aliphatic diamines, such as ethylenediamine, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediamine, 2-methyl-1,2-propanediamine, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, 1,3- and 1,4-butanediamine, 1,3- and 1,5-pentanediamine, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,5-pentanediamine, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylenediamine and mixtures thereof (TMD), 1,7-heptanediamine, 1,8-octanediamine, 2,4-dimethyl-1,8-octanediamine, 4-aminomethyl-1,8-octanediamine, 1,9-nonanediamine, 2-methyl-1,9-nonanediamine, 5-methyl-1,9-nonanediamine, 1,10-decanediamine, iso-decanediamine, 1,11-undecanediamine, 1,12-dodecanediamine, methylbis(3-aminopropyl)amine, 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane (MPMD), 1,3-diaminopentane (DAMP), 2,5-dimethyl-1,6-hexamethylenediamine; cycloaliphatic diamines, such as 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane (H 12 MDA), bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane, bis(4-amino-3-ethylcyclohexyl)methane, bis(4-amino-3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl)methane, bis(4-amino-3-ethyl-5-methylcyclohexyl)methane (M-MECA), 1-amino-3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane (=isophoronediamine or IPDA), 2- and 4-methyl-1,3-diaminocyclohexane and mixtures thereof, 1,3- and 1,4-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 1-cyclohexylamino-3-aminopropane, 2,5(2,6)-bis(aminomethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (NBDA, produced by Mitsui Chemicals), 3(4),8(9)-bis(aminomethyl)tricyclo-[5.2.1.0 2,6 ]decane, 1,4-diamino-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexane (TMCDA), 3,9-bis(3-aminopropyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane; arylaliphatic diamines, such as 1,3-xylylenediamine (MXDA), 1,4-xylylenediamine (PXDA), aliphatic diamines containing ether groups, such as bis(2-aminoethyl)ether, 4,7-dioxadecane-1,10-diamine, 4,9-dioxadodecane-1,12-diamine and higher oligomers thereof; polyoxyalkylenediamines, obtainable, for example, under the name Jeffamine® (produced by Huntsman Chemicals). Preferred diamines are those in which the primary amino groups are separated by a chain of at least 5 atoms, or by a ring, in particular 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylenediamine and mixtures thereof, 1,10-decanediamine, 1,12-dodecanediamine, 1,3- and 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane, 1-amino-3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,3- and 1,4-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 2,5(2,6)-bis(aminomethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 3(4),8(9)-bis(aminomethyl)tricyclo[5.2.1.0 2,6 ]decane, 1,4-diamino-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexane (TMCDA), 3,9-bis(3-aminopropyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]-undecane, 1,3- and 1,4-xylylenediamine, and polyoxyalkylenediamines, obtainable, for example, under the name Jeffamine® (produced by Huntsman Chemicals). [0046] Examples of suitable Michael acceptors of the formula (VIII) are maleic or fumaric acid diesters, such as dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, dibutyl maleate, diethyl fumarate; citraconic acid diesters, such as dimethyl citraconate; acrylic or methacrylic acid esters, such as methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, butyl(meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, stearyl(meth)acrylate, tetrahydrofuryl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl(meth)acrylate; itaconic acid diesters, such as dimethyl itaconate; cinnamic acid esters, such as methyl cinnamate; vinylphosphonic acid diesters, such as dimethyl vinylphosphonate; vinylsulfonic acid esters, in particular aryl vinylsulfonates; vinyl sulfones; vinyl nitriles, such as acrylonitrile, 2-pentenenitrile or fumaronitrile; 1-nitroethylenes, such as β-nitrostyrene; and Knoevenagel condensates, such as, for example those obtained from malonic acid diesters and aldehydes, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde or benzaldehyde. Maleic acid diesters, acrylic acid esters, phosphonic acid diesters and vinylnitriles are preferred. [0047] The reaction of the aldehyde A with the amine C to give the intermediate of formula (VII) is effected in a condensation reaction with elimination of water, as described further above for the reaction of the aldehyde A with the amine B. The stoichiometry between the aldehyde A and the amine C is chosen so that 1 mol of aldehyde A is used for 1 mol of amine C. A solvent-free preparation process is preferred, the water formed in the condensation being removed from the reaction mixture by application of a vacuum. [0048] The reaction of the intermediate of the formula (VII) with the Michael acceptor of the formula (VIII) is effected, for example, by mixing the intermediate with a stoichiometric or slightly superstoichiometric amount of the Michael acceptor of the formula (VIII) and heating the mixture at temperatures of from 20 to 110° C. until complete conversion of the intermediate into the aldimine of the formula (XI). The reaction is preferably effected without use of solvents. [0049] The aldimines of the formula (XI) can, if appropriate, be in equilibrium with cyclic forms, as shown by way of example in formula (X). These cyclic forms are cyclic animals, for example imidazolidines or tetrahydropyrimidines, in the case of aminoaldimines; cyclic aminoacetals, for example oxazolidines or tetrahydrooxazines, in the case of hydroxyaldimines; cyclic thioaminals, for example thiazolidines or tetrahydrothiazines, in the case of mercaptoaldimines. [0000] [0050] In the formula (X), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and X have the same meaning as described for formula (I). [0051] Surprisingly, most aldimines of the formula (XI) do not tend to undergo cyclization. Particularly for aminoaldimines it is possible to show by means of IR and NMR spectroscopic methods that these compounds are present predominantly in the open-chain form, i.e. the aldimine form, whereas the cyclic form, i.e. the animal form, does not occur or occurs only in traces. This is in contrast to the behavior of the aminoaldimines according to the prior art, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,404,379 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,942: those are in fact present mainly in the cycloaminal form. Hydroxy- and mercaptoamines in which the primary amino group are separated from the hydroxyl or the mercapto group by a chain of at least 5 atoms, or by a ring, also show scarcely any cyclization. The substantial absence of cyclic structures in the aldimines of the formula (XI) is to be regarded as advantageous, in particular with respect to the use thereof in isocyanate-containing compositions, since the aldimines are thereby substantially free of the basic nitrogen atoms which occur in animals, oxazolidines and thioaminals and which could reduce the shelf-life of the isocyanate-containing composition. [0052] The aldimines of the formula (XI) are odorless. They have a long shelf-life under suitable conditions, in particular in the absence of moisture. On admission of moisture, the aldimine groups of the aldimines can hydrolyze via intermediates formally to amino groups, the corresponding aldehyde A used for the preparation of the aldimine being liberated. Since this hydrolysis reaction is reversible and the chemical equilibrium is substantially on the aldimine side, it is to be assumed that only some of the aldimine groups undergo partial or complete hydrolysis in the absence of groups reactive toward amines. [0053] A polyurethane polymer D of the formula (XII) which is solid at room temperature and has isocyanate groups is suitable as polyurethane polymer D for the preparation of a polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which is solid at room temperature and has aldimine groups. [0000] [0054] In the formula (XII), p, q and R 5 have the same meaning as described for formula (I). [0055] Polyetherdiols, polyesterdiols and polycarbonatediols, and mixtures of these diols, are particularly suitable as diols for the preparation of a polyurethane polymer D. [0056] Particularly suitable polyetherdiols, also referred to as polyoxyalkylenediols, are those which are polymerization products of ethylene oxide, 1,2-propylene oxide, 1,2- or 2,3-butylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran or mixtures thereof, possibly polymerized with the aid of an initiator having two active hydrogen atoms per molecule, such as, for example, water, ammonia or compounds having two OH or NH groups, such as, for example, 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, the isomeric dipropylene glycols and tripropylene glycols, the isomeric butanediols, pentanediols, hexanediols, heptanediols, octanediols, nonanediols, decanediols, undecanediols, 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol A, aniline and mixtures of the abovementioned compounds. Both polyoxyalkylenediols which have a low degree of unsaturation (measured according to ASTM D-2849-69 and stated in milliequivalents of unsaturation per gram of diol (mEq/g)), prepared, for example, with the aid of so-called double metal cyanide complex catalysts (DMC catalysts), and polyoxyalkylenediols having a higher degree of unsaturation, prepared, for example, with the aid of anionic catalysts, such as NaOH, KOH or alkali metal alcoholates, can be used. [0057] Particularly suitable are polyetherdiols or polyoxyalkylenediols, in particular polyoxyethylenediols. [0058] Polyoxyalkylenediols having a degree of unsaturation of less than 0.02 mEq/g and having a molecular weight in the range from 1000 to 30 000 g/mol, and polyoxypropylenediols having a molecular weight of from 400 to 8000 g/mol are especially suitable. [0059] So-called “EO-endcapped” (ethylene oxide-endcapped) polyoxypropylenediols are also particularly suitable. The latter are special polyoxypropylenepolyoxy-ethylenediols which are obtained, for example, if pure polyoxypropylenediols are alkoxylated with ethylene oxide after the end of the polypropoxylation and thereby have primary hydroxyl groups. In the present document, “molecular weight” is always understood as meaning the weight average molecular weight M n . [0060] The most suitable polyetherdiols are those having a degree of unsaturation of less than 0.02 mEq/g and having a molecular weight in the range from 7000 to 30 000, in particular from 10 000 to 25 000 g/mol. For example, such polyethers are sold under the trade name Acclaim®® by Bayer. [0061] Particularly suitable polyesterdiols are those which are prepared from dihydric alcohols, such as, for example, 1,2-ethanediol, diethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentylglycol, or mixtures of the abovementioned alcohols, with organic dicarboxylic acids or the anhydrides or esters thereof, such as, for example, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedicarboxylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and hexahydrophthalic acid or mixtures of the abovementioned acids, and polyesterdiols obtained from lactones, such as, for example, from ε-caprolactone. [0062] Particularly suitable polyesterdiols are polyesterdiols obtained from adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid or dodecanedicarboxylic acid as dicarboxylic acid and from hexanediol or neopentyl glycol as a dihydric alcohol. The polyesterdiols preferably have a molecular weight of from 1000 to 15 000 g/mol, in particular from 1500 to 8000 g/mol, preferably from 1700 to 5500 g/mol. [0063] Semicrystalline, crystalline and amorphous polyesterdiols which are liquid at room temperature and are in the form of adipic acid/hexanediol polyesters, azelaic acid/hexanediol polyesters and dodecanedicarboxylic acid/hexanediol polyesters are particularly suitable. Suitable polyesterdiols which are liquid at room temperature are solid not far below room temperature, for example at temperatures of from 0° C. to 25° C. [0064] Suitable polycarbonatediols are those which are obtainable by reacting, for example, the above-mentioned dihydric alcohols—used for the synthesis of the polyesterdiols—with dialkyl carbonates, diaryl carbonates or phosgene. [0065] Preferred diols are polyesterdiols and polycarbonatediols. [0066] Particularly preferred diols are polyesterdiols, in particular a mixture of an amorphous and a crystalline or semicrystalline polyesterdiol, or a mixture of a polyesterdiol which is liquid at room temperature and a crystalline or semicrystalline polyesterdiol, or a mixture of a semicrystalline and a crystalline polyesterdiol. If a polyesterdiol which is liquid at room temperature is used, this is solid not far below room temperature, in particular at a temperature of from 0° C. to 25° C. [0067] Commercially available aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic diisocyanates can be used as diisocyanates for the preparation of a polyurethane polymer D containing isocyanate groups, for example the following: [0068] 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), 2-methylpentamethylene 1,5-diisocyanate, 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI), 1,12-dodecamethylene diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate and lysine ester diisocyanate, cyclohexane-1,3- and 1,4-diisocyanate and any desired mixtures of these isomers, 1-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (=isophorone diisocyanate or IPDI), perhydro-2,4,- and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (HMDI or H 12 MDI), 1,4-diisocyanato-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexane (TMCDI), 1,3- and 1,4-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, m- and p-xylylene diisocyanate (m- and p-XDI), m- and p-tetramethyl-1,3- and 1,4-xylylene diisocyanate (m- and p-TMXDI), bis(1-isocyanato-1-methylethyl)naphthalene, 2,4- and 2,6-toluoylene diisocyanate and any desired mixtures of these isomers (TDI), 4,4′-, 2,4′- and 2,2′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and any desired mixtures of these isomers (MDI), 1,3- and 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-diisocyanatobenzene, naphthalene 1,5-diisocyanate (NDI), 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diisocyanatobiphenyl (TOBI), oligomers and polymers of the abovementioned isocyanates, and any desired mixtures of the abovementioned isocyanates. MDI, TDI, HDI, H 12 MDI and IPDI are preferred. [0069] The preparation of the polyurethane polymer D is effected in a known manner directly from the diisocyanates and the diols, or by stepwise addition processes, which are also known as chain extension reactions. [0070] What is important is that the polyurethane polymer D has isocyanate groups and is solid at room temperature. In a preferred embodiment, the polyurethane polymer D is prepared via a reaction of at least one diisocyanate and at least one diol, the isocyanate groups being present in stoichiometric excess relative to the hydroxyl groups. Advantageously, the ratio between isocyanate and hydroxyl groups, referred to as “NCO/OH ratio” for short, is from 1.3 to 2.5, in particular from 1.5 to 2.2. [0071] The polyurethane polymer D has a molecular weight of, preferably, more than 1000 g/mol, in particular one of from 1200 to 50 000 g/mol, preferably one of from 2000 to 30 000 g/mol. Furthermore, the polyurethane polymer D has (p+q) isocyanate groups, (p+q) being 2. [0072] It is clear to the person skilled in the art that the diols used for the preparation of the polyurethane polymer D are generally of industrial quality and are therefore mixtures of oligomers of different chain length, monomer composition and OH functionality. Thus, owing to the preparation process, industrial diols, in particular polyetherdiols, contain not only a predominant proportion of diols but also monools, so that their average OH functionality is not exactly 2, but, for example, somewhat less than 2. On the other hand, industrial diols may also contain small proportions of triols in addition to diols and monools, for example owing to the concomitant use of trifunctional initiators, monomers or crosslinking agents, so that their average OH functionality may also be somewhat higher than 2. [0073] The reaction between the aldimine of the formula (XI) and the polyurethane polymer D to give the polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which has aldimino groups is effected under known conditions, as are typically used for reactions between the reactive groups involved in the respective reaction, for example at a temperature of from 20° C. to 100° C. It is preferably effected at a temperature at which the polyurethane polymer D is present in liquid form. The reaction is effected with the use of a solvent or preferably in the absence of a solvent. If appropriate, auxiliaries, such as, for example, catalysts, initiators or stabilizers, can be concomitantly used. The reaction is preferably carried out without a catalyst for aminoaldimines, whereas use of a catalyst as used for the urethanization reaction between isocyanates and alcohols, for example an organotin compound, a bismuth complex, a tertiary amine compound or a combination of such catalysts, may be expedient for hydroxy-, mercapto- and ureaaldimines. [0074] If the addition reaction between the aldimine of the formula (XI) and the polyurethane polymer D to give the polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) is carried out stoichiometrically, i.e. with one mole equivalent of active hydrogen of the aldimine (XI) per mole equivalent of isocyanate groups of the polyurethane polymer D—with the result that the reactive groups thereof are completely reacted—a dialdimine is obtained as the adduct of the formula (I). [0075] Preferably, however, the addition reaction between the aldimine of the formula (XI) and the polyurethane polymer D is carried out substoichiometrically, i.e. with less than one mole equivalent of active hydrogen of the aldimine (XI) per mole equivalent of isocyanate groups of the polyurethane polymer D. Thus, the isocyanate groups are only partially reacted, which leads to at least one polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which has aldimino groups and which likewise has isocyanate groups, i.e. with q=1. [0076] Preferred polyurethane polymers of the formula (I) which have aldimino groups are those of the formulae (I a), (I b) and (I c) [0000] [0000] in which R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 have the above-mentioned meanings, and R 8 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms which optionally has at least one carboxylic acid ester, nitrile, nitro, phosphonic acid ester, sulfone or sulfonic acid ester group. [0077] The polyurethane polymers of the formula (I) which have aldimino groups are odorless, like the aldimines of the formula (XI). They have a long shelf-life under suitable conditions, in particular in the absence of moisture. [0078] On admission of moisture, the aldimino groups can hydrolyze via intermediates formally to give amino groups, the corresponding aldehyde A used for the preparation of the aldimine of the formula (XI) being liberated. In the absence of isocyanate groups, i.e. in the case of polyurethane polymers of the formula (I) where q=0, it is to be assumed that only a part of the aldimino groups undergo partial or complete hydrolysis, since the hydrolysis reaction is reversible and the chemical equilibrium is substantially on the aldimine side. In the case of polyurethane polymers of the formula (I) where q=1, on the other hand, the liberated amino groups react with the isocyanate groups, which leads to crosslinking of the polyurethane polymer. The reaction of the isocyanate groups with the hydrolyzing aldimino groups need not necessarily be effected via amino groups. Of course, reactions with intermediates of the hydrolysis reaction are also possible. For example, it is conceivable for a hydrolyzing aldimino group in the form of a hemiaminal to react directly with an isocyanate group. [0079] Throughout the document, the terms “crosslinking” or “crosslinking reaction” designate the process of the formation of high molecular weight polyurethane plastics, initiated by the chemical reaction of isocyanate groups, even when predominantly chains form thereby. [0080] The compositions described may optionally contain a polyurethane polymer P having isocyanate groups. [0081] This is preferably a polyurethane polymer D as has already been described for the preparation of a polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which has aldimino groups, i.e. a polyurethane polymer which is solid at room temperature and has isocyanate groups. [0082] The aldimino groups present in the composition are typically present in a slightly superstoichiometric, stoichiometric or substoichiometeric ratio relative to the isocyanate groups present in the composition. [0083] Advantageously, the ratio between aldimino groups and isocyanate groups is from 0.3 to 1.1, in particular from 0.5 to 1.05. If the polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which has aldimino groups has no isocyanate groups, i.e. q in formula (I) is zero, or if the polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which has aldimino groups has two or more aldimino groups, i.e. is, for example, a compound of the formula (I c), the composition inevitably contains a polyurethane polymer P having isocyanate groups. In this way, a suitable ratio of aldimino groups to isocyanate groups, as described above, is achieved. [0084] If the polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which has aldimino groups has only one aldimino group and one isocyanate group, i.e. is, for example, a compound of the formula (I a) or (I b), the presence of a polyurethane polymer P is optional since in this case a composition without polyurethane polymer P also has a suitable ratio of aldimino groups to isocyanate groups. [0085] The composition described has a surprisingly low content of monomeric diisocyanates. This is particularly advantageous for the use as hotmelt adhesive since monomeric diisocyanates are expelled in gaseous form during the application and, as irritant, sensitizing or toxic substances, may be a health hazard for the processor. The content of monomeric diisocyanates is very low particularly when the composition contains, as a polyurethane polymer, mainly a polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which was prepared by the substoichiometric reaction of a polyurethane polymer D with an aldimine of the formula (XI), in particular with less than a half mole equivalent of active hydrogen of the aldimine (XI) per mole equivalent of isocyanate groups of the polyurethane polymer D. [0086] In a preferred preparation process for the composition described, all components of the composition which contain monomeric diisocyanates are present in the reaction mixture in the reaction of the aldimines of the formula (XI) with the polyurethane polymer D having isocyanate groups. Compositions prepared in this manner have the lowest content of monomeric diisocyanates. [0087] Preferably, the composition described has a content of monomeric diisocyanates of ≦0.3% by weight, particularly preferably of ≦0.2% by weight and in particular of ≦0.1% by weight. [0088] The composition described optionally contains further constituents as are usually used according to the prior art, in particular: unreactive thermoplastic polymers, such as, for example, homo- or copolymers of unsaturated monomers, in particular from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, isoprene, vinyl acetate or higher esters thereof, and (meth)acrylate, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), atactic poly-α-olefins (APAO), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) being particularly suitable; catalysts for the reaction of the aldimino groups and/or of the isocyanate groups, in particular acids or compounds hydrolyzable to acids, for example organic carboxylic acids, such as benzoic acid, salicylic acid or 2-nitrobenzoic acid, organic carboxylic anhydrides, such as phthalic anhydride or hexahydrophthalic anhydride, silyl esters of organic carboxylic acids, organic sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid or 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, or further organic or inorganic acids; metal compounds, for example tin compounds, such as dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin distearate, dibutyltin diacetylacetonate, dioctyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin dichloride and dibutyltin oxide, tin(II) carboxylates, stannoxanes, such as lauryl stannoxane, bismuth compounds, such as bismuth(III) octanoate, bismuth(III) neodecanoate or bismuth(III) oxinates; tertiary amines, for example 2, 2′-dimorpholinodiethyl ether and other morpholine ether derivatives, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; combinations of said catalysts, in particular mixtures of acids and metal compounds, or of metal compounds and tertiary amines; reactive diluents or crosslinking agents, for example oligomers or polymers of diisocyanates, such as MDI, PMDI, TDI, HDI, 1,12-dodecamethylene diisocyanate, cyclohexane 1,3- or 1,4-diisocyanate, IPDI, perhydro-2,4′- and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (H 12 MDI), 1,3- and 1,4-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate, in particular isocyanurates, carbodiimides, uretonimines, biurets, allophanates and iminooxadiazinediones of said diisocyanates, adducts of diisocyanates with shortchain polyols, adipic acid dihydrazide and other dihydrazides, and blocked curing agents in the form of polyaldimines, polyketimines, oxazolidines or polyoxazolidines; fillers, plasticizers, adhesion promoters, in particular compounds containing silane groups, UV absorbents, UV or heat stabilizers, antioxidants, flameproofing agents, optical brighteners, pigments, dyes and drying agents, and further substances usually used in isocyanate-containing compositions. [0093] In a preferred embodiment, the composition described is free of carbon black. [0094] In a further preferred embodiment, the composition described is completely free of fillers. Such a composition is particularly suitable for the adhesive bonding of substrates in which at least one of the substrates to be adhesively bonded is transparent or translucent. [0095] The sum of the polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which is solid at room temperature and has aldimino groups and of the polyurethane polymer P having isocyanate groups is suitably from 40 to 100% by weight, in particular from 75 to 100% by weight, preferably from 80 to 100% by weight, based on the total composition. [0096] The composition described is prepared and stored in the absence of moisture. In a suitable, climatically tight packaging or arrangement, such as, for example, in a drum, bag or cartridge, it has an outstanding shelf-life. In the present document, the terms “having a long shelf-life” and “shelf-life” in association with a composition designates that the viscosity of the composition at the application temperature on suitable storage in the time span considered does not increase or at most increases to such an extent that the composition remains usable in the intended manner. [0097] For the mode of action of a reactive hotmelt adhesive, it is important that the adhesive is capable of being melted, i.e. that it has a sufficiently low viscosity at the application temperature in order to be capable of being applied, and that, on cooling, it builds up a sufficient adhesive strength as rapidly as possible even before the crosslinking reaction with atmospheric humidity is complete (initial strength). It has been found that the compositions described have a viscosity which can be readily handled at the application temperatures in the range from 85° C. to 200° C., typically from 120° C. to 160° C., which are customary for hotmelt adhesives, and that, on cooling, they build up a good adhesive strength sufficiently rapidly. [0098] On application, the composition described comes into contact with moisture, in particular in the form of atmospheric humidity. Simultaneously with the physical hardening due to solidification during cooling, the chemical crosslinking with moisture also begins, mainly by virtue of the fact that the aldimino groups present are hydrolyzed by moisture and react in the manner described above rapidly with isocyanate groups present. [0099] Excess isocyanate groups likewise crosslink with moisture in a known manner. [0100] The moisture required for the chemical crosslinking may either originate from the air (atmospheric humidity) or the composition can be brought into contact with a water-containing component, for example by coating or by spraying, or a water-containing component, for example in the form of a water-containing paste, which is mixed in, for example via a static mixer, can be added to the composition during the application. [0101] The compositions described show a greatly reduced tendency to the formation of bubbles during the crosslinking with moisture, since—depending on stoichiometry, little or no carbon dioxide is formed during the crosslinking by the presence of aldimino groups. [0102] In a preferred embodiment, the composition described is used as a reactive polyurethane hotmelt adhesive, referred to as PU-RHM for short. [0103] In the application as PU-RHM, the composition is used for the adhesive bonding of a substrate S1 and a substrate S2. [0104] Such adhesive bonding comprises the steps [0000] i) heating of a composition as described above to a temperature of from 85° C. to 200° C., in particular from 120° C. to 160° C.; ii) application of the heated composition to a substrate S1; iii) bringing of the applied composition into contact with a second substrate S2 within the open time; the second substrate S2 consisting of a material which is the same as or different from that of the substrate S1. [0105] The step iii) is typically followed by a step iv) of the chemical crosslinking of the composition with moisture. It is clear to the person skilled in the art that the crosslinking reaction can begin as early as during the adhesive bonding, depending on factors such as the composition used, the substrates, the temperature, the ambient humidity and the adhesion geometry. However, the main part of the crosslinking generally takes place after the adhesive bonding. [0106] The substrates S1 and/or S2 can, if required, be pretreated before the application of the composition. Such pretreatments comprise in particular physical and/or chemical cleaning and activation methods, for example grinding, sandblasting, brushing, corona treatment, plasma treatment, flame treatment, etching or the like, or treatment with cleaners or solvents or the application of an adhesion promoter, an adhesion promoter solution or a primer. [0107] The substrates S1 and S2 may comprise a multiplicity of materials. Plastics, organic materials, such as leather, fabrics, paper, wood, resin-bound wood-base materials, resin-textile composite materials, glass, porcelain, ceramic and metals and metal alloys, in particular coated or powder-coated metals and metal alloys, are particularly suitable. [0108] Suitable plastics are in particular polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS), SMC (sheet molding composites), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA), polyester, polyoxymethylene (POM), polyolefins (PO), in particular polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene/propylene copolymers (EPM) and ethylene/propylene-diene terpolymers (EPDM), preferably PP or PE surface-treated by plasma, corona or flames. [0109] Transparent materials, in particular transparent plastic films, are considered to be preferred materials for the substrates S1 and S2. Another preferred transparent material is glass, in particular in the form of a sheet. [0110] The thickness of the adhesive layer (adhesive bond thickness) is typically 10 microns or more. In particular, the adhesive bond thickness is from 10 microns to 20 millimeters, especially from 80 microns to 500 microns. In the case of thick layers, however the crosslinking is usually very slow, owing to the slow water diffusion. [0111] The composition described is used in particular in an industrial manufacturing process. [0112] The composition described is particularly suitable as a PU-RHM for adhesive bonds in which the adhesive bonding point is visible. Thus, it is firstly suitable in particular for the adhesive bonding of glass, in particular in vehicle and window construction. [0113] Secondly, it is suitable in particular for the adhesive bonding of transparent packagings. [0114] Articles result from the adhesive bonding process. Such articles are firstly in particular articles from the transport, furniture or textile sector. The preferred transport sector is the automotive sector. [0115] Examples of articles of this type are water or land vehicles, such as automobiles, buses, trucks, trains or ships; automotive interior finishing parts, such as roofs, sun visors, instrument panels, door side parts, rear shelves and the like; wood fiber materials from the shower and bath sector; decorative furniture sheets, membrane sheets with textiles, such as cotton, polyester sheets in the apparel sector or textiles with foams for automotive finishing. [0116] On the other hand, such articles are in particular articles from the packaging sector. In particular, such an article is a transparent packaging. [0117] The compositions described, comprising [0000] a) at least one polyurethane polymer of the formula (I) which is solid at room temperature and has aldimino groups and b) optionally at least one polyurethane polymer P having isocyanate groups, have a number of advantages over the prior art when used as reactive hotmelt adhesive compositions. [0118] Thus, they have a greatly reduced content of monomeric diisocyanates and thus lead to greatly reduced contamination of the processor with health-hazardous diisocyanate vapors during their use. With the compositions described, commercially available hotmelt adhesive compositions based on readily obtainable diisocyanates, such as 4,4′-MDI or IPDI, and having an extremely low content of monomeric diisocyanates are obtainable. The low content of monomeric diisocyanates is achieved by the reaction of polyurethane polymers D with aldimines of the formula (XI), the active hydrogen present in the aldimines evidently preferentially reacting with the monomeric diisocyanates present in the polyurethane polymer D. [0119] Furthermore, the compositions described have a high crosslinking rate when used as hotmelt adhesive, even if they contain only slowly reacting aliphatic isocyanate groups, such as, for example, those of IPDI or H 12 MDI. PU-RHM according to the prior art, based on purely aliphatic diisocyanates, generally have such a low crosslinking rate that they cannot be used for most applications. [0120] Furthermore, the compositions described show a greatly reduced tendency to the formation of bubbles, because no carbon dioxide is formed in the crosslinking reaction of isocyanate groups with hydrolyzing aldimino groups, in contrast to the crosslinking of isocyanate groups with moisture. [0121] In addition to these advantages, when used as hotmelt adhesive, the compositions described have properties that are similarly good compared with those of the systems according to the prior art, namely fast adhesive strength, good heat distortion resistance and a high final strength in combination with good extensibility, it being possible to adapt the final mechanical properties in a very broad range to the needs of an adhesion application. [0122] In a further aspect, the invention relates to a method for reducing the content of monomeric diisocyanates in polyurethane polymers having isocyanate groups or in compositions which contain polyurethane polymers having isocyanate groups, by reacting the polyurethane polymers having isocyanate groups with at least one aldimine of the formula (XI). EXAMPLES a) Description of the Test Methods [0123] The total content of aldimino groups and free amino groups in the compounds prepared (“amine content”) was determined titrimetrically (with 0.1N HClO 4 in glacial acetic acid, against crystal violet) and is always stated in mmol NH 2 /g (even if not only primary amino groups are referred to). [0124] The content of monomeric diisocyanates was determined by means of HPLC (detection via photodiode array) and is stated in % by weight, based on the total composition. [0125] The viscosity was measured at the respective stated temperature using a Brookfield viscometer with spindle number 27 and 10 revolutions per minute. [0126] The open time was determined as follows: the composition was applied to a silicone-coated paper at a temperature of 150° C. and a thickness of 500 μm. This test specimen was then placed on a substrate at room temperature. As soon as a paper strip pressed lightly onto the adhesive could be detached from the adhesive, the open time had elapsed. Thereafter, the adhesive cured in each case and became solid. [0127] The tensile strength and the elongation at break were determined on the basis of DIN 53504 on test specimens having a layer thickness of 500 μm and the dimensions 120 mm×20 mm. The films for the production of the test specimen were applied at an adhesive temperature of 140° C. and then stored for 2 weeks at 23° C. and 50% relative humidity. b) Preparation of Aldimines of the Formula (XI) Aldimine 1 [0128] 30.13 g (0.106 mol) of 2,2-dimethyl-3-lauroyloxy-propanal were initially introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere in a round-bottomed flask. 15.00 g (0.096 mol) of N-cyclohexyl-1,3-propanediamine were added from a dropping funnel in the course of 5 minutes with vigorous stirring, the temperature of the reaction mixture increasing to 36° C. The volatile constituents were then removed in vacuo (10 mbar, 80° C.). 43.2 g of a colorless, clear and odorless liquid which had a low viscosity at room temperature and an amine content of 4.39 mmol NH 2 /g were obtained. Aldimine 2 [0129] 28.06 g (0.099 mol) of 2,2-dimethyl-3-lauroyloxy-propanal were initially introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere in a round-bottomed flask. 10.00 g (0.095 mol) of 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol (Diglycolamine® Agent; Huntsman) were added from a dropping funnel in the course of 3 minutes with vigorous stirring, the temperature of the reaction mixture increasing to 40° C. The volatile constituents were then removed in vacuo (10 mbar, 80° C.). 36.3 g of a colorless, clear and odorless liquid which had a low viscosity at room temperature and an amine content of 2.58 mmol NH 2 /g were obtained. Aldimine 3 [0130] 69.31 g (0.244 mol) of 2,2-dimethyl-3-lauroyloxy-propanal were initially introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere in a round-bottomed flask. 14.72 g (0.112 mol) of dipropylenetriamine were added from a dropping funnel in the course of 5 minutes with vigorous stirring, the temperature of the reaction mixture increasing to 36° C. The volatile constituents were then removed in vacuo (10 mbar, 80° C.). 79.7 g of a colorless, clear and odorless liquid which had a low viscosity at room temperature and an amine content of 4.17 mmol NH 2 /g were obtained. c) Preparation of Polyurethane Polymers D [0131] Polyurethane polymer D1 [0132] 800 g of Dynacoll® 7250 (liquid polyesterdiol, OH number 21 mg KOH/g; Degussa), 200 g of Dynacoll® 7360 (crystalline polyesterdiol, OH number 30 mg KOH/g, melting point 55° C.; Degussa) and 102 g of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (4,4′-MDI; Desmodur® 44 MC L, Bayer) were reacted by a known process at 100° C. to give an NCO-terminated polyurethane polymer. The reaction product had a titrimetrically determined content of 1.5% by weight of free isocyanate groups and was solid at room temperature. [0000] Polyurethane polymer D2 [0133] The same diol mixture as in polyurethane polymer D1 was reacted with 102 g of 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (2,4′-MDI; Lupranat® MCI, BASF) by a known process at 100° C. to give an NCO-terminated polyurethane polymer. The reaction product had a titrimetrically determined content of 1.5% by weight of free isocyanate groups and was solid at room temperature. Polyurethane Polymer D3 [0134] The same diol mixture as in polyurethane polymer D1 was reacted with 107 g of 4,4′-methylenedicyclohexyl diisocyanate (H 12 MDI; Desmodur® W, Bayer) by a known process at 100° C. to give an NCO-terminated polyurethane polymer. The reaction product had a titrimetrically determined content of 1.5% by weight of free isocyanate groups and was solid at room temperature. Polyurethane Polymer D4 [0135] The same diol mixture as in polyurethane polymer D1 was reacted with 90.4 g of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI: Vestanat® IPDI, Degussa) by a known process at 100° C. to give an NCO-terminated polyurethane polymer. The reaction product had a titrimetrically determined content of 1.5% by weight of free isocyanate groups and was solid at room temperature. d) Preparation of Hotmelt Adhesive Compositions Example 1 [0136] 95.0 parts by weight of polyurethane polymer D1 and 7.7 parts by weight of aldimine 1 were homogeneously mixed at a temperature of 130° C. and left for 1 hour at 130° C. The resulting polyurethane polymer having aldimino and isocyanate groups was stored at room temperature in the absence of moisture. Example 2 [0137] 95.0 parts by weight of polyurethane polymer D1 and 6.5 parts by weight of aldimine 2 were homogeneously mixed at a temperature of 130° C. and left for 1 hour at 130° C. The resulting polyurethane polymer having aldimino and isocyanate groups was stored at room temperature in the absence of moisture. Example 3 [0138] 95.0 parts by weight of polyurethane polymer D1 and 8.1 parts by weight of aldimine 3 were homogeneously mixed at a temperature of 130° C. and left for 1 hour at 130° C. The resulting polyurethane polymer having aldimino and isocyanate groups was stored at room temperature in the absence of moisture. Example 4 Comparison [0139] 100 parts by weight of polyurethane polymer D1. [0000] TABLE 1 Properties of Examples 1 to 4 Example 4 1 2 3 (comparison) Monomeric 4,4′-diphenyl- 0.24 0.05 0.38 2.42 methane diisocyanate [%] Viscosity at 90° C. [Pa · s] 43.1 117.3 120.0 23.6 Viscosity at 110° C. [Pa · s] 21.2 24.7 21.1 11.9 Viscosity at 130° C. [Pa · s] 12.4 16.3 14.7 7.0 Open time [min] 3.5 2.5 3.5 2 Tensile strength [MPa] 8.5 6.5 8.8 7.1 Elongation at break [%] 1200 1100 800 1100 Example 5 [0140] Example 5 was carried out like Example 1, the polyurethane polymer D2 being used instead of the polyurethane polymer D1. Example 6 [0141] Example 6 was carried out like Example 2, the polyurethane polymer D2 being used instead of the polyurethane polymer D1. Example 7 [0142] Example 7 was carried out like Example 3, the polyurethane polymer D2 being used instead of the polyurethane polymer D1. Example 8 Comparison [0143] 100 parts by weight of polyurethane polymer D2. [0000] TABLE 2 Properties of Examples 5 to 8 Example 8 5 6 7 (comparison) Monomeric 2,4′- 0.06 <0.01 0.04 0.94 diphenylmethane diiso- cyanate [%] Viscosity at 90° C. 19.0 21.4 19.6 11.5 [Pa · s] Viscosity at 110° C. 9.3 11.3 9.0 5.9 [Pa · s] Viscosity at 130° C. 5.6 7.0 5.7 3.5 [Pa · s] Open time [min] 2.5 3 3.5 1.5 Example 9 [0144] Example 9 was carried out like Example 1, the polyurethane polymer D3 being used instead of the polyurethane polymer D1. Example 10 [0145] Example 10 was carried out like Example 2, the polyurethane polymer D3 being used instead of the polyurethane polymer D1. Example 11 [0146] Example 11 was carried out like Example 3, the polyurethane polymer D3 being used instead of the polyurethane polymer D1. Example 12 Comparison [0147] 100 parts by weight of polyurethane polymer D3. [0000] TABLE 3 Properties of Examples 9 to 12 Example 12 9 10 11 (comparison) Monomeric H 12 MDI [%] 0.60 0.76 1.07 3.26 Viscosity at 90° C. [Pa · s] 15.0 15.7 18.6 13.5 Viscosity at 110° C. 7.2 7.8 9.1 7.2 [Pa · s] Viscosity at 130° C. 4.4 5.1 5.0 4.6 [Pa · s] Open time [min] 3.5 3.5 4 4 Example 13 [0148] Example 13 was carried out like Example 1, the polyurethane polymer D4 being used instead of the polyurethane polymer D1. Example 14 [0149] Example 14 was carried out like Example 2, the polyurethane polymer D4 being used instead of the polyurethane polymer D1. Example 15 [0150] Example 15 was carried out like Example 3, the polyurethane polymer D4 being used instead of the polyurethane polymer D1. Example 16 Comparison [0151] 100 parts by weight of polyurethane polymer D4. [0000] TABLE 4 Properties of Examples 13 to 16 16 Example 13 14 15 (comparison) Monomeric IPDI [%] 0.26 0.17 0.36 1.77 Viscosity at 90° C. [Pa · s] 15.4 18.7 18.8 11.5 Viscosity at 110° C. [Pa · s] 7.6 9.5 9.3 6.2 Viscosity at 130° C. [Pa · s] 4.4 5.3 5.0 3.9 Open time [min] 2.5 2 3 4.5 [0152] From the examples shown, it is clear that the compositions according to the invention have substantially lower contents of monomeric diisocyanates than the corresponding compositions according to the prior art without aldimino groups, their applicability as reactive hotmelt adhesives being ensured.

The invention relates to relates to moisture-hardened hot melt adhesive which contains at least one polyurethane polymer of formula (I) which comprises aldimine groups and which is solid at room temperature, in addition to at least one polyurethane polymer P which comprises isocyanate groups, if q in formula (I) represents zero, or if X in formula (I) represents N—R 8 with R 8 as a substituent of formula (III). The compositions are characterised in that contain visibly less isocyanate monomers and are therefor particularly advantageous from a work-hygiene point of view.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] This application claims priority to provisional U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/452,453, filed Mar. 6, 2003. [0002] The invention relates to a shock absorber used to assist the movement of a vehicle such as a automobile or motorcycle. More specifically, the invention relates to a method for externally controlling the internal components of a shock absorber as a function of an event or series of events and independent of forces acting upon the vehicle. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] As used in automobiles and similar wheel driven vehicles, shock absorbers and McPherson struts are typically associated with each wheel and make up a component of the vehicle's suspension system. High horsepower vehicles, such as racecars often use stiffer suspension systems than those of everyday passenger cars to provide a more efficient transfer of energy from the produced by the engine, transferred to a drive shaft which, via a differential, rotates the drive wheels of the vehicle. [0004] Shock absorbers and struts, “shocks,” typically consists of a housing enclosing a piston and a fluid such as oil, compressed air or both. As the piston in the housing moves up and down, the encased fluid moves through a valve. This movement of fluid, through the valve, slows the movement of the piston which in turns, dampens the forces placed on the shock. In passenger vehicle applications, shocks that provide significant dampening are used to provide a smooth ride during cruising operation. These types of shocks are typically non-adjustable. [0005] In racing applications, a shock with a single dampening quality is not preferred. For example, in drag racing, the race vehicle must accelerate from a standing start. At this moment, large torquing forces are applied to the drive wheels of the vehicle. Under these conditions, the wheel or wheels have a strong tendency to spin and the shock attached to the drive wheel will absorb and waste some of these torquing forces. The racer will attempt to select a shock with the optimum dampening properties (“dampening rate”) to increase the downward force as the tire hooks the pavement at the start of the race (referred to as “launch”) to reduce the absorption or waste of force. If too much or too little force is absorbed, the drive tire may spin resulting is a slow start. As such, the racer will select a shock with a dampening rate that assists the launch. However, the optimum dampening rate is often different for the same race vehicle at different tracks. Likewise, changing track conditions such as track temperature, humidity, or stickiness of the starting line, also affects the optimum dampening rate. [0006] To compensate for these differences, shock manufacturers have developed adjustable dampening rate shocks and struts. Single adjustable shocks allow the user to control the extension or “rebound”, of shock whereas double adjustable shocks allow for varying the extension and compress (or “bump”). These shocks typically contain an external manually controlled knob that controls the valving which changes the dampening rate of the piston in the housing. This shocks allow the race to adjust for the specific track and changing track conditions, especially on the starting line. Once the shock has been manually adjusted, it remains at this adjustment until the knob is manually readjusted. Thus, during race conditions the shock remains at the adjusted state during the entire run. [0007] As the vehicle moves down the track, the shock will extend and compress as the drive wheels spin, grab the pavement or “hook,” and transverse bumps. Typically, the race will select a stiff dampening rate for the best launch time at the start of the race. However, as the race vehicle moves over bumps in the track, the stiff shock may not absorb the force and cause the wheel to bounce. During race conditions, wheel bounce often leads to wheel spin and will slow the race vehicle. Therefore, it is desirable to have a shock with changing dampening rates during the course of a race. [0008] Advanced racecars such as Formula 1™ cars often use actively controlled shocks in which a computer monitors the movement of the shock and the amount of wheel spin. The computer will then adjust the dampening rate of the shock to provide optimum driving conditions. However, in many racing applications, such as drag racing sanctioned under the National Hot Rod Association (“NHRA”) and International Hot Rod Association (“IHRA”), and the engine and race vehicle operations may only be monitored by computers, but not actively controlled to adjust to dynamic race conditions. However, a certain events may be controlled based upon time, engine revolutions per minute (“RPM”) or event such as a gear shift of the transmission. [0009] In racing applications that do not allow active monitoring and computer control of the shocks, set-event controllable shocks can be used. These shocks utilize a computer and valving in the shock that is directly linked to the computer to changing the properties of the shock based upon a set event such as time, RPM, or gear shift. These shocks are typically used by well-funded, professional racing teams and are very expensive. The typically sportsman racers and less-funded professional racing teams can not afford these shock systems. In response, race chassis manufactures have developed a mechanical controller which attaches to the rotatable knob on a the shock. However, this mechanical controller has several disadvantages. First, the controller may only be attached to a Koni racing shock. Once attached to the Koni shock, the mechanical controller cannot be removed without removing the shock from the racecar. Thirdly, the available adjustment of the valving is very limiting. For example, the adjustable knob controlling the valving of these shocks typically have twelve settings, the prior art controller may only be used to adjust three setting positions once mounted on the shock. [0010] It is desirable to have a method and apparatus to control the dampening rate of the shock based upon the events during a race. For example, the drag race may desire to have the shock having a stiff dampening rate at the launch and soften as the race vehicle travels down track after a certain amount of time or based upon another event such as a gear shift or change in throttle position. It is desirable for this method and apparatus to be adaptable to race shocks made by many manufacturers such as Koni, Afco, Carrera, Penske and others. Likewise, more adjustability over current shock controllers is desirable and a shock controller that can be removed from the racecar without removing the shock from the racecar is desirable. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] A method for externally controlling the internal valving of an adjustable shock is provided using a variety of embodiments. The disclosed invention is may be utilized with any adjustable shock that provides an external adjustable control mechanism such as a rotatable know or slot. The shock dampening controller may be activated by a pneumatic cylinder controlled by changing fluid pressure such as carbon dioxide or compressed air. Alternatively, electrical control device may be used to actively control the external adjustable shock dampening controller which is activated by a change in electrical voltage. [0012] Various embodiments of the shock dampening controller are disclosed. Each embodiment provides a different location of the actuator controlling the valving adjustable knob of the shock. This allows the racer to adapt the shock dampening controller to shocks made by various manufacturers and to provide clearance for chassis components mounted in the vicinity of the shock. One embodiment of the shock dampening controller provides removability such that the unit may be removed from the shock without removable of the shock from the race vehicle. Lastly, all embodiments of the shock dampening controller may be removed from the shock and mounted on a different shock. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an adjustable shock with one embodiment of an pneumatically controlled external shock dampening controller with an actuator mounted diagonally across a cylinder of the adjustable shock; [0014] FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of a second embodiment of an adjustable shock and an external shock dampening controller mounted with an actuator mounted perpendicular to a cylinder of the adjustable shock; [0015] FIG. 3 is a partial perspective view of a third embodiment of an adjustable shock and an external shock dampening controller with an actuator mounted above a cylinder of the adjustable shock; [0016] FIG. 4 is a partial perspective view of a forth embodiment of an adjustable external shock dampening controller with an actuator mounted to a side and perpendicular to a cylinder of the adjustable shock. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0017] In drag racing applications, adjustable shocks preferable. However, it is advantageous to change the dampening rate of the shock at different times during the race. The preferable dampening rate and timing of the changes is often determined by track conditions. Therefore, an apparatus to actively adjust the dampening control mechanism over is provided in various embodiments. Likewise, various controllers are also provided to dictate when the dampening control mechanism. The apparatus, an external shock dampening controller, is removable and may be mounted on many styles of adjustable shocks may by various shock manufacturers. Furthermore, one embodiment of the external shock dampening controller may be mounted and removed while the adjustable shock is on the race vehicle. [0018] FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional adjustable shock 2 with the coil over spring removed (not shown). Shock 2 utilizes an adjustable knob 4 to control the internal valving of shock 2 which, in turn, changes the dampening rate of shock 2 . In one embodiment, a shock dampening controller 10 is mounted on the outer cylinder 12 of shock 2 via a collar 14 and is placed near adjustable knob 4 . A link attachment 16 receives adjustable knob 4 is secured utilizing a set-screw (not shown) or similar removable mechanical fastener. Link attachment 16 is secured such that as link attachment 16 moves, adjustable knob 4 rotates, thereby changing the dampening properties of shock. Link attachment 16 is also attached to an actuator 18 which actuates link attachment 16 to change the position of adjustable knob 4 . Actuator 18 shown in FIG. 1 is controlled using compressed gas and a control valve (not shown). Alternatively, actuator 18 may be an electrically controlled actuator. Both the compressed gas and electrically controlled actuator receive an activation signal from an event controller (not shown). The event controller may be based upon time, such as launch of the run or hundredths of a second after the launch, engine RPM, gear shift or other event occurring during a race. [0019] Link attachment 16 , of this first embodiment of shock dampening controller 10 , is positioned at approximately 90 degrees to outer cylinder 12 . This results in actuator 18 mounting at approximately 15 degrees of the axis of outer cylinder 12 . First embodiment of shock dampening controller 10 may be used in racecars with clearance for link attachment 16 and actuator 18 mounted in this configuration. [0020] FIG. 2 illustrates an alternative, more compact, second embodiment of shock dampening controller 10 . Attachment collar 14 secures shock dampening controller 10 shock to outer cylinder 12 . As used in this second embodiment, link attachment 16 sits directly above adjustable knob 4 . Link attachment 16 , may be removed from adjustable knob 4 after mounting. As shown in FIG. 2 , actuator 18 is a cylinder which is actuated by compressed gas to change the position of adjustable knob 4 . Alternatively, an electrical or other mechanical actuator may be used. In this second embodiment, collar 14 may be attached outer cylinder 12 of shock 2 without removing shock 2 from the vehicle or racecar. [0021] FIG. 3 illustrates a third embodiment of shock dampening controller 10 with actuator 18 mounted at approximately 10 degrees off the axis of outer cylinder 12 of shock 2 . To achieve this alignment, link attachment 16 is mounted parallel to the axis of outer cylinder 12 as shown in FIG. 3 . Link attachment 16 control is removably mounted on adjustable knob 4 using a set-screw (not shown) or other removable mechanical fastener. Actuator 18 is pneumatically controlled or may be an electrically controlled actuator. When actuator 18 is actuated, link attachment 16 moves and thereby rotates adjustable knob 4 to changing the dampening properties of shock 4 . This third embodiment of shock dampening controller 10 may be used in race vehicles where there is little clearance along the axis of shock 2 . [0022] FIG. 4 illustrates a forth embodiment of shock dampening controller 10 . [0023] This forth embodiment allows for side mounting of actuator 18 as shown in FIG. 4 . Link attachment 16 is mounted on adjustable knob 4 at approximately 40 degrees of the axis of outer cylinder 12 of shock 2 . However, in this forth embodiment, link attachment 18 may rotate approximately 360 degrees about the axis of outer cylinder 12 . As with all embodiments of shock dampening controller 10 , actuator 18 may be a pneumatic or electrical actuator. Embodiment four functions as embodiments one and three. This particular embodiment is ideal for race vehicles with clearance problems due to the positioning of fuel cells, tires or slicks, the chassis, wheelie bars, rear end house and other components. This embodiment also provides easy access to actuator 18 for the racer who may experiment with both electrical and pneumatic actuators. [0024] Actuator 18 is actuated upon a predetermined event. In one embodiment, the release of a transmission brake was used at the actuating event. When the transmission break was released, adjustable knob 4 was rotated to a predetermined position to change the dampening properties of shock 2 . Another event, such as the passing of time or gear shift may also be used to actuate the adjustable knob 4 to its original or a second predetermined position. These events are received by an electronic controller such as a nitro oxide time, shift timer, shock timer, gear shifter handle with a micro-switch activated by a gear change, micro-switch of transmission brake, RPM switch, micro-switch controlled by the driver, motion switch or other similar devices. The electronic controller sends an electrical signal to electrical actuator 18 to rotate adjustable knob 4 to change the dampening properties of shock 2 . Alternatively, the electrical signal is sent to an electrical or pneumatic valve (not shown) which activates pneumatic actuator 18 . [0025] All embodiments of shock dampening controller 10 , once attached to outer cylinder 16 of shock 2 , may be subsequently removed from outer cylinder 16 . Likewise, all embodiments provide for nine positional (rotational) changes, out of twelve, of adjustable knob 4 . One embodiment, allows for mounting and removing of shock dampening controller 10 when shock 2 is mounted in the racecar or vehicle. [0026] While the invention has been described with respect to specific examples including presently preferred modes of carrying out the invention, those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are numerous variations and permutations of the above described systems and techniques that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

An advanced system externally controlling the internal valve components of a shock absorber is provided. An actuator and controller is utilized to adjust the valving to a predetermined dampening rates as a function of a predetermined event or series of events and independent of the forces acting upon the associated wheel or attaching component.

TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates generally to methods and means for pumping oil and water from deep wells and more particularly to the use of hydraulically-driven pumps. Although fluid power has long been used to drive such pumps, severe difficulties still exist in the pumps now available such as sand cutting, sand fouling, excessive use of energy, excessive downtime and excessive maintenance. Although the use of sucker rods to operate a downhole reciprocating pump is the oldest and most widespread methods, the well known high first cost and endless maintenance problems inherent in sucker rod systems have almost become accepted by many operators as inevitable which, unfortunately, drives up the cost of oil and gas and many "crooked holes" cannot be pumped at all with the use of sucker rods. The practice of "gaslifting" liquids from wells by injecting pressurized gas into a column of liquid within a tubing is well known to be an inefficient system when compressors are required to compress the gas before injection, and it cannot be used at all in most deep wells of today. Downhole hydraulic pumps have been used since 1935, but are used in less than 1% of pumping wells today because of excessive cost and excessive maintenance. Typical recommendation is to change the pump every two months. Therefore, particularly with regard to such wells as offshore wells which are generally both deep and directionally drilled, when the pressure of their producing formation declines such that they will not longer flow on their own, a more reliable and efficient method and means for pumping is needed by the industry to gain many millions of barrels of oil and billions of cubic feet of gas, as the present invention provides. In many oilwells, paraffin that may be present in the formation oil may precipitate from the oil as it nears the surface and deposit on the walls of the conduit and thereby reduce the flow area to make remedial action necessary which may result in considerable expense and lost production. BACKGROUND ART U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,362,777 and 3,123,007 disclose early systems for hydraulically driving a reciprocating well pump but neither have bearing on the present invention. Many similar patents exist, some having fluid motors for attachment to conventional pumps or to operate a string of sucker rods which in turn operate a conventional downhole pump. Coberly U.S. Pat. No. 2,952,212, the type pump that virtually all downhole hydraulically driven pumps in use today comprise, operates by co-mingling spent power fluid with produced liquid from the well which requires separation and purification of all of the power fluid before recirculation to the downhole pump. A later Coberly U.S. Pat. No. 3,005,414, employs a power fluid string and a separate conduit to return exhaust power fluid to the surface and a production string to convey produced liquid to the wellhead as does the present invention. However, frequent clogging of small flow paths in that type of pump by solids entrained in the power fluid, require frequent placement of the pump. As with all hydraulic equipment, some leakage may occur at moving seals, at pipe fittings or the like such that makeup fluid is required to replace such leakage so as to allow for continuous operation of the system. The open system described by Coberly causes co-mingling of the exhaust power fluid with the produced well fluid which in many wells may be mostly water, thereby requiring a production separator to process the entire stream of produced fluid mixed with exhausted power fluid so as to make available power fluid for continued operation. A closed system does not mingle produced fluid with exhausted power fluid and therefore, it is not required to separate the two for each cycle of the fluid, however, makeup fluid is required by the system to offset aforementioned leakage. Makeup fluid for a closed hydraulic system is usually provided by the operator keeping track of oil level in the tank and periodically delivering oil to inject into the system. Unattended operations in the field can thereby be jeopardized by any delay of that service. It is therefore desirable to prevent the need for and cost of separating all power fluid for each cycle and to have makeup power fluid automatically supplied to the system without the need for extended supply lines from distant tanks and/or treatment facilities, or the manual replenishment of oil to the system. Presley U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,154 discloses a production separator, normally mounted a considerable distance from the wellhead and in some cases miles from the wellhead, that makes provision to pump fluid back to the well for driving a downhole pump in an open system as taught by Coberly U.S. Pat. No. 2,952,212. No prior art known to the inventor provides for a downhole filter so as to exclude particles, within the power conduit being used to convey pressurized fluid downwardly to the pump motor, from entering the pump motor; automatically provides at the wellhead, for the proper volume of makeup fluid to offset leakage from a closed system; prevents precipitation of paraffin from the well fluid by heating power fluid used to drive a downhole pump; eliminates the hydrostatic pressure differential across the wall of the conduit used to convey pressurized power fluid. Such omissions may partially explain the extremely limited application to date of hydraulically driven downhole pumps. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The present invention provides for method and means to sufficiently clean hydraulic fluid in a closed system used to drive a downhole well pump and to automatically make up, at or near the wellhead, for power fluid lost from the system. One or more filter elements are positioned in a joint of tubing mounted immediately above the downhole pump so as to exclude from the pump, solid particles that may be in the supply or return tubing conveying power fluid to or from the pump. As depicted, the filter elements comprise conically formed filter screens, supported at a lower section near the apex of the cone against downward movement by an axially disposed tension member attached at an upper end above the screen with the tubing wall within which the screens are mounted. An upper section of the screen, being of maximum diameter, is mounted with an inner surface of the tubing so as to direct all fluid flow through the screen. A device much smaller than a production separator is mounted with the flow line near the wellhead so as to receive a small portion of the fluid produced from the well, separate an amount of oil therefrom sufficient to offset leakage from the closed system, such that the system may continue to operate unattended and without the necessity to periodically furnish oil to the system by other means. Tubing connections are provided so as to improve in combination, improved clearance, axial strength and sealability, arranged in a concentric pattern with a conduit for conveying pressurized power fluid at the center within a conduit for conveying exhaust fluid back to the wellhead, such that the hydrostatic pressure across the wall of the centermost conduit is balanced. The pressurized power oil being pumped downwardly to drive the bottom hole pump may be heated at the surface so as to prevent precipitation of paraffin from the well fluid and thereby prevent reduction of the flow area of the conduct conveying well fluid to the wellhead. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 depicts a general arrangement of means that may be used to practice this present invention. FIG. 2 depicts a small separator or "leach" for separating a minor portion of oil from a flow line. FIG. 3 is a vertical section of a filter screen in accord with the present invention. FIG. 4 depicts a preferred position for the downhole filter of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 depicts a surface-mounted source of hydraulic power henceforth called the surface unit, shown generally at 1 comprising: tank 2, motor 3, pump 4 and float valve 5, motor 3 being of whatever type most convenient for each well location. The wellhead shown generally at 6 may comprise: casing head 7 mounted with casing string 8 and in communication therewith; tubing head 9 mounted with production tubing string 10 and in communication therewith; tubing head 11 mounted with return tubing string 12 and in communication therewith; tubing head 13 mounted with power tubing string 14 and in communication therewith. Pump 15 may be installed with return string 12, positioned on the lower end thereof and sealed as at 16 with the lower portion of production string 10 through which it is inserted, in any suitable manner. Filter joint 17 may be mounted with and immediately above pump 15 so as to filter all power fluid flowing to the pump immediately before the power fluid enters the pump so as to exclude all solid particles entrained with power fluid that may otherwise damage or clog the pump. A lower member 18 of remotely actuated tubing connector 19, may be connected with the upper portion of filter joint 17 so as to allow connection with upper member 20 of connection 19 mounted with the lower portion of power string 14 after power string 14 is inserted into and lowered through return string 12 to mate members 18 and 20. Pressured power fluid may then be conveyed from pump 4 through conduit 21, through head 13, downwardly through power string 14, through connection 19, through filter joint 17 and thence to drive pump 15. Exhaust power fluid from pump 15 may return upwardly through annulus 22 formed between strings 12 and 14 through head 11 and conduit 23 for return to tank 2. Well fluid within which pump 15 may be immersed as at 24, may be produced upwardly through annulus 25 formed between strings 10 and 12, through head 9 and thence through flowline 26 to surface treatment facilities and thence to storage tanks or pipeline. Flash-joint connectors for some or all of the tubing strings 10, 12 and 14 may be used so as to provide conduits within the space available in typical oilwells and to provide tubing joints having adequate axial strength and sealing capability. So as to provide makeup power fluid that may have leaked from the system, leach 27 to be later described, may be connected with an upper opening in the flowline 26 as with tee 50, so as to supply makeup fluid via conduit 28 to conventional float valve 5 such that float valve 5 will admit makeup fluid from conduit 28 to within tank 2 to thereby maintain fluid level within tank 2 within desired limits. Now referring to FIG. 2, leach 27 may comprise: tubular shell 29 sealingly affixed with an upwardly positioned outlet of tee 50 and enclosed at an upper extremity as at 30; flow restrictor 31 mounted in flow path 32 of flowline 26 so as to create a differential fluid pressure across flow restrictor 31 sufficient for purposes later described, while allowing the vast majority of the volume of flow within the flowline to pass under the restrictor together with solids that may be entrained so as to maintain the leach as self-cleaning; gas conduit 33 extending from an upper portion of shell 29 to a position within flowpath 32 downstream of restrictor 31 may be of sufficient capacity so as to vent gas that may collect in the upper portion of shell 29, the differential created across restrictor 31 being sufficient to exceed the hydrostatic pressure differential then existing between the inlet and outlet of conduit 33; radially positioned wall 34 formed in a lower portion of shell 29 and around conduit 33 so as to divide shell 29 into upper chamber 35 and lower chamber 36, wall 34 being formed with openings as at 37 formed therethrough for cooperation with upper surface 38 of water shutoff valve 39 mounted therebelow so as to seal openings 37 to prevent the flow of water therethrough; chamber 40 formed within upper portion of conduit 33 in communication therewith having downwardly facing wall 41 formed with openings as at 42 therethrough for cooperation with an upper surface 43 of oil shutoff valve 44 so as to prevent oil from entering conduit 33; oil chamber 45 formed within shell 29 intermediate valve 44 and wall 37 having an upper wall 46 formed with openings as at 47 therethrough for cooperation with a lower surfce 48 of gas shutoff valve 49 mounted above wall 46 so as to seal openings 47 and thereby prevent the flow of gas therethrough; conduit connected so as to convey oil from chamber 45 to float valve 5 of FIG. 1; membrane 51 attached with an upper portion of restrictor 31 and extending upwardly to wall 52 extending from the downstream side of the lower chamber so as to form water chamber 53 open at a lower extremity to flowpath 32 downstream of restrictor 31. Water shutoff valve 39 may be formed of suitable material and dimensioned so as to float in water and to sink in oil such that should water rise within shell 29 to approach wall 34, valve 39 will rise and seal openings 37 so as to prevent the flow of water therethrough and when water is at a lower level, oil and gas may rise through openings 37 to entire upper chamber 35. Oil shutoff valve 44 may be formed of suitable material and dimensioned so as to float in oil and to sink in gas such that should oil rise within shell 29 to approach wall 41, valve 44 will rise and seal openings 42 so as to prevent the flow of oil therethrough and when oil is at a lower level, gas may pass through openings 42 into conduit 33 and thence re-enter flowpath 32 as at 54. Gas shutoff valve 49 may be formed of suitable materials and dimensioned so as to float in oil and to sink in gas such that should the oil level falls within shell 29 to approach wall 46, valve 49 will descend and seal openings 47 so as to prevent the flow of gas therethrough and when oil is at a higher level, oil may pass through openings 47 into oil chamber 45 and thence through conduit 28 and to tank 2 as regulated by float valve 5. Should it be desirable in some applications, restriction 31 may be adjustable as by providing gate valve stem 55 mounted within hub 56 formed with tee 50 by means of screw threads 57 and sealed as by packing 58 around stem 55 so as to allow rotation and axial movement of stem 55 without leakage from flowpath 32. Restrictor 31 may be formed with a conventional tee slot to fit radial flange 74 formed on the end of stem 55 so as to allow stem 55 to push and pull on restrictor 31 which may be slidably mounted as the gate of a conventional gate valve. So as to prevent unwanted flow above restrictor 31, plate 59 may be affixed so as to overlap membrane 51 and restrictor 31 over the full range of adjustment of the restrictor. Now referring to FIG. 3, a filter assembly shown generally at 71 may comprise a suitable filter material formed as the frustrum of a cone as at 60 mounted within tubular filter joint 61 and supported by any suitable attachment as at 62 with tension member 63. Tension member 63 may be attached with an upper portion of filter joint 61 in any suitable manner as by a bar 69 of FIG. 4 positioned across the inner diameter of filter joint 61 and having threaded ends for mating with a portion of internal threads formed in the upper portion of the filter joint. The upper and larger end of cone 60 may be mounted with member 64 formed of elastomer or the like so as to prevent fluid flow around the upper periphery 65 of cone 60 so as to direct all flow through filter joint 61 to be filtered through cone 60. FIG. 4 depicts a series of cones 65, 66, 67, and 68, attached to tension member 63 and mounted within filter joint 61 as previously described for the purpose of extending the usable life of the filter assembly. For example, if it was desired to prevent particles larger then ten microns from entering pump 15 and scale within strings 12 and 14 constituted particles ranging from 10 to 500 microns, a single fine filter would become prematurely clogged with large particles whereas a single course filter would pass particles that would damage pump 15. Therefore, it may be desirable to make; cone 65 to filter 400 micron particles; cone 66 to filter 200 micron particles; cone 67 to filter 100 micron particles, and cone 68 to filter 50 micron particles. A lower end of tension member 63 may be fastened at 70 as desribed at 69 to secure the assembly during handling and shipment. So as to be able to run economically feasible sizes of tubing for power string 14 and return string 12 and still provide for flow paths having adequate cross sections so as to allow passage of power fluid within practical limits of pressure drop, flush joint tubing joints may be used therefor. Should the well fluid flowing upwardly toward the wellhead be of low enough temperatures to cause precipitation of paraffin that may be a part of the well fluid, oil heater 90 may be connected so as to heat power oil flowing to the well so as to transfer sufficient heat through the tubing walls as required to prevent said precipitation. Operation of the invention may now be understood. After installation of casing string 8, head 7, production tubing string 10 and head 9 in a conventional manner, pump 15, filter joint 17 and lower member 18 of remotely actuated connector 19 may be sealably connected together in the order shown by FIG. 1. Pump 15 may then be sealably connected to the lower end of return string 12 for insertion downwardly into string 10 so as to connect and lower all joints of string 12. Pump 15 may then be sealably connected with the lower portion of string 10 by any suitable means. String 12 may then be mounted with head 11 in a conventional manner. Any solid particles such as sand, pipe scale, or such that may fall down within string 14 during or after installation of string 14 will fall into the annulus between string 14 and filter joint 17 or be stopped by filter screens 65-68 so as to preclude such particles from pump 15 during installation. Upper member 20 may now be sealably mounted with the lower end of power tubing string 14 which may then be inserted into and run downwardly into string 12 so as to connect member 20 with member 18 and thereby effect a conduit for delivery of high pressure power fluid to pump 15. String 14 may then be mounted with head 13 in a conventional manner so as to complete the downhole circulation system. An outlet of head 7 may be connected with a gas line so as to receive gas from the formation upwardly through the annulus between strings 8 and 10 and an outlet of head 9 may be connected with flowline 26 so as to receive fluid being pumped by pump 15 upwardly through annulus 25. Conduits 21, 23 and 28 may then be connected with surface unit 1 positioned as desired from the wellhead perhaps 20 feet and as depicted and previously described. A clean power fluid such as filtered crude oil may then be supplied to tank 2 in sufficient quantity to fill tank 2, conduits 21 and 23, tubing strings 12 and 14, being pumped around by surface pump 4 driven by motor 3. Continued pumping by pump 4 will begin operation of pump 15 which will pump well fluid upwardly through annulus 25 and thence through flowline 26 to heaters, treaters, separators and storage tanks or pipelines. all at considerable distance from the wellhead, from hundreds of feet and often miles. A conventional filter may be provided with surface unit 1 to remove particles larger than 10 microns from the power fluid before the fluid enters pump 4, however, as pressurized power fluid flows through conduit 21 and power tubing string 14, scale, sand and such may precipitate from within conduit 21 and string 14 that could cause damage to pump 15. Therefore, as the power fluid flows downwardly through filter joint 17, cones 65, 66, 67, and 68, successively filter smaller particles from the flowstream to thereby protect pump 15 from damage by the particles in a manner to effect extended service life of the filter assembly. Particles precipitating into the power fluid flowstream from within string 14, if finer than can be filtered by cone 68, will pass through pump 15 only one time, to be filtered at surface with 1 whose conventional filters may be changed as required without removing string 14 from the well. The filter materials of cone 68 were selected to retain particles larger than 50 microns, such particles once through should cause no appreciable wear to pump 15 and the useful life of the downhole filter system should be adequate. As the well fluid enters tee 50 as at arrow 72, a minute upper portion of the lighter fluids will tend to stagnate upstream of restrictor 31 and rise into lower chamber 36 as at 73, while the vast majority of the fluid and all sediments will flow under restrictor 31 to continue along flowline 26 and thereby create a fluid pressure differential across restrictor 31, sufficiently greater than the pressure differential existing between the uppermost portion of chamber 35 and the lowermost portion of chamber 36 so as to cause gas to flow downwardly through conduit 33. Should a pressure differential adjustment be provided, stem 55 may be rotated so as to cause an optimum pressure differential to operate the leach. As a mixture of oil and gas rise in chamber 36, residual water, separating by gravity from the mixture, will fall and flow under the restrictor residual water may flow therethrough due to the differential pressure. Should water rise to approach wall 34 as could happen on startup, valve 39 will rise and prevent further upward flow until the water is replaced with accumulated oil, upon which, valve 39 will fall so as to allow oil and gas to rise through openings 37 into chamber 35. Gas passing upwardly within chamber 35 will pass around oil chamber 45 toward the upper portion of chamber 35 and thence through openings 42 into conduit 33 so as to re-enter flowstream 32 as at 54. Should oil rise in chamber 35 to approach wall 41, valve 44 will rise and prevent flow of oil into openings 42, however, should accumulated gas within chamber 35 push the oil level back down, valve 44 will fall to once again purge the gas. Should the oil level within chamber 35 drop to approach wall 46, valve 49 will fall and prevent gas from entering conduit 28 via openings 47 and chamber 45, however, as the oil level again rises, valve 49 will rise to allow the flow of oil to tank 2 as regulated by float valve 5 so as to maintain the oil level within tank 5 at a desired level. It is therefore clear that the present invention may provide adequate makeup oil automatically to the surface unit so as to allow continuous unattended operations thereof.

Method and means to pump a well with a hydraulically-driven downhole pump (15) as powered by a hydraulic surface unit (1) are disclosed, including a downhole filter assembly (71) and a flowline mounted oil leach (27) for supplying makeup oil to the surface unit.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The invention relates to suspended ceiling structures and, in particular, to a system for converting conventional T-grid for lay-in tiles to a snap-up panel construction. PRIOR ART [0002] Conventional suspended ceilings comprise a rectangular metal grid and lay-in tiles. Typically, the metal grid members have an inverted tee configuration and the tiles or panels are supported on the upper faces of the tee flanges. Situations arise where it is desirable to change the ceiling surface for various purposes such as to present a new appearance or look, or to conceal a soiled or otherwise damaged ceiling. The traditional approach to renewing the ceiling is to replace the tiles and either refurbish the lower visible faces of the grid tees or replace them. These approaches can be expensive considering the cost of new materials and installation labor, as well as the cost of handling and disposal of the old materials. Still further, replacement of existing ceiling tiles with new tiles does not yield a completely new “look” but, rather, only a renewed appearance. [0003] U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,696,142 and 6,467,228 illustrate “snap-up” ceiling panels of a type used with the present invention. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0004] The invention provides a system for resurfacing existing suspended ceilings that utilizes the original grid for support and allows the original tiles to remain in place. The disclosed resurfacing system provides a mounting clip with gripping elements that engage the existing grid and support elements that mate with peripheral portions of new ceiling panels. The mounting clip, in the illustrated embodiment, is configured to snap onto the flange of a standard tee or grid member and, more specifically, is configured to be installed at an intersection of the tee grid members such that it grips the adjacent flange areas at all four grid member extensions from the intersection. [0005] As disclosed, moreover, the preferred clip is arranged to be manually installed without tools by simply twisting or rotating it about the center of the intersection, causing it to simultaneously grip onto all four grid extensions. A number of features allow the clip to be accurately positioned and readily snapped into place even where previously installed ceiling panels remain in place. The clip can beneficially be made by injection molding a suitable plastic material so as to achieve the resilience to enable it to reliably snap into the installed position. Moreover, the clip can be modified by cutting it with a hand shear or snips, without shattering or splitting, to fit areas where the grid members intersect walls, light fixtures, air vents, and the like. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0006] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a suspended ceiling system, viewed from above, illustrating a conventional tee grid, lay-in tiles, an adaptor clip of the invention at the intersections of the grid tees, and snap-up panels supported on the tee grid by the adaptor clips; [0007] FIG. 2 is a perspective top view of the adaptor clip of the invention; [0008] FIG. 3 is a bottom perspective view of the adaptor clip of the invention; [0009] FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the adaptor clip; [0010] FIG. 5 is a side view of the adaptor clip; [0011] FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the adaptor clip; [0012] FIG. 7 is a cross-section of the adaptor clip taken along the lines 7 - 7 indicated in FIG. 6 ; [0013] FIG. 8 is a cross-section of the adaptor clip taken along the lines 8 - 8 indicated in FIG. 6 ; [0014] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the adaptor clip taken along the lines 9 - 9 indicated in FIG. 4 , but shown upright; [0015] FIG. 10 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the adaptor clip taken along the lines 10 - 10 indicated in FIG. 6 ; and [0016] FIG. 11 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the ceiling installation taken along the staggered plane indicated by the lines 11 - 11 in FIG. 1 . DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0017] FIG. 1 illustrates a suspended ceiling system 10 embodying the invention. The system includes a rectangular grid 11 formed of conventional main and cross tees 12 . The rectangular grid 11 in the illustrated case forms square modules that are 2 foot by 2 foot, but it will be understood that the invention is applicable to other rectangular grid patterns such as the common 2 foot by 4 foot module. The cross tees or cross runners 12 intersect the main tees or main runners at regularly spaced locations along the lengths of the main tees and are coupled together with end connections of known construction. As is customary, the tees or runners have the general cross section of an inverted tee with a vertical stem or web 13 ( FIG. 11 ) and a horizontal flange 14 at the lower edge of the stem. The flange 14 has symmetrical portions 16 each extending horizontally away from the stem 13 . The width of the flange 14 of a common type of tee is nominally 15/16″. At a regular tee intersection, four tee sections or portions extend horizontally outwardly from a theoretical center of the intersection. Typically, the sections of a main tee extend in opposite directions along one line and the sections of two cross tees extend in opposite directions along a line perpendicular to the line of the main tee. [0018] Conventional ceiling tiles or panels 15 usually have acoustic and fire retardant properties and are normally supported on the grid tees 12 by resting in direct contact on the upper faces of the flange portions 16 . [0019] A plurality of clips or adaptors 17 , installed on the tees or runners 12 at strategic locations, most typically at their intersections, are arranged to enable new ceiling panels 18 to be attached and supported on the grid 11 while, typically, previously installed tiles 15 remain on the grid 11 . The illustrated clip 17 is a one piece injection molded body having a cruciform shape in plan view formed by four identical arms or sections 19 . The major areas of the sections 19 are generally co-planar. The clip 17 can be formed of a suitable thermoplastic material such as a glass filled polybutylene tetra phthalate. This and like material has sufficient resilience to allow the clip to be installed and removed more than one time. [0020] An upper face of the clip 17 has gripping elements 21 formed to interengage with the flange portions 16 of the grid tees 12 and a lower face of the clip has support elements 22 formed to mate with perimeter portions 23 of the ceiling panels 18 . Each of the four arms or sections 19 of a clip body has a gripping element 21 arranged to engage and couple with a separate one of the four tee parts or sections of the grid 11 that comprise an intersection. The gripping or mounting element 21 as shown most clearly in FIG. 8 , is L-shaped in cross-section with a short vertical leg 26 supporting a second cantilevered longer leg 27 . The second or major leg 27 extends above an upper surface 28 of its respective body section 19 a distance about equal to and, preferably, slightly less than the thickness of the tee flange 14 to which it is to be mounted. A lower face of the horizontal leg 27 , distal from the short vertical leg 26 , is beveled at 29 and, proximal to the vertical leg 26 the lower surface is recessed at 31 vertically above the lowermost zone of the distal beveled part 29 . A notch 32 at the juncture of the short vertical leg 26 and the planar section of the main body of the respective clip arm or section 19 enables the gripping or mounting element 21 to be manually broken off with thumb pressure for special applications or installations where it might otherwise interfere with a structure on which the clip 17 is to be mounted. The horizontal longer leg 27 of the gripping or mounting element 21 extends horizontally to a plane that is short of the center line of the arm or section 19 so that as discussed below, when properly installed on a grid tee flange 14 , it does not interfere with the tee stem or web 13 . [0021] The perimeter of the clip 17 is reinforced and thereby stiffened by a downwardly extending flange 36 . When the clip 17 is properly installed on the grid tees 12 , central and outlying portions of the upper surface 28 are arranged to abut the lower face of the grid tee flanges 14 . Centering rib formations 37 shown, for example, in FIGS. 2, 6 , and 7 , extend upwardly from the planar upper surface 28 and are symmetrically disposed on opposite sides of a center line of the respective clip arm 19 . The ribs 37 each include a laterally outwardly facing inclined ramp surface 38 and a laterally inward facing alignment surface 39 having a relatively small tilt or draft of, for example, about 5 degrees. [0022] Panel supporting elements or members 22 extend downwardly from the plane of the main body. The support elements 22 are symmetrically spaced on opposite sides of the center of the arms or sections 19 . One of the support elements 22 , on the side of the section 19 carrying the respective gripping element 21 is interrupted in the area of the gripping element such that it is in two parts spaced along the length of the respective section 19 . Each support element 22 has an L-shaped section (e.g. FIG. 7 ) with a generally vertical leg 41 depending from the body proper of the associated section 19 and a horizontal flange or leg 42 extending from the vertical leg 41 . The support elements 22 are stiffened by gussets 45 . The gap between the support elements 22 is accompanied with a rectangular notch 44 in the main body of the section 19 . The notch 44 permits the clip 17 to be molded with simple tooling that releases the clip with straight molding press platen opening motion without secondary slide action. [0023] Holes 46 molded in the clip body adjacent the outward ends of the sections 19 and near the center of the body are provided to receive optional fasteners such as screws for fixing the clip 17 to a suspended grid or associated ceiling fixtures. The holes 46 are reinforced by concentric small annular flanges 47 . A square hole 48 at the geometric center of the clip and notches 49 at the distal ends of the sections or arms 19 have corners lying on the center line of the respective sections. The corners of the hole 48 and notches 49 can be used as sights to align the clip 17 with a grid on which it is being installed or a chalk line or a laser beam, for example. [0024] The clip 17 is manually installed, typically without tools, at an intersection of grid tees 12 from below the grid 11 by horizontally aligning its center with the imaginary center of the intersection while the top face 28 of the clip is held in contact with the lower faces of the grid tees and the sections 19 are deliberately held out of angular alignment, slightly counter-clockwise when viewed from below, with the lines of the grid tees. [0025] The gripping elements 21 , extending slightly above the plane of the main area of the clip body, raise the overlying tiles 15 that are carried on the respective grid tees 12 . The clip 17 is rotated about its center on a vertical axis causing the gripping elements 21 to slide over portions 16 of the grid tee flanges 14 . The beveled areas 29 smoothly cam the gripping elements 21 over respective tee flange portions 16 . An audible click will be heard and resistance to further rotation will occur when the tee flanges 14 snap into the pocket formed between the opposing ribs 37 on each clip section 19 . This snapping action is produced by the spring-like resilience of the gripping elements 21 and to some extent the resilience of the flanges 14 themselves. The tilt of each pair of alignment surfaces 39 tends to wedge the respective tee flange 14 into a snug and aligned fit therebetween. Once a flange 14 snaps between the surfaces 39 , the force to remove a clip is greater than that required to install it. The location of the alignment surfaces 39 , distal from the center of the clip 17 maximizes their position holding capacity. Fine adjustment of the clip position can be assisted by reference to the sights formed by the notches 49 and center hole 48 , and any selected reference lines or marks. [0026] In a typical application, clips 17 are installed on all of the grid tee intersections of an existing suspended ceiling. At the perimeter of the ceiling and other interruptions or terminations of the grid, such as at lighting and air duct fixtures, the clip 17 may be suitably field cut or otherwise modified to provide support elements 22 at these locations. Fasteners installed through the holes 46 of the modified clips can be anchored in corresponding areas of the overlying grid flanges 14 or other structure to maintain the modified clip in position. [0027] With reference to FIGS. 1 and 11 , the clips 17 enable new ceiling panels 18 to be installed on the grid 11 where, if desires, an earlier installation of ceiling tiles or panels 15 remain in place. It may be desirable to renew the appearance of a ceiling installation in which the ceiling panels and/or grid has been soiled with airborne dust and grime or otherwise become shopworn. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,696,142 and 6,467,228 disclose types of ceiling panels that are compatible with the clip 17 . The panels 18 , typically formed of sheet metal, have peripheral vertically extending flanges 52 . The panels 51 are proportioned so that the flanges 52 have re-entrant surface portions 53 that snap over the upper surfaces of the upturned edges 43 of the horizontal flanges 42 of the support elements 22 . Normally, both the panel flanges 52 and the support elements 22 can be imparted with some relative resilience to permit this snapping action. Alternatively, a panel 18 or the support elements 22 can be designed to be the primary resilient element for this snapping action. [0028] It will be understood that rectangular panels, other than the illustrated square panels 18 , can be mounted on the clips 17 . The clips 17 can be installed on less than all of the intersections of the grid tees 12 and can be installed on the grid tees between intersections. Thus, for example, 2 foot by 2 foot panels 18 can be installed on a 2 foot by 4 foot grid and, 2 foot by 4 foot panels can be installed on 2 foot by 2 foot grid patterns. Mounting the clips 17 at locations on an existing grid at locations other than intersections allows for re-squaring an out of square existing grid. The clips 17 can be installed along any grid tee 12 where additional panel support may be beneficial, for example, near the perimeter to support cut panels. [0029] It should be evident that this disclosure is by way of example and that various changes may be made by adding, modifying or eliminating details without departing from the lair scope of the teaching contained in this disclosure. For example, the clip can be made of metal by blanking and forming, spot welding parts together, or casting. The invention is, therefore, not limited to particular details of this disclosure except to the extent that the following claims are necessarily so limited.

An adaptor clip, for converting a standard tee grid ceiling to a snap-up panel system, comprising an injection-molded plastic body that includes gripping elements for engaging the tops of the flanges of the tee grid and support elements for mating with the upstanding peripheral flanges of the snap-up panels. The clip is arranged to be quickly and easily installed without tools by simply positioning it against the lower faces of intersecting tee grid members so that its center underlies the center of the intersection and rotating it about a vertical axis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION High quality plating of precious metals onto strips of metal or webs, such as done to produce lead frames for mounting semiconductor chips, requires machines that transport the delicate strip carefully. Mechanical damage makes it necessary to scrap the product along with the precious metal thereon. The prior art generally restricts precious metal plating to selected small areas on the web to conserve precious metal. Hence, the web can be handled by apparatus that contacts the web in non-critical areas. One important part of the machine that must made good contact to the web is the electrodes which transfer the electrical current to the web during the plating operation. Prior art electrodes generally come into contact with the face of the strip, where a large area is available, so as to insure good electrical connections between the stationary electrodes and the moving web. However, in some products, the entire face of the web is plated with metal and the possibility exists that the electrodes will scratch up the plated surface. The present invention avoids this problem. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Briefly, this invention involves apparatus that can achieve reliable and adequate electrical connections to the very edge of a moving metal strip or web. Spring loaded contacts enclose the web from both sides. Grooves in the contacts guide the web into a position such that intimate electrical contact is assured despite the comparatively small area of contact compared to prior art approaches. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a preferred embodiment of the invention mounted to the side of a plating or rinse tank shown in fragmentary section only. FIG. 2 is an elevational side view of the right side of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 shows schematically an alternate embodiment of the invention using a different movement linkage. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring simultaneously to FIGS. 1 and 2, a portion of a web 10 to be plated is shown passing through the electrode contacts of the present invention. Web 10 emerges through a hole 12 in the wall 14 of a plating or rinse tank. It may be desirable to provide a rinse tank just before the electrode to avoid inadvertent plating on the electrode itself due to residual plating solution on web 10. The electrode is mounted on wall 14 by a flange 16 and screws 18. Flange 16 holds a support structure, or bracket, 20 in a position just adjacent and proximate the processing path of web 10. The lower edge of web 10 is guided, supported, and slidably contacted by a first contact 22 that is pivoted on support bracket 20 by suitable fasteners 24 and 25. Since contact 22 may pivot, it can easily track the edge of web 10 and thus avoid mechanical lock ups with the moving web. A second pivotable floating contact 26 engages the top edge of web 10 in a similar fashion. Contact 26 is pivoted on a movable member 30 with suitable fasteners 27 and 28 and located laterally by a spacer 29. Member 30 is, in turn, pivoted on bracket 20 by fasteners 32 and 33, screw 33 being recessed in a clearance hole 34 to provide clearance to contact 26. As member 30 moves up and down, about pivot pin 32, it allows contact 26 to track webs of varying width. Both contacts 22 and 26 are located laterally, and aligned with each other, by their position along the flat face 35 of bracket 20. A simple elastic rubber strap 36 extends from fastener 28 to a stud 38 so as to springably urge the contacts 22 and 26 toward each other and into sliding contact with the edge of web 10. In some cases gravity may supply sufficient tracking and contact force. Each contact incorporates, for its entire length, a groove 40. The sides 42 of grooves 40 slant inward, toward each other, as they extend deeper into the grooves. Thus, when strap 36 pulls the contacts together, web 10 is urged toward the deep center part of the groove and both corners of web 12 are caused to slide in contact with groove 40. Contact 22 also supplies vertical support, while the contacts together supply lateral support to the moving web. A voltage source 43 connects to contact 22 and 26 directly, so as to provide optimum electrical connection, and in the position shown to avoid mechanical interference. The floating and pivoting of the contacts, the shape of the grooves, the length of the contacts, and the spring 36 all contribute and cooperate to insure adequate current flow to web 10 while still avoiding contact with the fragile face of web 10. Another possible variation, shown in FIG. 3, carries the upper contact 26A on a pair of parallel swing arms 44 that pivot on a support bracket 20A. With this arrangement, longitudinal stability of the floating contact is enhanced. Further variations that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art.

A contact for making electrical connections to a moving strip of metal, so as to permit plating the strip, in which grooved members engage just the edges of the strip, thus avoiding scratches on the face of the strip.

BACKGROUND [0001] Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is a way of converting organic biomass to biogas. Hazardous chemical waste can also often be digested by microorganisms and disposed of by fermentation. [0002] AD produces biogas, a mixture of primarily methane and carbon dioxide, which can be used for energy. This is an advantage over landfilling waste. [0003] AD has three distinct phases: hydrolysis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. Hydrolysis and acetogenesis often occur in the same tank and are thus sometimes considered one phase. [0004] In AD, anaerobic microorganisms ferment carbon substrates to products in the absence of oxygen or oxygen surrogates. For instance, some organisms transform hexose sugars to ethanol and CO 2 . Other common fermentation products include lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, H 2 , and methane. Many of these compounds are themselves substrates for further anaerobic metabolism by other microorganisms. However, two fermentation products cannot be further fermented—methane and CO 2 . Thus, all anaerobic decomposition can ultimately lead to methane and carbon dioxide. [0005] AD biologically is generally considered to occur in two phases: (1) Breakdown of sugars and carbohydrates to smaller molecules, particularly organic acids such as acetic acid and butyric acid. This is known as hydrolysis or sometimes as acid production. And (2) production of methane and CO 2 from the smaller organic molecules produced in phase (1), known as methanogenesis. Different organisms catalyze phases (1) and (2). Acid forming microorganisms and other microrganisms, that include both facultative and obligate anaerobic microorganisms catalyze phase (1), the hydrolysis phase. Organisms that produce methane are called methanogens. Methanogens can produce methane from acetate by the reaction acetate+H 2 O->methane+HCO 3 − . Methanogens can also produce methane from hydrogen and CO 2 by the reaction 4 H 2 +HCO 3 − +H + ->CH 4 +3 H 2 O. The hydrogen for methanogenesis from carbon dioxide in nature comes from fermentation of reduced carbon substrates. Only methanogens—which are obligate anaerobes—produce methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide through the cleaving of acetate and formate and remove protons from the cytoplasm. [0007] Methanogenesis is the most essential part of AD as it is the only stage that removes protons from the cytoplasm to allow the preceding steps to proceed. A well-functioning methanogenesis stage is key to maintaining a functional and efficient AD systems. Without it AD systems become septic and fail. [0008] Of all metabolic pathways, methanogenesis yields the least amount of energy as the end product—methane—has a high enthalpy. Consequently there is minimal energy yield for the organisms involved causing them to grow very slowly. System design to retain biomass is critical. Traditional AD systems accomplish stability through large tanks that provide adequate time for a stable methanogen population to be maintained. This results in large tanks that are expensive to build and are not optimum. [0009] Even in such tanks the process is always somewhat incomplete: some portion of the substrate is not digested all the way to methane and CO 2 . And the speed of the process is a limiting factor that determines the size of reactors needed. Thus, more efficient and faster methods of anaerobic digestion are needed, and digester systems that facilitate or allow more efficient and faster anaerobic digestion are needed. SUMMARY [0010] The inventors have developed improved methods of fermentation that ferment organic substrates to biogas more quickly and more completely than typical current methods. [0011] One embodiment provides a method of producing biogas comprising: [0012] (a)(i) grinding an organic substrate comprising solids to produce smaller solids particles (thus allowing for more intimate contact of the substrate with the microorganisms); [0013] (a)(ii) transferring the substrate with smaller solids particles to a hydrolysis tank; [0014] (a)(iii) hydrolyzing the substrate in an anaerobic condition in a hydrolysis tank comprising Fe 3+ particles; [0015] (a)(iv) transferring effluent from the hydrolysis tank to a solids separator [0016] (a)(v) separating solids from the hydrolysis effluent to produce a solids fraction and a screened hydrolysis effluent; [0017] (b)(i) transferring the screened hydrolysis effluent for a period of time 1 to a methanogenesis tank 1 comprising fixed film methanogens or granular methanogens and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent; [0018] (b)(ii) transferring the methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent to a methanogenesis tank 2 comprising fixed film methanogens or granular methanogens during period of time 1 and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent in methanogenesis tank 2 ; [0019] (b)(iii) discharging methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent during period of time 1 ; [0020] (c) and then switching the order of methanogenesis tanks 1 and 2 and [0021] (c)(i) transferring the screened hydrolysis effluent for a period of time 2 to said methanogenesis tank 2 and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent; [0022] (c)(ii) transferring the methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent to said methanogenesis tank 1 during period of time 2 and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent in methanogenesis tank 1 ; [0023] (c)(iii) discharging methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent during period of time 2 . [0024] In this embodiment, ferric iron is included in the hydrolysis tank. Typically it is fed daily to the hydrolysis tank. We have found that the presence of Fe 3+ particles increases the rate and efficiency of the hydrolysis stage, broadly defined as producing substrates for methanogenesis, which may include sugars, organic acids, H 2 , and other organic molecules and inorganic molecules that are substrates for methanogenesis. The ferric iron functions as an electron sink or electron acceptor. Other metallic electron acceptors may be used in place of ferric iron. [0025] The above embodiment also includes a solids separation step after the hydrolysis step to produce a screened hydrolysis effluent that we have found is more suitable for the methanogenesis stage. We have found that this also improves the speed and efficiency of the methanogenesis step. The term “screened” hydrolysis effluent is used to mean that it is depleted in solids and particles as compared to the hydrolysis effluent before the solids separator. The screened hydrolysis effluent may not be totally clear or totally free of solids and particles. [0026] It further includes using separate tanks for the hydrolysis and methanogenesis stages and using two (or more) methanogenesis tanks in sequence, and switching the order of the two (or more) methanogenesis tanks periodically. This is also found to improve the speed and efficiency of the process. [0027] Another embodiment provides a method of producing biogas comprising: [0028] (a)(i) transferring an organic substrate to a hydrolysis tank; [0029] (a)(ii) hydrolyzing the substrate in anaerobic condition in a hydrolysis tank to produce a hydrolysis liquid effluent; [0030] (b)(i) transferring the hydrolysis effluent for a period of time 1 to a methanogenesis tank 1 comprising fixed film methanogens or granular methanogens and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent; [0031] (b)(ii) transferring the methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent to a methanogenesis tank 2 comprising fixed film methanogens or granular methanogens during period of time 1 and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent in methanogenesis tank 2 ; [0032] (b)(iii) discharging methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent during period of time 1 ; [0033] (c) and then switching the order of methanogenesis tanks 1 and 2 and [0034] (c)(i) transferring the hydrolysis effluent for a period of time 2 to said methanogenesis tank 2 and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent; [0035] (c)(ii) transferring the methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent to said methanogenesis tank 1 during period of time 2 and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent in methanogenesis tank 1 ; [0036] (c)(iii) discharging methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent during period of time 2 ; [0037] (d) passing the biogas produced in methanogenesis tanks 1 and 2 through a foam trap to trap foam and separate it from the biogas; and [0038] (e) collecting the biogas downstream of the foam trap. [0039] The biogas is collected from both methanogenesis tanks 1 and 2 . It is ordinarily collected from the dome of the tanks, allowing the gas to pass through a foam trap prior to the pressure equalizing tanks in preparation for gas conditioning. [0040] The process of anaerobic digestion often produces surfactants that cause foam to form. Foam in the biogas often causes many problems including corrosion and plugging of downstream gas units, especially when foam and vapor condenses at cooler temperatures. Including the foam trap in the process minimizes or eliminates these problems. [0041] Another embodiment provides a method of producing biogas comprising: [0042] (a)(i) transferring an organic substrate to a hydrolysis tank; [0043] (a)(ii) hydrolyzing the substrate in anaerobic condition in a hydrolysis tank to produce a hydrolysis liquid effluent; [0044] (b)(i) transferring the hydrolysis effluent for a period of time 1 to a methanogenesis tank 1 comprising fixed film methanogens or granular methanogens and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent; [0045] (b)(ii) transferring biogas from the methanogenesis tank 1 through a foam trap to trap foam and separate it from the biogas; and [0046] (c) collecting the biogas downstream of the foam trap. [0047] Another embodiment provides a method of producing biogas comprising: [0048] (a)(i) transferring an organic substrate to a hydrolysis tank; [0049] (a)(ii) hydrolyzing the substrate in anaerobic condition in a hydrolysis tank to produce a hydrolysis liquid effluent; [0050] (b)(i) transferring the hydrolysis effluent for a period of time 1 to a methanogenesis tank 1 comprising granulated and fixed film methanogens and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent; [0051] (b)(ii) recycling liquid in methanogenesis tank 1 to promote growth of granulated and attached biomass in the methanegenesis tank 1 reactors to improve retention and reduce volume required for the methanogenesis tank; [0052] (b)(iii) transferring biogas from the methanogenesis tank 1 through a foam trap to trap residual foam and separate it from the biogas; and [0053] (c) collecting the biogas downstream of the foam trap. [0054] Another embodiment provides a method of producing biogas comprising: [0055] (a)(i) transferring an organic substrate to a hydrolysis tank; [0056] (a)(ii) hydrolyzing the substrate in anaerobic condition in a hydrolysis tank to produce a hydrolysis liquid effluent; [0057] (b)(i) transferring the hydrolysis effluent for a period of time 1 to a methanogenesis tank 1 comprising fixed film methanogens or granular methanogens and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent; [0058] wherein the hydrolysis tank and methanogenesis tank 1 each have a recirculation loop and one or more instrument detectors for monitoring one or more parameters of the liquid in the tank in the recirculation loop, and the method comprises recirculating liquid from each tank back into the same tank through the recirculation loop for that tank, and monitoring one or more parameters in each tank with the one or more instrument detectors in the recirculation loop of that tank, wherein the parameters are selected from the group consisting of pH, ORP, ionic strength, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved methane concentration; wherein each recirculation loop has at least one valve separating the recirculation loop from its tank, and the at least one valve can be closed to allow the one or more instrument detectors to be removed for cleaning or service without allowing air to contact liquid in the tank connected to the recirculation loop. [0059] Another embodiment provides a method of producing biogas comprising: [0060] (a)(i) transferring an organic substrate to a hydrolysis tank; [0061] (a)(ii) hydrolyzing the substrate in anaerobic condition in a hydrolysis tank to produce a hydrolysis liquid effluent; [0062] (b)(i) transferring the hydrolysis liquid effluent for a period of time 1 to a methanogenesis tank 1 comprising fixed film methanogens or granular methanogens and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent; [0063] (b)(ii) transferring the methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent to a methanogenesis tank 2 comprising fixed film methanogens or granular methanogens during period of time 1 and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent in methanogenesis tank 2 ; [0064] (b)(iii) discharging methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent during period of time 1 ; [0065] (c) and then switching the order of methanogenesis tanks 1 and 2 and [0066] (c)(i) transferring the liquid hydrolysis effluent for a period of time 2 to said methanogenesis tank 2 and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent in methanogenesis tank 2 ; [0067] (c)(ii) transferring the methanogenesis tank 2 liquid effluent to said methanogenesis tank 1 during period of time 2 and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent in methanogenesis tank 1 ; [0068] (c)(iii) discharging methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent during period of time 2 . [0069] In all these methods, the liquid in the hydrolysis tank is preferably intermittently or continuously mixed. Mixing keeps any solids suspended so they can be more efficiently digested and broken down. It is also important to periodically remove undigestible solids from the hydrolysis tank. This can be accomplished by having the solids evenly suspended when effluent is removed from the hydrolysis tank. [0070] Another embodiment provides a mobile system for digesting organic matter and producing biogas, the system comprising: a shipping container or trailer adapted for carriage on a truck or train; the shipping container or trailer containing: (a) a digester comprising: (i) a pump for pumping a liquid containing organic material into (ii) a hydrolysis tank; the hydrolysis tank hydraulically connected to (iii) a methanogenesis tank comprising fixed film methanogens and an outlet for liquid effluent; (iv) a heater adapted for heating liquid in the container or liquid fed into the hydrolysis tank or methanogenesis tank; (v) a plurality of instruments having detectors in contact with liquid or gas in the hydrolysis tank and methanogenesis tank; the instruments linked to a (b) computer for receiving data; and the computer linked to a (c) modem for transmitting data from the shipping container or trailer to a remote computer. [0071] Another embodiment provides a method of producing biogas comprising: heating clean water to steam or hot water; mixing the steam or hot water with an organic substrate; and fermenting the organic substrate to biogas. [0072] Heaters for anaerobic systems typically involve metal heating elements in contact with the liquid containing substrate being digested. The organic matter in anaerobic digesters, including organic solids being digested, hydrolytic microorganisms, and methanogenic microorganisms, and other biomass, all can corrode heating elements and shorten the lives of heating elements. By heating clean water to produce hot water or steam and mixing the hot water or steam with the an organic substrate to be digested, instead of heating the organic substrate directly, we have been able to extend the life of the heating element. [0073] Another embodiment provides a method of producing biogas comprising: (a) hydrolyzing an organic substrate in anaerobic condition in a hydrolysis tank to produce a hydrolysis liquid effluent; (b) transferring the hydrolysis liquid effluent to a methanogenesis tank 1 comprising fixed film methanogens or granular methanogens and producing biogas and methanogenesis tank 1 liquid effluent; wherein the methanogenesis tank 1 has a liquid substrate and a recirculation loop for recirculating liquid substrate in the methanogenesis tank, the recirculation loop comprising a heating element in contact with liquid substrate in the recirculation loop; (c) recirculating the liquid substrate through the recirculation loop and returning the liquid substrate to remainder of the methanogenesis tank; and (d) heating the liquid substrate in the recirculation loop with the heating element; wherein the liquid substrate in the recirculation loop is depleted in the fixed film methanogens or the granular methanogens compared to liquid substrate in the remainder of the methanogenesis tank. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0074] FIG. 1 shows the components of a digester system and a method of producing biogas. [0075] FIG. 2 shows an anaerobic digestion tank with a recirculation loop and a monitoring instrument in the loop. [0076] FIG. 3 shows methanogenesis tanks with a foam trap and components for collecting biogas. [0077] FIG. 4 shows a mobile system for digesting organic material and producing biogas. The mobile system can be shipped to a distant site and used to test and demonstrate the methods of the invention on specific substrates at distant sites, while still being controlled and monitored at a base location. [0078] FIG. 5 shows use of a heater to heat feed water for mixing with the feed organic substrate in the hydrolysis tank. [0079] FIG. 6 shows use of a recycle flow and a heater element with a methanogenesis tank. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0080] The inventors have developed new methods and systems for anaerobic digestion of organic material to biogas. [0081] One method and a system of the invention is shown in FIG. 1 . It involves transferring an organic substrate 1 to a hydrolysis tank 11 . The organic substrate 1 can be any suitable organic substrate. In some cases it is chemical manufacturing waste. In other embodiments, it is agricultural or food waste, for instance, potato skins, banana skins, food grease or food oil, corn stover, etc. In other embodiments it is municipal garbage, municipal waste, sewage, or livestock manure. In other embodiments, it is slaughterhouse waste. It also may be, of course, a combination of wastes, which may include these wastes or others. [0082] In FIG. 1 , the organic substrate 1 , where it includes solids, may be processed by grinding in grinder 2 to produce smaller solids to enhance hydrolysis. In a specific embodiment, the organic substrate 1 is processed by grinding to a particle size of 6 mm or less. In some cases, the organic substrate is or includes solids, in others it may be or include a liquid. [0083] The organic substrate 1 is transferred to hydrolysis tank 11 , where it is hydrolyzed in anaerobic conditions. The hydrolysis tank may optionally include ferric iron (Fe 3+ ). The ferric iron can be in the form of magnetite or other forms of solid or dissolved ferric iron. The ferric iron is believed to improve the efficiency of anaerobic hydrolysis because it functions as an electron sink. It is believed that other metallic electron sinks (electron acceptors) could replace the ferric iron. These would include, for instance, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn cations. In other embodiments, the hydrolysis tank does not include ferric iron or any other metallic cation electron sink. [0084] In the hydrolysis tank the substrate is hydrolyzed and fermented to smaller molecules that are substrates for methanogenesis. The content of the hydrolysis tank is preferably intermittently or continuously mixed. A hydrolysis effluent 12 is produced and is transferred to a first methanogenesis tank 21 . The hydrolysis effluent 12 is preferably processed by a solids separator 17 to separate out a solids fraction 14 , which is typically removed from the system, and a screened hydrolysis effluent 13 . We have found that placement of a solid separator at this stage improves the efficiency and speed of the methanogenesis stage. [0085] The solids separator 17 in one embodiment is a screw type solids separator. Other types of solids separators may also be used. [0086] In all the methods described herein, the liquid in the hydrolysis tank is preferably intermittently or continuously mixed. Mixing keeps any solids suspended so they can be more efficiently digested and broken down. It is also important to periodically remove undigestible solids from the hydrolysis tank. This can be accomplished by having the solids evenly suspended when effluent is removed from the hydrolysis tank. Selection of mixing intensity, frequency, and equipment used for mixing can be optimized to effect conversion of the substrate or organic acids and other soluble organic compounds. [0087] The screened hydrolysis effluent is transferred to methanogenesis tank 21 . This is an anaerobic tank holding methanogens. Methanogens are obligate anaerobic microorganisms classified as archaea. The methanogenesis tank preferably contains a substrate 41 on which methanogens can grow to form a fixed film 51 . A good substrate is JAEGER SURFPAC. The methanogenesis tank 21 may contain granular bed methanogens 52 in addition to fixed film methanogens 51 or instead of fixed film methanogens 51 . [0088] Methanogenesis tank 21 produces methanogenesis tank liquid effluent 21 e. [0089] The biogas from methanogenesis tank one ( 21 ) accumulates in a headspace 25 . [0090] Methanogenesis tank one liquid effluent 21 e passes to methanogenesis tank two ( 22 ). We have found that using two methanogenesis tanks in sequence gives more complete digestion of the substrate and more complete conversion to biogas. Having a second methanogenesis tank also helps trap granules of methanogens to prevent loss of the methanogens. It helps trap the granules because the gas production is slower in the second methanogenesis tank since the substrate is depleted by the first methanogenesis tank. Less gas production means less bubbles trapped in the granules and therefore the granules are less buoyant in the second methanogenesis tank and less likely to rise and be carried out in the liquid effluent 22 e. [0091] Having recycle loops in each of the methanogenesis reactors (tanks) also serves to favor the growth of granulated and attached film biomass. Over time, poorly settling fluffy biomass is removed while heavier granules and film attached to the substrate for fixed film biomass is retained. [0092] A liquid effluent 22 e is withdrawn from the second methonagenesis tank 22 and biogas comprising CH 4 and CO 2 is also produced and collected. [0093] The biogas in methanogenesis tank 22 also accumulates in a headspace 25 before being collected or vented. [0094] We have found that it is beneficial to switch the order of methanogenesis tank one ( 21 ) and methonagenesis tank two ( 22 ). This improves the functioning of both tanks and improves the speed and efficiency of biogas production from the substrate. The second tank in order receives less food (substrate for methanogens), so the microorganisms would gradually die back if the tank remained in the second position permanently. By switching the order periodically, we can maintain a high biomass density in the second tank that completes the digestion of the feedstock to biogas with high yield. It also, as mentioned above helps to trap the granular bed methanogens in the second methanogenesis tank before they escape the system. [0095] The methanogenesis tanks one and two ( 21 and 22 ) can be switched in order at fixed periods of times, for instance every 24 hours or every 12 hours. Alternatively, we have found good results by switching based on parameters that are easily measured using instruments. One such measurement is the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of either or both tanks. For example, the first methanogenesis tank in sequence (the lead methanogenesis tank) should have an ORP of −300 to −550 mV. The ORP in the lead methanogenesis tank rises over time, and it can be switched when the ORP in it rises to a present value. For instance, the switch may be made when the ORP in the lead methanogenesis tank rises to an ORP in the range of −300 to −400 mV. For instance, the preset value to trigger the switch may be a specific ORP between −300 and −400 mV, for instance −350 mV. The second methanogenesis tank (the lag methanogenesis tank) in sequence should have an ORP of about −300 to −550 mV. The ORP in the lag methanogenesis tank falls over time (becomes more negative). We have in some cases executed the switch when the ORP in the lag methanogenesis tank falls to an ORP in the range of −450 mV to −550 mV. When the second reactor is moved to the first position, its ORP will rise because it will begin receiving hydrolysis tank effluent, which has a higher ORP. [0096] The specific ORP ranges listed in the foregoing description are presented for illustration purposes and may vary from feedstock to feedstock. [0097] In a specific embodiment, the time period between switching the order the two methanogen tanks is between 6 and 24 hours inclusive. In another embodiment, it is between 6 and 48 hours, inclusive. [0098] The hydrolysis tank 11 , in addition to preferably containing Fe 3+ , preferably contains a microorganism that that reduces Fe 3+ and produces at least one volatile organic acid from organic substrates. Thus, Fe 3+ is an electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration. This improves the speed and efficiency of anaerobic digestion. The microorganism that reduces Fe 3+ and produces at least one volatile organic acid from organic substrates in one embodiment is or is derived from ATCC 55339. [0099] Each of the tanks preferably has a recirculation loop, as shown in FIG. 2 for hydrolysis tank 11 . Recirculation loop 63 allows recirculation of fluid in the tank. This is one way of maintaining an upward flow of liquid in the main portion of the tank to stir the contents of the tank and maintain good mixing and less settling. This improves the efficiency of the digestion. A recirculation pump 61 is coupled to recirculation loop 63 to pump liquid through the loop. In specific embodiments, the recirculation loop 63 includes one or more probes 62 to measure one or more parameters of the liquid in the loop, such as pH, ORP, total organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand. The liquid in the recirculation loop 63 of course is the same liquid in the tank 11 , so this allows one to measure these parameters in the tank. The recirculation loop 63 can include valves 65 that can be shut off to separate the recirculation loop. This allows us to remove the probe or probes 62 for cleaning or calibration, without emptying the entire reactor and without exposing the contents of the tank to oxygen. [0100] Another embodiment of the invention is the use of a pressure gauge near the bottom of the tank and a gas pressure gauge in the head space of the tank to measure liquid level in the tank. By the difference between pressure in the bottom of the tank and gas pressure above the liquid level, one can calculate the height of the liquid by use of a density of 1.00 kg/L or whatever the density of the liquid in the tank actually is. Thus, another embodiment is a method of calculating height of liquid in a tank, wherein the tank comprises a liquid level and a gas headspace above the liquid level, the method comprising measuring liquid pressure at a known position A near the bottom of the tank and measuring gas pressure in a headspace above the liquid, and calculating the height of the liquid above the known position A by the difference in pressure between the gas pressure in the headspace and the liquid pressure at position A. [0101] In yet another embodiment, one or more hydrolysis tanks and/or one or more methanogenesis tanks comprise a gas pressure probe in a headspace of the tank and a liquid pressure probe near the bottom of the tank. [0102] The hydrolysis tank 11 and first methanogenesis tank 21 and second methanogenesis tank 22 may each comprise a plurality of vessels, although they are each shown as a single vessel in FIG. 1 . [0103] Each of the reactors—the hydrolysis reactor, the methanogenesis reactor 1 and methanogenesis reactor 2 —has a hydraulic retention time, which is the average time that the liquid is contained in the reactor. This is equal to the inflow flow rate (or outflow flow rate) divided by the liquid volume of the reactor. With the systems and methods described herein, surprisingly small hydraulic retention times can be used while still achieving almost complete conversion of the substrate to biogas. In one typical embodiment, the hydrolysis tank has a hydraulic retention time of 2 days, and methanogenesis tanks 1 and 2 each have a hydraulic retention time of 1 day, and the entire system has a hydraulic retention time of 4 days. [0104] In specific embodiments, the hydrolysis tank has a hydraulic retention time of 9 hours or less, 24-96 hours, 24-72 hours, 36-48 hours, or 72 hours or less. [0105] In specific embodiments, methanogenesis tank 1 and methanogenesis tank 2 each have a hydraulic retention time of 48 hours or less, 12-48 hours, 24-38 hours, 12-36 hours, 24-36 hours, or 12-24 hours. [0106] The total hydraulic retention time is the hydraulic retention time for the whole system, i.e., the sum of the hydraulic retention times of all hydrolysis tanks and methanogenesis tanks connected in series. In specific embodiments, the total hydraulic retention time is 8 days or less, 6 days or less, 4 days or less, about 4 days, 3-6 days, 4-8 days, 3-8 days, or 2-8 days. [0107] Referring to FIG. 3 , the biogas accumulates in headspace 25 of the one or more methanogenesis tanks 21 and 22 . Where there are two or more methanogenesis tanks, the headspace of the two or more tanks is preferably connected, as shown in FIG. 3 . There may be valves that can be closed to separate the tanks. [0108] The headspace biogas in one embodiment is collected through a foam trap 62 . The foam trap 62 has a large amount of surface area, on which foam and other liquids are trapped or condense. [0109] The foam trap is advantageously used because foam can plug the gas collection system and can cause corrosion of system hardware. [0110] Upstream from the foam trap, in some embodiments, may be a gas/solids separator 61 . This also separates solids from the gas and separates a significant amount of liquids and foam from the gas as well. The gas/solids separator typically has an over-and-under flow pattern with a wide section, then a narrow passageway, then another wide section. Solids and liquids tend to be trapped and fall back down in the narrow passageway. [0111] After the foam trap 62 , the biogas is collected in biogas collector 63 . This is preferably expandable to maintain the same gas pressure at all times. [0112] In all the methods, systems, and devices described herein, the methanogens may be retained as fixed film methanogens or as granular bed methanogens. In some embodiments, both fixed film and granular bed methanogens are present. [0113] FIG. 5 shows a system and method of the invention with hydrolysis tank 11 . Organic substrate 1 is shown being added to the hydrolysis tank 11 for hydrolysis of the organic substrate 1 . In FIG. 5 , organic substrate 1 also passes through a grinder 2 to grind solids to smaller solids particles for better hydrolysis and digestion of the solids. In FIG. 5 a heater 101 is shown. Water is heated by the heater 101 to produce hot water or steam, and the hot water or steam is mixed with the organic substrate. The hot water or steam may be mixed with the organic substrate before it is added to the hydrolysis tank, as is shown in FIG. 5 , or can be mixed with the organic substrate in the hydrolysis tank. Either method accomplishes the goal of heating the organic substrate achieve an optimal temperature to promote faster and more efficient hydrolysis. With the method shown in FIG. 5 , the heating element of the heater 101 only contacts clean water, not the organic substrate. This prolongs the life of the heater. Also, it may be advantageous to premix the hot water or steam with the organic substrate before adding the organic substrate to the hydrolysis tank 11 . This prevents contacting the microorganisms in the hydrolysis tank with extremely hot water or steam, which would happen if the hot water or steam is mixed directly with the contents of the hydrolysis tank, and which might kill some of the hydrolytic microorganisms. The term “clean water” in this context is intended to mean not that the water is necessarily absolutely pure, but that it has less organic matter and other substances that can damage the heating element than the remainder of the “organic substrate.” [0114] FIG. 6 shows the use of a heating element in a recirculation loop connected with a methanogenesis tank. In FIG. 6 , methanogenesis tank 22 is shown with a recirculation loop 66 . Liquid substrate 22 s of the methanogenesis tank is circulated through the recirculation loop 66 , and it contacts a heating element 102 in the recirculation loop 66 . This allows heating of the liquid substrate 22 s in the methanogenesis tank to an optimum temperature for methanogenesis. The recirculation loop 66 is shown connected to the methanogenesis tank 22 near the upper level of the liquid substrate 22 s. Since the granules 52 and fixed film methanogens 51 are heavier than water, they will tend to fall in the tank and be depleted in the liquid substrate in the recirculation loop 66 as compared to the liquid substrate in the remainder of the methanogenesis tank 22 . This tends to save the heating element by minimizing its contact with solids and methanogenic granules and microorganisms. [0115] The use of a recirculation flow as is shown in FIG. 6 , with or without a heating element in the recirculation loop, is beneficial. By optimizing the rate of recirculation, growth of granular methanogens is optimized while preventing washout of the granular methanogens. Too rapid a flow can lead to washout of the granular methanogens through liquid effluent 22 e. But lower flow rates promote growth of granular methanogens. [0116] FIG. 4 shows a mobile system of the invention for digesting organic matter and producing biogas. The mobile system 70 comprises a shipping container or trailer 71 adapted for carriage on a truck or train. The shipping container or trailer contains: (a) a digester 72 comprising: (i) a pump 73 for pumping a liquid containing organic material into (ii) a hydrolysis tank 11 ; the hydrolysis tank 11 hydraulically connected to (iii) a methanogenesis tank 21 comprising fixed film methanogens. The methanogenesis tank comprises (iv) an outlet 23 for liquid effluent. The digester further comprises (v) a heater 74 adapted for heating liquid contained in or fed into the hydrolysis tank or methanogenesis tank; and (vi) a plurality of instruments 75 having detectors in contact with liquid or gas in the hydrolysis tank and methanogenesis tank. The instruments are linked to (b) a computer 76 for receiving data; and the computer linked to (c) a modem 77 for transmitting data 78 from the shipping container to a remote computer 81 . The remote computer may be at a distance from the shipping container, that is, across the country or the world. [0117] The remote computer and the system may be configured to allow the remote computer to control and monitor the digester. [0118] The mobile system may also include a solids separator operating between the hydrolysis tank and the methanogenesis tank, as described above. [0119] The mobile system allows the digester system to be transported by truck or rail to a distant site to test and demonstrate the performance of the system on a particular feedstock on location and under the conditions found at the location. The digester can be remotely monitored and controlled by persons at a distance so that those persons do not need to travel also to the site where the system is tested. EXAMPLE [0000] The Novus Bio-Catalytic (NBC™) mobile pilot is a trailer-mounted, multi-cell, two stage anaerobic digestion system. The system currently consists of 3 digestion cells, but has been designed to accommodate up to 7 cells. Each digestion cell is 4 feet in diameter (O.D.) and 9 feet tall with a liquid capacity of 3,000 gallons (8′ liquid column) and a gas headspace of 50.3 cubic ft. In the 3 cell configuration, liquid capacity is 9,000 gallons. The pilot is housed in a semi-trailer with a 50′×7′ box, ventilated and with electric baseboard heating. The pilot is designed to digest a variety of of solid and liquid organic substrates. In the current 3 cell configuration, the digestion loading capacity of the system is: 1. Solids capacity: 1000 lbs (dry wt.) per day 2. Liquid Capacity: 500 gallons per day The pilot system consists of the following: 1. Subsystem 1000: Feed Preparation and Pumping 2. Subsystem 2000: Hydrolysis 3. Subsystem 3000: Solids separation and recycle 4. Subsystem 4000: Methanogenesis and Polishing 5. Subsystem 5000: Gas Handling The stages and their modes of operation are described in the following sections. Subsystem 1000: Feedstock Preparation and Mixing [0000] The purpose of Subsystem 1000 is to convert solid and liquid substrate to a slurry suitable for hydrolytic digestion. The subsystem blends solid and liquid substrates with magnetite into a slurry, reducing the particulate size of the solid substrate so that it can pass through a ¼″ opening and blend it with liquid waste and magnetite additive into a slurry. Stage Subsystem 1000 components include a feed pump (P1000) followed by a grinder with an open feed hopper for inlet.loop Subsystem 1000 includes a influent pump to the grinder (40 gpm capacity), a feed water heater (A.O. Smith model ATI 305201, 175,000 Btu/hour capacity), and a feed pump to the hydrolysis tank, and a feed make-up water tank, for water to add to the hydrolysis tank as needed. Subsystem 2000: Hydrolysis [0000] Subsystem 2000 solubilizes the solid particulate in the slurry to liquid organic acids (hereinafter referred to as leachate) through the biochemical and bacteriological catalysis of water and complex molecules (hydrolysis). The slurry is mixed and digested under anaerobic conditions at 35° C. to facilitate the converting the solids into volatile acids. Feedstock slurry is pumped via P1000 into hydrolysis tank TK2001, while leachate/slurry is pumped out of the tank via another pump. The hydrolysis tank (Ace Roto Mold VT1000-64, 1000 gallons). The contents in the hydrolysis tank are mixed by a ½ hp mixer with a variable motor. A discharge pump withdraws slurry from the top of the tank. Digestion parameters—[pH, ORP and Temperature]—are monitored by instrument probes mounted in the recirculation pipe. Liquid level in the tank is monitored through a pressure element PE2001, set to maintain the preset level. In addition, a high level alarm LAH 2001 shut down the pumps P1000. The pumps are then restarted only after intervention and reset by the operator. Parameters monitored in Subsystem 2000 are: [0000] Type of Parameter Control Input Output output Measured AIT 2001.1 Pump P2000 Digital pH On/Off signal AIT 2001.1 Pump P2000 Digital pH RPM PE2001 Cut off signal Digital Tank Level to P1000 LSH 2001/ High Level Digital Tank Level PE2001 Alarm LAH PE2001 Cut off signal Digital Tank Level to P1000, Temperature Thermostat Digital Reactor TIT2001 Control Temperature Signal AIT 2001.2 Record ORP Digital Reactor ORP Subsystem 3000: Solids Separation and Recycle [0000] Subsystem 3000 consists of the solids separation and leachate recycle systems. The liquefied slurry from the hydrolysis tank is pumped to the Solids Separator (Vincent Corp. Model KP-10, 10 gpm capacity) using the Centrifugal Pump (American Machine Tool, AMPT-315-95A, 40 gpm capacity). Liquid leachate from the Separator is pumped to Methanogenesis Subsystem 4000 on a continuous basis. Subsystem 4000: Methanogenesis [0000] Subsystem 4000 converts the leachate produced in Subsystem 2000 (Hydrolysis) into biogas. The clarified leachate from the solids separator is collected by gravity into tank TK-4000 that serves as a feed pump station for this Subsystem. The leachate is pumped by pumps P-4000.a or 4000.b The pump P-4000.a is oversized to keep the tank TK4000 mixed. TK4000 will have 2 chambers connected by an open loop at the bottom. A portion of the flow will be directed into TK4001 or TK4002 and P4000.b is a variable speed low flow pump. The leachate is passed through loose fill media under strict anaerobic conditions at 35° C. to facilitate the conversion of the acids into biogas. Leachate is pumped into the tank at the bottom and is removed at the top of the tank by gravity. TK4001 (methanogenesis tank 1 ) is mixed via recycle pump P4001, while TK4002 (methanogenesis tank 2 ) is mixed using pump P4002. Both pumps withdraw leachate from the top and re-inject it at the bottom of their respective tanks. Digestion parameters—[pH, ORP and Temperature]—are monitored by instrument probes mounted on the discharge loop of pumps P4001 and P4002. Liquid level in the tanks is monitored through Pressure elements PE4001 and P4002, set to maintain levels of 8′ in the tank, +/−3,″ by matching the rate of inflow and outflow: flow into the bottom of the tank via pump P4001, (and/or P4002) and 3 gph flow out at the top of TK4001 (and/or TK4002) Outflow is determined by a gravity feed past a pre-set constricted opening. As the liquid levels in TK4001 (and/or TK4002) rise to or drop below the preset levels as signaled by level sensor PE4001 (or PE4002), the system starts or stops the pumps P4000_B and P5000 in order to bring the liquid level back within range. In addition, a high levels alarms LAH 4001 and LAH 4002 and a low level alarm LAL 4000 in respective tanks TK4001 and TK4002 will shut down pumps P4000 B, and P5000 in the event the pre-set maximum or minimum levels (in TK4000, TK4001 or in TK4002 is reached. The pumps will be restarted when the levels change. Tanks TK4001 and TK4002 are designed to function in a series configuration wherein the lead and lag positions are switched periodically to achieve higher removal efficiencies and maintain more robust bacteria colonies in both tanks. The switching is determined by the ORP level in the lead tank. The switching of the flow order of tanks TK4001 and TK4002 is accomplished by controlling valves V4000.5, V4000.6, V4001.10 and V4001.26. The valve configurations for the two flow arrangements are as follows: [0000] Valve Valve Valve Valve Flow Regime 4000.5 4000.6 4001.26 4001.1026 TK4001-TK4002 Open Open Closed Closed TK4002- TK4001 Closed Closed Open Open Parameters monitored in Subsystem 4000 are: [0000] Type of Control Input Output output AIT 4000.1 Pump P4000.1 Digital Status LSH 4000 High pump Digital level alarm Temperature Thermostat Digital TIT4001.1 Control Signal pH, AIT Low pH alarm Digital 4001.2 & Pump Speed Control Signal for pH below limits ORP, AIT High ORP Digital 4001.3 signal to reverse flows PE4001 Start and stop Digital signal to P4000_A and P4000_B LSH 4001/ High Level Digital PE4001 Alarm LAH PE4002 Cut off signal to Digital P4001 LSH 4002/ Low Level Digital PE4002 Alarm LAL PE4002 Cut off signal to Digital P4002 LSH 4002/ High Level Digital PE4002 Alarm LAH PE4002 Cut off signal to Digital P4002, Close Valve () LSH 4002/ Low Level Digital PE4002 Alarm LAL pH, AIT Low pH alarm Digital 4002.2 & Pump Speed Control Signal for pH below limits ORP, AIT High ORP Digital 4002.3 signal to reverse flows Temperature Thermostat Digital TIT4002.1 Control Signal pH, AIT Low pH alarm Digital 4002.2 & Pump Speed Control Signal for pH below limits ORP, AIT High ORP Digital 4002.3 signal to reverse flows FE4000 Flow Signal Digital Subsystem 5000: Gas Handling [0000] The gas produced is measured and recorded on a continuous basis. In addition the system has an ambient gas level monitor mounted inside the trailer outside the tanks for safety purposes. The trailer is equipped with a large manometer consisting of 2 gas holding and 2 water balancing tanks to maintain positive pressure on the system as well as allow the tanks to be filled and emptied without introducing air. In essence the manometer functions like a floating cover.

Improved methods for anaerobic digestion of organic matter to produce biogas. Among the improvements given are including ferric iron in a hydrolysis reactor to increase the rate and efficiency of anaerobic hydrolysis to provide substrates for methanogenesis. A solids separation step is added after hydrolysis and before methanogenesis to improve the efficiency of the methanogenesis step. Other improvements involve using separate tanks for the hydrolysis and methanogenesis stages and using two (or more) methanogenesis tanks in sequence, and switching the order of the two (or more) methanogenesis tanks periodically.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application is claiming priority of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2002-0063541 dated Oct. 17, 2002. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of compressing bell sounds using recorded sounds and voice memos (hereinafter, referred to ‘sounds’) in mobile terminals and, more particularly, to a method of compressing sounds in mobile terminals, which compresses pulse code modulation (PCM) code generated by sampling sounds, using Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW) compression technique by applying a differential method. 2. Description of the Related Art Generally, mobile terminals use Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) or recorded bell sounds in order to inform users of phone calls. MIDI bell sounds have been developing from existing mono-poly sounds to poly-poly sounds, and the recorded bell sounds use recorded music or voice to satisfy personal taste. Also, mobile terminals store voices so as to store details of the calling during on the line or to leave a memo during call waiting. Presently, a method of storing sounds including bell sounds and voice memos used in mobile terminals uses a method of storing sounds using Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) compression algorithm without using sounds coder/decoder (CODEC) for supporting high tone quality provided by mobile terminals. Such ADPCM compression algorithm can reduce a storage space by about half level, but it cannot resist a degradation of tone quality. In the existing method of storing sounds, voices are stored by transforming data sampled into PCM using ADPCM. PCM algorithm has been disclosed in International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) G.711 Recommendations and ADPCM algorithm has been disclosed in ITU-T G.721 Recommendations. The sounds storage method using the existing ADPCM described above has been improved, but it still has problems in that memories are excessively consumed and original sounds cannot be restored as they are because the method uses compression technique causing damage of source data. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems occurring in the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method of compressing sounds, which increases compression efficiency by transforming input data to be suitable for LZW compression algorithm through applying differential method to PCM code generated by sampling sounds. In order to achieve at least the above objects, in whole or in parts, there is provided a method of compressing sounds in mobile terminals, including: initializing differential code corresponding to difference between adjacent PCM codes among PCM codes generated by sampling input sounds, in a dictionary table; sequentially reading PCM codes generated by sampling actually inputted input sounds, transforming the PCM codes into corresponding differential codes initialized in the dictionary table, and outputting the differential codes; and registering the outputted differential codes in a dictionary through dictionary generation algorithm. Preferably, in initializing the differential codes in the dictionary table, the differential codes are 6-bit differential codes and the number of the differential codes is 64. Preferably, said sequentially reading the PCM codes, transforming the PCM codes into differential codes, and outputting the differential codes includes: producing differential code variables that are differences between previously read PCM code and presently read PCM code; and differently outputting the differential codes according to the produced differential code variables' values. Preferably, in said differently outputting the differential codes according to the produced differential code variables' values, if the produced differential code variables' values are in a certain range, the differential code variables are outputted as they are, on the other hand, if the produced differential code variables' values are not in the certain range, the differential code variables are transformed and outputted. Preferably, the certain range is a range that the produced differential code variables' values are equal to or more than 0 and less than 31. Preferably, if the produced differential code variables' values are not in the certain range, the differential code variables are classified again according to the values of differential code variables, and the corresponding differential code variables are transformed in different manners according to the classified values and outputted. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a flow chart of processes for sound compression in mobile terminals according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a flow chart of differencing process illustrated in FIG. 1 ; FIG. 3 is a flow chart of dictionary generation function in the compressing process illustrated in FIG. 1 ; FIG. 4 illustrates output bit string of code word according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 illustrates a structure of code word table of sound data according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 6 illustrates the probability of PCM code of sampling sound data according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 7 illustrates the probability of differential code according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 is a flow chart of processes for sound compression in mobile terminals according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention, whose first process is to initialize 64 code words for 6-bit differential code in a dictionary table (S 110 ). That is to say, as a result of analysis of PCM code obtained by sampling the recorded sounds in order to construct a code word required for sounds compression, the difference between neighboring PCM codes (the absolute value of a certain value obtained by subtracting one PCM code from neighboring PCM code) is less than 32, so that only 64 code words that may be generated are stored in the dictionary table as differential codes, and code word variable (C1), which indicates the next code word to be registered, is initialized as the number of N5 (N5=65), which is initial dictionary entry number. Then, the stored PCM codes are sequentially read one by one (S 120 ). The read PCM codes are processed with differencing so as to be mapped into 64 differential codes initialized in the dictionary table (S 130 ). The differential codes after differencing are outputted to a function of compression (S 140 ). According to the function of compression, the differential codes are compressed by using dictionary generation algorithm and the compressed code words are outputted and stored in a memory. At this time, the dictionary generation algorithm generates dictionary trees suitable for the differential codes. The steps (S 120 , S 130 and S 140 ) are repeated until all the PCM codes obtained by sampling are read (S 150 ). Then, when the differencing and compressing of all the PCM codes are completed, a flush is finally conducted (S 160 ). According to a storage method in a memory, data is stored by 8-bit or 16-bit. Since the number of bits of compressed data is variable, final data stored in a memory may not correspond to 8-bit or 16-bit. Thus, bits left are filled with 0 and the above process is called ‘flush’. Respective processes of sound compression will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a process for differencing the PCM codes (S 130 ). Referring to FIG. 2 , the corresponding differencing process is to transform 8-bit PCM code into 6-bit differential code, wherein PCM code previously read (old) is subtracted by PCM code presently read (cur) so as to obtain the differential value of PCM code, and the subtracted value is stored in differential code variable (temp) (S 201 ). Then, it is checked whether or not the value of differential code variable is within a range of initialized differential codes so as to map input sounds into 64 differential codes initialized in the dictionary table, using the differential code variable. For example, if the value of differential code variable ranges from 0 to 31 (31 is not included) (S 202 ), the corresponding differential code variable is outputted as a differential code because the corresponding code variable is a differential code initialized in the dictionary table (S 203 ). And, if the value ranges from −32 to 0 (0 is not included) (S 204 ), 6-bit complement for 2 of differential code variable is outputted as differential code (S 205 ). However, when the value of differential code variable exceeds the range of differential code initialized in the dictionary table, differential code variable goes through a certain processing. When the value of differential code variable ranges from −160 to −32 (−160 is not included) (S 206 ), differential code 32 is outputted in order to indicate that the value of differential code variable is less than −32 and, then, an absolute value of the corresponding differential code variable divided by 2 is outputted as differential code (S 207 and S 208 ). When differential code variable ranges from 31 to 159 (159 is not included) (S 209 ), differential code 31 is outputted in order to indicate that the corresponding differential code variable exceeds 31 and, then, a value of the corresponding differential code variable divided by 2 is outputted as differential code (S 210 and S 211 ). FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing a step (S 140 ) of compressing differential code transformed by the differencing process, using dictionary generation algorithm. A dictionary generated for compressing differential code can be previously generated upon fabricating mobile terminals or upon initially storing sounds. Referring to FIG. 3 , a case where a character string is not added to the dictionary is one where the character string exceeds the maximum number (N7) of character string (S 301 ) or where the character string is previously registered in the dictionary (S 302 ). The character string is allocated to a new code word C1 except upon the above two cases (S 303 ). Then, new code word C1 increases by 1 so as to be allocated to the code word of character string to be generated next (S 304 ). When the increased C1 is equal to or more than the number of code word (N2) (S 305 ), the number of N5, initial dictionary entry number, is allocated to the C1 (S 306 ). The steps (S 304 to S 306 ) are repeated until a node allocated to the C1 is a leaf node indicating last character of the character string in the dictionary tree, or a node that is not used (C1=NULL) (S 307 ). Where the node allocated to the C1 is a leaf node or the node that is not used, C1 is deleted from the dictionary tree in order for new code word of the character string to be allocated (S 308 ). When the compression has been completed through the above steps, generated code word is outputted and stored in a memory. To reduce the size of compressed code word, a process is conducted as follows. That is to say, in order to obtain accurate character string when decompressing the compressed code word, the corresponding code word is outputted as to satisfy the following equations. ( C 1+ lim )≦2 ┌log 2 (C1+1)┐ −1  [equation 1] lim=C 3 −C 1−1  [equation 2] C 3=2 ┌ log 2 (C1+1)┐   [equation 3] where C1 is the number of code word presently allocated, lim means a limit value capable of reducing bits, and ┌log 2 (C1+1)┐ means minimum integer larger than log 2 (C1+1) . Accordingly, when code word is changed into bit string, if the code word is smaller than a predetermined limit value lim, it is outputted as ┌log 2 (C1+1)┐−1 bit, and if the code word is larger than a limit value, it is outputted as ┌log 2 (C1+1)┐ bit. For example, as shown in FIG. 4 , since lim=(1024-750-1)=273, when C1 is 750. Code words ranging 0 to 273 upon being compressed are coded by 9 bits and outputted, and code words ranging 274 to 749 are coded by 10 bits after adding 274 to respective code words and are outputted. When decompressed, code word bits are read by 9 bits. If the read value is smaller than 274, the value itself is taken as a code word, on the other hand, if the value is larger than 274, code word bits are read again by 10 bits and a certain value subtracting 274 from the read value is taken as a code word. FIG. 5 illustrates a structure of the dictionary table according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. The code words ranging 0 to 63 are defined as differential code, code words ranging 64 to 127 as 7-bit coding area, code words ranging 128 to 255 as 8-bit coding area, and finally code words ranging 2048 to 4095 as 12-bit coding area. In order to evaluate performance of the method of compressing sounds according to the present invention, compression algorithm is implemented using C language and tested. For sound data, actual human voice is recorded at 8000 samples per second (64 Kbps) and used. FIG. 6 illustrates the probability of PCM code of sampling sound data, and FIG. 7 illustrates the probability of differential code, which records difference based on data from FIG. 6 . Compressibility of sounds according to the present invention is obtained by dividing the size of sounds data before compression by the size of sounds data after compression. With the result of this, samples 1 to 4 have compressibility of 3.00, 3.66, 3.35, and 2.5, respectively and average value of 3.13. As described above, the present invention can reduce the number of kinds of code word, a parameter which heightens performance of LZW compression algorithm, by applying differential method to PCM code generated by sampling sounds and can enhance sound compression efficiency by increasing the number of repeated character string. Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.

A method of compressing sounds in mobile terminals according to the present invention transforms pulse code modulations (PCM) codes, which are source data of bell sounds using recorded sounds or voice memos and are generated by sampling the sounds, through applying a differential method and, then, compresses the PCM codes using Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW) compresses technique, thus reducing a storage space required for storing bell sounds using sounds or voice memos in mobile terminals. According to the present invention, compression efficiency is maximized upon using LZW algorithm by transforming PCM code through applying differential method, thereby increasing restoration efficiency of original sounds and heightening compression efficiency by about 50%, compared with the existing compression storage method using ADPCM.

PRIORITY [0001] This application claims priority to European Patent Application No. 11187123.2, filed 28 Oct. 2011, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. §119, the contents of which in its entirety are herein incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND [0002] The present disclosure relates to data compression using data transformation, such as Lempel-Ziv transformation, and encoding. Furthermore, the present disclosure relates to methods for generating an encoding table for symbols obtained by data transformation. [0003] Safeguarding important data is usually performed by a data backup. To keep a historical representation of the backups, the data is generally backed up on removable data storage items, such as tape cartridges or the like. Usually, data backed up onto a storage medium needs to be compressed to save backup time and storage medium capacity. [0004] Data compression is applied in various fields of information technology. For example, data compression is often applied for permanently storing data on a tape drive or the like. There is one standard established that is defined for tape drives, the so-called Linear Tape Open (LTO) standard, which provides a hardware compression scheme consisting of a Lempel-Ziv front end and a variable-length encoder back end. The back end encoder generates variable-length code words that are substantially used to encode the length of the matched strings in the history buffer. The data transformation generates symbols which can be used to reconstruct the original data stream. [0005] The Linear Tape Open standard refers to the ECMA-321 for streaming lossless data compression. According thereto, the back end encoder allows specific extension of a particular source symbol to be used as a control symbol. In particular, according to the ECMA-321 specification, the control symbol is incorporated into the compressed data scheme to provide a command or a marker for controlling the decompression of the encrypted data stream. [0006] In the ECMA-321 specification, the control symbol may correspond to a scheme 1 symbol, which indicates that the following data symbols are encoded according to a compression scheme. The compression scheme provides literals which correspond to unmatched data bytes and copy pointers which are an addressing representation of a data byte sequence matching a data byte sequence in a history buffer. [0007] Furthermore, the control symbol may represent a scheme 2 symbol, which indicates that the following data sequence does not contain encoded data. The latter scheme might be useful if the data stream to be compressed has a high entropy, such that an efficient transformation to a set of copy pointers cannot be performed, i.e., after transforming the data stream to be compressed the encoded data stream would be longer than the original data sequence. [0008] The back end encoding is usually performed as a kind of entropy encoding, wherein control symbols are encoded by maximum-length code words. According to the ECMA-321 specification, the total length of control symbols including a leading literal flag is 13 bits. [0009] As the history buffer size tends to become larger in order to increase the compression ratio, efficient encoding of matched data streams in the history buffer requires variable-length code words that are longer than the control symbols. However, to provide a downward compatibility there is a need to keep the same control symbols that have been used up to now in devices applying data compression according to the ECMA-321 specification. Therefore, there is a need for designing compression schemes that incorporate control symbols of a given length. SUMMARY [0010] In one embodiment, a method for compressing a data stream includes transforming, with a transformation front end block of a data compressor, a data stream into a transformed data stream of referencing symbols and other data elements, the referencing symbols representing a data sequence in the data stream which is identical to a data sequence in a reference data block and being pointers to the identical data sequence in the reference data block; and encoding, with an encoding end block of the data compressor, the referencing symbols by replacing them with codewords according to an encoding scheme; wherein the transformed stream includes at least one control symbol indicating a change between a portion of the transformed data stream containing a sequence of the other data elements and a portion of the transformed data stream containing a sequence of the codewords for the referencing symbols, wherein the location of the control symbol within the transformed data stream defines the end of the respective portion of the transformed data stream; and wherein the encoding scheme provides that at least one codeword associated to one of the referencing symbols is longer than a codeword representing the control symbol. [0011] In another embodiment, a device for compressing a data stream, includes a transformation front end block configured to transform a data stream into a transformed data stream of referencing symbols and other data elements, the referencing symbols representing a data sequence in the data stream which is identical to a data sequence in a reference data block and being pointers to the identical data sequence in the reference data block; and an encoding back end block configured to encode the referencing symbols by replacing them with codewords according to an encoding scheme; wherein the transformed stream includes at least one control symbol indicating a change between a portion of the transformed data stream containing a sequence of the other data elements and a portion of the transformed data stream containing a sequence of the codewords replacing the referencing symbols, wherein the location of the at least one control symbol within the transformed data stream defines the end of the respective portion of the transformed data stream; and wherein the encoding back end block is configured such that the encoding scheme provides that at least one codeword associated to one of the referencing symbols is longer than the codeword associated to the control symbol. [0012] In another embodiment, a method is disclosed for generating a representation of an encoding scheme for use in the compression of a data stream into a compressed data stream, wherein the encoding scheme associates codewords to each of one or more referencing symbols and to at least one control symbol, wherein each referencing symbol indicates a replaced data sequence in the compressed data stream and wherein the control symbols indicate a change between the referencing symbols and other data elements in the compressed data stream. The representation of the encoding scheme is generated by providing a set of the occurrence frequencies of each of the referencing symbols; adding a freely selected frequency to the set of the occurrence frequencies associated with the control symbol; forming the encoding scheme using a Huffman encoding algorithm, so that to each referencing symbol a codeword is associated according to its frequency of occurrence; and iteratively adapting the frequency of occurrence of the control symbol until the codeword associated to the control symbol has a desired length. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in more detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: [0014] FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a circuit for processing a data flow in LTO and enterprise tape drives; [0015] FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a device for compressing a data stream comprising a transformation front end block and an encoding back end block; [0016] FIG. 3 shows a flow diagram for illustrating a method for generating an encoding scheme; and [0017] FIG. 4 shows a histogram indicating the occurrence frequencies of referencing symbols in a Calgary Corpus. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0018] LTO tape drives are well known in the art. The LTO hardware may be a peripheral equipment to be interfaced with a computer system. The hardware comprises a drive unit for receiving a tape cartridge to which data is archived or backed up or from which stored data is retrieved. Furthermore, control electronics are implemented in the tape drive to process the data stream that is provided by the computer system to be backed up and/or to process the data stream retrieved from the tape cartridge to be delivered to the computer system. [0019] FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram representing a data flow in a LTO tape drive. Data to be backed up is provided as a stream of data records DS (data stream) by the computer system and is supplied to a CRC recorder 11 which serves for performing a cyclic redundancy check of each record of the data stream. Thereafter, the data is provided to a data compressor 12 which applies a data compression on the data stream coming from the CRC recorder 11 , as will be explained later. [0020] The compressed data stream is then delivered to a data encrypter 13 which employs an appropriate encryption, for example block encryption such as a Galois Counter Mode (GCM) encryption algorithm or the like. Subsequently, the encrypted data stream is supplied to an ECC (error correcting code) data encoder 14 which serves for adding error correction bits to data records of the data stream. The data stream is then split in n sub-streams in a splitter 15 , wherein the number of sub-streams corresponds to the number of simultaneously written tracks on the tape. The sub-streams are then randomized by means of randomizers 16 and RLL (run length-limited) encoded in RLL encoders 17 . RLL is a line coding technique for transmitting arbitrary data over a communication channel. RLL bounds the length of sequences of repeated bits during which the signal does not change due to a limited clock recovery. The data sub-streams thus processed are then provided to respective write heads 18 of the tape drive to simultaneously write the n tracks onto the tape in the tape cartridge. [0021] For reading back data from the tape, the sub-streams are simultaneously read and the combined data stream is processed inversely to the data flow scheme for writing data onto the tape as described above. [0022] The efficiency with respect to time and storage consumption is mainly affected by the efficiency of compression, i.e., the compression ratio. The compression ratio is the ratio of the length of the incoming data stream and the length of the compressed data stream. [0023] According to the LTO specification, compressing the data stream shall conform to the standard ECMA-222 (June 1995), titled “Adaptive Lossless Data Compression Algorithm”, and the standard ECMA-321 (June 2001), titled “Streaming Lossless Data Compression Algorithm”. As illustrated in FIG. 2 , the compression algorithm described therein consists of two substantial steps which may be performed by means of a transformation front end block 21 , such as a Lempel-Ziv front end block, and an encoding back end block 22 , such as a variable-length code back end block. [0024] The transformation front end block 21 substantially serves for replacing data sequences in the data stream with referencing symbols as possible. Referencing symbols are also referred to as copy pointers and are eventually represented as codewords in the compressed data stream. The data sequences are replaced when an identical match of the data sequence can be found in a preceding part of the data stream, which may be temporarily held in a history buffer. The referencing symbol has a format that indicates the position of the identical data sequence in the history buffer with respect to a current pointer marking the start of the matched data sequence. The referencing symbol further indicates the length of the matched data sequence and the byte following the matched data sequence. According to the Lempel-Ziv 77 standard referred to in ECMA-222, a symbol has a format of <d, l, s >, where “d” represents the displacement, “l” represents the length of the matched sequence and “s” represents the byte following the matched data sequence. [0025] The transformation process performed in the transformation front end block 21 uses a history buffer of a predetermined size. The size of the history buffer used to be 1 kB, but will be increased to 16 kB in the near future. The history buffer stores a moving frame which follows a current pointer pointing to the first byte of the data sequence to be matched. The current pointer is moved forward/downstream every time a data sequence matching process has been completed. The maximum length of a data sequence a copy pointer can refer to is 271 bytes. After a matching data sequence of 271 bytes has been found, a copy pointer is generated and the sequence matching process is restarted beginning with the next byte. [0026] In case the data sequence matching does reveal one or more matched data sequences with a low number of repeated bytes, the above format of triples provides an inefficiency caused by the fact that the obtained set of referencing symbols is represented by codewords that could actually be longer than the matched data sequences they were replacing. In the Lempel-Ziv-Storer-Szymanski compression scheme as referred to in ECMA-321, a replacement of a data sequence with a referencing symbol is omitted if a length of a codeword representation of the matched data sequence is less than a break even length, i. e. a minimum compressible length of a data sequence. To differentiate between referencing symbols and uncompressed bytes, the Lempel-Ziv-Storer-Szymanski compression uses one-bit leading literal flags for each symbol and each byte to indicate whether the next chunk of data is a literal, i.e., an uncompressed byte, or a reference symbol indicating an offset/length pair. The break even length corresponds to the length of the uncompressed bytes including the literal flags. [0027] According to the ECMA-321 standard, all copy pointers are encoded by the literal “1”, which is a bit “1”, added as a leading bit to the codeword representation of the copy pointer, wherein a literal 0, which is a bit “0”, is added as a leading bit to the data byte, thereby indicating that the byte following the literal 0 represents an uncompressed byte. [0028] In other words, with data byte sequences of short lengths, the above non-compressing encoding results in a 9-bit representation in the encoded data stream for every data byte. This might result in an encoded data stream that has 12.5% more bits than the original data stream. In order to reduce this data expansion, a new mode may be introduced which is, according to the ECMA-321 standard, called scheme 2 encoding, while the above-described generation of copy pointers is called scheme 1 encoding. The scheme 2 encoding provides that the data bytes are copied to the output bit stream without any leading literal flag bits. [0029] In order for a decoder to distinguish a group of uncompressed/unencoded data bytes (according to scheme 2) from the representation of one or more control symbols, a control symbol is defined which corresponds to a predefined codeword. For random data this tends to produce an encoded data stream that has about 0.05% more bits than the original data stream. Hence, the control symbol indicates that the following data byte in the encoded stream represents a portion of the original sequence of data bytes of the data stream where the data bytes are not encoded. [0030] To end the scheme 2 encoding and/or to switch to the scheme 1 encoding, another control symbol may be provided. According to the ECMA-222 standard, the symbols are encoded with a predetermined match count field which is a table that associates the symbols according to the length of the match. The table as defined by the ECMA-222 standard is illustrated in the following Table 1. It can be seen that the length of the bit code increases depending on the length of the matched byte sequence, while according to the probability of existing matched patterns a short bit code represents a short data byte sequence; with increasing length of the data byte sequence, the length of the bit code also increases. [0000] TABLE 1 Encoding table according to ECMA-321 Length of matched data sequence Codeword representation 2 0 0 3 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 1 6 1 0 1 0 7 1 0 1 1 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 9 1 1 0 0 0 1 . . . . . . 15 1 1 0 1 1 1 16 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 17 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 . . . . . . 31 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 32 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . . . . . . 270 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 271 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Control symbol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [0031] According to the ECMA-321 standard, which focuses on the scheme switching between scheme 1 and scheme 2 as explained above, the control symbols are predefined and are encoded as fixed codewords having the same length as the codewords for encoding a data byte sequence of 271 bytes. According to the ECMA standard, the maximum length of the codewords is 12 plus a leading bit of the literal flag (literal “1”) indicating that the following codeword represent a copy pointer or a control symbol, respectively. The encoding table is designed such that the leading part of the codeword is unique, thereby clearly indicating the overall length of the respective codeword, such that no misinterpretation can occur and codewords can be safely discriminated. [0032] Furthermore, for the sequence of uncompressed bytes according to scheme 2 encoding it has to be ensured that uncompressed data bytes cannot be misinterpreted as a control symbol and vice versa. As the codeword representation of the control symbol as shown above is set to consist of 13 “ones” in a row (literal 1 and 12 bit “1”), the representation of a data byte “1111 1111” in scheme 2 is “1111 1111 0”, i.e., every time a byte “1111 1111” occurs in the uncompressed data stream of scheme 2 a bit “0” is attached to avoid the accidentally occurrence of a bit sequence which could be interpreted as a control symbol. So it can be avoided to indicate the length of the (scheme 2) stream of uncompressed data bytes in advance. In general, this is achieved by defining codewords and the set of allowed uncompressed data bytes so that the bit sequence of the codeword representation of the control symbols is unique over the whole encoded data stream. [0033] However, one drawback of the predetermined encoding table is the fact that although the codeword associated with the symbols up to a length of 270 bytes of a matched pattern according to their probabilities, a codeword representing a matched data byte sequence of 271 bytes and the codewords representing the control symbol both have a length of 12 bits although their probability of occurrence is higher than, e.g., the probability of occurrence of a codeword representing a matched data byte sequence of 270 bytes. The probability of a matched data byte sequence of a length of 271 bytes is higher than the probability of a data byte sequence of 270 bytes as according to the compression scheme the maximum length of matched data byte sequences is limited to 271 bytes, such that the probability of the occurrence of a data symbol representing a matched data byte sequence length of 271 bytes corresponds to the sum of probabilities of the occurrence of data byte sequences of lengths of 271 bytes and more. [0034] To correct this mismatch, it may be provided that either the control symbol or the copy pointer for a matched data byte sequence of 271 bytes or both are represented by codewords with a reduced length, i.e., with a length shorter than the length of the codeword representing a matched data byte sequence of 270 bytes. [0035] To better represent the probability of occurrence of data byte sequence lengths of 271 bytes and more, an encoding table is proposed as follows: [0000] TABLE 2 Encoding table with reduced codeword size for control symbols and matched data sequence lengths of 271 bytes Length of matched data sequence Codeword representation 2 bytes-3 bytes 0 <1 bit> (2 bits) 4 bytes-5 bytes 1 0 <1 bit> (3 bits) 6 bytes-7 bytes 1 1 0 <1 bit> (4 bits) 8 bytes-9 bytes 1 1 1 0 <1 bit> (5 bits) 10 bytes-11 bytes 1 1 1 1 0 0 <1 bit> (7 bits) 12 bytes-15 bytes 1 1 1 1 0 1 <2 bit> (8 bits) 16 bytes-23 bytes 1 1 1 1 1 0 <3 bit> (9 bits) 271 bytes 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 (10 bits) 24 bytes-31 bytes 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 <3 bit> (11 bits) Control Symbols 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (12 bits) 32 bytes-47 bytes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 <4 bit> (13 bits) 48 bytes-79 bytes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 <5 bit> (14 bits)  80 bytes-143 bytes 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 <6 bit> (15 bits) 144 bytes-270 bytes 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 <7 bit> (17 bits) [0036] Therein, the codeword lengths increase with the sequence length of matched data byte sequences to be represented thereby, except for the codeword representation for data byte sequences of 271 bytes or more. Data byte sequences of 271 bytes or more are represented by a 10-bits codeword while data byte sequences of lengths of 144 bytes to 270 bytes are represented by a 17-bits codeword. [0037] Although the codeword length of the longest defined codeword is longer than proposed by the ECMA standard, namely 17 bits compared to 12 bits (without literal flag), the average codeword length for a given sample data source is shorter. For a sample data source corresponding to a Calgary Corpus (a collection of 14 text and binary data files used for comparing data compression algorithms), the average codeword length is 3,437220 bits. The average code length when using the encoding table according to the ECMA standard corresponds to 3.636128 bits. It can be seen that the average code word length may be significantly reduced by more than 1% indicating that the compression was performed more efficiently. [0038] Furthermore, depending on the kind of data to be compressed, the encoding table may be generated by preserving control symbols of a predetermined size and predetermined bit pattern. As the control symbols are predefined in the LTO specification, they must not be redefined since existing backed up data could not be decompressed or decoded, respectively. [0039] The encoding table may be optimized for a given data source, such as the sample data source mentioned above, i.e., a Calgary Corpus. However, other kinds of data sources may also be used as a basis for generating an encoding table. [0040] The flow diagram of FIG. 3 illustrates a method for generating an encoding table based on a given data source and based on the bit length of the codewords of one or more additional control symbols with a length of K bits. [0041] As illustrated in FIG. 3 , in block S 1 an input histogram H 0 is provided or generated that represents the probabilities of data byte sequences in a given data sample. [0042] In FIG. 4 , a histogram for the Calgary Corpus sample is shown. The histogram H 0 indicates the frequencies of N occurrences of matched data byte sequences of a given length from 2 to 271 bytes (N=270). It can be seen that the frequencies/probabilities decrease according to the grey approximation line (least-squares logarithmic tail fit), wherein the frequency of occurrence of a data byte sequence generally is the lower the longer the respective data byte sequence is. This is not true for the data byte sequence of a length of 271 bytes, the probability of which corresponds to the cumulated probabilities of occurrences of data byte sequences of lengths of 271 bytes or more. [0043] In block S 2 , an iteration counter i is initially set to 1 and a variable d 1 is set to a first constant c 1 , which is a positive integer and determines the speed of convergence. [0044] In block S 3 , the histogram H 0 is extended with the frequency of a further element d i (i=1, 2, 3, . . . ) to obtain a new (N+1) value histogram H i =[H 0 d i ]. As indicated in block S 4 , an (N+1) symbol code C i is constructed with symbol probabilities H i /sum (H i ) according to a Huffman coding algorithm. A Huffman coding algorithm is an entropy encoding algorithm used for lossless data compression. The Huffman code provides a variable-length code table for encoding a source symbol, wherein the variable-length code table has been derived in a particular way based on the estimated probability of occurrence for each possible value of the source symbol. [0045] As is generally known in the art, the Huffman algorithm works by creating a binary tree of nodes. The algorithm essentially begins with the nodes containing the probabilities of the symbol they represent, wherein a node is created whose children are those two nodes with the lowest probabilities, such that the new node probability equals the sum of the children's probabilities. With the previous two nodes merged to one node and with a new node being now considered having a next higher probability, the procedure is repeated until only one node remains and until there is no next node having a higher probability. [0046] According to the Huffman coding algorithm, the encoding table is obtained as a representation of the tree. To obtain the codeword representation of each element (length of a matched data sequence) represented by a respective end node of the tree and its associated probability, each branch of the tree is associated with a branch bit. The closer the branch is to one of the end nodes the higher is the significance of the respective bit. Appending all branch bits on the way from the end node to the root of the tree results in the codeword which represents the respective element of the end node. [0047] In block S 5 , the length A of the thus obtained codeword representing the added element C i (N+1) is computed. [0048] In block S 6 , the iteration is performed. If it is determined in decision block S 6 that the length A of the codeword representing the added element C i (N+1) corresponds to a desired length of the additional control symbol, which is given as K, then the encoding table of block S 4 may be used as the encoding table which is optimized for the given data source and the given length of the control symbols and the process ends. [0049] If it is determined in decision block S 6 that the length A of the codeword representing the added element A=C i (N+1)>K, then the variable d i+1 is set to d i+1 =d i +c 2 in block S 7 . c 2 is a second constant that is predetermined and determines the speed of convergence. [0050] In block S 9 , the counter i is incremented and it is continued with block S 3 . If it is determined in block S 6 that the length A of the codeword representing the added element C i (N+1)<K, then the variable d i is set to d i+1 =d i −c 2 in block S 8 and the method returns to block S 3 after the incrementation of the counter in block S 9 . [0051] The extension of the histogram H 0 is performed again with the adapted element d i and the Huffman encoding table is generated again, such that an optimized encoding table may be obtained in an iterative manner. The first and second constants c 1 and c 2 should be judiciously selected. The careful selection of the constants finally determines the speed of convergence. [0052] The above-described process of generating an encoding table is suitable to compute upper bounds on the compression of matched data sequence lengths in copy pointers using the information-theoretic measure entropy. This may be achieved by using the Huffman algorithm to obtain a Huffman encoding table for replacing the encoding table that is provided by the ECMA standard. The proposed encoding table has a 17-symbol variable-length code for matched data sequence lengths that preserves the control symbols specified in the LTO specification, such that an improvement of 1% or more in compression ratio can be achieved. [0053] While the disclosure has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment or embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

A method for compressing a data stream includes transforming a data stream into a transformed data stream of referencing symbols and other data elements, the referencing symbols representing a data sequence identical to a data sequence in a reference data block; and encoding the referencing symbols by replacing them with codewords according to an encoding scheme, the transformed stream includes at least one control symbol indicating a change between a portion of the transformed data stream containing a sequence of the other data elements and a portion of the transformed data stream containing a sequence of the codewords for the referencing symbols, the location of the control symbol within the transformed data stream defines the end of the respective portion of the transformed data stream, the encoding scheme providing at least one codeword associated to one of the referencing symbols is longer than a codeword representing the control symbol.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to a refrigeration circuit through which a refrigerant is circulated. A typical circuit comprises a compressor, an evaporator, an expansion valve, and a condenser as principal components, and an example of such a circuit is contained in an automobile air conditioning system. Such a system also comprises a desiccant assembly in the circuit to perform a desiccant function on the refrigerant. More specifically, this invention relates to a new and unique desiccant assembly and method. In a typical refrigeration circuit, such as the type commonly used in automobile air conditioning systems, refrigerant is circulated through the circuit to produce cooling. The energy input to the circuit is via the compressor which is driven from the automobile's engine and which serves to create a source of pressurized liquid refrigerant which is allowed to expand through the expansion valve into the evaporator. In the evaporator the expanding refrigerant absorbs heat thereby producing cooling of a medium which is in heat transfer relationship with the evaporator. ln an automobile air conditioning system that medium is air. From the evaporator the refrigerant passes to a condenser where the heat absorbed in the evaporator is rejected. The heat rejection is to the outside environment in the described automobile air conditioning usage. The refrigerant is then drawn from the condenser by the compressor where it is again compressed and the cycle repeated. It has been found desirable for the circuit to have a desiccant which acts on the refrigerant, basically for the purpose of collecting entrained moisture which may have been introduced into the refrigeration circuit for any of a number of possible reasons. In other words, the desiccant serves to prevent moisture from circulating through the circuit where its presence might give rise to undesired consequences. Since the refrigeration circuit is a closed one, it is vital for the desiccant to be in an operative relationship with the refrigerant in a manner which maintains the closed nature of the circuit. The prevailing practice is for the desiccant to be contained in a desiccant assembly which comprises a cylindrical container having an inlet and an outlet for connecting it into the circuit. The desiccant is itself located within the container, and is typically contained in a bag which fits into the bottom of the cylindrical container. The construction of the container is such that refrigerant flow is directed through the desiccant so that the latter can perform its intended function of removing moisture from the refrigerant. The prevailing practice in the fabrication of such desiccant assemblies comprises the container being formed of two separate parts, such two half shells or a base and a cap, joined together around a circular seam. The two parts are typically drawn or stamped. The various component parts of the desiccant assembly are assembled into the two container parts before the latter are seamed together. This known process for fabricating the desiccant assembly has therefore comprised operations performed on two separate container parts, a subsequent assembly of various parts, and finally a joining of the two container parts together, such as by brazing in the case of aluminum or aluminum alloy, or by welding in the case of steel. The presence of the seam is a potential source for leakage, and from a practical manufacturing standpoint in mass production, reliability of this type of process has been shown to be poor. Significant reject and scrap rates have been tolerated as being a necessary consequence of the known manufacturing procedures. Even though a seam may visually appear satisfactory, there can be minute pin holes which form leak paths. The effectiveness of seaming procedures can be impaired because of the residual presence of materials used to facilitate the formation of one or both of the two container parts, i.e. the residual presence of lubricants or drawing compounds for instance when the parts are drawn or extruded. The present invention is directed to a new and improved desiccant assembly which avoids the disadvantages associated with the prior manufacture of desiccant assemblies as just described. An important attribute of the invention is that it can significantly reduce the reject and scrap rates in the mass production of such desiccant assemblies. Moreover it is of a more efficient construction since it uses a single part to form the desiccant container rather than two separate parts seamed together. The invention involves the application of friction spinning to the ends of seamless tube stock to form closed endwalls whereby the container comprises a single unitary body having a sidewall and integral endwalls. With the invention the continuous seam which was required in the prior manufacture is eliminated. The invention also involves the fabrication of various components and their subassembly to the one piece container at various stages of the fabrication process. Hence, related aspects of the invention involve the method of assembly. The invention is adaptable to various packaging and geometrical configurations. In an automobile usage where the desiccant assembly may be located in the engine compartment, it is often necessary for the assembly to be in a limited space and for the inlet and outlet to be in particular geometric relationship to the container so that refrigerant lines can be connected to them. The invention is advantageously useful with different configurations, such as an external tube version and an internal tube version, examples of both of which will be subsequently hereinafter described. In application of the invention to automobile air conditioning systems, important benefits accrue. The preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes light-weight material which is consistent with the efforts of the automobile industry to make weight savings and fuel economy gains. It is also a better finished product suited to the quality improvement effort of the industry than is the prior multi-piece body construction. The foregoing features, advantages and benefits of the invention, along with additional ones, will be seen in the ensuing description and claims which should be considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawings disclose a preferred embodiment of the invention according to the best mode contemplated at the present time in carrying out the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view through a component used in the desiccant assembly of the present invention at a beginning stage of its fabrication process. FIG. 2 is a fragmentary view of a portion of FIG. 1 after the performance of a further particular fabrication step. FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating the completion of still further fabrication steps. FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating an intermediate stage of the fabrication process subsequent to FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 5 is a fragmentary view taken generally within circle 5 of FIG. 4 but in an enlarged section and including a further fabrication step. FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 4, but after the performance of subsequent fabrication steps. FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 6 after the performance of the final fabrication step, and therefore shows the completed desiccant assembly. This view is taken at 90° to FIG. 6. FIG. 8 is a top plan view of FIG. 7 rotated 90°. FIG. 9 is a block diagram useful in explaining a preferred sequence of fabrication steps relating to the preceeding FIGS. 1-8. FIG. 10 is a longitudinal sectional view illustrating a second version of desiccant assembly embodying principles of the invention. FIG. 11 is a longitudinal view of the exterior of the version of FIG. 10 upon completion. FIG. 12 is a top plan view of FIG. 11. FIG. 13 is a longitudinal view of certain of the component parts of the second version shown apart from the assembly. FIG. 14 is a block diagram useful in explaining a preferred sequence of fabrication steps for the version of FIGS. 10-13. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIGS. 1-9 relate to the fabrication of a desiccant assembly 20 which is shown in its finished form in FIGS. 7 and 8. Referring first to FIG. 1 a piece of circular walled, seamless tube stock 22 is cut to a length appropriate to the final finished dimension for the desiccant assembly's body. The tube stock 22 will ultimately form a one-piece body in the finished assembly. The ends of the tube stock are shown to be cut at right angles to the main axis 24. The preferred material is aluminum or an aluminum alloy. This is represented by the step 100 in FIG. 9, and it is followed by a de-greasing step 101. A friction spinning operation is then conducted on one end of the tube stock 22 for the purpose of forming an integral end wall. This result is shown in FIG. 2 which depicts the finished end wall 26 which is integral with the side wall 28. FIG. 2 shows the end wall fully closed. This step is designated 102 in FIG. 9. The friction spinning process is conducted using conventional friction spinning procedures. The initial cut length of the tube stock 22 is greater than the finished length of the one piece body so as to take into account end wall formation by friction spinning. A typical spinning procedure comprises the tube stock being chucked on the spindle of a spinning machine (not shown) and spun about axis 24 at a suitable speed. A suitable tool such as a spinning wheel is operated to engage the end of the spinning tube stock to displace it radially inwardly to form the integral end wall 24. The end wall may have a shape which progressively increases in thickness in the radially inward direction. During the friction spinning operation the spinning rate and the feed of the spinning wheel which is used to close the end of the tube may be set in such a way that the central region of the end wall outer surface actually becomes molten. This procedure promotes a superior closure of the end wall. The result can be beneficial from the standpoint of efficient use of material because a circular cylindrical walled vessel has inherent hoop strength in the circumferential direction around its sidewall. Thus from the standpoint of structural considerations the sidewall can be of a lesser thickness than the end wall and that is a construction which can be achieved through the use of the friction spinning procedure. The next step (FIG. 3) involves the creation of certain holes, with the particular version which is the subject of FIGS. 1 through 8 having three holes in its sidewall spaced from the open top thereof and a fourth hole in the integral end wall 26. Only two of the three holes in the sidewall appear in FIG. 3 since the remaining hole is in the portion that has been sectioned away. The three holes which do appear in FIG. 3 are identified by the reference numerals 30, 32, and 34. The holes are utilized for the attachment of additional component parts to the one piece unitary body formed from tube stock 22. The two holes 30 and 32 are concentric to radials from axis 24 while hole 34 is concentric with axis 24. Since the tube stock 22 has a circular cylindrical wall, it may be appropriate to coin the stock material around the margins of the sidewall holes so that each of the holes is disposed in a flat plane rather than on a circularly curved surface corresponding to the radius of curvature of the sidewall. It was previously mentioned that end wall 26 was formed to be fully closed. Where a hole, such as the hole 34, is to be provided in the integral end wall it is possible that the friction spinning procedure could produce a substantially closed but not a fully closed end wall since a hole is to be provided in the end wall in any event. This however will depend upon the particular procedure. These steps of punching the holes and coining whatever flat areas may be required are represented by the step 104 in FIG. 9, although the drawings do not specifically show any coined areas. With the tube stock in the stage of fabrication represented by FIG. 3, it is ready for subsequent brazing operations to attach additional components which are also aluminum or aluminum alloy. In order to assure optimum brazing it is desirable to perform a de-greasing operation to remove undesirable contaminants from the metal, and this de-greasing step is represented by the reference numeral 106 in FIG. 9. FIG. 4 shows a further stage of the fabrication process where additional components have been assembled. These additional components are a tube, generally 40, an inlet fitting 42, and a pair of valve core fittings 44 and 46, fitting 46 not appearing in FIG. 4. Tube 40 fits into hole 34, fitting 42 fits into hole 32, and fitting 44 fits into hole 30. The remaining valve core fitting 46 has a fit with the hole which is not shown in FIG. 3; however the two valve core fittings and the two holes with which they fit are identical, and they are located generally diametrically opposite each other on sidewall 28. The tube 40 is fabricated into the form illustrated in FIG. 4 prior to its being fitted into hole 34. The fabrication steps for tube assembly 40 are represented by the reference numerals 108, 110, 112 and 114 in FIG. 9. The steps involve cutting tube stock 48 to an appropriate length (step 108) and then swaging a locating ring 50 at an appropriate location (step 110) so that when the tube is inserted into hole 34 the locating ring serves to limit the extent to which the tube is inserted, and thereby correctly locate the tube. In addition to the step of swaging the locating ring onto the tube, one or more very small bleed holes 52 are either pierced or drilled (step 112) through the sidewall of the tube so that they will be located within the interior of the one-piece container body in the finished desiccant assembly. With the small tube having been processed through the steps 108, 110, and 112, it is now ready for the brazing operation, and it is therefore appropriate to degrease the tube 40 (step 114) depicted in FIG. 9. In accordance with conventional brazing procedures, flux and braze rings are first fitted onto the several fittings and the small tube where each of these component parts is fitted into the corresponding hole in the main body. This step is represented by the reference numeral 116 in FIG. 9. With the various components having been so assembled according to step 116, the brazing operation 118 is next conducted whereby the fittings and tube are joined to the partially formed main body by leak-proof joints. In order to assure the successful completion of the brazing operation it is desirable to conduct a leakage test, on the joined parts in the condition represented by FIG. 4 (step 120). The leak test serves to prove the leak-proof joints of the locations of brazing. Thus after the performance of the leak test, the partially completed assembly has the form represented in FIG. 4. Since the small tube 40 is intended to form the outlet connection of the desiccant assembly, a suitable means of connection is next created. This includes the steps of installing a nut 58 onto the exposed end of tube 40 (step 122), swaging the end of the tube at 62 to retain the nut thereon (step 124), moving the nut into engagement with the swage and then staking (numeral 64) the nut in place (step 126). It is to be appreciated that both the inlet fitting 42 and the outlet connection are suitably constructed so that when connections are made of the completed desiccant assembly into a refrigeration circuit, the connections form leakproof joints through which refrigerant is conducted into and out of the assembly. At this point a further de-greasing step 128 is performed. The next steps in the fabrication process are described with reference to FIG. 6. An annular screen assembly 66 is inserted via the open end of the container onto tube 40. Screen assembly 66 has an ID which allows it to fit closely around tube 40 and to be disposed against the inside of end wall 26. FIG. 6 shows the final installed position of the screen assembly. The screen assembly comprises a frame containing mesh screen elements 68, and the purpose of the screen assembly is to screen any contaminating material which may be in the system from potentially plugging the bleed orifice or orifices 52. Next the desiccant element 70 is inserted into the container via the open end thereof. The illustrated configuration for the desiccant element comprises molecular sieve desiccant firmly contained in a polyester felt bag which fits with substantial conformity to the annular internal space surrounding tube 40 and screen assembly 66. FIG. 6 also shows the use of a retainer 72 which is associated with the desiccant bag to assist in holding the shape and placement. The last element to be assembled into the container via the open end thereof is a baffle 74 which fits onto the upper end of tube 40. The purpose of the baffle is to shroud, but not block, the open upper end of tube 40 in the manner shown whereby fluid flow entering the inlet fitting 42 is caused to pass downwardly along the inside of the sidewall of the container and through the desiccant. With the components 66, 70, 72 and 74 having been assembled into the open end of the container, as represented by 130 in FIG. 9, the next operation performed comprises friction spinning the open upper end of the sidewall of the tube stock to form the fully closed end wall 76 (step 132). Preferably end wall 76 is formed in the manner described earlier so that the best possible degree of closure is obtained. Because the components assembled to the container prior to spin forming of end wall 76 are substantially symmetrical about axis 24, the assembly can be suitably chucked on the spindle of a friction spinning machine and rotated with minimum imbalance. The fittings 42, 44, 46 are spaced from end wall 76 so as not to interfere with the friction spinning process forming that end wall. FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate the finished form of the desiccant assembly, and it can be seen that the tube 40 has been externally bent into a particular configuration subsequent to friction spinning of end wall 76. This is represented by the step 134 in FIG. 9. Consequently the completed assembly has been adapted for use in a particular installation so that connection of refrigerant lines to the inlet and outlet fittings can be conveniently performed. Although not shown, suitable provisions may be associated with the assembly for mounting it, such as through use of a bracket in the engine compartment of an automobile for air conditioning system usage. Additional finishing procedures include the assembly of valves (not shown) into the fittings 44 and 46. Protective caps 43, 47, 60 are put over the various fittings until such time as the desiccant assembly is installed in a system, at which time these protective caps are removed. Based upon the foregoing description it can be seen that the resulting construction has the container of a one piece unitary construction. There is no seam between two separate container parts as in the prior art. The invention provides significant improvements in fabrication and in reliability making the invention of meaningful cost-effectiveness. The illustrated embodiment 20 is referred to as an external tube version because a portion of tube 40 extends from the exterior as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. It is possible to practice principles of the invention in an internal tube version and an example of such a version is described with reference to FIGS. 10-14. The version 200 of FIGS. 10-14 comprises many of the same basic parts as the external tube version 20 and like reference numerals are used to identify these parts even though there may be some minor differences in appearance. A detailed description will therefore not be repeated. One principal difference in the embodiment of FIGS. 10-14 is that the tube 202 is contained essentially entirely internally of the container. The tube is shown by itself in FIG. 13, and its shape can be perceived from that Figure and FIG. 10. The tube has a U-shaped bend at the bottom. The bleed hole 52 is provided at that bend and enveloped by the screen assembly 66. The version 200 enables the desiccant element 70 to be trapped by the tube itself so that a separate retainer structure may be omitted. The steps involved in the method are described with reference to FIG. 14. The initial steps 300, 301, 302 in forming the main body are the same as described for the first version, namely cutting tube stock to length, de-greasing, and then friction spinning one end of the cut length of tube stock to form end wall 26 and sidewall 28. In this instance the end wall is fully closed and it remains so. The small tube 202 is formed by conventional forming techniques into the illustrated configuration in a series of steps. These include cutting small tube stock to length (step 292), bending the cut tube into the desired curved shape (step 294), drilling or piercing the bleed hole, or holes (step 296), and de-greasing (step 298). After the performance of step 302 on the large tube stock to form the one end wall 26, the step 304 of punching holes and coining flats is performed. The internal tube version 200 which has been illustrated does not use any end wall holes, but rather retains the three sidewall holes previously described for the external tube version 20 and includes a fourth hole 204 in the sidewall diametrically opposite hole 32 for a further fitting 207 to provide for the outlet connection. After step 304, a de-greasing step 306 is performed. This is followed by assembling the fittings, flux and braze rings onto the body (step 308) and then brazing (step 310) whereby the various fittings 42, 44, 46, 207 are joined to the container body in a leakproof manner. Next a leak test is performed (step 312) to check the braze. After performance of step 312, the desiccant element 70, and the formed tube 202, including screen 66 installed thereon, are assembled into the interior of the container via the open end thereof (step 314). The desiccant assembly is first inserted followed by the tube 202. The U-shaped bend of the tube fits between what may be considered as two halves of the desiccant bag, and in the final assembled position shown in FIG. 10, the tube holds the bag in place at the bottom of the inside of the container. The shape of the tube is such that it can be manipulated so that the outlet end 206 can pass through hole 204 and be swaged into fitting 207. In the final position the inlet end 208 is disposed generally coaxial with axis 24. Next the baffle 74 is inserted into the open upper end of the container to fit onto the inlet end 208 of tube 202 (step 316). Once again the baffle does not obstruct the inlet end of the tube but rather serves to shed downwardly refrigerant which enters the container via the inlet fitting so that the refrigerant will pass through the desiccant element. The open end of the container is next closed by chucking the assembly in a suitable manner on the spindle of a spinning machine and friction spinning the open end of the tube stock to form the other closed end wall 74 (step 318). The completed assembly 200, is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, including the additional steps, after the formation of end wall 76, of the insertion of valves (not shown) into the fittings 44 and 46 and the placement of protective caps 43, 47, 60 onto the fittings for subsequent removal when the desiccant assembly is installed for its intended use in a refrigerant circuit. The internal tube version has the same advantages as the external tube version in that the container body is of a one piece unitary construction. Hence it too is a cost effective improvement over the prior procedures for making this general type of product. Although the drawing Figures have disclosed representative embodiments and the block diagrams of FIGS. 9 and 14 have portrayed representative steps, it is to be appreciated that these are merely exemplary of principles of the invention and that various other modes of practicing the invention are contemplated.

A method of manufacturing a desiccant assembly for a refrigeration circuit of the type used in automotive air conditioning systems. The method includes performing a container body by cutting a piece of seamless tube stock and friction forming one end of the tube to form an end wall. One or more apertures are formed within the container body to accommodate refrigerant circuit fittings. A refrigerant tube is installed in the container body along with associated components such as the desiccant material, additional fittings etc. Thereafter, the container body is again friction formed to enclose the opposite end wall of the container. The method according to this invention avoids the disadvantages associated with a multi-piece desiccant container which is subject to refrigerant leakage.

Process for Production of an Isomer Mixture of Z- and E-2- 2-Methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl-!-4-methyl-tetrahydropyran of General Formula A ##STR1## The invention concerns an improved process for production of an isomer mixture of Z- and E-2- 2-Methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl-!-4-methyltetrahydropyran of the General Formula A, more commonly known under the name cis- and trans-rose oxide, which as a rule contains at least 80% of the natural Z-isomers (cis-rose oxide) which are valuable in the perfume industry. This isomer mixture will hereafter also be referred to as "rose oxide of General Formula A"; this concept includes racemic as well as optically active isomer mixtures. The general concept "rose oxide" includes in the framework of this application, besides the inventive isomer mixture ("rose oxide of General Formula A") with as a rule at least 80% of the Z-isomer, also other mixtures of the Z- and E-isomers as well as the pure isomer and enantiomer. Since the isolation C. Seidel, M. Stoll, Helv. Chim. Acta, 42, 1830 (1959); Y. Naves, D. Lamparsky, P. Ochsner, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 645 (1961)! and structural identification Y. Naves, D. Lamparsky, P. Ochsner, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 645 (1961); C. Seidel, D. Felix, A. Eschenmoser, K. Bieman, E. Palluy and M. Stoll, Helv. Chim. Acta, 44, 598 (1961)! of rose oxide there have occurred numerous publications, which concerned new synthesis processes for the production thereof. So there is described for example in EP 00211769 and in Tetrahendon Letters 39, 3599-3602 (1971) of T. Schono, A. Ikeda, Y. Kimura the electro-chemical production of optically active or, as the case may be, racemic rose oxide, beginning with optically active or as the case may be racemic citronellol. Further synthesis begin with 3-Methyl-but-2-en-1-al and 2-methyl-but-1-en-4-o1 J. H. P. Tyman, B. J. Willis, Tetrahedron Letters 51, 4507 (1970)! and Epoxy-β-citronellol G. Ohloff, B. Lienhardt, Helv. Chim. Acta 182-189 (1964)!. In DE 3150234 there is a report of a process for production of a mixture of at least 80% cis- and at most 20% trans-rose oxide, wherein the process is comprised therein, that 2- 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl!-4-methylene-tetra-hydropyran is hydrated with a platinum dioxide or a platinum/charcoal catalyst in the presence of a strongly acidic cation exchanger. G. Ohloff, E. Klein, G. Schade are named as inventors of the process in DE 1137730 and DE 1443338 of the Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH, which converts (+) and (-)- as well as racemic citronellol (1) by photochemical sensitized singlet-oxygen-oxidation in a mixture of two peroxides (2a/b) and these in a known manner L. -F. Tietze, Th. Eicher, 428-430, (1981), Jord. Stein Publishers. Stuttgart, New York! are reduced with Na 2 SO 3 to a mixture two diols 3a/b. By treatment of this mixture with dilute acids then only 3a (Scheme 1) is converted to a mixture of the cis- and trans-rose oxide 4. This process is described again in great detail by G. Ohloff, E. Klein and G. O. Schenck in Angew. Chem. 73, 578 (1961). Thereby one obtains, depending upon selection of appropriate citronellols, beginning with (-)-citronellol the (-)-rose oxide, from (+)-citronellol the (+)-rose oxide and beginning with racemic (+/-)-citronellol the mixture of the cis-/trans-isomer optically inactive rose oxide. In the photochemical sensitized conversion of singlet oxygen with citronellol the hydrogen atoms react with the two carbons of the isopropylidene-double bond practically equally readily, so that (after subsequent Na 2 SO 3 - reduction) and almost 1:1-mixture of the two diols (3a) and (3b) result. Since the first investigations into the conversion of the diol-mixture 3a/b in rose oxide 4, it was always indicated G. Ohloff, B. Lienhardt, Helv. Chim. Acta 182-189 (1964); L. -F. Tietze, Th. Eicher, 428-430, (1981), Jord. Stein Publishers, Stuttgart, N.Y.; G. Ohloff, Pure Applied Chem., 481-502, (1975)!, that only the diol 3a allows itself to be converted into rose oxide. According to G. Ohloff, E. Klein and G. O. Schenck, Angew. Chem. 73, 578 (1961) the diol (3b) does not allow itself to be modified at room temperature, though it does at higher temperatures by means of stronger acids. Then there is obtained an oxide mixture, which contains besides the rose oxides (cis- and trans-rose oxide) primarily isomers with the isopropenyl group, so called iso-rose oxide (B). ##STR2## The known process, in which the production of optically active or racemic rose oxide is produced by photochemical sensitized singlet-oxygen-oxygenation of (+)- or (-)- or (+/-) citronellol, reduction of the obtained hydro-peroxide mixture (2a+2b) to the diol mixture (3a+3b) and a subsequent, according to known processes L. -F. Tietze, Th. Eicher, 428-430, (1981), Jord. Stein Publishers, Stuttgart, New York! acid catalyzed cyclization to cis-/trans-rose oxide (Scheme 1--Compound 4), is not satisfactory for a technical application, since the 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b) which is produced to about 40-45% in the second process step of this process does not allows itself, or only under drastic conditions, to be converted to rose oxide, such that substantial proportions of the so-called iso-rose oxide (B) result, see above G. Ohloff, E. Klein, G. O. Schenck, Angew. Chem. 73, 578 (1961)!. The known protocol L. -F. Tietze, Th. Eicher, 428-430, (1981), Jord. Stein Publishers, Stuttgart, New York! produces then in approximately 39% yield of the corresponding rose oxide; a conversion of the diols (3b) however does not occur (or occurs only in negligible quantities). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the described state of the art it is thus particularly surprising, that the inventive process (with variants A, B, C, D) which can be seen in Scheme 2 and which are described in greater detail below, makes possible the conversion of 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b) individually or in mixtures with 3,7-dimethyl-oct-5-en-1,7-diol (3a) into rose oxide (5a/b) Z-/E-2-(2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl)-4-methyl-tetrahydro-pyran!. The rose oxide (5a/b) corresponds to the rose oxide of General Formula A. In the process according to the invention for the production of rose oxide of the General Formula A 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b) is treated with acid in the presence of a, as the case may be, in situ formed allylether, wherein the acid treatment occurs in a two phase liquid/liquid system under the influence of phase transfer catalysts or in a two phase liquid/solid system by means of an acid bound to a carrier substance. The reaction mechanistic function of the allylether herein is not fully understood at this time, its presence however is essential to achievement of a satisfactory conversion, in terms of yield, of the diol (3b) to rose oxide. The inventive process results in isomer mixtures, which--as discussed above--as a rule contain at least 80% of the natural Z-isomers (cis-rose oxide) which are valuable in the perfume industry; frequently however even isomer mixtures with 90% or greater cis-rose oxide are achieved, which are naturally particularly advantageous. The inventive process leads to good results, independent thereof, whether 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b) individually or in mixtures with 3,7-dimethyl-oct-5-en-1,7-diol (3a) is converted into rose oxide. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a process which converts citronellol by photochemical sensitized singlet-oxygen-oxidation, whereby one obtains, depending upon selection of citronellols, beginning with (-)-citronellol the (-)-rose oxide, beginning with (+)-citronellol the (+)-rose oxide and beginning with racemic (+/-)-citronellol the mixture of the cis-/trans-isomer optically inactive rose oxide. FIG. 2 shows the inventive process (with variants A, B, C, D) which makes possible the conversion of 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b) individually or in mixtures with 3,7-dimethyl-oct-5-en-1,7-diol (3a) into rose oxide (5a/b) Z-/E-2-(2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl)-4-methyl-tetrahydro-pyran!. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Preferably there is employed in the case of the inventive utilized allylether a rose oxide itself; this is mixed with the 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b) or the diol-mixture (3a+3b) before or during the inventive acid treatment and/or it forms itself during the acid treatment in situ from the 3,7-dimethyl-oct-5-en-1,7-diol (3a) which, in certain cases, is present. In the presence of a rose oxide particularly good yields for the conversion of the diol (3b) to rose oxide of the General Formula A are achieved. Preferably an amount of the 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b), in certain cases mixed with the diol (3a), is mixed with an equal, larger or only slightly smaller amount of rose oxide. Such a supplementation or addition of rose oxide in more than necessary catalytic amount leads frequently to particularly good yields. As a rule, the inventive process is carried out at elevated temperatures. In a large number of cases it is advantageous, that the reaction temperature during the acid treatment is at least for that time adjusted to the boiling point of the liquid phase; in the two phase liquid/liquid system it is adjusted to the boiling point of the lower boiling liquid phase. For acid treatment of the diol-mixture (3a+3b) or the diol (3b) there can be employed for example sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and acid activated clay or Fuller's Earth, or a heteropolytungstic acid such as tungstate silicic acid or tungstate phosphoric acid may be employed. If the inventive acid treatment is carried out in a two phase liquid/solid system by means of a carrier bound acid, then as a rule it is advantageous, when the treatment is carried out in a conventionally acid activated calcium montmorillonite (FULLER" S EARTH) such as MONTMORTILLONITE K10, MONTMORTILLONITE KSF, activated strongly acidic clay (FILTROL), activated natural calcium bentonite (KATALYSATOR KS, TONSIL OPTIMUM) and the like products available commercially. in concentrations of 0.5 to 40 weight %, preferably from 1 to 20 weight %, with respect to the employed diol mixture (3a+3b) or as the case may be diol (3b). If the inventive acid treatment is carried out in a two phase liquid/liquid system under the conditions of a phase transfer catalysts so there can be employed in particular phase transfer catalysts as for example methyltrioctylammonium chloride (ALIQUAT), tetrabutyl ammonium-chloride-bromide or hydrogen phosphate, for example in concentrations of 0.1 weight % to 10 weight %, preferably from 4-6 weight %, with respect to the amount of the employed diol mixture (3a+3b) or the diol (3b). If a mixture of the two diols (3a) and (3b) are employed in the inventive process, so these are preferably obtained from citronellols of the General Formula (1) for example by photochemical sensitized singlet-oxygen-oxygenation and subsequent reduction of the obtained hydroperoxide (2a+2b), see Scheme 2. To this point the known processes can be employed (see above and Scheme 1). It is advantageous in carrying out the inventive process, to dissolve the diol mixture (3a+3b) or the diol (3b) in an aprotic solvent. As aprotic solvents, in particular pentane, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, benzol, toluol or xylol as well as similar conventional carbohydrates and mixtures thereof can be employed. The testing of the sensory characteristics of the iso-rose oxide (B) and mixtures of B with rose oxide (5a/b), wherein 5a/b contains greater amounts of B, showed that the iso-rose oxide (B) possesses less desirable sensory characteristics. Iso-rose oxide (B) characterizes itself by fatty-terpene, somewhat weedy or cabbage-like aspects. A presence in amounts of less than 2% in the cyclization product thus leads to a deterioration or detraction in the use of this composition as aromatic compound. G. Ohloff G. Ohloff, Olfaction and Taste, 4, 156 (1972)! and H. Medsuda et al. H. Medsuda et al., Flavors, Fragrances, and Essential Oils, 3, 85-91, (1995)! describe in detail the sensory characteristics of 4 optical antipodes of rose oxide. Both come to the conclusion, that in the case of the cis-compound (5a) there is a sensorily stronger and more interesting compound. The inventive process herein comes to advantage, that one can transform the diol 3b both in mixture with as well also separate from diol 3a each according to selection of the reaction conditions under significant yield enhancement in only a single step into an at least 80% cis-rose oxide (5a). The conversion or forming of the sensory undesirable iso-rose oxide (B) occurs in the subsequent carried out process-variants A, B, C, D (Examples 3-6) in the range of <2%. The following Examples illustrate the invention, it being understood that they do not in any way limit the invention. The indicated yields of rose oxide are with respect to the employed (-)-citronellol, (+)-citronellol and racemic (±)-citronellol. The Examples 1 and 2 concern preferred process steps for production of racemic citronellyl-hydroperoxide (2a/b) and racemic diol mixtures (3a/b). The Examples 3-6 (process variants A-D) each concern respectively one inventive production of racemic cis/trans-rose oxide (5a+5b) from the diol mixture 3a/b produced in accordance with Example 2. Example 7 concerns the production of a mixture of optically active (-)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-5-en-1,7-diol and (-)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol; Example 8 concerns the production according to the invention of (-)-cis/trans-rose oxide beginning with this mixture. Examples 9 and 10 concern the corresponding inventive production of a mixture of an optically active (+)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-5-en-1, 7-diol and (+)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol as well as the production of (+)-cis/trans-rose oxide produced in accordance with the invention from this mixture. Example 11 concerns the production of (undesirable) diol 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b). Example 12 concerns a non-inventive (comparative) example for production of racemic cis/trans-rose oxide from the undesirable diol (3b) according to Example 11; the Examples 13 and 14 are, in comparison, preferred inventive Examples for production of the racemic cis/trans-rose oxide from the unmixed diol (3b) wherein the inventive yield according to Example 14 is significantly higher than that according to Example 13. EXAMPLE 1 Production of Racemic Citronellyl-Hydroperoxid (2a/b) In an illumination device of quartz-glass with a gas inlet conduit (frit, batch) and return flow cooler 112 g (0.72 mol) of racemic citronellol synthetic, 300 ml methanol and 500 mg Rose Bengale were illuminated under introduction of an oxygen stream (approximately 700 ml/h) over a time of 15-16 hours at 20-25° C. with a 500 watt mercury high-pressure lamp. Once obtained a photo-oxidation solution with racemic citronellyl-hydroperoxid (2a/b). EXAMPLE 2 Production of Racemic Diol-Mixture (3a/b) In a 1 liter 3-necked flask with return flow cooler and dropping funnel 100.8 g (0.8 mol) Na 2 SO 3 and 300 ml of water were provided. Then one dropwise added to this within 1 hour at 50° C. the photooxidation solution produced in Example 1 (2a/b). Subsequently, this was stirred over a period of 3-4 hours at 40-50° C., and over a period of 1 hour approximately 550 ml methanol/water was distilled off. After cooling off to room temperature H 2 O was added, strongly stirred and the aqueous phase was separated off after precipitation. There remained 150 g raw product (racemic diol-mixture (3a/b)). Gaschromatogramm (Shimadzu GC 14A, DB-1, 30 m, 100-240° C., 10° C./min); 3a R t =7.6'; (46%) 3b R t =8.5'; (45%) EXAMPLE 3 Production of Racemic Cis/trans-Rose Oxide (5a+5b) 9:1! Variant A In a 2 liter 3 neck flask with funnel dropper, thermometer, return flow cooler and water separator 50 g (0.27 mol) diol-mixture 3a/b (from Example 2), 1.5 liter hexane 63/80 and 2.5 g. Filtrol® were added with mixing over a period of time of 10 hours with return flow. During this time a total of 4.8 ml water were distilled off. After cooling to room temperature the Fitrol was filtered off and the organic phase was washed to neutral with soda solution and water. After distilling off the solvent 39 g of raw product remained (racemic cis/trans-rose oxide (5a+5b)). GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (66.9%); 5b (7.4%); B=1.4% Σ 5a+5b =74.3% 5a:5b =90:10 A distillation through a 30 cm metal packed column produced 22.1 g KP 22mbar =80°-81° C. This corresponds to a yield of 59.2%. GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (90.1%); 5b (7.9%); B=0.3% Σ 5a+5b=98.0% 5a:5b=92:8 D 20/4=0.8703 n 20/D=1.4539 α! 20/D=0.1° GC/MS: HP 5970 B, DBWax-60 N, 60 m, 60°-240° C., 4° C./min 5a R t =15.5 MS (70 eV):m/e (%)=154 (16, M.sup.↑), 139 (100), 85 (13), 83 (28), 69 (63), 67 (11), 55 (28), 39 (15). 5a 13 C-NMR (CDCl a ), Varian VXR-300: ppm!: 18.34, 22.32, 25.70 (CH 3 ),34.43, 40.82, 67.88 (CH 2 ), 30.25, 74.62, 126.37 (CH), 135.05 (C). 5 b R t =16.09 MS (70 ev):m/e (%)=154 (11, M + ), 139 (100), 85 (11), 83 (26), 69 (63), 67 (11), 55 (29), 39 (15). 5b 13 C-NMR CDCl a ), Varian VXR-300: ppm!=18.27, 19.23, 25.79 (CH 3 ), 32.54, 38.21, 62.13 (CH 2 ), 24.97, 69.10, 125.37 (CH), 135.48 (C). B R t =15.12 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (35, M + ), 139 (100), 83 (22), 71 (50), 69 (61), 67 (23), 55 (64), 41 (79). R t =15.12 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (37, M + ), 139 (100), 83 (23), 71 (49), 69 (68), 67 (25), 55 (62), 41 (80). EXAMPLE 4 Production of Racemic Cis/trans-Rose Oxide (5a+5b) 9:1! Variant B In a 1 liter stirrer with drop funnel, thermometer and return flow cooler 300 g toluol, 50 g 50% sulfuric acid, 1 g Aliquat® R 336 and 50 g (0.27 mol) diol-mixture 3a/b (from Example 2) were added with mixing over 15 minutes with return circulation, cooled to room temperature, the organic phase separated, washed to neutral with sodium solution and water, dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent distilled off under reduced pressure. There remained 42 g raw product (racemic cis/trans-rose oxide (5a+5b)). GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (66.2%); 5b (5.9%); B=0.4% Σ 5a+b=72.4% 5a:5b=91:9 The distillation through a 30 cm metal packed column produced 22.3 g KP 22mbar =80° C.-81.5° C. This corresponds to a yield of 59.8%. GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (90.0%); 5b (7.8%); B=0.35% Σ 5a+5b=97.8% 5a:5b=92:8 D 20/4=0.8699 n 20/D=1.4540 α! 20/d=0.1° GC/MS: Conditions see Example 3 5a R t =15.56 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (10.M + ), 139 (100), 85 (11), 83 (24), 69 (58), 67 (11), 55 (22), 41 (23), 39 (14). 5b R t =16.09 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (10.M + ), 139 (100), 85 (9), 83 (22), 69 (53), 57 (10), 55 (18), 41 (18), 39 (11). 5a 13 C-NMR (CDCl 3 ), Varian VXR-300: ppm!: 18.35, 22.33, 25.70 (CH 3 ), 34.40, 40.83, 67.88 (CH 2 ), 30.27, 74.62, 126.38, (CH), 135.05 (C). 5b 13 C-NMR (CDCl 3 ), Varian VXR-300: ppm!: 18.28, 19.24, 25.78 (CH 3 ), 32.54, 38.20, 62.11 (CH 2 ), 24.97, 69.10, 126.38, (CH), 135.05 (C). B R t =15.12 MS (70 eV): M/E (%)=154 (35.M + ), 139 (100), 83 (21), 71 (49), 69 (60), 67 (23), 55 (64), 41 (78). R t =15.21 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (37.M + ), 139 (100), 83 (22), 71 (50), 69 (68), 67 (24), 55 (63), 41 (80). EXAMPLE 5 Production of Racemic cis/trans-rose oxide (5a+5b) 9:1! Variant C In a 1 liter stirrer with drop funnel, thermometer, water separator and return flow cooler 600 ml cyclohexane and 50 g (0.27 mol) diol mixture 3a/b (from Example 2) were added in with mixing under return flow. Subsequently over a period of 2 hours a total of 5 g (1.74 mmol) of tungstate silicic acid hydrate were added stepwise and subsequently stirred for an additional 2 hours with return flow. During this time a total of 4.3 ml of water were distilled off. After cooling off to room temperature neutralization with sodium solution and washing with water were carried out. After the drying over Na 2 SO 4 the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. There remained 40 g raw product (racemic cis/trans-rose oxide (5a+5b)). GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (62.9%); 5b (6.0%); B=0.9% Σ 5a+5b=68.9% 5a:5b=91:9 Distillation through a 30 cm metal packed column produced 21.9 g Kp 20mbar 79°-81° C. This corresponded to a yield of 58.7%. GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (90.5%); 5b (8.1%); B=0.25% Σ 5a+5b=98.6% 5a:5b=92:8 D 20/4=0.8707 n 20/D=1.4550 α! 20/D=0.0° GC/MS: Conditions see Example 3 5a R t =15.59 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (12.M + ), 139 (100), 85 (10), 83 (23), 69 (55), 67 (10), 55 (21), 41 (21), 39 (13). 5b R t =16.09 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (10.M + ), 139 (100), 85 (10), 83 (23), 69 (59), 67 (12), 55 (22), 41 (22), 39 (12) 5a 13 C-NMR (CDCl 3 ), Varian VXR-300: ppm!: 18.35, 22.34, 25.70 (CH 3 ), 34.46, 40.85, 67.87 (CH 2 ), 30.29, 74.62, 126.44 (CH), 134.95 (C). 5b 13 C-NMR (CDCl 3 ), Varian VXR-300: ppm!: 18.27, 19.23, 25.78 (CH 3 ), 32.54, 38.20, 62.11 (CH 2 ), 24.97, 69.10, 125.36 (CH), 135.44 (C). B R t =15.12 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (35.M + ), 139 (100), 83 (22), 71 (50), 69 (61), 67 (23), 55 (64), 41 (79). R t =15.21 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (10.M + ), 139 (100), 83 (23), 71 (49), 69 (68), 67 (25), 55 (62), 41 (80). EXAMPLE 6 Production of Racemic cis/trans-rose oxide (5a/b) 9:1! Variant D In a 1 liter stirrer with drop funnel, thermometer and return flow cooler 100 g toluol, 0.5 g tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate, 25 g H 3 PO 4 85% and 60 g (0.32 mol) diol-mixture (from Example 2) were added with mixing over a period of 10 minutes with return flow, cooled to room temperature, the organic phase separated off, washed neutral with soda solution, dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent distilled off under reduced pressure. There remain 49.8 g raw product (racemic cis/trans-rose oxide (5a/b)). GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (63.7%); 5b (5.9%); B (0.9%) Σ 5a+5b=69.6% 5a:5b=91:9 Distillation over a 30 cm metal packed column produced 26.36 kg KP 20mbar =78°-80° C. This corresponds to a yield of 58.9%. GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (90.1%); 5b (7.5%); B=0.76% Σ 5a+5b=97.6% 5a:5b=92:8 D 20/4=0.8698 n 20/D=1.4531 α! 20/D=0.0° GC/MS: Conditions see Example 3 5a R t =15.57 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (14.M + ), 139 (100), 85 (11), 83 (27), 69 (59), 67 (10), 55 (26), 41 (22), 39 (14). 5b R t =16.10 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (11.M + ), 139 (100), 85 (10), 83 (25), 69 (58), 67 (10), 55 (26), 41 (19), 39 (13). 5a 13 C-NMR (CDCl 3 ), Varian VXR-300: ppm!: 18.35, 22.34, 25.71 (CH 3 ), 34.44, 40.84, 67.87 (CH 2 ), 30.28, 74.61, 126.44, (CH), 134.94 (C). 5b 13 C-NMR (CDCl 3 ), Varian VXR-300: ppm!: 18.29, 19.25, 25.79 (CH 3 ), 32.55, 38.21, 62.12 (CH 2 ), 24.97, 69.11, 125.37, (CH), 135.46 (C). B R t =15.12 MS (70 eV): M/E (%)=154 (36.M + ), 139 (100), 83 (24), 71 (53), 69 (60), 67 (25), 55 (67), 41 (77). R t =15.20 MS (70 eV): m/e (%)=154 (36.M + ), 139 (100), 83 (21), 71 (51), 69 (68), 67 (25), 55 (60), 41 (78). EXAMPLE 7 Production of (-)-3,7-Dimethyl-oct-5-en-1,7-diol and (1)-3,7-Dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol 112 g (0.72 mol) (-)-Citronellol n 20/D=1.4546; D 20/4=0.8735; α! 20/D=-23.1°!; (GC-Conditions see Example 2, R t =5.1', 92.1%) were converted in an illumination device (according to Example 1) with subsequent reduction of the hydroperoxide-solution (according to Example 2) into a mixture of optically active (-)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-5-en-1,7-diol and (-)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol. There remained 149 g raw product. GC (Conditions according to Example 2) (-)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-5-en-1,7-diol R t =7.6' (44.3%) (-)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol R t =8.5' (43.9%) EXAMPLE 8 Production of (-)-Cis/trans-rose oxide Under the process conditions according to Example 3 (Variant A) 15.8 g raw product were obtained from 20 g (0.1 mol) diol-mixture (from Example 7) (GC- Conditions see Example 2). (-)-cis-rose oxide 64.4% (-)-trans-rose oxide 7.0% cis+trans=71.4% cis:trans=90:10 Distillation through rotation band column produced 8.91 g Kp 22mbar =80-81° C., which corresponds to a yield of 59.1%. (-)-cis-rose oxide: (-)-trans-rose oxide=9:1 D 20/4=0.8755 n 20/D=1.4562 α! 20/D=-25.6° GC/MS-, 13 C-NMR- as well as 1 H-NMR-Data are in agreement with the natural isolate. EXAMPLE 9 Production of a Mixture of (+)-3,7-Dimethyl-oct-5-en-1,7-diol and (+)-3,7-Dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol 112 g (0.72 mol) (+)-Citronellol n 20/D=1.4547, D 20/4=0.8732, α! D/20=+3.5'!, GC-Conditions see Example 2), R t =6.1' (92.4%) were converted in an illumination device (according to Example 1) with a subsequent Na 2 SO 3 /H 2 O-reaction of the hydroperoxide-solution (according to Example 2) into a mixture of optically active (+)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-5-en-1,7-diol and (+)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol. There remained 152 g raw product. GC (Conditions see Example 2) (+)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-5-en-1,7-diol R t =7.6' (45.1%) (+)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol R t =8.5' (44.2%) EXAMPLE 10 Production of (+)-Cis/trans-rose oxide Under the process conditions according to Example 3 (Variant A) 15.9 g raw product were obtained from 20 g (0.1 mol) diol mixture (from Example 9). GC (Conditions see Example 2): (+)-cis-rose oxide=62.9%; (+)-trans-rose oxide=8.5% cis+trans Rose oxide=71.4% cis:trans=88:12 A distillation through a rotation band column produces 9.06 g Kp 22mbar =80-81° C. This corresponds to a yield of 60.1%. GC (Conditions see Example 2): (+)-cis-Rose oxide=90.1%; (+)-trans-Rose oxide=8.2% cis+trans Rose oxide: 98.3% cis:trans=91.5:8.5 D 20/4=0.8735 n 20/D=1.4549 α! 20/D=+24.1° GC/MS-Data correspond to the natural isolate. EXAMPLE 11 Production of Racemic 3,7-Dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b) According to the synthesis described in L. -F. Tietze et al. L. -F. Tietze, Th. Eicher, 428-430, (1981), Jord. Stein Publishers, Stuttgart, N.Y.! one obtains in the manufacture of rose oxide the 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol 3b as higher boiling point component. Beginning with the mixture described in Example 1 for production of citronellyl-hydroperoxide (2a/b), which after reduction under the conditions set forth in Example 2 were converted to a mixture of the racemic diol 3a/b, one obtains by acidic cyclization according to the method described in L. -F. Tietze, Th. Eicher a mixture of the two cis/trans-Rose oxide (5a/b) as well as the not converted 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b). So one obtained beginning with 112 g (0.72 mol) citronellol synthetically after reduction and cyclization 105 g raw product. GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (30.5%); 5b (9.3%); 3b (40.1%). Distillation via a 30 cm metal packed column produced 36.8 g KP 2mbar 115-118° C. of the substance 3b (91%). EXAMPLE 12 (Non-inventive Example for Comparison to Inventive Examples 13 and 14) Production of racemic cis/trans-rose oxide (5a+5b) 9:1! In a 500 ml stirrer with drop funnel, thermometer and return flow cooler, 100 g toluol, 3.5 g 50% sulfuric acid and 20 g (0.1 mol) 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol 3b (from Example 11) were stirred for 60 minutes under return flow, cooled to room temperature, the organic phase separated off, washed to neutral with soda solution and water, dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent distilled off under reduced pressure. Herein no allylether was employed. There remains 17.2 g raw product GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (15.1%); 5b (1.6%); B 1.8% Σ 5a+5b=16.7% 5a:5b=91:9 Distillation through a rotating-strip column produced 1.6 g KP 22mbar =79-81° C. of the racemic mixture of the substances (5a/5b). This corresponds to a yield of 10.1%. GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (90.1%); 5b (7.3%); B 1.8% Σ 5a+5b=97.4% 5a:5b=92.5:7.5 D 20/4=0.8687 n 20/D=1.4543 α!20/D=0.1° EXAMPLE 13 Production of Racemic Cis/trans-Rose Oxide (5a+5b) 9:1! In a 1 liter stirrer with drop funnel, thermometer and return flow cooler and water separator 15.0 g (0.078 mol) 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b) (from Example 11), 500 ml cyclohexane, 1 g Filtrol® and 8.9 g (0.078 mol) 4-methoxy-2-methyl-2-pentene (as an example of an allylether) were added in with mixing over a time of 9 hours. During this time a total of 0.7 ml H 2 O were separated off. After cooling off to room temperature the Filtrol® is filtered off and the organic phase is washed to neutral with a soda solution and water, dried over Na 2 SO 4 and the solvent distilled off under reduced pressure. There remained 12 g raw product. GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (38.4%); 5b (4.3%); B=1.6% Σ 5a+5b=42.7% 5a:5b=90:10 Distillation through a rotating-strip column produced 3.15 g KP 23mbar =81-82.5° C. This corresponds to a yield of 26.3%. GC (Conditions see Example 2:) 5a (90.3%); 5b (7.8%); B=1.6% Σ 5a+5b=98.1% 5a:5b=90:10 D 20/4=0.8701 n 20/D=1.4536 α!20/D=0.1° EXAMPLE 14 Production of Racemic Cis/trans-Rose Oxide (5a+5b) 92:8! In a 1 liter stirrer with thermometer, return flow cooler and water separator 15 g (0.078 mol) 3,7-dimethyl-oct-7-en-1,6-diol (3b) (from Example 11) 500 ml cyclohexane, 1 g Filtrol® and 12 g (0.078 mol) cis/trans-rose oxide 5a/b (from Example 3) were added with stirring over a time of 10 hours under return circulation (note: the cis/trans-rose oxide 5a/b, which was added in an equimolar amount with respect to the diol 3b, is a particularly preferred allylether). During this time 1.1 ml H 2 O were separated off. After cooling to room temperature the Filtrol® was filtered off and the organic phase was washed to neutral with soda solution, dried over Na 2 SO 4 and the solvent distilled off under reduced pressure. There remained 25 g raw product. GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (70.3%); 5b (5.8%); B=1.0% Σ 5a+5b=76.1% 5a:5b=92:8 Distillation through a rotating-strip column yielded 18.1 g KP 22mbar =79-81° C. This corresponds to a yield of 6.1 g=50.8%. GC (Conditions see Example 2): 5a (90.1%); 5b (7.6%); B=0.9% Σ 5a+5b=97.7% 5a:5b=92:8 D 20/4=0.8700 n 20/D=1.4534 α!20/D=0.1° A comparison of Examples 12, 13 and 14 showed a significant yield reduction between the non-inventive (comparative) Example 12 and the inventive Examples 13 and 14, as well as a likewise significant decrease between the inventive Examples 13 and 14. Rose oxide is accordingly particularly suitable as allylether component. Examples according Examples 11-14 were carried out with a likewise appropriate optically active adduct species (Citronellol, Citronellyl-Hydroperoxide, diol 3b). There were produced respectively analogous results.

An improved process for production of an isomer mixture of Z- and E-2- 2-Methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl-!-4-methyl-tetrahydropyran, more commonly known under the name cis- and trans-rose oxide, which as a rule contains at least 80% of the natural Z-isomers (cis-rose oxide) which are valuable in the perfume industry.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the field of treating abnormal eye inflammation and more particularly to the topical treatment of inflammations and other dysfunctions of the eyelid and conjunctiva. The present invention is especially concerned with the treatment of blepharitis and blepharoconjunctivitis particularly associated with ocular rosacea. Background Of The Invention Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelids. Blepharoconjunctivitis is an inflammation of the eyelids and the conjunctiva of the eye. Both conditions are associated with the condition known as ocular rosacea. Rosacea is a disease of the skin (acne rosacea) and eyes (ocular rosacea) of unknown etiology and a variety of manifestations. The clinical and pathological features of the eye disease are nonspecific, and the disease is widely underdiagnosed by ophthalmologists. More specifically with respect to ocular rosacea, ocular rosacea may involve the eyelids, conjunctiva, and cornea. Common manifestations of ocular rosacea include blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, meibomianitis, chalazia, styes and conjunctival hyperemia. References which discuss ocular rosacea include: "Ocular Rosacea" by M. S. Jenkins et al, American Journal of Opthalmology, Vol. 88:618-622 (1979); "Blepharitis Associated With Acne Rosacea and Seborrheic Dermatitis" by J. P. McCulley et al, in Oculocutaneous Diseases, edited by J. P. Callen et al, Little, Brown & Company, International Ophthalmology Clinics, Spring 1985, Vol, 25, No. 1, pp. 159-172; and "Ocular Rosacea" by D. J. Browning et al, Survey of Ophthalmology, Vol. 31, No. 3, November-December 1986, pp. 145-158. In the article by McCulley et al mentioned above, on pages 170-172, several treatments for blepharitis are disclosed. These treatments include: topical antibiotics; oral tetracycline; SSA neutralizers; exoenzymatic inhibitors; vitamin A analogs; and other means of affecting meibomian gland secretions. In another prior art reference, Textbook of Dermatology, 4th Edition, A. Rook et al editors, Vol. 2, p. 2152, there is a disclosure that Demodectic blepharitis may be treated with bathing with boric acid or with benzalkonium. In the article by Browning et al mentioned above, on p. 155, there is a disclosure that for treatment of ocular rosacea only tetracycline has been critically studied. In the same article, there is mentioned that metronidazole has been used for treatment of skin lesions of rosacea. However, the article does not teach the use of a nitromidazole compound (including metronidazole) with a suitable carrier for topical treatment of ocular tissues. In another reference, namely "Topical Metronidazole Therapy For Rosacea", by P. A. Bleicher et al, Arch Dermatol., Vol. 123, May 1987, pp. 609-614, there is a disclosure that metronidazole can be used in a gel for treatment of rosacea of the skin. However, there is no disclosure that metronidazole can be used for ocular rosacea. The prior art also teaches other treatments for eye inflammations using the direct application of a treating composition to the eye. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,193 to Gordon et al, there is a disclosure that a blepharitic infection (not characterized as being caused by ocular rosacea) can cause a stye and that an ointment is provided to treat the stye. The ointment is based on yellow mercuric oxide, boric acid, and wheat germ oil. In the book Diseases of the Cornea, 2nd Edition, by M. G. Grayson, C. Z. Mosby Company, 1983, pp. 119-209, there is a disclosure that blepharitis can be treated using antibiotic ointments containing antibiotics such as bacitracin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. Other active agents for treating blepharitis include Rifampin, a very dilute steroid such as 0.12%, prednisolone, and polysulfide. The prior art treatments for eye inflammations have several disadvantages. For example, when tetracycline is taken orally it takes between two to three months to have a significant effect. Furthermore, tetracycline is plagued with side effects such as super infections, light sensitivity, cramp feelings of the user, contra-indication if the user is pregnant, and resultant feelings that are similar to those when a person has the flu. Therefore, it would be desirable to avoid the use of tetracycline for the treatment of eye inflammations (e.g. ocular rosacea and related conditions). Another eye condition is known as dry eye which results from an abnormal difficiency of tear production. A discussion of dry eye is found in the article entitled "Tear Physiology and Dry Eyes" by F. J. Holly et al, Survey of Ophthalmology, Vol. 22, No. 2, September-October 1977, pp. 69-87. As disclosed in the Holly et al article, the primary treatment for dry eye is the use of artificial tears applied topically. Unfortunately, blepharitis is often misdiagnosed as dry eye. As a result, treatment with artificial tears is inadequate to cure the patient's problem. It would be desirable to provide a pharmaceutical composition that would treat the actual blepharitis in the instance where the condition was misdiagnosed as dry eye. Another problem that has received attention in the ophthalmological literature lately is infection by a parasite known as Acanthamoeba hystolytica which particularly plagues users of contact lenses. A particularly devastating infection results from this parasite leaving the victim particularly susceptible to blindness in an infected eye. A presently used treatment for Acanthamoeba is a therapeutic agent known as brolene which is an over-the-counter British stye medication. Other known treatments for Acanthamoeba include antibiotics such as micadasol and mediasforan. However, it would be desirable if another nonantibiotic agent could be applied topically to alleviate the deleterious conditions caused by the Acanthamoeban organism. Another problem associated with wearers of contact lenses is the formation of lumps under the lenses. Lumpy deposits formed under the contact lenses are very often due to undiagnosed blepharitis. By alleviating the underlying blepharitis condition, the cause of lump formation under contact lenses could be alleviated or removed. In this respect, it would be desirable to provide a treatment to prevent lump formation under contact lenses that result from undiagnosed blepharitis. Although systemic treatments for eye conditions are known, such treatments are not popular with ophthalmologists. An eye doctor generally prefers to prescribe an eye medicine that is administered topically to the eye rather than prescribe a pill or the like which administers the medicine systemically. Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a treatment for blepharitis, or blepharoconjunctivitis, or ocular rosacea generally that is administered in a form such as a topically applied ointment or topically applied drops. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to alleviate the disadvantages and deficiencies of the prior art by providing a treatment for blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, and ocular rosacea that is administered in the form of eye drops or other topically administered eye preparations. Another object of the invention is to provide a treatment that avoids the use of tetracycline or other antibiotics for treating ocular inflammations such as ocular rosacea and related conditions. Another object of the invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition that treats actual blepharitis in an instance where the actual condition is misdiagnosed as dry eye. Still another object of the invention is to provide a topical treatment for the eye conditions resulting from infection by Acanthamoeba hystolytica. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a treatment to prevent lump formation under contact lenses that result from undiagnosed blepharitis. In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided for treating blepharitis and blepharoconjunctivitis generally and especially associated with ocular rosacea. The pharmaceutical composition of the invention includes an amount of a nitroimidazole compound effective for treating the blepharitis and/or blepharoconjunctivitis and/or ocular rosacea; and a carrier for the nitroimidazole compound wherein the carrier is suitable for direct application to the eye tissues. The nitroimidazole compound is selected from the group consisting of metronidazole, nimorazole, tinidazole, ordinidazole, secnidazole, and carnidazole. The preferred compound is metronidazole. The carrier may be in the form of an ointment, e.g. petrolatum-based or a water soluble gel, or in the form of a liquid to be applied to the eye in the form of eye drops. The preferred carrier for eye drops is an artificial tear composition including primarily isotonic sodium chloride. In addition, a cellulose ether such as methylcellulose may be added to the artificial tear carrier. Other cellulose ethers such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose may be included in the artificial tear carrier. The artificial tear composition may also include a polyvinyl alcohol. The composition of the invention is applied to ocular tissues directly for treating the conditions of blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, and ocular rosacea. These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a reading of the following specification. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Here are represented several formulations for pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. EXAMPLE 1 One gram of metronidazole is added to 1,000 grams of artificial tear carrier with stirring. The artificial tear carrier is isotonic sodium chloride solution. This formulation provides an approximately 0.1% solution of metronidazole in artificial tear carrier for application to the patient by means of eye drops. EXAMPLE 2 7.5 grams of metronidazole are added to 992.5 grams of artificial tear solution with stirring to provide a formulation containing approximately 0.75% metronidazole in an artificial tear carrier. EXAMPLE 3 10 grams of metronidazole are added to 990.0 grams of isotonic sodium chloride solution with stirring to provide a 1% metronidazole solution in isotonic sodium chloride carrier. EXAMPLE 4 An eye drop formulation is made up by blending the following: 10 grams metronidazole, 10 grams methylcellulose, and 980 grams isotonic sodium chloride. This formulation contains approximately 1% metronidazole, 1% methylcellulose, and the balance being isotonic sodium chloride carrier. EXAMPLE 5 Another eye drop formulation is made up by blending the following: 10 grams metronidazole, 14 grams polyvinyl alcohol, and 976 grams isotonic sodium chloride artificial tear solution. The resulting formulation contains approximately 1% metronidazole, 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol, and the balance being artificial tear carrier. EXAMPLE 6 Another eye drop formulation is made by blending the following: 15 grams metronidazole and 985 grams of isotonic sodium chloride artificial tear solution with stirring to provide a 1.5% metronidazole solution. EXAMPLE 7 Another eye drop formulation is made by stirring 20 grams metronidazole into 980 grams of artificial tear solution to provide a 2.0% metronidazole solution. EXAMPLE 8 The following ointment can be prepared by blending 10 grams of metronidazole thoroughly with 990 grams petrolatum vehicle (an ointment base) to provide an ointment suitable for application to the ocular tissues which contains 1% metronidazole. EXAMPLE 9 The following ointment can be prepared by blending 15 grams of metronidazole thoroughly with 985 grams petrolatum vehicle (an ointment base) to provide an ointment suitable for application to the ocular tissues which contain 1.5% metronidazole. EXAMPLE 10 The following ointment can be prepared by blending 20 grams of metronidazole thoroughly with 980 grams petrolatum vehicle (an ointment base) to provide an ointment suitable for application to the ocular tissues which contains 2% metronidazole. By employing the principles of the invention, numerous objects are realized and numerous benefits are obtained. For example, a pharmaceutical composition is provided to treat blepharitis, blepharcoconjunctivitis, and ocular rosacea and is administered in the form of an ointment or in the form of eye drops. The method of treatment of the invention avoids the use of tetracycline for treating ocular rosacea and related conditions. With the invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided that treats actual blepharitis in the case where the condition is misdiaqnosed as dry eye. The invention provides a topical treatment for eye conditions resulting from infection by Acanthamoeba hystolytica. The invention provides a treatment to prevent lump formation under contact lenses that result from blepharitis. Obviously, many modifications may be made without departing from the basic spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than has been specifically described herein.

A method and composition for treating blepharitis or blepharoconjunctivitis comprises topical administration of a nitroimidazole compound, e.g. metronidazole in a suitable carrier directly to affected ocular tissues. The carrier can be an artificial tear solution or an ointment or water soluble gel base.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/680,805, filed on May 13, 2005, and herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates, in general, to a fuel equalization system, and deals more particularly with a fuel equalization system that is capable of maintaining proper air/fuel mixtures even during times of decreased or blocked air flow. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Burners are utilized in many integrated systems, such as in boilers, furnaces and water heater applications. These burners are typically fed an enriched air stream containing a predetermined concentration of fuel mixed therein. Of great importance, therefore, is the ability of the system to maintain a proper air/fuel mixture during operation of the system. [0004] Typically, a filter box includes one or more orifices to accept incoming air and fuel streams. A blower is operatively connected to the filter box, and propels the air/fuel mixture from the filter box, to an integrated burner. Any blockage of the incoming air or fuel streams, or of the flue leading to the burner, will cause a change in the air/fuel mixture being fed to the burner, with a corresponding potential for the harmful buildup of CO. [0005] Known systems oftentimes employ one or more sensors within the filter box coupled with a variable speed blower to regulate the introduction of the air/fuel mixture to the burner. While these systems operate reasonably well during normal times, they suffer under blocked-flue or blocked-air inlet conditions due to the swirling air currents created by these adverse conditions. That is, known systems arrange the air/fuel inlet orifice(s) adjacent to, or near, the blower inlet, therefore the turbulence created at the air inlet by a blockage creates an ‘implied’ flow in and around the sensors. Thus, during times of blockages, the sensors of known systems are incapable of accurately controlling the desired air/fuel mixture, due to the swirling and turbulent implied flows washing over the sensors. [0006] Known systems are therefore unable to accurately control the air/fuel mixture during times when the air inlet, or flue, is partially or completely blocked. [0007] With the forgoing problems and concerns in mind, it is the general object of the present invention to provide a fuel equalization system that can accurately detect and respond to situations of air blockage so as to maintain safe air/fuel mixtures. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] It is one object of the present invention is to provide a fuel equalization system. [0009] It is another object of the present invention is to provide a fuel equalization system which is capable of maintaining a desired air/fuel ratio [0010] It is another object of the present invention is to provide a fuel equalization system which is capable of maintaining a desired air/fuel ratio even during times of blocked air flow. [0011] It is another object of the present invention is to provide a fuel equalization system which reduces the turbulence of a blocked air flow. [0012] A further object of the invention is to position the air and fuel inlet orifices some distance from the blower inlet, thereby isolating the air and fuel inlet orifices from excessive turbulence caused by any blockages. [0013] A further object of the invention is to decrease the number of clips that are engaged about the respective connected adjacent flange portions to prevent leakage. [0014] A further object of the invention is to provide a fuel equalization system which substantially eliminates the creation of harmful gas build-up during times of partially or completely blocked air flows. [0015] In accordance, therefore, with one embodiment, it is an object of the present invention to provide a fuel equalization system includes a filter box for accepting an air stream and a fuel stream, the air stream and the fuel stream mixing to form a mixed air/fuel stream. A blower is provided that has an inlet for accepting the mixed air/fuel stream from the filter box. An air deflection member is positioned in the path of the mixed air/fuel stream, between the filter box and the inlet, so as to reduce the turbulence of the mixed air/fuel stream. [0016] These and other objectives of the present invention, and their preferred embodiments, shall become clear by consideration of the specification, claims and drawings taken as a whole. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded view of a fuel equalization system according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0018] FIG. 2 is a partially exploded view of the fuel equalization system of FIG. 1 , in isolation. [0019] FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic side view of a fuel equalization system according to another embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0020] FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded view of a fuel equalization system 10 , according to one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1 , the fuel equalization system 10 includes a filter box 12 and a blower 14 . An air/fuel stream is directed by the blower 14 to a burner assembly 16 , which in turn is operatively connected to a boiler apparatus 18 . [0021] It will be readily appreciated that while the boiler apparatus 18 has been described in connection with FIG. 1 , the present invention is not so limited in this regard as the blower 14 may be connected to any suitable apparatus without departing from the broader aspects of the present invention. [0022] FIG. 2 illustrates the fuel equalization system in isolation. As shown in FIG. 2 , the filter box 12 defines an inner box 20 having an air orifice and fuel entry 22 . A duct section 24 is oriented between the filter box 12 and the blower 14 . An air stream and a fuel stream are directed through the air orifice and fuel entry 22 via known means, and this mixture is then sucked through the duct section 24 by the blower 14 , past an un-illustrated flue and into the burner assembly 16 . [0023] It is an important aspect of the present invention that the air orifice and fuel entry 22 is not positioned adjacent to the blower inlet 26 , as is typically known in the art. Instead, the present invention arranges the air orifice and fuel entry 22 as far away as possible from the blower inlet 26 , thereby isolating the air orifice and fuel entry 22 , and any associated sensors, from the turbulence that may be caused by any air/fuel stream blockage. [0024] Returning to FIG. 2 , a static impeller 28 is arranged within the duct section 24 and adjacent the blower inlet 26 . As shown, the impeller 28 enjoys a diameter that is slightly less then the diameter of the enclosing spool piece. When the outlet 30 of the blower 14 is partially or completely blocked, the resultant swirling air/fuel stream ‘backs up’ and is redirected back through the duct section 24 and through the impeller 28 . The vanes 32 of the impeller 28 effectively reduce or eliminate the velocity and rotation of the redirected air/fuel stream passing there through. [0025] The velocity and rotation of the re-directed air/fuel stream is further reduced or eliminated by the inclusion of a straightening blade 34 , also formed in the duct section 24 . As shown in FIG. 2 , the straightening blade 34 is a generally flat piece of metal or plastic, and is preferably arranged along a diameter of the duct section 24 . The straightening blade 34 acts as a baffle to intercept and further restrain the swirling air/fuel stream, prior to the redirected air/fuel stream entering the filter box 12 . [0026] It is therefore another important aspect of the present invention that the static impeller 28 and the straightening blade 34 effectively reduce or eliminate any implied air flow into the filter box. That is, the static impeller 28 and the straightening blade 34 reduce the velocity and swirling nature of the air/fuel stream that is redirected back through the duct section 24 . When coupled with positioning of the air orifice and fuel entry 22 a distance away from the blower inlet 26 , the static impeller 28 and the straightening blade 34 effectively isolate the air orifice and fuel entry 22 from the implied air flow that is generated by the blockage of the blower outlet 30 . Thus, any sensors mounted adjacent the air orifice and fuel entry 22 do not suffer from imprecise readings, and the fuel equalization system 10 can therefore be operated even in conditions of nearly complete blockage of the blower outlet 30 , or the like. [0027] While the straightening blade 34 in FIGS. 1 and 2 is shown as being oriented substantially vertically, and extending substantially the entire diameter of the duct section 24 , the present invention is not limited in this regard. Indeed, the straightening blade 34 need not extend vertically, or across the entire diameter of the duct section 24 , nor does the straightening blade 34 need to extend precisely along a diameter of the duct section 24 , in order to substantially reduce or eliminate the velocity and swirling nature of the redirected, or implied, air/fuel stream. [0028] The embodiment shown and described in connection with FIGS. 1 and 2 has depicted a centrifugal blower 14 , however the present invention is not limited in this regard. FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic side view of a fuel equalization system 50 according to another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3 , the fuel equalization system 50 includes a squirrel cage blower 52 operably connected to a filter box 54 . An air orifice and fuel entry 56 is formed in the filter box 54 and provides the fuel equalization system 50 with the required air/fuel stream in a well known manner. Also shown in FIG. 3 is a squirrel cage impeller 58 which is specially equipped with an air deflector plate 60 . The deflector plate 60 is preferably arranged within the throat of the impeller 58 and is shaped to capture the majority of the redirected air/fuel flow, created by a blockage of the unillustrated blower outlet, or the like, back into the blower 52 . In this manner, any swirling, high velocity and redirected air/fuel stream created by a blockage of the blower outlet is largely kept within the blower 52 , and consequently does not adversely affect the air orifice and fuel entry 56 , or any related sensors disposed within the filter box 54 . [0029] The embodiment shown in FIG. 3 also arranges the air orifice and fuel entry 56 as far away from the blower inlet 62 as possible, similar to the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 , so as to further isolate the air orifice and fuel entry 56 from the effects of any implied air flow. [0030] A straightening blade, or baffle, 64 is located in the filter box 54 in much the same manner that the straightening blade 34 is arranged in the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2 . That is, the straightening blade 64 is located so as to substantially bisect the incoming redirected air/fuel stream, thereby reducing its velocity and swirling nature. [0031] Although the embodiments of FIGS. 1-3 have illustrated the present invention as it is implemented in connection with a centrifugal blower system, and a squirrel cage blower system, the present invention is not so limited in this regard. Indeed, regardless of the type of blower that is employed, or the nature of the apparatus to which the blower provides the air/fuel mixture, the present invention envisions disposing a straightening blade/baffle within the path of any redirected air/fuel stream. The baffle itself may have a number of possible configurations and dimensions, provided that it extends outwardly into the path of any redirected air/fuel stream so as to reduce the velocity of the redirected air/fuel stream, as well as reducing the swirling nature of the redirected air/fuel stream. [0032] The use of the static impeller 28 , or the air deflector plate 60 , in combination with locating the air orifice and fuel entry 56 as far as possible from the blower inlet 26 / 62 , also assists in reducing the velocity of the redirected air/fuel stream, as well as reducing the swirling nature of the redirected air/fuel stream. [0033] Thus, the present invention substantially eliminates the erroneous sensor readings and possible CO contamination stemming from a blocked blower outlet, or the like. By removing the effects of the implied air flow from the present fuel equalization system, the present invention is capable of properly regulating the air/fuel mixture that is provided to a blower and burner assembly, up to and including properly regulating the air/fuel mixture even during times of near complete blockage of the blower outlet or burner flue. [0034] While the invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various obvious changes may be made, and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof, without departing from the essential scope of the present invention. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the invention includes all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

A fuel equalization system includes a filter box for accepting an air stream and a fuel stream, the air stream and the fuel stream mixing to form a mixed air/fuel stream. A blower is provided that has an inlet for accepting the mixed air/fuel stream from the filter box. An air deflection member is positioned in the path of the mixed air/fuel stream, between the filter box and the inlet, so as to reduce the turbulence of the mixed air/fuel stream.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION With the use of personal computers becoming pervasive throughout society, a need has arisen to allow those who have not been specifically trained in computers to enter, develop and maintain information without requiring a significant amount of training. Many solutions have been proposed to this problem. Help systems such as balloon help, which will create a bubble with context sensitive helpful information when a particular key sequence is entered, and hover help, which also provide pop-up, context sensitive help when the cursor remains over an active field for a certain period of time became popular to assist an untrained or novice user in performing such tasks. While these help systems are a significant improvement over the legacy methods of providing assistance such as providing hard copy documentation or providing a link to online books, they still can be voluminous and do not guide the user through the task which they are attempting to complete. Another approach to solving the problem of assisting untrained users is the tutorial approach. Before a user attempts to complete an unfamiliar task, they are asked to complete a tutorial which will take them through the steps which they are about to perform. This allows the user to actually see what the panels are and understand a sample of the task to be performed, but it does not assist them when they become confused part way through their execution of the task. There are several additional solutions to the problem of designing easy to use interfaces to guide users through application programs, three of them are coaches, cue cards and agents. Coaches are programs that guide a user through an existing interface, teaching the user how to do a task with a particular product. A coach teaches the user how to use a products interface, guiding you from one step to the next and protecting you from making mistakes. An example of this is that a coach might disable every menu item except one, drawing a box around the one enabled menu item that the user should chose. Coaches are different than cue cards in that coaches are more than information. They provide application logic to guide the user through the task. Cue cards are small help panels that appear along side an existing interface, teaching the user how to do a task with a particular product. Cue cards differ from coaches in that they are informational only; they tell the user what to do but don't guide or restrict the user in any way. It leaves the responsibility to the user to read the information in the cue card and apply that information to the task. Agents, in the present sense, are autonomous pieces of code that perform a task for the user. Agents typically work in the background and have very little user interface. They are designed to do something without interaction from the user and are typically executed automatically when a predetermined event occurs or a predetermined condition becomes true. The newest approach to this problem is the creation of wizards. Wizards are interfaces designed to do tasks for users. They are different from the prior art in that they are not necessarily meant to teach or instruct. Wizards are meant to simplify the user interface. Wizards reside between the user and an application program and guide the user through tasks. Examples of this are, for instance, a wizard that allows a form to have pop-up options for each of the fields to be entered. Another example is the Rapid Test product from Mercury Interactive Corp. which uses a plan wizard, a script wizard and a cycle wizard to provide a self-guided visual interface for specifying test requirements and test cases. Wizards were first divulged in a patent assigned to Microsoft Corporation entitled `Method and System for Controlling the Execution of an Application Program`, U.S. Pat. No. 5,301,326. Wizards are traditionally written in programming languages such as C or C++. Since the wizards are written in programming languages, they require programmers to write them. There is a need in the industry for an intuitive means of creating a wizard without requiring a programmer, a means for creating a wizard that is easy to understand so that a person familiar with the user interface of the application program can easily write a wizard for executing that application program. This would significantly reduce the training costs for those who create user front-ends for application programs. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to present an intuitive, easy to use method of creating wizards such that a person familiar with the user interface of the application program and able to understand a finite set of English-like commands is able to create the wizard using this predetermined set of commands. It is another object of the invention that the predetermined set of commands is portable across operating systems and programming environments. It is yet another object of the present invention to enable users to modify a wizard without requiring that the wizard be recompiled and relinked. It is yet another object of the present invention to enable wizard creating to be intuitive such that a user can customize the wizard without requiring the assistance of a programmer. It is yet another object of the present invention to enable programmers to use the wizards while still enabling exit routines that allow the programmer to provide additional function. These and other objectives are met by the present invention. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a method for creating wizards using a script-like language that supports a predetermined set of commands. The commands are defined by a driver called the SmartGuide driver. The wizards, or SmartGuides as they are called when implemented using the script-like means of the present invention, are designed to do a task for the user with as little interaction with the user as necessary. They provide an uncomplicated user interface for the user rather than attempting to educate the user as much of the prior art does. The SmartGuides of the present invention provide a unique user interface to the user, they do not attempt to manipulate the underlying application program's user interface. The simplicity of the SmartGuides of the present invention allow the user to customize the SmartGuide for their particular application without any tools other than a standard text editor such as Lotus' AmiPro or Microsoft's Word. This is accomplished by modifying the commands contained in the SmartGuide Script. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a system in which the SmartGuide can be implemented. FIG. 2 is a representation of the interaction between the SmartGuide script, the SmartGuide driver, the application program and the operating system. FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the logic contained within the SmartGuide. FIG. 4A, 4B and 4C are examples of the user interface presented by the SmartGuide of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a representation of the flow of control as the user utilizes a SmartGuide. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The present invention has been implemented in a script-like language containing a fixed number of commands that create the user interface whereby the user interacts with the application program, or, alternatively directly with the operating system. The present invention is clearly distinguished in that the SmartGuide driver allows users without a programming background create professional quality wizards without learning to write computer applications. The SmartGuide driver is specific to the operating system upon which the Application Program is running but the interface between the different SmartGuide Drivers and the SmartGuide Scripts remains constant. FIG. 1 depicts a system in which the SmartGuide of the present invention may be implemented. FIG. 1 depicts a personal computer containing a system unit (103), a monitor (105), a keyboard (107) and a mouse (109). The system unit (103) includes memory means and processing means. This is not meant to limit the implementation of SmartGuides to a particular system. SmartGuides can be implemented in any computer system containing a display device, a processor and an input device. FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the interaction within the memory means of the system unit (103). The memory (201) of the system unit (103) first has an operating system (203) executing within it. The operating system (203) is necessary for the computer to function. On top of the operating system (203), application programs (205) execute. Application programs (205) interact with the operating system (203) to accomplish pieces of work. In a system using the present invention, a SmartGuide Driver (207) executes on top of the operating system (203) and interacts with the application program (205) to provide an interface to the application program (205). SmartGuide scripts (209) are then created which execute in the memory (201) and provide commands to the SmartGuide Driver (207) which converts those commands to information understandable to the application program (205). The SmartGuide Driver (207) then instructs the application program (205) on what action is to be taken. Any information returned from the application program (205) is returned to the SmartGuide driver (207) which presents the information to the user. FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the logic taken when invoking a SmartGuide. First the user invokes a SmartGuide script (301). When the SmartGuide script is invoked, this triggers the invocation of a SmartGuide driver (305). The SmartGuide driver opens and loads the associated application program file (307). Once the application program file is loaded, the elements defined in the script file are created (309). Next the SmartGuide driver determines what the presentation for the panels should be and presents the panels (311). The panel initiates the drawing of the elements (313) within the panel. The driver then instructs the panel on how each of the events should be handled (315). A test is then made to determine if the end of the script has been encountered (317). If the end of the script has not been encountered then control returns to the SmartGuide driver determining the appropriate panels and displaying them (311). If the end of the script has been reached, or another exit condition exists, control exits from the SmartGuide (319). An example of a SmartGuide script is as follows: <sguide enable-cancel image-lib=sgpatent image-id=100> <title>Sample SmartGuide Script <panel name=main next=example2> <title>First Panel <p>This is a panel with <b>basic</b>controls only. Here's an entry field: <dataentry name=ex1> <p>Click Next to continue. </panel> <panel name=example2 back=main next=example3> <title>Penultimate Panel <p>This entry field contains the data you just entered: <dataentry name=ex1> <p>In addition, we'll demonstrate some radio buttons. Choose one of the following options: <option name=ex2> <select>Chocolate <select>Vanilla <select>Strawberry </option> </panel> <panel name=example3 back=example2> <title>Our Sample Script is Done| <p>This is the last panel in our sample script. Notice that your favorite flavor of ice cream is displayed in the following entry field: <dataentry name=ex2> </panel> </sguide> FIG. 4A represents the first panel created by the sample script. The <panel name=main next=example2> provides a means of linking to this page by name and a reference to any previous or subsequent pages. Since there are no previous pages, there is no `back` parameter. The <title> command places the words following it in the title bar at upper left hand corner of the screen (401). The `panel` command links the panels for maneuvering forward and backwards and enables the buttons at the bottom of the page (407). The secondary <title> command places the words following it on the upper left corner of the panel itself (403). The <p> indicators are for script text that is to appear on the panel (405) using intuitive tags such as <b> for bold or <u> for underline. The <dataentry> fields create boxes for the user to enter input to the application (409). The </panel> command indicates the end of the present panel definition. FIG. 4B represents the second panel created by the sample script. The panel command in the example indicates that a new panel is to be created. The <panel name=example2 back=main next=example3> command activates the Next button (423) on the presentation panel and directs it to maneuver to the page named example3 while also activating the Back button (425) on the presentation panel to maneuver to the page named main. The <p> fields and <dataentry> fields act as they did in the previous page. In addition, a set of option buttons (427) are presented using the <option> and <select> commands. FIG. 4C is a panel which presents the results of the information input to the SmartGuide by the user. It uses the same tags and commands at the prior two pages. At the end of the task to be performed an </sguide> is inserted to indicate that the last panel has been completed for the task. FIG. 5 is a basic flow diagram of the control as it passes between the user and the application program. First, the user invokes the SmartGuide Script (501), the SmartGuide Script is then interpreted which invokes the SmartGuide Driver (503). The SmartGuide Driver, with the parameters passed by the SmartGuide Script, invokes the Application Program (505). The Application Program then interacts with the Operating System (507) to receive necessary system services and support. The Operating System (509) returns information to the Application Program, which in turn performs actions and passes information back to the SmartGuide Driver (511). The SmartGuide Driver consults the SmartGuide Script (513) and instructs the SmartGuide Script to present the appropriate information to the User (515).

A method and apparatus are provided whereby a person not familiar with programming or programming languages can create a wizard to interface between an application program and the user to guide the user through the interaction with the application program. This allows non-programmers to create intuitive and sensible user interfaces without the requirement of learning how to write software.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to exhaust systems for vehicles having internal combustion engines and, more particularly, to exhaust systems for such engines which reduce and eliminate pollution from the exhaust of such engines. Recent governmental pollution control requirements in the United States and other countries have spawned many anti-pollution exhaust systems and pollutioncontrol systems for internal combustion engines. Such control standards generally limit the emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and smoke (minute solid particles) from the exhausts of vehicles. Many of the prior known systems have utilized filtering devices such as activated charcoal filters, liquid filters, various filtering screens, and the like. Some require the use of particular chemicals making them expensive to use and operate. In certain of the prior systems, water or another liquid is sprayed into the exhaust from an internal combustion engine, allowed to pass through the normal muffling devices of the exhaust system and thereafter is separated into liquid and gas portions. Sudh systems have tended to be complicated and therefore expensive and difficult to maintain. It has recently been discovered that a simplified, compact anti-pollution, exhaust-purifying, exhaust system for vehicles having internal combustion engines is possible based on the principle of liquid scrubbing. Such system utilizes water or commonly available antifreeze solutions of the type normally used in the cooling systems of automobiles or other vehicles and eliminates the need for complex apparatus, uncommon, expensive chemicals, and other inconveniences which have made prior known systems impractical. In addition, certain exhaust systems for reducing air pollution require the use of non-leaded or unleaded gasoline for proper operation. The present system allows the use of any type of fuel including all grades of gasoline, diesel fuels, and the like. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is the purpose of the present invention to provide an anti-pollution, exhaust-purifying exhaust system for vehicles having internal combustion engines. The system is compact, may be incorporated in present day automobiles or other vehicles, is simple to operate and maintain and is reliable in operation. The exhaust system is based on the principle of liquid scrubbing wherein the exhaust gases are mixed with a liquid which dissolves certain soluble gases and retains certain solid particles present in the gases after which the liquid gas mixture is separated into liquid and gas portions with pollutants from the exhaust gases remaining in the liquid portion. The gas portion is vented to the atmosphere in a cleansed state. The present system is self-contained, is separate from the normal internal combustion engine cooling system, but works in conjunction with and cooperates with that cooling system. The system is compact with the majority of its elements being fitted in the engine compartment adjacent the internal combustion engine and its cooling system. Further, the system relies on the engine as a source of power and therefore requires no other power source for operation. In one aspect of the invention, an anti-pollution exhaust system is defined in combination with an internal combustion system mounted in a vehicle including receiving tank means for receiving a quantity of liquid including means for mixing exhaust gases from the internal combustion engine with the liquid to form an exhaust liquid mixture in the receiving tank. Separating tank means are included for receiving the mixture from the receiving tank means including separating means for separating the liquid from the gases while leaving pollutants from the gases in the said liquid and vent means for venting the separated, cleansed gases to the atmosphere. Exhaust gas conduit means are provided for conveying exhaust gases from the engine to the receiving tank. First and second fluid conduit means are provided for conveying fluid from the receiving tank to the separator tank and also for conveying fluid from the separating tank back to the receiving tank. Pump means are included for pumping fluid through the conduit means. Means for driving the pump with the internal combustion engine are also provided such that the entire system cleanses the exhaust gases via the liquid before those gases escape to the atmosphere. In other aspects of the invention, an anti-pollution exhaust system is defined for incorporation with an internal combustion engine mounted in a vehicle, the system including elements similar to those mentioned above in addition to cooling means provided in the exhaust gas conduit means for cooling the exhaust gases prior to their mixture with the cleansing liquid in the receiving tank means. In the preferred embodiment, either water or an antifreeze solution based on ethylene glycol is used as the scrubbing liquid. These and other objects, advantages, purposes, and features of the invention will become more apparent from a study of the following description taken in conjunction with the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the antipollution exhaust system of the present invention incorporated with a typical internal combustion engine having its own separate liquid cooling system; FIG. 2 is a fragmentary view of a portion of another embodiment of the exhaust system illustrating an alternative, sinuous path forming the cooling means for the exhaust gas conduit; FIG. 3 is a perspective view illustrating the separating tank and a portion of the internal combustion engine and its liquid cooling system; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the receiving tank illustrated with the exhaust system in FIG. 1; and FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the separating tank taken along plane V-V of FIG. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawings in greater detail, FIG. 1 illustrates the anti-pollution exhaust system 10 of the present invention as incorporated with typical internal combustion engine 12 on an automobile or other vehicle. The engine 12 includes a conventionally known, liquid-type cooling system including a radiator 14 and a fan 16 powered by the engine via a rotating shaft 18. The fan draws a flow of cooling air through the radiator core to transfer heat from the water or other liquid coolants contained in the radiator. The coolant is in turn circulated through the engine to cool the same. The exhaust gases resulting from operation of the engine 12 are conducted from the engine in the conventionally known manner via tubular pipes 20 and 22 leading to an exhaust pipe 24 in which a conventionally known muffler 26 is included to muffle the exhaust noise. The exhaust system 10 of the present invention is adapted to connect with the exhaust pipe 24 after the position of the muffler at the rear of the vehicle and to convey the exhaust gases forwardly to the primary portions of the exhaust system 10 located in the engine compartment of the vehicle. As illustrated in FIG. 1, an exhaust gas conduit or pipe 28 leads from a suitable pipe connection or joint 27 behind the muffler to an exhaust cooling apparatus 30 forming a portion of the pipe 28. The exhaust cooling apparatus 30 includes portions of pipe 28 formed into elongated loops or lengths 32 providing the pipe with an overall sinuous path in the cooling portion. The cooling portion of the pipe is preferably mounted below the rear of the vehicle such that it is exposed to the flow of air under the vehicle when the vehicle is in motion causing the air to contact all portions of the loops 32 to transfer heat therefrom and to cool the exhaust gases within the pipe. In the form illustrated in FIG. 1, the lengths of pipe 32 in the cooling portion 30 extend lengthwise of the vehicle generally parallel to its direction of motion. As an alternative to the cooling portion 30 shown in FIG. 1, a cooling portion 30a as illustrated in FIG. 2 may be used. With embodiment 30a, pipe 28 leads to a portion of the pipe bent into a sinuous path and including lengths or loops 32a extending transverse of the vehicle on which the system 10 is mounted. As with embodiment 30, embodiment 30a of the cooling portion of the exhaust pipe is located beneath the rear of the vehicle and exposed to the atmosphere and air flow thereunder to cause heat transfer from the pipe. The transverse loops or lengths 32a may be used in vehicles where there is less space or other structure preventing pipes from being located lengthwise under the vehicle. With either cooling portion 30 or 30a, exhaust pipe portion 34 extends from the end of the cooling portion and is connected to receiving tank 40. Within receiving tank 40, the exhaust gases are mixed with a scrubbing liquid after which the pressure of the exhaust entering the tank plus the suction provided by a pump 64 conducts the mixture through outlet conduits 60 leading to fluid conduit 62. Conduit 62 is in turn connected to fluid pump 64 which helps draw the mixture from the receiving tank through conduit 66 into the separating tank 70. When the exhaust liquid mixture enters separating tank 70, it is forced against an internal wall of the tank to separate the pollutant-containing liquid portion from the cleansed gas portion. The cleansed gas portions rise to the top of the tank and exit through vent conduits 72. The liquid portion drops to the bottom of the tank from which position it is withdrawn via outlet conduit 74 leading to a second pump 76. Fluid pump 76 facilitates the withdrawal of the pollutant-containing liquid from the tank 70 and forces it through the return conduit 78 into the bottom of receiving tank 40. Accordingly, the scrubbing liquid contained in the exhaust system 10 circulates in a closed path between receiving tank 40 and separating tank 70. Although a portion of the liquid is continually lost through vent conduits 72 in the form of vapor not completely separated from the exhaust gases, water vapor formed as a portion of the products of combustion from the internal combustion engine 12 is continuously being added to the system in receiving tank 40 via condensation in the various exhaust pipes. Thus, the liquid level in the system stays at a fairly constant level and requires replenishment only infrequently or after long periods of operation when the liquid becomes saturated with pollutants. Preferably, the liquid used in the system is water or an antifreeze solution although other types can be used. Antifreeze solutions which have been found suitable are of the ethylene glycol based type although other types may be used. Depending on climatic conditions, one or the other type of liquid may be used to allow year-around operation. Referring to FIG. 4, receiving tank 40 comprises a rectangular metallic tank having top and bottom walls 42 and 43, opposing side walls 44 and 45 and opposing end walls 46 and 47. A quantity of the scrubbing liquid L is maintained at a predetermined level within the tank, the liquid being originally inserted through a suitable filling aperture 48 closed by a suitable, removable closure cap 50. Conventional manually operated valve means 51 are provided from the bottom 43 of tank 40 to drain the liquid from the tank when desired. Insertion of the exhaust gases into the tank 40 is accomplished via a rigid insertion tube or conduit 52 extending generally horizontally into the tank through end wall 46 for connection to exhaust pipe 34 via a suitable pipe connector or joint 53. Insertion tube 52 includes a downwardly extending portion 54 which extends below the liquid level of liquid L in the tank and includes an outlet opening 55 below that level. Accordingly, the pressure of the exhaust passing through the exhaust system from the engine forces the exhaust gases out of opening 55 in a turbulent manner such that they strike against the bottom 43 inside the tank and completely mix with the liquid L. Pipes 60, which lead to conduit 62 and pump 64, are connected to the tank 40 by suitable pipe connectors or joints 61. These outlet pipes are positioned close to the top of the receiving tank (see FIG. 4) so that not all of the liquid will be drawn out of the tank. Thus, placement of outlets 60 above the liquid level causes a portion of the liquid to remain in the tank for mixture with the incoming exhaust gases while a portion of the exhaust gasliquid mixture exits through the outlets. Return of the separated, pollutant-containing scrubbing liquid L from the separating tank 70 via conduit 78 to receiving tank 40 is accomplished via a return tubular conduit 56 extending through end wall 47. Conduit 56 includes a right angle bend and a portion 57 ending in an outlet opening 58 located below the level of liquid L. The returning liquid L is forced against the inside of wall 44 providing additional turbulence which helps mix exhaust gases with the liquid in the tank. Outlet 58 is positioned below the liquid level in tank 40 to prevent the pressure of the exhaust gases entering and within tank 40 from obstructing the return of the liquid from tank 70 through line 78. Thus, the effect of any back pressure is minimized. Generally, the receiving tank is small enough to be included within the engine compartment of the vehicle on which the system is mounted (see FIG. 1). The liquid L is normally maintained at a level approximating one-third the height of the tank. Although the preferred embodiment includes two pumps 64 and 76, it is possible to remove pump 64 and operate the system without it. In that case, the pressure of the incoming exhaust gases from outlet 34 forces the exhaust-liquid mixture out through outlet conduits 60. Also, pump 76, provides some drawing effect through tank 70 and conduits 66, 62, and 60. Referring to FIGS. 3 and 5, separating tank 70 comprises a generally vertically upstanding, liquid-tight tank having a width less than its height. Tank 70 includes top and bottom walls 80 and 82, front and back walls 84 and 86, and end walls 88 and 90. A plurality of tubular air passageways 92 extend completely through tank 70, through front and rear walls 84 and 86 to provide air flow passages through the tank. Tubes 92 are located over the entire walls 84, 86 except along the bottom below the level of liquid L in the tank. The liquid level is normally maintained between the bottom row of tubes 92 and the bottom of the tank. This flow of air does not communicate with the contents of the tank. When the tank 70 is mounted in its preferred position immediately ahead of the normal cooling radiator within the engine compartment of the typical vehicle, movement of the vehicle causes an air flow which passes through the passageways 92 acting both to cool the exhaust gases and liquid L within tank 70 and to allow an air flow through the core of radiator 14 to allow normal operation of the cooling system of the engine. Insertion of the exhaust-liquid mixture from fluid conduit 66 leading from the pump 64 and receiving tank 40 is accomplished via a rigid insertion conduit or tube 94 extending through end wall 88 generally horizontally and inwardly of the tank. Insertion conduit 94 includes a right angle portion 96 ending in an outlet 98 immediately adjacent the rear wall 86 of tank 70 as is best seen in FIG. 5. The violent splashing of the mixture forced against the wall 86 from outlet 98 causes a separation of the exhaust gases from the liquid L. The separated pollutant-containing liquid falls to the bottom of the tank while the cleansed gases rise to the top of the tank and are vented to the atmosphere via conduits 72 via the pressure of the gases within tank 70. Conduits 72 are positioned adjacent the top of the tank to provide a maximum distance to separate the cleansed gases from liquid L. Outlet 98 is accordingly located immediately above the liquid level to obtain this maximum separation distance. The pollutant-containing liquid L is removed from tank 70 via an outlet conduit 100 extending through end wall 90 at a position below the level of the liquid L in tank 70. Normally, the liquid L maintains a level above the position of conduit 100. This level varies with the engine speed because the volume of fluid pumped by pumps 64, 76 varies with that engine speed. Conduit 100 is connected to conduit 74 via suitable connection means. In order to properly fit the tank 70 in certain vehicular models, it may be necessary to provide various cut-out portions such as cut-out area 101 in the top of the tank as shown in FIG. 3. Cut-out 101 provides the space for locating the hood latch assembly of the normal vehicle. Conduits 66, 72, and 74 are all suitably connected to the tank 70 via hose con-nectors, pipe joints, or the like. Fluid pumps 64 and 76 are of a high-head, selfpriming centrifugal type which transfer a high volume of liquid and are especially designed to transfer liquid with entrained air or gases therein. A suitable pump of this type is the Teel pump, Model No. IP746A, manufactured by Datton Electric Manufacturing Company of Chicago, Ill. Pumps 64 and 76 are normally mounted adjacent the fan and fan shaft 16 and 18 of the engine 12 and are rotatably powered thereby via bolts 102, shaft pulley 104, and pump pulleys 106 and 108 (see FIG. 1). Fluid conduits 62, 66, 74, and 78 are connected to pumps 64 and 66 as shown in FIG. 1 via suitable pipe or hose connections. These conduits, as well as conduits 60 and 72 may be either flexible rubberized or synthetic hose or rigid tubular conduits depending on the space available for installation of the system. It has been found that the present anti-pollution exhaust system greatly reduces the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide present in the exhaust. With a system of the type described herein installed on a 1971 Ford V-8 engine, the exhaust emissions have been reduced to about 0.1 to 0.2 percent carbon monoxide (CO) and about 60 parts per million (ppm) hydrocarbons (HC) at idle speed (600-800 rpm). At approximately 2,000 rpm, the emission levels were about 0.1-0.2 percent CO and about 35-40 ppm HC. Accordingly, the present system provides a compact, simplified, easily maintained anti-pollution exhaust system for use with generally all types of vehicles having internal combustion engines. The system may be added to existing vehicles, or built into the vehicle when new. When mixed with the scrubbing liquid L in receiving tank 40, the exhaust gases are cleansed of pollutants including soluble gases and certain solid particles which are dissolved and retained in the liquid. The gases are thereafter separated from the pollutant-containing liquid in the separating tank and released to the atmosphere in a cooled, cleansed state. While several forms of the invention have been shown and described, other forms will now be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it will be understood that the embodiments shown in the drawings and described above are merely for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention which is defined by the claims which follow.

An anti-pollution exhaust system for vehicular-mounted internal combustion engines. The exhaust system is separate from but cooperates with the normal engine cooling system and supplements the normal engine exhaust system. Engine exhaust gases are conveyed to and mixed with a liquid such as water or an antifreeze solution in a receiving tank. The liquid dissolves and retains therein both soluble and solid pollutants from the gases. The cleansed gases are separated from the pollutant-retaining liquid and vented to the atmosphere by a separating tank. Pumps driven by the engine are included to recirculate the pollutant-adsorbing liquid in the exhaust system. Means for cooling the exhaust gases prior to mixing with the liquid are included.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates generally to a wheel and belt or track driven device, and more particularly to a suspension system, positive hydraulical four wheel disc braking system, positive drive belt system, and belt tensioning device for wheel and belt devices. DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART [0002] The popularity and nearly universal acceptance of wheel propulsion systems rather than track systems in agricultural use has stemmed primarily from the past track system's “rough ride,” relatively higher noise levels, higher initial cost, lower maximum travel speed and inability to transport itself on improved road surfaces without inflicting damage thereto. [0003] Present day track systems have overcome the majority of these objections by utilizing a propulsion system in which a continuous rubber belt encompasses a pair of wheels. Problems encountered in actually reducing such belt systems to practice include how to drive such belt with the entrained wheels, how to maintain structural integrity of the belt and wheels, how to encompass the belt in lateral alignment with the wheels when the wheels are subjected to large lateral loads, how to provide long life for the belt and wheels, how to accommodate debris ingested between the wheels and belt while maintaining the driving relationship therebetween without damaging either, how to preclude the belt from coming off the wheels, how to brake the belt and wheel systems, how to preclude the belt from coming off of the wheels during braking, and how to maintain proper belt tension during braking and turning. [0004] Elastomeric belt systems have been used but they operate such that the elastomeric belt needs to be highly tensioned about a pair of wheels to provide frictional engagement with the wheels. Interposed between the wheels is a roller support system for distributing a portion of the weight and load imposed on the machine frame to the belt. The roller support system includes a mounting structure, which is pivotally connected to the machine frame and, therefore, free to rotate relative to the machine frame to accommodate undulations in the terrain surface while maintaining uniform ground pressure. [0005] The frictional elastomeric drive belt system requires a higher belt tension than is required for a positive drive belt system. This higher belt tension causes premature failure of the belt. Further, the elastomeric suspension system only provides for a limited amount of suspension travel. This allows for an exorbitant amount of force being transferred to the frame and operator cabin when crossing rough terrain. Friction drive technology has many disadvantages. For example, track failure is common in wet and rocky conditions, and the track tends to fall off during braking and turning. [0006] Current positive drive belt systems usually have only one wheel positively engaged with the belt causing premature wear when braking occurs. Further, known positive drive belt systems provide insufficient recoil to allow foreign material to escape from the belt system. [0007] In addition, track driven systems are “hard” riding. Specifically, track driven systems lack suspension systems entirely or have primitive suspension systems resulting in a rough ride. [0008] The present invention is directed to overcome one or more of the problems as set forth above. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] The present invention includes a novel independent suspension for use in conjunction with a positive drive belt system, belt tensioner adapted for use with a positive drive belt system, drive wheel for use in conjunction with a positive drive belt system, and positive braking system for use with a positive drive belt system. [0010] There present invention also includes a plurality of middle rollers for use with a positive drive belt system, wherein the group of middle rollers aid in the support of the wheel and belt device and provides a low ground pressure distribution. [0011] The present invention further includes an independent suspension system, a positive drive system, and a belt tensioner system for use on a track system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0012] These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood by reading the following detailed description, taken together with the drawings wherein: [0013] [0013]FIG. 1 is a side view of a lower section of a track driven device having a suspension system, belt tensioner system, positive braking system and positive drive system thereon according to the present invention; [0014] [0014]FIG. 2 is a side view according to FIG. 1 but with phantom lines illustrating hidden components of the track driven device; [0015] [0015]FIG. 3 is a front view of a wheel for the track driven device shown in FIGS. 1 and 2; [0016] [0016]FIG. 4 is a side view of the wheel shown in FIG. 3 for the track driven device; [0017] [0017]FIG. 5 is an exploded, side view of one side of the track driven device having the suspension system, belt tensioner system, positive braking system and positive drive system thereon according to FIG. 1; [0018] [0018]FIG. 6 is an exploded, top view of one side of the track driven device having the suspension system, belt tensioner system, positive braking system and positive drive system thereon according to FIG. 1; [0019] [0019]FIG. 7 is a front view of one side of the track driven device having the suspension system, belt tensioner system, positive braking system and positive drive system thereon according to FIG. 1; [0020] [0020]FIG. 8 is a front view of one side of the track driven device having the suspension system, belt tensioner system, positive braking system and positive drive system thereon according to FIG. 5 but with phantom lines illustrating hidden components of the track driven device; [0021] [0021]FIG. 9 is a top view of one side of the track driven device having the suspension system, belt tensioner system, positive braking system and positive drive system thereon according to FIG. 1; [0022] [0022]FIG. 10 is a top view of one side of the track driven device having the suspension system, belt tensioner system, positive braking system and positive drive system thereon according to FIG. 9 but with phantom lines illustrating hidden components of the track driven device; [0023] [0023]FIG. 11 is a side view of the lower section of the track driven device with cutouts showing a hydraulically operated four-wheel disc braking system thereon; [0024] [0024]FIG. 12 is a side view according to FIG. 11 but with phantom lines illustrating hidden components of the track driven device; [0025] [0025]FIG. 13 is a top view of one side of the braking system according to FIG. 9 with cross-sections through the wheels; [0026] [0026]FIG. 14 is a top view according to FIG. 13 but with phantom lines illustrating hidden components of the track driven device; and [0027] [0027]FIG. 15 is a top view according to FIG. 12 isolating one of the disc brakes. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0028] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. Additionally, the present invention contemplates that one or more of the various features of the present invention may be utilized alone or in combination with one or more of the other features of the present invention. [0029] Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, FIGS. 1 & 2 show a lower section 11 of a track driven device 10 . The track driven device 10 has two belts 13 each encompassing an idler wheel 14 and a drive wheel 15 . The drive wheels 15 drive the belts 13 . The drive wheels 15 are powered by an engine, a transmission system, and other components substantially similar to a Caterpillar® brand Challenger system. [0030] Referring now to FIGS. 3 & 4, the idler wheels 14 and the drive wheels 15 are shown. In the preferred embodiment, the idler wheels 14 are 26 inches in width by 41.05 inches in diameter, and the drive wheels 15 are 29 inches in width by 41.05 inches in diameter, although such dimensions are not a limtation of the present invention. The idler wheels 14 and the drive wheels 15 have front windows or openings 16 in the circumference. In an alternative embodiment, side windows (not shown) are provided in the side of the wheels 14 , 15 . The windows 16 allow snow, ice, soil, rocks and other foreign matter to pass freely during operation. In addition, the front windows 16 are used to receive lugs 18 on belts 13 , best shown in FIGS. 1 & 2. The lugs 18 enter the front windows 16 in much the same way that meshing gears interact with one another. As the drive wheels 15 rotate, the lugs 18 mate with the front windows 16 , and the belts 13 are positively driven by the drive wheels 15 . In an alternative embodiment, there are no windows 16 in the wheels 14 , 15 ; rather, the wheels 14 , 15 and the lugs 18 mate in much the same way as two gears mesh. [0031] A suspension system 12 is operatively mounted to each side of the lower sections 11 of the track driven device 10 . The suspension systems 12 provide independent suspension for the belts 13 . The suspension systems 12 absorb load stresses and allows the idler wheel 14 to move vertically when an object is encountered providing a more comfortable, controlled and safe ride while prolonging the life of the track driven device 10 . [0032] Although it is understood that the track driven device 10 has two belts 13 and two suspension systems 12 , the description that follows describes one side of the track driven device 10 . Referring in combination to FIGS. 1 & 2, the suspension system 12 has a lower suspension bracket 19 . The lower suspension bracket 19 has front ends 23 that are operatively connected to a frame 20 of the track driven device 10 via a suspension cylinder 21 and upper suspension bracket 22 . The suspension cylinder 21 has a first end 50 operatively attached to the lower suspension bracket 19 and a second end 51 operatively attached to the upper suspension bracket 22 . The upper suspension bracket 22 is operatively attached to the frame 20 . [0033] [0033]FIGS. 5 and 6 show the idler wheel 14 rotatably mounted between a first side 28 and a second side 29 of the lower suspension bracket 19 via an axle 30 . The lower suspension bracket 19 has distal ends 24 operatively attached to a main frame 25 . The main frame 25 is pivotally mounted to a track frame pivot 26 . The track frame pivot 26 is operatively attached to the main frame 25 . The track frame pivot 26 extends from one side of the main frame 25 to the other side for each suspension system 12 . The track frame pivot 26 is operatively connected to the main frame 25 via a bearing cup 38 and a bearing cap 39 . Ends of the track frame pivot 26 ride in the bearing cup 38 and the bearing cap 39 . To hold the track frame pivot 26 in place, the bearing cap 39 is bolted over the track frame pivot 26 to the bearing cup 38 . In the preferred embodiment, the bearing cap 39 and the bearing cup 38 are lined with neoprene rubber. The track frame pivot 26 is preferably a steel bar but other materials could be substituted. [0034] The suspension cylinder 21 is generally readily available and one such cylinder is made by Caterpillar Industrial Products, Inc. in Peoria, Ill. under Part No. 151-1179. The suspension cylinder 21 is hydraulically connected to an accumulator 27 via a suspension pressure line 49 to provide suspension travel and load support. Preferably, the accumulator 27 is a high capacity nitrogen accumulator. The accumulator 27 is available over-the-counter and one such accumulator is made by Caterpillar Industrial Products, Inc. in Peoria, Ill. under Part No. 7U5050. It is obvious to those with ordinary skill in the art that other cylinders and accumulators could be substituted for these specific cylinders and accumulators. [0035] When the idler wheel 14 encounters an object, the idler wheel 14 moves upwardly and the suspension cylinder 21 absorbs the initial shock of the object. During this upward movement, the suspension system 12 pivots about the track frame pivot 26 . On the downward movement, the suspension cylinder 21 precludes a rapid descent for a smooth ride. FIGS. 9 and 10 show a roller bearing or side thrust bearing 52 operatively attached between the lower suspension bracket 19 and an inside support 53 to prevent side bearing thrust movement. The side thrust bearing 52 allows the lower suspension bracket 19 to move up and down pivoting about the track frame pivot 26 . The side thrust bearing 52 moves up and down and keeps the track frame from moving. [0036] Referring now to FIGS. 1, 2, 9 and 10 , a track belt tensioner 31 is used to maintain tension on the belt 13 between the idler wheel 14 and the drive wheel 15 . The amount of tension in the belt 13 is determined by the horizontal distance between the idler wheel 14 and the drive wheel 15 . The drive wheel 15 is rotatably mounted about a powered axle 54 , and the idler wheel 14 is rotatably mounted to a yoke 80 via the axle 30 . [0037] Referring now to FIGS. 5 & 6, the yoke 80 includes a first axle bracket 81 and a second axle bracket 82 for supporting the rotating axle 30 . A yoke housing 83 is operatively attached to the first and second axle brackets 81 , 82 . The yoke 80 has guide member 84 moveably mounted to a top surface of the main frame 25 , and the yoke 80 moves horizontally along the main frame 25 when urged by a track tension cylinder 32 . The yoke 80 has a first track guide 85 and a second track guide 86 that surrounds the main frame 25 . The first and second track guides 85 , 86 are attached to the first and second axle brackets 81 , 82 and the yoke housing 83 , and the first and second track guides 85 , 86 keep the yoke 80 on the main frame 25 during the back and forth horizontal movement. The idler wheel 14 and the yoke 80 move along a horizontal axis via the track tension cylinder 32 . [0038] A piston rod 90 from the track tension cylinder 32 extends moving the idler wheel 14 and the yoke 80 backward and forward, thereby adding tension on the belt 13 . When the piston rod 90 is retracted, the idler wheel 14 and the yoke 80 are moved closer to the drive wheel 15 , thereby reducing the tension on the belt 13 . The idler wheel 14 is encapsulated in the lower suspension bracket 19 , and the lower suspension bracket 19 keeps the belt 13 from falling off of the wheels 15 , 15 . During the extension and retraction of the piston rod 90 from the track tension cylinder 32 , the yoke 80 slides on the track frame 20 . Once again, the position of the yoke 80 along with the idler wheel 14 is adjusted horizontally via the track tension cylinder 32 to adjust the belt 13 tension. In addition to adjusting the horizontal position of the yoke 80 to adjust the belt 13 tension, the lower suspension bracket 19 pivots in the vertical direction as previously described. The lower suspension bracket 19 pivots about the track frame pivot 26 but does not move horizontally with the yoke 80 . [0039] The combination of the suspension cylinder 21 and the track tension cylinder 32 absorbs the shock placed on the idler wheel 14 . This shock absorption prevents the belt 13 from tearing and falling off the idler wheel 14 and the drive wheel 15 and also provides a smooth ride. [0040] The track belt tensioner 31 has the track tension cylinder 32 . The track belt tensioner 31 is operatively mounted to the frame 20 via a cylinder bracket 33 . The cylinder bracket 33 is welded to the lower suspension bracket 19 . A first end of the track tension cylinder 32 is pinned to the cylinder bracket 33 . A second end of the track tension cylinder 32 has the piston rod 90 for adjusting the yoke 80 and the idler wheel 14 in the horizontal direction. The piston rod 90 is operatively mounted to a piston cylinder bracket 34 . In the preferred embodiment, the piston cylinder bracket 34 is triangular as viewed from the side and welded to the frame 20 . The track tension cylinder 32 is hydraulically connected to a tension accumulator 35 to provide belt 13 tensioning and a smooth ride. The tension accumulator 35 is preferably mounted above the track tension cylinder 32 . It is important to note that in the preferred embodiment, there is one tension accumulator 35 and one track tension cylinder 32 per belt 13 ; however, the track tension cylinders 32 could be connected to one accumulator. In yet another embodiment, the track tension cylinders 32 and the suspension cylinder 21 are connected to one accumulator. [0041] The tension accumulator 35 is hydraulically connected to the track tension cylinder 32 via a hose 36 . The track tension cylinder 32 is, preferably, a tow large-bore, long-stroke cylinder to provide excellent cushioning and dampening. J. R. Schneider Company, is located at 849 Jackson Street, Benicia, Calif., 94510 and provides a suitable cylinder under the name BAILEY330™ Part No. 216-141. Preferably, the tension accumulator 35 is a high capacity nitrogen accumulator. The tension accumulator 35 can be purchased from DYNA TECH, A Neff Company, located at 1275 Brume Elk Grove Village, Ill., 60007, and provides a suitable accumulator under Part No. A2-30E-OSG-BTY-MIO. It is obvious to those with ordinary skill in the art that other cylinders and accumulators could be substituted for these specific cylinders and accumulators. [0042] The tension on the belt 13 needs to be set after the belt 13 is assembled on the idler wheel 14 and the drive wheel 15 . To set the tension, hydraulic fluid is added to the track belt tensioner 31 until the gauge on the track tension cylinder 32 reads 10,000 pound per square inch. The tension accumulator 35 is pre-charged at 600 pounds per square inch with nitrogen. [0043] The combination of the suspension system 12 and the track belt tensioner 31 provides independent track suspension. When an object is encountered by the idler wheel 14 , the idler wheel 14 is allowed to move vertically and horizontally because of the suspension system 12 and the track bolt tensioner 31 , respectively. [0044] Referring now to FIGS. 1, 2 and 5 , middle rollers 40 are shown. The middle rollers 40 are rotatably mounted to the frame 20 and fixed; the middle rollers 40 are not capable of moving up and down or back and forth. In the preferred embodiment, there are eight middle rollers 40 per belt 13 . There are four middle rollers 40 along the outside of the belt 13 , and there are four middle rollers 40 along the inside of the belt 13 . The eight middle rollers 40 are weight bearing and, thus, provide a low ground pressure design and are load bearing rollers. The middle rollers 40 , preferably, are 21 inches in diameter by 2-5 inches in width fork truck wheels press on wheels. Suitable middle rollers 40 are available through Caterpillar Industrial Products, Inc. under Part No. 120-5746. In arctic use, the ground contacting surfaces of the middle rollers 40 are coated with rubber. Normally, the middle rollers 40 are made with solid rubber. The middle rollers 40 are beveled on one side to match the bevel of the cog of the rubber track. [0045] Referring now to FIGS. 11 - 15 , a braking system 41 for positive braking is shown. The braking system 41 has calipers 42 , preferably four. The calipers 42 are used on each of the four wheels 14 , 15 . [0046] There are two calipers 42 for each belt 13 system (i.e., one caliper 42 for the idler wheel 14 and one caliper 42 for the drive wheel 15 ). The two calipers 42 operatively controlling the two idler wheels 14 are operatively mounted to the yoke 80 . The two calipers 42 operatively controlling the two drive wheels 15 are mounted to the main frame 25 . Large diameter discs 43 are operatively mounted to the idler wheels 14 and the drive wheels 15 . The calipers 42 act on or contact the discs 43 causing the track driven device 10 to slow or stop. Dust covers 44 enclose the calipers 42 . The braking system 41 results in positive braking due to the combination of lugs 18 on the belts 13 mating with the idler wheels 14 and the drive wheels 15 . The lugs 18 enter the front windows 16 of the idler wheels 14 and the drive wheels 15 in much the same way that meshing gears interact with one another. As the calipers 42 work on the discs 43 , the idler wheels 14 and the drive wheels 15 are slowed as a result of the front windows 16 acting on the lugs 18 thereby positively slowing or stopping the belts 13 from rotating about the idler wheels 14 and the drive wheels 15 . [0047] In the braking system 41 , hydraulic pumps 47 supply hydraulic fluid to a master cylinder 46 via brake lines 45 . The hydraulic pump 47 is a mechanically driven hydraulic pump. Supply lines 48 provide pressurized hydraulic fluid from the master cylinder 46 to the calipers 42 . The operation of the braking system 41 is readily apparent by the elements previously described. [0048] Modifications and substitutions by one of ordinary skill in the art are considered to be within the scope of the present invention, which is not limited except by the following claims.

A track driven device having a suspension system, positive hydraulic braking system, positive drive belt system and belt tensioning system for an improved ride, reducing belt wear and belt failure.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA [0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/537,650. filed Oct. 1, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporate by reference. [0002] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/537,650 filed Oct. 1, 2006 the disclosure of which is incorporate by reference. BACKGROUND [0003] 1. Technical Field [0004] The present disclosure relates generally to information handling systems and, more particularly, to circuit boards. [0005] 2. Background Information [0006] As the value and use of information continues to increase, individuals and businesses seek additional ways to process and store information. One option available to users is an information handling system. An information handling system generally processes compiles, stores, and/or communicates information or data for business, personal, or other purposes thereby allowing users to take advantage of the value of the information. Because technology and information handling needs and requirements vary between different users or applications, information handling systems may also vary regarding what information is handled, how the information is handled, how much information is processed, stored, or communicated, and how quickly and efficiently the information may be processed, stored, or communicated. The variations in information handling systems allow for information handling systems to be general or configured for a specific user or specific use such as financial transaction processing, airline reservations, enterprise data storage, or global communications. In addition, information handling systems may include a variety of hardware and software components that may be configured to process, store, and communicate information and may include one or more computer systems, data storage systems, and networking systems. [0007] A circuit board is an assembly of layers utilized to mechanically support and/or electrically couple internal components within an information handling system (IHS). Alternatives for a circuit board include a printed circuit board (PCB), printed board, printed wiring board (PWB) and etched wiring board. Categories and/or types of circuit boards may include controller boards, daughter cards, expansion cards, motherboards, and network interface cards (NICs). The manufacture or fabrication of a lead free circuit board involves the integration of numerous elements and/or materials in a multi-step process. SUMMARY [0008] The following presents a general summary of some of the many possible embodiments of this disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding of this disclosure. This summary is not an extensive overview of all embodiments of this disclosure. This summary is not intended to identify key or critical elements of the disclosure or to delineate or otherwise limit the scope of the claims. The following summary merely presents some concepts of the disclosure in a general form as a prelude to the more detailed description that follows. [0009] According to one embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a method of processing a circuit board in which the method may provide a circuit board having disposed thereon a conductive pattern whereby the pattern may include a trace terminating at a terminal. The method may also include depositing conductive material on the terminal and trace to form a land extending away from the terminal on the trace past a projection line. The method may further include applying a soldermask to the circuit board to form a soldermask opening having an opening edge located at and aligned with the projection line, with the opening framing the terminal and a first portion of the land, and to cover a second portion of the land. [0010] According to another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a non-limiting computer-readable medium having executable instructions that when executed by an information handling system may carry out a method of processing a circuit board having disposed thereon a conductive pattern, the pattern including traces terminating at terminals whereby the method may include locating the terminals, identifying terminals meeting criteria to obtain selected terminals and depositing conductive material on the selected terminals to form on each selected terminal a land extending away from the terminal on the trace past a projection line. [0011] According to even another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a circuit board which may include a substrate having disposed thereon a conductive pattern, the pattern including a trace terminating at a terminal, a land having a portion positioned on the terminal and extending away from the terminal along the trace. The circuit board may further include a soldermask defining a soldermask opening which may frame the terminal and a first portion of the land, and wherein the soldermask covers a second portion of the land. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0012] The following drawings illustrate some of the many possible embodiments of this disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding of this disclosure. These drawings do not provide an extensive overview of all embodiments of this disclosure. These drawings are not intended to identify key or critical elements of the disclosure or to delineate or otherwise limit the scope of the claims. The following drawings merely present some concepts of the disclosure in a general form. This, for a detailed understanding of this disclosure, reference should be made to the following detailed descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like elements have been given like numerals. [0013] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting a non-limiting example of a portion of a circuit board which may be included within the hardware components of an IHS. [0014] FIG. 2A is shown a non-limiting example of a circuit board to which a soldermask has been applied covering a portion of a conductive pattern on the circuit board (which covered portion is shown as dashed lines). [0015] FIG. 2B is shown a non-limiting example of an enlarged isolated portion of a soldermask opening. [0016] FIGS. 3A and 3B are collectively a flowchart illustrating a non-limiting method embodiment to deposit conductive material onto a circuit board. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0017] For purposes of this disclosure, an embodiment of an Information Handling System (IHS) may include any instrumentality or aggregate of instrumentalities operable to compute, classify, process, transmit, receive, retrieve, originate, switch, store, display, manifest, detect, record, reproduce handle, or utilize any form of information, intelligence, or data for business, scientific, control, or other purposes. For example, an IHS may be a personal computer, a network storage device, or any other suitable device and may vary in size, shape, performance, functionality, and price. The IHS may include random access memory (RAM), one or more processing resources such as a central processing unit (CPU) or hardware or software control logic, ROM, and/or other types of nonvolatile memory. Additional components of the IHS may include one or more disk drives, one or more network ports for communicating with external devices as well as various input and output (I/O) devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, and a video display. The IHS may also include one or more buses operable to transmit data communications between the various hardware components. [0018] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting a non-limiting example of a portion of a circuit board 50 which may be included within the hardware components of an IHS. The circuit board 50 may comprise a substrate 55 onto which a conductive pattern 61 comprising conductive traces 65 is disposed. As a non-conductive foundation, the substrate 55 may consist of any suitable non-conductive material, non-limiting examples of which include composites, fiberglass, epoxy, paper, ceramic and/or plastic. The entire substrate 55 or only its surface to which the conductive pattern 61 is disposed may be formed of the insulating material. Generally, a circuit board 50 may comprise at least one layer of conductive pattern 61 separated and supported by substrates. [0019] Referring still to FIG. 1 , the conductive pattern 61 disposed on the circuit board 50 may comprise a trace 65 which may comprise a number of terminations at pads 70 or vias 71 collectively referred to herein as “terminals.” Traces 65 , also called tracks, circuit lines or wires, interconnect electrical components (e.g. resistors, diodes, transistors, etc.) that later in the manufacturing process will be placed on one or both surfaces of the circuit board 50 . The traces 65 may be etched from conductive material onto the substrate 55 . The pads 70 may be areas of the circuit board 50 for connection and attachment of electronic components whereas vias 71 are holes or apertures in the circuit board 50 for the purpose of layer-to-layer interconnection. Projection lines 22 are not part of circuit board 50 but are provided in FIG. 1 to illustrate positioning of soldermask openings that will be formed in the application of a soldermask (e.g., coating or inert coating). Specifically, the defining edge 29 as seen in FIG. 2A of the soldermask opening 27 that will be formed upon application of a soldermask is located at and aligned with projection line 22 . According to the present disclosure, conductive material may be added to certain trace terminals depending upon selection criteria. This conductive material is added forming a land 68 starting from inside pad 70 or via 71 and extending away from pad 70 or via 71 along trace 65 past the projection line 22 . In one non-limiting embodiment, this conductive material is added to all pads on a circuit board, and to vias which are testable and which are not be covered by soldermask. [0020] Referring still to FIG. 1 , a circuit board may comprise an assembly of the layers previously described. However, for the purpose of this disclosure, it is also understood that a circuit board exists at any stage of a multi-step assembly process provided that at least a substrate layer is present. [0021] Referring to FIG. 2A there is shown circuit board 50 to which a soldermask 25 has been applied covering a portion of the conductive pattern 61 (which covered portion is shown as dashed lines). FIG. 2B is an enlarged isolated portion of one soldermask opening 27 from FIG. 2A . The soldermask 25 defines a number of soldermask openings 27 , each of which may outline a corresponding pad 70 or via 71 . The soldermask opening 27 may also define an opening edge 29 , which follows the contour of and is aligned with the projection line 22 . Added land 68 spans from inside pad 70 or via 71 and extends away from the pad 70 or via 71 along the trace 65 past and under the opening edge 29 , terminating beneath the soldermask 25 . The pad boundary 30 frames the terminals and may be found on either a pad 70 or via 71 . [0022] FIGS. 3A and 3B are collectively a flowchart illustrating a non-limiting embodiment of a method to deposit conductive material onto a circuit board. Various method embodiments of this method may include one or more of the steps from FIGS. 3A and 3B carried out in any order as desired. It should be understood that any embodiments of these various methods may be carried out by an information handling system (IHS). [0023] At step 200 , the IHS may accept the commands initiated by a user. Step 205 includes setting the top and bottom layers visible. One non-limiting embodiment of this disclosure may provide for the deposit of conductive material to form a land when the land is on a top or bottom layer of the circuit board. During step 210 , the IHS is instructed to set the find filter to identify terminals, or “pads” and “vias”. At step 215 , the method may prompt a user to define a selection box to set the criteria for selection. At step 217 , only testable vias may be selected. As another non-limiting example, all pads may be selected and only vias that are testable and not to be covered by soldermask may be selected. The locations of various pads and vias meeting the criteria may then be determined at step 220 . At step 225 , a loop may be executed for each pad or via found. Then, at step 230 , a check is made for “etch” endpoints within the pad boundary. Next, a determination is made at step 235 for a set of endpoints for each segment with at least one endpoint in a pad boundary. Step 240 begins a loop for each segment found. At step 245 , an assessment is made as to whether both endpoints fall within the pad boundary. If the endpoints fall within the boundary, then at step 250 , the etch segment is set to the desired width. [0024] Continuing with FIGS. 3A and 3B , if it is determined at step 245 , that both endpoints do not fall within the pad boundary, step 255 is to locate an endpoint that is within the pad boundary. Step 260 is to determine slope of the etch segment. Step 265 is to incrementally “walk” the line until a point is found outside the pad boundary, thus establishing the size of land to deposit. A provision is then made to step back one increment at step 270 . According to step 275 , a segment of conductive material of desired width and length is added. This is continued until a loop is completed for each pad and/or via found with the various loops ending at steps 280 , 285 and 290 . Of course, it should be understood that additional steps may be added before, after or between any of the steps shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B . [0025] Some of the various embodiments of the present disclosure may provide solutions to allow processing of circuit boards in a lead free manufacturing process. In some of the various embodiments consideration is given to the size of a land. In certain embodiments, only lands under a certain size need to be considered. In some embodiments, only pads and vias that meet the conditions are affected. With some embodiments, addition of conductive material is made of a length of a specific size land from the center of the pad that extends along the land path past the soldermask opening. This approach may reduce or eliminate the spacing problems that can inhibit the adding of fillets to the pads and vias in highly constrained and dense printed circuit board designs. [0026] In non-limiting product embodiments, part or all of the data structures described herein may be stored on one or more computer readable media or embodied in propagated signal. In further non-limiting product embodiments, part or all of the methods described herein may be described as instructions for an information handling system, and stored on one or more computer readable media or embodied in a propagated signal. In even further non-limiting apparatus embodiments, part or all of the methods described herein may be described as instructions, stored on computer readable media and form a part of an information handling system. [0027] The present disclosure is to be taken as illustrative rather than as limiting the scope or nature of the claims below. Numerous modifications and variations will become apparent to those skilled in the art after studying the disclosure, including use of equivalent functional and/or structural substitutes for elements described herein, use of equivalent functional couplings for couplings described herein, and/or use of equivalent functional actions for actions described herein. Any insubstantial variations are to be considered within the scope of the claims below.

A method of processing a circuit board including providing a circuit board having disposed thereon a conductive pattern, the pattern comprising a trace terminating at a terminal and depositing conductive material on the terminal and trace to form a land extending away from the terminal on the trace past a projection line. The method also includes applying a soldermask to the circuit board to form a soldermask opening having an opening edge located at and aligned with the projection line, with the opening framing the terminal and a first portion of the land, and to cover a second portion of the land.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is the U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2011/067367 filed Oct. 5, 2011 and claims benefit thereof, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The International Application claims priority to the European application No. 10187251.3 EP filed Oct. 12, 2010, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF INVENTION [0002] The invention relates in general to a self-centering clamping device and a measuring device for a blade. The invention relates particularly to a self-centering clamping device and a measuring device with a blade of a turbine, engine or compressor. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION [0003] In the measurement of moments or geometric measurements, it is important to fix and center the measurement objects exactly for the purpose of exact measurement. The measurement objects must be capable of being positioned quickly and reliably in a reproducible way. [0004] Conventionally, blades, such as turbine, engine or compressor blades, are fixed in a grooved block with bracing by an eccentric. Damage to the blade may occur during bracing. [0005] GB 2 047 897 shows a device for the measurement of turbine blades, with a groove for receiving the blade in a transverse direction of the blade and with a bracing mechanism for bracing the blade in a longitudinal direction of the blade. [0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,267 discloses a fastening device for a turbine blade for the purpose of coating the blade, with a cylindrical base block, with a groove receiving the root and with a push-on sleeve and a cover for the block in order thereby to secure the blade. SUMMARY OF INVENTION [0007] The object of the invention is to improve the fixing of blades. [0008] This object is achieved by the features of the independent claim(s). [0009] According to a first aspect of the invention, a self-centering clamping device for a blade comprises a mount with a root reception orifice which has a contour adapted to a root of the blade. The root reception orifice extends in the vertical direction and has a vertically running groove for receiving at least part of the root of the blade, and a rotatable roller is arranged in a lower region of the root reception orifice and forms a stop for the root of the blade, a contact region of the roller for the root lying in an angular range larger than 0° and smaller than 90°, and the angular range being oriented upward and into the root reception orifice. [0010] When the blade is inserted into the reception orifice, the blade is moved by gravity onto the roller functioning as a stop and is thus centered automatically. Reliable positioning without bracing is thus possible. On account of the movability of the roller, wear caused by friction is prevented. Damage to the blade is likewise avoided. The reception orifice is adapted essentially to the set-up of a turbine or compressor wheel disk, thus making it easier to position the blade. The arrangement of the roller make it possible to apply the blade in that quadrant of the roller which assists a downward movement of the blade by rotation. The blade thus slides with low friction into the reception orifice. [0011] The roller may have, in particular, a rolling bearing. By means of a rolling bearing, for example in the form of a ball, barrel or needle bearing, friction is reduced and reliability and precision are increased. However, plane bearings may basically also be considered as bearings for the roller. [0012] An axis of rotation of the roller may be at an angle with respect to the horizontal. By means of an inclined roller, the centering of the blade can be further improved, since the blade, as it were, may slip along the inclined circumferential surface of the roller into the reception orifice. [0013] The mount ( 5 ) may be a grooved block, thus making handling easy. [0014] The roller may be arranged opposite a vertically running groove orifice. As a result of the arrangement of the roller, the blade is pressed into the groove and is thereby fixed securely. [0015] A sliding roller may be arranged above the roller and opposite the groove orifice. The sliding roller makes it possible for the blade to be introduced into and removed from the reception orifice without any friction. In this case, in particular, a plurality of sliding rollers may also be arranged one above the other. This reduces the risk that the blade tilts and also, with regard to larger blades, makes it possible to handle the blade in the reception orifice in a simple way. Instead of the sliding roller or sliding rollers, a sliding surface made from a material having low friction may also be present. [0016] Two rollers may be provided. The distribution of the weight of the blade to two rollers makes it possible to have an even more reliable clamping device. The two rollers may be inclined with respect to one another in such a way that a type of funnel is obtained for the blade. [0017] Although not necessary, an eccentric for clamping the root may be arranged opposite the groove orifice. In addition, an eccentric may fix the blade if, for example, the clamping device has to be moved together with the inserted blade for the purpose of the workstep. [0018] The root reception orifice may be in the form of a blade fastening groove, thus making handling easier. [0019] According to a second aspect of the invention, a measuring device for a blade comprises a self-centering clamping device, as described above. The measuring device likewise has the abovementioned advantages and designs. By means of the measuring device, for example, the blade can be positioned reliably and reproducibly on a moment balance or a measuring apparatus. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0020] The invention is described in more detail below by means of the drawings. [0021] FIG. 1 shows a perspective illustration of a measuring device with self-centering clamping device according to the invention. [0022] FIG. 2 shows a sectional illustration of the measuring device and of the self-centering clamping device in a side view according to the invention. [0023] FIG. 3 shows a sectional illustration of the measuring device and of the self-centering clamping device in a top view according to the invention. [0024] FIG. 4 shows diagrammatically a contact region of the roller according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION [0025] The drawings serve merely to explain the invention and do not restrict this. The drawings and the individual parts are not necessarily true to scale. Identical reference symbols designate identical or similar parts. [0026] FIG. 1 shows a measuring device 1 with a clamping device 2 for a measurement object, such as, for example, a turbine blade or a compressor blade 3 (referred to below as “blade”). The clamping device 2 comprises a baseplate 4 . By means of the baseplate 4 , the measuring device 1 is fastened to a moment balance, not illustrated, or to an intermediate structure for measuring the blade 3 . [0027] A mount 5 is fastened essentially vertically on the baseplate 4 . Formed in the mount 5 is a reception orifice 6 in which a blade root 7 of the blade 3 is fastened. The mount 5 and reception orifice 6 may be designed, for example, as a grooved block. A plurality of sliding rollers 8 are arranged in the reception orifice 6 and make it easy to insert the blade 3 into the clamping device 2 . By means of an inclined roller 9 , the blade root 7 of the blade 3 is positioned securely and reproducibly in the reception orifice 6 . [0028] FIG. 2 shows a sectional illustration of the measuring device 1 with the roller 9 serving as a stop. Three sliding rollers 8 are arranged vertically one above the other in the mount 5 . [0029] Part of the sliding rollers 8 projects into the reception orifice 6 , specifically at a base region of the groove-shaped reception orifice 6 , that is to say opposite a vertically running groove orifice. The sliding rollers 8 consequently assist the insertion and removal of the blade 3 . [0030] Further sliding rollers 8 may be arranged at the two lateral regions of the reception orifice 6 . Two or only one sliding roller 8 may also be provided. [0031] Arranged in the lower region of the reception orifice 6 , underneath the sliding rollers 8 , is the roller 9 on which part of the blade root 7 of the blade 3 lies and which consequently serves as a movable stop. [0032] The roller 9 is mounted rotatably about an axis of rotation 10 . The roller 9 may be designed, for example, as a rolling bearing with an inner fixed inner ring or inner core, with an outer rotatable roller and with rolling bodies, such as, for example, rollers or balls, arranged between them. [0033] Instead of a roller, a cylinder, ball or similar body which enables the blade 3 to roll may also be used as a stop for the blade 3 . Not the entire circumferential surface is needed for the functions of a stop, and therefore a body which has only part of the circumferential surface of, for example, a roller, cylinder or ball may also be used as a stop. [0034] With regard to the blade roots 7 shown in the exemplary embodiment, the end faces 12 do not run at right angles (90°) to the side faces 13 , but instead at an angle which may lie between 30° and 90°. In the present exemplary embodiment, therefore, the axis of rotation 10 of the roller 9 is at an angle with respect to the horizontal. The axis of rotation 10 of the roller 9 is consequently not parallel to the axes of rotation of the sliding rollers 8 . Instead, the axis of rotation 10 is oriented parallel to the end face 12 of the blade root 7 . If the end faces 12 run at right angles (90°) to the side faces 13 , it is advantageous if, instead of one roller 9 , two rollers are present, the axes of rotation of which run, in particular, in a v-shaped manner with respect to one another. [0035] The roller 9 is arranged with respect to the reception orifice 6 in such a way that a contact region 11 of the roller 9 for the blade root 7 lies in an angular range larger than 0° to smaller than 90°, in particular 30° to 60°, for example at an angle of about 45°, to the circumferential surface of the roller 9 (cf. FIG. 4 ). In this case, the angular range is measured from the horizontal upward, so that the angular range is oriented upward and toward the reception orifice 6 . This ensures that the root 7 does not engage either tangentially, that is to say at a virtual interface of a horizontal with the outer face of the roller 9 , or directly radially, that is to say at a virtual interface of a vertical with the outer face of the roller 9 . The horizontal and vertical in this case run through the center point of the roller 9 . [0036] With tangential bearing contact, there is the risk that the blade root 7 could move past the roller 9 , while, in the case of directly radial perpendicular contact, the rolling properties of the roller 9 are not brought to bear. Since the blade root 7 impinges in the region between these two end points, the blade root 7 and as it were roll automatically into the end position on account of its weight by means of the roller 9 . [0037] The roller 9 or part of the roller 9 may be elastically deformable in order to make it possible to adapt the roller 9 to the blade root 7 . The width of the roller 9 may be dimensioned according to the conditions of the blade 3 , although the roller 9 should have a minimum width which keeps the pressure load for the blade 3 and for the roller 9 within tolerable limits. The diameter of the roller 9 and its orientation should be dimensioned in such a way that impingement of the blade 3 in the correct circumferential region and subsequent rolling are possible. [0038] Alternatively, two rollers may be provided, which are then advantageously inclined with respect to one another and form a funnel or V-shaped stop into which the blade root 7 can slide. [0039] An optional eccentric for clamping the blade root 7 may be arranged opposite the vertically running groove orifice, that is to say in the region of the sliding rollers 8 . For example, the middle of the three sliding rollers 8 will be replaced by an eccentric which can additionally brace the blade 3 , for example for transport purposes. [0040] FIG. 3 shows the measuring device 1 in a sectional illustration in a top view. The baseplate 4 can be fastened to a moment balance by means of screws, pins, bolts or similar fastening means. The reception orifice 6 formed in the mount 5 is adapted in its contour to the blade root 7 of the blade 3 in order to ensure secure fixing of the blade 3 . In particular, side regions of the reception orifice 6 taper conically so as to be adapted to the blade root 7 . [0041] The reception orifice 6 may contain a groove or be designed as a groove, in particular it can be adapted to a blade fastening groove into which the blade 3 is finally mounted. The sliding rollers 8 and the roller 9 are arranged in a rearward part or base region of the reception orifice 6 , said rearward part or base region being arranged opposite a vertically running groove orifice. [0042] The measuring device 1 is used as described below: first, the measuring device 1 is fastened to a moment balance or a similar measuring instrument. The blade root 7 of the blade 3 is subsequently introduced into the reception orifice 6 of the clamping device 2 until the blade root 7 comes to bear on the roller 9 . In this case, the sliding rollers 8 assist frictional movement of the blade root 7 in the reception orifice 6 . The blade 3 is self-centered by means of the roller 9 . As a result of gravity, the blade 3 slides through the reception orifice 6 until it is fixed to the roller 9 . [0043] After measurement has taken place, the blade 3 is drawn out of the reception orifice 6 and is in this case assisted again by the sliding rollers 8 .

A self-centering clamping device for a blade includes a mount having a root reception orifice which has a contour adapted to a root of the blade. The root reception orifice extends in the vertical direction and has a vertically running groove for receiving at least part of the root of the blade. A rotatable roller is arranged in a lower region of the root reception orifice and forms a stop for the root of the blade, a contact region of the roller for the root lying in an angular range larger than 0° and smaller than 90°, and the angular range being oriented upward and into the root reception orifice.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention concerns a method and apparatus for controlling the operation of an internal combustion engine, and in particular, to a method and apparatus for controlling the combustion process of an externally ignited internal combustion engine. Different procedures exist to influence the combustion process of externally ignited combustion engines containing at least one combustion chamber with at least one reciprocating or rotating piston. It is an established fact that ignition settings and/or the composition of the combustion charge, i.e., air-fuel ratio of the charge, may be altered in accordance with selected operating parameters, such as, for instance, engines revolutions, outside temperature, barometric pressure, temperature of the cooling water, temperature of the lubricating oil, temperature of the fresh charge and the oxygen content of the exhaust gas. It is also an established fact that knock or detonation sensors can be installed in an internal combustion engine which detect detonation and accordingly alter the ignition setting to elminate the detonation. The aquisition of these parameters and the necessary procedures to alter the ignition setting and/or the composition of the combustion charge do not necessarily guarantee the maintenance of the initial thermal efficiency during long time operation. Rather, on the contrary, due to uncontrolled foreign influences, the initial ignition setting is altered unfavorably during operation. In addition to this situation, if many parameters are sensed and utilized to obtain the ignition setting, the tuning of these parameters to each other can be complicated and time consuming. Furthermore, the existing methods which independently alter the ignition settings cannot take into account all the parameters which really influence the combustion process, i.e., the composition of the actual fuel, the deposits accumulated in the combustion chamber after a certain period of time, the inside temperature of the combustion chamber, and the instantaneous setting of the carburator, etc. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for regulating the combustion process of an internal combustion engine, which will enable high thermal efficiency to be obtained in the engine, without having to sense and process a large number of such parameters and which is able to take into account uncontrolled external influences at the determination of the ignition setting. A further object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for governing the optimal ignition timing of extremely diluted and/or lean combustible mixtures of air, fuel, and exhaust gas in an internal combustion engine. Another object of the same invention is to provide a method and apparatus for the anticipated sensing of imminent knock and consequent regulation of the engine combustion process to prevent such undesired knock. A still further object of the invention is to realize in one arrangement all the above mentioned objects in a cost-efficient manner. The invention described herein is used to control the combustion process of an internal combustion engine which includes at least one cylinder having a closed top end and a piston which is translatable within the cylinder between top and bottom positions and which defines, with the closed end of the cylinder, a combustion chamber. During each combustion cycle, a combustion charge, i.e., a combustible gaseous mixture including fuel and air, within the combustion chamber, is progressively ignited, starting at a predetermined ignition initiation location in the combustion chamber, with the flame front expanding outward from the ignition initiation location throughout the cylinder. For example, one or more spark plugs may be used to initiate ignition of the charge at ignition initiation location in the combustion chamber. The invention includes a flame front detector disposed in the combustion chamber at a location F which is spaced from the ignition location to assume that most of the charge will have been ignited by the time the flame front reaches this sensor, at which time the piston is being moved toward its bottom position by the expanding charge. The invention also includes a piston sensor for indicating at least the direction of deviation of the instantaneous piston position, at the moment the flame front sensor, relative to a selected piston position K which defines a K-track defined by the piston from its top position to the K position. With the method and apparatus described herein, it is possible to obtain the most efficient ignition setting, producing optimum, or virtually optimum running conditions of an internal combustion engine, without having to sense and process a large number of parameters influencing the combustion process and the thermal efficiency necessary to produce the required ignition setting. It is sufficient to sense the arrival of the flame front at the predetermined F-location in the combustion chamber and to adjust the K-F coincidence with the arrival of the piston at the end of the K-track. With automatic ignition adjustment in this manner, uncontrolled foreign influences capable of altering the ignition setting can be taken to consideration. The method provides therefore a virtually variable alteration of the ignition setting in such a manner that, the approximate K-F coincidence exists. In this manner, all parameters of the internal combustion and the charge on which the combustion process is dependent, are taken into consideration, including parameters such as the composition of the fuel, the composition of the combustion air, the temperature of the combustion chamber, the influence of the combustion process due to deposits of residues in the combustion chamber and the like. This inventive method may also sense operating conditions indicating the danger of detonation before such detonation occurs, so that detonation or the risk of detonation from the beginning can be counteracted sooner than by the conventional methods known to this day, in such a manner that, if the risk of detonation actually occurs, it can be considerably reduced or even quickly counteracted. Preferably it can be provided for this purpose, that the arrival of the flame front of the flame caused by the spark plug is sensed in an area of the combustion chamber, in which the danger of knock causing self-ignition of the charge is particularly strong or strongest, and, if self ignition occurs, such self ignition occurs before the arrival of the flame front of the flame caused by said spark plug, so that in the occurrence of self-ignition, the flame front sensor placed at the F-location can respond before the arrival of the flame front of the flame caused by the spark plug and by such, generate a shift of the ignition timing point (ITP) which counteracts the risk of detonation during subsequent combustion cycles. It is of particular advantage, if the center (hearth) of self ignition is located, as close as possible to the flame front sensor, so that the flame front sensor (FFS) always detects the knock before the arrival of the flame front of the flame caused by the spark plug. To further assure reliable detection of knock, the flame front sensor is heated up to higher operating temperatures by the charge combustion than are the adjacent wall areas of the combustion chamber, so that this flame front sensor increases slightly the risk of self ignition of the charge and thereby can contribute to initiation of self ignition. Thereby it is also achievable, if the internal combustion engine comprises several cylinders whereby only one cylinder is equipped with the flame front sensor, that the self ignition of the charge starts primarily in this particular cylinder, the other cylinders therefore not requiring flame front sensors. In this case the flame front sensor is acting as a pre-knock sensor for the other cylinders. The internal combustion engine can consist of one or several cylinders, having one or several combustion chambers. If such an engine consists of several cylinders, it is normally sufficient to sense the arrival of the flame front at the F-location and to adjust the K-F coincidence in one combustion chamber only. The influencing variables on which the combustion process is dependent, have virtually identical values in each combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine and small differences between combustion chambers can be neglected. It is nevertheless also possible, in case that each cylinder of an internal combustion engine processes its own ignition system, independent of the other cylinders, to install a flame front sensor in each combustion chamber and to alter the ignition setting in each cylinder independently, according to the inventive system. Or, it is possible to separately check the K-F coincidence of each cylinder or of several groups of cylinders of an internal combustion engine, calculate the average value of the differences and utilize this value to alter the ignition setting of all the cylinders or of one or several groups of cylinders. Preferably, it may be provided for, that the K-F coincidence be exclusively adjusted by altering the ignition setting only and that no other parameters assist hereby. In many cases, it can also be favorable to enable even more improvements to be obtained, or to improve certain operating conditions, to regulate the K-F coincidence in at least one operating range and or upon the occurrence of certain operating conditions or situations, by altering, one or in combination, the composition of the charge, meaning that, then, not only the ignition setting is a regulating variable for the control of the K-F coincidence, but that as an additional correction variable, the modification of the composition of the combustion charge is utilized. This step can be provided for in the whole range of adjustment of the ignition setting, in only one or more selected adjustment ranges, or at one or both limits of the ignition setting adjustment range. For instance, it can be provided for that, in one predetermined ignition adjustment range only the ignition setting be altered to adjust the K-F coincidence, whereas in an adjustment range or ranges bordering one or both extremities of this ignition adjustment range, in addition to, or instead of, altering the ignition setting to adjust the K-F coincidence, the composition of the charge is modified to alter the speed of combustion of the charge in the combustion chamber, for example, by enrichening and or by leaning off the fuel in the air mixture, or by the controlled addition of exhaust gas to the fresh charge. (exhaust gas recirculation). The combustion speed of the charge is generally lower, the leaner the mixture is and is achieved either by increasing the portion of the air and or by adding exhaust gas to the fresh charge. The invention allows the adjustment of the ignition setting of an operating internal combustion engine, exclusively by altering the K-F coincidence, so that existing ignition distributors or other established systems to alter the ignition setting become unnecessary, whereby for the starting of the engine a favorable ignition timing point can be, if required, automatically adjusted. It is nevertheless also possible to continue utilizing existing distributors or other established sytems to obtain a rough setting of the ignition and to supplement this rough setting with a fine setting for regulating the K-F coincidence. It is often favorable to forsee that the regulation of the K-F coincidence is only realized in at least one operating range of the combustion engine and in the other operating ranges the regulation is put out of function, the ignition timing point of the charge in this or these other operating conditions being determined then only by a predetermined ignition timing gap. Thereby it is possible to provide in this or these operating ranges, in which the K-F coincidence is regulated the above-mentioned rough setting of the ignition timing point according to an ignition timing point map which is adjustable, or in several cases also constant--or, in certain cases, to provide in at least one operating range the ignition timing point adjustment only by regulation of the K-F coincidence. The rough adjustment of the ignition timing point according to a predetermined ignition timing point may nevertheless have the advantage that the fine regulation of the K-F coincidence is performed more rapidly. For particular advantage it can be foreseen, that at least in the idle range and the overrunning range of the internal combustion engine, and preferably also in a low part load range adjacent to the idle range, the K-F coincidence regulation is put out of function. It is also often particularly preferable to provide that the regulation of the K-F coincidence is put out of function at mean effective working pressures of the internal combustion engine, which are lower than approximately 1.5 bar. In many cases, it is sufficient if the length of the K-tract, at least in the complete load range of an internal combstion engine stays constant, which means, not adjusted in the load range. This constant value of the K-tract can be also considered of value for the idling range. It is then sufficient to establish this constant for a particular engine directly by the engine constructor. It is also possible, to incorporate provisions for manual adjustment of the K-track, to permit, for instance a repair workshop to adjust the length of this K-track. As the crank angle (rotational angle of the crankshaft) and also the rotational angle of the crankshaft is functionally related to the position of the piston, the K-track can also be indicated in crank or camshaft degrees. Other possibilities exist as well. One could therefore also determine when the piston has arrived at the end of the K-track by means of indicating engine crank--or camshaft angles, or by indicating the angle of any other crank driven component of the engine, so that such measurements need not be made directly on the piston. It is of particular advantage, if the K-track corresponds to relatively large crank angles. Preferably it can be foreseen, that the end of the K-track corresponds, at least at full load, to a crank angle of at least 15°, preferably at least 18°, after the top dead center position of the piston. In many cases it may also be useful to provide an automatic adjustment of the length of the K-track, dependent on at least one parameter of the engine and/or on the charge, preferably dependent on the engine revolutions and or on the position of the power control system, i.e., the carburator throttle valve--or fuel injection control rod position. It can, in many cases, therefore be useful to forsee, to facilitate the starting of an internal combustion engine, that for starting, the K-track length is set to another length than after successful start, so that therefore, in this case two different constant K-lengths are utilized (for the start and for the normal running operation). Or one can provide for the idle range a different length of the K-track than for the load range. It is also possible to provide for the possibility of automatic adjusting of the length of the K-track, continuously or in steps, dependent on at least one parameter of the internal combustion engine, and/or on the charge, preferably dependent on the engine revolutions, and/or on the load, and/or on the selected transmission ratio of the gearbox driven by the crankshaft be used. Also other parameters are conceivable. The adjustment of the length of the K-track (one could speak of the adjustment of the value of the K-track, or even simpler of the adjustment of the K-track) can in many cases be advantageously be utilized to reduce the emissions in one or several operating ranges of the internal combustion engine, where the exhaust gases contain a large pollutant emission, i.e., by retarding the ignition setting more than the setting where it would produce the optimum thermal efficiency for the engine. This is the case, in general, at one or several narrow operation ranges, i.e., in the idling range and/or in a low part load range. In this or these other operating ranges of the internal combustion engine, one can set the K-track to the requirements of possibly the optimum thermal efficiency of the engine. The invention permits high thermal efficiencies to be obtained and allows for high running safety as the ignition setting can no longer be disturbed by uncontrollable foreign effects, and represent a cost efficient solution. Optimum adaption of the system to desired operating conditions can be obtained. The engine can also be operated with very lean fuel--air mixtures, respectively with a fuel-air mixture heavily diluted with exhaust gases, which increases the burning efficiency of the charge. The arrival of the flame front at the F-location can be sensed in different manners. In a preferred embodiment, the arrival is sensed electrically by a sensor, which produce an ion current as the flame front reaches this sensor. Ideally, the flame front sensor will consist of two metallic electrodes connected across an electric voltage source. When the flame front reaches these electrodes, the gap between these electrodes becomes ionnized, resp. ions cross this electrode path and, due to the voltage between the electrodes, an ion current can be measured. Also other methods of sensing the arrival of the flame front are conceivable, i.e., by means of a temperature sensor, which responds nearly without inertia to temperature variations. It can be imagined, that such a temperature flame front sensor can be a temperature-dependent resistance or simply a thermo couple with virtually no inertia. The invention can be applied in several cases only to control the ignition timing in an anti-knock manner, provision being made that the flame front sensor produces only a displacement of the ignition timing point and/or a change in the composition of the charge, if it senses the arrival of the flame front before reaching a predetermined first crankangle, which is smaller than the second crankangles at which the flame front of the flame ignited by the spark plug reaches the flame front sensor, whereby the ignition timing point variation, generated by the flame front sensor, shifts the ignition point towards "later" and whereby under normal conditions the ignition timing point adjustment is done accordingly to a predetermined ignition timing point. The first crankangle can, for instance, be 10° after top dead center of the piston and the flame front sensor is then so positioned, that the flame front of the flame generated by the spark plug reaches the flame front sensor only at greater crank angles, for example 15° or more, after top dead center of the piston. This method of anti-knock control is, for instance, possible in such a manner, that the electric signal indicating the arrival of the flame front at the flame front sensor must pass an AND-gate, which, at each reaching of the first crankangle, is blocked during a larger crankangle, for example 300°, and then is opened again up to the next arrival of the first crankangle, so that only signals caused by self ignited portions of the charge can initiate adjustment of the spark timing, and only towards "later". As long as no trace knock occurs, the ignition timing is adjusted in conventional manner following an ignition timing point map and to this conventional adjustment, as long as the flame front detector senses knock causing self ignition, a shift of the ignition timing point towards "later" is overlayed. This said overlaying is cancelled as knock conditions disappear. The flame front sensor, which senses the arrival of the flame front in the combustion chamber at the F-location can preferably by positioned in the area of the combustion chamber which prevails in the top dead center position of the piston. When greater distances between the flame front sensor and the spark plug are desired or required, a recess in which the flame front sensor is positioned can be forseen in the piston sliding surface. (cylinder wall). Generally, it is especially useful to install the flame front sensor in such a manner, that the flame front only reaches it when at least 70% of the charge is already burnt, preferably when 70-90% of the charge is already burnt. It should preferably be provided for that, the F-track be greater than 1/2 the diameter of the piston sliding surface. Often, it is of advantage to provide that the arrival of the flame front at the F-location takes place only towards the end of the combustion process. The invention will be better understood and further objects and advantages thereof will become more apparent from the ensuing detailed description of the preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows, in schematic presentation, a bottom view of an area of a cylinder head bordering the upper part of a combustion chamber of an externally ignited combustion engine, as well as a schematic diagram of a circuit for regulating the K-F coincidence. FIG. 1a shows an alternative arrangement of the flame-front sensor shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 shows a top view of the slotted disc of FIG. 1 connected to the camshaft. FIG. 3 shows a variation of the slotted disc. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a flame front detector, according to the invention. FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 4. FIG. 6 is a partial, cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the flame front detector. FIG. 7 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a K-F coincidence regulating device. FIG. 7a shows an alternative circuit arrangement to FIG. 7. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows a cylinder head 10 of a cylinder having a piston (not shown) which is slidably disposed within the cylinder and defines, with the cylinder head 10, the cylinder combustion chamber. The cylinder head 10, includes an inlet valve 11, an exhaust valve 12 and a spark plug 13. The engine crankshaft (also not shown) related to this piston drives a camshaft 14 which actuates valves 11 and 12. A slotted disc 15 is securely fixed onto the camshaft 14. The disc 15 includes circular arcate slots 16 and 17, concentric to the rotational axis of the slotted disc, but at different radial distances. A short end portion of a flame front sensor 20, arranged in the cylinder head wall, protrudes a short distance into the combustion chamber in a position approximately diametrically opposite the spark plug 13 representing the F-location and contains two closely spaced free ending separate metal electrodes 21, which determine the F-location and are insulted from each other by a ceramic insulator 22 screwed into the cylinder head. This flame front sensor 20 is located near the inlet valve and connected via a resistor 18 to a constant voltage source 24. The resistor 18 is connected to an amplifier 25. The output of the amplifier 25 is connected via a threshold stage 26 to an impulse forming stage 27. Only when the current flowing through the resistor 18 exceeds a predetermined value, will the threshold stage 26 permit the output signal of the amplifier 25 to flow towards the impulse forming stage 27. The impulse forming stage 27 produces an impulse of constant level after each command of the step value stage 26, actuating a switch 29 to commonly turn on and off a first and a second light source 30 and 31, which could be a light-emitting diode, for instance. The light sources 30, 31 are disposed on one side of the disc 15 and two photo sensitive sensors 34, 35 are disposed on the opposite side of the disc 15 so that the light source 30 can illuminate the photo sensitive sensor 34 through the slot 16, and the light source 31 can illuminate the photo sensitive sensor 35 through the slot 17. The slot 16 ends approximately at a geometrical radius line 32 of the disc 15, at which point slot 17 begins in relation to the direction of rotation of disc 15. The photo sensitive sensors 34 and 35 are connected via signal amplifier and forming stages 40 and 41, respectively, to a servomotor 42, for example, a pneumatic or electric servomotor, which is capable of incrementally adjusting a spark distributor 43 for determining the spark timing and delivering ignition voltage to the spark plug 13. The servomotor 42 can alter the ignition setting of the distributor 43 incrementally in small steps, whereby if the sensor 34 is energized, the ignition timing point (ITP) is advanced by a small step, whereas each time when the sensor 35 is energized, the ITP of the ignition distributor 43 is shifted by a small step towards "later", by the servomotor 42. At each signal revolution of the slotted disc 15, corresponding to an operating cycle of this cylinder, such as adjustment of the ignition timing point of the ignition distributor 43 takes place by a predetermined small step, which can correspond to a crank angle (crankshaft rotational angle) of 1 to 2 degrees. In this particular example, the ITP of the spark distributor 43 can already be roughly adjusted to the instantaneous engine speed of the combustion engine by a centrifugal advance mechanism, in which case the servomotor 42 overlays to this centrifugal adjustment a fine adjustment of the ITP to regulate the K-F coincidence. The distributor 43 can supply all cylinders of the internal combustion engine with spark impulses in a known manner. But only the K-F coincidence of one single cylider which comprises the shown cylinder head 10, is directly regulated. If further cylinders are existing, said cylinders do not require flame front sensors 20, as their ignition adjustments are accordingly controlled by said distributor 43. The device shown in FIG. 1, regulates the K-F coincidence in such a way that the ITP of the spark plug 13 is continuously altered via the distributor 43 by the servomotor 42, in such a way that the flame front of the burning charge in the combustion chamber always reaches the flame front sensor 20 approximately when the radius line 32 of the slotted disc 15, passes by the two light sources 30, 31, indicated as dotted lines in FIG. 2. These two light sources 30, 31 are positioned in such a manner, that the passage of the radius line 32 by these two light sources 30, 31, takes place when the piston of the cylinder comprising cylinder head 10, has moved, during the combustion cycle, a predetermined distance (K-track) from its TDC. The ending point K of the K-track can correspond for instance to a crankangle of 18° (related to the top dead center of the piston). Naturally, this is only an example and one has to take various factors into consideration which will alter the K-track, such as the layout of the combustion chamber, the position of the flame front sensor and other influencing variables. To enable the K-track to be adjusted, both light sources 30, 31 are mounted on a support 39, swingable round a swing axis, which is coaxial to the rotation axis of the disc 15, which swing position is adjustable by hand or automatically in accordance with at least one parameter of the combustion engine and/or the charge, preferably in accordance with its power control device (e.g., throttle plate position), the manifold pressure, the mean effective pressure, the engine speed or the like. When the flame front of the burning charge in the combustion chamber arrives at the electrode gap of the flame front sensor 20, the voltage at electrodes 21 produces an ion current of such a value that the amplifier 25 produces an output signal greater than the threshold (minimum perceptible difference) of the threshold value stage, which is then transformed into an impulse by the impulse transformer 27 actuating the electrical, preferably electronic, switch 29, which switches on light sources 30, 31. If at this moment the piston has not yet arrived at the end of the K-track, the slot 17 is still under light source 31, which therefore energize the coordinated sensor 35, thereby a step towards "later" is generated via amplifier 41 and servomotor 42, shifting the ignition timing point of the distributor 43 by one step towards "later". In this particular case the flame front arrived at the flame front sensor too early, so that for regulating the K-F coincidence a small shift of the ITP towards "later" is done. The output signal of amplifier 41 which is also supplied to the switch 29 via a rectifier diode 44 and conductor 46 switches off switch 29 so that light source 30, 31 are switched off, thus preventing any further adjustments of the distributor 43. If during the following operating cycle the same event is repeated, the ITP of distributor 43 is shifted towards "later" by a further step. If, to the contrary, the flame front arrives at the flame front sensor 20, only after slot 16 has arrived under light source 30, then the switching on of the light sources 30, 31, generated by the flame front sensor 20, illuminates only sensor 34 by the light source 30. The sensor 34 then, via amplifier 40 and servomotor 42, triggers a shift of ITP of the distributor 43 by one step towards "earlier". Also the impulse produced by amplifier 40, via the conductor 46' having the diode 44', causes switching off of switch 29 and thereby turns off the light sources 30, 31 in this working cycle. This "K-F coincidence regulator" therefore causes, at each working cycle of the corresponding cylinder, an adjustment of the ITP of the spark distributor 43 by a predetermined small step towards "earlier" or "later". The above-identified K-F coincidence regulator does not include a slack area (dead zone), that is, a small area around the exact K-F coincidence, in which no adjustment of the ITP takes place, if in this area switching on of the switch 29 is triggered. This can be provided, for example, by providing a third slot or hole (perforation) in the slotted disc 15 and coordinating to this a third light source and a third photo sensitive detector, which third detector, upon being illuminated, triggers switching off of switch 29 without an associated shift of distributor 43. Such a disc 15' is shown in FIG. 3. Through the third hole 47 the radius lie 32 passes centrically and the two slots 16, 17 are positioned circumferentially at an angle from one another in the disc 15' in such a manner as to be located offset to the light sources 30, 31 if the third light source triggers the corresponding third photo sensitive detector through hole 47. Therefore, if at the time of the flame front arrival at the flame front detector 20, the hole 47 is positioned adjacent the third light source, switch 29 is immediately switched off, without the servomotor 42 having been triggered. At this operating cycle therefore no shift of the distributor takes place by the flame front sensor 20. However, a shift of the ITP will occur if, upon switch on of switch 29, the light source 30 or 31 excites the sensor 34 or 35, respectively. The aforementioned term "operating cycle" represents either the four strokes of a four stroke engine or the two strokes of a two stroke engine required for the charge to be changed and the combustion to be performed in the cylinder. The distributor 43 can, for example, correspond to a distributor as represented on page 734 of the Taschenbuch fur den Kraftfahrzeugingenieur ("Pocket book for the Passenger Car Engineer"), written by Buschmann and Koessler, 7th Edition, Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart, with the difference, that its distributor housing is not fixed but arranged rotationally around the longitudinal drive axis and is rotatable by means of the servomotor 42 so to regulate the K-F coincidence, so that the predetermined ITP map comprising the parameters of engine speed and manifold pressure controls the rough (coarse) setting and the K-F coincidence regulator controls the fine setting of the ITP of this distributor, according to FIG. 1. With modern electronic timing devices, for instance, digital ignition timing devices, the fine control (adjustment) for the K-F coincidence regulation of the ITP is also applicable without problems, for example, by phase shifting of the signal triggering the ignition coil. In FIGS. 4 and 5 an example of a flame front sensor 20 and its arrangement in the surrounding wall area 52 of the corresponding combustion chamber is shown in longitudinal section. The sensor 20 serves to sense an ion current generated by the arriving flame front in combination with a DC voltage applied to the metal electrodes 50, 51. The central electrode 50 is connected to the DC voltage and the electrode 51 is grounded. Electrode 50 is electrically insulated by an insulating pipe 53 from electrode 51. Both electrodes 50, 51 protrude some millimeters out of the wall 52 into the combustion chamber, so that these electrodes reach relatively high operating temperatures, which somewhat increase the danger of self ignition of the charge, so that the self ignition of the charge, causing knock, can be initiated, by one or both of the electrodes 50, 51. Therefore, in the case of each such self ignition, the induced ion current of sensor 20 appears earlier than it would by being triggered by the arrival of the flame front of the flame ignited by the spark plug 13. Consequently, upon the occurrence of self ignition or knocking, the K-F coincidence regulator shown in FIG. 1 receives a signal from the flame front sensor indicating early ignition, and therefore automatically shifts, by means of servomotor 42, the ITP of the distributor 43 towards "later", so that the ITP is very rapidly shifted towards "later" until this knocking ceases. Afterwards, the ITP is automatically again advanced by the K-F coincidence regulator and if again knock begins, then again automatic retard' of the ITP is realized until the combustion engine again reached operating conditions where the danger of knock does not prevail. Then normal governing of the K-F coincidence takes place until the appearance of an abnormal condition where again danger of knock is present. The flame front sensor 20, shown in FIG. 6, includes a metallic center electrode 50' shaped as a straight pin, which is electrically insulated by an insulating pipe 53 from the casing 54 of the flame front sensor 20 arranged in the wall 52. The electrode 50' is located in a rotationally symmetric recess 55 of approximately 3 to 5 mm diameter of the wall 52, the mass electrode being in this case the wall 52 itself. In the examples of flame front sensors according to FIGS. 4-6, a free end section of the insulating pipe 53 protrudes into the combustion chamber so that this free end section of said insulating pipe 53 can reach self-cleaning temperatures. A value of approximately 12 volts is then generally sufficient for the electrode voltage. Also these flame front sensors 20 are developed in such a manner that the operating temperatures of their electrodes 50, 51, 50', respectively, are so high that they can induce self ignition of the charge whenever it is likely that knock will occur. Preferably it can be provided that the temperature of at least one electrode 50, 51, 50', respectively, reaches values from approximately 400° to 800° C. under full load operation of the internal combustion engine, preferably approximately 600° to 700° C. The double bend of the central electrode 50 of the flame front sensor 20 represented in FIG. 5 increases the distance between the ends of the electrodes 50 and 51 to facilitate the access of the flame into the ion gap formed by the two electrodes 50, 51. The length of the ion gap may be for example 0.6 to 1.0 mm. An electronic K-F coincidence governor is shown in FIG. 7. It cooperates with a rotatable ring gear 60 which is operatively connected to the crankshaft whereby the ring gear 60 is rotated about its axis by the crankshaft so that each revolution of the ring gear 60 corresponds to one combustion cycle of an engine cylinder. A first sensor 63, for example an inductive sensor, is disposed adjacent the circumference of the ring gear 60 so that the passage of each single tooth of the ring gear 60, past the first sensor 63 causes it to trigger one counting impulse, which impulses can be counted in each of two counters 61, 62 in a parallel manner. A metallic pin 64, which is attached to the ring gear 60, cooperates with the further sensors 65, 66, 67 so as to induce, at each passage of the pin 64 in front of the sensors 65-67, a short trigger impulse from these sensors. Sensor 65 is located so that it is excited by the pin 64 and emits a brief pulse always at the moment when the piston of the combustion chamber containing the flame front sensor 20 reaches its top dead center position at the end of its compression stroke. The sensor 65 then starts the parallel counting of the counting impulses generated by sensor 63 by the counters 61, 62. When pin 64 passes sensor 66, sensor 66 emits an impulse which causes the counter 61 to cease counting immediately. The then prevailing content of the counter 61 is a measure for the length of the K-track, that is, the crank angle through which the crankshaft has travelled from the time of reaching the top dead center position of the piston to the end of the counting operation of the counter during the respective combustion cycle. Thus, the angular position of sensor 66 relative to the ring gear 60 describes the length of the K-track, and the length of the K-track is adjustable by shifting the sensor 66. The counting of the counting impulses delivered by sensor 63 to the second counter 62 is terminated at the corresponding combustion cycle by the signal generated by the flame arriving at the flame front sensor 20. The fourth sensor 67 produces a signal upon passage of pin 64 after the termination of counting by the counters 61, 62, which signal triggers the transfer of the counting content of the two counters 61, 62 to a comparator 68 and the two counters 61, 62 are then reset to zero. Thus, at each operating cycle of the combustion engine, the comparator 68 determines the difference of the two counting contents fed into it according to algebraic signal and absolute value and transfers this difference value to an average forming stage 69, which can be, for example a ring counter. The average forming state 69 accumulates and averages the content of a predetermined number of difference values, delivered by comparator 68, according to algebraic sign and absolute value, for example, the average value of the difference values measured consecutively during the last three combustion cycles of the respective cylinder. The measurements delivered by comparator 68 can also eventually be accumulated in the average stage 69 such that they fade with time. The output of the averaging stage 69 is directly a measure for the algebraic signal and dimension of the deviation of the arrival of the flame front at the flame front sensor 20 to the K-F coincidence and is fed directly, or after appropriate further processing, to the servomotor 42 to adjust the ignition timing point to govern the K-F coincidence. Since the output signal delivered from the average former 69 is dependent on the magnitude of the deviation of the K-F coincidence, the ignition timing point of the charge will be adjusted at each time by an increasing value as the average value of several consecutive deviations from the K-F coincidence is increasing. Hereby the task of the average value forming device 69 is to average purely random deviations of the arrival of the flame front at the flame front sensor 20, so to increase the accuracy of the K-F coincidence regulation if, under constant operating conditions, random deviations of the arrival of the flame front at the flame front sensor could appear. If one deletes the average value former 69 from FIG. 7, which also is conceivable, then the ignition timing point can upon every adjustment be shifted by a bigger value, the bigger the deviation of the arrival of the flame front at the flame front sensor 20 to the K-F coincidence is. Such random deviations of the arrival of the flame front at the flame front sensor at constant operation conditions may especially appear when there is an unfavorable design of the combustion chamber. To reduce the influence of such hazardous deviations, other methods can also be foreseen additionally or alone. In many cases it can be preferably provided that an adjustment of the ignition timing point is only realized, if the detected deviation of the arrival of the flame front at the flame front sensor to the K-F coincidence does not change its algebraic sign during a predetermined number of consecutive measurements of the arrival of the flame front at the F-location, for example, during two consecutive measurements. This can be realized, for example, by the following modification of the regulating device shown in FIG. 7. Instead of the average forming stage 69, an AND gate 70 is inserted as shown in FIG. 7a and to the comparator 68 an algebraic sign storage and comparator component 71 is connected, in which the algebraic signs of the last m difference values formed by the comparator 68 are stored and compared, and which opens the AND gate 70 opens only if the stored algebraic signs 71 are same, whereby m may be, for example, 2 or 3. As long as the stored algebraic signs in the component 71 are not identical, no adjustment of the ignition timing point is done by the K-F coincidence regulating device. It can also be provided that the average value former 69 is retained and the AND gate 70 is connected to the output of 69 so that the AND gate 70 prohibits or permits the output of the average value by the component 71. Instead of adjusting the length of the K-track by adjusting the sensor 66 (FIG. 7) or by turning the disc 39 (FIG. 1), it can be provided that the K-track length is adjusted in that the adjusting components contain a time delaying component which delays the arrival of the signal indicating the arrival of the flame front at the flame front sensor. Such a time delay component 73 is shown by dash-dotted lines in FIG. 1. Its time delay is, for example, Dt/n, where Dt is a steady or incrementally variable time span, adjustable by hand or automatically in dependence on at least one operating parameter of the combustion engine, n representing the engine speed. The larger Dt/n, the longer is the K-track. To enable the flame front sensor 20 to detect knock induced by self ignition, immediately upon occurrence of beginning of knock, it can provided in a preferred embodiment, that the flame front sensor 20' is disposed far from the exhaust valve 12, near to the circumferential half of the inlet valve plate of the inlet valve 11 facing away from the exhaust valve 12. Such a disposition of a flame front sensor 20 is shown in FIG. 1a at 20'. Hereby the flame front sensor is located in a relatively "cold" area of the combustion chamber in which normally knock occurs preferentially. The foregoing relates to preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention, it being understood that other embodiments and variants thereof are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention, the latter being defined by the appended claims.

Method and apparatus for controlling the combustion process of an internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder and an ignition device for initiating ignition of a combustible charge, whereby: (1) the moment of ignition of the charge at a position F in the combustion chamber is sensed, the position F being spaced from the ignition device so that the flame front of the flame initiated by the ignition device can only arrive at the position F after a predominant portion of the charge has been burnt; (2) at least the direction of a deviation of the piston moving within the cylinder from a selected piston position K is sensed at the moment of ignition at the position F; and (3) the ignition timing and/or composition of the charge is automatically regulated in accordance with at least the sensed piston deviation to achieve approximate F-K coincidence.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates generally to a device for attaching a first mass to a second mass and methods of making and using the same. [0003] 2. Description of the Prior Art [0004] Prosthetic heart valves can replace defective human valves in patients. Prosthetic valves commonly include sewing rings, suture cuffs or rings that are attached to and extend around the outer circumference of the prosthetic valve orifice. [0005] In a typcal prosthetic valve implantation procedure, the aorta is incised and the defective valve is removed leaving the desired placemenr site that mayninclude a fibrous tissue layer or annular tissue. Known heart valve replacement techniques include individually passing sutures through the fibrous tissue or desired placements site within the valve annulus to form an array of sutures. Free ends of the sutures are extended out of the thoracic cavity and laid, spaced apart, on the patient's body. The free ends of the sutures are then individually threaded through a flange of the sewing ring. Once all sutures have been run through the sewing ring (typically 12 to 18 sutures), all the sutures are pulled up taught and the prosthetic valve is slid or “parachuted” down into place adjacent the placement site tissue. The prosthetic valve is then secured in place by traditional knot tying with the sutures. This procedure is time consuming as doctors often use three to ten knots per suture. [0006] The sewing ring is often made of a biocompatible fabric through which a needle and suture can pass. The prosthetic valves are typically attached to the sewing rings which are sutured to a biological mass that is left when the surgeon removes the existing valve from the patient's heart. The sutures are tied snugly, thereby securing the sewing ring to the biological mass and, in turn, the prosthetic valve to the heart. [0007] During heart valve replacement procedures, the patient is on heart-lung bypass which reduces the patient's oxygen level and creates non-physiological bloodflow dynamics. The longer a patient is on heat-lung bypass, the greater the risk for permanent health damage. Existing suturing techniques extend the duration of bypass and increase the health risks due to heart-lung bypass. Furthermore, the fixturing force created by suturing varies significantly from suture to suture, even for the same medical professional. [0008] In addition, sutures and other attachment devices are used in a variety of medical applications where the use of the device of the present invention would provide an advantage in fixing a first mass to a second mass, where the first mass is a tissue or a device or prosthesis, and the second mass is a tissue or a device or prosthesis. These applications include anchoring a prosthesis such as a synthetic or autologous graft to surrounding tissue or another prosthesis, tissue repair such as in the closure of congenital defects such as septal heart defects, tissue or vessel anastomosis, fixation of tissue with or without a reinforcing mesh for hernia repair, orthopedic anchoring such as in bone fusing or tendon or muscle repair, ophthalmic indications, laparoscopic or endoscopic tissue repair or placement of prostheses, or use by robotic devices for procedures performed remotely. [0009] For these indications and others, there is a need for a fixturing device to minimize the time spent fixturing certain devices or conduits, such as a valve prosthesis and a second mass, a vessel to another vessel or anatomical structure, tissue to tissue, surrounding tissue to a second prosthesis, and the like as described above. Furthermore, there is a need for a device that compliments existing suturing or attachment devices and methods and reduces fixturing times. Also, there is a need for a fixturing device that can be easily removed. There also exist a need to provide a fixturing device that can provide a consistent fixturing force. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] A device for connecting a first mass to a second mass is disclosed. The device has a base and a first leg. The base has a base axis, a first end and a second end. The first leg extends from the first end of the base. The device has a first configuration and a second configuration. When the base is rotated with respect to the base axis, the device is in the first configuration. The device can also have a second leg extending from the second end of the base. [0011] Another device for connecting a first mass to a second mass is disclosed. The device has a base, a first leg and a second leg. The base has a base axis, a first end and a second end. The first leg has a first longitudinal axis and a first leg length. The first leg extends from the first end of the base. The second leg has a second longitudinal axis and a second leg length. The second leg extends from the second end of the base. The first leg length is substantially longer than the second leg length. [0012] The device can have a first configuration and a second configuration. When the base is rotated with respect to the base axis, the device is in the first configuration. [0013] Yet another device for connecting a first mass to a second mass is disclosed. The device has a base, a first leg and a second leg. The base is curved. The base has a base diameter, a first end and a second end. The first leg has a first longitudinal axis and a first leg length. The first leg extends from the first end of the base. The second leg has a second longitudinal axis and a second leg length. The second leg extends from the second end of the base. The device has a relaxed configuration. In the relaxed configuration the first leg crosses the second leg at a leg angle. The leg angle is less than 180 degrees. [0014] The leg angle can be less than or equal to 90 degrees. The leg angle can be less than or equal to 60 degrees. The base diameter can be less than or equal to 0.13 inches. The base diameter can be greater than or equal to 0.08 inches. [0015] A method of attaching a first mass to a second mass is disclosed. The method uses an attachment device having a base, a first leg, and a second leg. The base has a first end and a second end. The first leg extends from the first end of the base. The second leg extends from the second end of the base. The attachment device has a first configuration and a second configuration. The method includes holding the attachment device in the first configuration. The method also includes twisting the base of the attachment device to force the attachment device into the second configuration. Further, the method includes inserting the attachment device into the first mass and the second mass. The method also includes releasing the attachment device. [0016] Twisting the base of the attachment device can occur before inserting the attachment device into the first mass. Inserting the attachment device, at least partially, into the first mass can occur before twisting the base of the attachment device. [0017] Another method of attaching a first mass to a second mass is disclosed. The method includes forcibly holding an attachment device in a second configuration. The attachment device has a first configuration and the second configuration. The method also includes inserting the attachment device into the first mass and the second mass. The method also includes releasing the attachment device into the first configuration. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0018] FIG. 1 is a front view of an embodiment of the attachment device. [0019] FIG. 2 is a side view of an embodiment of the attachment device. [0020] FIG. 3 is a bottom view of an embodiment of the attachment device. [0021] FIGS. 4-10 illustrate embodiments of section A-A of the attachment device. [0022] FIG. 11 is a front view of an embodiment of the attachment device. [0023] FIGS. 12 and 13 are bottom views of various embodiments of the attachment device shown in FIG. 11 . [0024] FIGS. 14 and 15 are front views of various embodiments of the attachment device. [0025] FIG. 16 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of the attachment device. [0026] FIG. 17 is a top view of the embodiment of the attachment device shown in FIG. 16 . [0027] FIG. 18 is a side perspective view of an embodiment of the attachment device. [0028] FIG. 19 is a side view of the attachment device shown in FIG. 18 . [0029] FIGS. 20 and 21 are front views of various embodiments of the attachment device. [0030] FIG. 22 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of the attachment device. [0031] FIG. 23 is a top view of the embodiment of the attachment device shown in FIG. 22 . [0032] FIG. 24 is a front view of an embodiment of the attachment device. [0033] FIG. 25 illustrates an embodiment of a mandrel for manufacturing the attachment device. [0034] FIGS. 26 and 27 illustrate methods of changing the attachment device from a first configuration to a second configuration. [0035] FIGS. 28-30 are cross-sections illustrating an embodiment of a method of using the attachment device. [0036] FIGS. 31-33 are cross-sections illustrating an embodiment of a method of using the attachment device with the pledget shown in full perspective for FIGS. 31 and 32 . [0037] FIGS. 34-36 are cross-sections illustrating an embodiment of a method of using the embodiment of the attachment device shown in FIG. 14 . [0038] FIGS. 37-39 are cross-sections illustrating an embodiment of a method of using the embodiment of the attachment device shown in FIGS. 18 and 19 . [0039] FIGS. 40-42 are cross-sections illustrating an embodiment of a method of using the attachment device. [0040] FIG. 43 is a cross-section illustrating a method of using the flag. [0041] FIG. 44 illustrates an embodiment of the tool for deploying the attachment device. [0042] FIG. 45 illustrates the end of a tool for deploying the attachment device. [0043] FIGS. 46 and 47 illustrate using the tip of an embodiment of the tool to deploy the attachment device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0044] FIGS. 1 through 3 illustrate an attachment device 2 . The attachment device 2 can have a base 4 , legs 6 , and a tip 8 at the end of each leg 6 . (Phantom lines delineate the base 4 , legs 6 and tips 8 .) The base 4 , legs 6 and tips 8 can be separate or integral elements. A flag 10 can be attached to, and extend from, the base 4 . The base 4 and/or the legs 6 can be straight or curved. [0045] The attachment device 2 can be made from a deformable or elastic material or a combination of materials having resulting deformable or elastic properties. The material can be, for example, stainless steel alloys, nickel titanium alloys (e.g., Nitinol), cobalt-chrome alloys (e.g., ELGILOY® from Elgin Specialty Metals, Elgin, Ill.; CONICHROME® from Carpenter Metals Corp., Wyomissing, Pa.), polymers such as polyester (e.g., DACRON® from E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.), polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), expanded PTFE (ePTFE), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), nylon, polyether-block co-polyamide polymers (e.g., PEBAX® from ATOFINA, Paris, France), aliphatic polyether polyurethanes (e.g., TECOFLEX® from Thermedics Polymer Products, Wilmington, Mass.), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane, thermoplastic, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), extruded collagen, silicone, echogenic, radioactive, radiopaque materials or combinations thereof. Examples of radiopaque materials are barium sulfate, titanium, stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloys, tantalum and gold. [0046] Any or all elements of the attachment device 2 can be a matrix for cell ingrowth or used with a fabric, for example a covering (not shown) that acts as a matrix for cell ingrowth. The fabric can be, for example, polyester (e.g., DACRON® from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.), polypropylene, PTFE, ePTFE, nylon, extruded collagen, silicone or combinations thereof. [0047] The attachment device 2 and/or the fabric can be filled and/or coated with an agent delivery matrix known to one having ordinary skill in the art and/or a therapeutic and/or diagnostic agent. These agents can include radioactive materials; radiopaque materials; cytogenic agents; cytotoxic agents; cytostatic agents; thrombogenic agents, for example polyurethane, cellulose acetate polymer mixed with bismuth trioxide, and ethylene vinyl alcohol; lubricious, hydrophilic materials; phosphor cholene; anti-inflammatory agents, for example non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors (e.g., acetylsalicylic acid, for example ASPIRIN® from Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany; ibuprofen, for example ADVIL® from Wyeth, Collegeville, Pa.; indomethacin; mefenamic acid), COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., VIOXX® from Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ; CELEBREX® from Pharmacia Corp., Peapack, NJ; COX-1 inhibitors); immunosuppressive agents, for example Sirolimus (RAPAMUNE®, from Wyeth,, Collegeville, Pa.), or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors (e.g., tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives) that act early within the pathways of an inflammatory response. Examples of other agents are provided in Walton et al, Inhibition of Prostoglandin E 2 Synthesis in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, Circulation , Jul. 6, 1999, 48-54; Tambiah et al, Provocation of Experimental Aortic Inflammation Mediators and Chlamydia Pneumoniae, Brit. J. Surgery 88 (7), 935-940; Franklin et al, Uptake of Tetracycline by Aortic Aneurysm Wall and Its Effect on Inflammation and Proteolysis, Brit. J. Surgery 86 (6), 771-775; Xu et al, Sp1 Increases Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Hypoxic Vascular Endothelium, J. Biological Chemistry 275 (32) 24583-24589; and Pyo et al, Targeted Gene Disruption of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (Gelatinase B) Suppresses Development of Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, J. Clinical Investigation 105 (11), 1641-1649 which are all incorporated by reference in their entireties. [0048] A base axis 12 can extend longitudinally through the transverse cross-sectional center of the base 4 . As shown in FIG. 2 , when viewed from the side, the base axis 12 can form a base plane angle 14 from about 0° to about 30°, for example about 10°. The base 4 can have a base inner radius 16 from about 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) to about 19.1 mm (0.750 in.), for example about 1.91 mm (0.075 in.). The proximal end of the base 4 can be formed into a table 17 . The table 17 can be a flat surface that tapers to the base 4 . [0049] The base 4 and legs 6 can have a shaft diameter 18 from about 0.03 mm (0.001 in.) to about 6.35 mm (0.250 in.), for example, about 0.51 mm (0.020 in.). The base 4 and legs 6 can have the same or different shaft diameters 18 . A base neutral radius 19 can be the base inner radius 16 and half the shaft diameter 18 . As shown in FIG. 1 , the legs 6 can intersect at a leg angle 20 in or near the plane of the attachment device 2 or in or near the approximate plane of the base 4 . An approximate plane is a plane that can be used whether the base 4 does or does not fall on a flat plane. If the base 4 is a straight line or a point, the approximate plane of the base 4 can be calculated using the points of the legs 6 that are nearest the base 4 and out of line with the base 4 . The leg angle 20 can be from about 180° to about 10°, more narrowly from about 90° to about 60°, for example about 45° or, for example, about 60°. [0050] The length from an end of the base 4 to a longitudinal leg axis 24 can be a body length 22 . The body length 22 can be from about 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) to about 12.7 mm (0.500 in.), for example about 2.913 mm (0.1147 in.). The length between the distal end of one tip 8 and the distal end of the opposite tip 8 can be a tip distance 26 . The tip distance 26 can be from about 0.03 mm (0.001 in.) to about 25.4 mm (1.000 in.), more narrowly about 1.3 mm (0.050 in.) to about 3.18 mm (0.125 in.), for example about 2.3 mm (0.090 in.). [0051] The tip 8 can have a tip length 28 from about 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) to about 12.7 mm (0.500 in.), for example about 1.0 mm (0.040 in.). The tip 8 can have a tip angle 30 from about 50 to about 90°, for example about 30°. The tips 8 can be straight, pointed ends, curve out of line (shown by alternative tips 8 a and 8 b , drawn in phantom lines in FIGS. 2 and 3 ) from the nearest end of the leg 6 , or combinations thereof. [0052] The tips 8 and/or legs 6 can have retention devices 29 . The retention devices 29 can be barbs, spikes, hooks, threads, ribs, splines, a roughened surface, a sintered surface, a covered surface (e.g., with DACRON® from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.) or combinations thereof. A retention coating 31 , for example a biodegradable coating or filler such as gel or gelatin or otherwise removable, can be on and/or around and/or near the retention devices 29 . The retention coating 31 (shown in phantom lines) can be configured to render the retention device 29 substantially ineffective until a substantial amount of the retention coating 31 has been biodegraded or otherwise removed. [0053] The legs 6 can have mechanical interfaces 33 , for example, a slot, snap, protrusion, latch, catch or combinations thereof. The interfaces 33 can be aligned so the interface on one leg 6 meets the interface 33 on the other leg 6 at the point where the legs 6 cross. The interfaces 33 can removably attach to each other. [0054] FIGS. 4 through 10 illustrate examples of cross-section A-A of the legs 6 and/or the base 4 . The cross-section A-A of the legs 6 can be the same or different as the cross-sections of the base 4 . The cross-sections of the base 4 and/or legs 6 can be constant or vary along their respective lengths. FIGS. 4 through 8 , respectively, illustrate circular, rectangular (including square), triangular, substantially flat, and star-David shaped or irregular cross-sections A-A. FIG. 9 illustrates an oval cross-section A-A. A ratio of the shaft diameter 18 to the length of a minor axis 32 can be from about 1:1 to about 20:1, for example 10:1. [0055] FIG. 10 illustrates a cavity 36 inside the cross-section A-A. The cavity 34 can be hollow or can be filled completely or partially. The cavity 34 can be filled with an agent delivery matrix known to one having ordinary skill in the art and/or a therapeutic and/or diagnostic agent and/or echogenic and/or radioactive and/or radiopaque materials, for example, the agents and/or materials listed supra. The type and amount of filling can vary along the length of the base 4 and/or legs 6 . The ratio of the shaft diameter 18 to a cavity diameter 36 can be from about 1:1 to about 50:1, for example, about 2:1. [0056] FIG. 11 illustrates an attachment device 2 that can have a leg 6 that can have a first leg segment 38 and a second leg segment 40 . The first leg segment 38 can extends from the base 4 . The second leg segment 40 can extend on a proximal end from the first leg segment 38 . The tip 8 can extend from a distal end of the second leg segment 40 . The second leg segment 40 can have a different radius of curvature than the first leg segment 38 and/or form an angle with respect to the first leg segment 40 . FIG. 12 illustrates that the second leg segment 40 can form an angle (shown by arrows) with the approximate plane of the base 4 . FIG. 13 illustrates that the first leg segment 38 can form an angle (shown by arrows) with the approximate plane of the base 4 . The second leg segments 40 can be substantially parallel with the approximate plan of the base 4 . [0057] FIG. 14 illustrates an attachment device 2 that can have a first leg 6 a that can be substantially longer than a second leg 6 b . The ratio of a first leg-tip length 22 a to a second leg-tip length 22 b can be from about 1:1 to about 10:1, for example, about 3:1. [0058] FIG. 15 illustrates an attachment device that can have a first leg radius 42 and a second leg radius 44 . The ratio of the first leg radius 42 to the second leg radius 44 can be from about 1:1 to about 50:1, for example about 10:1. [0059] FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrate an attachment device 2 that can have a “flat top.” The approximate plane of the second leg 6 b can form an angle, for example about 90°, with the approximate plane of the base 4 . When in use, the flat top can further anchor the attachment device 2 against the first mass and/or second mass. FIGS. 18 and 19 illustrate an attachment device 2 that can have arms 6 that can wrap around the base axis 12 . [0060] FIG. 20 illustrates an attachment device 2 that can have arms 46 that can extend from the base 4 and/or the legs 6 . When deployed, the arms 46 can squeeze tissue between the arms 46 and the legs 6 and/or base 4 for additional retention force. Anchors 48 can extend from the arms 46 , for example at the distal ends of the arms 46 . The anchors 48 can be, for example, hooks, barbs, spikes, staples or combinations thereof. The anchors 48 can extend directly from the base 4 and/or legs 6 with or without arms 46 separately attached to the base 4 and/or legs 6 . FIG. 21 illustrates an attachment device 2 that can have a straight base 4 and can have the arms 46 extending from the base 4 . [0061] FIGS. 22 and 23 illustrate an attachment device that can have first, second and third legs 6 a , 6 b and 6 c . The base 4 can be a platform, wireframe, or point attachment which can be spot-welded or brazed, tube crimped or otherwise mechanically connected. The planes of the legs 6 a , 6 b and 6 c can intersect at substantially equal angles, about 120°, or unequal angles. [0062] FIG. 24 illustrates an attachment device that can have a first loop 49 and a second loop 51 . The first loop 49 can be formed from the base 4 and a proximal portion of the first leg segments 38 . The second loop 51 can be formed from a distal portion of the first leg segments 38 and a proximal portion of the second leg segments 40 . [heading-0063] Methods of Making [0064] FIG. 25 illustrates a mandrel 50 that can be used to form the attachment device 2 , for example during heat treatment. The base 4 and/or legs 6 can be held on the mandrel 50 by a single cylinder 52 , a formed path 54 , a pressure plate 56 , for example a washer under a screw or combinations thereof. Methods for forming shape memory alloys (e.g., Nitinol) are known to those having ordinary skill in the art. The tips 8 can be formed, for example, by grinding, electropolishing, or precision sharpening (e.g., polishing services from Point Technologies, Inc., Boulder, Colo.) to a satisfactory geometry, including a trocar point, beveled, rounded, tapered, pointed or flattened. [0065] Other methods known to one having ordinary skill in the art can be used to manufacture the attachment device 2 and/or its elements. For example, manufacturing techniques include molding, machining, casting, forming (e.g., pressure forming), crimping, stamping, melting, screwing, gluing, welding, die cutting, laser cutting, electrical discharge machining (EDM), etching or combinations thereof. [0066] Any elements, sub-assemblies, or the attachment device 2 as a whole after final assembly, can be coated by dip-coating or spray-coating methods known to one having ordinary skill in the art, utilizing materials such as PTFE (e.g., TEFLON® from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.), polyester (e.g., DACRON® from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.), gelatin, gel, other polymers or combinations thereof. One example of a method used to coat a medical device for vascular use is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,556 by Ding et al. and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Time release coating methods known to one having ordinary skill in the art can also be used to delay the release of an agent in the coating. The coatings can be thrombogenic or anti-thrombogenic. [0067] The attachment device 2 , or any element thereof (e.g., the base 4 ) can be covered with a fabric, for example polyester (e.g., DACRON® from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.), polypropylene, PTFE (e.g., TEFLON® from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.), ePTFE, nylon, extruded collagen, gel, gelatin, silicone or combinations thereof. Methods of covering an implantable device with fabric are known to those having ordinary skill in the art, for example, sintering, spray coating, adhesion, loose covering, dipping or combinations thereof. [heading-0068] Methods of Using [0069] The attachment device 2 can have a first configuration (e.g., the configuration shown in FIGS. 26 and 27 ) and a second configuration (e.g., the configuration shown in FIGS. 1 through 3 ). The attachment device 2 can have the second configuration when the attachment device is in a relaxed state, with no external forces applied (e.g., prior to insertion or use). The attachment device 2 can have the first configuration when external forces are applied, such as by a delivery tool prior to delivery. When external forces are removed from the attachment device 2 , the attachment device 2 can revert from the first configuration to the second configuration. [0070] The attachment device can substantially revert to the second configuration even when some permanent hysteresis deformation occurs and/or when a foreign object (e.g., a first and/or second mass) is obstructing the attachment device 2 . When the attachment device 2 has the first configuration, one or both legs 6 can be rotated with respect to the base 4 (e.g., by rotating the base 4 around the base axis 12 , one or both legs 6 splay or separate as they are torqued by the twisting or rotating around of the base). [0071] FIG. 26 illustrates a method of forcing the attachment device to have the first configuration. The attachment device 2 can be forced to have the first configuration by the application of a base torque, shown by arrows 58 , applied about the base axis 12 . The base torque can be directly applied to the base 4 . The base torque indirectly becomes, or can be applied as, a leg torque, as shown by arrows 60 a and 60 b , to the legs 6 a and/or 6 b about the leg axes 24 a and 24 b . If approximately two times the base neutral radius 19 is less than the tip distance 26 , the legs 6 will splay outward when entering the first mass 68 . If approximatelt two times the base neutral radius 19 is greater than or equal to the tip distance 26 , the legs 6 will splay inward or stay vertical when deploying into the first mass 68 . [0072] FIG. 27 illustrates a method of forcing the attachment device to have the first configuration. The attachment device 2 can be forced to have the first configuration by the application of a pivot torque, shown by arrows 62 , applied about the area where the base 4 attaches to the legs 6 , so that the legs 6 are forced to pivot radially outward from each other. The pivot torque can be applied by applying outward translational forces, as shown by arrows 64 , to one or both legs 6 . The pivot torque can be applied by applying translational forces to the base 4 , as shown by arrows 66 . [0073] As illustrated in FIGS. 28 through 30 , the attachment device 2 can be deployed to attach a first mass 68 to a second mass 70 . The first mass 68 and/or the second mass 70 can be a prosthesis and/or a tissue, or both tissue or both prostheses. The prosthesis can be, for example, cardiac leads, markers, stents, grafts, stent-grafts, heart valves, annuloplasty rings, autografts, allografts, xenografts or any assemblies thereof or combination thereof. The tissue can be, for example, vessels, valves, organs (e.g., intestine, heart, skin, liver, kidney, urethra, bone mass, tendon, nerve, muscle), calcified soft tissue or any combination thereof. [0074] Heart valve assemblies disclosed by Griffin et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,241,765, by Lane in U.S. Pat. No. 6,371,983 and by Ritz in U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,183, both of which are hereby incorporated in their entireties, can be placed with the use of the device of the present invention. Other heart valve assemblies that can be used include, for example, the Advantage Bileaflet heart valve, Parallel valve, Freestyle stentless aortic valve, Hancock Porcine heart valve, Hancock apical left ventricular connector model 174A, Hancock valved conduit models 100, 105, 150, Hall Medtronic heart valve, Hall Medtronic valved conduit, MOSAIC® heart valve and Intact porcine tissue valve (by Medtronic, Inc. Minneapolis, Minn.); Angelini Lamina-flo valve (by Cardio Carbon Company, Ltd., England); Bjork-Shiley single-disk, monostrut and caged-disk valves (Shiley, Inc., now-defunct, previously of CA); Wada-Cutter valve and Chitra Cooley-Cutter valve (by Cutter Biomedical Corp., San Diego, Calif.); Angioflex trileaflet polyurethane valve (by Abiomed, Inc., Danvers, MA); ATS AP Series heart valve and ATS Standard heart valve (by ATS Medical, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.); ANNULOFLO® annuloplasty ring, ANNUFLEX® annuloplasty ring, CARBSEAL® valved conduit, ORBIS® Universal aortic and mitral valve, pediatric/small adult valve, R series valve, SUMIT® mitral valve, TOP HAT® aortic valve, OPTIFORM® mitral valve, MITROFLOW SYNERGY® PC stented aortic pericardial bioprosthesis and the SYNERGY® ST stented aortic and mitral porcine bioprosthesis (by CarboMedics, Inc., Austin, Tex.); ON-X® prosthetic heart valve (by MCRI®, LLC, Austin, Tex.); Starr-Edwards SILASTIC® ball valve, Starr-Edwards 1000, Starr-Edwards 1200, Starr-Edwards 1260, Starr-Edwards 2400, Starr-Edwards 6300, Starr-Edwards 6500, Starr-Edwards 6520, Carpentier-Edwards porcine tissue valve, Carpentier-Edwards pericardial prosthesis, Carpentier-Edwards supra-annular valve, Carpentier-Edwards annuloplasty rings, Duromedics valve and PERIMOUNT® heart valve (by Edwards Lifesciences Corp., Irvine, Calif.); Cross-Jones Lenticular disc valve (by Pemco, Inc.); Tissuemed stented porcine valve (by Tissuemed, Ltd., Leeds, England); Tekna valve (by Baxter Healthcare, Corp., Deerfield, Ill.); Komp-01 mitral retainer ring (by Jyros Medical Ltd., London, England); SJM® Masters Series mechanical heart valve, SJM® Masters Series aortic valved graft prosthesis, ST. JUDE MEDICAL® mechanical heart valves, ST. JUDE MEDICAL® mechanical heart valve Hemodynamic Plus (HP) series, SJM REGENT® valve, TORONTO SPV® (Stentless Porcine Valve) valve, SJM BIOCOR® valve and SJM EPIC® valve (St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, Minn.); Sorin Bicarbon, Sorin Carbocast, Sorin Carboseal Conduit, Sorin Pericarbon and Sorin Pericarbon Stentless (by Snia S.p.A., Italy). The attachment devices of the present invention may be deployed to implant these various devices in the supra-annular position, or infrannular, depending on the geometry and preferred placement of a particular device. Similarly, it may be advantageous to use the attachment devices 2 of the present invention to secure a sewing ring, or first prosthesis by placing them horizontally or vertically within or around the annulus of such ring, prior to placing a second prosthesis including a valve structure, as provided in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/646,639 filed, 22 Aug. 2003, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0075] FIG. 28 illustrates that the attachment device 2 can be held in the first configuration. The attachment device 2 can be fed through a pledget 71 before the attachment device 2 is forced into the first mass 68 . The pledget 71 can be a piece of fabric, for example, a fabric listed supra. The pledget 71 can be loaded onto the attachment device 2 before use. FIG. 29 illustrates that the attachment device 2 can be forced, as shown by arrow 72 , into and through the first mass 68 and part of the second mass 70 . FIG. 30 illustrates that the attachment device 2 can be released from having the first configuration. The attachment device 2 can revert to having substantially the second configuration. A pinching force, shown by arrows, can be applied to the attachment device 2 to encourage additional reversion of the attachment device 2 to having the second configuration. The attachment device 2 shown in FIG. 24 can be deployed in the same manner as described supra, except that the attachment device 2 shown in FIG. 24 can be rotated sufficiently to straighten the first and second loops, before or during deployment. [0076] The attachment device 2 can be removed and redeployed at any stage of deployment supra, for example, if the surgeon is unsatisfied with the position of the attachment device 2 , or if the prosthesis need replacing or “redoing” at a point in the future. If the attachment device 2 has a retention device 29 , when the retention coating 31 sufficiently biodegrades or is otherwise removed, the retention devices 29 will become exposed and can substantially prevent the removal of the attachment device 2 from the deployment site. Removal may still be achieved however, by apply sufficient force (by a tool or other device) to overcome the strength of the secdondary retention element. [0077] FIGS. 31 though 33 illustrate a method of deploying the attachment device 2 to attach a first mass 68 to a second mass 70 . The pledget 71 can be fed over the attachment device 2 before use. The pledget 2 can be formed as a rectangular container with an access opening 73 , for example a slit, hole, or aperture, to allow access to the base 4 of the attachment device 2 . The attachment device 2 can have the second configuration. The attachment device 2 can be forced, as shown by arrow, so the tips 8 engage the first mass 68 . FIG. 32 illustrates that, with the tips 8 held by the first mass 68 , a longitudinal torque, shown by arrows, applied to the attachment device 2 about a longitudinal axis 74 can then force the attachment device 2 into the first configuration. As illustrated by FIG. 33 , the attachment device 2 can be forced, shown by arrow, through the first mass 68 and part of the second mass 70 . The longitudinal torque (not shown in FIG. 33 ) can be removed during deployment or after the attachment device 2 is completely deployed into the first and second masses 68 and 70 . The pledget 71 can be crushed during deployment. [0078] FIGS. 34 through 36 illustrate a method of deploying the attachment device shown in FIG. 14 . The first leg 6 a can be forced, as shown by arrow, into and through the first mass 68 and part of the second mass 70 . The first leg 6 a can have a “paddle” (not shown). The paddle can be a flat oval or long rectangular cross-sectional shape on one leg. The paddle can increase resistive force with the first and/or second mass 68 and/or 70 when applying torque to the attachment device 2 . [0079] FIG. 35 illustrates that the attachment device 2 can be forced into the first configuration by applying a base torque, shown by arrows 58 . The second leg 6 b can then rotate outwardly from the attachment device 2 , as shown by arrow 76 . [0080] FIG. 36 illustrates that the attachment device 2 can be forced, shown by arrow, through the first mass 68 and part of the second mass 70 . The base torque (not shown in FIG. 36 ) can be removed during deployment or after the attachment device 2 is completely deployed into the first and second masses 68 and 70 . [0081] FIGS. 37 through 39 illustrate a method of deploying the attachment device 2 shown in FIGS. 18 and 19 . FIG. 37 illustrates that the base 4 and the tips 8 can be placed in contact with or near the first mass 68 . FIG. 38 illustrates that the arms 6 can be rotated, as shown by arrows, about the base axis 12 . The arms 6 can be rotated to cause the arms 6 to be forced into the first mass 68 . FIG. 39 illustrates that the arms 6 can be rotated, as shown by arrows, further about the base axis 12 . The arms 6 can be forced into and through the second mass 70 . The arms 6 can re-enter the first mass 68 . [0082] FIGS. 40 through 42 illustrate a method of deploying the attachment device 2 to attach a first mass 68 to a second mass 70 . The first mass 68 and the second mass 70 can be two sections of the same object, such as when the attachment device 2 is used to close a wound. FIG. 40 illustrates that the attachment device 2 can be held in the first configuration. FIG. 41 illustrates that the attachment device 2 can be forced, as shown by arrow 72 , so that the first leg 6 a inserts into the first mass 68 and that the second leg 6 b inserts into the second mass 70 . FIG. 42 illustrates that the attachment device 2 can be released from having the first configuration. The attachment device 2 can revert to having substantially the second configuration, causing the legs 6 a and 6 b to rotate inward, shown by arrows 78 , applying force, shown by arrows 80 , to the first mass 68 and the second mass 70 such that the first and second masses 68 and 70 move toward each other. [0083] The attachment device 2 can be removed from the second mass 70 and/or the first mass 68 , when applicable, by reversing the steps of the deployment methods supra. [0084] FIG. 43 illustrates that, during use, the attachment device 2 can be covered by new tissue growth 82 . The flag 10 can extend outside of the new tissue growth 82 (as shown) or be located just below the surface but palpable. The flag 10 can act as a marker, palpable or visible by direct vision or imaging modalities known in the art (e.g., x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, computed tomagraphy (CT), echocardiogram) for example to locate the attachment device 2 in case of removal of the attachment device 2 . The flag 10 can be made of, for example, suture material (e.g., Nylon, polyglycolic acid, polyester such as DACRON® from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., metals such as those used in the other elements of the attachment device 2 , other polymers or combinations thereof). The base 4 can also serve this function (e.g., of a marker) in some applications. [0085] FIG. 44 illustrates a tool 84 for deploying the attachment device 2 . The tool 84 can have a first lever 86 and a second lever 88 . The first lever 86 can be rotatably attached to the second lever 88 at a pivot 90 . The first and second levers 86 and 88 can have a handle 92 at each lever's first end and a pad 94 at each lever's second end. The pads 94 can be used to hold the attachment device 2 . When a force is applied to the handles 92 , shown by arrows 96 , the force is transmitted, shown by arrows 98 , to the pads 94 . [0086] A driver shaft 100 can have a driver handle 102 at a first end and grips 104 at a second end. The pivot 90 can have a longitudinal channel 106 . The driver shaft 100 can pass through the longitudinal channel 106 and/or be rotatably mounted to a case (not shown) fixed to a lever 86 or 88 . The grips 104 can be releasably attached to the attachment device 2 . The attachment device 2 can be rotated about the longitudinal axis 2 by releasing the pads 94 and rotating, as shown by arrows 108 , the driver handle. [0087] FIG. 45 shows the end of a tool 84 for deploying the attachment device 2 before the attachment device 2 has been loaded into the tool 84 . The tool 84 can have a top part 110 and a bottom part 112 . The top part 110 can be removably attached to the bottom part, as shown by arrow 114 . [0088] The top part 110 and/or the bottom part 112 can have grooves 116 sized to fit the base 4 and a portion of one or more legs 6 when the attachment device 2 has the first configuration. The attachment device 2 can be forced to have the first configuration and be loaded into the tool 84 , as shown by arrow 118 . The top part 110 can be attached to the bottom part 112 with the attachment device 2 seated (not shown) in the grooves 116 . [0089] The attachment device 2 can be placed at a desired deployment site by the tool 84 . The device 2 can be deployed from the tool 84 by removing the top part 110 from the bottom part 112 , and removing the tool 84 from the deployment site. [0090] FIG. 46 illustrates an end of a tool 84 . The tool 84 can have a case 120 with an anvil 122 and leg ports 124 . The case 120 can be slidably attached to a slide 126 . The attachment device 2 can be loaded around the anvil 122 . The legs 6 can protrude from the case 120 through the leg ports 124 . [0091] FIG. 47 illustrates a method of using the tool 84 of FIG. 46 to deploy the attachment device 2 . The slide 126 can be forced, as shown by arrow 128 , toward the anvil 122 . The slide 126 can push the base 4 against the anvil 122 , causing the legs 6 to rotate outward, as shown by arrows 76 . The surface geometry of the anvil 122 and the slider 126 can match the surface geometry of the attachment device 2 , when the attachment device is fully strained, as shown in FIG. 39 . The attachment device 2 can then be inserted into the desired deployment site (not shown). When the attachment device 2 is in place, the attachment device 2 can be deployed from the tool 84 , for example, by sliding the anvil 122 out of the way (perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 47 ) and forcing the attachment device 2 out the end of the tool 84 with the slide 126 . [0092] The ends of the tools 84 shown in FIGS. 45 through 47 can be pivoted to the remainder of the tool 84 by methods known to those having ordinary skill in the art. The pivotable end of the tool 84 can improve access to deployment sites not as easily accessible by a non-articulating tool 84 . The tool 84 can be non-articulatable. It would also be possible when access to the site of implantation allows, to employ a tool substantially similar to a needle driver tool known to those skilled in the art. [0093] Additional disclosure is included in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/327,821 and 10/646,639, filed 20 Dec. 2002 and 22 Aug. 2003, respectively, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. It is apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made to this disclosure, and equivalents employed, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Elements shown with any embodiment are exemplary for the specific embodiment and can be used on other embodiments within this disclosure.

Devices for attaching a first mass and a second mass and methods of making and using the same are disclosed. The devices can be made from an resilient, elastic or deformable materials. The devices can be used to attach a heart valve ring to a biological annulus. The devices can also be used for wound closure or a variety of other procedures such as anchoring a prosthesis to surrounding tissue or another prosthesis, tissue repair, such as in the closure of congenital defects such as septal heart defects, tissue or vessel anastomosis, fixation of tissue with or without a reinforcing mesh for hernia repair, orthopedic anchoring such as in bone fusing or tendon or muscle repair, ophthalmic indications, laparoscopic or endoscopic tissue repair or placement of prostheses, or use by robotic devices for procedures such as those above performed remotely.

[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.119(e) of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/702,989, filed Sep. 19, 2012. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to the treatment of wastewater including precipitation of struvite, and more particularly the present invention relates to precipitation of struvite in wastewater by electro-coagulation with a magnesium sacrificial anode. BACKGROUND [0003] Uncontrolled struvite (NH 4 MgPO 4 ·6H 2 O) deposition in pipes, on reactor walls and on submerged surfaces of devices (Ben Moussa et at 2006; Le Corre et at 2005; Suzuki et at 2007), significantly increases maintenance costs (Doyle et al 2002). Numerous researchers have shown feasibility of struvite production from anaerobically digested sludge dewatering liquors and from livestock manure (Schuiling and Andrade 1999; Suzuki et al 2005; Suzuki et al 2007; Zeng and Li 2006, Doyle et al 2002) since they are rich in phosphates and ammonia. Struvite precipitates in form of stable white orthorhombic crystals (Le Corre et al 2005)—the precipitation reaction can be expressed as (Zeng and Li 2006): [0000] Mg 2+ +NH 4 + +HPO 4 2− +6H 2 O→MgNH 4 PO 4 ↓6H 2 O+H +   [1] [0004] Published research (Ben Moussa at al 2006; Doyle et al 2002; Le Corre et al 2005; Stratful et al 2001; Zeng and Li 2006) indicated that the most important factors affecting struvite precipitation were the molar ratio Mg 2+ :NH 4 + :PO 4 3− , pH, substrates saturation as well as the presence of other ions (e.g. Ca 2+ , K + , CO 3 2− ). According to Hao et al. (2008) optimal molar ratio of Mg:N:P was 1.2:3:1. The pH affects saturation index by changing the specification of struvite substrates and other competing precipitates, such as magnesium phosphate or magnesium carbonate. It is generally agreed that struvite precipitation occurs when pH is higher than 7.5 and it rapidly increases until pH 10.5 (Doyle et al. 2002; Zeng and Li 2006). Hao et al. (2008) showed that optimal pH for precipitation of high purity struvite (>90%) was between 7.5 and 9 and dropped to 7.0 to 7.5 when Ca 2+ ions were present. Above pH of 9, or above pH of 7.5 in the presence of calcium, the precipitation of phosphates took place in form of magnesium or calcium phosphates (Hao et al 2008). [0005] The most popular method of struvite deposition from wastewater is chemical precipitation by dosing magnesium salts and adjusting pH with a base [0006] (Schuiling and Andrade 1999; Suzuki et al 2007; Zeng and Li 2006) or by stripping CO 2 using aeration (Suzuki et al 2005; Suzuki et al 2007). Among magnesium sources most frequently used are MgCl 2 , MgO and MgSO 4 (Hug and Udert 2013). Other magnesium compounds like Mg(OH) 2 and MgCO 3 are much less suitable due to their low solubility in water (Schuiling and Andrade 1999; Zeng and Li 2006). [0007] Ben Moussa (2006) and Wang (2010) proposed to eliminate the need for alkalinity dosing using electrolytic cell with inert anodes. In accordance with the overall reaction of oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution, equations [2] and [3], hydroxide anions are produced on the cathode surface. The process was shown to increase the interfacial pH of cathode by as high as 1.5 units in comparison to the bulk solution (Ben Moussa et al 2006). Thus, struvite deposition can be done in neutral pH of bulk solution (Ben Moussa et al 2006; Wang et al 2010). Ben Moussa et al. 2006 reported that electrochemical methods allowed production of pure struvite. In both cases external magnesium source was dosed. [0000] O 2 +2H 2 O+4e − →4HO −   [2] [0000] 2H 2 O+2e − →H 2 ↑+2HO − SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] Struvite precipitation using magnesium sacrificial anode as the only source of magnesium is presented. High-purity magnesium alloy cast anode was found to be very effective in recovery of high-quality struvite from water solutions and from supernatant of fermented waste activated sludge (WAS) from a high-purity oxygen wastewater treatment plant. Struvite purity was strongly dependent on the pH and the electric current density. Optimum pH of the solution was in the broad range between 7.5 and 9.3, with struvite purities exceeding 90%. Increasing current density resulted in elevated struvite purities. No upper limits were observed in the studied current range of 50 mA to 200 mA. Phosphorus removal rate was proportional to the current density and comparable for tests with water solutions and the supernatant from fermented sludge. The highest P-removal rate achieved was 4.0 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 at electric current density of 45 A m −2 . Initial substrate concentrations affected the rate of phosphorus removal. The precipitated struvite accumulated in bulk liquid with significant portions attached to the anode surface from which regular detachment occurred. [0009] The objective of this study was to assess the suitability of struvite precipitation from the supernatant of fermented waste activated sludge (WAS). The waste activated sludge in the experimental embodiments described herein were obtained from a high purity oxygen reactor at the South End Water Pollution Control Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, using a sacrificial magnesium anode as the sole source of magnesium. Specific objectives were to determine the impact of solution pH and electric current on purity of the produced struvite and the phosphorus removal ratio. [0010] According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of precipitating struvite in wastewater, the method comprising: [0011] providing a plurality of electrodes in contact with the wastewater in which at least one electrode comprises a sacrificial anode comprising magnesium; and [0012] applying a current across the electrodes so as to precipitate the struvite by electro-coagulation. [0013] Preferably the sacrificial anode consists substantially entirely of magnesium, for example the sacrificial anode may have a magnesium purity of approximately 99%. [0014] Preferably the sacrificial anode is the only magnesium added to the wastewater. [0015] The wastewater being treated can include treated wastewater, raw wastewater, livestock manure, or digested municipal sludge concentrates for example. [0016] When biologically treating the wastewater, the method preferably also includes maintaining a current density of the current applied to the sacrificial anode below a prescribed threshold which is detrimental to the biological treatment. [0017] When the objective is to remove phosphorous from the wastewater the method may include increasing a magnitude of the current being applied in response to a measured concentration of phosphorous in an effluent from the treatment chamber exceeding a prescribed phosphorous limit. [0018] One embodiment of the invention will now be described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0019] FIG. 1 illustrates XRD spectra for precipitate produced in tests T 2 -T 7 and spectrum for pure struvite (NH4MgPO4.6H2O) according to International Centre for Diffraction Data. [0020] FIG. 2 illustrates struvite purity and PO4-P removal rate as a function of bulk solution pH at I=50 mA. [0021] FIG. 3 illustrates struvite purity and PO4-P removal rate as a function of electric current at pH of 7.5. [0022] FIG. 4 illustrates combined profiles of ammonia and phosphate concentrations for tests T 8 -T 12 . [0023] FIG. 5 illustrates ammonia and phosphate concentrations profiles for test T 13 . [0024] FIG. 6 illustrates soluble P and pH profiles in struvite precipitation tests with fermented sludge supernatant; pH was not controlled; electric current was set to 50, 100 and 200 mA in consecutive tests; two test conducted on sludge fermented for 2d and one test on sludge fermented for 3d. [0025] FIG. 7 illustrates soluble P and ammonia N removed in struvite precipitation test wherein WAS was after 3d fermentation, pH was not controlled, and electric current was 50 mA. [0026] FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of an exemplary wastewater treatment system for precipitating struvite. [0027] In the drawings like characters of reference indicate corresponding parts in the different figures. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0028] Turning initially to FIG. 8 , a wastewater treatment system 10 according to the present invention is schematically represented. The system 10 includes a suitable vessel 12 for containing a batch of wastewater to be treated therein. The vessel 12 includes a wastewater inlet 14 for introducing wastewater into the vessel therethrough and a wastewater outlet 16 from which the treated wastewater is arranged to be discharged. [0029] A plurality of electrodes 18 are supported in the vessel for contact with the wastewater to be treated in the vessel. The electrodes 18 are connected to a suitable power supply 20 which is arranged to apply a current between the electrodes across the wastewater being treated. At least one of the electrodes 18 is a sacrificial magnesium electrode as described in the following. [0030] Additionally the system 10 can be provided with a pH probe 22 for monitoring pH in the wastewater being treated. Additional sensors 24 may be provided in communication with the wastewater being treated or the already treated wastewater in the effluent in the wastewater outlet for monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment. [0000] Material and methods [0031] Both the synthetic pure water solution and the WAS supernatant tests were conducted in a 1 L reactor equipped with a set of two magnesium electrodes, pH probe (Accumet 13-620-108A by Fisher Scientific) and a magnetic stirrer. The electrodes were shaped as 2 mm thick rectangular plates with an active surface area of 44 cm 2 and were made of high purity alloy AZ91 HP. Direct current was supplied to electrodes by KEPCO BOP 100-2D. Water deionized in Elix® Water Purification system (Milipore) with electro conductivity EC of 0.08±0.01 μS cm −1 was used for preparation of synthetic solutions. Conductivity measurements during tests were done with Accumet 13-620-165 electrode connected to Accumet XL50 meter by Fisher Scientific. Impact of pH and Electric Current on Struvite Purity and Phosphorus Removal Rate [0032] Three-hour batch tests were conducted. The value of pH was continuously adjusted with 0.02N HCl solution dosed by Fisher Scientific Mini Variable-Flow Peristaltic Pump controlled by Eutech alpha pH700 controller. Solution for all tests contained 6.49 g Na 2 HPO 4 .7H 2 O and 2.48 g NH 4 Cl, which accounts for 1:1.9 molar ratio of P:N. Conductivity of electrolyte was adjusted to 10 mS cm −1 by dosing NaCl. [0033] Four tests (T 1 through T 4 ) were run with electric current of 50 mA and pH set points of 6.5, 7.5, 8.5 and 9.5. Three tests (T 5 through T 7 ) were run with pH set point of 7.5 and with the electric current of 100, 150 and 200 mA. [0034] During the tests 6 mL solution samples were grabbed every 30 min. To assess the nutrient removal rate phosphorus and ammonia in the samples were determined by flow injection analysis FIA (QuikChem8500 by Lachat Instruments). Impact of Initial Substrate Concentration on Phosphorous Removal Rate [0035] Five three-hour tests (T 8 -T 12 ) were conducted at different initial ammonia and phosphate concentrations as summarized in the following Table 1. Applied electric current and pH set point (power source and pH control as in previous tests) were the same for all five tests, 100 mA and 7.5 respectively. As in all other tests, 6 mL grab samples were collected every 30 min, filtered and analyzed for ammonia nitrogen and phosphate using FIA. [0036] The following Table 1 summarizes initial ammonia and phosphate concentrations, pH set point and EC in tests T 8 through T 12 . [0000] Bulk Current, Ammonia, Phosphate, N:P, Test pH mA mg N/L mg P/L mol:mol T8 7.5 100 490 548 1.98 T9 7.5 100 378 418 2.00 T10 7.5 100 286 313 2.02 T11 7.5 100 194 214 2.00 T12 7.5 100 98 105 2.05 [0037] An additional seven-hour test T 13 was conducted to access phosphorus removal rate at the elevated N:P concentration ratio. Initial concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate were 482 mg N/L and 554 mg P/L (N:P molar ratio 1.92), respectively. In order to keep ammonia concentration at a high level throughout the test, 10 mL of 30.6 g NH 4 Cl/L (which accounts for 80 mg N) solution was dosed manually to the reaction beaker every two hours. [0000] Phosphorus Removal from Fermented Waste Activated Sludge [0038] Sludge used in the study was waste activated sludge (WAS) originated from South End Water Pollution Control Centre (SEWPCC) in Winnipeg. SEWPCC is high purity oxygen plant (HPO) without nutrient removal. The sludge was collected via return activated sludge (RAS) sampling tap. The sludge was sampled at the same time in the morning during a sludge pumping phase to ensure as much consistency as possible. Sludge was fermented for 48 to 72 h in a 4 L Nalgene batch reactors with low speed impeller mixer. After fermentation the sludge was decanted using IEC Multi centrifuge by Thermo at 6500 RPM. Sludge characteristic is presented in Table S1 (in Supplementary Material). [0039] Three 3-hour tests of struvite precipitation were conducted on the supernatant of fermented sludge. The reactor setup was as in the previous tests. The value of pH was not controlled and the impressed current was set at 50 mA, 100 mA and 200 mA (current density CD of 11.4 A m −2 , 22.7 A m −2 and 45.4 A m −2 ) in consecutive tests. During the tests 6 mL solution samples were grabbed every 10 to 15 min for FIA analysis of ammonia and phosphates. Precipitate Analysis [0040] At the end of tests T 1 -T 7 , the precipitate was harvested by filtration of treated solution on glass fiber filters (Whatman 934-AH by GE Healthcare UK Ltd) and dried at room temperature for 48 h. Due to frequent detachment of the precipitate from the surface of the anode harvested samples were mixture of the precipitate from the bulk solution and from the anode. After homogenization of samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra were collected using a Siemens D5000 powder diffractometer using Cu Kα 1 radiation and operated at 40 kV and 40 mA. The XRD analysis was not conducted on the sample from test T 1 due to the insufficient amount of precipitate. Remaining samples were digested in 2% nitric acid for 24 h at 40° C. The magnesium, sodium and phosphorus content of digested samples were assessed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analysis (Vista-MPX CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES analyzer by Varian). Digested samples after pH adjustment to were also analysed using FIA to determine the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate. Standard deviation of phosphate results from ICP-OES and FIA analyses did not exceed 2.5%. Struvite Purity Calculation [0041] Most of the common struvite mineral impurities do not contain nitrogen, i.e. Mg(OH) 2 , MgHPO 4 , Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ; MgKPO 4 , CaHPO 4 , Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH (Hao et al 2008; Le Corre et al 2005; Zeng and Li 2006). Thus, for purity quantification it was assumed that each mole of ammonium stands for one mole of struvite. The struvite purity SP was calculated as per equation [4]. [0000] SP=[NH 4 —N] prec .[NH 4 —N] struv −1 =[NH 4 −N]prec··(57 mg g −1 ) −1   [4] [0042] where [NH 4 —N] prec is the measured concentration of the ammonium nitrogen in the precipitate and [NH 4 —N] struv the theoretical content of the nitrogen in the pure struvite (57 mg N g −1 ). [0043] Precipitates may also contain magnesium ammonium phosphates (MAP) with different hydration levels than struvite. Dittmarite for instance is MAP monohydrate and its molecular weight is 37% lower than struvite and theoretical content of the nitrogen in pure dittmarite is 90 mg g −1 . Since many of the MAP hydrates may exist simultaneously and it is not possible to quantify all of them in the mixture (Sarkar 1991), the assumption was made that in the ambient room temperature and humidity all MAP is hexahydrate (struvite). Even though that this approach may result in purities values higher than 100% authors find this method suitable for engineering use. [0044] The following Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of the sludge used for the phosphorous removal tests. [0000] Standard Units Value deviation Raw WAS VS g L −1 6.94 0.20 TS g L −1 9.30 0.85 TP mg L −1 163 18 mg TP/g mg g −1 23.43 3.6 VS PO 4 —P mg PO 4 —P L −1 15.1 1.2 tCOD g L −1 10.74 0.24 sCOD mg L −1 56.50 1.50 pH 6.53 0.11 Fermented WAS supernatant PO 4 —P mg L −1 56.1 4.2 NH 4 —N mg L −1 113.8 28 pH — 7.65 0.40 EC mS cm −1 1.8 0.2 [0045] The following Table 3 summarizes Molar ratios N:P:Mg in precipitates from tests T 1 to T 7 . [0000] Molar ratio in precipitate Test bulk pH current, mA N:P:Mg T1 6.5 50 1:1.15:2.36 T2 7.5 50 1:1.16:1.44 T3 8.5 50 1:1.11:1.28 T4 9.5 50 1:1.14:1.57 T2 7.5 50 1:1.16:1.44 T5 7.5 100 1:1.12:1.29 T6 7.5 150 1:1.09:1.30 T7 7.5 200 1:1.05:1.12 Results and Discussion [0046] Impact of pH and Electric Current on Struvite Purity and Phosphorus Removal rate [0047] XRD spectra of precipitates from tests T 2 -T 7 , presented in FIG. 1 , demonstrated high similarity in the position of peaks and relative peaks values to spectrum of struvite standard. That indicated high purity of produced struvite. The molar ratios N:P:Mg in precipitate presented in Tab. S 2 (Supplementary Materials) were calculated based on results of ICP and FIA analysis conducted on digested precipitate samples. Molar concentration of N was lower than P and Mg in all samples. This is in agreement with expectations, since most of struvite impurities, e.g. Mg(OH) 2 , MgHPO 4 , Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2; and when other ions are present e.g. MgKPO 4 , CaHPO 4 , Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH, do not contain ammonium ions (Hao et al 2008; Le Corre et al 2005; Zeng and Li 2006). Thus, for purity quantification it was assumed that each mole of ammonium stands for one mole of struvite. [0048] Purities calculated for tests T 1 -T 14 , where the current was constant at 50 mA and the pH was changed in consecutive steps from 6.5 to 9.5 ( FIG. 2 ), indicate that optimum pH for struvite precipitation is in the vicinity of 8.5. High struvite purity above 90% was achieved in whole range of pH from 7.5 to 9.3. There are few reports of struvite precipitation at pH below 7 (Doyle et al 2002; Zeng and Li 2006), however in this study, even at pH of 6.5 the purity at 76% was still relatively high. The increase of pH from 6.5 to 7.5 resulted in an over three-fold increase of phosphorus removal rate, from 0.25 to 0.82 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 ( FIG. 2 ). Further increase of pH resulted only in a 5% increase of P removal rate and reached plateau at 0.86 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 at pH of 8.5. Thus, increasing the solution pH above 8.5 was not beneficial for the quantity or for the quality of produced struvite. [0049] It was shown that struvite purity increased with increased values of applied electric current ( FIG. 3 ). The current increase from 50 mA to 200 mA resulted in a 13% increase of struvite purity at pH of 7.5. According to the Faraday's laws of electrolysis, mass of magnesium released from the anode is proportional to the delivered charge. Theoretical magnesium release can be calculated using the following equation. [0000] m t =A·I·t ( n·F) − , [g]  8 5] [0050] where m t is theoretical magnesium release [g], A is atomic weight of magnesium (24.3 g mol −1 ), I is electric current [A], t is time elapsed [s], n is magnesium valence (2) and F is Faraday constant (96,485 C mol −1 ). [0051] However observed magnesium release can be even higher due to: (a) the loss of metal by spalling (detachment of metal chunks), (b) self-corrosion, (c) the formation of meta-stable monovalent magnesium ions and (d) charge wastage due to hydrogen evolution (Kim et al 2000; Andrei et al 2003). Hug and Udert (2013) reported observed magnesium release to be up to 220% higher than theoretical. Stratful et al (2001) identified magnesium concentration as the main factor limiting struvite precipitation. Thus, correlation between the purity and the current observed in the present study may be explained by the aforementioned higher magnesium release rate at higher current, which elevated the Mg:P molar concentration ratio in the vicinity of the anode. [0052] The phosphorus removal rate was established to be proportional to the electric current in the studied current range ( FIG. 3 ). Phosphorus removal rate from the synthetic solution of 4.0 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 was achieved at a current density of 45.5 A m −2 , which is comparable with 3.7 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 at 55 A m −2 reported by Hug and Udert (2013). Based on the results it seems that the higher the current the better is the overall system efficiency. However, to establish an optimum operation current two major factors should be considered: (a) local electric power and struvite prices and (b) impact of current density on biomass if coupled with biological treatment. Wei et al (2011) discovered that electric current density of 6.2 A m −2 does not significantly affect biomass viability for at least 4 hours. They did find though that the current density of 24.7 m −2 decreased live cell count by 29%. [0053] Cycles of deposition crust build-up and self-detachment on the surface of the anode were observed. Cycle time decreased when impressed current increased. On the surface of the cathode only a thin, white film-like layer was deposited. Therefore, no electrodes scraping was required. [0000] Impact of Initial Substrate Concentration on Phosphorus Removal rate [0054] Tests T 8 to T 12 , presented in FIG. 4 indicate that the phosphorus removal rate decreased with initial concentrations of ammonia and phosphate in the solution. Phosphorus removal rate deteriorated from 2.00 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 in test T 8 to 0.57 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 in test T 12 (initial concentrations presented in Tab.1). This is in agreement with the expected decrease of struvite precipitation due to lower supersaturation of solution. [0055] Tests T 8 -T 12 were conducted with initial N:P mass concentration ratio close to 1. In practice, the mass concentration of phosphorus (PO 4 —P) is much smaller than mass concentration of ammonium nitrogen, e.g. liquor from sludge dewatering at wastewater treatment plants. Thus, concentration of ammonium nitrogen in test T 13 was kept at elevated level throughout the test by dosing ammonium chloride. In T 13 ( FIG. 5 ) it was shown that it is possible to obtain high phosphorus removal rates in lower phosphorus concentration range, i.e. an average of 1.38 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 , at concentration of phosphorus between 95 and 35 mg PO 4 —P L −1 . This meant that the decrease of phosphorus removal rate due to lower concentration of phosphorus may have been offset by higher N:P molar concentration ratio. [0000] Phosphorus Removal from Fermented Waste Activated Sludge [0056] Tests performed on SEWPCC WAS fermented for 2-days and for 3-days showed high phosphorus removal rates, strongly dependent on applied electric current (EC). At 200 mA maximum removal rate was 3.95 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 , and at 50 mA 1.45 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 . The results are comparable to those achieved in tests with synthetic solutions 4.00 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 in T 7 (pH of 7.5 and EC of 200 mA) and 0.82 mg PO 4 —P cm −2 h −1 in T 2 (pH of 7.5 and EC of 50 mA). The presented method was capable of reducing phosphorus to very low levels, i.e. 1.3 mg PO 4 —P L −1 at applied current of 200 mA or 2.4 mg PO 4 —P L −1 at 50 mA. That translated to P removal efficiencies in the range of 95 to 98% at relatively low initial P concentrations of 56 mg PO 4 —P L −1 . For comparison, fluidized bed struvite precipitation processes have been shown to successfully remove only 70% of P from digester supernatant at concentrations of 40 mg PO 4 —P L −1 and achieve up to 90% removal at PO 4 concentrations of 70 mg P L −1 with sufficient Mg addition and pH control (Britton et al 2005). In this research, even at the lowest tested electric current, the almost complete removal of soluble P required not more than 1:45 hours ( FIG. 6 ). [0057] In addition, phosphorus and ammonia were removed in molar ratio close to 1:1. That suggests precipitation of high-purity struvite. Results from tests with the highest initial ammonia concentration (153 mg L −1 ) are presented in Fig. S 1 (Supplementary Material). Conclusions [0058] Electrolytic magnesium dissolution was shown to be an effective method of high-purity struvite precipitation and phosphorus removal. The method proved to be very effective in phosphorus removal from fermented waste activated sludge supernatant, achieving removal efficiency of 98% with required hydraulic residence time of under 2 h. [0059] The highest struvite purity was obtained at pH 8.5. Purities higher than 90% were obtained in pH range between 7.5 and 9.3. Although struvite was produced in the whole pH range (6.5-9.5) studied, precipitation at pH 6.5 was inefficient. The increase of applied electric current resulted in an increase of struvite purity and in proportional increase of phosphorus removal. [0060] High phosphorus removal rate of 4.0 mg PO4—P cm-2 h-1 was attained at electric current density of 45 A m-2. The rate depended strongly on initial concentration of ammonia and phosphate in the solution, decreasing when concentrations decreased. The impact of low phosphorus concentration may be offset by increasing the N:P molar concentration ratio. However, the range of current density of 45 A m-2 might inhibit bacteria growth. [0061] Since the proposed method does not require any chemical dosing, does not have any harmful by-products and can produce high purity struvite at relatively low pH of 7.5, it can provide an alternative to chemical and biological phosphorus removal processes in water and wastewater treatment systems. Unlike traditional chemical coagulation or precipitation with aluminium sacrificial anodes, this method allowed actual phosphorus removal and direct recovery as struvite. REFERENCES [0062] The following references are referred to in the preceding by author and date and are incorporated herein by reference. [0063] Andrei, M., Di Gabriele, F., Bonora, P. L., Scantlebury, D., 2003. Corrosion behaviour of magnesium sacrificial anodes in tap water. Materials and Corrosion 54 (1), 5-11. [0064] Bellezze, T., Fratesi, R., 2010. Assessing the efficiency of galvanic cathodic protection inside domestic boilers by means of local probes. Corrosion Science 52 (9), 3023-3032. [0065] Britton, A., Koch, F., Mavinic, D., Adnan, A., Oldham, W. and Udala, B., 2005. Pilot-scale struvite recovery from anaerobic digester supernatant at an enhanced biological phosphorus removal wastewater treatment plant. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 4,265-277. [0066] Le Corre, K., Valsami-Jones, E., Hobbs, P., Parsons, S., 2005. Impact of calcium on struvite crystal size, shape and purity. Journal of Crystal Growth 283 (3-4), 514-522. [0067] Doyle, J., Oldring, K., Churchley, J., Parsons, S., 2002. Struvite formation and the fouling propensity of different materials. Water Research 36 (16), 3971-8. [0068] Hao, X.-D., Wang, C.-C., Lan, L., Van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., 2008. Struvite formation, analytical methods and effects of pH and Ca2+. Water Science and Technology 58 (8), 1687-92. [0069] Hug, A., Udert, K. M., 2013. Struvite precipitation from urine with electrochemical magnesium dosage. Water Research 47(1), 289-299. [0070] Kim, J., Joo, J., Koo, S., 2000. Development of high-driving potential and high-efficiency Mg-based sacrificial anodes for cathodic protection. Journal of Materials Science Letters 19,477-479. [0071] Ben Moussa, S., Maurin, G., Gabrielli, C., Ben Amor, M., 2006. Electrochemical Precipitation of Struvite. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 9 (6), 97-101. [0072] Parthiban, G. T., Parthiban, T., Ravi, R., Saraswathy, V., Palaniswamy, N., Sivan, V., 2008. Cathodic protection of steel in concrete using magnesium alloy anode. Corrosion Science 50 (12), 3329-3335. [0073] Sarkar, A. K., 1991. Hydration/dehydration characteristics of struvite and dittmarite pertaining to magnesium ammonium phosphate cement systems. Journal of Materials Science 26,2514-2518. [0074] Schuiling, R. D., Andrade, A., 1999. Recovery of Struvite from Calf Manure. Environmental Technology 20,765-768. [0075] Sharifi, B., Mojtahedi, M., Goodarzi, M., Vandati Khaki, J., 2009. Effect of alkaline electrolysis conditions on current efficiency and morphology of zinc powder. Hydrometallurgy 99,72-76. [0076] Stratful, I., Scrimshaw, M. D., Lester, J. N., 2001. Conditions influencing the precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Water Research 35 (17), 4191-9. [0077] Suzuki, K., Tanaka, Y., Kuroda, K., Hanajima, D., Fukumoto, Y., 2005. Recovery of phosphorous from swine wastewater through crystallization. Bioresource Technology\96 (14), 1544-50. [0078] Suzuki, K., Tanaka, Y., Kuroda, K., Hanajima, D., Fukumoto, Y., Yasuda, T., Waki, M., 2007. Removal and recovery of phosphorous from swine wastewater by demonstration crystallization reactor and struvite accumulation device. Bioresource Technology 98 (8), 1573-8. [0079] Wang, C.-C., Hao, X.-D., Guo, G.-S., Van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., 2010. Formation of pure struvite at neutral pH by electrochemical deposition. Chemical Engineering Journal 159 (1-3), 280-283. [0080] Wei, V., Elektorowicz, M., Oleszkiewicz, J. A, 2011. Influence of electric current on bacterial viability in wastewater treatment. Water Research 45 (16), 5058-62. [0081] Zeng, L., Li, X., 2006. Nutrient removal from anaerobically digested cattle manure by struvite precipitation. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 5,285-294. [0082] Hug and Uder (2013) presented struvite precipitation from source-separated urine dosing magnesium by electrolytical dissolution. Phosphorus removal rate of 3.7 mg P cm −2 h −1 at an impressed current density of 55A m −2 was achieved in a sequencing batch reactor process with a 2 hours cycle. Struvite production cost with electrochemical magnesium dosing at 4.45 kg −1 was shown to be competitive with dosing of MgCl 2 and MgSO 4 . The results were published after the present study was completed and both research teams were unaware of each other's work. [0083] Since various modifications can be made in my invention as herein above described, and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without department from such spirit and scope, it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense.

A method precipitating struvite in wastewater uses a magnesium sacrificial anode as the only source of magnesium. A high-purity magnesium alloy cast anode was found to be very effective in recovery of high-quality struvite from water solutions and from supernatant of fermented waste activated sludge (WAS) from a high-purity oxygen wastewater treatment plant. Struvite purity was strongly dependent on the pH and the electric current density. Optimum pH of the solution was in the broad range between 7.5 and 9.3, with struvite purities exceeding 90%. The precipitated struvite accumulated in bulk liquid with significant portions attached to the anode surface from which regular detachment occurred.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a vehicle headlight optical axis control unit for carrying out up and down control of the angle of the optical axis of vehicle headlights. 2. Description of Related Art A vehicle such as an automobile performs longitudinal angular inclinations with respect to the direction parallel to a road because of variations in the number of occupants or a load during stopping, and variations of road conditions during running (the angle of the inclination is referred to as “inclination angle” from now on). At the same time, in accordance with the inclination angle, the optical axis of the headlights fixed to the vehicle varies with respect to the road surface. When the optical axis of the headlights is too upward with respect to the road surface, the light will blind oncoming motorists, whereas when the optical axis of the headlights is too downward, the sight of the driver becomes too narrow, thereby hindering safe driving of the vehicle. In view of this, it becomes essential to carry out the up and down control of the angle of the optical axis of the headlights (called “optical axis angle” from now on) with respect to the running direction of the vehicle in response to the inclination angle. Up to now, a variety of headlight optical axis control units have been proposed which detect the inclination angle and adjust the optical axis angle. These control units are roughly divided into a dynamic control system and a static control system. The dynamic control system employs the optical axis control that detects the inclination angle during running and adjusts the optical axis angle continuously. In contrast, the static control system carries out the optical axis control only once (usually before the start of the vehicle), without detecting the inclination angle or adjusting the optical axis angle thereafter. Among the dynamic control system, an optical axis control unit is proposed with the aim of improving the accuracy of the optical axis control and the endurance of the components of the control unit such as an actuator (see, Relevant Reference 1, for example). The technique disclosed in Relevant Reference 1 places sensors for detecting the amount of displacement from the road surface at the front and rear sides of the vehicle, averages the amounts of displacement detected by the sensors, and calculates the inclination angle from the two average values. Then, it determines the optical axis angle to be adjusted from the thus calculated inclination angle, and carries out the optical axis control. The calculation by the averaging and the optical axis control are carried out as a pair that is performed successively during running of the vehicle. Among the static control system, an optical axis control unit is proposed which calculates the average value of a plurality of data on the inclination angle during stopping of the vehicle, adjusts the optical axis angle in accordance with the average value during stopping, and fixes the optical axis angle to the adjusted one during running. In this case, the inclination angle is detected by stroke sensors attached to front and rear wheels of the vehicle (see, Relevant Reference 2, for example). As another static control system, an optical axis control unit is proposed which solves the problem of the inclination angle of a vehicle, which occurs in the time lag from pressing down the accelerator during stopping of the vehicle to the beginning of the running state. It carries out the optical axis control on the basis of the data on the inclination angle at a specified time before the speed sensor detects the start. Thus, it circumvents the actuator drive according to the data on the turned-up inclination angle of the vehicle during the time lag (see, Relevant Reference 3, for example). Relevant Reference 1: Japanese patent application laid-open No. 10-181424/1998 (pp. 3–5, and FIGS. 1 and 4). Relevant Reference 2: Japanese patent application laid-open No. 11-105620 (p. 3, and FIGS. 1 and 2) Relevant Reference 3: Japanese patent application laid-open No. 2000-233681 (pp. 4–5, and FIGS. 1 and 3) The conventional automatic optical axis angle adjusting apparatus for the automobile headlights with the foregoing configuration disclosed in the Relevant Reference 1, which is one of the dynamic control systems, has a limit in the improvement in the endurance or the reduction in the power consumption. It is difficult to reduce the number of operations of the actuator, an optical axis driving means, so that the driving mechanism components constituting the actuator such as a motor and gears are apt to be subjected to wear, thereby presenting a problem of increasing the cost in its entirety. As for the conventional optical axis adjusting apparatus for the vehicle headlights disclosed in the Relevant Reference 2 and the auto-leveling apparatus for the automobile headlamps disclosed in the Relevant Reference 3, they are both the static control system. Accordingly, although they can curb the cost increase caused by the foregoing reasons, they cannot cope with large variations in the inclination angle during running, presenting a problem of the safety during running of the vehicle. In addition, the Relevant References 1, 2 and 3 employ a method of measuring the inclination angle by placing the level sensors at the front and rear sides of the vehicle and by measuring the level difference between the two locations, or a method of measuring the inclination angle by placing a level sensor at one of the front and rear sides and by calculating the level difference from a reference level. Thus, they are apt to be subjected to a measurement error in the inclination angle due to a warp in the vehicle or to a depression in a tire, which impairs appropriate adjustment of the optical axis angle. In addition, depending on the types of the vehicle, they must include a dedicated sensor mounting component and a dedicated control unit, presenting a problem of increasing the cost. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is implemented to solve the foregoing problems. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a vehicle headlight optical axis control unit enabling a low cost and accurate optical axis control unit. Another object of the present invention is to provide a long life vehicle headlight optical axis control unit. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a vehicle headlight optical axis control unit capable of improving the safety during the vehicle running. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a vehicle headlight optical axis control unit including: an inclination angle detecting means for detecting an inclination angle in a longitudinal direction of a vehicle; a headlight driving means for tilting an optical axis of the headlights of the vehicle up and down; and a control means for controlling the headlight driving means, wherein the control means calculates a cumulative sum of measured values of the inclination angle sampled continuously by the inclination angle detecting means during running of the vehicle, and adjusts the angle of the optical axis of headlights by operating the headlight driving means according to an average value of the inclination angle obtained by averaging the cumulative sum. Thus, the optical axis control unit in accordance with the present invention can improve its endurance and reduce the power consumption, there by being able to reduce the cost. In addition, since it can carry out the flexible optical axis control, it can cope with the variations in the inclination angle due to the loading and unloading and the getting on and off of the occupants, and hence sufficiently ensure the safety during running of the vehicle. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a placement of an optical axis control unit of an embodiment in accordance with the present invention in a vehicle; FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a headlight optical axis control unit of the embodiment in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the cumulative averaging of the inclination angle and the adjustment of the optical axis angle in an embodiment 1 in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of the embodiment in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 5 is a flowchart of the optical axis control in the embodiment in accordance with the present invention; and FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the cumulative averaging of the inclination angle and the adjustment of the optical axis angle in an embodiment 2 in accordance with the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The embodiments in accordance with the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Embodiment 1 FIGS. 1–5 are drawings showing an embodiment 1 of a vehicle headlight optical axis control unit in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a vehicle, and FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the headlight optical axis control unit. In FIGS. 1 and 2 , a vehicle C has in its front an inclination angle detecting sensor 1 including the transceivers 1 a and 1 b of two ultrasonic sensors separated apart by specified spacing which is equal to or less than one meter. The transceivers 1 a and 1 b of the ultrasonic sensors each measure the phase difference between the emitted wave (transmitted wave) and the reflected wave (received wave) from the road surface G, obtain the level from the phase difference, and calculate the inclination angle from the level difference. The optical axis control unit in accordance with the present invention continually samples the inclination angle during running of the vehicle, sums up the measured values of the inclination angle sampled (called “cumulative sum” from now on), and carries out the averaging (called “cumulative averaging” from now on). Then, according to the average value, it adjusts the optical axis angle. The inclination angle detecting sensor 1 is electrically connected to the control unit 2 to which a right headlight optical axis control section 3 and a left headlight optical axis control section 4 are electrically connected. The right/left headlight optical axis control sections 3 and 4 are each composed of an actuator (a driving means of the headlight optical axis), a motor control section and the like, which belong to ordinary technology. The right/left headlight optical axis control sections 3 and 4 adjust the optical axis angles of the left and right headlights LH and RH. The control unit 2 includes a CPU 2 a for executing a variety of calculations; an EEPROM 5 for storing an initial value of the inclination angle, the sampling number (n), the measured values of the inclination angle sampled, and the average values calculated by the cumulative averaging; and a power supply 7 . In addition, a speed sensor 6 , an IG switch 8 (engine switch), a lighting switch 9 and an optical axis adjusting switch 10 are connected. The lighting switch 9 is used for turning on the headlights. As for the IG switch 8 and optical axis adjusting switch 10 , they are described later. Next, the operation of the optical axis control will be described. FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the cumulative averaging of the measured values of the inclination angle, which characterizes the present invention; and FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of the control unit 2 . In FIG. 3 , the horizontal axis represents the running time period of the vehicle, and the vertical axis represents the vehicle speed, the measured values of the inclination angle sampled, and the optical axis angle adjusted. As illustrated in FIG. 3 , the vehicle, which is stopping at the running time period zero, is started by the IG on (engine start), and accelerates to the running condition. In the acceleration condition, the vehicle is raised at its front with respect to its back, so that the inclination angle increases up to about +2°. In the subsequent stable running condition, although the inclination angle fluctuates from sample to sample, it varies within about +/−0.2°. The variations are caused by the asperities or roughness on the road surface or gradient of the road. According to the present invention, the cumulative averaging in terms of the time is carried out by accumulating the measured values (K) of the inclination angle sampled as illustrated in FIG. 3 . As illustrated in FIG. 3 , the cumulative averaging is performed by calculating the cumulative sum at time points t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , . . . , at which the optical axis control is carried out. For example, the arithmetic mean of the measured values K up to t 1 (10 seconds, for example) is calculated to obtain the average value. Then, according to the average value at the time point t 1 , the optical axis angle is adjusted. For example, the optical axis angle is tilted upward from −0.5° to 0° in FIG. 3 (this optical axis angle 0° is called “median value” from now on). In this case, the minimum amount of displacement of the optical axis angle is set in advance. When that angle is set at 0.2°, for example, the optical axis angle is not adjusted when the average value is less than 0.2°. Thus, the right/left headlight optical axis control sections 3 and 4 including the actuators are kept inactive. Subsequently, the average value at time t 2 (20 seconds, for example) is obtained by calculating the cumulative sum of the measured values K up to that time, followed by the cumulative averaging. It is important here to calculate the arithmetic mean at the time point t 2 by accumulating the sampled values of the inclination angle up to the time point t 1 as well. The optical axis angle is adjusted to +0.2° as described above. Likewise, the adjustment of the optical axis angle is carried out by performing the cumulative averaging up to the time point t 3 (30 seconds, for example). Thus continuing the cumulative averaging of the inclination angle during running makes it possible to sequentially add the measured values of the inclination angle, and hence to increase the data amount about the inclination angle, thereby being able to provide the accurate inclination angle of the vehicle with respect to the road surface, and to move the optical axis appropriately with respect to the average inclination of the vehicle. In the ordinary measurement of the inclination angle, one-time measurement cannot provide the correct inclination angle with respect to the road surface because of the local variations such as asperities or roughness on the road surface, and because of the backward and forward inclination due to the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle. In contrast, the foregoing cumulative averaging can provide the stable, small average values of the inclination angle, almost all of which are smaller than the minimum amount of displacement (0.2°, for example). Thus, the adjustment of the optical axis angle becomes unnecessary as described above, thereby leaving the right/left headlight optical axis control sections 3 and 4 inactive for a long time. When the vehicle is braked to the deceleration and stopping condition as illustrated in FIG. 3 , and is made IG off (engine stop), the inclination angle opposite to that at the transition from the stopping condition to the running condition is exhibited. Incidentally, the values t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , . . . , can be set arbitrarily, so that the time intervals can be modified in a variety of ways. It is also important for the sampling to select suitable measured values of the inclination angle. In FIG. 3 , open circles are used for the cumulative averaging as suitable values, whereas the crosses are not used for the arithmetic mean as unsuitable values. The measured values during the acceleration/deceleration of the vehicle are not used as the suitable values. This is because the vehicle slants forward and backward with respect to the road surface during the acceleration/deceleration, and hence does not provide correct inclination angle. In addition, except in special circumstances, the measured values during the stopping of the vehicle are not used as the suitable values. This is because since the measured values of the inclination angle during stopping are obtained with respect to the same road surface, many of them are the same and un suitable for the cumulative averaging. Furthermore, even during running, the measured values during the low-speed level (less than 10 km/h, for example) are not employed as the suitable values as illustrated in FIG. 3 . This is because the vehicle becomes unstable because of the half-clutched condition in the low-speed level. Moreover, sudden, sharply deviation values from the previous average values are not employed as the suitable values. This is because they can include errors due to the inclinations because of the asperities on the road surface or due to the effect of the wind. The measured values other than the foregoing values are used as the suitable values for calculating the arithmetic mean. Next, the operation of the control unit will be described in more detail referring to the flowchart of FIG. 4 . At step ST 1 in FIG. 4 , the control unit makes a decision as to whether to perform the manual optical axis adjustment or not. If the decision result is YES, the control unit proceeds to step ST 2 , and places the optical axis output at the median value. The median value corresponds to the initial value equal to the optical axis angle 0° as described in connection with FIG. 3 . When carrying out the manual optical axis adjustment of the headlights (that is, when resetting them), the control unit sets the optical axis output of the headlights at a specified value (the initial value of the optical axis angle 0°), and stores the inclination angle measured at that time as the initial value of the measured values. Then, according to the amount of displacement of the inclination angle from the stored inclination angle which is measured during the operation of the control unit, the control unit controls the optical axis output of the headlights in such a manner that the output corresponds to the amount of displacement. To carry out the manual optical axis adjustment in this way, the optical axis adjusting switch 10 of FIG. 2 is turned on to place the optical axis output of the control unit at the median position, thereby resetting the optical axis angle to the value corresponding to the output. During the manual optical axis adjustment, although the electrical outputs of the control unit are fixed, the optical system of the headlights are moved to an appropriate optical axis position by the mechanical adjustment. In addition, the control unit stores as the initial value the measured value of the inclination angle measured by the inclination angle detecting sensor at that time. After completing the manual optical axis adjustment, the optical axis adjusting switch 10 is turned off, so that the control unit outputs the amount of displacement corresponding to the amount of displacement of the inclination angle as the optical axis output, thereby controlling the optical axis by automatic control. If the suitable value of the inclination angle cannot be obtained by the normal control, the control unit does not vary the foregoing optical axis output of the headlights. Thus, the control unit maintains the optical axis without carrying out the moving operation until it recognizes the correct inclination angle. In addition, if it is likely that the optical axis control unit carries out abnormal operation, the optical axis output of the headlights is set at the specified value. For example, if the data stored in the EEPROM 5 is eliminated, or the battery is removed, the control unit produces the optical axis output that will return the optical axis to that at the optical axis adjustment, thereby resetting to the initial condition. If the decision as to the manual optical axis adjustment at step ST 1 is negative (NO), the control unit 2 makes a decision as to whether the vehicle speed is zero or IG is in the off state at step ST 3 . When the vehicle speed is not zero and the IG is in the on state, the control unit 2 makes a decision as to whether it reaches the sampling timing or not at step ST 4 . If the specified time period (0.1 second, for example) has elapsed, the control unit 2 measures the measured value (K) of the inclination angle at step ST 5 . Then, the control unit 2 makes a decision as to whether the value K is the suitable value described in connection with FIG. 3 or not at step ST 6 , followed by making a decision as to whether the sampling number n satisfies n≦M at step ST 7 . If n≦M, the control unit 2 calculates the cumulative sum ΣK(n)=ΣK(n−1)+K(n) of the values K at step ST 8 as described in connection with FIG. 3 , where ΣK(n) and ΣK(n−1) represent the sums up to the sampling number n and n−1, and the predetermined positive integer M is the limit of the cumulative averaging. The value M is determined considering the memory capacity of the EEPROM among other factors. Subsequently, the control unit 2 calculates the average value=ΣK(n)/n at step ST 9 , thereby obtaining the cumulative average. In contrast with this, when the sampling number n exceeds M, the control unit 2 calculates the cumulative sum ΣK(n)=[1−1/M]ΣK(n−1)+K(n) at step ST 10 , followed by calculating the average value=ΣK(n)/Mat step ST 11 . In this way, when the sampling number n exceeds the value M, the control unit 2 subtracts the average value up to the sampling number n−1 from the cumulative sum up to the same sampling number n−1, followed by adding the new measured value of the inclination angle at the sampling number n, thereby providing the cumulative sum. Even if the sampling number n further increases, the amount of the data of the cumulative sum is fixed to M by thus replacing the data used for the cumulative sum. Thus carrying out the averaging calculation can provide the average value. Employing the foregoing method can make effective use of the newly added measured values because it can prevent the newly added measured values divided by M from being rounded off as in the conventional weighted averaging. In addition, limiting the number of the data subjected to the cumulative sum to M makes it possible to circumvent the boundless increase of the memory capacity of the storage such as the EEPROM even if the inclination angle is continuously measured during running as in the present invention, thereby offering an advantage of being able to reduce the cost. Subsequently, the control unit 2 increments the sampling number n by one at step ST 12 , and makes a decision as to whether the specified time point has passed or not at step ST 13 . The specified time point refers to one of the time points t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , . . . , at which the control unit 2 carries out the specified optical axis control as described in connection with FIG. 3 . Subsequently, the control unit makes a decision as to whether the manual optical axis adjustment is to be carried out or not at step ST 14 . If the manual optical axis adjustment is not carried out, the control unit 2 adjusts the optical axis angle at step ST 15 of the optical axis control, followed by making a decision as to whether to store the data or not at step ST 16 . If the sampling elapsed time reaches the predetermined time period ( 10 minutes, for example), the control unit 2 stores the K(n), ΣK(n) and average value to the memory such as the EEPROM at step ST 17 . If the elapsed time has not yet reached the specified time period, the control unit 2 returns the processing to step ST 1 of making the decision as to the manual optical axis adjustment. If a decision is made to carry out the manual optical axis adjustment at step ST 14 , the control unit 2 resets the optical axis output to the median value at step ST 18 in the same manner as at step ST 2 . Making a decision that the vehicle speed is zero or the IG is in the off state at step ST 3 , the control unit 2 advances the processing to step ST 19 to decide as to whether to carry out the measurement of the inclination angle or not during stopping. To carry out the first measurement during stopping, the control unit 2 advances the processing to step ST 4 . To carry out the second or subsequent measurement during stopping, the control unit 2 compares the measured value data during stopping with the data during running at step ST 20 , and advances the processing to step ST 4 if the two data are approximately equal. As for the measured values of the inclination angle during stopping, they become nearly equal even though many measured values are obtained over a long time because they are obtained with respect to the same road surface. In addition, if they are nearly equal to the data during running, this means that the average value does not vary in spite of an increase in the number of the samples. This is equivalent to an increase in the data during running, thereby providing a stable optical axis position. On the other hand, if the two data compared at step ST 20 , the measured value data during stopping and the data during running, differ greatly from each other, it is likely that the measured values of the inclination angle, which differ from those with respect to the same road during stopping, are summed up successively, thereby producing erroneous optical axis output. Considering this, the control unit 2 eliminates the cumulative sum of the inclination angle at step ST 21 and the sampling number at step ST 22 . In other words, the control unit 2 resets them to ΣK(n)=0 and n=0, and stops the measurement of the inclination angle thereafter. Thus deleting all the previous cumulative sums of the inclination angle, the control unit 2 can carry out the optical axis control quickly and appropriately from the next start of running even when the number of occupants or the load varies during stopping or in the IG off state. This is because since the previous cumulative sums are reset to start the cumulative sum of the new measured values, the variations in the current measured values of the inclination angle have large effect on the cumulative averaging. During running, the control unit 2 continues the cumulative averaging of the inclination angle. This enables the average values to be maintained at a stable small amount of displacement. In other words, almost all the average values become smaller than the specified minimum amount of displacement (0.2°, for example), thereby preventing the adjusting operation of the optical axis angle. As a result, the right/left headlight optical axis control sections 3 and 4 continue to be inactive over a long time. In this way, the optical axis control unit continues the operation similar to that of the static control system. In addition, the optical axis control unit in accordance with the present invention can cope with a large inclination angle flexibly. Such a case occurs when the inclination angle varies sharply due to the loading and unloading or the changes in the number of the occupants. The optical axis control in such a case will be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 5 . At step ST 31 of FIG. 5 , the control unit 2 makes a decision as to whether the inclination angle passing through the cumulative averaging varies by an amount equal to or greater than 1.5°. If it is equal to or greater than 1.5°, the control unit 2 decides as to whether to tilt the optical axis upward step ST 32 . If the decision result is negative (NO), that is, if the optical axis must be tilted downward, the control unit 2 carries it out quickly at step ST 33 . Specifically, although the normal optical axis control has the minimum amount of displacement of 0.2° per tilting of the optical axis (0.2° step tilting), the control unit 2 tilts it by an amount of 0.5° per one operation (that is, 0.5° step tilting). In contrast with this, when a decision is made that the optical axis must be tilted upward at step ST 32 , the control unit 2 carries out the optical axis control of the 0.2° step tilting at step ST 34 . If a decision is made that the inclination angle is less than 1.5° at step ST 31 , the control unit 2 makes a decision as to whether the inclination angle is equal to or greater than 0.5° at step ST 35 . If a decision is made that it is equal to or greater than 0.5° at step ST 35 , similar operation is carries out. Specifically, the control unit 2 decides as to whether to tilt the optical axis upward at step ST 36 . If the decision result at step ST 36 is negative (NO), that is, if the optical axis must be tilted downward, the control unit 2 carries out the 0.2° step tilting at step ST 37 . In contrast with this, when a decision is made that the optical axis must be tilted upward at step ST 36 , it is preferable that the control unit 2 carry out the optical axis control of 0.1° step tilting at step ST 38 , which is half the minimum amount of displacement of 0.2° and is specially prepared. The foregoing optical axis control can ensure the safe running without blinding the drivers of oncoming vehicles. When the motor of the actuator is a DC motor, the 0.5° step tilting is employed. More specifically, when the inclination angle is less than 0.5° at step ST 35 , the DC motor of the actuator is not activated. This is because the DC motor-has consumption components such as brushes, and hence frequent operation of the motor will reduce the life. Furthermore, other flexible handling will be described. The following is an example of the optical axis control when the inclination angle after the cumulative averaging varies sharply. The optical axis control uses the 0.2° step tilting. Assume that the optical axis position immediately before the start of the vehicle is 0.5° and the time periods t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , . . . , described in connection with FIG. 3 are 10, 20 and 30 seconds, and that the inclination angle after the cumulative averaging at the time point t 1 deviates by 1.5°. In this case, the optical axis control is carried out as follows. First, the control unit 2 carries out the 0.2° step tilting of the optical axis, thereby placing the optical axis at 0.7°. If the inclination angle after the cumulative averaging at the time point t 2 varies to 0.9° the control unit 2 carries out the 0.2° step tilting again, thereby shifting the optical axis to 0.9°. If the inclination angle after the cumulative averaging varies to 1.2° at the time point t 3 , the control unit 2 carries out the 0.2° step tilting again to shift the optical axis position to 1.1°. Thus, the preferable optical axis control is performed. Furthermore, when the inclination angle after the cumulative averaging is stabilized at 1.0° over a long period running, the control unit 2 stops the adjustment of the optical axis angle, thereby leaving the right/left headlight optical axis control sections 3 and 4 inactive for a long time period. The foregoing optical axis control can sharply reduce the number of times of driving the actuator for moving the optical axis until the inclination angle stabilizes. It is also possible for the optical axis control to take the 0.5° step tilting into consideration. For example, when the inclination angle after the cumulative averaging deviates by 2.3° at the time point t 1 , the optical axis control is performed as follows. First, the control unit 2 carries out the 0.5° step tilting of the optical axis to place the optical axis at 1.0°. If the inclination angle after the cumulative averaging at the time point t 2 varies to 1.9°, the control unit 2 carries out the 0.2° step tilting to shift the optical axis to 1.2°. Furthermore, if the inclination angle after the cumulative averaging at the time point t 3 varies to 2.0°, the control unit 2 performs the 0.2° step tilting again to shift the optical axis to 1.4°. When the inclination angle after the cumulative averaging is stabilized at 2.0° after the long time running, the foregoing optical axis movement is repeated until completing the optical axis control. After that, the adjustment of the optical axis angle is made inoperative, thereby leaving the right/left headlight optical axis control sections 3 and 4 inactive for a long time period. In the present embodiment, if the suitable value of the inclination angle is not obtained, or the cumulative summing or the cumulative averaging of the inclination angle is not carried out, the control unit 2 halts the measurement of the inclination angle, as well as the operation of the ultrasonic sensors in the inclination angle detecting sensors. This operation is performed to prevent the degradation of the ultrasonic sensors, and to prevent abnormal reactions of animals because the ultrasonic frequency can reach audible regions of small animals. As described above, the present embodiment 1 is configured such that it accumulates the measured values of the inclination angle of the vehicle, and increases the amount of the data on the inclination angle. Thus, it can obtain the accurate inclination angle of the vehicle with respect to the road surface, thereby being able to appropriately shift the optical axis with respect to the average inclination of the vehicle. In addition, since the optical axis control becomes quasi-static control during running of the vehicle, the present embodiment can improve the endurance of the optical axis control unit and reduce the power consumption. In particular, the reduction in the operation frequency of the actuator, the driving means of the headlight optical axis, makes it possible to curb the wear of the mechanical components such as the motor and gears, thereby being able to implement the long-life optical axis control unit. Furthermore, since the optical axis control unit in accordance with the present invention can carry out the flexible optical axis control, it can cope with the variations in the inclination angle due to the loading and unloading and the getting on and off of the occupants, and hence sufficiently ensure the safety during running of the vehicle. In addition, according to the present invention, the inclination angle detecting sensor 1 can be installed in a small area less than a square meter immediately under the headlights. Thus, the detection errors can be eliminated of the inclination angle due to a warp of the vehicle, depressions in the tires and the like, which are shown in the conventional technology. Accordingly, the same components or the same control unit is applicable to a variety of vehicles regardless of their types. Therefore it offers an advantage of being able to implement the low-cost, safe optical axis control unit applicable to the vehicle headlight optical axis control unit with ease. Embodiment 2 FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the operation of the optical axis control in the embodiment 2 of the vehicle headlight optical axis control unit in accordance with the present invention. It corresponds to FIG. 3 of the embodiment 1, which is a graph illustrating the averaging operation of the inclination angle that characterizes the present invention. The embodiment 2 will be described with reference to FIG. 6 taking FIG. 4 into consideration in part. The present embodiment 2 differs from the embodiment 1, which carries out the cumulative averaging in terms of the time period as illustrated in FIG. 3 , in that the embodiment 2 calculates the arithmetic mean by the cumulative averaging in the case where a predetermined number of samples of the inclination angle are stored. The points different from those of FIG. 3 will be described below. In FIG. 6 , the horizontal axis represents the running time period of the vehicle, and the vertical axis represents the vehicle speed, the measured values of the inclination angle sampled, and the optical axis angle adjusted. As illustrated in FIG. 6 , the vehicle, which is stopping at the running time period zero, is started by turning on the IG switch 8 , and accelerates to the running condition. According to the present embodiment, the cumulative averaging in terms of the sample number is carried out by accumulating the measured values (K) of the inclination angle sampled as illustrated in FIG. 6 . As illustrated in FIG. 6 , the arithmetic mean is obtained by accumulating the measured values (K) up to the sampling numbers n 1 , n 2 , n 3 , . . . , of the inclination angle measurement. For example, the arithmetic mean of the measured values K up to n 1 (100 samples, for example) is calculated to obtain the average value. Then, according to the average value at the point of n 1 , the optical axis angle is adjusted. For example, the optical axis angle is tilted upward from −0.5° to −0.3° in FIG. 6 . Subsequently, the average value is obtained by calculating the arithmetic mean of the measured values K up to n 2 (200 samples, for example). Then the optical axis angle is adjusted to +0.1° as described above. Likewise, the adjustment of the optical axis angle is carried out by performing the cumulative averaging up to n 3 (300 samples, for example). Thus continuing the cumulative averaging of the inclination angle during running makes it possible to stabilize the average values and to reduce the amount of displacement, thereby providing the average values, almost all of which are smaller than the minimum amount of displacement (0.2°, for example). Thus, the adjustment of the optical axis angle becomes unnecessary as described above, thereby leaving the right/left headlight optical axis control sections 3 and 4 inactive for a long time. In this case, it is also necessary for the sampling to select appropriate measured values of the inclination angle. In the flowchart of FIG. 4 , the term “specified time point has passed” at step ST 13 refers to the time point at which the specified sampling number is reached. The specified time points are the points n 1 , n 2 , n 3 , . . . , at which the specified optical axis control as illustrated in FIG. 6 is performed. For example, they can be the time point at which the sampling number reaches 100, although the values n 1 , n 2 , n 3 . . . can be set arbitrarily. In this case also, only suitable values are extracted from the measured values of the inclination angle to calculate the cumulative sum as described in the foregoing embodiment 1. According to the present embodiment 2, the advantages similar to those of the foregoing embodiment 1 are achieved. In addition, the present embodiment 2 has a further advantage over the foregoing embodiment 1 whose sampling number is variable, that the accuracy of the cumulative sum of the inclination angle and its average is stable because the sampling number is fixed. In the present invention, it is also possible to use a combination of the cumulative averaging in terms of the time period in the foregoing embodiment 1 with the cumulative averaging in terms of the sample number of the embodiment 2.

A headlight optical axis control unit of a vehicle capable of reducing cost, improving accuracy and ensuring safety is provided. An inclination angle detecting sensor placed in the front of a vehicle is connected to a control unit, and includes two transceivers of ultrasonic sensors. The two transceivers obtain the levels at their locations from the phase differences between the emitted waves and the reflected waves from a road surface, and measure the inclination angle from the level differences. The inclination angle is continuously detected during running of the vehicle. The measured values of the inclination angle are subjected to the cumulative sum and cumulative averaging. According to the average value, the control unit adjusts the angle of the optical axis of the headlights via headlight optical axis control sections.

PRIORITY CLAIM [0001] This application claims the priority to the U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/140,775, entitled “Fine Needle Aspiration Handle Attachment” filed on Dec. 24, 2008. The specification of the above-identified application is incorporated herewith by reference. BACKGROUND [0002] Biopsies may be performed with fine needle aspiration (“FNA”) devices to obtain small samples of tissue for cytology studies, endoscopy or oncology (e,g., for biopsy of the breast or liver). Biopsy needles enable the capture of histological samples from a predetermined depth within a living body and are generally controlled by mechanisms selectively attached to proximal ends thereof which remain external to the body during use. Presently available gripping handles require that an endoscope be threaded thereonto. However, as the endoscope is threaded onto the gripping handle, the entire handle and, consequently, the entire length of the FNA device is rotated winding up the FNA device which, as noted above, may be 250 cm or longer. This winding up of the FNA device creates resistance to the threading motion and, as soon as the handle is released, the FNA device begins to unwind, unthreading the endoscope from the handle. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0003] The present invention is directed to a removable attachment for selectively connecting coaxial medical instruments comprising a first instrument having a proximal end, a distal end and a lumen extending therethrough, the first instrument comprising an arm extending from a fulcrum located on the first instrument and a second instrument movably placed within the lumen of the first instrument, the second instrument comprising a hub at a proximal end thereof, the hub comprising a distal edge to engage a proximal end of the first instrument, wherein the arm pivots around the fulcrum and is configured to selectively engage the hub to provide a removable locking connection between the first and second instruments. [0004] The present invention is further directed to a device for facilitating insertion of a flexible instrument into a living body comprising an elongated body extending longitudinally from a proximal end to a distal end which, when the flexible instrument is in an operative position within the body, remains outside the body accessible to a user, the body defining a lumen extending therethrough and a gripping mechanism pivotally mounted to the elongated body for movement between a gripping configuration in which an abutting surface thereof extends over a distal end of the elongated body from a radially outer edge thereof a predetermined distance toward a longitudinal axis thereof to engage a corresponding abutting surface of a flexible instrument inserted through the lumen, and an open configuration in which the abutting surface is pivoted radially beyond the outer edge of the elongated body. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0005] FIG. 1 shows a first side view of a device according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention in a closed configuration; [0006] FIG. 2 shows a second side view of the device of FIG. 1 in a partially open configuration; [0007] FIG. 3 shows a third side view of the device of FIG. 1 in an open configuration; [0008] FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of the present invention in a closed configuration; [0009] FIG. 5 shows a first view of a third embodiment of the present invention in an open configuration; and [0010] FIG. 6 shows a second view of the device of FIG. 5 in a closed configuration. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0011] The present invention may be further understood with reference to the following description and the appended drawings, wherein like elements are referred to with the same reference numerals. The present invention relates to devices for performing biopsy procedures using fine-needle aspiration (“FNA”) devices. In particular, embodiments of the present invention may be employed with FNA devices for treatment of the gastrointestinal tract where a length of the FNA device exceeds 250 cm. However, it is noted that embodiments of the present invention may be applied to any FNA procedure performed at any depth in the body. [0012] An attachment mechanism 100 according to the present invention provides an apparatus by which an endoscope or other device to be inserted into a living body to perform an FNA procedure may be secured to a gripping handle. The gripping handle may be manipulated by a physician or other user of the device to control the FNA device in situ. The attachment mechanism 100 bypasses the prior threading process by providing a lever 102 which may be selectively actuated to operate gripping arms thereof to engage the FNA device. [0013] As shown in FIGS. 1-3 , the attachment mechanism 100 comprises the lever 102 mounted on a distal portion of a handle body 104 which defines a lumen 101 through which an endoscope is inserted. It is noted that the use of the term distal herein refers to a direction away from a user (i.e., toward a patient on which it is being used) while the term proximal refers to a direction approaching a user of the device. The proximal portion of the endoscope and the entire attachment mechanism 100 remain external to the patient as the distal portion of the endoscope is inserted through the handle to a target site within the patient's body. Exemplary materials for the present invention may comprise any of a variety of suitable plastics, metals or combinations thereof as known to those of skill in the art so long as the materials are biocompatible and exhibit the required mechanical properties (e.g., a desired degree of rigidity, etc.). The handle body 104 and a proximal portion of an endoscope 120 inserted therethrough remain external to the body when in an operative configuration. In use, the handle body 104 provides a hand hold for gripping and manipulation of the device via which a user may apply torque and otherwise manually control the movement of the FNA device attached thereto. [0014] The lever 102 is pivotally attached to the handle body 104 via pins 106 located on opposite lateral sides thereof which are received in corresponding bores 107 formed in the handle body 104 . The pins 106 extend radially inward a predetermined distance (e.g., a distance equivalent to a depth of the bores 107 ). The lever 102 may then be slidably received over the handle body 104 until the pins 106 engage the bores 107 , locking the lever 102 in place. The pins 106 may be substantially cylindrical and correspond in shape and size to bores 107 so that the lever 102 may pivot about an axis defined by the bores 107 when locked to the handle body 104 . The pivoting motion of the lever 102 allows a user to selectively move the lever 102 between open and closed configurations, as described in greater detail below. In an alternate embodiment, the lever 102 may be pivotally attached to the handle body 104 by pins integrally formed with the lever 102 and projecting radially inward therefrom at the same spots shown for the pins 106 . A portion of the lever 102 including the pins would be formed as a collar flexed radially outward and slid over the handle body 104 until the pins reach the bores 107 and are pushed thereinto by the bias of the lever 102 and maintained in this position by the bias of the lever 102 . It is further noted that the pins 106 do not extend through the handle body 104 as the endoscope must be slid therethrough. The pins 106 extend only into the wall of the handle body 104 and do not penetrate the lumen 101 . As would be understood by those skilled in the art, the collar (not shown) may be secured to the handle body 104 via insert molding, compression fitting, thermal bonding or another known means. [0015] The lever 102 extends proximally and distally from the pins 106 along opposite sides of the handle body 104 (i.e., the portion of the lever 102 extending proximally from the pins 106 is on a side of a longitudinal axis of the handle body 104 opposite the portion extending distally therefrom). Specifically, a proximal portion 110 of the lever 102 extends to a tab 108 along a first longitudinal length of the handle body 104 . The tab 108 facilitates grasping of the lever 102 by a user to move the lever 102 from a closed configuration shown in FIG. 1 to an open configuration shown in FIG. 3 . Actuation may comprise one of application of a radially outwardly directed force to the tab 108 (e.g., by sliding a finger between the lever 102 and the handle body 104 ). A distal portion 112 of the lever 102 extends along a second longitudinal length of the handle body 104 to a tine 114 projecting radially inward from a distal end of the lever 102 . The tine 114 according to this embodiment is formed as a part of a circle which, when in the closed configuration, is centered at the longitudinal axis of the handle body 104 . A proximally facing portion of the tine 114 is tapered. In a preferred embodiment, the proximal portion 110 forms an angle of less than 180° with respect to the distal portion 112 , thus permitting the lever 102 to apply a radially constrictive force on a female luer 118 of the endoscope 120 when assuming a closed configuration, as described in greater detail below. [0016] A distal end of the handle body 104 comprises a male luer 116 comprising an opening to house the female luer 118 of the endoscope 120 , as those skilled in the art will understand. The female luer 118 may be formed to fit within the male luer 116 with a fluid-tight friction fit and may be prevented from advancing into the male luer 116 beyond a predetermined distance. For example, the male luer 116 may have a depth selected to prevent the female luer 118 from being inserted thereinto beyond a predetermined depth. When in the closed configuration of FIG. 1 , the tine 114 extends over and engages a luer thread (not shown) formed on the female luer 118 . Engagement with at least one of the luer threads locks the female luer 118 in place against the male luer 116 . Thus, when in the closed configuration, the tine 114 prevents the endoscope 120 from separating from the attachment mechanism 100 . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the pins 106 engage the handle body 104 with friction fit sufficient to prevent pivotal movement of the lever 102 when not moved to the open configuration by the user. FIG. 2 shows the lever 102 as it is being rotated out of engagement with the female luer 11 8 of the endoscope 120 . Once the tine 114 has been moved radially out of contact with the endoscope 120 , the endoscope 120 may be manually withdrawn therefrom. Arms 122 of the endoscope 120 are provided to aid in the manual manipulation of the endoscope 120 . [0017] The endoscope 120 may further be provided with a means to prevent unwanted rotation thereof once locked to the attachment mechanism 100 . For example, the endoscope 120 may be provided with at least one boss (not shown) at a proximal end of the female luer 118 . The tine 114 may comprise a protrusion (not shown) sized and located to engage a lateral side of the at least one boss (not shown). Specifically, when the tine 114 is in a closed configuration, the protrusion (not shown) is located adjacent to the boss (not shown) preventing rotation of the endoscope 120 in a direction approaching the protrusion. A second boss (not shown) and a second protrusion (not shown) may then be employed to prevent rotation of the endoscope 120 in the opposite second direction, as those skilled in the art will understand. [0018] FIG. 4 depicts a locking mechanism 150 according to a second embodiment of the present invention, wherein like elements are indicated with like reference numerals. The locking mechanism 150 is formed substantially similar to the locking mechanism 100 of FIGS. 1-3 with the exception of a lever 152 formed thereon. The lever 152 is movable from an open configuration (shown in phantom) wherein a tine 114 of a distal portion 154 is radially separated from the female luer 118 of the endoscope 120 and a closed configuration wherein the proximal portion 158 is substantially perpendicular to the handle body 104 and the distal portion 154 lies flush therewith, the tine 114 lying in a contacting configuration with the female luer 118 of the endoscope 120 . [0019] Specifically, the distal portion 154 of the lever 152 is configured to be substantially perpendicular to the proximal portion 158 . A joint 162 between the distal portion 154 and the proximal portion 158 is configured to receive the pins 106 on opposite lateral sides thereof. The pins 106 are received in corresponding bores 107 formed in the handle body 104 and permit rotation of the lever 152 in directions A and B. The proximal portion 158 of the lever extends along a second longitudinal length of the handle body 104 in a direction substantially opposite to a first longitudinal length housing the distal portion 154 . The proximal portion 158 comprises a gripping tab 160 formed at a proximal end thereof, wherein a curvature of the proximal portion 158 and the gripping tab 160 substantially conforms to a curvature of a contacting portion of the handle body 104 , as shown in phantom in FIG. 4 . Furthermore, in order to permit the proximal portion 158 to lie flush against the handle body 104 in the open configuration, the proximal portion 158 may be formed with a longitudinal slot (not shown) running along a longitudinal centerline thereof, the slot defining lateral sides configured to contact the handle body 104 , as those skilled in the art will understand. [0020] As shown in FIGS. 5-6 , a locking mechanism 200 according to a third embodiment of the invention comprises a collet 202 on a distal end of a handle body 204 . The collet 202 comprises two arms 208 extending distally from the handle body 204 , each arm 208 further comprising an abutment 210 facing radially inward at a distal end thereof. The abutments 210 are sized and shaped to engage a shoulder of luer threads 206 of an endoscope 220 to which the handle body 204 is to be connected. As indicated in the figure, the endoscope 220 comprises one or more helical or circular luer threads 206 on a proximal end thereof. [0021] The collet 202 is movable between a retracted position housed within a handle luer 216 , and an actuated position in which the collet 202 is extended distally from distal end of the handle body 204 . Proximal and distal movement of the handle body 204 relative to the collet 202 may be performed via actuation of a lever (not shown) on a proximal portion of the handle body 204 , as those skilled in the art will understand. For example, the lever may be held in position to maintain the position of the collet 202 substantially constant as the handle body 204 is moved proximally to move the collet 202 out of the handle body 204 . The arms 208 of the collet 202 are biased toward a bent configuration in which the distal ends thereof are spread radially from the one another and are radially separated from the surface of the handle luer 216 . Thus, as the collet 202 is moved distally to the actuated position, the handle body 204 no longer constrains the arms 208 and they splay radially outward due to the bias. Then, the lever may be held in position as the handle body 204 is moved distally over the arms 208 drawing them radially inward to engage the luer 218 of the endoscope 220 . Movement of the handle body 204 distally over the collet 202 can proceed until a post 214 engages a distal face 222 of the handle body 204 . This prevents the collet 202 from being drawn into the handle body 204 beyond a predetermined distance. In this manner, both a length of the arms 208 and the abutments 210 apply a retaining force on the endoscope 220 to lock a configuration thereof. The abutments 210 extend radially inward by a distance selected to engage the luer 218 in a manner sufficient to maintain the endoscope 204 connected to the handle body 204 until manually disengaged by the user. As would be understood by those skilled in the art, the user may disengage the arms 208 from the endoscope by holding the lever in position to maintain the position of the collet 202 substantially constant as the handle body 204 is moved proximally, extending the arms 208 from the handle body 204 and returning the collet 202 to the open position. [0022] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made in the present invention, without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of this invention provided that they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

A removable attachment for selectively connecting coaxial medical instruments comprises a first instrument having a proximal end, a distal end and a lumen extending therethrough. The first instrument comprises an arm extending from a fulcrum located on the first instrument and a second instrument movably placed within the lumen of the first instrument, the second instrument comprising a hub at a proximal end thereof. The hub comprises a distal edge to engage a proximal end of the first instrument. The arm pivots around the fulcrum and is configured to selectively engage the hub to provide a removable locking connection between the first and second instruments.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a signalling and/or help request system. 2. Discussion of the Background As is known, in big cities, particularly during celebrations, manifestations or any occasion involving large crowds, risk situations occur continually in which help is required either of the authorities or specific groups of people trained to deal with specific problems. This is especially true of tourists or visitors on business, who are unfamiliar with the city and fall prey to bag-snatchers, muggers, etc. The need to send out a position signal or request for help may also arise in the case of sickness, or in the event of tourists or visiting businessmen losing their way in a foreign city and, not speaking the language, being unable to ask directions of passers-by. Public telephones are not always a solution, owing to lack of change, telephone cards, or a nearby telephone booth, or on account of the urgency of the situation; and portable telephones are not yet of such a price as to be generally available, especially when such risk situations are only occasional. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a signalling and/or help request system designed to overcome the aforementioned problems. According to the present invention, there is provided a signalling and/or help request system, characterized by comprising: a remote transmitter for transmitting an alarm signal; a receiving/conveying device cooperating with said transmitter, fitted to a lamp of the public lighting system, and connected to the electricity mains and to a communications network to transmit a message including an identification code; a centralized receiving device for receiving messages transmitted by said receiving/conveying device, and generating an information and/or help request output signal. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS A preferred, non-limiting embodiment of the present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 shows an overall view of the system according to the invention; FIG. 2 shows a more detailed view of part of the system according to the invention; FIG. 3 shows an operation block diagram of the system according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Number 1 in FIG. 1 indicates the system as a whole, which comprises a portable transmitter 3; a receiving/conveying device 4 suitable for transmitter 3 and fitted to a lamp 5 of the public lighting system to receive a help request from transmitter 3 and transmit messages along the electricity line of the lamp; and a centralized signal receiving and processing system 7 connected to the electricity line. More specifically, and with reference also to FIGS. 2 and 3, transmitter 3 is preferably a commercial remote-control transmitter, for example, of the type commonly used to open gates and doors, and advantageously comprises a single button 10, which, when pressed (block 30 in FIG. 3), enables a circuit to transmit an analog or digital alarm signal (block 31). Alternatively, provision may be made for two or more buttons for transmitting different signals and help requests, in which case, a different alarm signal (code) is transmitted when each button is pressed. The alarm signal may be transmitted by radio or any other wireless (e.g. infrared) transmission technique. Transmitter 3 may preferably also operate as a receiver for receiving a confirmation code generated by receiver 4, and, for this purpose, may comprise an indicator light 11 (e.g. coloured LED) to show the help request has been transmitted. Receiving/conveying device 4 comprises a receiver 13; a conveyed-wave transmitting device 14; and a shunt element 15. More specifically, receiver 13 is preferably a commercial type, and comprises known electric circuits for receiving the alarm signal transmitted by transmitter 3 (block 32 in FIG. 3) and transmitting a signal to conveyed-wave transmitting device 14 (block 33). Receiver 13 may also comprise circuits for supplying transmitter 3 with a reception confirmation signal, as stated above. Conveyed-wave transmitting device 14 may also be a commercial type, e.g. of the sort used on intercoms, and, upon a signal being received by receiver 13, generates a message comprising a help request code and a specific identification code (block 34 in FIG. 3). This signal is supplied to shunt element 15, which transmits the message onto the electricity mains 16 to which lamp 5 is connected. To enable troublefree installation of the system, the shunt element is advantageously enclosed in a casing fittable easily (e.g. screwed or inserted) onto the lamp-holder 18 of lamp 5. Centralized signal receiving and processing system 7 comprises a conveyed-wave receiving device 20 and a processing unit 21. More specifically, conveyed-wave receiving device 20 is appropriately connected to electricity mains 16 to extract the messages transmitted via a number of lamps 5 (e.g. all the lamps in a given part of the city--block 35 in FIG. 3), and converts the received message into serial digital form and transmits it to processing unit 21, preferably a computer (block 36). Transmission may be effected in any form, by means of a serial cable connection 23 and public telephone network (indicated schematically by block 24 in FIG. 1), or by radio or any other suitable communications network. Device 20 is suitably located to receive the messages, and a number of devices 20 may be located in different parts of the city, in which case, a concentrator may be provided between the various devices 20 and computer 21. The software of computer 21 is such as to control the messages received via device 20 and generate operator signals. More specifically, computer 21 may be equipped with graphic programs for displaying the toponymy and/or topography (lamp) of the call, or with an alphanumeric and acoustic system for generating written operator messages and acoustic signals (block 37 in FIG. 3). Computer 21 may be set up in an appropriate location, such as a local or central police station, or a special center for dealing with help calls. Operation of system 1 will be clear from the foregoing description. In particular, the present system provides for a surveillance network covering a wide territory, such as that of a large city (but also small towns or lighted suburban roads), in an extremely straightforward low-cost manner, by exploiting the existing electricity mains and using low-cost, easy-to-install devices. Moreover, transmitter 3 is cheap and compact enough to enable anyone to make use of such a surveillance network. Clearly, changes may be made to the system as described and illustrated herein without, however, departing from the scope of the present invention. In particular, transmitter 3 may, as stated, be a straightforward type for transmitting a straightforward signal, or more complex for transmitting and/or confirming even complex messages. As opposed to conveyed-wave transmission over an electricity line, transmission between receiver 4 and device 20 may also be effected using other techniques, e.g. by radio, in which case, the electricity mains connection serves solely to supply receiver 4. Similarly, as stated, transmission between transmitter 3 and receiver 4, and between device 20 and computer 21 may be effected using any appropriate technique, and centralized signal control may be adapted to meet various requirements.

A signaling and/or help request system. A remote transmitter transmits an alarm signal which is received by a receiving/convening device which cooperates with the transmitter. The receiving/conveying device is fitted to a street lamp to transmit a message including an identification code to the electrical supply means. a receiving unit connected to the supply means extracts the messages supplied by the receiving/conveying device and supplies them through a network to a centralized receiver to generate a help request output signal.

BACKGROUND [0001] This invention relates generally to microwave and millimeter wave (mm-wave) radio frequency (RF) circuits, and more particularly to achieving broadband high isolation switch in Balanced Line Circuits. [0002] [0002]FIG. 1 shows a balanced line. A balanced line 10 may be achieved by using two conductors 11 and in a symmetric environment. Such balanced lines can be achieved for example as in twisted pair cable or on insulating substrates. The input port 12 is composed of two terminal 12 a and 12 b . Due to symmetry, terminals 12 a and 12 b have opposing voltage V 1 and −V 1 and support equal currents 16 and 17 in opposite direction or opposing current. In a balanced line configuration because there is no other path available for the current, the forward going current has to be equal to the reverse going current at any location, for example position 18 , due to charge conservation. Moreover, voltage at any location 18 along the transmission line is also equal and opposite. If the balanced line is terminated in a balanced manner (i.e., same impedance on each line) using the output port terminal 13 a and 13 b , the output port 13 also has opposing voltages and currents, 14 and 15 , respectively, at the terminal 13 a and 13 b. [0003] Such balanced lines are widely used in substrates where ground is not easily accessible. Examples include silicon substrates without vias, which are widely used for both mm-wave and microwave frequencies. [0004] Prior art electronic switches in balanced lines are achieved in series 20 and shunt 30 configuration, as shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, respectively. [0005] In FIG. 2, the input lines 22 and 23 have, in series, diodes 24 and 25 , respectively. While diodes are depicted in this figure, in actual practice other devices that switch from a high impedance state (or blocking state) to a low impedance state (or transmitting state) may be used to perform the task. For example, the diodes could be replaced by a three terminal device, whose state is switched using one of the three terminals such as the base of a Bipolar Transistor, where the Emitter and Collector are the two ends of the switching device. In another configuration, the Emitter current is switched while the Base forms the input and the Collector the output. Considering FIG. 2, in the low impedance state when the diode is forward biased, the diodes 24 and 25 connect the input lines 22 and 23 to the output lines 26 and 27 , respectively. The signal is thus transmitted in high strength. The S-parameter for the forward transmission gain, S 21 , is high, being close to zero decibels (dB) S-parameters, or scattering parameters, are analogous to frequency response functions, but the terms are used at high and lower frequencies, respectively. In the other state the diodes are in the non-conducting state. In that state the signal is reflected back. Now the transmitted signal to the output lines 26 and 27 is attenuated and the S 21 transmission coefficient is low (−10's of dB), and is determined by the high impedance state. Since the high impedance is finite, a small amount of signal trickles through and is represented by δ 1 . [0006] [0006]FIG. 3 shows a shunt mounted diode 30 in a balanced line for switch purposes. When the diode is reversed biased or is in the high impedance state, since it appears as open circuit between the lines, the signal is transmitted through or S 21 is high, i.e., close to 0 dB. In the other state, diode 33 is forward biased and is in the low impedance state. In this state, because the input balanced lines 31 and 32 are effectively shorted by the small impedance, the voltage induced at the input of the balanced line 34 and 35 is effectively small. This then has very little signal transmitted to the out balanced lines 34 and 35 . [0007] In case of the series configuration 20 , the impedance in the high impedance state determines the isolation. Since the impedance is finite but high impedance, a signal always leaks to the output. At mm-wave, the impedance in the high conducting state is mostly capacitive and could greatly reduce the isolation (or the magnitude of minus S 21 , where S 21 is in dB). Similarly in the shunt configuration case the forward biased impedance or the low impedance state determines the isolation. Since the low impedance state has finite impedance (resistive at low frequency and reactive at mm-wave), the isolation is limited by this impedance. SUMMARY [0008] In an embodiment, a high isolation switch for a balanced line includes a switch connected in series between the input and output sections of each the two balanced line conductors and two switches cross connected between the input and output sections of the balanced line conductors. In an on-state, the series connected switches are in a low impedance state and the cross-connected switches are in a high impedance state. In an off-state, the series connected switches are in the high impedance state and the cross-connected switches are in the high impedance state, providing high isolation. The balanced line conductors and switches may be, e.g., diodes or bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), and may be integrated into a silicon substrate. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] [0009]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a balanced line. [0010] [0010]FIG. 2 shows a prior art implementation of a series switch in balanced configuration. [0011] [0011]FIG. 3 shows a prior art implementation of a series switch in balanced configuration. [0012] [0012]FIG. 4 shows a high isolation switch in balanced lines according to an implementation. [0013] [0013]FIGS. 5A-5C show a simplified diode equivalent circuit in the forward biased state (low impedance state) and the reversed bias state (high impedance state). [0014] [0014]FIG. 6 shows simulated S 21 in the on-state for the series mounted configuration, shunt mounted configuration and the high isolation switch. [0015] [0015]FIG. 7 shows simulated S 21 in off-state for the series mounted configuration, shunt mounted configuration, and the high isolation switch. [0016] [0016]FIG. 8 shows simulated S 21 in the off-state for a configuration according to an implementation with the cross diodes up to 10% smaller than the series diode. [0017] [0017]FIG. 9 shows an alternative implementation of the high-isolation switch using bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0018] [0018]FIG. 4 shows a high isolation switch according to an implementation. Diodes 43 and 44 are series mounted diodes connecting the input balanced lines 41 to the output balanced line 47 and input balanced line 42 to the output balanced lines 48 respectively. In addition, a set of diodes 45 and 46 are cross mounted and biased in the high impedance state in both of the states of the switch. The diode 45 connects input balanced line 41 to output balanced line 48 and diode 46 connects input balanced line 42 to output balanced line 47 respectively. The cross connection is important for high isolation. [0019] The switch in FIG. 4 has two states. In the on-state, the diodes 43 and 44 are in a low impedance state while diodes 45 and 46 are in a high impedance state. In this state, the signal in the input balanced line is directly coupled to the output balanced through the low impedance states of 43 and 44 . [0020] In the off-state, the diodes 43 and 44 are in a high impedance state while diodes 45 and 46 are also in a high impedance state. In this state, since the balanced lines have opposing voltages on line 41 and 42 as described in connection with FIG. 1, the opposing voltages couple to output lines 47 , 48 due to the two-diode cross-connections. Thus on line 47 a small signal (say −δ 3 ) couples from diode 43 from the input line 41 , while an opposing small signal (say +δ 3 ) couples through diode 46 from the input line 42 . Since 41 and 42 are in a balanced configuration, the voltage on each is negative of other provided that the diodes 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 have the same high impedance in the non-conducting or reversed biased state. Since the circuit is electrically symmetric, that is, line 47 couples same amount of voltage from both of the input lines 41 and 42 , exact cancellation occurs. As a result of this cancellation, isolation is theoretically infinite. [0021] In real circuits there are number of reasons why the isolation degrades from the theoretical value. First of all, diodes are not the same due to process variance, nor is the bias exactly the same. This makes the off-state impedance different for the series and cross paths, thereby making the circuit asymmetric. Also, because of parasitic couplings, the isolation is limited by pad-to-pad and other couplings. [0022] [0022]FIG. 5 shows a simplified equivalent circuit of a diode in the high impedance and the low impedance state. In the low impedance, or forward biased, state the diode can simply be represented by a forward bias resistance 51 . In the high impedance state, or the reverse biased state, the diode can simply be represented by a capacitor 52 . For example M/A-Com's diode MA4P165 (see http://www.macom.com/data/datasheet/pindiodeschip.pdf) has a forward bias resistance of less than 2.5-ohms at 10 mA forward bias and a capacitance of 0.05 pF at 10V reverse bias. [0023] [0023]FIG. 6 shows a simulation of the switch in the on-state implement as shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 . For the simulation of the series configuration shown in FIG. 2, the diodes 24 and 25 are replaced by 2.5-ohms. Similarly for the simulation of the shunt configuration in FIG. 3, the diode 33 is replaced by capacitance of 0.05 pF. Moreover for simulation of the high isolation switch in FIG. 4, diodes 43 and 44 are replaced by 2.5-ohm resistor to represent the forward state and diodes 45 and 46 are replaced by 0.05 pF capacitance to represent the reversed bias states, respectively. In FIG. 6, 61 represents the insertion loss for the series configuration shown in FIG. 2, 62 represents the insertion loss with shunt configuration shown in FIG. 3, while 63 represents the insertion loss with the configuration in FIG. 4. At high frequency, the insertion loss of the series mounted diode is the best and the high isolation switch of FIG. 4 is the worst. [0024] [0024]FIG. 7 shows a simulation of the switches in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 , respectively, in the off-state. For the simulation of the series configuration shown in FIG. 2, the diodes 24 and 25 are replaced by 0.05 pF, while for the simulation of the shunt configuration in FIG. 3, the diode 33 is replaced by resistance of 2.5-ohm, and finally for simulation of the switch in FIG. 4, the diodes 43 and 44 are replaced by 0.05 pF capacitors to represent the reverse bias state and the diodes 45 and 46 are replaced by 0.05 pF capacitance to represent the reversed bias states, respectively. Notice that diodes 45 and 46 are not switched between the on-state and the off-state. In FIG. 7, curve 71 represents the isolation with series mounted diode, curve 72 represents the isolation with shunt mounted diode, while curve 73 represents the isolation loss with the switch in FIG. 4. At high frequency the isolation of the series mounted diode is the worst and the switch in FIG. 4 is the best. Theoretically, if the diodes are exactly matched and the circuit is symmetric, the cancellation of the coupled signal to the output is infinite as shown in FIG. 7. [0025] This tremendous increase of isolation is the desired feature of this invention. Because of the increased isolation the switch can include a larger size diode, thereby reducing the insertion loss in the on-state of the switch. Often in a circuit the loss of the switch is not important. Through this new technique, extremely high isolation is possible in a very small space, is broadband and in a single stage. [0026] [0026]FIG. 8 provides a tolerance analysis of the isolation when the cross diodes are up to 10% lower than the series diode in capacitance. Even with 10% variance, substantial improvement in isolation is achieved. To reduce the effect of variance, the diode can be batch (or single wafer) processes and made in quad pair. Since the diodes would be close to each other and have similar variance, this diode-to-diode variance would not effect the isolation and one can expect substantial improvement in isolation. [0027] [0027]FIG. 9 shows an implementation of a high isolation switch circuit using a three terminal device. While bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is shown here, any other three or multi-terminal device is also usable. In the figure, 91 and 92 are the input balanced line, 93 and 94 are the series mounted transistors, and 96 and 95 are the cross-coupled transistors. The transistors 95 and 96 are biased through 99 b and are always switched off, i.e., current through their collector is zero. The transistors 93 and 94 are biased through 99 a . In the off-state 93 and 94 are biased in the off-state similar to 95 and 96 , thereby the output signal at 97 and 98 are cancelled. [0028] A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, blocks in the flowcharts may be skipped or performed out of order and still produce desirable results. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

A balanced line switching apparatus that provides high isolation at an expense of a marginal increase of loss. Practical implementation can give as much as 40 dB isolation in a single stage.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application is a DIV of Ser. No. 10/775,687 filed Feb. 10, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,746, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/446,641, filed Feb. 10, 2003, and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/474,272, filed May 28, 2003, the entire contents whereof is incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to processes for the facile synthesis of diaryl amines and analogues thereof. The processes of the present invention produce diaryl amines in high yield and purity. The present invention also relates to intermediates useful in the process of the present invention. The present invention also relates to a diaryl amines produced by the processes of the present invention. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Protein kinases are involved in various cellular responses to extracellular signals. Recently, a family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) has been discovered. Members of this family are Ser/Thr kinases that activate their substrates by phosphorylation [B. Stein et al., Ann. Rep. Med. Chem., 31, pp. 289-98 (1996)]. MAPKs are themselves activated by a variety of signals including growth factors, cytokines, UV radiation, and stress-inducing agents. One particularly interesting MAPK is p38. p38, also known as cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drug binding protein (CSBP) and RK, was isolated from murine pre-B cells that were transfected with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, CD14, and induced with LPS. p38 has since been isolated and sequenced, as has the cDNA encoding it in humans and mice. Activation of p38 has been observed in cells stimulated by stress, such as treatment of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), UV, anisomycin, or osmotic shock, and by cytokines, such as IL-1 and TNF. Inhibition of p38 kinase leads to a blockade on the production of both IL-1 and TNF. IL-1 and TNF stimulate the production of other proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8 and have been implicated in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and in post-menopausal osteoporosis [R. B. Kimble et al., Endocrinol., 136, pp. 3054-61 (1995)]. Based upon this finding, it is believed that p38, along with other MAPKs, have a role in mediating cellular response to inflammatory stimuli, such as leukocyte accumulation, macrophage/monocyte activation, tissue resorption, fever, acute phase responses and neutrophilia. In addition, MAPKs, such as p38, have been implicated in cancer, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune disease, cell death, allergies, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibitors of p38 have also been implicated in the area of pain management through inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 induction. Other disease associated with IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 or TNF overproduction are set forth in WO 96/21654. Many molecules possessing medicinally important properties against various targets, including MAPKs, comprise diaryl amines. One example of this is a class of molecules identified as potent p38 MAP kinase inhibitors (see, e.g., WO 99/58502 and WO 00/17175). However, although they are effective as drugs, there are few ways to make aryl amine-containing molecules without a significant amount of by-product. Palladium-catalyzed couplings of an aryl amine and aryl halide have been the traditional strategy to produce a molecule comprising a diaryl amine. However, problems with over-addition of the aryl halide partner to the amine have traditionally resulted in low yields and purities when a primary aryl amine is employed. For this reason, primary amines are not commonly employed substrates for this transformation, which has limited the scope of the palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction. Accordingly, the need exists for a process for the facile synthesis of diaryl amines and analogues thereof that avoids the problem of over-arylation, to obtain diaryl amines in high yield and purity. There also exists a need for intermediates produced by such a process. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to one embodiment, the present invention provides processes for the facile synthesis of diaryl amines that avoid the problem of over-arylation, are amenable to large scale preparation, and provide high yields. The present invention also avoids the use of harmful reagents such as tin compounds. Specifically, the present invention provides a process wherein a primary aryl amine is rendered temporarily “secondary” by adding a suitable protecting group to the nitrogen. Once formed, this protected aniline derivative undergoes an alkali metal salt-promoted or transition metal-catalyzed cross coupling with an aryl leaving group to produce an intermediate, which, upon deprotection, produces the diaryl amine substrate. The product may be produced with few by-products and in high yield. The invention provides processes for producing a compound of the formula (I): or a salt thereof, wherein: Ar 1 and Ar 2 are as defined below. The processes of this invention comprise the step of coupling a compound of formula (II) with an amine of formula (III) to obtain a diaryl amine of formula (I), in the presence of an alkali metal salt or transition metal catalyst: Ar 1 —X  (II) Ar 2 —NH—Y  (III) wherein: Ar 1 , Ar 2 , X, and Y are as defined below. The processes of this invention have the advantages of allowing preparation of a compound of formula (I) from a primary aryl amine derivative without the problem of over-arylation. The processes of this invention have the further advantage of allowing preparation of a compound of formula (I) in high yield and purity, in addition to facile reaction conditions that are readily scaled up for large scale preparation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention overcomes the difficulties and shortcomings of the prior art and provides processes for producing a compound of the formula (I): or a salt thereof, wherein: Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently Q; wherein each Q is an aryl or heteroaryl ring system optionally fused to a saturated or unsaturated 5-8 membered ring having 0-4 heteroatoms; wherein Q is optionally substituted at one or more ring atoms with one or more substituents independently selected from halo; C 1 -C 6 aliphatic optionally substituted with N(R′) 2 , OR′, CO 2 R′, C(O)N(R′) 2 , OC(O)N(R′) 2 , NR′CO 2 R′, NR′C(O)R′, SO 2 N(R′) 2 , N═CH—N(R′) 2 , or OPO 3 H 2 ; C 1 -C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with N(R′) 2 , OR′, CO 2 R′, C(O)N(R′) 2 , OC(O)N(R′) 2 , SO 2 N(R′) 2 , NR′CO 2 R′, NR′C(O)R′, N═CH—N(R′) 2 , or OPO 3 H 2 ; Ar 3 ; CF 3 ; OCF 3 ; OR′; SR′; SO 2 N(R′) 2 ; OSO 2 R′; SCF 3 ; NO 2 ; CN; N(R′) 2 ; CO 2 R′; CO 2 N(R′) 2 ; C(O)N(R′) 2 ; NR′C(O)R′; NR′CO 2 R′; NR′C(O)C(O)R′; NR′SO 2 R′; OC(O)R′; NR′C(O)R 2 ; NR′CO 2 R 2 ; NR′C(O)C(O)R 2 ; NR′C(O)N(R′) 2 ; OC(O)N(R′) 2 ; NR′SO 2 R 2 ; NR′R 2 ; N(R 2 ) 2 ; OC(O)R 2 ; OPO 3 H 2 ; and N═CH—N(R′) 2 ; R′ is selected from hydrogen; C 1 -C 6 aliphatic; or a 5-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, and C 1 -C 6 aliphatic; R 2 is a C 1 -C 6 aliphatic optionally substituted with N(R′) 2 , OR′, CO 2 R′, C(O)N(R′) 2 or SO 2 N(R′) 2 ; or a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system optionally substituted with N(R′) 2 , OR′, CO 2 R′, C(O)N(R′) 2 or SO 2 N(R′) 2 ; wherein Ar 3 is an aryl or heteroaryl ring system optionally fused to a saturated or unsaturated 5-8 membered ring having 0-4 heteroatoms; wherein Ar 3 is optionally substituted at one or more ring atoms with one or more substituents independently selected from halo; C 1 -C 6 aliphatic optionally substituted with N(R′) 2 , OR′, CO 2 R′, C(O)N(R′) 2 , OC(O)N(R′) 2 , NR′CO 2 R′, NR′C(O)R′, SO 2 N(R′) 2 , N═CH—N(R′) 2 , or OPO 3 H 2 ; C 1 -C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with N(R′) 2 , OR′, CO 2 R′, C(O)N(R′) 2 , OC(O)N(R′) 2 , SO 2 N(R′) 2 , NR′CO 2 R′, NR′C(O)R′, N═CH—N(R′) 2 , or OPO 3 H 2 ; CF 3 ; OCF 3 ; OR′; SR′; SO 2 N(R′) 2 ; OSO 2 R′; SCF 3 ; NO 2 ; CN; N(R′) 2 ; CO 2 R′; CO 2 N(R′) 2 ; C(O)N(R′) 2 ; NR′C(O)R′; NR′CO 2 R′; NR′C(O)C(O)R′; NR′SO 2 R′; OC(O)R′; NR′C(O)R 2 ; NR′CO 2 R 2 ; NR′C(O)C(O)R 2 ; NR′C(O)N(R′) 2 ; OC(O)N(R′) 2 ; NR′SO 2 R 2 ; NR′R 2 ; N(R 2 ) 2 ; OC(O)R 2 ; OPO 3 H 2 ; and N═CH—N(R′) 2 . In a preferred embodiment, Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently selected from optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, isoquinolinyl, isoindolyl, acridinyl, benzoisoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, tetrazolyl, furanyl, imidizaolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, and thienyl. In a more preferred embodiment, Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently selected from optionally substituted phenyl and pyridyl. In an even more preferred embodiment, Ar 1 is optionally substituted pyridyl and Ar 2 is optionally substituted phenyl. The processes of this invention comprise the step of coupling a compound of formula (II) with an amine of formula (III) to obtain a diaryl amine of formula (I), in the presence of an alkali metal salt or transition metal catalyst: Ar 1 —X  (II) Ar 2 —NH—Y  (III) wherein: X is a leaving group; and Y is —C(O)—O—Z; and Z is selected from C 1 -C 6 aliphatic, benzyl, Fmoc, —SO 2 R′ and Q, provided that Q is not substituted with X or alkyne; wherein Ar 1 , Ar 2 , Q and R′ are as defined above. Scheme 1 below depicts a preferred process of the present invention: wherein Ar 1 , Ar 2 , X, and Y are as defined above. The steps illustrated above may be described as follows: Step 1: A compound of formula (II), bearing a suitable leaving group X, is reacted with a compound of formula (III), which bears the Y—NH-moiety. The reaction is conducted in the presence of an alkali metal salt, such as cesium carbonate; or alternatively a transition metal catalyst, and optionally a base and optionally one or more ligands. In one embodiment, a transition metal catalyst is used. An exemplary transition metal catalyst that can be used comprises a transition metal ion or atom and one or more suitable ligands. Preferably, the transition metal catalyst comprises a Group 8 metal. More preferably, the transition metal catalyst comprises palladium. According to a preferred embodiment, two different ligands are simultaneously used in step 1. According to a preferred embodiment, a base is used in step 1 in conjunction with the transition metal catalyst. Suitable bases include KOtBu, NaOtBu, K 3 PO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 , and Cs 2 CO 3 . More preferably, the base is K 3 PO 4 . Preferred solvents for step 1 when using a transition metal catalyst include toluene and non-polar aprotic solvents such as MTBE, DME, and hexane. In another embodiment, an alkali metal salt is used in step 1. Preferably, the alkali metal salt is a cesium salt. Preferred solvents for step 1 when using an alkali metal salt include polar aprotic solvents such as NMP. Step 2: In step 2, radical Y of (IV) is removed to produce the diaryl amine of formula (I). According to a preferred embodiment, an acid, such as TFA, HCl, HBr, or HI is used in step 2. More preferably, the acid is TFA. Preferred solvents for step 2 include chlorinated solvents such as CH 2 Cl 2 , 1,2-dichloroethane, and chlorobenzene. The processes of this invention have the advantages of allowing preparation of a compound of formula (I) from a primary aryl amine derivative without the problem of over-arylation. The processes of this invention have the further advantage of allowing preparation of a compound of formula (I) in high yield and purity, and on a large scale. Step 1 Reagents: Transition metal catalysts suitable for the present invention comprise a transition metal atom or ion and one or more ligands. The transition metal may exist in any suitable oxidation state ranging from zero valence to any higher valence available to the transition metal. According to a preferred embodiment, the transition metal catalyst comprises a Group 8 metal. More preferably, the transition metal catalyst comprises palladium. Catalyst complexes may include chelating ligands, including, without limitation, alkyl and aryl derivatives of phosphines and biphosphines, imines, arsines, and hybrids thereof. More preferably, the transition metal catalyst is a palladium catalyst of the formula PdL n , wherein each L is independently selected from Cl, —OAc, —O-tolyl, halogen, PPh 3 , dppe, dppf, and BINAP; and n is an integer from 1-4. The aforementioned transition metal catalysts may be prepared using methods known in the art. A variety of ligand transformations may occur throughout the process of the present invention. The ligand may be bound to the transition metal throughout the process of the present invention, or the ligand may be in a labile configuration in relation to the transition metal during all or part of the process. Accordingly, the term “transition metal catalyst” as used herein includes any transition metal catalyst and/or catalyst precursor as it is introduced into the reaction vessel and which is, if necessary, converted in situ into the active form of catalyst that participates in the reaction. The quantity of the transition metal catalyst to be used in the present process is any quantity that promotes the formation of the diaryl amine product. According to a preferred embodiment, the quantity is a catalytic amount, wherein the catalyst is used in an amount that is less than stoichiometric relative to the aryl components. In another preferred embodiment, the catalyst is present in the range of about 0.01 to about 20 mole percent relative to the non-amine aryl component, more preferably about 1 to about 10 mole percent, and even more preferably about 1 to about 5 mole percent. One of skill in the art may readily select an appropriate solvent to use in the process of the present invention. A solvent may be present in any quantity need to facilitate the desired process, and does not necessarily have to be a quantity to dissolve the substrates and/or reagents of the desired process. A solvent according to the present invention will not interfere with the formation of the diaryl amine product. Examples of suitable solvents include, without limitation, halogenated solvents, hydrocarbon solvents, ether solvents, protic solvents, and aprotic solvents. Mixtures of solvents are also included within the scope of this invention. Preferred solvents useful for Step 1 of the process of the present invention using a transition metal catalyst include toluene, benzene, or a non-polar aprotic solvent such as MTBE, DME, or hexane. According to one embodiment, the coupling step using a transition metal catalyst (Step 1) occurs in the presence of a base. Examples of suitable bases include, without limitation, alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal alkoxides, metal carbonates, phosphates, alkali metal aryl oxides, alkali metal amides, tertiary amines, (hydrocarbyl)ammonium hydroxides, and diaza organic bases. The quantity of base used may be any quantity which allows for the formation of the diaryl amine product. Preferred bases of the present invention include KOtBu, NaOtBu, K 3 PO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 , and Cs 2 CO 3 . Alkali metal salts suitable for the present invention comprise salts of sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium ions. Preferably, alkali metal salts suitable for the present invention comprise salts of potassium or cesium ions. Preferred alkali metal salts comprise carbonate, phosphate, and alkoxide salts. More preferred alkali metal salts suitable include potassium carbonate and cesium carbonate. Most preferably, the alkali metal salt is cesium carbonate. The quantity of the transition metal catalyst to be used in the present process is any quantity that promotes the formation of the diaryl amine product. Preferred solvents useful for Step 1 of the process of the present invention using an alkali metal salt include polar aprotic solvents such as NMP. Step 2 Reagents: According to a preferred embodiment, the protecting group removal step (Step 2) occurs in the presence of an acid. Examples of suitable acids include, without limitation, HCl, HBr, HI, and organic acids including formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Preferred acids of the present invention include HCl, HBr, HI, and TFA. Preferred solvents for Step 2 of the process of the present invention include chlorinated solvents such as CH 2 Cl 2 , 1,2-dichloroethane, and chlorobenzene. In one embodiment of the present invention, X is a leaving group. According to a preferred embodiment, X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, I, F, OTf, OTs, iodonium, and diazo. In one embodiment of the present invention, Y is a carbamate amine protecting group. According to a preferred embodiment, Y is Boc. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. Also, combinations of substituents are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds. Some of the abbreviations used throughout the specification (including the chemical formulae) are: Boc=t-butoxycarbonyl Fmoc=fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl Tf=trifluoromethanesulfonate Ts=p-toluenesulfonyl Ms=methanesulfonyl TFA=trifluoroacetic acid Ac=acetyl dba=trans,trans-dibenzylideneacetone dppe=1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane dppf=1,1′-bis-(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene dppp=propane-1,3-diylbis(diphenylphosphane) BINAP=2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl MTBE=methyl t-butyl ether DME=dimethoxyethane CDI=1,1′-carbonyl-diimidazole DCC═N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide EDC=1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride HOBt=N-hydroxybenzotriazole NMP=N-methylpyrrolidinone DMF=dimethylformamide MCPBA=m-chloroperbenzoic acid MMPP=magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate DIBAL-H=diisobutyl aluminum hydride LAH=lithium aluminum hydride super hydride=lithium triethylborohydride L-selectride=lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride Red-Al=sodium bis(methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride IPA=isopropanol glyme=dimethoxy ethane diglyme=bis(2-methoxy ethyl)ether As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. The phrase “optionally substituted” is used interchangeably with the phrase “substituted or unsubstituted.” Also, combinations of substituents are permissible only if such combinations result in chemically stable compounds. In addition, unless otherwise indicated, functional group radicals are independently selected. The term “leaving group”, as used herein, has the definition known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see, March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4 th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 352-357, 1992, herein incorporated by reference). Examples of leaving groups include, without limitation, halogens such as F, Cl, Br, and I, diazo, aryl- and alkyl-sulfonyloxy groups, and trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy. The term “aliphatic” as used herein means straight-chain or branched C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation. The term “aliphatic” also includes a monocyclic C 3 -C 8 hydrocarbon or bicyclic C 8 -C 12 hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (said cyclic hydrocarbon chains are also referred to herein as “carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”), that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule wherein any individual ring in said bicyclic ring system has 3-7 members. For example, suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl) or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl. The terms “alkyl”, “alkoxy”, “hydroxyalkyl”, “alkoxyalkyl”, and “alkoxycarbonyl”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety includes both straight and branched chains containing one to twelve carbon atoms. The terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety shall include both straight and branched chains containing two to twelve carbon atoms, wherein an alkenyl comprises at least one double bond and an alkynyl comprises at least one triple bond. The term “chemically stable” or “chemically feasible and stable”, as used herein, refers to a compound structure that renders the compound sufficiently stable to allow manufacture and administration to a mammal by methods known in the art. Typically, such compounds are stable at temperature of 40° C. or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week. The term “haloalkyl”, “haloalkenyl”, and “haloalkoxy”, means alkyl, alkenyl, or alkoxy, as the case may be, substituted with one or more halogen atoms. The term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br, or I. The term “heteroatom” means N, O, or S and shall include any oxidized form of nitrogen and sulfur, and the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen. The term “amine” or “amino” used alone or as part of a larger moiety, refers to a trivalent nitrogen, which may be primary or which may be substituted with 1-2 aliphatic groups. The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl”, refers to monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic carbocyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen members, where at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 8 ring members. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring”. The term “heterocycle”, “heterocyclyl”, or “heterocyclic” as used herein means non-aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring systems having five to fourteen ring members in which one or more of the ring members is a heteroatom, wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members. One having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the maximum number of heteroatoms in a stable, chemically feasible heterocyclic or heteroaromatic ring is determined by the size of the ring, degree of unsaturation, and valence of the heteroatoms. In general, a heterocyclic or heteroaromatic ring may have one to four heteroatoms so long as the heterocyclic or heteroaromatic ring is chemically feasible and stable. The term “heteroaryl”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “heteroaralkyl” or “heteroarylalkoxy”, refers to monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, and wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic, at least one ring in the system contains one or more heteroatoms, and each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members. The term “heteroaryl” may be used interchangeably with the term “heteroaryl ring” or the term “heteroaromatic”. An aryl (including aralkyl, aralkoxy, aryloxyalkyl and the like) or heteroaryl (including heteroarylalkyl and heteroarylalkoxy and the like) group may contain one or more substituents. Suitable substituents on the unsaturated carbon atom of an aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl group are selected from halogen; haloalky; —CF 3 ; —R 4 ; —OR 4 ; —SR 4 ; 1,2-methylenedioxy; 1,2-ethylenedioxy; protected OH (such as acyloxy); phenyl (Ph); Ph substituted with R 4 ; —OPh; —OPh substituted with R 4 ; —CH 2 Ph; —CH 2 Ph substituted with R 4 ; —CH 2 CH 2 (Ph); —CH 2 CH 2 (Ph) substituted with R 4 ; —NO 2 ; CN; N(R 4 ) 2 ; —NR 4 C(O)R 4 ; —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 ; —NR 4 CO 2 R 4 ; —NR 4 NR 4 (O)R 4 ; —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 ; NR 4 NR 4 C(O)R 4 ; −NR 4 NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 ; —NR 4 NR 4 CO 2 R 4 ; —C(O)C(O)R 4 ; —C(O)CH 2 C(O)R 4 ; —CO 2 R 4 ; —C(O)R 4 ; —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 ; —OC(O)N(R 4 ) 2 ; —SO 2 R 4 ; —SO 2 N(R 4 ); —S(O)R 4 ; —NR 4 SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 ; —NR 4 SO 2 R 4 ; —C(═S)N(R 4 ) 2 ; —C(═NH)—N(R 4 ) 2 ; —(CH 2 ) y NHC(O)R 4 ; —(CH 2 ) y R 4 ; —(CH 2 ) y NHC(O)NHR 4 ; —(CH 2 ) y NHC(O)OR 4 ; —(CH 2 ) y NHS(O)R 4 ; —(CH 2 ) y NHSO 2 R 4 ; or —(CH 2 ) y NHC(O)CH(V—R 4 )R 4 ; wherein each R 4 is independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C 1-6 aliphatic, an unsubstituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring, phenyl (Ph), —O-Ph, —CH 2 (Ph); wherein y is 0-6; and V is a linker group. When R 4 is C 1-6 aliphatic, it may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 aliphatic), —N(C 1-4 aliphatic) 2 , —S(O)(C 1-4 aliphatic), —SO 2 (C 1-4 aliphatic), halogen, —(C 1-4 aliphatic), —OH, —O—(C 1-4 aliphatic), —NO 2 , —CN, —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-4 aliphatic), —O-(halo C 1-4 aliphatic), or -halo(C 1-4 aliphatic); wherein each C 1-4 aliphatic is unsubstituted. The term “linker group” or “linker” means an organic moiety that connects two parts of a compound. Linkers are comprised of —O—, —S—, —NR*—, —C(R*) 2 —, —C(O), or an alkylidene chain. The alkylidene chain is a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, C 1-6 carbon chain which is optionally substituted, and wherein up to two non-adjacent saturated carbons of the chain are optionally replaced by —C(O)—, —C(O)C(O)—, —C(O)NR*—, —C(O)NR*NR*—, NR*NR*—, —NR*C(O)—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —NR*—, —SO 2 NR*—, or —NR*SO 2 —; wherein R* is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic. Optional substituents on the alkylidene chain are as described below for an aliphatic group. An aliphatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring may contain one or more substituents. Suitable substituents on the saturated carbon of an aliphatic group or of a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring are selected from those listed above for the unsaturated carbon of an aryl or heteroaryl group and the following: ═O, ═S, ═NNHR 5 , ═NN(R 5 ) 2 , ═NR 5 , —OR 5 , ═NNHC(O)R 5 , ═NNHCO 2 R 5 , ═NNHSO 2 R 5 , or ═NR 5 , where each R 5 is independently selected from hydrogen or a optionally substituted C 1-6 aliphatic. When R 5 is C 1-6 aliphatic, it may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 aliphatic), —N(C 1-4 aliphatic) 2 , halogen, —OH, —O—(C 1-4 aliphatic), —NO 2 , —CN, —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-4 aliphatic), —O— (halo C 1-4 aliphatic), or (halo C 1-4 aliphatic); wherein each C 1-4 aliphatic is unsubstituted. Substituents on the nitrogen of a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring are selected from —R 6 , —N(R 6 ) 2 , —C(O)R 6 , —CO 2 R 6 , —C(O)C(O)R 6 , —C(O)CH 2 C(O)R 6 , —SO 2 R 6 , —SO 2 N(R 6 ) 2 , —C(═S)N(R 6 ) 2 , —C(═NH)—N(R 6 ) 2 , or —NRSO 2 R′; wherein each R 6 is independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C 1-6 aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl (Ph), optionally substituted —O—Ph, optionally substituted —CH 2 (Ph), or an unsubstituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring. When R 6 is a C 1-6 aliphatic group or a phenyl ring, it may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 aliphatic), —N(C 1-4 aliphatic) 2 , halogen, —(C 1-4 aliphatic), —OH, —O—(C 1-4 aliphatic), —NO 2 , —CN, —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-4 aliphatic), —O-halo(C 1-4 aliphatic), or (halo C 1-4 aliphatic); wherein each C 1-4 aliphatic is unsubstituted. Schemes 2-8 illustrate the application of the process of Scheme 1 to the synthesis of pyridinyl aryl amine derivatives. These pyridinyl diaryl amines synthesized according to the present invention may be further functionalized according to methods known to those of skill in the art in order to produce compounds that are potent inhibitors of p38 kinase. wherein: R 3 is selected from C 1 -C 6 aliphatic; aryl; and aryl substituted with C 1 -C 6 aliphatic, aryl, nitro, CN, CO 2 R′, CO 2 N(R′) 2 , OR′, NCO 2 R′, NR′C(O)N(R′) 2 , or OC(O)N(R′) 2 ; provided that R 3 is not t-butyl; G 1 , G 2 , G 3 , G 4 , and G 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, aryl, substituted aryl, nitro, CN, OR′, CO 2 R′, CO 2 N(R′) 2 , NR′CO 2 R′, NR′C(O)N(R′) 2 , OC(O)N(R′) 2 , F, Cl, Br, I, O-Ts, O-Ms, OSO 2 R′, and OC(O)R′; X is a leaving group; Y is —C(O)—O—Z; Z is selected from C 1 -C 6 aliphatic, benzyl, Fmoc, —SO 2 R′ or Q, provided that Q is not substituted with X or alkyne; wherein Q and R′ are as defined above. The various steps illustrated in Scheme 2 may be described as follows: Step 1: The starting material 21 is available by synthesis from 2-chloronicotinic acid according to procedures known in the art (see, e.g., Scheme 3). The starting material 21 is coupled with a protected aryl amine 22 (see, e.g., Scheme 3) in the presence of an alkali metal salt such as cesium carbonate in a solvent such as NMP; or alternatively in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium acetate, optionally a ligand such as BINAP or dppe, and optionally a base such as potassium phosphate in a compatible solvent such as toluene, MTBE, DME, or hexane, to give the protected coupling product of formula 23. Step 2: The protected coupling product 23 is reacted with an acid such as TFA in a suitable solvent such as methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, or chlorobenzene, to give the compound of formula 24. Scheme 3a illustrates the synthesis of starting material 21 and Scheme 3b exemplifies the further derivatization of deprotected coupling product 24 of Scheme 2. wherein R 3 , G 1 , G 2 , G 3 , G 4 , and G 5 are as set forth in Scheme 2 above. The various steps illustrated in Schemes 3a and 3b may be described as follows: Step A: Nicotinic acid derivative 31 may be activated by reacting it with a chloroformate activating agent such as SOCl 2 , phenylchloroformate, or p-nitrophenyl chloroformate, or a carbodiimide activating agent such as CDI, DCC, or EDC in the presence of HOBt and N-hydroxysuccinimide in a polar aprotic solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 , 1,2-dichloroethane, DMF, or NMP, and heating. An alcohol of the formula R 3 OH is then added to form compound 32. Step B: Compound 32 is coupled with a boronic acid such as 33 in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium acetate, a base such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide, or lithium t-butoxide in a solvent such as toluene, MTBE, DME, or hexane to give 34. Step C: Coupled product 34 is then N-oxidized in the presence of a reagent such as MCPBA, peracetic acid, or MMPP in a chlorinated solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 or 1,2-dichloroethane to give 35. Step D: N-oxide 35 is activated in the presence of a reagent such as POCl 3 , POBr 3 , SOCl 2 , SO 2 Cl 2 , or SOBr 2 to give 21. Steps 1 and 2 are as set forth in Scheme 2 above. Step E: The free amine of 24 is derivatized to form the corresponding urea by reaction with an activated carbonyl such as X 4 C(O)X 5 , wherein X 4 and X 5 are each independently selected from Cl, Br, I, imidazole, O-Ph, p-nitrophenyloxy, substituted O-aryl, or a leaving group, and then reacting the carbonyl with ammonium hydroxide in a solvent such as toluene, DME, or MTBE to form 36. Step F: The ester functionality of 36 is reduced to the corresponding alcohol in the presence of a reducing agent such as DIBAL, LAH, super hydride, L-Selectide, LiBH 4 , NaBH 3 (anilide), Red-Al, or NaBH 4 in a solvent such as THF, DME, MTBE, MeOH, EtOH, IPA, t-BuOH, glyme, or diglyme to form 37. Step G: The alcohol of 37 may be further functionalized such as by activation with X 4 C(O)X 5 , wherein X 4 and X 5 are as described in step E above, then reacting the carbonyl with OH(CH 2 ) 2 NH 2 to form 38. Although the processes of schemes 4-7 are illustrated using specific reagents and starting materials, it will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that suitable analogous reactants and starting materials may be used to prepare analogous compounds. Scheme 4 provides an example using the method of the instant invention to produce a diaryl amine. The various steps illustrated in Scheme 4 may be briefly described as follows: Step 1: 6-chloro-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-nicotinic acid methyl ester 41 is available by synthesis from 2-chloronicotinic acid (see, e.g., Scheme 5). 41 is coupled with a protected aryl amine such as Boc-2,6-difluoroaniline 42 (see, e.g., Scheme 5) in the presence of an alkali metal salt such as cesium carbonate and a solvent such as NMP; or alternatively in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium acetate, optionally a ligand such as BINAP, and optionally a base such as potassium phosphate in a compatible solvent such as toluene to give the protected coupling product of formula 43. Step 2: Protected coupling product 43 is reacted with an acid such as TFA in a suitable solvent such as methylene chloride to give the compound of formula 44. More generally, one of skill in the art will recognize that the compound of formula 44 may be produced by the reaction of 41a with 42a: wherein X and Y are as set forth above. Scheme 5a illustrates the synthesis of starting material 41 and Scheme 5b illustrates the further derivatization of the deprotected coupling product 44 of Scheme 4. The various steps illustrated in Schemes 5a and 5b may be briefly described as follows: Step A: 6-Chloronicotinic acid 51 is activated by reacting with a chloroformate activating agent such as SOCl 2 , phenylchloroformate, or p-nitrophenyl chloroformate, or a carbodiimide activating agent such as CDI, DCC, or EDC in the presence of HOBt and N-hydroxysuccinimide in a polar aprotic solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 , 1,2-dichloroethane, DMF, or NMP, and heating. An alcohol such as methanol is then added to form 6-chloronicotinic acid methyl ester 52. Step B: Compound 52 is coupled with a boronic acid such as 53 in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium acetate, a base such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide, or lithium t-butoxide in a solvent such as toluene, MTBE, DME, or hexane to give 54. Step C: The coupled product 54 is then N-oxidized in the presence of a reagent such as MCPBA, peracetic acid, or MMPP in a chlorinated solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 or 1,2-dichloroethane to give 55. Step D: The activated N-oxide 55 is halogenated in the presence of a reagent such as POCl 3 , POBr 3 , SOCl 2 , SO 2 Cl 2 , or SOBr 2 to give 41. Steps 1 and 2 are as set forth for Scheme 4 above. Step E: The free amine of 44 is derivatized to form the corresponding urea by reaction with an activated carbonyl such as X 4 C(O)X 5 , wherein X 4 and X 5 each are independently selected from Cl, Br, I, imidazole, O-Ph, p-nitrophenyloxy, substituted O-aryl, or a leaving group, and then reacting the carbonyl with ammonium hydroxide in a solvent such as toluene, DME, or MTBE to form 56. Step F: The ester functionality of 56 is reduced to the corresponding alcohol in the presence of a reducing agent such as DIBAL, LAH, super hydride, L-Selectide, LiBH 4 , NaBH 3 (anilide), Red-Al, or NaBH 4 in a solvent such as THF, DME, MTBE, MeOH, EtOH, IPA, t-BuOH, glyme, or diglyme to form 57. Step G: The alcohol of 57 may be further functionalized such as by reaction with X 4 C(O)X 5 , wherein X 4 and X 5 are as described in step E above, then reacting the carbonyl with OH(CH 2 ) 2 NH 2 to form 58. Scheme 6 provides an example using the method of the instant invention to produce a diaryl amine. The various steps illustrated in Scheme 6 may be briefly described as follows: Step 1: 6-chloro-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-nicotinic acid ethyl ester 61 is available by synthesis from 2-chloronicotinic acid (see, e.g., Scheme 7). 61 is coupled with a protected aryl amine such as Boc-2,6-difluoroaniline 42 (see, e.g., Scheme 7) in the presence of an alkali metal salt such as cesium carbonate and a solvent such as NMP; or alternatively in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium acetate, optionally a ligand such as BINAP, and optionally a base such as potassium phosphate in a compatible solvent such as toluene to give the protected coupling product of formula 62. Step 2: The protected coupling product 62 is reacted with an acid such as TFA in a suitable solvent such as methylene chloride to give the compound of formula 63. More generally, one of skill in the art will recognize that the compound of formula 63 may be produced by the reaction of 61a with 42a: wherein X and Y are as defined above. Scheme 7a illustrates the synthesis of starting material 61 and Scheme 7b illustrates the further derivatization of the deprotected coupling product 63 of Scheme 6. The various steps in Schemes 7a and 7b may be briefly described as follows: Step A: 6-Chloronicotinic acid 51 is activated by reacting with a chloroformate activating agent such as SOCl 2 , phenylchloroformate, or p-nitrophenyl chloroformate, or a carbodiimide activating agent such as CDI, DCC, or EDC in the presence of HOBt and N-hydroxysuccinimide in a polar aprotic solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 , 1,2-dichloroethane, DMF, or NMP, and heating. An alcohol such as ethanol is then added to form 6-chloronicotinic acid ethyl ester 71. Step B: Compound 71 is coupled with a boronic acid such as 72 in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium acetate, a base such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide, or lithium t-butoxide in a solvent such as toluene, MTBE, DME, or hexane to give 73. Step C: Coupled product 73 is then N-oxidized in the presence of a reagent such as MCPBA, peracetic acid, or MMPP in a chlorinated solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 or 1,2-dichloroethane to give 74. Step D: The activated N-oxide 74 is halogenated in the presence of a reagent such as POCl 3 , POBr 3 , SOCl 2 , SO 2 Cl 2 , or SOBr 2 to give 61. Steps 1 and 2 are as set forth for Scheme 6 above. Step E: The ester functionality of 63 is saponified in the presence of a base such as NaOH in a solvent such as THF, and then acidified in the presence of an acid such as HCl to form 75. Step F: 75 is then reacted with diphosgene followed by NH 4 OH to form the amide-urea compound 76. The various steps in Scheme 8 may be briefly described as follows: Step A: 6-chloro-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-nicotinic acid ethyl ester 61 is available by synthesis from 2-chloronicotinic acid. Starting material 61 is coupled with a protected aryl amine such as Boc-2,6-difluoroaniline 42 in the presence of an alkali metal salt such as cesium carbonate in a compatible solvent such as NMP to give the protected coupling product. The protected coupling product is then reacted with an acid such as TFA in a suitable solvent such as methylene chloride to give the compound of formula 63. Step B: The ester functionality of 63 is saponified in the presence of a base such as NaOH in a solvent such as THF, and then acidified in the presence of an acid such as HCl to form 75. Step C: 75 is then reacted with diphosgene followed by NH 4 OH to form the amide-urea compound 76. The following examples illustrate the present invention in a manner in which it may be practiced, but should not be construed as limitations upon the overall scope of the processes of the invention. Where applicable, the following HPLC method was utilized unless otherwise indicated: a gradient of water:acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA (90:10->10:90->90:10) was run over 26 minutes at 1 mL/min and 254 nm. The method utilizes the Zorbax SB Phenyl 4.6×25 cm column, 5 μm. The term “T ret ” refers to the retention time, in minutes, associated with the compound. According to another embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide compounds of formula (A) or formula (B): wherein: each of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 is independently selected from fluoro or chloro; and R is H or methyl. Compounds of formula (A) and formula (B) are useful as inhibitors of p38. International PCT Publication WO 99/58502 (hereinafter “the '502 publication”), the disclosure whereof is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a genus of compounds that encompasses compounds of formula (A) and formula (B). The methods of the present invention may be readily used to produce compounds of the '502 publication. According to a preferred embodiment of formula (A), each of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 is fluoro. According to another preferred embodiment of formula (A), R is H. According to a preferred embodiment of formula (B), each of X 1 , X 2 , and X 4 is fluoro. According to another preferred embodiment of formula (B), R is H. According to the most preferred embodiment of formula (B), the methods of the present invention produce compound 77 below: EXAMPLES Example 1 2-Chloro-nicotinic acid methyl ester (52): 52 was prepared according to the method of Synth. Comm. 26(12), 2257-2272 (1996). To a nitrogen purged flask was charged 2-chloro-nicotinic acid (1000.0 g, 6.0 moles, 1.0 eq) followed by 9 L methylene chloride. To this was added thionyl chloride (1.4 L, 19.7 moles, 3.2 eq.) and the reaction was heated to 40° C. with vigorous stirring under nitrogen overnight. The acid chloride solution was cooled in an ice bath and methanol (3 L, 74 moles, 12 eq.) was slowly added while keeping the temperature at 20° C. The rate limiting parameter is the vigorous evolution of copious quantities of HCl gas. After the addition, HPLC analysis [T ret starting material=7.5 min, T ret 52=11 min] showed the product had formed immediately. The volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue extracted from 10% Na 2 CO 3 with EtOAc. The combined organics were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated to a pale yellow oil. Example 2 2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-nicotinic acid methyl ester (54): To a nitrogen purged flask was charged Pd(Ph 3 ) 4 (1.84 g, 1.6 mmoles, 0.005 eq), sodium carbonate (42.8 g, 404 mmoles, 1.3 eq), 52 (55.5 g, 320.6 mmoles, 1.0 eq), p-fluorophenylboronic acid (53.8 g, 384.7 mmoles, 1.2 eq), followed by 1.3 L denatured EtOH. The reaction was heated to 78° C. with vigorous stirring under N 2 overnight. HPLC analysis [T ret 52=10 min, T ret 54=12 min] of the reaction mixture showed that the starting material was completely consumed and a later-eluting peak produced. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the solvents removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered through celite, and concentrated to afford a pale yellow solid 54. Example 3 2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1-oxy-nicotinic acid methyl ester (55): To a nitrogen purged flask was charged urea hydrogen peroxide (86.9 g, 924 mmoles, 4.0 eq.), the diaryl pyridine 54 (53.4 g, 231 mmoles, 1.0 eq) and 530 mL acetic acid. The bright yellow homogeneous solution was heated to 70-75° C. with vigorous stirring under nitrogen until the HPLC analysis [T ret 54=12 min, T ret 55=10 min] showed >97% completion. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the contents slowly poured onto 500 g of ice. To the vigorously stirred icy mixture was slowly added 6N NaOH to pH 7 while maintaining a temperature of 30° C. EtOAc and NaHCO 3 (solid) were added until an aqueous pH of 8-9 was reached, and the solids dissolved. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer back-extracted with EtOAc. The combined organics were washed with 5% NaHCO 3 and then tested by peroxide test strips for the presence of oxidant. If the organic layer was positive for peracid, the bicarbonate washes were repeated until the test was negative. Once negative for peracid, the combined organics were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated to a pale yellow solid 55. Example 4 6-Chloro-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-nicotinic acid methyl ester (41): To a nitrogen purged flask was charged the N-Oxide 55 (45 g, 182 mmoles, 1.0 eq) followed by 300 mL dichloroethane. The phosphorous oxychloride (101 mL, 1080 mmoles, 6 eq) was added all at once, causing an immediate rise in temperature from 17 to 19° C. followed by gradual warming after that. The solution was heated under nitrogen to 70-75° C. until HPLC analysis [T ret 55=10 min, T ret 41=17 min] showed >94% completion. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the contents concentrated under vacuum to remove most of the POCl 3 . The remainder was quenched by slowly pouring onto 450 g of ice. After melting the ice, the product was extracted into methylene chloride. The combined organics were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered through silica, eluted with methylene chloride, and concentrated to a solid 41. Example 5 6-(2,6-Difluoro-phenylamino)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-nicotinic acid methyl ester (44): To a nitrogen purged flask was charged palladium acetate (13.2 g, 59 mmoles, 0.04 eq), racemic BINAP (36.6 g, 59 mmoles, 0.04 eq), followed by 1.9 L toluene. The heterogeneous slurry was heated to 50° C. under nitrogen for 2 hours, cooled to 30° C., then the pyridyl chloride 41 (386.4 g, 1.45 moles, 1.0 eq) and Boc-2,6-difluoroaniline 42 (386.4 g, 1.69 moles, 1.2 eq), and K 3 PO 4 (872 g, 4.1 moles, 2.8 eq) were added all at once followed by a 1.9 L toluene rinse. The heterogeneous reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. overnight and monitored by HPLC. When the reaction showed complete conversion to 43 by HPLC [T ret 41=17 min, T ret 43=20.5 min, T ret 44=17.6 min, monitored at 229 nm] (usually between 18-20 hours) the reaction was cooled to room temperature and the contents diluted with 1.94 L EtOAc. To this was added 1×1.94 L of 6N HCl, and both layers were filtered through celite. The celite wet cake was rinsed with 2×1.9 L EtOAc. The layers were separated and the organic layer washed with 1×1.9 L of brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to a brown, viscous oil. To remove the Boc-protecting group, the oil was dissolved in 1.94 L of methylene chloride and 388 mL TFA was added. The reaction was stirred overnight to facilitate Boc removal. The volatiles were removed in vacuo, EtOAc (1.9 L) and sufficient quantity of 1 or 6 N NaOH was added until the pH was 2-7. Then a sufficient quantity of 5% NaHCO 3 was added to bring the pH to 8-9. The organic layer was separated and washed with 1×5% NaHCO 3 , dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered an concentrated to a brown oil/liquid. The crude oil/liquid was azeodried twice with a sufficient quantity of toluene. At times the free base precipitated out resulting in a slurry. The residue was dissolved in 500 mL toluene and 1.6 L 1N HCl/ether solution was added, which resulted in the solids crashing out. Heat was applied until the homogenized/solids broke up. If necessary, 200 mL of EtOAc can be added to facilitate the break up. After cooling, the solid 44 was isolated by vacuum filtration. Example 6 6-1-(2,6-Difluoro-phenyl)-ureido]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-nicotinic acid methyl ester (56): To a nitrogen purged flask was charged the amino ester HCl salt of 44 (262 g, 0.67 mole, 1.0 eq), followed by 1.2 L toluene. To the heterogeneous mixture was added phosgene (1.4 L of 1.93 M toluene solution, 2.7 moles, 4.0 eq) and the reaction was heated to 50° C. under nitrogen overnight. The progress of the reaction to form the —NC(O)Cl moiety was monitored by HPLC [T ret 44=17.6 min, T ret carbamoyl intermediate=19.7 min, T ret 56=16.4 min, monitored at 229 nm]. Once the nitrogen was completely reacted, the brown solution was cooled to approximately −5° C., and NH 4 OH (0.84 L, 12.4 moles, 18.5 eq) was slowly added dropwise. As the addition neared completion a solid formed. The slurry was stirred with 1 L of water and collected by vacuum filtration. The wet cake was washed with 1×390 mL toluene to remove late eluting impurities. Example 7 1-(2,6-Difluoro-phenyl)-1-[6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl]-urea (57): To a nitrogen purged flask was charged the urea-ester 56 (10.0 g, 24.92 mmol, 1.0 eq) followed by 10 mL THF. The mixture was cooled to 0-5° C. To the cooled solution was added DIBAL-H/THF solution (149.5 mL, 149.5 mmol, 6.0 eq) dropwise over 20-30 minutes. The mixture was stirred at 15-20° C. while the reaction progress was monitored by HPLC [T ret 56=16.4 min, T ret 57=14.0 min, monitored at 229 nm]. The reaction mixture was quenched into cooled (5-10° C.) 15% aqueous H 2 SO 4 (150 mL). After the quench was completed, the mixture was stirred for 10-15 minutes. To the mixture was added TBME (150 mL). The mixture was heated at 50° C. for 60 minutes. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, and the aqueous layer was removed. The organic layer was concentrated to about 35 mL of residual volume. The dilution and concentration process was then repeated. The residual mixture was cooled to 0-2° C., and held at that temperature for 45 minutes. The off-white solid 57 was collected by suction filtration using cold toluene (25 mL) as a rinse solvent. The solid was dried under vacuum at ambient temperature for 3-5 hours to afford 80% corrected yield. Example 8 (2-Hydroxy-ethyl)-carbamic acid 6-[1-(2,6-difluoro-phenyl)-ureido]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-pyridin-3-yl methyl ester (58): To a nitrogen purged flask was charged the benzylic alcohol 57 (7.1 g, 19.0 mmoles, 1.0 eq) and CDI (6.2 g, 38.0 mmoles, 2.0 eq) followed by 71 mL THF. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 1-2 hours and then test-quenched into dry acetonitrile/excess ethanolamine. If the activation was not complete, additional CDI can be added until the test quench indicated complete conversion. Once the test-quench showed complete conversion to 58, the reaction was quenched by slowly adding 2.0 eq ethanolamine (0.64 mL, 38 mmoles). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours whereupon HPLC analysis [T ret 57=14.2 min, T ret 58=13.6 min, monitored at 229 nm] indicated complete conversion to 58. The THF was removed under vacuum and the residue dissolved in 71 mL ethyl acetate and washed with aqueous NH4Cl solution (2×71 mL) followed by brine (1×71 mL). The organic layer was azeodried with EtOAc (2×71 mL). The residue was reconstituted with 71 mL EtOAc, filtered, and re-concentrated. To the final residue was added 7.1 mL EtOAc and 63 mL of toluene then gently heated to 35-40° C. Upon cooling, a white solid formed which could be isolated by vacuum filtration and washed with cold toluene. Example 9 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-6-(2,6-difluorophenylamino)-nicotinic acid ethyl ester (63): In a 1 L, 4-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with an overhead mechanical stirrer, heating mantle, reflux condenser, and thermocouple was charged 61 (50 g), Cs 2 CO 3 (150 g) and 0.15 L of NMP. The solution was stirred vigorously and heated to 65° C. at which time to the suspension was added a solution of 42 (60 g) in 0.10 L of NMP over 10 minutes. Heating at 65° C. for 18 hours, HPLC showed ˜85% conversion of 61 to the desired Boc adduct. At this time, the temperature was increased to 75° C., and HPLC analysis after heating for an additional 18 hours showed ˜97% conversion of 61 to the desired Boc adduct 62 (not shown). The mixture was then cooled to 20 and poured in one portion into 2.0 L of water stirring in a 4-necked, 3 L, round-bottomed flask equipped with an overhead mechanical stirrer and thermocouple. The temperature of the water rose from 22° C. to 27° C. as a result of the addition of the NMP solution. The suspension was then cooled to 15° C. and the tan solid was collected by filtration, rinsed with water and pulled dry on the filter for 2 hours. In a 2 L, 4-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with an overhead mechanical stirrer and thermocouple was charged the tan solid and 0.8 L of CH 2 Cl 2 . To the stirred solution was added 70 mL of TFA in one portion. After two hours stirring at ambient temperature, none of the Boc protected material was detected by HPLC, and the mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation. The oily residue was taken up in 0.7 L EtOAc, and treated with 0.7 L saturated NaHCO 3 , during which gas was produced. The EtOAc layer was washed with 0.25 L saturated NaCl and concentrated by rotary evaporation. To the resultant brown oil was added 0.2 L EtOAc and the solution treated with HCl in Et 2 O (0.4 L of 2.0 M solution) and stirred for 60 minutes. The product 63, a yellow powder, was collected by filtration (70.5% yield). The product may be recrystallized by heating the crude salt in 4 mL EtOH/g of crude product to reflux, then cooling to ambient temperature. While we have hereinbefore presented a number of embodiments of this invention, it is apparent that the basic construction can be altered to provide other embodiments which utilize the methods of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the claims appended hereto rather than the specific embodiments which have been presented hereinbefore by way of example.

The present invention relates to processes for the facile synthesis of diaryl amines and analogues thereof. The processes of the present invention produce diaryl amines in high yield and purity. The present invention also relates to intermediates useful in the process of the present invention.

PRIORITY CLAIM [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/045,204 filed Apr. 15, 2008, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Traditional caller name identification on mobile telephone networks is performed in a network architecture using a pair of service points known as a network control point (NCP) and a network termination point (NTP). Essentially the NTP manages signal traffic for terminating and connecting calls between carrier networks and to their subscribers. The NCP manages subscriber accounts and informatics for callers, including network-based caller information services. This architecture permits various carrier networks to interoperate and to evaluate and apply appropriate rules using the caller and receiver telephone numbers (such as billing and roaming rates, etc.). Caller identification services may be applied at this juncture, as well, provided that the caller identification information associated with the caller's telephone numbers can be obtained quickly so as not to delay the call flow (such as initiation, connection, and termination of the call) between the carrier networks and, ultimately, connection to the receiver's handset. One standard for such caller identification services is Caller Name (CNAM). An example of a CNAM service is offered by Verisign® (CITE VERISIGN DOCUMENTS). Other CNAM providers include products and services from Targus® and Syniverse®. [0003] CNAM provides caller name and city/state locations by querying a high speed, high volume database (DB), referred to as a line information database (LIDB). CNAM services provide information about the calling party for a fee, typically billed to the subscriber's account. The fee varies by contract but is typically $0.01 per call. CNAM traffic on a telephone carrier network is also high volume. A hypothetical carrier with twenty million subscribers making seven calls on average per day results in 140 million possible CNAM transactions on a dedicated network. As there are many carriers in telephony, and many subscribers that maintain more than one phone line, the CNAM market has grown from servicing only land-line Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN) to include other communication networks, such as mobile and voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephony. Thus, there is the potential for well over a billion CNAM transactions per day. In operation, a CNAM service takes an incoming call from the NTP, sends call information (including the caller's number and the dialed number) into the NCP, determines that the query can be billed to the subscriber, determines which carrier the inbound call is coming from, makes the query to a service which can query name and phone number databases (such as the Line Information Database (LIDB) of the caller's carrier), resolves a name or a city/state pair for a phone number transiting the network, and send that information along with the caller's Mobile Dialable Number (MDN) to the receiving handset for display when the call is received (typically during the incoming call ring). [0004] Typically, a CNAM query is completed in less than 2 seconds. This permits the caller to experience normal “ring tones” during the call, with no perceived delay to the calling parties, and for the calling handset to have its call connected to the receiver in a reasonable amount of time. Once terminated on the receiving carrier's network termination point (NTP), the CNAM query result is sent as a text string along with the caller's CID to the receiver's phone and placed on the display of the receiving handset. While it is possible to make CNAM queries from the receiving handset, any significant delay placed upon the recipient of the incoming call by making a CNAM query from the mobile handset may create an unacceptable calling experience to one or both of the calling parties, such as a delay in the call termination for the calling party or a delay in the display of the caller information to the receiving party. In the case of a CNAM query from the receiving handset, the perceived delay occurs because the query is commenced after the network termination point (NTP) has connected the call to the receiving handset. With such a delay, the user may thus answer the call, or may choose to ignore the call, before the caller information is transmitted to the handset. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] The present invention provides a phone network in a wireless environment that does not perform CNAM queries when a number is already stored in the receiving handsets' caller directory. CNAM query fees are charged only to obtain caller information on a new caller. The network does not make CNAM queries when the caller information is already available, whether in the contact information stored on the receiver's handset or through some other reliable source. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0006] Preferred and alternative examples of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the following drawings: [0007] FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an example system formed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; [0008] FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram of an example method performed by the system shown in FIG. 1 ; and [0009] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of the system in operation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0010] The present invention adds some architectural (software and/or hardware) components to a carrier network in the form of a database and query logic to determine whether a CNAM query is needed in order to provide caller identification information. [0011] As shown in FIG. 1 , an example wireless environment 20 includes a caller system 30 , a receiver system (network control point (NCP)) 32 , a data network 38 , a network server 36 , a database 40 , a Line Information Database (LIDB) 34 and a mobile handset (receiving device) 42 . The caller system 30 sends a call destined for the mobile handset 42 to the NCP 32 . The NCP 32 sends the caller number (CID) included in the call to the network server 36 over the data network 38 . The network server 36 queries the database 40 to determine if the database 40 indicates that a (CNAM) query is not needed because the mobile handset 42 already includes MDN information pertaining to the CID stored locally in the mobile handset 42 . If the MDN is not stored in the mobile handset 42 , then a traditional CNAM query is performed using the CID. [0012] In one embodiment, the system above performs a traditional CNAM query based on an incoming number over a carrier network, which allows the carrier to supply the CID and the CNAM associated with the CID in a string for display on the mobile handset 42 when the call is received. This number and name can then be stored in the mobile handset caller directory for later reference. Alternatively, the owner of the receiving handset can enter or import contact information including names and telephone numbers into the handset. [0013] When the network termination point NTP indicates that a call is in progress, dialing information is sent to the NCP 32 . The NCP 32 checks each incoming call CID against the database 40 associated with that NCP 32 or the network server 36 accessible with the NCP 32 . A table stored in the database 40 contains a copy of the receiving handset's caller directory (i.e., Mobile Directory Number (MDN)). At a minimum the table stores telephone numbers that were previously received by the mobile handset 42 . The caller directory list may be in a database table that is co-located with the NCP 32 , distributed on the carrier network, or on a network-addressable memory or storage device. The NCP 32 queries the caller directory table to determine whether the calling MDN is already stored in the caller directory (i.e., contact list) of the mobile handset 42 . Using the query result (Yes or No), the NCP 32 performs CNAM queries for numbers (incoming call, i.e. calling MDN) which are not already contained in the caller directory table, and does not perform a CNAM query when the calling MDN is associated with an MDN stored in the caller directory table. [0014] In one embodiment, the mobile handset's caller directory table is updated via a network message (e.g. short message service (SMS) message or via the carrier's data network) sent from the mobile handset 42 each time an MDN is modified (added or subtracted) in the caller directory stored on the mobile handset 42 . A small client software component operating on the mobile handset 42 sends the phone numbers for those contacts which are stored in the mobile handset caller directory (also called the mobile user's ‘contacts’ or ‘address book’) to the network server 36 . The network server 36 stores the received information in the caller directory table in the database 40 when received. A CNAM query may be made and the result stored by the client software on the receiving handset 42 based on detected modifications to caller directory entries on the handset. Also, the information in the caller directory on the receiving handset 42 may also be refreshed periodically, by making CNAM queries either on a set period of time (e.g., every six months), or based on a certain count of incoming calls from that number (e.g., request a CNAM query to check the accuracy of the caller directory information (i.e., synchronizing the directory table with the caller directory on the mobile handset 42 ) every 15 th time the caller's MDN is detected on an incoming call). The above techniques maintain the accuracy of the caller information on the mobile handset 42 should names and/or phone numbers change, while avoiding CNAM queries for every call and intelligently using CNAM to maintain the accuracy of caller information in the caller directory. [0015] In an alternate embodiment, privacy or network access restrictions may prevent copying the mobile handset caller directory to the caller directory table on the network server 36 . In this case, the table is updated with caller information only when an incoming call to the receiving handset 42 is made, the inbound number is recorded when the call is terminated. When a CNAM query is made, the resulting text string (containing the caller name and/or city/state information) is stored in the caller directory table. The first time a number is received (not in caller directory table), a CNAM query is made. Thereafter, no CNAM query need be made if the table contains those records. Caller identification information may be sent from the table directly to the receiving handset 42 or it may be assumed that the user previously stored the number and caller identification information that resulted from the initial call. In the latter case, the calling party is identified using the information stored locally on the mobile handset 42 . [0016] The client software on the receiving handset 42 may also include a feature that encourages subscribers to move call list entries to the contact database (caller directory) on the handset 42 and provides an indication to the software to update the contact list in the database 40 . [0017] The client software on the receiving handset 42 may also include a feature that automatically moves call list entries to the contact database on the handset 42 and provides an indication to the software to update the contact list in the database 40 with those entries. [0018] The client software on the receiving handset 42 may also include a feature that automatically moves an inbound call's MDN directly into the contact database on the handset 42 and provides an indication to the client software to update the contact list in the database 40 with those entries. [0019] On receiving the indication to update the contact list in the database 40 , the client software on the receiving handset 42 sends an indication that an MDN has been stored in the contact database on the handset 42 . This can take the form of sending any stored MDNs back to the network server 36 or sending a confirmation. [0020] The contact list in the database 40 may also store all incoming MDNs and received caller identification information regardless of whether the receiving handset 42 stores the MDN in the local contact database. Thereafter, the client software on the receiving handset 42 may cooperate with the contact list in the database 40 by providing an indication for each MDN stored in the contact database on the receiving handset 42 rather than exchanging the caller information itself. [0021] Similarly, the list of numbers associated with the subscriber in the contact list in the database 40 can be checked against the list stored in the directory on the handset 42 periodically and refreshed using CNAM services as described herein. The caller name information does not need to be requested by the carrier if it is available on the receiving handset. Only telephone numbers that are stored on the receiving handset need to be checked prior to determine if a CNAM query should be made. [0022] The present invention is described for mobile networks but works for mobile, VoIP and traditional telephone networks provided there is a source for the network caller directory information (operating in the manner of the contact directory in a mobile handset described herein), an identifier or telephone number associated with the caller, and a communications carrier that provides network access to CNAM services. [0023] FIG. 2 illustrates an example method 100 performed by the system shown in FIG. 1 . First at a block 104 a call is received at the NCP 32 of a mobile carrier. Next, at a decision block 108 , the NCP 32 or the network server 36 determines if the MDN of the received call is stored (associated with) contact information (table) stored in the database 40 . If it is determined that the MDN is stored in the database 40 , then CID information included in the database 40 is retrieved from the database 40 and sent to the recipient with the call. When the receiving handset 42 receives the call with the CID information, the CID information is displayed/outputted to the user. Where CID information is not stored in the database 40 , then an indicator is sent with the call to the recipient. When the receiving handset 42 receives the call with the indicator, the CID information is retrieved from the local caller directory (contact list) and displays/outputs it to the user. [0024] If at the decision block 108 the NCP 32 or the network server 36 determines that the MDN of the received call is not stored (associated with) contact information (table) stored in the database 40 , then at a block 110 a CNAM query is executed using the LIDB 34 . At a block 114 , if the CNAM query finds an associated CID, then that CID is sent to the recipient with the call. At a block 116 , if the CNAM query does not find an associated CID, then the MDN of the sender is used to determine city/state information. The city/state information is then sent to the recipient with the call. [0025] FIG. 3 illustrates examples of the how the wireless environment 20 of FIG. 1 operates. In a first example, callers from first and second MDNs (206.555.1212, 425.111.1234) are analyzed at the NCP 32 and the network server 36 . It is determined that corresponding records exist in the subscriber contacts database (the database 40 ). In this example, the mobile handset 42 displays the MDNs and associated names from the contact directory of the mobile handset 42 . [0026] In another example, the first and second MDNs (206.555.1212, 425.111.1234) do not have corresponding records in the subscriber contacts database (the database 40 ). The NCP 32 looks in the LIDB 34 for CNAM information. In this example, if CNAM information exists in the LIDB 34 for the MDNs (206.555.1212, 425.111.1234), the NCP 32 sends the MDNs and CNAM query results to the mobile handset 42 for display. For the MDN 206.555.1212, if CNAM information does not exist in the LIDB 34 , the MDN is used to determine city and/or state information that is communicated along with the MDN to the mobile handset 42 for display/output. Note that the LIDB may be that of the subscriber's carrier (for in-network calls) or a third party carrier's LIDB (containing information on subscribers on other communication networks). CNAM services typically service caller information on one or more LIDBs to provide service to subscribers; this also permits them to aggregate access to the LIDBs to relieve the burden on the independent carriers and permit them to interoperate without having to maintain their own high speed database services for CNAM. [0027] Although atypical of CNAM as traditionally offered, the present invention could also be practiced based on the caller's contact information being maintained in a contact list on database accessible by the NCP at the caller's carrier. A CNAM operation can be initiated on the caller's side, and the decision to query CNAM made using lists in caller directories associated and/or accessed over the network by the NCP of the caller's carrier. A CNAM query made in reference to the caller's contact list would then pass on the resulting caller name information without charge to the receiving party. This would be advantageous to the caller, such as a business enterprise, in that the call information and branding (e.g., corporate name) about their business can be maintained correctly by providing caller information to the caller's contacts. This would also permit private parties to share their contact information without the risk of spoofing or user error—since the information is provided in the first instance by CNAM, not the caller (assuming that the CNAM information is accurate, and properly stored in their caller directory on their handset). The present invention would permit this without undue expense to the calling party, since the caller information in the online directory would indicate that the receiving party already received the calling parties' information (since the receiving party is already stored in the caller's contact list). It is also noted that while calling on voice channels is the preferred embodiment, the present invention could be used to manage the CNAM queries and place sender identification information in incoming messages to devices on mobile networks, including SMS, email, data traffic, and so forth. [0028] While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, as noted above, many changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is not limited by the disclosure of the preferred embodiment. Instead, the invention should be determined entirely by reference to the claims that follow.

A phone network in a wireless environment that does not perform CNAM queries when a number is already stored in the receiving handsets' caller directory. CNAM query fees are charged only to obtain caller information on a new caller. The network does not make CNAM queries when the caller information is already available, whether in the contact information stored on the receiver's handset or through some other reliable source.

BACKGROUND 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a method for influencing a shift process connected with a change in transmission ratio when driving a motor vehicle. 2. Description of Related Art It is known to control automatic transmissions so that up-shifting into a higher gear is prevented when traveling around a curve. The purpose is that a driver who, for example, lets upon on the accelerator immediately before a curve or in a curve and depresses the accelerator again after leaving the curve will have the same amount of torque available after the curve as when entering the curve. It is thus intended that a driver who for example lets up on the accelerator immediately before a curve or in a curve, after travelling past the curve when pushing down on the accelerator again has the same power and performance as when driving into the curve. During normal shift programs, letting up on the accelerator would lead to the transmission shifting into a higher gear and on leaving the curve there would be insufficient acceleration power or the transmissions would only shift back to a lower bear before renewed acceleration. It is known from DE 196 18 804 to develop a method where shifts are suppressed in curves to the extent that in addition the type of driver is determined and the type of shift suppression is influenced. In many cases, for example when travelling around very long curves or in the case of vehicles with manual shift transmissions it is neither desirable nor possible to fully suppress gear changes when travelling around curves. In these cases it is however desirable in order to let the shifting process take place in a manner that is adapted to the momentary conditions of a curved course of travel. Accordingly the invention is concerned with the problem of providing a method for influencing a shift process connected to a change in transmission ratio when driving a motor vehicle which also leads when driving round curves to comfortable shifting which does not impair driving safety. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for influencing a shift process connected to a change in transmission ratio when driving a motor vehicle that results in comfortable shifting when driving around curves and does not impair driving performance or safety. It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus capable of performing the above described process. The present invention influences the shift process that occurs during a change in transmission ratio when a motor vehicle follows a curved path, such as a curve in the road. This allows the driving character of the vehicle during the shift process to be altered as desired, such as the performance of the vehicle or maintaining adequate safety and control over the vehicle. Preliminarily, the state of the vehicle in a curved path must be detected. This may be accomplished by detecting one or more characteristics of the vehicle that indicate the vehicle is driving in a curved path. Various characteristics, by way of example, may include the transverse force exerted on the drive wheels of the vehicle, the transverse acceleration of the vehicle, the steering angle, difference in speed between wheels on an axle, operating condition of vehicle systems, and the navigational position of the car. In addition, the measured characteristics may be compared against predetermined values or using algorithms to determine amount of actual or desired curvature of the vehicle path. Once it is detected that the vehicle is traveling on a curved path, which may include the degree, the shift process during a transmission ratio change may be influenced in a predetermined way. The result of this influence may be, for example, to decrease the longitudinal forces that act on the driven wheels, increasing comfort, safety or performance. Ways to influence the shift process may include, by way of example, altering the rate of ratio change or clutch engagement, or modifying the activation of various running modes. According to the present invention, an apparatus is provided for accomplishing the processes of the invention. The apparatus can include a detector for detecting whether the vehicle is traveling around a curve, and a transmission ratio shifter that is responsive to the detector and influences the shift process. The detector may be capable of detecting one or more characteristics of the vehicle that indicate that the vehicle is driving in a curved path. Examples of such detectors may include sensors to detect forces exerted on the driven wheels, vehicle acceleration, wheel speeds, steering angle, vehicle system operating parameters and navigational position of the car. The apparatus may also evaluate the vehicle characteristics, to which the transmission ratio shifter may respond in predetermined ways. The transmission ratio shifter, for example, may alter the rate of ratio change or clutch engagement, or modify the activation of various running modes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other than objects and features of the present invention will be described hereinafter in detail by way of certain preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a motor vehicle in which a method according to an embodiment of the present invention may be utilized; FIG. 2 s a schematic flow chart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a schematic chart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic illustration of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS According to FIG. 1 a motor vehicle has an engine 2 connected to a gearbox 6 . A drive shaft 8 leads from the gearbox 6 through a differential 10 to the rear wheels 12 . In the illustrated embodiment the gearbox 6 is a manual shift transmission which can be operated by a gear shift lever 14 . The clutch 4 is automated and is operated by a control device 16 to which in known way for example the throttle valve position or the position of an accelerator pedal 18 and through a gearbox sensor 20 the position of a shift member in the gearbox and a shift intent are supplied as input signals. The construction and method of functioning of the units described up until now are known per se and are used in vehicles having automated clutches where the shift lever 14 is indeed still activated by hand but where the clutch pedal is omitted because the clutch 4 is operated automatically. According to the basic laws of physics only a limited force can be transmitted between a road and a wheel without the traction friction changing into sliding friction which is dangerous for driving safety. Accordingly the force which can be transmitted in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle is greater the smaller the force which is to be transmitted in the transverse direction of the vehicle. When shifting gears in certain circumstances on engagement of the clutch, when the engine is suddenly braked when changing into a higher gear or is suddenly accelerated when changing into a lower gear, the result is forces which are too high acting in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle and which reach the limit of the forces which can be transmitted. When the vehicle is additionally travelling round a curve and lateral forces have to be transmitted by the driven wheels, during clutch engagement the entire force which can be safely transmitted can be exceeded so that the vehicle breaks away or skids which is extremely negative regarding driving safety. According to the invention the vehicle described up until now maybe provided with a facility which makes it possible to detect when the vehicle is travelling around a curve and to control the operation of the clutch accordingly. To this end different sensors are provided individually or in combination and which can detect the state of travelling around a curve. By way of example wheel sensors 24 are provided on the non-driven front wheels 22 to determine the wheel speeds and these wheel sensors can supply at the same time signals for an anti-locking braking system. Furthermore a steering angle sensor 26 can be provided which detects the position of a track rod 28 connected to the front wheels 22 , and thus the steering angle. Furthermore or in addition a servo sensor 30 can be provided with which the operation of a servo system assisting steering is detected. In addition a transverse acceleration sensor 32 can be provided. The sensors present in the vehicle are connected to the control device 16 in which algorithms are stored in the program memory to calculate from the determined input signals a value which describes the relevant state of travelling around a curve at that time. There are various evaluating algorithms which can be used to determine a characteristic value for travelling around a curve. By way of example the steering angle can be detected by means of the steering angle sensor 26 and exceeding a certain steering angle can be used alone as a characteristic of travelling around a curve. Alternatively the steering angle can be detected and together with the vehicle speed and the fixed vehicle geometry a transverse acceleration can be calculated. Alternatively the energy input of a servo pump or an electric servo motor can be detected by the servo sensor 30 and used as a characteristic for travelling around a curve. If only the wheel sensors are present then the steering angle can be concluded from the differential speed of the wheels of one axle. The mean value of the wheel speeds is a measure of the vehicle speed so that the transverse acceleration can be calculated. Again as an alternative or in addition the transverse acceleration can be used as a characteristic for the travel around a curve, the state of travelling around a curve being detected by the transverse acceleration sensor 32 . FIG. 2 shows a flow chart for explaining one example of implementing the invention. It is assumed that at stage 40 a new gear has been engaged by the gearshift lever 14 . Prior to stage 40 the clutch 4 was opened by controlling the control device 16 so that at stage 40 the driven wheels are free of forward drive or, if the vehicle brake is not activated, are free of deceleration forces. As a new gear is engaged, which is detected by the gearbox sensor 20 , the signal of for example the steering angle sensor 26 is evaluated in the control device 16 in stage 42 so that in stage 44 it can be established whether the vehicle is or is not travelling around a curve. If no state of travelling around a curve is diagnosed then in stage 46 the clutch 4 is engaged according to the usual engagement process, this engagement process being optimized with regard to rapid shift, gear change comfort and energy consumption for shifting. If in stage 44 it is established that the vehicle is travelling around a curve, then in the control device 16 a program is activated for a slow engagement which becomes active in stage 48 in order to close the clutch 4 after shifting into the new gear. This slower engagement, when changing into a lower gear, takes place by engaging the engine and through the enforced increases in revs or, when changing into a higher gear, by reductions in revs. Thus, no sudden high forces in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle appear at the driven rear wheels 12 which could lead to the lateral forces which can be transmitted being exceeded and the vehicle skidding. It is evident that the method described can be modified and refined in many respects. By way of example the engagement program which is activated when the state of travelling around a curve is determined can be slowed down proportional to the transverse acceleration determined. In a more expensive embodiment, the longitudinal forces transmitted by the driven rear wheels 12 to the road can be determined for example by means of an acceleration sensor active in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle and the engagement process can be controlled so that the sum of the longitudinal forces and transverse forces does not exceed a certain amount. The invention can be used not only for automated clutches used in conjunction with manual shift transmissions. It can likewise be used when the shift transmission 6 is automated for example with gear changes proceeding according to predetermined programs. It is possible depending on the relevant program also to change gear within a curve and in this case the algorithms stored in the control device 16 ensure that the engagement of the clutch 4 takes place so smoothly after a gear change that there is no danger of the vehicle skidding sideways. Both in the case of automated shift transmissions and manual shift transmissions the control device 16 can, in addition to adapting the operation of the clutch to travelling around a curve, also control the engine itself for a limited period of time so that inadmissible accelerations or brakings are suppressed. A throttle valve or other power adjustment member of the engine is then not activated directly by the accelerator pedal 18 but instead the accelerator pedal 18 operates through a servo motor through a control device for adjusting a power adjustment member of the engine. The gearbox 6 can also be a CVT gearbox, the operation of which is controlled when travelling around a curve so that predetermined acceleration and deceleration forces at the wheel surfaces are not exceeded. When driving in a straight line, the CVT gearbox changes for example its transmission ratio very rapidly according to requirements (when pressing down the accelerator, for example for overtaking, it switches very rapidly to a shorter (lower) transmission ratio or when letting up the accelerator switches to a longer (higher) transmission ratio). In contrast this change in transmission ratio takes place correspondingly more slowly when travelling around a curve. The clutch 4 can in a modified embodiment also be a torque converter with integrated lock-up clutch. The converter characteristic and/or actuation of the lock-up clutch can be handled by the control device 16 in dependence on the curve. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, see FIG. 3, if an emergency operation program has to be activated, and this takes place when travelling around a curve, this emergency operation program is activated with delay so that again high circumferential forces or longitudinal forces acting at the drive wheels are avoided. When changing over a control strategy program from a normal operating mode of the vehicle to a replacement strategy or emergency operation program relatively large gradients of the circumferential forces from the tires or axles of a vehicle can appear. This can be disadvantageous when changing over into an emergency operation program. Therefore it can also be advantageous if when changing into an emergency running operation the steering angle or the relevant angle included between the wheel and the longitudinal axis of the vehicle is detected and the change-over is delayed or even prevented when the state of travelling around a curve is detected. FIG. 3 shows in block 100 the call-up of the control strategy according to the invention which undertakes in block 102 an evaluation of the steering angle, for example by means of a steering angle sensor. If the steering angle is within a predeterminable area outside of a central position, then in block 104 it concludes the state of travelling around a curve. If this is the case, then in block 108 the activation of an emergency running operation is delayed or prevented for a predeterminable amount of time. This prevention exists until following the inquiry in block 104 , the state of travelling around a curve no longer exists and the emergency running operation is activated in block 106 . With a delay in activating the emergency running operation, at the end of the waiting time the program is switched into emergency mode even if the state of travelling around a curve still exists. At block 110 the routine is first terminated and recalled again in the next control cycle at 100 . p In order to make an evaluation of the steering angle signal it is preferable to use for example the direct evaluation of a sensor signal of the steering angle sensor which on exceeding a predeterminable threshold value is a clear indication of the state of travelling around a curve. The threshold value can vary for example with the vehicle speed and/or the throttle valve angle and/or the gear engaged in the gearbox. Likewise filtering of the steering angle signal can take place so that a temporary change in the steering angle signal does not lead to drastic effects. Furthermore it is possible by means of a computer program to calculate from the steering angle signal and where applicable other signals, such as for example wheel speeds, the angular speed of the vehicle about its vertical axis (yaw rate). From reaching a predeterminable variable threshold value of the yaw rate the state of travelling around a curve can be concluded. In a method for influencing a shift process connected with a change in transmission ratio when driving a motor vehicle, the state of travelling around a curve is detected and the shift process occurring while travelling around a curve is influenced so that the longitudinal forces which are active at the driven wheels as a result of a down shift. FIG. 4 shows a vehicle 201 with a drive unit 202 , such as an internal combustion engine or hybrid drive assembly with an internal combustion engine and with an electric motor, a torque transfer system, such as a clutch 203 and a gearbox 204 wherein on the output side of the gearbox is a drive shaft 205 which drives by means of a differential 206 two drive shafts 207 a and 207 b which in turn drive the driven wheels 208 a and 208 b. The torque transfer system 203 is shown as a friction clutch with a flywheel 209 , a pressure plate 210 , a clutch disc 211 , a release bearing 212 and a disengagement fork 213 . The disengagement fork is biased by means of an actuator 215 through a master cylinder 216 , a pressurised medium line, such as a hydraulic line 217 , and a slave cylinder 218 . The actuator is shown as an actuator operated by pressurised medium which has an electric motor 219 which operates a master cylinder piston 220 through a gearbox. The torque transfer system can be engaged and disengaged through the pressurised medium line 217 and the slave cylinder 218 . Furthermore the actuator 215 includes the electronics for its operation and control, that is both the power electronics and control electronics. The actuator is provided with a valve 221 , e.g., a closeable opening for fluid exchange of a hydraulic system which is connected to a reservoir 222 for the pressurised medium. The vehicle 201 with the gearbox 204 has a gear shift lever 230 on which is mounted a gear detection sensor 231 and a shift intent sensor 232 which detects a shift intent of the driver from the movement of the gearshift lever or from the applied force. Furthermore the vehicle is fitted with a speed sensor 233 which detects the speed of the gear output shaft and the wheel speeds respectively. Furthermore a throttle valve position sensor 234 is mounted which detects the throttle valve position and a rotation sensor 235 which detects the engine speed. The gear detection sensor detects the position of shift elements inside the gearbox or the gear engaged in the gearbox so that at least the engaged gear is registered by the control unit by means of a signal from the sensor. Furthermore with an analog sensor the movement of the shift elements inside the gearbox can be detected so that it is possible to make an early detection of the next gear to be engaged. The actuator 215 is powered from a battery 240 . Furthermore the vehicle has an (preferable multi-stage) ignition switch 241 which is operated preferable by means of an ignition key whereby the starter of the combustion engine 202 is operated through the lead 242 . A signal is forwarded through the lead 243 to the electronics unit of the actuator 215 after which the actuator is activated for example on operating the ignition. FIG. 5 shows a diagrammatic view of a drive train of a motor vehicle with a drive unit 601 , such as an internal combustion engine or motor, a torque transfer system 602 , such as for example a friction clutch, a dry friction clutch or a wet-running friction clutch, a gearbox 603 as well as a differential 604 , output shafts 605 and wheels 606 driven by the output shafts. Speed sensors (not shown) can be mounted on the wheels to detect the speeds of the wheels. The speed sensors can also belong functionally to other electronics units, such as for example an anti-lock braking system (ABS). The drive unit 601 can also be a hybrid drive with for example an electric motor, a flywheel with freewheel and an internal combustion engine. The torque transfer system 602 is formed as a friction clutch but can also be designed for example as a magnetic powder clutch, multi-plate clutch or torque converter with converter lock-up clutch or another type of clutch. Furthermore a control unit 607 is shown as well as an actuator 608 (shown diagrammatically). The friction clutch can also be formed as a self-adjusting clutch adjusting to wear. The torque transfer system 602 is mounted on a flywheel 602 a or is connected to the flywheel which can be a divided flywheel with a primary mass and a secondary mass, and with a damping device between the primary mass and secondary mass on which a starting gear ring 602 b is mounted. The torque transfer system has overall a clutch disc 602 c with friction linings and a pressure plate 602 d as well as a clutch cover 602 e and a plate spring 602 f. The clutch is preferably self-adjusting and has in addition means which allow displacement and wear adjustment. A sensor, such as a force or displacement sensor is provided which detects a situation in which an adjustment is necessary and in the event of detection the adjustment is carried out. The torque transfer system is operated by means of a release member 609 such as for example a pressurised medium operated, such as hydraulic, central release member which can support a release bearing 610 . The clutch can be engaged and disengaged by application of a force. The release member can however also be formed as a mechanical release member which operates, biases or governs a release bearing or comparable element. The actuator 608 controls via a mechanical connection or a pressurised medium line 611 or a transfer section, such as a hydraulic pipe, the mechanical or hydraulic release member or central release member 609 for engaging or releasing the clutch. The actuator 608 furthermore operates with one or several output elements the gearbox for shifting gear. For example a central selector shaft of the gearbox is operated by the output element or the output elements. The actuator thus operates shift elements inside the gearbox to engage, release or change gear stages or transmission ratio stages, such as a central selector shaft or shift rods or other shift elements. The actuator 608 can also be formed or provided as a shift control cylinder which is mounted inside the gearbox. By being rotated about its own axis, the shift control cylinder moves elements that are guided by guides, e.g., shifter elements, and thereby performs the shift between gear stages. Furthermore the actuator for shifting the gear stages can also contain the actuator for operating the torque transfer system. In this case an active connection with the clutch release member is required. The control unit 607 is connected through the signal connection 612 to the actuator so that control signals and/or sensor signals or operating state signals can be exchanged, forwarded or retrieved. Furthermore signal connection 613 and 614 are provided through which the control unit is in signal connection at least at times with further sensors or electronics units. Other electronics units of this kind can be for example the engine electronics, anti-lock braking system electronics or anti-slip regulating electronics. Further sensors can be sensors which generally characterise or detect the operating state of the vehicle, such as for example rotation speed sensors of the engine or of the wheels, throttle valve position sensors, accelerator pedal position sensors or other sensors. The signal connection 615 produces a connection to a data bus such as for example a CAN bus through which system data of the vehicle or other electronics can be made available since the electronics units are as a rule cross-linked with each other through computer units. An automated gearbox can be shifted or a gear change can be performed in a driver-initiated mode where the driver, for example, by means of a selector switch, introduces a signal to shift up or down. Furthermore a signal can also be provided by means of an electronic shift lever to indicate into which gear the gearbox is to be shifted. An automated gearbox can however also carry out a gear change independently by means of for example characteristic values, characteristic lines or characteristic fields and on the basis of sensor signals at certain predetermined points, without the driver having to initiate a gear change. The vehicle is preferably fitted with an electronic accelerator pedal 623 (or load lever). The accelerator pedal 623 governs a sensor 624 by means of which the engine electronics 620 control or regulate for example the fuel supply, ignition timing, injection time or throttle valve position through the signal lead 621 of the engine 601 . The electronic accelerator pedal 623 with sensor 624 is in signal connection with the engine electronics 620 through the signal lead 625 . The engine electronics 620 is in signal connection with the control unit 607 through the signal lead 622 . Furthermore gear control electronics 630 can also be in signal connection with the units 607 and 620 . An electromotorized throttle valve control is practical for this with the position of the throttle valve being governed by the engine electronics. With systems of this kind a direct mechanical connection with the accelerator pedal is no longer necessary or practical. The typical friction losses of gearbox components and/or input speeds and/or output speeds of the gearbox can be used in order to determine or calculate for example a gearbox temperature, such as for example gearbox fluid temperature or a temperature of a gearbox element. Furthermore the amounts of fluid and fluid flows can be taken into account. The gearbox temperature designation need not however be restricted to the overrun time, but can also be carried out in other operating situations. The current supply of the control unit of an automated gearbox and/or an automated torque transfer system can be maintained for example in order to implement specific operating functions according to one operating mode of the vehicle, such as for example if when determining temperature or calculating temperature for example by means of temperature models a critical state is detected, such as for example of the clutch, gearbox or synchronizing device or if for example adaptations are active or data are detected or stored such as for example a store of data or adapted values in an EEPROM. Further adaptations of system values of an electric motor, gearbox or of a pressurised medium system, such as hydraulic system can be carried out. Likewise adjustments in the gearbox or on the clutch (for example when the vehicle stopping device is operated) can be demanded or be required to determine friction forces (sliding and adhesive friction forces or friction values) and characteristic values of the actuator (e.g. engine constant, e.g. armature resistance or time constants in the case of the electric motor). Furthermore hydraulic values or other values, such as characteristic lines of valves or other values can be adjusted. While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to certain embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The invention is also not restricted to the embodiments of the description. Rather numerous amendments and modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, particularly those variations, elements and combinations and/or materials which are inventive for example through combination or modification of individual features or elements or process steps contained in the drawings and described in connection with the general description and embodiments and claims and which through combinable features lead, to a new subject or to new process steps or sequence of process steps insofar as these refer to manufacturing, test and work processes.

A method for influencing a shift process connected with a change in transmission ratio when driving a motor vehicle that has a set of driven wheels subject to longitudinal and transverse forces, the method including detecting whether or not the vehicle is traveling around a curve and, if doing so when the shift process is in progress, influencing the shift process so as to decrease the longitudinal forces that act on the driven wheels as a result of the shift process. Also disclosed is an apparatus for performing the disclosed method including a detector for detecting whether or not the vehicle is traveling around a curve and a transmission ratio shifter responsive to the detector that, if the vehicle is traveling around a curve when the shift process is in progress, performs the shift process so as to decrease the longitudinal forces that act on the driven wheels as a result of the shift process.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 13/151,991, filed Jun. 2, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/350,787, filed Jun. 2, 2010, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention is directed to ophthalmic compositions containing one or more block copolymers referred to as (polyoxybutylene)-(polyoxyethylene)-(polyoxybutylene) block copolymers (“PBO-PEO-PBO”). The invention is particularly directed to the use of PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers as non-foaming wetting agents in peroxide-based compositions for disinfecting contact lenses. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Disinfecting compositions are frequently used in conjunction with the use of contact lenses to keep lenses clean and free from contaminants including potentially harmful bacteria and fungi. A variety of disinfecting compositions for contact lenses are known. Hydrogen peroxide systems, in particular, 3% hydrogen peroxide, are in common use. Hydrogen peroxide is strongly biocidal and also is a strong oxidizing agent which positively impacts cleaning However, hydrogen peroxide at the 3% level is also toxic to the eye, and therefore the high levels of hydrogen peroxide used to achieve disinfection must be decomposed to water and oxygen before the lens is safe to reinsert into the eye. This process is known as neutralization or inactivation. Typically, contact lens disinfection systems employ either an enzymic catalyst such as catalase or a metal-based catalyst such as platinum to effect neutralization. A typical disinfection process involves placing a contact lens into a hydrogen-peroxide containing disinfecting solution for a certain period of time, thereby achieving disinfection, followed by a neutralization period whereby the hydrogen peroxide is decomposed, typically by employing a catalytic agent. [0004] Various additional agents may be added to the peroxide solutions to improve cleaning and/or disinfection. For example, surface-active agents may enhance the cleaning or disinfecting properties of the solution. However, these types of agents may also lead to excessive foaming as gas is released during neutralization. [0005] To help ensure that the disinfection is adequate, rubbing and rinsing steps are also frequently recommended. However, these are additional steps that some consumers may not always perform consistently, and so there has been an ongoing effort to design disinfecting systems that do not require the user to perform additional steps such as rubbing or rinsing. [0006] Contact lenses may be broadly divided into two categories, rigid gas-permeable lenses, and soft, hydrogel lenses, although hybrids and other types of lenses exist. Soft or hydrogel lenses have become popular in part because they are comfortable to wear and do not require a period of adaptation. Hydrogels are water swollen three-dimensional polymeric networks that are used in a variety of biomedical applications including drug delivery agents, prosthetic devices and contact lenses. It is well established that the surface characteristics of hydrogels are determined by the orientation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties of the macromolecules. See, e.g., Ketelson et al., Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 40, pages 1-9 (2005). [0007] Because contact lenses are in intimate contact with the corneal surface and the human tear film, which is composed mainly of proteins, lipids, inorganic cations (e.g., calcium) and mucin, the biocompatibility characteristics of the lenses are directly affected by the surface wettability properties of the hydrogel materials, from which the lenses are formed. In particular, evaluating the surface wettability properties of a lens material is important because such properties affect the stability of the tear film. To maintain a stable tear film, a contact lens material must have hydrophilic surface properties. If the contact lens material becomes hydrophobic, the tear film may be disrupted. To determine the wettability of a surface via an aqueous solution, such as human lacrimal fluid, i.e., tears, the contact angle is measured. The spreading of an aqueous fluid on a surface indicates that the surface is hydrophilic, thereby resulting in a low contact angle. The surface is hydrophobic if a drop of aqueous fluid does not spread, thereby resulting in a high contact angle. [0008] A new family of contact lens materials, silicone hydrogels (“SiH”), is gradually replacing traditional hydrogels as the material of choice for extended wear soft contact lenses. Silicone hydrogel materials have significantly higher oxygen permeability than traditional soft lens hydrogels due to the presence of siloxane functional groups. Additionally, the presence of siloxane groups in SiH materials results in a lens surface having hydrophobic properties. An example of a SiH lens is the Acuvue Advance® contact lenses marketed by Johnson & Johnson. [0009] Various techniques, for example, plasma surface treatments and incorporation of molecules within the lens material, have been utilized in order to provide a biocompatible, hydrophilic and wettable lens surface. Although modifying the surface can improve biocompatibility, it has also been reported that some silicone hydrogel materials accumulate lipids over time, and that this build-up may result in a decrease in the wettability of the silicone hydrogel lens material and surface. [0010] The wettability characteristics of the surfaces of contact lenses may also be modified by reducing the amount of hydrophobization on the surfaces. Surfactants have been utilized in prior compositions for treating contact lenses, for example poloxamers and poloxamines, such as the Pluronic® and Tetronic® brands of surfactants, which are poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene) (“PEO-PPO”) block copolymers, have been used extensively in prior products utilized to treat contact lenses. However, such surfactants do not wet SiH lenses efficiently. [0011] U.S. Pat. No. 5,423,012 (Winterton et al.) discloses buffered peroxide formulations with poloxamine or poloxamer surface active agents. [0012] U.S. Pat. No. 5,746,972 (Park et al.) discloses compositions containing hydrogen peroxide and a solid ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer surfactant having at least 70% by weight polyethylene oxide. [0013] U.S. Pat. No. 7,022,654 (Tsao) discloses compositions containing hydrogen peroxide and hydrophobe-hydrophile block copolymers where the hydrophile component constitutes less than 50 weight percent of the block copolymer. [0014] A new class of surface-active agents has been found to efficiently wet SiH lenses, namely, EO-BO copolymers. However, it has been found that EO-BO copolymers may cause excessive foaming when used in peroxide-based disinfecting solutions during neutralization, for example, with platinum catalyst discs. [0015] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0138310 (Ketelson et al.) discloses the use of poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxybutylene) block copolymers in pharmaceutical compositions. [0016] In view of the foregoing, there is a need for new methods and compositions for improving the wettability of (SiH) contact lenses as well as older lens types while minimizing foaming of peroxide-based contact lens disinfection formulations. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0017] The present invention is directed to the use of block copolymers referred to as (polyoxybutylene)-(polyoxyethylene)-(polyoxybutylene) block copolymers (“PBO-PEO-PBO”) to modify the surface properties of ophthalmic medical devices, so as to enhance the wettability of the devices, and facilitate cleaning of the devices. The PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers described herein may be contained in various types of compositions for treating medical devices, such as wetting solutions, soaking solutions, cleaning and comfort solutions, and disinfection solutions. The primary function of the PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers in the compositions of the present invention is to treat the surface of a medical device, particularly an ophthalmic device, such as a contact lens or an intraocular lens. Such treatment facilitates the wettability of the device and/or the cleaning of the device. This surface treatment has been found to be particularly effective relative to enhancing the wettability of SiH contact lenses. [0018] The present invention is based on a new finding that certain PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers can be used with peroxide-based contact lens formulations to effectively modify contact lens surface properties at low concentrations, for example, improving the wetting properties of SiH contact lenses, without causing excessive foaming during platinum-induced neutralization. [0019] Wettability may be determined by measuring the contact angle, θ, from the Young-Dupré equation as follows: [0000] γ LV cos θ=γ SV −γ SL [0000] where γ is the interfacial tension between two phases indicated by the subscripts (S: solid, L: liquid, and V: vapor). Increasing γ SL and/or γ LV increases the contact angle θ. For example, a water droplet beads up on a hydrophobic surface, displaying high contact angle at the water-solid interface (e.g. a contact lens surface soaked in saline). Water spreads out over a hydrophilic surface, displaying low contact angles (e.g. a contact lens soaked in a surfactant solution). [0020] When a surfactant is present in a peroxide solution, foaming may occur due to the release of oxygen from the neutralization effect of the peroxide with the catalyst. The volume of foam can be substantial and when the amount of foaming is excessive the foaming may interfere with the procedures necessary to effectively disinfect a contact lens, for example, when the volume of foam exceeds the dimensions of the container used. [0021] In one embodiment the present invention is directed to a composition comprising an effective amount of at least one poly(oxybutylene)-poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxybutylene) block copolymer having a molecular weight in the range of 500 to 10,000 Daltons, whereby the composition, when combined with a peroxide disinfecting solution, does not cause excessive foaming upon neutralization. [0022] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to an ophthalmic composition for disinfecting contact lenses comprising an effective amount of at least one poly(oxybutylene)-poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxybutylene) block copolymer having a molecular weight in the range of 500 to 12,000 Daltons and a disinfecting amount of peroxide and an ophthalmically acceptable vehicle therefor. [0023] In another embodiment the present invention is directed to a method of improving the wetting properties of a peroxide-based contact lens disinfection composition, said method comprising adding to a composition comprising peroxide and a poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene) block copolymer an effective amount of a poly(oxybutylene)-poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxybutylene) block copolymer. [0024] The present invention is more fully discussed with the aid of the following figures and detailed description below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0025] FIG. 1 is a graph of contact angle measurements for selected PBO-PEO-PBO copolymers. [0026] FIG. 2 is a graph of contact angle measurements for compositions containing varying amounts of BO 3 EO 45 BO 3 , BO 3 EO 182 BO 3 , and Pluronic 17R4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION [0027] As utilized herein, the following abbreviations and terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings: [0028] The abbreviation “SiH” means silicone hydrogel. [0029] The abbreviation “PEO-PPO” means poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene). [0030] The abbreviation “PBO-PEO-PBO” means poly(oxybutylene)-poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxybutylene). [0031] The abbreviation “PHMB” means polyhexamethylene biguanide. [0032] The abbreviation “mOsm/kg” means milliosmoles/kilogram of water. [0033] The abbreviation “pHEMA” means poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). [0034] The abbreviation “HLB” means hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. [0035] The abbreviation “EO” means oxyethylene. [0036] The abbreviation “BO” means oxybutylene. [0037] The term “contact angle” is a quantitative measure of the wetting of a solid by a liquid and defined geometrically as the angle formed by a liquid where liquid, gas and solid phases intersect. Alternative, related terms that may be used herein include “wetting angle” or “advancing contact angle.” [0038] The term “hydrophilic” means having a strong affinity for water. Alternative, related terms that may be used herein include “hydrophilicity”. [0039] The term “hydrophobic” means having little or no affinity for water. Alternative, related terms that may be used herein include, “hydrophobicity”. [0040] The term “pHEMA-MAA” means contact lenses comprised of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid). Exemplary pHEMA-MAA lenses include “Acuvue® 2” (Johnson & Johnson). [0041] The term “surfactant” means a substance capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid, e.g., water or an aqueous solution, in which the substance is dissolved. [0042] The term “wetting” means converting a hydrophobic surface whereon a liquid (e.g., water) does not spread because the liquid has an increased surface tension to a surface that is hydrophilic whereon the liquid spreads readily because its surface tension is reduced, as determined by a contact angle experiment. Alternative, related terms that may be used herein include “wettability”. [0043] The term “uptake” refers to the amount of surfactant that is absorbed and/or adsorbed by a contact lens or other medical device. Alternative terms that may be used herein include, “uptake concentration”, “surfactant uptake”, “uptake results”, “uptake data” and “uptake concentration of surfactants”. [0044] The term “oxyethylene” means a two carbon alkylenyl group bonded to an oxygen atom, for example —CH 2 —CH 2 O—. [0045] The term “oxybutylene” means a four carbon alkenyl group bonded to an oxygen atom, for example, —[OCH 2 C(CH 2 CH 3 )H]—. [0046] The term “block copolymer” is a polymer that has at least one homopolymeric chain of one monomer and at least one additional homopolymeric chain of a second monomer. Exemplary configurations of such block copolymers include branched, star, di-block, tri-block and so on. [0047] The term “homopolymer” means a polymer formed from a single monomer; for example, polyethylene formed by polymerization of ethylene. [0048] The term “an amount effective to disinfect” means an amount of a disinfecting agent effective in producing the desired effect of disinfecting contact lenses by substantially reducing the number of viable microorganisms present on the lenses, preferably an amount which, either singly or in combination with one or more additional disinfecting agents, is sufficient. [0049] The term “an amount effective to clean” means an amount of a cleaning agent that facilitates removing, and is preferably effective to remove, debris or deposit material from a contact lens contacted with the cleaning agent containing composition. [0050] The term “an amount effective to enhance wettability” means an amount of wetting agent that reduces the contact angle of a contact lens. [0051] The term “effective amount”, when not otherwise qualified, means an amount effective to enhance the wettability of a surface such as a contact lens without causing excessive foaming, for example, during neutralization of peroxide in a peroxide-based contact lens disinfecting composition. [0052] The term “excessive foaming” means an amount of foaming that would interfere with one or more of the steps needed to ensure effective disinfection, for example, when the volume of foam exceeds the dimensions of the container used for disinfection. [0053] The term “ophthalmically acceptable vehicle” means a pharmaceutical composition having physical properties (e.g., pH and/or osmolality) that are physiologically compatible with ophthalmic tissues. [0054] The block copolymers utilized in the present invention comprise compounds that contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments that can be altered to control the HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance), molecular weight and other properties of the block copolymers using well known anionic polymerization techniques. More particularly, the block copolymers of the present invention are those that include a poly(oxyethylene) block as the hydrophilic component and two poly(oxybutylene) blocks as the hydrophobic component and are in the form of a tri-block copolymer. These copolymers may also be described in terms of the approximate or average value assigned to the respective repeating group, for example, (BO) 3 (EO) 60 (BO) 3 , where the average value of the oxyethylene group is 60, and the average value of the oxybutylene groups is 3. [0055] Preferred polymers of the present invention are tri-block copolymers of the following general formula: [0000] (BO) n (EO) m (BO) n   (I) [0000] wherein m is an integer having an average value of 5 to 1000 and n is an integer having an average value of 2 to 100; more preferably, m has an average value of 9 to 182 and n has an average value of 3 to 21; most preferably, m ranges from 45 to 182 and n has an average value of 2 to 4. [0056] PBO-PEO-PBO tri-block copolymers of the following general formula are preferred: [0000] [0000] wherein R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl; m is an integer having an average value of 10 to 1000; and n is an integer having an average value of 2 to 4. [0057] PBO-PEO-PBO tri-block copolymers of the formula (II) wherein n has an average to value of 3 are particularly preferred. [0058] Most preferred is a copolymer of formula (II) wherein one of end group R is hydrogen; m has an average value selected from the group consisting of 45, 90 and 182; and n has an average value of 3. [0059] The PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers utilized in the present invention have a molecular weight in the range of 500 to about 10,000 Daltons; and more preferably in the range of 800 to about 9,000 Daltons. [0060] Maintaining a proper hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) imparts certain properties to the PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymer compositions of the present invention. For example, the HLB of the block copolymers utilized in the compositions of the present invention is directly related to the solubility, surface wettability, and interfacial surface activity properties of the compositions of the present invention. [0061] The BO portion of the block copolymer of formula (I) is hydrophobic and is primarily responsible for the wettability properties of the compositions described herein. The EO portion of the copolymer provides the compositions with hydrophilic properties, but more importantly, it is this portion of the co-polymer that determines the aqueous solubility of the copolymers. Although it is possible to utilize solubilizing agents in the compositions of the present invention, in which case the ratio of the length EO to BO segments is somewhat less critical, it is preferred to utilize copolymers that do not require solubilizing agents, as such compounds may disrupt or modify the HLB, which in turn may adversely affect the wettability properties of the compositions, cause ocular irritation, or create other concerns. [0062] The foregoing PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers may be prepared by the application or adaptation of known methods described in the literature, for example, as described in Yang, Z.; Pickard, S.; Deng, N.-J.; Barlow, R. J.; Attwood, D.; Booth, C. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2371-2379; Yang, Y.-W.; Yang, Z.; Zhou, Z.-K.; Attwood, D.; Booth, C. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 670-680; Liu, T.; Zhou, Z.; Wu C.; Chu B.; Schneider, D. K.; Nace, V. M., J. Phys. Chem. B. 1997, 101, 8808-8815; and Nace, V.M., is in Nonionic Surfactants: Polyoxyalkylene Block Copolymers, 1996, Chapter 1, 1-30, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated in the present specification by reference. The foregoing PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers may also be prepared by the application or adaptation of known methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,828,345 (Spriggs), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,834 (Otten et al.), the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated into the present specification by reference. [0063] The PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers described above may be synthesized using a well defined polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer by controlled addition of oxybutylene to the primary hydroxyl groups of the PEG polymer. For example, the PBO-PEO-PBO tri-block copolymer (BO) n (EO) m (BO) n may be prepared by sequential anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide and butylene oxide according to the following general reaction scheme: [0000] [0064] The tri-block copolymers of the present invention may be characterized according to known techniques, for example, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). [0065] The PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers of the present invention may have free hydroxyl end groups, or, alternatively, one or both of the block end groups may be “capped”, for example, with an alkyl group, preferably a methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl group. [0066] The PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers of the present invention may also be functionalized with reactive end groups for specific surface reactions to covalently bind the polymer to a surface or prepare a new polymer material. The PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers that may be utilized in the present invention are not limited relative to structure or molecular weight, so long as the block copolymers are soluble in aqueous solutions and are non-toxic to ophthalmic tissue at concentrations on the order of those described herein. [0067] The amount of PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymer required in the compositions of the present invention may vary depending on the particular block copolymer selected and the particular purpose or function for which the block copolymer is being utilized (e.g., contact lens wetting, contact lens cleaning and/or inhibition of uptake of lipids or other biomolecules), as well as on other variables, such as the identity and physical properties of other components in the compositions. The determination of the ideal concentration of a particular copolymer in a given composition can be determined through routine testing. Such concentrations are referred to herein by means of the function to be performed by the PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers, such as, “an amount effective to clean”, “an amount effective to enhance wettability”, “an amount effective to inhibit the uptake of biomolecules”, and so on. When not otherwise qualified, the term “effective amount” refers to an amount effective to enhance the wettability of a contact lens without causing excessive foaming during neutralization of peroxide in a peroxide-based contact lens disinfecting composition. [0068] The total amount of PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers contained in the compositions of the present invention will typically be in the range of 0.001 to about 1 weight/volume percent (“w/v %”), preferably about 0.05 to 0.5 w/v %, more preferably between about 0.1 to 0.3 w/v %, most preferably about 0.2 w/v %. [0069] The above-described block copolymers and variations thereof may be used in combination, either with each other, or with other types of polymers. For example, PBO-PEO-PBO block copolymers or variations thereof may be used in combination with nonionic surfactants (e.g., poloxamer and poloxamine block copolymers, such as the Tetronic® brand of surfactants available from BASF) to provide additive or synergistic effects where appropriate. [0070] The compositions may also contain one or more poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene) block copolymers such as poloxamer or poloxamine copolymers (e.g., poloxamine 1304, which is commercially available as “Tetronic® 1304”). Poloxamines, also known by the trade name Tetronic™, are tetrafunctional block copolymers which contain four polyethylene oxide (PEO)-polypropylene oxide (PPO) chains joined to the nitrogen atoms of a central ethylene diamine moiety. Poloxamers, also known by the trade name Pluronic™, are nonionic block copolymers composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(oxypropylene) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(oxyethylene). In a preferred embodiment, the PBO-PEO-PBO block polymers of the present invention are used in combination with poloxamer block copolymers. A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention is a composition comprising a block copolymer of the formula [0000] [0000] and poloxamer Pluronic 17R4, a difunctional block copolymer available commercially (BASF Corporation, Mount Olive, N.J.), which may be represented by the formula [0000] [0071] One or more of the above-described poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene) block copolymers may be contained in the compositions of the present invention in an amount effective to facilitate wetting and/or cleaning of contact lenses, which is referred to herein as an “effective amount”. Such amount will typically be in the range of 0.001 to about 1 weight/volume percent (“w/v %”), preferably about 0.01 to 0.5 w/v %. [0072] The block copolymers of the present invention may also be combined with other components commonly utilized in products for treating contact lenses, such as rheology modifiers, enzymes, antimicrobial agents, surfactants, chelating agents, buffering agents or combinations thereof. [0073] A variety of buffering agents may be utilized in the compositions of the present invention, such as basic acetates, phosphates, boric acid, sodium borates, sodium citrates, citric acid, nitrates, sulfates, lactates, carbonates, bicarbonates, and combinations thereof. Buffers, when present, may be used in a concentration range of 0.001% to 2%, to maintain the composition at a pH range of about 4 to about 9. Borate and polyol systems may also be used to provide buffering, to enhance antimicrobial activity, or to provide both buffering and an enhancement of antimicrobial activity, or other useful properties to the compositions of the invention. The borate and polyol systems which may be used include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,849,253; 6,503,497; 6365,636; 6,143,799; 5,811,466; 5,505,953; and 5,342,620; the entire contents of each are hereby incorporated in the present specification by reference. [0074] Stabilizing agents may also be included in the compositions of the present invention, in order to control the rate of decomposition of peroxide. Various types of io stabilizing agents may be used, however, preferred stabilizing agents are those based on diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid), for example, Dequest® 2060s (Thermphos USA Corp., Anniston Ala.). [0075] The present invention may be better understood by reference to the following is examples, which are provided to further illustrate certain preferred embodiments of the invention, and should in no way be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. In the following examples, various methods known to one skilled in the art may be employed to measure the contact angle for lenses according to the present invention. Exemplary methods include, but are not limited to, the Sessile method or the Captive Bubble method, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0138310 (Ketelson et al.), the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated into the present specification by reference. EXAMPLE 1 [0076] A series of PBO-PEO-PBO copolymers were investigated for foaming and wettability studies. Block lengths were confirmed by NMR. The BO units were fixed at 3 and 6 units with EO units ranging from 9 to 182. The increase in EO is to provide improved wettability, measured through Contact Angle, without sacrificing increased foaming, measured by visualization of foaming during neutralization. The Molecular Weight (Mw), confirmed by GPC, ranged from 830 g/mol up to 8442/mol. [0000] TABLE 1 Investigation of a series of PBO-PEO-PBO copolymers for foaming and wettability. Investigated Investigated Component M w Foaming Wettability BO 3 EO 9 BO 3 830 ✓ ✓ BO 3 EO 14 BO 3 1050 ✓ ✓ BO 3 EO 22 BO 3 1402 ✓ ✓ BO 3 EO 45 BO 3 2414 ✓ ✓ BO 3 EO 90 BO 3 4394 ✓ ✓ BO 3 EO 136 BO 3 6418 ✓ — BO 3 EO 182 BO 3 8442 ✓ ✓ BO 6 EO 9 BO 6 1262 ✓ — BO 6 EO 14 BO 6 1482 ✓ — BO 6 EO 22 BO 6 1834 ✓ — BO 6 EO 45 BO 6 2846 ✓ — BO 6 EO 90 BO 6 4824 ✓ — [0077] A step-wise experimental testing procedure was followed, whereby the PBO-PEO-PBO copolymers were first tested for excessive foaming, and then those PBO-PEO-PBO copolymers that did not cause excessive foaming were tested for wettability by investigating their contact angles. The commercially-available peroxide formula Clear Care® (CibaVision, Duluth Ga.), which contains 0.02% Pluronic 17R4, modified by the addition of 0.2% PBO-PEO-PBO, EO 45 BO 11 and Tetronic 1304, was used to test for foaming. While the container used to evaluate foaming can vary, in the experiments described below AOSEPT Disposable Cup and Disc kits (CibaVision, Duluth Ga.), which hold approximately 20 mL of fluid, were used. To a new cup 10 mL of peroxide formulation was added. This was then capped and tightened with the platinum cartridge. The peroxide formulations where visually inspected at the beginning and intermittently (every 10 minutes) for foaming. Excessive foaming was considered to occur if solution leaked from the case. As indicated in Table 2, BO 6 EO 9 BO 6 through 90 BO 6 , EO 45 BO 11 and Tetronic 1304 all foamed excessively in the modified Clear Care® formulation, while BO 3 EO 9 BO 3 through BO 3 EO 90 BO 3 did not foam excessively in the modified Clear Care® formulation. These copolymers were then used to investigate Contact Angle for silicone hydrogel lenses following a procedure described in Example 2. [0000] TABLE 2 Results of investigation of foaming. Surfactant added to Foaming upon Investigated Contact Clear Care M w Neutralization Angle BO 3 EO 9 BO 3 830 — ✓ BO 3 EO 14 BO 3 1050 — ✓ BO 3 EO 22 BO 3 1402 — ✓ BO 3 EO 45 BO 3 2414 — ✓ BO 3 EO 90 BO 3 4394 — ✓ BO 6 EO 9 BO 6 1262 Excessive foaming — BO 6 EO 14 BO 6 1482 Excessive foaming — BO 6 EO 22 BO 6 1834 Excessive foaming — BO 6 EO 45 BO 6 2846 Excessive foaming — BO 6 EO 90 BO 6 4824 Excessive foaming — EO 45 BO 11 2920 Excessive foaming — Tetronic 1304 10500 Excessive foaming — EXAMPLE 2 [0078] The contact angles for two silicone hydrogel lenses, AcuVue Oasys® (AO) (Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc., Jacksonville Fla.) and Pure Vision® (PV) (Bausch & Lomb Inc., Rochester, N.Y.), were measured as described below. The results are reported in FIG. 1 , which shows Contact Angle values after a 3 rd rinse cycle in Unisol® preservative-free saline solution (Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Fort Worth, Tex.) for Pure Vision and Acuvue Oasys contact lenses in Clear Care® formulations modified with the addition of 0.2% PBO-PEO-PBO. Clear Care® was the control for both PV and AO lenses. [0079] Contact Angle Measurements for Control Lenses: No Pre-Soaking [0080] Two brands of silicone hydrogel contact lenses (AcuVue Oasys® and Pure Vision®), were is soaked in Unisol® saline solution overnight to remove residual packing solution contaminants, prior to measuring the contact angles. The lenses were then pre-soaked for 24 hours in Unisol with 0.2% PBO-PEO-PBO. The contact angle of each lens was then measured according to the Sessile drop method, as described below, at room temperature, i.e, 23° C.±0.5. Contact angle measurements for the control lenses did not include a pre-soaking step. [0081] Sessile Drop Method [0082] A video based contact angle measuring system (OCA 20) from Future Digital Scientific employing SCA20 software (Version 2.1.5 build16) was used. An accelerated approach was developed to evaluate the lens surface wettability over a specific time period. The lenses were subjected to sequential wetting and air exposure cycles to simulate the clinical contact lens wetting and drying conditions that occur during the normal blinking process. One “cycle” means that a lens was soaked in saline solution for 5 minutes, followed by an exposure of the lens to air for 1.5 minutes. The contact angles of a water droplet on the lens surface were measured within 10 seconds following each cycle. In all measurements, the left and right contact angles were determined and the mean of these contact angles was used. For each drop image, three independent fitting measurements were performed to provide three mean contact angles of the same drop image. The average of these three contact angles was determined and the precision was within ±3%. [0083] The steps of a typical experimental protocol are described as follows: 1) Add 10 mL of UNISOL 4 to a 20 mL scintillation vial. 2) Take one lens from the blister pack and dab dry with lens tissue paper. 3) Place lens in 20 mL scintillation vial with UNISOL 4® and soak for 24 hours. 4) Take UNISOL 4 soaked lens and place in a new AOSEPT lens container. Add 10 mL of test solution (or Clear Care). Neutralize the solution for 24 hours. 5) Remove lens from the neutralized solution in the Aosept cartridge and place on lens mold stand. 6) After 90seconds exposed in air, drop 54, of deionized water on lens and quickly take picture for a Contact angle measurement. 7) Place in a new 20 mL scintillation vial with 10 mL of UNISOL 4®. Allow to sit for 5 minutes. 8) Measure Contact Angle of lenses at least to 3rd rinse cycle. (Includes 90 seconds in air followed by 5 minute soak in fresh 10 mL of Unisol 4®). [0092] PV lenses were soaked in Clear Care modified with 0.2% PBO-PEO-PBO using the non-foaming copolymers from Table 2. Two modified Clear Care® peroxide solutions with PBO-PEO-PBO with low contact angles, BO 3 EO 45 BO 3 and BO 3 EO 90 BO 3 , were investigated with AO lenses. [0093] As can be seen from the data as shown in FIG. 1 , PBO-PEO-PBO in a peroxide formulation improves the wettability of the PV and AO lenses. EXAMPLE 3 [0094] A series of formulations consisting of 3.5% Peroxide, 0.75% Sodium Borate, 0.35% Boric Acid at pH of 7.9 after neutralization were prepared with selected surfactants. The PBO-PEO-PBO surfactants were added in combination with Pluronic 17R4 to investigate their combined foaming and wettability. [0000] TABLE 3 PBO-PEO-PBO's and Pluronic 17R4 investigated for foaming and wettability studies using borate buffered vehicle. Investigated Foaming Upon Investigated Component M w Neutralization Contact Angle BO 3 EO 45 BO 3 2414 ✓ ✓ BO 3 EO 90 BO 3 4394 ✓ — BO 3 EO 136 BO 3 6418 ✓ — BO 3 EO 182 BO 3 8442 ✓ ✓ Pluronic 17R4 2650 ✓ ✓ [0095] None of the borate buffered peroxide formulations using the PBO-PEO-PBO's in Table 3 foamed in the presence of PLURONIC 17R4 upon neutralization. EXAMPLE 4 [0096] [0000] TABLE 4 PBO-PEO-PBO and Pluronic 17R4 Borate Buffered formulations. Comp (% wt/% wt) A B C D E F G H CC Pluronic 17R4 0.02 0.02 — — 0.02 0.02 — — (0.02) BO 3 EO 45 BO 3 0.02 0.2 0.02 0.2 — — — — — BO 3 EO 90 BO 3 — — — — 0.02 0.2 0.02 0.2 — Na 2 B 4 O 7 × 10H 2 O 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 — Boric Acid 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 — NaH 2 PO 4 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 — Na 2 HPO 4 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 — NaCl 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 — DEQUEST 2060S 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 — QS (100 mL of QS QS QS QS QS QS QS QS — PW) Hydrogen 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 — Peroxide Foaming upon — — — — — — — xs — Neutralization [0000] TABLE 5 PBO-PEO-PBO and Pluronic 17R4 Borate Buffered formulations. Comp (% wt/% wt) I J K L M N O P CC Pluronic 17R4 0.02 0.02 — — 0.02 0.02 — — (0.02) BO 3 EO 136 BO 3 0.02 0.2 0.02 0.2 — — — — — BO 3 EO 182 BO 3 — — — — 0.02 0.2 0.02 0.2 — Na 2 B 4 O 7 × 10H 2 O 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 — Boric Acid 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 — NaH 2 PO 4 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 — Na 2 HPO 4 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 — NaCl 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 — DEQUEST 2060S 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 — QS (100 mL of PW) QS QS QS QS QS QS QS QS — Hydrogen Peroxide 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 — Foaming upon — — xs xs — — xs xs — Neutralization [0097] From Tables 4 and 5, the borate buffered peroxide formulations A-D, M, N and O were used to investigate contact angle on two types of lenses, Pure Vision (PV) and Acuvue Oasys (AO). These formulations did not foam and were at the low and high end of the EO block lengths, 45 and 182 EO units respectively. PV and AO historically have high Contact Angles, 80°-110°, reflecting low wettability of lens. [0000] TABLE 6 PBO-PEO-PBO and Pluronic 17R4 Borate Buffered formulations used for Contact Angle Measurements for PV and AO lenses. Comp (% wt/% wt) A B C D M N O CC Pluronic 17R4 0.02 0.02 — — 0.02 0.02 — (0.02) BO 3 EO 45 BO 3 0.02 0.2 0.02 0.2 — — — — BO 3 EO 182 BO 3 — — — — 0.02 0.2 0.02 — Na 2 B 4 O 7 × 10H 2 O 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 — Boric Acid 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 — NaH 2 PO 4 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 — Na 2 HPO 4 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 — NaCl 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 — DEQUEST 2060S 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 — QS (100 mL of PW) QS QS QS QS QS QS QS — Hydrogen Peroxide 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 — [0098] FIG. 2 shows the results of contact angles measured after the 3rd rinse cycle in UNISOL for Pure Vision lenses in Borate Buffered formulations with PBO-PEO-PBO and with and without Pluronic 17R4. Clear Care® was the control for the PV lenses. [0099] Formulations B and N showed better wetting trend, with lower contact angles, than the control of Clear Care® for PV lens materials. Formulation B has 0.02% PLURONIC 17R4 and 0.2% BO 3 EO 45 BO 3 , while formulation N has 0.02% PLURONIC 17R4 and 0.2% BO 3 EO 182 BO 3 .

The use of poly(oxybutylene)-poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxybutylene) block copolymers in pharmaceutical compositions useful for modifying the surfaces of contact lenses and other medical devices is disclosed. The present invention is based in-part on a discovery that this class of compounds is particularly efficient in wetting hydrophobic surfaces, such as the surfaces of silicone hydrogel contact lenses and other types of ophthalmic lenses, but do not induce foaming when used in conjunction with a peroxide-based contact lens disinfection regimen. Such compounds may also be useful for cleaning purposes. The use of the compounds as surfactants in peroxide-based compositions for disinfecting contact lenses therefore represents a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for efficient proliferation and culture of adhesive cells followed by transfer of said cells into a mass culture tank so as to produce a physiologically active substance. Culture of adhesive cells has conventionally been performed by use of various culture system as follow: (a) So-called liquid tight system generally comprising a plurality of plates arranged in a parallel manner within a container in order to obtain a sufficiently large surface for cell adhesion. Upon completion of said cell adhesion onto the plates, a quantity of culture fluid is circulated in the container under control of pH and DO (dissolved oxygen). The so-called rotary system generally comprising a plurality of discs or the like also arranged in parallel within a cylinder set upright to achieve the cell adhesion onto the discs and then laid down to be rotated. (b) A system comprising scrolled plastic film charged within a cylinder, wherein cell culture is performed in the same manner as the so-called roller culture. Then a quantity of culture fluid is circulated in the cylinder, set upright, for example, by air supplied into the cylinder. (c) The multitray system of box-nest construction similar to the system set forth above in (a) except that there is gaseous phase and the culture can be stationary as achieved in roller botter, without the requirement for the culture fluid circulation. (d) The plastic bag system comprising an oxygen or carbon dioxide-permeable plastic bag rolled up like the fire hose through which a quantity of culture fluid flows. This system facilitates the control of DO and pH. (e) The hollow fiber system comprising hollow fibers as usually used for artificial kidney dialysis, wherein adhesion and proliferation of cells occur on the exterior side while nutrient supply occurs from the interior side of each hollow fiber, i.e., from the near side of the cell layer. (f) The glass beads filled column system in which adhesion and proliferation of cells occur on the surfaces of glass beads charged within a container under circulation of a culture fluid having pH and DO previously adjusted. (g) The microcarrier system utilizing, instead of said glass beads, minute beads of such specific gravity that these minute beads float in culture fluid under a gentle agitation in order of 20 to 40 r.p.m. and the culture, as well as proliferation of cells occur on their surfaces. The systems (a) through (d) are exclusively for the batch production and the number of cells which can be cultivated for each process results in a poor yield of the target substance. The systems (e) through (f), of the continuous culture medium circulation type, are also restricted in the number of cells which can be cultivated and is not suitable for mass culture. Presently, the mass culture has mostly relied on the microcarrier system set forth above in (g) and such system having a capacity of 8000 is known. One example of the microcarrier system is disclosed in Japanese Disclosure Gazette No. 0982-5670, which aims at efficient cell culture within a culture tank containing a cylindrical member set upright therein, by providing said cylindrical member therein with deflectors and connecting said cylindrical member with a culture fluid outlet conduit so that a desired quantity of culture fluid may be stably circulated for a long period. As a similar example, Japanese Disclosure Gazette No. 1985-168379 discloses a cell cultivating apparatus having a unit comprising a plurality of hollow fibers each having a wall-membrane which is cell-impermeable but nutrient-permeable, said unit being provided at opposite ends or one end with an inlet and an outlet for cell culture fluid so that high mass and high density culture can be achieved by suspension culture. As still another example, Disclosure Gazette No. 1985-259179 discloses a similar mass and high density cell culture tank of the suspension type which is provided at the top with an inlet for fresh culture fluid, at the bottom with an outlet for used culture fluid, and adjacent the top with an impeller. The above-mentioned systems of the prior art are disadvantageous in that the cultivating capacity can be improved only by making the culture tank volume correspondingly larger and proliferation of cells from the initial stage in such larger culture tank would not only encounter additional problems as those in circulation and control of correspondingly increased culture fluid but also take a longer time period. Particularly when it is desired to produce physiologically active substance by cell culture, the culture medium for cell proliferation has ingredients different from those for cell culture and the former becomes wasteful especially in the larger culture tank. Accordingly, the method according to the present invention, in view of such problems encountered by the microcarrier system of well known art, intends to achieve an efficient cell culture by performing the initial cell proliferation and the subsequent cell culture for production of the physiologically active substance in different tanks. For the cells which are readily subject to damage due to the shearing force and have relatively low colony formation efficiency it is very difficult to perform the microcarrier culture. To reduce the effect of said shearing force, the method is preferably, one in which the cells themselves are adhesively fixed onto particular material having a larger surface area in the stationary culture method and the culture medium is circulated, therethrough. The previously mentioned hollow fiber system is one embodiment of such method. Specifically, the culture medium is continuously circulated not only through the interior but also along the exterior surface of the hollow fiber on which the adhesive cells are to be prolifirated so that the nutrient and metabolism product are efficiently moved between the interior and the exterior of the fiber, enabling the cells to be cultivated at a high density. However, this system unacceptably complicates the apparatus and has not been commercially adopted for mass production. Japanese Disclosure Gazette No. 1984-154984 discloses a simplified hollow fiber system in which the cells are proliferated, cultivated on ceramic matrix and the culture fluid is continuously circulated. According to this prior art, alumina, silica, titanium, zircon or the like or combination thereof is sistered to form porous ceramic carrier which is a cylindrical monolithic carrier having at least about 20 through-holes extending in parallel to one another per square inch of cross-section. However, this system is inconvenient in that the carrier is readily clogged as it is continuously used. As will be appreciated from the foregoing description, all of the conventional system are disadvantageous for mass production in commercial scale. To over come such problems, the inventors disclosed a solution in Japanese Disclosure Gazette No. 1987-236480. This solution is a method comprising steps of providing ceramic particles consisting for the most part of alumina suitable for all adhesion and having an approximately uniform size of 5 to 9 meshes, supplying culture fluid into a column filled with said ceramic particles, exchanging the quantity of aged culture fluid, after movement through the first half of the column, due to proliferation of cells with quantity of fresh culture fluid at an intermediate level of column, and removal of said aged culture is further continued through the second half of the column. This method is characterized by that the effort of culture fluid to the cells is relatively uniform, the cells are free from the damage due to a shearing force and the carrier facilitates the cell adhesion, and thus the method is suitable for mass culture of adhesive cells. Nevertheless, there still remains an important problem that, when cultivation is performed within a column or tank filled with granular sedimentary immobilizing carrier whether it is ceramic or not, filling and removal of the immobilizing carrier should not prevent the cells from achieving their uniform adhesion onto said immobilizing carrier. With this method, however, a quantity of cell suspension supplied to the immobilizing carrier stack is initially apt to stagnate at the cell suspension supply side on the stack surface and at the area adjacent the supply pipe. This is inconvenient in that a long time is taken before the cells can be proliferated through out the whole immobilized carrier stack. The cell culture apparatus of the present invention intends to solve such problem. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of this invention is to provide a method for efficient cell cultivating method adapted to perform initial cell proliferation and subsequent cell culture for production of a target substance in different tanks. This object is achieved, in accordance with the present invention, by a method for cell culture comprising steps of: proliferating adhesive cells in a preliminary culture tank of smaller size; stripping off the cells thus proliferated from immobilizing carriers and then mixing these cells with a part of culture medium which has been adjusted in an intermediate reservoir to obtain a quantity of cell suspension; collecting the cell suspension thus obtained into said intermediate reservoir to be stored therein; transferring, as occasion demands, said cell suspension stored in said reservoir, after the cell distribution therein has been uniformalized, into a main culture tank filled with immobilizing carriers containing ceramic material as a main ingredient so that the cells adhere to said immobilizing carriers and are further cultivated and finally producing physiologically active substance on a culture ground of this purpose. This method is effectively carried out by a cell culture apparatus comprising a preliminary culture tank of a smaller size, a main culture tank filled with immobilizing carriers containing ceramic material as a principal ingredient, and an intermediate reservoir interposed between said preliminary culture tank and said main culture tank. After cell proliferation, a quantity of cell suspension is supplied to said main culture tank filled with immobilizing carriers containing ceramic material as the principal ingredient. Efficient cell adhesion onto the immobilizing carriers is accomplished by providing the above-mentioned cell culture apparatus with a separate tank. The cells profilerated in the small preliminary culture tank are stripped off from the immobilizing carriers to prepare cell suspension. The latter is transferred to the main culture tank filled with immobilizing carriers. The cell suspension is supplied to said main culture tank from top and bottom thereof so as to uniformalize cell adhesion onto said immobilizing carriers. This also serves to adjust the nutrient and gas content in the culture fluid, as well as to control circulation of said culture fluid within said main tank filled with the immobilizing carriers principally made of ceramic material. It should be understood that the microcarrier type culture tank is most preferable a small size preliminary culture tank, since cells, as many as possible, will be supplied to the subsequent mass culture tank. The method and the apparatus for cell culture according to the present invention provide a unique effect as will be described hereinafter. Generally, proliferation as well as culture can be efficiently achieved by proliferating cells to be used in a next process of production in the preliminary culture tank while the target substance is produced, because the initial cell proliferation and said production of the target substance are performed in the different culture tanks. More specifically, it is possible to confirm the number of cells so that the cell proliferation in the preliminary culture tank can be efficiently achieved. The proliferation medium can be effectively supplied for the minimum time and thus the change over from said proliferation medium to the culture fluid for production of the physiologically active substance is shortened, which results in shortening of the cultivating time. The efficient cell culture as mentioned above has various merits in view of a fact that, in general, the life of a cell is relatively short. In addition, supplying the cell suspension to the immobilizing carriers from top and bottom of the culture tank enables the cell adhesion onto said immobilizing carriers to be uniformly and effectively accomplished. Another object of the present invention is to provide a culture apparatus adapted to uniformly supply the cell suspension to the immobilizing carriers and to facilitate charging as well as removal of said immobilizing carriers. Uniform supply of the cell suspension to the immobilizing carriers set forth above as one factor of this object is achieved, in accordance with the present invention, by a culture apparatus filled with segmentary immobilizing carriers for adhesive cells and aiming at production of a target substance. The culture apparatus comprising an inversed funnel-shaped inlet located above the immobilizing carriers filling the apparatus and having a perforated bottom plate for uniform distribution of a quantity of cell suspension supplied from above to said immobilizing carriers. A netty plate located under the immobilizing carriers holds said immobilizing carriers, and another perforated plate is also located under the immobilizing carriers for uniform distribution of a quantity of cell suspension supplied from the bottom to said immobilizing carriers. To facilitate filling and removal of the immobilizing carriers, i.e., to achieve another requirement of the above-mentioned object, the present invention provides an apparatus comprising a cover portion adapted for detachably carrying the inversed funnel-sharped fluid inlet having the perforated bottom plate for uniform distribution of the quantity of cell suspension supplied from above to the immobilizing carriers filling the apparatus. A drum portion is fixed to a stand and a bottom portion is adapted for detachably carrying the netty plate to hold the immobilizing carriers from the underside and the perforated plate for uniform distribution of the quantity of cell suspension supplied from bottom portions. The culture apparatus of the present invention provides an effect as follows: Supply of cell suspension to the immobilizing carriers occurs from both top and bottom of the apparatus filled with said carriers so that the quantity of said cell suspension supplied from the top is uniformly supplied through the perforated plate as a part of the inverted funnel-shaped inlet and the quantity of cell suspension supplied from the bottom is uniformly distributed through the lower perforated plate and then the netty plate supports the immobilizing carriers. Thus, cells uniformly adhere onto the immobilizing carriers. Furthermore, the bottom portion of the culture apparatus can be separated from and connected to the cover and drum portions of the culture apparatus by means of a linkage and a cylinder so as to facilitate charging and removal of the immobilizing carriers and thereby shorten the time taken for such operation. Additionally, dividable construction of the culture apparatus facilitates manual washing and checking. Thus, both washing and checking are further easier than those usually performed for the conventional culture tank of one-piece type and the culture apparatus constructed according to the present invention is novel one as such apparatus utilizing segmentary immobilizing carriers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects as well as advantages of the present invention will become clear by the following description of preferred embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawing, wherein, FIG. 1 is a flow chart schematically illustrating the method for cell culture according to the present invention; FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a manner in which culture fluid for cell proliferation supplied to the culture apparatus of the present invention is circulation; FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing the culture apparatus of the present invention; FIG. 4A is perspective view showing a mechanism to detach the bottom portion of the culture apparatus according to the present invention; and FIG. 4B is diagram illustrating a manner in which the detaching mechanism operates. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION First, the method for cell culture according to the present invention will be described in reference with FIG. 1. Reference numeral 1 designates a small sized culture tank used to perform the method of the present invention and, specifically, a microcarrier culture tank is used here as this small sized culture tank, within which proliferation of adhesive cells occurs according to the microcarrier culture process. It should be understood that, although said microcarrier culture tank used in the inventive method, the culture tanks of other types may be effectively employed. Reference numeral 2 designates a nutrient reservoir to supply said microcarrier culture tank 1 with nutrient. The cells initially proliferated within the microcarrier culture tank 1 are stripped off by the well known technique from the microcarriers to obtain a suspension, which is then transferred via a conduit 13 into an intermediate reservoir 3. The cell suspension is temporarily stored in this intermediate reservoir 3 to uniformize cell distribution. Reference numeral 4 designates a mass culture tank filled with ceramic carriers. A quantity of cell suspension is supplied by a pump 17 from said cell suspension reservoir 3 through a conduit 14 and then through an upper conduit 6 extending through the top of the culture tank 4 into a layered ceramic 5 while another quantity of cell suspension is supplied through a conduit 15A and 15B (see FIG. 2) branched from the conduit 14 and then through a lower conduit 7 connected to the bottom of the culture tank 4 into said layered ceramic 5. Cell suspension is supplied in the two-way fashion to the culture tank in the manner as has been mentioned above and thereby uniform adhesion of the cells onto the immobilizing ceramic carriers is achieved. The quantity of cell suspension to be supplied to the mass culture tank in the two-way fashion must be previously adjusted to the optimum quantity at a stage of culture medium adjustment within the intermediate reservoir, since it would be impossible to achieve uniform adhesion of cell onto the ceramic carriers if said quantity of cell suspension is excessively larger than the quantity of the ceramic carriers within the mass culture tank and effective utilization of whole the ceramic carriers would be impossible if said quantity of cell suspension is smaller thah the quarity of the ceramic carriers. Reference numeral 8 designates a culture fluid adjusting tank adapted to effect the culture fluid circulation within the culture tank 4 and to control nutrient and gaseous content of the culture fluid. The culture tank 4 is supplied from its top and bottom with the cell suspension from the intermediate reservoir 3 so that the cells uniformly adhere onto the individual ceramic carriers forming the layered ceramic 5 and then the culture tank 4 is supplied with culture fluid for cell proliferation under action of a pump 9 from the culture fluid adjusting tank 8. Referring to the method of efficient proliferation, channeling can be prevented where the carries are filled, by having upward and downward circulation alternately. Downward circulation occurs in such a manner that said culture fluid is pumped by pump 9 from the culture fluid adjusting tank 8 into the culture tank 4 via conduits 18, 48, 15A, 14, 6 and the inverse funnel-like inlet 34, and returned to said tank 8 via conduits 7, 46, and 16B. Upward circulation occurs in such a manner that said culture fluid is pumped by pump 9 from the culture fluid adjusting tank 8 and into said culture tank 4 via conducts 18, 7 and then though the inverse funnel-like inlet 34, and returned to said tank 8 via conduits 6, 14, 16A, and 16B. These upward and downward circulation occurs alternately automatically every certain minutes and the uniform distribution and proliferation of the cell without causing channeling will be realized. Further, an air pressure supplied from an air inlet 11 into the culture tank 4 under control of an air valve 12 operatively associated with a level control rod so as to maintain a fluid level within the culture tank adjacent the inverse funnel-like inlet 34. Furthermore, instead of said alternate circulation, either the upward or downward circulation can be used alone. After the cells have been proliferated to a predetermined number under circulation of said culture fluid for proliferation, change-over occurs from this culture fluid for proliferation to the culture fluid for production of a physiologically active substance is supplied from a reservoir not shown. Now the culture fluid for production of the physiologically active substance supplied into the culture tank 4 and, after the physiologically active substance has been produced, this culture fluid containing therein said substance is recovered through line 10 into a column for elution of the physiologically active substance. Upon completion of the recovery, the cell suspension is supplied again from the intermediate reservoir 3 into the culture tank 4 and the cell culture is repeated. In this manner, the initial cell proliferation occurs within the microcarrier culture tank 1 while the final cell culture for production of the physiologically active substance occurs within the culture tank 4. Thus, the proliferation and the culture are carried out within the different culture tanks being in communication with each other via the intermediate reservoir. As has previously been described, cell stripping in the small sized culture tank may be performed by any suitable conventional techniques. One of these useful techniques will be described in detail. Upon completion of the cell proliferation, circulation of culture fluid is stopped. Then, the entire quantity of culture fluid is removed out from the small sized culture tank, and washed with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), followed by stripping of the cells effected by supplying a suitable quantity of trypsin or collagenase. It should be noted here that contact of trypsin or collagenase with the cells for a long time would destroy the cells. To avoid this, a quantity of culture fluid containing trypsin inhibitor is supplied thereto in order to devitalize said trypsin or collagenase and thereby a quantity of cell suspension in which the cells float. If the culture is not serumless culture, said trypsin inhibitor may be substituted by serum containing culture fluid, because serum intrinsically contains therein said trypsin inhibitor. In view of a fact that the cells are apt to be deactivated and to stick together, when the cells are left in floating condition for a long time, the cell suspension must be transferred to the immobilizing carriers as soon as possible. Namely, storage of the suspension in the intermediate reservoir is a temporary storage for adjustment. Said intermediate reservoir 3 has an additional important function as will be described below. During the cell proliferation within the small sized culture tank 1, the intermediate reservoir 3 serves for circulation and adjustment of the culture fluid and, upon completion of the cell proliferation and once the circulation has been stopped, the reservoir serves to adjust the quantity of culture fluid to be supplied to the mass culture tank 4 for the subsequent process. The quantity of culture fluid thus adjusted is now partially supplied to the small sized culture tank, in which removal of the culture fluid, washing and stripping of the cells have already been completed, to obtain a quantity of cell suspension which is, in turn, collected into the intermediate reservoir where a quantity of uniform and adjusted cell suspension is necessary to be supplied to the subsequent mass culture tank. The intermediated reservoir is essential for such process. The respective culture tanks as have been mentioned above require the associated adjusting tanks in order to adjust pH, temperature and nutrient properly during circulation of culture fluid, and nutrient occurs form a reservoir not shown. Now the apparatus for cell culture constructed according to the present invention will be discussed by way of example. The apparatus of the invention has been developed by overcoming the disadvantages of the microcarrier type cell cultivating apparatus and comprises a cell culture apparatus filled with carriers adapted to immobilize sedimentary adhesive cells. This cell culture apparatus is particularly suitable as the culture tank for production of physiologically active substance, which is provided separately from the small sized preliminary culture tank for the initial cell proliferation in the method for cell culture as has been mentioned above and accordingly the apparatus of the invention will be described in connection with a specific embodiment constructed as such culture tank. However, application of the inventive apparatus is not limited to such culture tank. FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of the culture apparatus according to this invention. Reference numeral 4 designates a mass culture tank filled with ceramic carriers. A conduit 6 extends from a conduit 14 for supply of cell suspension. As shown by FIG. 3, the conduit 6 is detachably mounted in a cover 32 of the culture tank 4 for supply of cell suspension and its front end terminates in an inversed funnel-shaped inlet 34 and a bottom of the inversed funnel-shaped inlet 34 is defined by perforated plate 35 adapted for uniformly supplying cell suspension to the top of immobilizing carriers. The culture tank 4 is connected to a culture fluid adjusting tank 8 by conduits 16A, 16B, 18 so that a pump 9 disposed in the conduit 18 causes a quantity of culture fluid to circulate. The conduit 18 is connected to an inlet conduit 7 for the culture tank 4 while the conduits 16A and 16B is connected to the conduit 6 associated with the inversed funnel-shaped inlet 34 via a switchable value. Thus, a predetermined quantity of culture fluid is pumped into the culture tank 4 by said pump 9. In above-mentioned upward circulation, culture fluid is returned from the inversed funnel-shaped inlet 34 to the culture fluid adjusting tank 8 through the conduits 6, 14, 16A, 16B when the pump 9 is switched between ON and OFF by means of a fluid level control rod or when germ-free air is introduced through an inlet 11 into the culture tank 4 for pressurizing. In this manner, the fluid level is always adjusted in the proximity of the inversed funnel-shaped inlet 34. Another embodiment of the culture tank 4 will be discussed in reference with FIG. 3. This culture tank 4 consists of an upper flange-like portion 4a, an intermediate drum-like portion 4b and a lower portion 4c which are separable from one another. The flange-like portion 4a is covered by a lid 32. The supply conduit 6 extends downwardly to the inversed funnel-shaped inlet 34 having a bottom covered by the perforated plate 35. The culture tank 4 is further provided across the lower portion with a netty plate 36 adapted to the immobilizing carriers and a perforated plate 37 directly underlying said netty plate 36. The netty plate 36 and perforated plate 37 are fixed by clamping bolts across the lower portion of the culture tank 4. The conduit 7 is connected to the lower end of the culture tank 4. Reference numerals 38, 39 designate cooling jackets for the lower portion 4c and the drum-like portion 4b, respectively, of the culture tank 4. It will be described how to use the culture tank 4 of the present invention particularly for production of physiologically active substance. First of all, ceramic carriers are filled in said culture tank 4 and sterilized therein. Then, a quantity of cell suspension containing adhesive cells floating therein is supplied to the culture tank 4 through the conduit 14 and then through the conduit 6 which opens into the top of the tank 4 while another quantity of cell suspension is supplied to the culture tank 4 through the conduit 15A, 15B branched from the conduit 14 and then the inlet conduit 7 which opens into the bottom of the tank 4. The conduit 6 terminates in the inversed funnel-shaped inlet 34 having its bottom defined by the perforated plate 35, so that the quantity of cell suspension is uniformly supplied from above into the culture tank 4 and the other quantity of cell suspension also is uniformly supplied from below into the culture tank 4 under the effect of the perforated plate 37 and the netty plate 36. Thus, after the culture tank 4 has been supplied from top and bottom with cell suspension and the cells have uniformly adhered onto ceramic carriers, a quantity of culture fluid for cell proliferation is circulated by the pump 9 from the culture fluid adjusting tank 9 through the conduits 18, 16B, 16A for the purpose of cell proliferation. Upon adequate proliferation, culture fluid is changed over from that for cell proliferation to that for production of physiologically active substance coming from a reservoir not shown and thereby a target substance is produced. The culture fluid adjusting tank 8 functions to adjust various factors such as pH, temperature, gaseous content and nutrient content of culture fluid. Now a mechanism for removal of immobilizing carriers from the culture tank 4 will be explained by way of example in reference with FIGS. 4A and 4B. The lower portion 4c of the culture tank 4 is separable from the intermediate drum-like portion 4b by means of a link mechanism and a cylinder, as will be described later more in details. Specifically the drum-like portion 4b is supported on stands 26 through links 24a, 24b mounted on the stands 26 at an intermediate level. Reference numeral 25 designates a supporting shaft by which the links 24a and 24b are pivotally supported by the stands 26 and the links 24a and 24b are interconnected by a tie rod 20 at respective angular portions of said links 24a, 24b. The lower portion 4c of the culture tank is pivotally lowered around the shaft 25 as said tie rod 20 is pulled by a piston rod 22 associated with a cylinder 21, and thereby the lower portion 4c is separated from the drum-like portion 4b of the culture tank 4. The links 24a, 24b are pivotally mounted at respective front ends to the lower portion 4c of the culture tank 4, so that the lower portion 4c can be maintained in a horizontal condition as shown by FIG. 4B, facilitating removal of the immobilizing carriers out from the culture tank 4. As will be apparent from the foregoing description, the cell culture apparatus is advantageous in that the lower portion thereof is separable and thereby removal of the immobilizing carriers out from the apparatus is facilitated. While there has been described what is at present considered to be preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be understood that various modifications may be made therein, and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Cell cultivation is carried out by proliferating cells in a small preliminary culture tank containing immobilizing carriers, stripping proliferated cells from the carriers, forming a cell suspension of the stripped cells in culture medium in an intermediate reservoir, intermittently transferring the suspension into a main culture tank containing ceramic immobilizing carriers and further culturing the cells. The main culture tank has an inversed funnel-shaped inlet above the carriers with a perforated plate attached to the bottom of the inlet for uniform distribution of cell suspension from above the carriers, and a plate in the form of a net under the carriers on a perforated plate for uniform distribution of cell suspension from beneath the carriers. The main tank additionally has a lid detachably carrying the inversed funnel-shaped inlet an intermediate drum-shaped portion from which the lid is detachable and a lower portion detachably carrying the plate in the form of a net and being detachable from the drum-shaped portion. The lower portion is held on or separated from the drum-shaped portion by means of a link mechanism and a cylinder capable of lowering the lower portion to separate it from the drum-shaped portion.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] The application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2006/002586, filed Sep. 29, 2006, which claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 200510100196.2 submitted with the State Intellectual Property Office of P.R.C. on Oct. 1, 2005, entitled “Method for Backuping HA/MAP in Mobile IPv6 Network,” both contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The disclosure relates to the communication field, and more particularly, to a method for backuping the home agent or mobile anchor point (HA/MAP) in the mobile IIPv6 network. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] With the development of the network technique and the appearance of lots of mobile terminals, such as laptops, personal digital assistants (PDA), mobile telephones and mounted devices, an upsurge in the mobile computing is raised. More and more users may access the Internet via the public mobile wireless network by various terminals in any location. To meet the need of the mobile service, a mobile IP technique is introduced in the network layer. [0004] In the Mobile IP technique, a mobile node (MN) may perform the IP communication by using the initial IP address all the time in the movement. Therefore, an upper layer application carried in the IP network layer may be ensured uninterrupted and continuable. [0005] The operation principle of the Mobile IP is that when an MN is connected to its home network, the MN works in the same manner as other fixed nodes. If the MN finds itself moved to a foreign network, the care of address (CoA) on the foreign network is obtained by the stateful or stateless auto-configuration based on the received information announced by the router. Here, the MN owns the home address and the CoA at the same time. The MN registers its CoA to the home agent (HA) by a ‘binding update’ message. If the correspondence node (CN) of the MN does not know the CoA of the MN, the correspondence node sends the data packets to the home network of the MN according to the home address of the MN. The HA of the MN captures these data packets and transfers these data packets to the MN by using a tunnel mechanism according to the current CoA of the MN. The message sent by the MN to the CN is sent to the HA via a reverse tunnel, and is transferred to the CN by the HA. As the data packets between the CN and the MN are both transferred by the HA in that manner, the manner may be called ‘triangle route’ manner. [0006] In the ‘triangle route’ manner, in order to ensure the upper layer application carried in the IP network layer to be uninterrupted and continuable in movement. A plurality of HAs may be set on the home link. In a prior art, when the current active HA is invalid, the switching process of the HA and the MN is as follows. [0007] The MN detects the invalidation of the HA. Specifically, if the MN may not obtain the prefix of the home address from the HA or the MN may not complete the home registration with the HA, the MN detects the invalidation of the HA. In addition, if the MN fails to communicate with the outer CN via the HA, the MN may detect the invalidation of the HA. [0008] The MN sends an HA address request to obtain a redundant HA address when the MN detects the invalidation of the HA. After obtaining the HA address by the MN, the MN sends a home link prefix request to get its own home address. Subsequently, the MN completes the home registration. The MN re-completes the process of the registration and communication with other CNs. [0009] However, all the binding information retained in the invalid HA is lost. The real-time service is interrupted and the MN needs to re-establish the service connection, which costs greatly and consumes a lot of bandwidth. [0010] Another method of the redundant backup for the HA/MAP. The basic scheme is shown as follows. [0011] 1. The HA on the same home link completes the election between the active HA/MAP and the standby HA/MAP by the virtual route redundancy protocol (VRRP). [0012] 2. When the active HA/MAP performs message interaction with the MN, the active HA/MAP creates a binding request and a binding update message by expanding the VRRP message to complete the backup of the binding database record from the active HA/MAP to the standby MA/MAP. [0013] 3. When the active HA/MAP is invalid, as the backup of the binding information is stored in the standby HA/MAP, the service flow (the triangle route) which is performing communication currently is not impacted and the standby HA/MAP may continually transfer the service between the MN and the CN. [0014] The method creates the binding request and the binding update message by the manner of expanding the VRRP message to complete the backup of the binding database record from the active HA/MAP to the standby HA/MAP. The quality of the communication between the MN and the CN may not be ensured because the backup is not performed in real time. [0015] In addition, as the key message of the security association (SA) has no backup (if the interaction is performed by using a dynamic key), when the CoA of the MN changes and needs to be re-registered by the HA, the MN needs to re-perform the key interaction with the new HA because the key negotiated before may not be retained. The process of the binding update of the MN is delayed. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0016] The disclosure provides a method, system and apparatus for backuping an HA/MAP in a mobile IPv6 network to realize the real-time backup of the HA/MAP and enable a standby HA/MAP to take over seamlessly when an active HA/MAP is invalid. [0017] A method for backuping a home agent or mobile anchor protocol (HA/MAP) in a mobile IPv6 network, at least two HAs/MAPs forming a redundant backup group includes following steps. [0018] The at least two HAs/MAPs elect an active HA/MAP and a standby HA/MAP. [0019] When the active HA/MAP performs a signaling message interaction with an MN, the standby HA/MAP obtains in real time a signaling message sent by the MN to the active HA/MAP and the signaling message sent by the active HA/MAP to the MN; or after performing the signaling message interaction with the MN, the active HA/MAP sends status information in real time to the standby HA/MAP via a synchronization message. [0020] The standby HA/MAP elects a new active HA/MAP when the active HA/MAP is invalid. [0021] Optionally, the step of obtaining in real time, by the standby HA/MAP, the signaling message sent by the MN to the active HA/MAP and a signaling message sent by the active HA/MAP to the MN specifically includes following steps. [0022] A backup information channel is established among the standby HA/MAP, the active HA/MAP and the MN. [0023] The standby HA/MAP obtains in real time the signaling message between the active HA/MAP and the MN via the backup information channel. The signaling message includes a binding update message and a key exchange message of a security association. [0024] Optionally, the step of establishing the backup information channel is: forming the backup information channel by connecting the active HA/MAP, the standby HA/MAP and the MN to an outer switch located outside each outer link interface. [0025] The step of obtaining in real time, by the standby HA/MAP, the signaling message between the active HA/MAP and the MN via the backup information channel specifically is that the outer switch copies the message sent by the MN to the active HA/MAP and the message sent by the active HA/MAP to the MN to the standby HA/MAP. [0026] Optionally, after the standby HA/MAP obtains in real time the signaling message sent by the MN to the active HA/MAP and the signaling message sent by the active HA/MAP to the MN, the method further includes: processing the signaling message obtained in real time. [0027] The step of processing the signaling message obtained in real time specifically includes following steps. [0028] A new record is established in a backup database and marked as temporarily unusable after the standby HA/MAP has obtained a binding update request sent by the MN. [0029] After that, the record is marked as usable or updated according to an obtained binding update acknowledgement message sent by the active HA/MAP. [0030] Optionally, if the binding update request of the MN includes a home address created by the MN, the active HA/MAP repeatedly performs an address examination for the binding update message; if the home address of the MN is different from the home address of other MNs and an address of a local link node, the binding update acknowledgement message is the binding update acknowledgement message sent by the active HA/MAP directly to the MN. [0031] If the home address of the MN is the same as the home address of other MNs and the address of the local link node, the binding update acknowledgement message is the binding update acknowledgement message including a suggested home address sent by the active HA/MAP to the MN. [0032] If the binding update request of the MN includes the home address created by the MN, the binding update acknowledgement message is the binding update acknowledgement message including the home address initiatively allocated for the MN and sent by the active HA/MAP to the MN. [0033] Optionally, the step of marking the record as usable or updating the record according to an obtained binding update acknowledgement message sent by the active HA/MAP specifically includes following steps. [0034] When there is no home address in the binding update acknowledgement message sent by the active HA/MAP, the standby HA/MAP marks the new record as usable in the database. [0035] When the binding update acknowledgement message sent by the active HA/MAP includes the home address initiatively allocated, the standby HA/MAP adds the allocated home address into the new record in the database. [0036] When the binding update acknowledgement message sent by the active HA/MAP includes the suggested home address, the standby HA/MAP updates the new record as the suggested home address in the database. [0037] Optionally, if the active HA/MAP creates the security association with the MN, the step of processing the signaling message obtained in real time specifically includes that the standby HA/MAP keeps real-time synchronization with a sending serial number and a receiving slip window of the active HA/MAP by analyzing the obtained signaling message between the active HA/MAP and the MN. [0038] Optionally, the method further includes following steps. [0039] When the HA/MAP resumes after invalidation, a current HA/MAP sends batch backup information to the HA/MAP; and [0040] The HA/MAP enters a real-time backup status after completing a batch backup. [0041] The step of sending, by a current HA/MAP, batch backup information to the HA/MAP specifically includes following steps. [0042] When the batch backup request sent by the HA/MAP includes the security policy database, the security association database, the Internet key exchange status information and the binding updated index information, a current active HA/MAP sends a backup response carrying a security policy database, a security association database, Internet key exchange status information and binding updated index information which are needed by the HA/MAP; when the batch backup request sent by the current HA/MAP does not includes backup information, needed by the current HA/MAP, the current active HA/MAP sends a backup response carrying the current security policy database, the security association database, the Internet key exchange status information and the binding updated index information to the HA/MAP. [0043] A downloaded security policy database, the security association database, the Internet key exchange status information and the binding updated index information are determined after receiving the backup response of the current active HA/MAP by the HA/MAP; the batch backup request is resent to the current HA/MAP; backup information is downloaded and sent to the standby HA/MAP according to a re-received request by the current HA/MAP. [0044] Optionally, the step of sending status information in real time to the standby HA/MAP via a synchronization message includes that the active HA/MAP synchronizes a key exchange status to the standby HA/MAP via the synchronization message when the active HA/MAP dynamically creates the security association with the MN. [0045] The step of synchronizing, by the active HA/MAP, a key exchange status to the standby HA/MAP via the synchronization message specifically includes following steps. [0046] When the MN and the active HA/MAP complete a first phase of the Internet key exchange, the active HA/MAP synchronizes a first phase status of the Internet key exchange to the standby HA/MAP. [0047] When the MN and the active HA/MAP complete a second phase of the Internet key exchange, the active HA/MAP synchronizes a second phase status or the second phase and the first phase status of the Internet key exchange to the standby HA/MAP. [0048] Optionally, the step of sending status information in real time to the standby HA/MAP via a synchronization message includes that the active HA/MAP backups binding cache information to the standby HA/MAP via the synchronization message. [0049] According to another aspect of the disclosure, a system for backuping a home agent or mobile anchor protocol (HA/MAP) in a mobile IPv6 network includes a redundant backup group formed by at least two HAs/MAPs and the at least HAs/MAPs includes an elected active HA/MAP and a standby HA/MAP; the standby HA/MAP is adapted to obtain in real time a signaling message sent by the active HA/MAP to a mobile node (MN) and the signaling message sent by the MN to the active HA/MAP or is adapted to obtain status information in real time sent by the active HA/MAP via a synchronization message. [0050] Optionally, the system further includes: [0051] a backup information channel established among the standby HA/MAP, the active HA/MAP and the MN and adapted to transmit a message obtained in real time by the standby HA/MAP; [0052] an outer switch located outside each outer link interface, connected to the active HA/MAP, the standby HA/MAP and the MN, and adapted to copy the message sent by the active HA/MAP to the MN and the message sent by the MN to the active HA/MAP to the standby HA/MAP. [0053] An apparatus for backuping a home agent or mobile anchor point (HA/MAP) in an IPv6 network includes: [0054] an interaction message obtaining unit, adapted to obtain a signaling message sent by a mobile node (MN) to an active HA/MAP and the signaling message sent by the active HA/MAP to the MN; and [0055] an interaction message sending unit, adapted to send in real time the obtained signaling message to a standby HA/MAP. [0056] Optionally, the interaction message obtaining unit and the interaction message sending unit are set in an outer switch located outside each outer link interface. [0057] Optionally, the apparatus further includes an interaction message processing unit set in an HA/MAP and adapted to process the signaling message from the interaction message sending unit when the HA/MAP is in a backup status. [0058] Optionally, the interaction message processing unit includes a binding update message processing unit and an IP security message processing unit. The binding update message processing unit is adapted to establish a new record in a backup database according to an obtained binding update request sent by the MN, mark the record as temporarily unusable, and mark the record as usable or update the record according to an obtained binding update acknowledgement message sent by the active HA/MAP. The IP security message processing unit is adapted to analyze an obtained IP security message between the active HA/MAP and the MN to keep real-time synchronization with a sending serial number and a receiving slip window of the active HA/MAP. [0059] Optionally, the apparatus further includes: [0060] a batch backup request unit, set in the HA/MAP and adapted to send a batch backup request for the HA/MAP when an invalid active HA/MAP resumes and is elected as the standby HA/MAP; [0061] a backup response unit, set in the HA/MAP and adapted to send a backup response to respond the batch backup request for a current active HA/MAP; [0062] a backup response processing unit, set in the HA/MAP and adapted to obtain index information after receiving the backup response and inform the batch backup request unit to send a re-batch backup request carrying the index information of the backup information needing to download; and [0063] a backup information sending unit, set in the HA/MAP and adapted to send the backup information when the current active HA/MAP has received the re-batch backup request. [0064] The disclosure makes the service information between the standby HA/MAP and the active HA/MAP real-time synchronous by the standby HA/MAP obtaining in real time the message interacted between the active HA/MAP and the MN or by the active HA/MAP sending in real time the backup information to the standby HA/MAP. Therefore, when the active HA/MAP is invalid, the standby HA/MAP may take over the work in real time, which ensures the stability of the active node devices in the network and minimally reduces the influence on the network operation by the single-point trouble. [0065] According to the disclosure, the batch backup between the standby HA/MAP and the active HA/MAP is realized. In the period of the active-backup exchange, the present scheme ensures the smooth transmission of the service and makes the foreign and local MNs not to feel the change of the service flow. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0066] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the scheme of the basic network organization in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure; [0067] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the real-time backup in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure; [0068] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating that the standby HA/MAP obtaining in real time the signaling message in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure; [0069] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the batch backup in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure; and [0070] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the backup apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS [0071] In order to make the objects, technical solutions and merits of the disclosure clearer, a further description of embodiments of the disclosure is given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. [0072] Referring to FIG. 1 , one embodiment of the backup system in accordance with the disclosure is applied in the mobile IPv6 network. On the home link of the MN 110 , HA/MAP 121 , 122 and 123 form a redundant backup group. The HA/MAP 121 , 122 and 123 elect HA/MAP 121 as an active HA/MAP and the HA/MAP 122 , 123 as a standby HA/MAP. [0073] When the active HA/MAP 121 performs message interaction with the MN 110 , the HA/MAP 122 , 123 in backup status obtain in real time the message sent by the MN 110 to the active HA/MAP 121 and the message sent by the active HA/MAP 121 to the MN 110 and process the message; or when the active HA/MAP 121 performs message interaction with the MN 110 , the active HA/MAP 121 synchronizes in real time the status information to the HA/MAP 122 , 123 in the backup status by a synchronization message. [0074] Also referring to FIG. 2 which is a schematic diagram illustrating the real-time backup in accordance with the embodiment of the standby Method in the disclosure, the real-time backup process includes the following steps. [0075] Step S 21 : On the home link of the MN, a plurality of HAs/MAPs forms the redundant backup group. Each HA/MAP elects the active HA/MAP by the VRRP protocol or a similar priority election protocol. The active HA/MAP communicates with an outer network by a virtual IPv6 address and a virtual medium access control address. The HA/MAP may share the global routable IP address to outside. [0076] When the active HA/MAP performs message interaction with the MN, the HA/MAP in the backup status obtains in real time the message sent by the MN to the active HA/MAP and the message sent by the active HA/MAP to the MN, calculates the message, processes the message, and stores the result. In one embodiment of the disclosure, the specific process for obtaining in real time the message and processing the message includes following steps. [0077] The configuration of the active HA/MAP is the same as the configuration of the standby HA/MAP, i.e. the security policy databases (SPD) of the active HA/MAP and the standby HA/MAP are the same. If the active HA/MAP and the standby HA/MAP establish the security association manually, the security association databases (SADB) of the active HA/MAP and the standby HA/MAP are also the same. [0078] When the active HA/MAP establishes the security association with the MN (MN) by using an Internet key exchange (IKE) (Step S 22 , S 23 ), the security association status (IKE/IPSec status) needs to be backuped to the standby HA/MAP (Step S 24 ). Meanwhile, the index relationship between the security policy database SPD and the security association also needs to be backuped. The active HA/MAP may backup the established IKE/IPSec status to the standby HA/MAP by the synchronization message. The standby Message used may be an expanding message of the VRRP for IPv6. [0079] The active HA/MAP may backup the established IKE/IPSec status to the standby HA/MAP by the synchronization message. The specific process is as follows. [0080] When the MN MN completes the first phase exchange of the IKE with the active HA/MAP, the active HA/MAP may synchronize the status of the first phase (including the DH exchanging public values, initiating the nonce and so on) of the IKE to the standby HA/MAP. [0081] When the MN MN completes the second phase exchange of the IKE with the active HA/MAP, the active HA/MAP may synchronize the status of the second phase or the status of the second phase and the first phase of the IKE to the standby HA/MAP. [0082] In addition, the standby HA/MAP also needs to synchronize the sending serial number and the receiving slip window of the key message of the security association of the active HA/MAP. The standby HA/MAP keeps synchronization by obtaining and analyzing the mobile signaling message between the active HA/MAP and the MN. The standby HA/MAP may perform a security filtering to the received signaling message, i.e. the standby HA/MAP only receives the signaling message between the active HA/MAP and the MN so as to keep synchronization with the sending serial number and the receiving slip window of the key message of the security association of the active HA/MAP. [0083] When the active HA/MAP performs the binding update with the MN, each HA/MAP in the backup status may also obtain the message sent by the MN to the active HA/MAP and the message sent by the active HA/MAP to the MN, calculate the binding update message, process the binding update message and stores the result. The specific process includes following steps. [0084] When the active HA/MAP has received a binding update request (Step S 25 ), the active HA/MAP sends different binding update acknowledge messages conditionally (Step S 27 ). If the home address created by the MN itself is not included, the active HA/MAP directly sends the binding update acknowledge message to the MN. If the home address created by the MN itself is included, the active HA/MAP needs to examine the home address repeatedly. The examination method includes: inquiring a local home link neighbor database, sending a repeat address examination message or inquiring a neighbor agent. If the repeat address examination is passed, the active HA/MAP directly sends the binding update acknowledge message to the MN. If the repeat address examination is not passed, the suggested home address needs to be included in the binding update acknowledge. [0085] After obtaining the binding update request (Step S 26 ), the standby HA/MAP establishes a new record in the backup database and marks the record as temporarily unusable; and then marks the record as usable or updating the record according to the obtained binding update acknowledge message sent by the active HA/MAP (Step S 28 ). When the home address field is not included in the binding update acknowledge message sent by the active HA/MAP, the standby HA/MAP marks the new record in the database as usable. When the allocated home address is included in the binding update acknowledge message sent by the active HA/MAP, the standby HA/MAP adds the allocated home address into the new record in the database. When the suggested home address is included in the binding update acknowledge message sent by the active HA/MAP, the standby HA/MAP updates the new record in the database to the suggested home address. [0086] In addition, the active HA/MAP may also directly send the binding cache information to the standby HA/MAP. [0087] The standby HA/MAP may obtain the signaling message between the active HA/MAP and the MN by establishing a backup information channel. One embodiment of the backup information channel is shown in FIG. 3 . The backup information channel is established between each outer link interface 130 using the VRRP protocol. The signaling message sent by MN 110 to active HA/MAP 121 and the binding update message are copied by the switch 140 of the outer link to the standby HA/MAP 122 , 123 . Meanwhile, the signaling message sent by the active HA/MAP 121 to the MN 110 and the binding update message are also copied by the switch 140 of the outer link to the standby HA/MAP 122 , 123 . When the active HA/MAP is invalid (Step S 29 ), by the VRRP protocol, the standby HA/MAP elects a new active HA/MAP to take over the work of the active HA/MAP and act as the new active HA/MAP (Step S 30 ). The active HA/MAP may be invalid because of exception errors or maintaining requirement. [0088] If a previous active HA/MAP resumes, it may be elected as a new standby HA/MAP by the VRRP protocol. The HA/MAP has no information recorded in the security policy database, in the security association database and in the binding update database. The information needs to be obtained from the current active HA/MAP for completing the backup work. Although the previous active HA/MAP is the owner of the virtual IPv6 address, the previous active HA/MAP may be elected as a new active HA/MAP only after downloading the backup information in batch-bulk from the current active HA/MAP. [0089] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating that the standby HA/MAP backups the message information of the current active HA/MAP in batch-bulk. The process of batch backup includes following steps. [0090] Step S 41 : When the previous active HA/MAP resumes, the previous active HA/MAP is elected as the new standby HA/MAP by the VRRP protocol. The standby HA/MAP initiates a batch backup request to the active HA/MAP; [0091] Step S 42 : When the active HA/MAP receives the batch backup request sent by the standby HA/MAP, the active HA/MAP sends a backup response. The specific process includes as follows. [0092] Firstly, the active HA/MAP determines whether the standby HA/MAP carries the index of the backup information needed. If the standby HA/MAP carries the index of the backup information needed, the current active HA/MAP sends the backup response carrying the security policy database, the security association database, the status information of the Internet key exchange and the index information of the binding update needed by the standby HA/MAP. When the batch backup request sent by the HA/MAP does not include the backup information needed, the current active HA/MAP sends the backup response carrying the current security policy database, the security association database, the status information of the Internet key exchange and the index information of the binding update to the HA/MAP. [0093] Step S 43 : When the HA/MAP receives the response of the current active HA/MAP, the HA/MAP determines to download security policy database, the security association database, the status information of the Internet key exchange and the index information of the binding update according to its own need and re-sends a batch backup request to the current active HA/MAP. [0094] Step S 44 : According to the re-received download request, the current active HA/MAP sends the backup information to the standby HA/MAP. [0095] After completing the batch backup, the standby HA/MAP enters the real-time backup status. [0096] Referring to FIG. 5 , it is a block diagram illustrating the backup apparatus of the HA/MAP in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. [0097] The backup apparatus includes: an interaction message obtaining unit 510 adapted to obtain the signaling message sent by the MN to the active HA/MAP and the signaling message sent by the active HA/MAP to the MN; and an interaction message sending unit 520 adapted to send in real time the obtained signaling message to the standby HA/MAP. [0098] In one embodiment of the disclosure, the interaction message obtaining unit 510 and the interaction message sending unit 520 are set in the outer switch 600 located outside each outer link interface. [0099] The backup apparatus further includes an interaction message processing unit 530 set in the HA/MAP adapted to process the signaling message from the interaction message sending unit 520 when the HA/MAP is in the backup status. [0100] The interaction message processing unit 530 includes a binding update message processing unit 531 and an IP security message processing unit 532 . [0101] The binding update message processing unit 531 is adapted to establish a new record in the backup database according to the obtained binding update request sent by the MN and to mark the record as temporarily unusable; and mark the record as usable or update the record according to the obtained binding update acknowledgement message sent by the active HA/MAP. [0102] The IP security message processing unit 532 is adapted to analyze the obtained IP security message between the active HA/MAP and the MN to keep real-time synchronization with the sending serial number and the receiving slip window of the active HA/MAP. [0103] In addition, after resuming, an invalid previous active HA/MAP may be elected as a new standby HA/MAP by the VRRP protocol. The HA/MAP has no information recorded in the security policy database, in the security association database and in the binding update database. The previous active HA/MAP may be elected as a new active HA/MAP only after downloading the backup information from the current active HA/MAP in batch-bulk. In order to realize the batch backup, the backup apparatus further includes: [0104] a batch backup request unit 540 set in the HA/MAP and adapted to send a batch backup request for the HA/MAP when the invalid active HA/MAP resumes and is elected as the standby HA/MAP; [0105] a backup response unit 550 set in the HA/MAP and adapted to send a backup response to respond the batch backup request for the current active HA/MAP; [0106] a backup response processing unit 560 set in the HA/MAP and adapted to obtain the index information after receiving the backup response and inform the batch backup request unit 540 to send a re-batch backup request carrying the index information of backup information needing to be downloaded; and [0107] a backup information sending unit 570 set in the HA/MAP and adapted to send the backup information when the current active HA/MAP received the re-batch backup request. [0108] Though illustration and description of the present disclosure have been given with reference to embodiments thereof, it should be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in forms and details can be made without deviation from the scope of this disclosure, which are defined by the appended claims.

The disclosure provides a method, system and apparatus for backuping HA/MAP in mobile IPv6 network. In the disclosure, at least two HAs/MAPs form a redundant backup group. The at least two HAs/MAPs elect an active HA/MAP and a standby HA/MAP via the VRRP. When the active HA/MAP interacts the signaling message with a mobile node, the HA/MAP in backup status obtains the signaling message interacted by both of them in real time. When the active HA/MAP is invalid, the standby HA/MAP may take over the work in time so that the stability of the active node device of the network is ensured. During the exchange of the active HA/MAP and the standby HA/MAP, the solution ensures a smooth transition of the service.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to a chemical method and in particular to a chemical method to obtain a tricyclic indole compound. The method of the invention can be applied in the synthesis of tricyclic indole compounds that find use as pharmaceuticals and as radiopharmaceuticals. DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART [0002] Tricyclic indole compounds are known in the art and have been reported to have activity as melatonin antagonists (Davies 1998 J Med Chem; 41: 451-467), secretory phospholipase A 2 inhibitors (Anderson et al EP 0952149 A1), treatment for Alzheimer's disease (Wantanabe WO 99/25340), treatment of inflammatory diseases such as septic shock (Kinnick et al WO 03/014082 and WO 03/016277) and high binding affinity to translocator protein (TSPO, formerly known as peripheral benzodiazepine receptor; Wadsworth et al (WO 2010/109007). [0003] One reported method for the synthesis of these tricyclic indole compounds broadly comprises a condensation reaction between an analine and a bromo oxocycloalkanecarboxylate, followed by cyclization in the presence of zinc chloride. [0004] Davies et al (J Med Chem 1998; 41: 451-467) describe melatonin agonists and antagonists derived from tetrahydrocyclopent[b]indoles, tetrahydrocarbazoles and hexahydrocyclohept[b]indoles. The general mechanism presented in this paper for the synthesis of these compounds comprises treating the appropriate N-methylaniline with the appropriate 3-bromo-2-oxocycloalkanecarboxylate as shown below followed by reaction with zinc chloride and heating for 16 hours: [0000] [0005] In the above scheme, Me is methyl and the variables R, R 1 and n are as defined by Davies et al, supra. Following the cyclization reaction, the product was extracted three times with a mixture of hydrochloric acid and ethyl acetate, washed with water and Na 2 CO 3 , dried with MgSO 4 followed by evaporation of the solvent to obtain the ester in sufficient purity to be used in subsequent reactions. [0006] Kinnick et al (WO 2003/014082) describe tricyclic indole compounds and a synthesis method for their preparation comprising condensation of 2-carbomethoxy-5-bromocyclopentanone and N-benzyl-2-chloro-5-methoxyaniline, followed by heating with zinc chloride at reflux temperature over a period of 10-60 hours: [0000] [0007] In the above scheme Me is methyl and Bzl is benzyl. Following the cyclization the reaction mixture was cooled, concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography. This reaction was adapted by the same group to obtain the heptane derivative, substituting the 2-carbomethoxy-5-bromocyclopentanone of the scheme above with 2-carbomethoxy-5-bromocycloheptanone (Kinnick et al WO 2003/016277), followed by cooling, filtration, washing, drying and concentration in vacuo. More specifically for this heptane derivative, Kinnick et al made 2 separate additions of ZnCl 2 : 1M ZnCl 2 in diethyl ether added to the intermediate dissolved in toluene, and then another 1M ZnCl 2 in diethyl ether added after 1 hour along with further toluene. [0008] Anderson et al (EP0952149 B1) describe substituted carbazoles wherein the preparation of certain of these compounds comprises condensation of 2-carbethoxy-6-bromocyclohexanone with an aniline followed by addition of zinc chloride and refluxing in benzene. Following the cyclization step, the residue worked up before being taken to the subsequent step, e.g. in one example the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate, washed with hydrochloric acid, washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate, evaporated in vacuo and then purified by silica gel chromatography. [0009] Wadsworth et al (WO 2010/109007) describe the synthesis of 18 F-labelled tricyclic compounds using similar methods according to the following scheme: [0000] [0010] In the above Et is ethyl and PG is a protecting group and the variables Y 11 , Y 12 , R 11a and R 12 are defined therein. In the experimental examples, following the cyclization step, the reaction was dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with hydrochloric acid and potassium carbonate (and in some cases also water), dried over magnesium sulphate, concentrated in vacuo and in some cases also purified by silica gel chromatography. [0011] The present inventors have found that the above-described methods present difficulties during the cyclization reaction and/or require re-work of the cyclized product before any subsequent reactions to be carried out, which can be time-consuming and labour-intensive. There is therefore a need for improved methods for carrying out this cyclization reaction. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0012] The present invention relates to a method for the production of tricyclic indole compounds comprising a cyclization step wherein this step is improved over known methods. The present inventors have observed that the zinc halide reagent used for the cyclization appears to deactivate itself over time. The inventive method proposes to add the zinc halide using multiple additions at defined timepoints. With the method of the invention it is not required to separate the two phases formed during the cyclization reaction and carry out a re-work of one of the phases in order to result in an acceptable yield. The lot-wise addition of zinc halide during cyclization has been observed to facilitate better conversion, thereby improving yield and avoiding significant rework of the cyclized product. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0013] In one aspect the present invention provides a method for the production of a compound of Formula Z: [0000] [0014] wherein: Z 1 is an R 1 group selected from halo or C 1-3 alkyl; Z 2 is an R 2 group selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, cyano, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 fluoroalkyl, or C 1-3 fluoroalkoxy; Z 3 is an R 3 group selected from C 1-6 alkyl or —O—R 7 wherein R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl; Z 4 is an R 4 group selected from O, S, SO, SO 2 or CH 2 ; Z 5 is an R 5 group selected from CH 2 , CH 2 —CH 2 , CH(CH 3 )—CH 2 or CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 ; Z 6 is an R 6 group selected from C 1-10 alkyl or an amine protecting group, or R 6 is the group —O—R 8 wherein R 8 is C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-12 aryl, C 7-14 arylalkyl or a hydroxyl protecting group; wherein said method comprises cyclizing of a compound of Formula Y: [0000] wherein each of Y 1-6 are the same as each of Z 1-6 ; [0023] wherein said cyclizing is carried out by introduction of a zinc halide in a suitable solvent to a solution of said compound of Formula Y wherein said introduction comprises a first addition and a second addition carried out at least 6 hours after said first addition. [0024] The term “halo” or “halogen” is taken to mean any one of chloro, fluoro, bromo or iodo. [0025] The term “alkyl” used either alone or as part of another group is defined as any straight —C n H 2n+1 group, branched —C n H 2n+1 group wherein n is >3, or cyclic —C n H 2n−1 group where n is >2. Non-limiting examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl, cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl. [0026] The term “hydroxyl” refers to the group —OH. [0027] The term “cyano” refers to the group —CN. [0028] The term “alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group as defined above comprising an ether linkage, and the term “ether linkage” refers to the group —C—O—C—. Non-limiting examples of alkoxy groups include, methoxy, ethoxy, and propoxy. [0029] The terms “fluoroalkyl” and “fluoroalkoxy”refer respectively to an alkyl group and an alkoxy group as defined above wherein a hydrogen is replaced with a fluoro. [0030] The term “aryl” refers to any molecular fragment or group which is derived from a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, or a monocyclic or polycyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon. [0031] The term “arylalkyl” refers to an aryl-substituted alkylene group wherein aryl and alkylene are as defined above. [0032] The term “protecting group” is meant a group which inhibits or suppresses undesirable chemical reactions, but which is designed to be sufficiently reactive that it may be cleaved from the functional group in question to obtain the desired product under mild enough conditions that do not modify the rest of the molecule. Protecting groups are well-known in the art and are discussed in detail in ‘Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis’, by Greene and Wuts (Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2007). [0033] Non-limiting examples of suitable protecting groups for hydroxyl include methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, allyl, t-butanyl, benzyl (—CH 2 C 6 H 5 ), benzoyl (—COC 6 H 5 ), and for ester groups include t-butyl, ester benzyl ester, isopropyl, and methyl and ethyl esters. [0034] The term “cyclizing” refers to the formation of a cyclic compound from an open-chain compound. [0035] A “zinc halide” is suitably selected from zinc chloride and zinc bromide and is preferably zinc chloride. [0036] The “suitable solvent” for said zinc halide is selected from diethyl ether, propan-2-ol, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyl-THF (MTHF) and cyclopentylmethylether (CPME). [0037] Said R 1 group is preferably at the bottom position (i.e. the 8 position of either Formula Y or Z) of the aryl ring to which it is attached. [0038] Said R 2 group is preferably at the top position (i.e. the 5 position of either Formula Y or Z) of the aryl ring to which it is attached. [0039] Said R 1 group is preferably halo and is most preferably chloro. [0040] Said R 2 group is preferably C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 or C 1-3 fluoroalkoxy, most preferably C 1-3 alkoxy and most especially preferably methoxy. [0041] Said R 3 group is preferably —O—R 7 wherein R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl, preferably wherein R 7 is C 1-3 alkyl and most preferably wherein R 7 is ethyl. [0042] Said R 4 group is preferably S, SO, SO 2 or CH 2 and is most preferably CH 2 . [0043] Said R 5 group is preferably CH 2 , CH 2 —CH 2 , or CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 and is most preferably CH 2 —CH 2 . [0044] Said R 6 group is preferably C 1-10 alkyl or an amine protecting group. Alternatively preferably said R 6 group is the group —O—R 8 wherein R 8 is C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-12 aryl, C 7-14 arylalkyl or a hydroxyl protecting group. In this alternative preferred embodiment R 8 is preferably a hydroxyl protecting group and most preferably is benzyl. [0045] For a preferred compound of either Formula Y or Formula Z: [0046] Said R 1 group is halo; [0047] Said R 2 group is C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 or C 1-3 fluoroalkoxy; [0048] Said R 3 group is —O—R 7 wherein R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl; [0049] Said R 4 group is S, SO, SO 2 or CH 2 ; [0050] Said R 5 group is CH 2 , CH 2 —CH 2 , or CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 ; and, [0051] Said R 6 group is C 1-10 alkyl or an amine protecting group. [0052] For an alternative preferred compound of either Formula Y or Formula Z: [0053] Said R 1 group is halo; [0054] Said R 2 group is C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 or C 1-3 fluoroalkoxy; [0055] Said R 3 group is —O—R 7 wherein R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl; [0056] Said R 4 group is S, SO, SO 2 or CH 2 ; [0057] Said R 5 group is CH 2 , CH 2 —CH 2 , or CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 ; and, [0058] Said R 6 group is the group —O—R 8 wherein R 8 is C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-12 aryl, C 7-14 arylalkyl or a hydroxyl protecting group. [0059] For a most preferred compound of either Formula Y or Formula Z: [0060] Said R 1 group is at the bottom position of the aryl ring to which it is attached and is halo; [0061] Said R 2 group is at the top position of the aryl ring to which it is attached and is C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 or C 1-3 fluoroalkoxy; [0062] Said R 3 group is —O—R 7 wherein R 7 is C 1-3 alkyl; [0063] Said R 4 group is CH 2 ; [0064] Said R 5 group is CH 2 —CH 2 ; and, [0065] Said R 6 group is the group —O—R 8 wherein R 8 is a hydroxyl protecting group. [0066] For an especially preferred compound of either Formula Y or Formula Z: [0067] Said R 1 group is at the bottom position of the aryl ring to which it is attached and is chloro; [0068] Said R 2 group is at the top position of the aryl ring to which it is attached and is C 1-3 alkoxy; [0069] Said R 3 group is —O—R 7 wherein R 7 is ethyl; [0070] Said R 4 group is CH 2 ; [0071] Said R 5 group is CH 2 —CH 2 ; and, [0072] Said R 6 group is the group —O—R 8 wherein R 8 is benzyl. [0073] For a most especially preferred compound of either Formula Y or Formula Z: [0074] Said R 1 group is at the bottom position of the aryl ring to which it is attached and is chloro; [0075] Said R 2 group is at the top position of the aryl ring to which it is attached and is methoxy; [0076] Said R 3 group is —O—R 7 wherein R 7 is ethyl; [0077] Said R 4 group is CH 2 ; [0078] Said R 5 group is CH 2 —CH 2 ; and, [0079] Said R 6 group is the group —O—R 8 wherein R 8 is benzyl. [0080] It is an essential feature of the present invention that the zinc halide is introduced using more than one addition. The present inventors have found in addition that second and subsequent additions of zinc halide are suitably carried out at least 6 hours after the previous addition. If subsequent additions of zinc halide are made too early, the present inventors have faced significant problems stirring the reaction, which is assumed to be due to precipitation of zinc halide. Addition of zinc halide can in another embodiment further comprise a third addition wherein said third addition is carried out at least 6 hours after said second addition. Preferably, the time between each addition is from 6-36 hours, most preferably from 12-24 hours. The quantity of zinc halide added at each addition is also important. Preferably, a significant surplus is used in the first addition with half the amount of the first addition for each subsequent addition, e.g. around a gram of zinc halide per gram of uncyclized intermediate (i.e. compound of Formula Y) for the first addition and around half a gram per gram of uncyclized intermediate for each subsequent addition. In one embodiment, >3 molar equivalents can be used with the first addition. [0081] Compounds of Formula Y can be obtained from commercial starting materials using or adapting methods described in the prior art. Reference is made in this regard to the teachings of Julia & Lenzi (Bulletin de la Societé de France 1962: 2262-2263), Davies et al (J Med Chem 1998; 41: 451-467), Kinnick et al (WO 2003/014082 and WO 2003/016277), Anderson et al (EP0952149 B1) and Wadsworth et al (WO 2010/109007). In each of these publications compounds of Formula Y are obtained by condensation reaction between an analine and a bromo oxocycloalkanecarboxylate as illustrated in Scheme 1 below: [0000] [0082] In the above scheme R′ is an R 7 group as defined herein, R″ is an R 1 and/or an R 2 group as defined herein, R″′ is an R 6 group as defined herein and n′ is an integer of 1-3. [0083] The compounds of Formula Z obtained by the above-described method of the invention may be further converted by means well-known to those of skill in the art to obtain additional compounds. Therefore, in another embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises conversion of the group —C(═O)—Z 3 of Formula Z to the group —C(═O)—Z 13 wherein Z 13 is hydroxyl or NR 9 R 10 wherein R 9 and R 10 are independently C 1-3 alkyl, C 7-10 arylalkyl, or R 9 and R 10 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form a nitrogen-containing C 4-6 aliphatic ring optionally comprising 1 further heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. [0084] A “nitrogen-containing C 4-6 aliphatic ring” is a saturated C 4-6 alkyl ring comprising a nitrogen heteroatom. Examples include pyrolidinyl, piperidinyl and morpholinyl rings. [0085] This further step can be easily achieved using well-known synthetic chemistry techniques. For example, where Z 3 in the group —C(═O)—Z 3 is —O—R 7 it can be converted to —C(═O)—Z 13 wherein Z 13 is hydroxyl by straightforward removal of the R 7 group by hydrolysis using an acid or a base, preferably by using a base such as NaOH. [0086] In another embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises conversion of the group —N—Z 6 to the group —N—Z 16 wherein Z 16 is hydrogen, C 1-10 alkylene-OH or C 1-10 alkylene-LG wherein LG is a leaving group. [0087] The term “alkylene” refers to a divalent linear —CH n H 2n — group. [0088] The term “leaving group” refers to a molecular fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond cleavage. Non-limiting examples of suitable leaving groups include halo groups selected from chloro, iodo, or bromo, aryl or alkyl sulfonates such as tosylate, triflate, nosylate or mesylate. [0089] Z 16 is preferably C 1-10 alkylene-LG and most preferably C 1-6 alkylene-LG. [0090] LG is preferably halo, or an aryl or alkyl sulfonate, and is most preferably an aryl or alkyl sulfonate. Preferred aryl or alkyl sulfonates are selected from tosylate, triflate, nosylate and mesylate. [0091] Conversion of the group —N—Z 6 to the group —N—Z 16 can be carried out in a straightforward manner, e.g. by simply removing a protecting group in order to obtain —NH 2 or —N-alkylene-OH, and by further reacting with a suitable source of a leaving group to obtain —N-alkylene-LG. Suitable sources of leaving groups are commercially available and well-known to those skilled in the art, e.g. sulfonyl chloride reagents such as p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (TsCl) and methanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl). [0092] In a yet further embodiment, the method of the invention further comprises conversion of the group —N—Z 16 to the group —N—Z 26 wherein Z 26 is C 1-10 alkylene- 18 F. [0093] Labelling with 18 F can be achieved by nucleophilic displacement of LG in one step by reaction with a suitable source of [ 18 F]-fluoride ion ( 18 F), which is normally obtained as an aqueous solution from the nuclear reaction 18 O(p,n) 18 F and is made reactive by the addition of a cationic counterion and the subsequent removal of water. 18 F can also be introduced by O-alkylation of hydroxyl groups with 18 F(CH 2 ) 3 -LG wherein LG is as defined above. [0094] [ 18 F]-radiotracers are now often conveniently prepared on an automated radiosynthesis apparatus. There are several commercially-available examples of such apparatus, including Tracerlab™ and Fastlab™ (GE Healthcare Ltd). Such apparatus commonly comprises a “cassette”, often disposable, in which the radiochemistry is performed, which is fitted to the apparatus in order to perform a radiosynthesis. The cassette normally includes fluid pathways, a reaction vessel, and ports for receiving reagent vials as well as any solid-phase extraction cartridges used in post-radiosynthetic clean up steps. In a preferred embodiment therefore the further step of conversion of the group —N—Z 16 to the group —N—Z 26 wherein Z 26 is C 1-10 alkylene- 18 F is automated. [0095] The following non-limiting examples serve to illustrate the invention in more detail. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLES [0096] Example 1 describes how the method of the present invention can be carried out to obtain a compound of Formula Z by cyclizing a compound of Formula Y. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE EXAMPLES [0000] EtOAc: ethyl acetate HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography TLC: thin-layer chromatography EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of ethyl 9-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)-8-chloro-5-methoxy-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-4-carboxylate [0100] Step 1: Synthesis of ethyl 3-bromo-2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate [0000] [0101] Step 2: Synthesis of N-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)-2-chloro-5-methoxyaniline [0000] [0102] Step 3: Synthesis of ethyl 3-((2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)(2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-2-hydroxycyclohex-1-enecarboxylate [0000] [0103] Step 4: Synthesis of ethyl 9-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)-8-chloro-5-methoxy-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-4-carboxylate [0000] [0104] Each of steps 1-3 was carried out as described by Wadsworth et al (WO 2010/109007 Example 1). [0105] For step 4 the general procedure used was firstly to charge compound 6 (x g, 1 mole equivalent) and diethyl ether (20 ml/g compound 6) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Zinc chloride was then added at ˜1 g per gram of compound 6 and the reaction mixture heated to a good reflux and maintained at reflux for ˜1 day. Then additional zinc chloride was added at ˜0.5 g per gram of compound 6 and refluxed for a further ˜1 day. A third addition of zinc chloride at 0.4-0.6 g per gram of compound 6 was carried out with reflux maintained with monitoring of the reaction with TLC (eluent 25% EtOAc in heptane, UV 254 nm), with the normal reaction time being approximately 5 days. Work up comprised evaporation of the reaction mixture (25-40° C.) under vacuum to obtain an oily mass. The crude was weighed and then dissolved in ethyl acetate (1-10 ml/g crude) and washed with HCl (1 part concentrated HCl and 5 parts water (approximately 2M), 2×1-10 ml/g crude). The ethyl acetate phase was then concentrated under vacuum at 25-50° C. and a sample withdrawn for TLC (eluent 25% EtOAc in heptane, UV 254 nm). [0106] Storage at room temperature or below. [0107] Table 1: shows the results of carrying out the cyclization step according to an embodiment of the present invention comprising multiple additions of zinc chloride wherein ˜19-25 hours elapsed between each addition. [0000] Reaction HPLC Isolated cyclized Intermediate 6 (g) ZnCl 2 (g) time purity product (g) 8.53 7.2 + 2.73 5 days 87.20% 7.79 3 3 + 1.5 + 1.5 5 days   91% 3.17 122 122 + 60 + 60 6 days 89.90% 117

The present invention relates to a method for the production of tricyclic indole compounds comprising a cyclization step wherein this step is improved over known methods.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a dental implant for the attachment of an artificial tooth. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Dental treatments comprising implanting a dental implant at a site where a tooth or teeth are missing, and, with the dental implant as a root, attaching an artificial tooth onto the top of the dental implant as a substitute for a natural tooth, have been clinically applied, and are known in the art. Such dental implants are conventionally made of metals such as titanium and a cobalt/chromium/molybdenum alloy. In recent years, alumina ceramics have received increasing attention because of the superior in vivo characteristics thereof, and are now in widespread use. Various techniques for implanting a dental implant are known; a very popular technique is as follows: Mucosa at a site where a tooth or teeth are missing is peeled apart, a grooved or tapped hole conforming to the shape of the root portion of the dental implant is formed in a jaw bone, and thereafter, the dental implant is placed in the hole and the mucosa is closed. In accordance with another method, a dental implant is implanted in a tooth extraction hole. These methods, however, suffer from the following disadvantages: (1) Although metal has sufficiently high mechanical strength, it has poor affinity for human bones because of their different properties. Moreover, the metal can be ionized and eluded, exerting adverse influences on the human body. (2) Although alumina ceramics are not harmful to human body, they are very hard compared with human bones and have poor affinity therewith. Therefore, when a dental implant of such alumina ceramics is used for a long period of time, a clearance is formed, resulting in damage to the jaw bone at the adhesion site. It is described in Japanese patent application (OPI) No. 50194/79 (the term "OPI" as used herein refers to a "published unexamined Japanese patent application") that the surface of stainless steel can be coated with calcium phosphate to alleviate the foregoing problems. However, this calcium phosphate is gradually replaced in vivo by bone tissue and, finally, the bone and stainless steel may come into contact with each other. There is also a danger of stainless steel's corroding over a long time period of use, and exerting adverse influences on the human body. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a dental implant for the attachment of a artificial tooth, comprising a root portion to be embedded in bone and a top portion to be projected in the mouth from the tooth mucosa, wherein the root portion comprises a high strength metal substrate, a ceramic or glass (i.e., a material selected from the group consisting of ceramics and glass) coating layer on the metal substrate, and a calcium phosphate coating layer on the ceramic or glass coating layer. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to increase an adhesion area between the ceramic or glass coating layer and a bone tissue, thereby improving the adhesion strength, the ceramic or glass coating layer is fabricated so as to have an irregular surface, which is threaded or horizontally grooved at a pitch of about 0.1˜1 mm. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The drawing is a cross-sectional view of a site wherein a dental implant in accordance with the present invention is implanted. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The term "calcium phosphate" as used herein includes various types of calcium phosphate, e.g., from those compounds containing a large amount of calcium phosphate to those compounds called "apatite ceramics". Suitable examples include, e.g.: (1) high strength calcium phosphate as described in Japanese patent application (OPI) No. 56052/80 which is prepared by adding from 0.5 to 15% by weight of a calcium/phosphoric acid-based frit (Ca/P atomic ratio: 0.2/1 to 0.75/1) based on the weight of calcium phosphate component after calcined to powder composed mainly of calcium phosphate (Ca/P atomic ratio: 1.4/1 to 1.75/1) and, thereafter, melting the resulting mixture: (2) high strength calcium phosphate as described in Japanese patent application (OPI) No. 140756/80 (which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,168) which is prepared by adding from 0.5 to 15% by weight of alkali metal, zinc and/or alkaline earth metal oxide/phosphoric acid-based frit to the above-described calcium phosphate (Ca/P atomic ratio: 1.4/1 to 1.75/1), and thereafter calcining the resulting mixture; and high strength calcium phosphate as described in Japanese patent application (OPI) No. 80771/80 (which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,064), which is prepared by calcining a mixture of powder composed mainly of calcium phosphate and a calcium/phosphoric acid-based frit, and adding from 3 to 23% of Y 2 O 3 as a reinforcing agent to the above-formed product. The present invention will hereinafter be explained in more detail by reference to various preferred features and to the accompanying drawing. Referring to the FIGURE, a dental implant 1 of the present invention has a dental root portion 11 at the lower portion thereof. The dental root portion 11 comprises a high strength metal substrate 5 made, e.g., of a nickel-chromium alloy stainless steel, a cobalt-chromiummolybdenum alloy stainless steel, titanium or the like, and a ceramic coating layer 2 on the metal substrate 5. The ceramic coating layer 2 is made of alumina, zirconia, spinel, forsterite or the like and is provided by known techniques such as chemical vapor deposition, physical deposition, and flame spraying. In order to increase the adhesion strength between the ceramic coating layer 2 and jaw bone B, the surface of the ceramic coating layer 2 is fabricated so as to be irregular, e.g., the metal substrate or, if desired, the ceramic or glass coating layer is threaded, transversely grooved, horizontally grooved or any other suitable treatment is used to increase the surface area of the ceramic coating layer 2. The ceramic coating layer 2 is then coated with a calcium phosphate coating layer 3. A typical example of a method for production of a dental implant in accordance with the present invention is as follows: A mixture of 20 kg of CaCO 3 and 14 kg of P 2 O 5 was calcined at 1,300° C. for 2 hours to form a glass/crystal mixture of calcium phosphate which was in a half-molten state. The Ca/P atomic ratio of the mixture was about 1:1. The mixture was ground by means of a trommel (i.e., a ball mill) so that the proportion of particles having a size of 5μ or less was 40%. The thus-ground calcium phosphate was then added to water with 1% of methyl cellulose dissolved therein and stirred to form a calcium phosphate slurry. A 15 mm portion of a nickel chromium alloy stainless steel substrate (2.5 mm in diameter and 25 mm in length) was threaded at a pitch of 1 mm, and thereafter provided with a 10μ thick α-Al 2 O 3 coating layer by chemical vapor deposition. The substrate with the α-Al 2 O 3 coating layer provided thereon was then soaked in the above prepared calcium phosphate slurry, dried, and calcined in air at 700° C. to produce a dental implant with a calcium phosphate coating layer provided thereon. Combustible powder having a particle size of from 20 to 500μ, such as carbon powder and an organic compound, for example, resin, polyethylene, foamed polyethylene, cellulose, vegatable fiber and grain powder, is incorporated into the calcium phosphate slurry in an amount of 5 to 60% by weight. The thus obtained mixture adheres to a ceramic or glass coating layer by means of dipping, brush coating or spraying, and then is sintered to provide a calcium phosphate coating layer having pores having an average diameter of from 20 to 500μ. Such a layer having pores has improved affinity for bones. In implanting the dental implant of the present invention in a jaw bone, a mucosa A is cut and peeled away, a tapped hole conforming the shape of the dental implant is provided in a jaw bone B, and then, the dental root portion 11 of the dental implant is screwed in the tapped hole. A artificial tooth T is adhered onto the top portion of the implanted dental implant by means of an adhesive 4. The dental implant shows great affinity for the jaw bone because of the presence of the calcium phosphate coating layer. The calcium phosphate coating layer is gradually replaced by the bone. The replacement stops when the bone reaches the ceramic coating layer, and thus the bone does not come into contact with the stainless steel substrate. Therefore, even after a long period of time, the stainless steel does not exert adverse influences on human body. Moreover, since the ceramic coating layer has an irregular surface, the bone and the ceramic coating layer are bonded together over an increased surface area, and therefore the dental implant of the present invention can be used safely over a long period of time. The surface of the ceramic coating layer may exist in a variety of forms, e.g., in the form of transverse grooves or horizontal grooves, or in a corrugated form, although it is threaded in the above-described embodiment. In addition, the close adhesion between the bone and the ceramic coating layer can be attained by producing a porous surface layer through proper adjustment of the particle size of, e.g., ceramic powder or glass powder, or of the flame temperature in flame spraying after deposition of ceramics. For example, ceramic bar or ceramic powder is molten at 2000° C. in case of alumina ceramic or at 1600° C. in case of zirconia ceramic with oxyacetylene flame and then the molten material is flame-coated at a pressure of 50 lb/inch 2 from the distance of 2 to 6 inches. Plasma jet flame can be used instead of the oxyacetylene flame. While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

A dental implant for the attachment of a artificial tooth is described. This dental implant comprises a root portion to be embedded in bone and a top portion to be projected in the mouth, wherein the root portion comprises a high strength metal substrate, a ceramic or glass coating layer on the substrate, and a calcium phosphate coating layer on the ceramic or glass coating layer. The dental implant can be secured to a jaw bone and overcomes the problems involved in using conventional art dental implants, e.g., adverse influences of stainless steel.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to vapor-deposited metal layers which are protected from damage by the application of an organic layer to its surface. The invention further relates to the process of applying the protective organic layer to the surface of the vapor-deposited metal layer and to the photosensitive articles made with the protected metal layer. In particular, the present invention relates to the application of an organic layer onto the surface of a vapor deposited metal layer. The metal layer is generally formed on a supporting base by any of the various vapor-depositing techniques. Prior to subjecting the deposited metal layer to any physical treatments or stress likely to damage the continuity of the coating (e.g., rolling, folding, bending, and the like) an organic layer is vapor deposited onto the surface of the metal. 2. Description of the Prior Art Vapor-deposited layers of metals, particularly those on flexible webs, tend to be soft and easily rubbed off. These defects are particularly unacceptable where such layers are to be used as part of an imaging system consisting of a vapor-deposited metal layer and an overcoated photoresist or photopolymer layer. Marks, scuffs, kinks, or abrasions in the metal layer produce voids or areas in the film which contain no useful image, thus interrupting the faithfulness of the image. These photographic defective areas have been called by various names such as pinholes, cinch marks, scuffs, etc., depending on where and how the abrasion was produced. In order to avoid such defects, a protective resin layer is generally coated on the metal layer. This is often done in a separate coating operation on a different coating machine. The difficulty with this practice, however, is that the unprotected vapor-coated metal film must be wound after the vapor-coating operation to transport the material to the more conventional resin coater. Defects such as cinch marks, abrasions, and kinks are often produced during this winding operation. In order to avoid the problems described above, several attempts have been made to vapor-deposite the metallic and organic layers in the same vaccum chamber, thus eliminating the need to wind the film in a roll between coating operations. One such process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,541. Here the vapor-deposition chamber is divided into 2 sections, by means of a partition, thereby separating the metal deposition area from the organic deposition section. Thus the organic protective layer is deposited over the metal layer without the need to rewind the roll in between the two coating operations. The organic compounds used in U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,541 include polymers (for example, those derived from methacrylic acid and acrylic acid), low molecular weight organic compounds containing a carboxyl group (e.g., compounds such as abietic acid, isophthalic acid, behenic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, etc., and a few random compounds (e.g., Rhodamine B, rosin, a phthalocyanine, a monosaccharide, and an oligosaccharide). The technique and materials described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,541 have been found to be suitable for only limited uses. The layer thickness of 30-600 nm specified is not suitable for many imaging film constructions, and for many processing techniques. In particular, the friction properties of the coating cause layers of the coated material which are stacked or rolled to slide and move out of register. In rolled form, telescoping of the roll is quite serious. This can cause serious delays and expense in further use of the film. Organic protection layers located between the metal layer and a photoresist layer can drastically affect the oxidizing or etching step and the quality of the resulting image. For, example, excessive thickness of such layers may provide a preferential pathway for the developer or etch solution thereby resulting in image degradation or fine detail loss. This is especially true of material whose final designation is copy or contact reprographic work. Films such as these, called lith or contact films, depend on fine dot arrays to reproduce image tone. Fine dots (3-5%) may be undercut and etched away thereby degrading the quality of the reproduction. The relatively thick layer of some acid-containing protective materials such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,541 can also interfere with the etching of the metal by neutralizing the alkaline metal etching solution. Such neutralization inhibits the formation of an etched metal image and thus interferes with the formation of an image of acceptable quality. Another attempt at overcoming the abrasion problems is described in Japanese patent publication number 56/9736. In this case, the metal and the organic compound are deliberately coated as a single layer; i.e., the metal and organic vapors are substantially mixed in the vapor stream before they are deposited on the support. This is not completely satisfactory because the heated metal vapor can carbonize or decompose the organic material resulting in an unacceptable product. Also, the thickness of the layer is required to be at least 20 to 1000 mm. The scope of organic materials is also quite specific and generally emphasizes organic acid materials. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The application of layers of organic material with a vapor pressure at 20° C. no greater than 1-n-octanol said material having (1) carbonyl groups whch are not part of carboxyl groups, (2) phenoxy groups, (3) ester groups, (4) urea groups, or (5) alcohol groups onto vapor-deposited metal surfaces has been found to provide excellent damage resistance to the metal layer. The presence of these organic materials on the vapor-deposited metal layer in photoresist imaging constructions provides for uniform development characteristics in the image. These materials reduce or eliminate the low friction properties attendant with the use of acids as protective layers, and because of reduced acidity these materials do not neutralize alkaline developing solutions as much as acid protective layers. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The basic article of the present invention comprises a substrate, a vapor-deposited metal layer on at least one surface of said substrate, and a protective organic layer on said metal layer comprising a material having phenoxy groups, alcohol groups, urea groups, ester groups, or carbonyl groups which are not part of carboxyl groups. In a preferred embodiment, a photoresist layer is coated over said protective layer. The substrate may be any surface or material onto which metal may be vapor-deposited. The substrate may be rough or smooth, transparent or opaque, and continuous or porous. It may be of natural or synthetic polymeric resin (thermoplastic or thermoset), ceramic, glass, metal, paper, fabric, and the like. For most commercial purposes the substrate is preferably a polymeric resin such as polyester (e.g., polyethyleneterephthalate), cellulose ester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl resin (e.g., polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylbutyral, polyvinylformal), polyamide, polyimide, polyacrylate (e.g., copolymers and homopolymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, n-butyl acrylate, acrylic anhydride and the like), polyolefin, and the like. The polymer may be transparent, translucent or opaque. It may contain fillers such as carbon black, titania, zinc oxide, dyes, pigments, and of course, those materials generally used in the formation of films such as coating aids, lubricants, antioxidants, ultraviolet radiation absorbers, surfactants, catalysts and the like. The vapor-deposited metal layer may be any vapor-deposited metal or metalloid layer. According to the practice of the present invention, the term metal layer is defined as a layer comprising metal, metal alloys, metal salts, and metal compounds. The corresponding meaning applies to the term metalloid layer. The term metal in metal layer is defined in the present invention to include semi-metals (i.e., metalloids) and semiconductor materials. Metals include materials such as aluminum, antimony, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, germanium, gold, indium, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, rhodium, selenium, silicon, silver, strontium, tellurium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, and zinc. Preferably the metal is selected from aluminum, chromium, nickel, tin, titanium and zinc. More preferably the metal is aluminum. Metal alloys such as aluminum-iron, aluminum-silver, bismuth-tin, and iron-cobalt alloys are included in the term metal layer and are particularly useful. Metal salts such as metal halides, metal carbonates, metal nitrates and the like are useful. Metal compounds such as metal oxides and metal sulfides are of particular utility in imaging systems. Metal layers comprising mixtures of these materials such as mixtures of metal-metal oxides, metal-metal salts, and metal salts-metal oxides are also of particular interest. The thickness of the vapor-deposited metal layer depends upon the particular needs of the final product. In imaging constructions, for example, the thickness should be at least about 3 nm. Generally, the layer would be no thicker than 750 nm which would require a long etching period. A more practical commercial range would be between 10 and 500 nm. A preferred range would be between 20 and 400 nm and a more preferred range would be between 25 and 300 nm or 30 and 200 nm. It is preferred that the majority of the cross-section of the metal layer consist essentially of metal, metal alloys, metal salts and metal compounds. Traces of up to 10% or more of other materials may be tolerated generally in the layer, and in fact in certain processes of manufacture the boundary region of the metal layer and the protective layer may have a graded or gradual change from 100% metal to 100% organic material. But metal layers with the majority (at least 50%) of its cross-section consisting essentially of metals, metal alloys, metal salts, metal compounds and combinations thereof are preferred. The metal layer should have fewer than 100, preferably fewer than 50, and more preferably fewer than 30 defects per 177 mm 2 . Vapor-deposition of the metal layer may be accomplished by any means. Thermal evaporation of the metal, ion plating, radio frequency sputtering, A.C. sputtering, D.C. sputtering and other known processes for deposition may be used in the practice of the present invention. The pressure may vary greatly during coating, but is usually in the range of 10 -6 to 10 -4 torr. The organic protective layer comprises a material with a vapor pressure at 20° C. no greater than that of 1-n-octanol selected from the group consisting of (1) organic materials having carbonyl groups which are not part of carboxyl groups, (2) phenoxy groups, or (3) alcohols. The term "organic material" is used because the protective coating does not have to be a single compound or a monomeric compound. In addition to those types of materials, dimers, trimers, oligomers, polymers, copolymers, terpolymers and the like may be used. The organic materials containing carbonyl groups which are not part of a carboxyl group, for example, include (1) amides, such as phthalamide, salicylamide, urea formaldehyde resins, and methylene-bis-acrylamide, and (2) anilides, such as phthalanilide and salicylanilide. It has been found that these organic materials may be used in layers as thin as 1 nm and provide good abrasion or mar protection. They may be used in thicknesses of up to 600 nm, but without dramatic improvement of results, and in fact often with some diminution of properties. A preferred range would be between 3 and 200 nm, more preferably between 5 and 100 nm, and most preferably at least 5 and lower than 30 or 20 nm. The organic material containing ester groups includes such materials as polyester oligomers, low molecular weight polyester polymers (e.g., polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethyleneisophthalate, etc. having molecular weights between 5,000 and 50,000), diallyl phthalate (and its polymers), diallyl isophthalate (and its polymers), monomethyl phthalate, carboxylic acid alkyl esters, and the like. The organic material containing phenoxy groups include such materials as Bisphenol A, and low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde resins (e.g., Resinox®). The alcohol containing materials would include 1-n-octanol, dodecanol, benzyl alcohol and the like. The organic material should be vapor-depositable as this is the general method preferred for application of the protective layer. The organic material may, for example, be deposited in the apparatus and procedures disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,541. The partition or baffle described in that apparatus (e.g., Example 1) has not been found to be essential. The two vapor streams (i.e., metal and organic material streams) may be physically spaced apart or directed so that the coating zones for the two materials do not completely overlap. No serious problem has been found even when 50% of each of the coating zones overlap (so that at least 50% of the thickness of the metal layer consists essentially of metal, metal salts, metal compounds, and combinations thereof), although this is not a preferred construction. It is preferred that less than 25% of the total weight of the metal component be in such an overlapping or mixing zone and more preferably less than 10% or even 0% be in such zones. The recitation of a metal layer in the practice of the present invention requires, however, that at least a region of the coating, usually adjacent to the substrate, consists essentially of a metal layer without a dispersed phase of organic material therein. The photoresist layer may be either a negative-acting or positive acting photoresist as known in the act. Positive acting photoresist systems ordinarily comprise polymeric binders containing positive acting diazonium salts or resins such as those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,046,120, 3,469,902 and 3,210,239. The positive acting photosensitizers are commercially available and are well reported in the literature. Negative acting photosensitive resist systems ordinarily comprise a polymerizable composition which polymerizes in an imagewise fashion when irradiated, such as by exposure to light. These compositions are well reported in the literature and are widely commercially available. These compositions ordinarily comprise ethylenically or polyethylenically unsaturated photopolymerizable materials, although photosensitive epoxy systems are also known in the art. Preferably ethylenically unsaturated photopolymerizable systems are used, such as acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide and allyl systems. Acrylic and methacrylic polymerizable systems are most preferred according to the practice of the present invention. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,639,185, 4,247,616, 4,008,084, 4,138,262, 4,139,391, 4,158,079, 3,469,982, U.K. Pat. No. 1,468,746, disclose photosensitive compositions generally useful in the practice of the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,022 discloses etchant solutions particularly useful in the practice of the present invention. The following examples further illustrate practice of the present invention. EXAMPLE 1 Using the apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,541 without a baffle, a 10 -4 m polyester web was coated by vacuum deposition with 70 nm of aluminum. During the same operation in the same vacuum chamber a layer of a commercially available terpolymeric acrylate material (derived from 62% methylmethacrylate, 36% n-butylacrylate and 2% acrylic acid by weight) was applied. This sample represents an article made according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,541. A control length of non organic-coated aluminum film was also produced. Ellipsometric measurements of the resultant organic/metal package indicated that the thickness of the acrylate layer was 30.5 nm. The resultant aluminum plus organic coated material was examined by way of transmitted light and exhibited very few pinholes or defects. The otherwise soft aluminum layer of this package could not be rubbed off using thumb pressure. The non organic coated aluminum film could be rubbed off using thumb pressure. Both the organic vapor coated sample and the unprotected sample were immersed in a bath of 1.2% sodium hydroxide and 3% of the tetra sodium salt of nitrilotriacetic acid at 32° C. The unprotected Al layer was uniformly, cleanily oxidized away in 15 seconds. The organic-protected layer was not cleanly removed. In fact, the aluminum lifted off in sections during the immersion time and then the aluminum generally oxidized in solution. EXAMPLE 2 Using the apparatus described in the Example 1, a 2000 meter continuous web was vapor coated with a 70 nm layer of aluminum and immediately thereafter in the same chamber, a 10 nm layer of terephthalic acid was applied. At the 1400 meter level, the terephthalic coated roll telescoped on itself and telescoped further when removed from the chamber. After removal from the chamber, the vapor-coated aluminum/terephthalic acid roll was judged to be unacceptable for production purposes. EXAMPLE 3 Using the technique described in Example 1, three more rolls of 2000 meters were coated and a different organic material applied to the aluminum of each of these rolls. Roll A contained an organic layer (on top of the aluminum layer) consisting of Resinox, a phenol formaldehyde condensate resin made by the Monsanto Corp. Roll B was identical to Roll A except than an organic layer of Vitel 200, a low molecular weight polyester resin (approximately 10,000 molecular weight) made by and commercially available from Goodyear was applied to the aluminum layer. Roll C consisted of a control roll of vapor-coated aluminum film identical to rolls A and B with no organic protective coating. None of these three rolls telescoped. EXAMPLE 4 Using the apparatus of Example 1, the following materials were applied to vapor-coated aluminum webs in various thicknesses from 15 to 250 nm. (1) Dimethyl terephthalate (2) Phthalic anhydride (3) Mono methyl phthalate (4) Dapon 35-a diallyl phthalate prepolymer made by FMC Corp. (5) Bisphenol A (6) Epon 828-an epoxy resin made by the Shell Corp. (7) Michlers Ketone (8) Benzophenone (9) Benzyl alcohol (10) Salacylamide These materials were unrolled after coating and inspected with a 10X hand lens by transmitted light. The defects in an area of 177 mm 2 were counted and compared to those of a non-organic coated aluminum film prepared as a control. The control film exhibited defect levels over 100. The materials tested had defect levels of 30 or less. The control material that had no protective layer could be rubbed off using thumb pressure--the organic protective material could not. None of the above materials felt slippery and none produced any telescoping during or after rolling. EXAMPLE 5 Using the apparatus of Example 1, two coatings were made on top of a 70 nm aluminum layer, one using a protective coating of Resinox as the organic layer; another using terephthalic acid as the organic layer. Both these organic layers were applied to produce an organic layer of about 5 nm thickness as determined by a Gaertner Ellipsometer. These two webs were further coated with a resist layer of the type described in our copending application Ser. No. 350,737, filed this same day in the name of B. Cederberg et al. A control web consisting of only the 70 nm aluminum layer was prepared as well. After coating and drying these films were exposed to a 10 step Stauffer grey scale using a 2 kw Berkey Ascor printing source (light to film distance 1 mtr) for 15 seconds. The exposed films were developed in the processing solution described in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,022 for 30 sec, at 38° C. followed by a warm water wash. On inspection it was evident that the Resinox and control film had grey scale values of step 5, the terephthalic acid roll however had a grey scale value of 7 indicating a faster, more uncontrolled development. EXAMPLE 6 Using the technique of Example 1, a Vitel 200 polyester coating was applied in a thickness of 10 nm to various metal layers including (1) Tin (2) Copper (3) Aluminum/Mg (Al 94.8%; Mg 5.0%; Mn 0.1%; Cr 0.1%) (4) Aluminum plus Iron (ratio Al 2 Fe 5 ) (5) Nickel A control non-organic coated layer was included for each metal while thumb action rubbing was able to remove the unprotected metal. The protected metal layers (organic coated) would not rub off.

The use of organic materials containing carbonyl groups (which are not part of carboxyl group), phenoxy groups, ester groups, or alcohol groups over vapor deposited metal layers improves their mar resistance. These organic materials can improve the properties of the metal layer when used in photoresist imaging films.

[0001] The present application claims the benefit of priority under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/585,757, which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The invention relates to the papermaking art and, in particular, to the manufacture of paper substrates, paper-containing articles such as file folders, having improved reduction or inhibition in the growth of microbes, mold and/or fungus. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Heavy weight cellulosic paper and paperboard webs and products made from the same such as file folders and paperboard file containers are often subject to damage during growth of microbes such as mold and fungus during storage long term storage. The prevalence of microbial growth increases as the storage time increases. During microbial growth, many aesthetic properties of the paper substrate are diminished and further the materials may become soggy, warped and/or weakened thereby reducing their usefulness and potentially allowing the microbes to contact and damage documents which may be stored in containers made with the paper or paperboard materials. [0004] Internal, e.g. the addition of agents to the paper making process prior to the size press (e.g. wet end) and/or surface sizing, e.g., the addition of agents to the surface of a paper sheet that has been at least partially dried, are widely practiced in the paper industry, particularly for printing grades to improved the quality thereof. Some functional agents include, but are not limited to the most widely used additive: starch. However, starch alone has not been effective in preventing microbial growth on paper substrates and products containing the same. In fact, starch may actually promote microbial growth on paper substrates and products containing the same. [0005] Examples of applying antimicrobial chemistries to cellulose-containing articles can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,936,339, which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, herein by reference. However, the articles according to this reference are related to packaging materials. [0006] Examples of applying antimicrobial chemistries to gypsum board can be found in US Patent Application Publication Nos. 20020083671; 20030037502 and 20030170317, all of which are hereby incorporated, in their entirety, herein by reference. All of which pertain to gypsum containing products. [0007] While all of the above examples aid to provide materials with antimicrobial tendency by applying antimicrobial chemistries and compounds to the material and/or components thereof, none sufficiently provide for a paper substrate that is acceptable by commercial market standards in a manner that inhibits, retards, and/or resists antimicrobial growth over an acceptable duration of time, nor do they provide for an acceptable method of making and using the same. [0008] Accordingly, there exists a need for a paper substrate and articles made therefrom that inhibit, retard, and/or resist microbial growth over an acceptable duration of time so as to provide, in part, paper articles and paper-based containers having improved aesthetic properties, durability and capacity to protect articles contained thereby. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] One aspect of the invention relates to a paper substrate containing a web of cellulose fibers and an antimicrobial compound, where the antimicrobial compound is approximately dispersed evenly throughout from 100% to 5% of the web, including methods of making and using the same. An embodiment thereof relates to an antimicrobial compound that inhibits, retards, or reduces the growth of mold or fungus on or in the paper substrate. An additional embodiment thereof relates to the paper substrate containing from 1 to 5000 ppm dry weight of the antimicrobial compound based upon the total weight of the paper substrate. The compound may be approximately dispersed evenly throughout the web. Still further, an additional embodiment of the invention includes instances when the antimicrobial compound contains silver, zinc, an isothiazolone-containing compound, a benzothiazole-containing compound, a triazole-containing compound, an azole-containing compound, a benzimidazol-containing compound, a nitrile containing compound, alcohol-containing compound, a silane-containing compound, a carboxylic acid-containing compound, a glycol-containing compound, a thiol-containing compound, or mixtures thereof. [0010] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a file folder containing any of the above-mentioned and/or below-mentioned paper substrates. In an embodiment of the present invention, the file folder may further have at least one die-cut edge. [0011] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a file folder containing a web of cellulose fibers and an antimicrobial compound, where the antimicrobial compound is approximately dispersed evenly throughout from 100% to 5% of the web, including methods of making and using the same. One embodiment thereof is a file folder having at least one die-cut edge, as well as methods of making and using the same. [0012] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a paper substrate, containing a first layer comprising a web of cellulose fibers; and a size-press applied coating layer in contact with at a portion of at least one surface of the first layer, where the coating layer contains an antimicrobial compound and where from 0.5 to 100% of the coating layer interpenetrates the first layer, as well as methods of making and using the same. In an embodiment thereof, the antimicrobial compound inhibits, retards, or reduces the growth of mold or fungus on or in the paper substrate. In a further embodiment of the present invention, the paper substrate contains from 1 to 5000 ppm dry weight of the antimicrobial compound. Still further, an additional embodiment relates to a paper substrate in which the antimicrobial compound is inorganic, organic, or mixtures thereof. Still further, an additional embodiment relates to paper substrate in which lies an antimicrobial contains silver, zinc, an isothiazolone-containing compound, a benzothiazole-containing compound, a triazole-containing compound, an azole-containing compound, a benzimidazol-containing compound, a nitrile containing compound, alcohol-containing compound, a silane-containing compound, a carboxylic acid-containing compound, a glycol-containing compound, a thiol-containing compound or mixtures thereof. [0013] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a paper substrate containing a first layer comprising a web of cellulose fibers and a starch-based size-press applied coating layer in contact with at a portion of at least one surface of the first layer, where the coating layer contains an antimicrobial compound and where from 0.5 to 100% of the coating layer interpenetrates the first layer, as well as methods of making and using the same. [0014] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a file folder containing a first layer comprising a web of cellulose fibers; and a size-press applied coating layer in contact with at a portion of at least one surface of the first layer, where the coating layer contains an antimicrobial compound and where from 0.5 to 100% of the coating layer interpenetrates the first layer, as well as methods of making and using the same. One embodiment thereof is a file folder having at least one die-cut edge, as well as methods of making and using the same. [0015] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of making a paper substrate by contacting cellulose fibers with an antimicrobial compound during or prior to a papermaking process. One embodiment of the present invention includes instances where the cellulose fibers are contacted with the antimicrobial compound at the wet end of the papermaking process, thin stock, thick stock, machine chest, the headbox, size press, coater, shower, sprayer, steambox, or a combination thereof. Another embodiment of the present invention includes making paper articles and/or paper packages from the above-mentioned substrates, including file folders that may be die-cut. [0016] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of making a paper substrate by contacting cellulose fibers with an antimicotic or fungicide during or prior to a papermaking process where the contacting occurs at the size press and produces a paper substrate comprising a first layer comprising a web of cellulose fibers and a size-press applied coating layer in contact with at a portion of at least one surface of the first layer so that from 25 to 75% of the size-press applied coating layer interpenetrates the first layer. Another embodiment of the present invention includes making paper articles and/or paper packages from the above-mentioned substrates, including file folders that may be die-cut. [0017] Another aspect of the present invention relates to A method of making a paper substrate by contacting cellulose fibers with an antimicrobial compound during or prior to a papermaking process, where the contacting occurs at the wet end of the papermaking process and produces a paper substrate comprising a web of cellulose fibers and an antimicrobial compound and where the antimicrobial compound is approximately dispersed evenly throughout the web. Another embodiment of the present invention includes making paper articles and/or paper packages from the above-mentioned substrates, including file folders that may be die-cut. [0018] The present invention relates to any and all paper or paperboard articles, including packages and packaging materials that may contain the paper substrates of the present invention. [0019] Additional aspects and embodiments of the present invention are described hereinbelow. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0020] FIG. 1 : A first schematic cross section of just one exemplified embodiment of the paper substrate that is included in the paper substrate of the present invention. [0021] FIG. 2 : A second schematic cross section of just one exemplified embodiment of the paper substrate that is included in the paper substrate of the present invention. [0022] FIG. 3 : A third schematic cross section of just one exemplified embodiment of the paper substrate that is included in the paper substrate of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0023] The inventors of the present technology have discovered an paper substrate, paperboard material, and articles such as packaging and packaging materials made therefrom, all having antimicrobial tendency by applying antimicrobial chemistries and compounds to the material and/or components thereof. Further, the paper or paperboard substrate of the present invention inhibits, retards, and/or resists antimicrobial growth over an acceptable duration of time. [0024] The paper substrate of the present invention may contain recycled fibers and/or virgin fibers. Recycled fibers differ from virgin fibers in that the fibers have gone through the drying process several times. [0025] The paper substrate of the present invention may contain from 1 to 100 wt %, preferably from 50 to 100 wt %, most preferably from 80 to 100 wt % of cellulose fibers based upon the total weight of the substrate, including 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 99 wt %, and including any and all ranges and subranges therein. More preferred amounts of cellulose fibers range from wt %. [0026] Preferably, the sources of the cellulose fibers are from softwood and/or hardwood. The paper substrate of the present invention may contain from 1 to 99 wt %, preferably from 5 to 95 wt %, cellulose fibers originating from softwood species based upon the total amount of cellulose fibers in the paper substrate. This range includes 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100 wt %, including any and all ranges and subranges therein, based upon the total amount of cellulose fibers in the paper substrate. [0027] The paper substrate of the present invention may contain from 1 to 99 wt %, preferably from 5 to 95 wt %, cellulose fibers originating from hardwood species based upon the total amount of cellulose fibers in the paper substrate. This range includes 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100 wt %, including any and all ranges and subranges therein, based upon the total amount of cellulose fibers in the paper substrate. [0028] Further, the softwood and/or hardwood fibers contained by the paper substrate of the present invention may be modified by physical and/or chemical means. Examples of physical means include, but is not limited to, electromagnetic and mechanical means. Means for electrical modification include, but are not limited to, means involving contacting the fibers with an electromagnetic energy source such as light and/or electrical current. Means for mechanical modification include, but are not limited to, means involving contacting an inanimate object with the fibers. Examples of such inanimate objects include those with sharp and/or dull edges. Such means also involve, for example, cutting, kneading, pounding, impaling, etc means. [0029] Examples of chemical means include, but is not limited to, conventional chemical fiber modification means including crosslinking and precipitation of complexes thereon. Examples of such modification of fibers may be, but is not limited to, those found in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,592,717, 6,592,712, 6,582,557, 6,579,415, 6,579,414, 6,506,282, 6,471,824, 6,361,651, 6,146,494, H1,704, 5,731,080, 5,698,688, 5,698,074, 5,667,637, 5,662,773, 5,531,728, 5,443,899, 5,360,420, 5,266,250, 5,209,953, 5,160,789, 5,049,235, 4,986,882, 4,496,427, 4,431,481, 4,174,417, 4,166,894, 4,075,136, and 4,022,965, which are hereby incorporated, in their entirety, herein by reference. [0030] The paper substrate of the present invention may contain an antimicrobial compound. [0031] Antimicotics, fungicides are examples of antimicrobial compounds. Antimicrobial compounds may retard, inhibit, reduce, and/or prevent the tendency of microbial growth over time on/in a product containing such compounds as compared to that tendency of microbial growth on/in a product not containing the antimicrobial compounds. The antimicrobial compound when incorporated into the paper substrate of the present invention preferably retards, inhibits, reduces, and/or prevents microbial growth for a time that is at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000% greater than that of a paper substrate that does not contain an antimicrobial compound, including all ranges and subranges therein. [0032] Antimicotic compounds are, in part, mold resistant. Fungicide compounds are, in part, fungus resistant. The antimicrobial compound may have other functions and activities than provide either mold resistance and/or fungus resistance to a product containing the same. [0033] The antimicrobial compound may also be mildew, bacteria and/or virus resistant. A mold specifically targeted, but meant to be non-limiting, is Black mold as applied to the above-mentioned paper substrate of the present invention. [0034] It is preferable for the antimicotic and/or fungicide to be effective to be able to be applied in aqueous solution and/or suspension at the coater and/or head box and/or size press. Further it is preferable for the antimicotic and/or fungicide to not be highly toxic to humans. [0035] The antimicotic and/or fungicide may be water insoluble and/or water soluble, most preferably water insoluble. The antimicotic and/or fungicide may be volatile and/or non-volatile, most preferably non-volatile. The antimicotic and/or fungicide may be organic and/or inorganic. The antimicotic and/or fungicide may be polymeric and/or monomeric. [0036] The antimicotic and/or fungicide may be multivalent which means that the agent may carry one or more active compounds so as to protect against a wider range of mold, mildew and/or fungus species and to protect from evolving defense mechanisms within each species of mold, mildew and/or fungus. [0037] Any water-soluble salt of pyrithione having antimicrobial properties is useful as the antimicrobial compound. Pyrithione is known by several names, including 2 mercaptopyridine-N-oxide; 2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide (CAS Registry No. 1121-31-9); 1-hydroxypyridine-2-thione and 1 hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethione (CAS Registry No. 1121-30-8). The sodium derivative, known as sodium pyrithione (CAS Registry No. 3811-73-2), is one embodiment of this salt that is particularly useful. Pyrithione salts are commercially available from Arch Chemicals, Inc. of Norwalk, Conn., such as Sodium OMADINE or Zinc OMADINE. [0038] Examples of the antimicrobial compound may include silver-containing compound, zinc-containing compound, an isothiazolone-containing compound, a benzothiazole-containing compound, a triazole-containing compound, an azole-containing compound, a benzimidazol-containing compound, a nitrile containing compound, alcohol-containing compound, a silane-containing compound, a carboxylic acid-containing compound, a glycol-containing compound, a thiol-containing compound or mixtures thereof [0039] Additional exemplified commercial antimicrobial compounds may include those from Intace including B-6773 and B-350, those from Progressive Coatings VJ series, those from Buckman Labs including Busan 1218, 1420 and 1200WB, those from Troy Corp including Polyphase 641, those from Clariant Corporation, including Sanitized TB 83-85 and Sanitized Brand T 96-21, and those from Bentech LLC incuding Preservor Coater 36. Others include AgION (silver zeolite) from AgION and Mircroban from Microban International (e.g. Microban additive TZ1, 52470, and PZ2). Further examples include dichloro-octyl-isothiazolone, Tri-n-butylin oxide, borax, G-4, chlorothalonil, organic fungicides, and silver-based fungicides. Any one or more of these agents would be considered satisfactory as an additive in the process of making paper material. Further commercial products may be those from AEGIS Environments (e.g. AEM 5772 Antimicrobial), from BASF Corporation (e.g. propionic acid), from Bayer (e.g. Metasol TK-100, TK-25), those from Bendiner Technologies, LLC, those from Ondei-Nalco (e.g. Nalcon 7645 and 7622), and those from Hercules (e.g. RX 8700, RX 3100, and PR 1912). The MSDS's of each and every commercial product mentioned above is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0040] Still further, examples of the antimicrobial compounds may include silver zeolite, diehloro-octyl-isothiazolone, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 1,2-benzothiazol-3(2H)-one, poly[oxyethylene(ethylimino)ethylene dichloride], Tri-n-butylin oxide, borax, G-4, chlorothalonil, Alkyl-dimethylbenzyl-ammonium saccharinate, dichloropeyl-propyl-dioxolan-methlyl-triazole, alpha-chlorphenyl, ethyl-dimethylethyl-trazole-ethanol, benzimidazol, 2-(thiocyanomethythio)benzothiazole, alpha-2(-4-chlorophenyl)ethyl)-alpha-(1-1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol, (1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]-methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole, alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium saccharinate, 2-(methoxy-carbamoyl)-benzimidazol, tetracholorisophthalonitrile, P-[(diiodomethyl) sulfonyl]toluol, methyl alcohol, 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyldimethyl octadecyl ammonium chloride, chloropropyltrimethylsilane, dimethyl octadecyllamine, propionic acid, 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one,2-N-octyl-4-isthiazolin-3-one, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, tributoxyethyl phosphate, 2-pyridinethio-1-oxide, potassium sorbate, diiodomethyl-p-tolysulfone, citric acid, lemon grass oil, and thiocyanomethythio-benzothiazole. [0041] The antimicrobial compound may be present in the paper substrate at amounts from 1 to 5000 ppm dry weight, more preferably, from 100 to 3000 ppm dry weight, most preferably 50 to 1500 ppm dry weight. The amounts of antimicotic and/or fungicide may be 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 12, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3200, 3500, 3750, 4000, 4250, 4500, 4750, and 5000 ppm dry weight based upon the total weight of the paper substrate, including all ranges and subranges therein. Higher amounts of such antimicotic and/or fungicide may also prove produce an antibacterial paper material and article therefrom as well. These amount are based upon the total weight of the paper substrate. [0042] The paper substrate of the present invention, when containing the web of cellulose fibers and an antimicrobial compound, may contain them in a manner in which the antimicrobial compound is on the surface of or within from 1 to 100% of the web. The paper substrate may contain the antimicrobial compound on the surface of and/or within 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100% of the web, including all ranges and subranges therein. [0043] When the antimicrobial compound is present on at least one surface of the web, it is preferable that the antimicrobial compound also be within 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100% of the web, including all ranges and subranges therein. [0044] In another embodiment, it is preferable that, when the antimicrobial compound is within the web, it is approximately dispersed evenly throughout 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100% of the web. However, concentration gradients of the antimicrobial compound may occur within the web as a function of the cross section of the web itself. Such gradients are dependent upon the methodology utilized to make this product. For instance, the concentration of the antimicrobial compound may increase as the distance from a center portion of the cross-section of the web increases. That is, the concentration increases as one approaches the surface of the web. Further, the concentration of the antimicrobial compound may decrease as the distance from a center portion of the cross-section of the web decreases. That is, the concentration decreases as one approaches the surface of the web. Still further, the concentration of the antimicrobial compound is approximately evenly distributed throughout the portion of the web in which it resides. All of the above embodiments may be combined with each other, as well as with an embodiment in which the antimicrobial compound resides on at least one surface of the web. [0045] FIGS. 1-3 demonstrate different embodiments of the paper substrate 1 in the paper substrate of the present invention. FIG. 1 demonstrates a paper substrate 1 that has a web of cellulose fibers 3 and a composition containing an antimicrobial compound 2 where the composition containing an antimicrobial compound 2 has minimal interpenetration of the web of cellulose fibers 3 . Such an embodiment may be made, for example, when an antimicrobial compound is coated onto a web of cellulose fibers. [0046] FIG. 2 demonstrates a paper substrate 1 that has a web of cellulose fibers 3 and a composition containing an antimicrobial compound 2 where the composition containing an antimicrobial compound 2 interpenetrates the web of cellulose fibers 3 . The interpenetration layer 4 of the paper substrate 1 defines a region in which at least the antimicrobial compound penetrates into and is among the cellulose fibers. The interpenetration layer may be from 1 to 99% of the entire cross section of at least a portion of the paper substrate, including 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 99% of the paper substrate, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. Such an embodiment may be made, for example, when an antimicrobial compound is added to the cellulose fibers prior to a coating method and may be combined with a subsequent coating method if required. Addition points may be at the size press, for example. [0047] FIG. 3 demonstrates a paper substrate 1 that has a web of cellulose fibers 3 and an antimicrobial compound 2 where the antimicrobial compound 2 is approximately evenly distributed throughout the web of cellulose fibers 3 . Such an embodiment may be made, for example, when an antimicrobial compound is added to the cellulose fibers prior to a coating method and may be combined with a subsequent coating method if required. Exemplified addition points may be at the wet end of the paper making process, the thin stock, and the thick stock. [0048] The web of cellulose fibers and the antimicrobial compound may be in a multilayered structure. The thicknesses of such layers may be any thickness commonly utilized in the paper making industry for a paper substrate, a coating layer, or the combination of the two. The layers do not have to be of approximate equal size. One layer may be larger than the other. One preferably embodiment is that the layer of cellulose fibers has a greater thickness than that of any layer containing the antimicrobial compound. The layer containing the cellulose fibers may also contain, in part, the antimicrobial compound. [0049] The density, basis weight and caliper of the web of this invention may vary widely and conventional basis weights, densities and calipers may be employed depending on the paper-based product formed from the web. Paper or paperboard of invention preferably have a final caliper, after calendering of the paper, and any nipping or pressing such as may be associated with subsequent coating of from about 1 mils to about 35 mils although the caliper can be outside of this range if desired. More preferably the caliper is from about 4 mils to about 20 mils, and most preferably from about 7 mils to about 17 mils. The caliper of the paper substrate with or without any coating may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 32, and 35, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. [0050] Paper substrates of the invention preferably exhibit basis weights of from about 10 lb/3000 ft 2 to about 500 lb/3000 ft 2 , although web basis weight can be outside of this range if desired. More preferably the basis weight is from about 30 lb/3000 ft 2 to about 200 lb/3000 ft 2 , and most preferably from about 35 lb/3000 ft 2 to about 150 lb/3000 ft 2 . The basis weight may be 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 22, 25, 30, 32, 35, 37, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 500 lb/3000 ft 2 , including any and all ranges and subranges therein. [0051] The final density of the papers may be calculated by any of the above-mentioned basis weights divided by any of the above-mentioned calipers, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. Preferably, the final density of the papers, that is, the basis weight divided by the caliper, is preferably from about 6 lb/3000 ft 2 /mil to about 14 lb/3000 ft 2 /mil although web densities can be outside of this range if desired. More preferably the web density is from about 7 lb/3000 ft 2 /mil to about 13 lb/3000 ft 2 /mil and most preferably from about 9 lb/3000 ft 2 /mil to about 12 lb/3000 ft 2 /mil. [0052] The paper substrate of the present invention containing the web and the antimicrobial compound has the capability to retard, inhibit, reduce, and/or prevent the tendency of microbial growth over time on/in its web containing such compounds as compared to that tendency of microbial growth on/in a product not containing the antimicrobial compound. Further, the paper substrate of the present invention may also bestow such tendency on additional materials of which it may comprise and/or with which it may be in contact. Still further, the paper substrate of the present invention may also bestow this tendency upon any article, packaging, and/or packaging of which it may eventually be a component therein. [0053] The article, packaging, and/or packaging of the present invention may have an antimicrobial tendency that preferably retards, inhibits, reduces, and/or prevents microbial growth for a time that is at least 5% greater than that of an article, packaging, and/or packaging that does not contain an antimicrobial compound. Preferably, such tendency is at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000% greater than that of a article, packaging, and/or packaging that does not contain an antimicrobial compound, including all ranges and subranges therein. [0054] The paper substrate's antimicrobial tendency may be measured in part by ASTM standard testing methodologies such as D 2020-92, E 2180-01, G 21-966, C1338, and D2020, all of which can be found as published by ASTM and all of which are hereby incorporated, in their entirety, herein by reference. [0055] Textbooks such as those described in the “handbook for pulp and paper technologists” by G. A. Smook (1992), Angus Wilde Publications, which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference. Further, G. A. Smook referenced above and references cited therein provide lists of conventional additives that may be contained in the paper substrate, and therefore, the paper articles of the present invention. Such additives may be incorporated into the paper, and therefore, the paper packaging (and packaging materials) of the present invention in any conventional paper making process according to G. A. Smook referenced above and references cited therein. [0056] The paper substrate of the present invention may also include optional substances including retention aids, sizing agents, binders, fillers, thickeners, and preservatives. Examples of fillers include, but are not limited to; clay, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, and calcium sulfate dehydrate. Examples of binders include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide-epichlorohydrin, polychloride emulsion, modified starch such as hydroxyethyl starch, starch, polyacrylamide, modified polyacrylamide, polyol, polyol carbonyl adduct, ethanedial/polyol condensate, polyamide, epichlorohydrin, glyoxal, glyoxal urea, ethanedial, aliphatic polyisocyanate, isocyanate, 1,6 hexamethylene diisocyanate, diisocyanate, polyisocyanate, polyester, polyester resin, polyacrylate, polyacrylate resin, acrylate, carboxymethyl cellulose, urea, sodium nitrate, and methacrylate. Other optional substances include, but are not limited to silicas such as colloids and/or sols. Examples of silicas include, but are not limited to, sodium silicate and/or borosilicates. Another example of optional substances is solvents including but not limited to water. [0057] The paper substrate of the present invention may contain retention aids selected from the group consisting of coagulation agents, flocculation agents, and entrapment agents dispersed within the bulk and porosity enhancing additives cellulosic fibers. [0058] Retention aids for the bulk-enhancing additives to retain a significant percentage of the additive in the middle of the paperboard and not in the periphery. Suitable retention aids function through coagulation, flocculation, or entrapment of the bulk additive. Coagulation comprises a precipitation of initially dispersed colloidal particles. This precipitation is suitably accomplished by charge neutralization or formation of high charge density patches on the particle surfaces. Since natural particles such as fines, fibers, clays, etc., are anionic, coagulation is advantageously accomplished by adding cationic materials to the overall system. Such selected cationic materials suitably have a high charge to mass ratio. Suitable coagulants include inorganic salts such as alum or aluminum chloride and their polymerization products (e.g. PAC or poly aluminum chloride or synthetic polymers); poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (i.e., DADMAC); poly (dimethylamine)-co-epichlorohydrin; polyethylenimine; poly(3-butenyltrimethyl ammoniumchloride); poly(4-ethenylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride); poly(2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride); poly(5-isoprenyltrimethylammonium chloride); and poly(acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride). Other suitable cationic compounds having a high charge to mass ratio include all polysulfonium compounds, such as, for example the polymer made from the adduct of 2-chloromethyl; 1,3-butadiene and a dialkylsulfide, all polyamines made by the reaction of amines such as, for example, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetraamine or various dialkylamines, with bis-halo, bis-epoxy, or chlorohydrin compounds such as, for example, 1-2 dichloroethane, 1,5-diepoxyhexane, or epichlorohydrin, all polymers of guanidine such as, for example, the product of guanidine and formaldehyde with or without polyamines. The preferred coagulant is poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (i.e., DADMAC) having a molecular weight of about ninety thousand to two hundred thousand and polyethylenimene having a molecular weight of about six hundred to 5 million. The molecular weights of all polymers and copolymers herein this application are based on a weight average molecular weight commonly used to measure molecular weights of polymeric systems. [0059] Another advantageous retention system suitable for the manufacture of the paper substrate of this invention is flocculation. This is basically the bridging or networking of particles through oppositely charged high molecular weight macromolecules. Alternatively, the bridging is accomplished by employing dual polymer systems. Macromolecules useful for the single additive approach are cationic starches (both amylase and amylopectin), cationic polyacrylamide such as for example, poly(acrylamide)-co-diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride; poly(acrylamide)-co-acryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride, cationic gums, chitosan, and cationic polyacrylates. Natural macromolecules such as, for example, starches and gums, are rendered cationic usually by treating them with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride, but other compounds can be used such as, for example, 2-chloroethyl-dialkylamine, acryloyloxyethyldialkyl ammonium chloride, acrylamidoethyltrialkylammonium chloride, etc. Dual additives useful for the dual polymer approach are any of those compounds which function as coagulants plus a high molecular weight anionic macromolecule such as, for example, anionic starches, CMC (carboxymethylcellulose), anionic gums, anionic polyacrylamides (e.g., poly(acrylamide)-co-acrylic acid), or a finely dispersed colloidal particle (e.g., colloidal silica, colloidal alumina, bentonite clay, or polymer micro particles marketed by Cytec Industries as Polyflex). Natural macromolecules such as, for example, cellulose, starch and gums are typically rendered anionic by treating them with chloroacetic acid, but other methods such as phosphorylation can be employed. Suitable flocculation agents are nitrogen containing organic polymers having a molecular weight of about one hundred thousand to thirty million. The preferred polymers have a molecular weight of about ten to twenty million. The most preferred have a molecular weight of about twelve to eighteen million. Suitable high molecular weight polymers are polyacrylamides, anionic acrylamide-acrylate polymers, cationic acrylamide copolymers having a molecular weight of about five hundred thousand to thirty million and polyethylenimenes having molecular weights in the range of about five hundred thousand to two million. [0060] The paper substrate of the present invention may contain high molecular weight anionic polyacrylamides, or high molecular weight polyethyleneoxides (PEO). Alternatively, molecular nets are formed in the network by the reaction of dual additives such as, for example, PEO and a phenolic resin. [0061] The paper substrate of the present invention may contain from 0.001 to 20 wt % of the optional substances based on the total weight of the substrate, preferably from 0.01 to 10 wt %, most preferably 0.1 to 5.0 wt %, of each of at least one of the optional substances. This range includes 0.001, 0.002, 0.005, 0.006, 0.008, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, and 20 wt % based on the total weight of the substrate, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. [0062] The optional substances may be dispersed throughout the cross section of the paper substrate or may be more concentrated within the interior of the cross section of the paper substrate. Further, other optional substances such as binders for example may be concentrated more highly towards the outer surfaces of the cross section of the paper substrate. More specifically, a majority percentage of optional substances such as binders may preferably be located at a distance from the outside surface of the substrate that is equal to or less than 25%, more preferably 10%, of the total thickness of the substrate. [0063] An example of a binder is polyvinyl alcohol in combination with, for example, starch or alone such as polyvinyl alcohol having a % hydrolysis ranging from 100% to 75%. The % hydrolysis of the polyvinyl alcohol may be 75, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98, and 100% hydrolysis, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. [0064] The paper substrate of the present invention may then contain PVOH at a wt % of from 0.05 wt % to 20 wt % based on the total weight of the substrate. This range includes 0.001, 0.002, 0.005, 0.006, 0.008, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, and 20 wt % based on the total weight of the substrate, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. [0065] The paper substrate the present invention may contain a surface sizing agent such as starch and/or modified and/or functional equivalents thereof at a wt % of from 0.05 wt % to 20 wt %, preferably from 5 to 15 wt % based on the total weight of the substrate. The wt % of starch contained by the substrate may be 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, and 20 wt % based on the total weight of the substrate, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. Examples of modified starches include, for example, oxidized, cationic, ethylated, hydroethoxylated, etc. Examples of functional equivalents are, but not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylamine, alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. [0066] Further, the starch may be of any type, including but not limited to oxidized, ethylated, cationic and pearl, and is preferably used in aqueous solution. Illustrative of useful starches for the practice of this preferred embodiment of the invention are naturally occurring carbohydrates synthesized in corn, tapioca, potato and other plants by polymerization of dextrose units. All such starches and modified forms thereof such as starch acetates, starch esters, starch ethers, starch phosphates, starch xanthates, anionic starches, cationic starches and the like which can be derived by reacting the starch with a suitable chemical or enzymatic reagent can be used in the practice of this invention. [0067] Useful starches may be prepared by known techniques or obtained from commercial sources. For example, the suitable starches include PG-280 from Penford Products, SLS-280 from St. Lawrence Starch, the cationic starch CatoSize 270 from National Starch and the hydroxypropyl No. 02382 from Poly Sciences, Inc. [0068] Preferred starches for use in the practice of this invention are modified starches. More preferred starches are cationic modified or non-ionic starches such as CatoSize 270 and KoFilm 280 (all from National Starch) and chemically modified starches such as PG-280 ethylated starches and AP Pearl starches. More preferred starches for use in the practice of this invention are cationic starches and chemically modified starches. [0069] In addition to the starch, small amounts of other additives may be present as well in the size composition. These include without limitation dispersants, fluorescent dyes, surfactants, deforming agents, preservatives, pigments, binders, pH control agents, coating releasing agents, optical brighteners, defoamers and the like. Such additives may include any and all of the above-mentioned optional substances, or combinations thereof. [0070] The paper substrate of the present invention may also include additives that render the paper substrate water resistant. Examples of such technologies include, but is not limited to those found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,642 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/685,899; and Ser. No. 10/430,244, which are hereby incorporated, in their entirety, herein by reference. The paper substrate of the present invention may be made as described herein and may be further made to account for these technologies in rendering a paper substrate that is both water-resistant and antimicrobial in tendency. [0071] The paper substrate of the present invention may also include additives such as bulking agents. A particularly preferred bulking agent include expandable microspheres such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,802,938; 6,846,529; 6,802,938; 5,856,389; and 5,342,649, as well as U.S. Ser. Nos. 10/121,301; 10/437,856; 10/967074; 10/967106; and 60/660703 which was filed Mar. 11, 2005, all of these references are hereby incorporated, in their entirety, herein by reference. The paper substrate of the present invention may be made as described herein and may be further made to account for these bulking technologies in rendering a paper substrate that comprises antimicrobial tendency, water resistance, and/or a bulking agent such as a preferably microsphere. [0072] The paper substate of the present invention may be further combined with additional components in a manner that makes it useful as a paper facing for insulation which, in turn, may be utilized as a component and/or in a component for constructions such as homes, residential buildings, commercial buildings, offices, stores, and industrial buildings. Accordingly, insulation paper facing as well as the above-mentioned constructions are also aspects of the present invention. [0073] Exemplified articles made from the paper substrate of the present invention may include, but is not limited to, paper facing, envelopes, file folders, wall board tape, portfolios, folding cartons, food and beverage containers, etc. Any article containing a cellulose web and/or paper substrates may be made in a manner that incorporates the substrate of the present invention. [0074] The paper substrate may be made by contacting the antimicrobial compound with the cellulose fibers consecutively and/or simultaneously. Still further, the contacting may occur at acceptable concentration levels that provide the paper substrate of the present invention to contain any of the above-mentioned amounts of cellulose and antimicrobial compound of the present invention isolated or in any combination thereof. More specifically, the paper substrate of the present application may be made by adding and amount that is from 1.5 to 150 times that of the amount of antimicrobial compound that is to be retained within the paper substrate based upon dry weight of the paper substrate with the cellulose fibers. This amount may be 1.5, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, and 125 times that of the amount of antimicrobial compound that is to be retained within the paper substrate based upon dry weight hereof with the cellulose fibers, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. In accordance with the present invention, the contacting may occur so that from 0.1 to 100% of the amount of antimicrobial added to the cellulose fibers based upon dry weight of the paper substrate. The amount retained may be 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100% of the antimicrobial compound added to the cellulose fibers is retained in the paper substrate, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. [0075] The contacting of the antimicrobial compound with the cellulose fibers may occur anytime in the papermaking process including, but not limited to the wet end, thick stock, thin stock, head box, size press and coater with the preferred addition point being at the thin stock. Further addition points include machine chest, stuff box, and suction of the fan pump. [0076] The paper substrate may be made by contacting further optional substances with the cellulose fibers as well. The contacting may occur anytime in the papermaking process including, but not limited to the thick stock, thin stock, head box, size press, water box, and coater. Further addition points include machine chest, stuff box, and suction of the fan pump. The cellulose fibers, antimicrobial compound, and/or optional/additional components may be contacted serially, consecutively, and/or simultaneously in any combination with each other. The cellulose fibers and antimicrobial compound may be pre-mixed in any combination before addition to or during the paper-making process. [0077] The paper substrate may be pressed in a press section containing one or more nips. However, any pressing means commonly known in the art of papermaking may be utilized. The nips may be, but is not limited to, single felted, double felted, roll, and extended nip in the presses. However, any nip commonly known in the art of papermaking may be utilized. [0078] The paper substrate may be dried in a drying section. Any drying means commonly known in the art of papermaking may be utilized. The drying section may include and contain a drying can, cylinder drying, Condebelt drying, IR, or other drying means and mechanisms known in the art. The paper substrate may be dried so as to contain any selected amount of water. Preferably, the substrate is dried to contain less than or equal to 10% water. [0079] The paper substrate may be passed through a size press, where any sizing means commonly known in the art of papermaking is acceptable. The size press, for example, may be a puddle mode size press (e.g. inclined, vertical, horizontal) or metered size press (e.g. blade metered, rod metered). At the size press, sizing agents such as binders may be contacted with the substrate. Optionally these same sizing agents may be added at the wet end of the papermaking process as needed. After sizing, the paper substrate may or may not be dried again according to the above-mentioned exemplified means and other commonly known drying means in the art of papermaking. The paper substrate may be dried so as to contain any selected amount of water. Preferably, the substrate is dried to contain less than or equal to 10% water. [0080] The paper substrate may be calendered by any commonly known calendaring means in the art of papermaking. More specifically, one could utilize, for example, wet stack calendering, dry stack calendering, steel nip calendaring, hot soft calendaring or extended nip calendering, etc. [0081] The paper hoard and/or substrate of the present invention may also contain at least one coating layer, including two coating layers and a plurality thereof. The coating layer may be applied to at least one surface of the paper board and/or substrate, including two surfaces. Further, the coating layer may penetrate the paper board and/or substrate. The coating layer may contain a binder. Further the coating layer may also optionally contain a pigment. Other optional ingredients of the coating layer are surfactants, dispersion aids, and other conventional additives for printing compositions. [0082] The coating layer may contain a coating polymer and/or copolymer which may be branched and/or crosslinked. Polymers and copolymers suitable for this purpose are polymers having a melting point below 270° C. and a glass transition temperature (Tg) in the range of −150 to +120° C. The polymers and copolymers contain carbon and/or heteroatoms. Examples of suitable polymers may be polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, nitrocellulose, polyethylene terephthalate, Saran and styrene acrylic acid copolymers. Representative coating polymers include methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose acetate copolymer, vinyl acetate copolymer, styrene butadiene copolymer, and styrene-acrylic copolymer. Any standard paper board and/or substrate coating composition may be utilized such as those compositions and methods discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,379,497, which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, herein by reference. [0083] The coating layer may include a plurality of layers or a single layer having any conventional thickness as needed and produced by standard methods, especially printing methods. For example, the coating layer may contain a basecoat layer and a topcoat layer. The basecoat layer may, for example, contain low density thermoplastic particles and optionally a first binder. The topcoat layer may, for example, contain at least one pigment and optionally a second binder which may or may not be a different binder than the first. The particles of the basecoat layer and the at least one pigment of the topcoat layer may be dispersed in their respective binders. [0084] The invention can be prepared using known conventional techniques. Methods and apparatuses for forming and applying a coating formulation to a paper substrate are well known in the paper and paperboard art. See for example, G. A. Smook referenced above and references cited therein all of which is hereby incorporated by reference. All such known methods can be used in the practice of this invention and will not be described in detail. For example, the mixture of essential pigments, polymeric or copolymeric binders and optional components can be dissolved or dispersed in an appropriate liquid medium, preferably water. [0085] The paper substrate may be microfinished according to any microfinishing means commonly known in the art of papermaking. Microfinishing is a means involving frictional processes to finish surfaces of the paper substrate. The paper substrate may be microfinished with or without a calendering means applied thereto consecutively and/or simultaneously. Examples of microfinishing means can be found in United States Published Patent Application 20040123966 and references cited therein, which are all hereby, in their entirety, herein incorporated by reference. [0086] The paper and paperboard web of this invention can be used in the manufacture of a wide range of paper-based products where microbial resistance is desired using conventional techniques. For example, paper and paperboard webs formed according to the invention may be utilized in a variety of office or clerical applications. The web is preferably used for making file folders, manila folders, flap folders such as Bristol base paper, and other substantially inflexible paperboard webs for use in office environments, including, but not limited to paperboard containers for such folders, and the like. The manufacture of such folders from paper webs is well known to those in the paper converting arts and consists in general of cutting appropriately sized and shaped blanks from the paper web, typically by “reverse” die cutting, and then folding the blanks into the appropriate folder shape followed by stacking and packaging steps. The blanks may also be scored beforehand if desired to facilitate folding. The scoring, cutting, folding, stacking, and packaging operations are ordinarily carried out using automated machinery well-known to those of ordinary skill on a substantially continuous basis from rolls of the web material fed to the machinery from an unwind stand. [0087] Any and all additional methodologies of making a paper substrate may be utilized as found in conventional paper making arts such as that found in G. A. Smook referenced above and references cited therein, all of which is hereby incorporated by reference, so long as the antimicrobial compound is contacted with the cellulose fiber. [0088] The paper substrate of the present invention, including any article and/or packaging material made therefrom is also expected to have a better performance under conditions that test wet-bleed, transfer, wet rub, wet smear, dry rub resistance, condensation rub resistance, chain lube rub resistance, product rub resistance, and adhesion by scratch resistance. Still further, the paper substrate of the present invention, including any article and/or packaging material made therefrom is also expected to have an increased antimicrobial tendency after such products are scraped, scratched, abraded, etc (as tested by such tests disclosed herein) as compared to those substrates, articles and packaging that do not contain the antimicrobial compound according to the present invention. [0089] The present invention is explained in more detail with the aid of the following embodiment example which is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any manner. EXAMPLES Example 1 [0090] A paper facing paper substrate was made by pre-mixing 100 ppm of an active ingredient (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) based upon dry weight tons with cellulose fibers during the paper making process. [0091] The antimicrobial tendency of the paper substrate was tested using ASTM methods D 2020A. The results demonstrated that the paper substrate was resistant to Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus , and Chaetomium globosum after two (2 weeks) by demonstrating no growth of such organisms and/or any other organisms during such time. [0092] The antimicrobial tendency of the paper substrate was tested using ASTM C-1338-00. The results demonstrated that the paper substrate was resistant to Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium funiculosum , and Aspergillus flavus after 7 days by demonstrating no growth of such organisms and/or any other organisms during such time. [0093] The antimicrobial tendency of the paper substrate was tested using ASTM G 21-96. The results demonstrated that the paper substrate was resistant to Aspirgillus niger, Penicillium pinophilum 14, Chaetomium globosum, Gliocladium virens , and Aureobasidium pullulans after 28 days by demonstrating no growth of such organisms and/or any other organisms during such time. Example 2 [0094] A paper facing was made by adding standard asphalt to the paper facing paper substrate of Example 1. Then, the resultant paper facing was heated and fiberglass was applied thereto so as to simulate the process of making a paper facing insulation containing the paper substrate of Example 1, asphalt and fiberglass insulation. Both standard asphalt and asphalt treated with an antimicrobial compound as utilized in separate embodiments. The paper facings were tested using ASTM methods D 2020A and G 21-96. [0095] After 7 days the paper facing of Example 2 containing standard asphalt had no growth on either the paper substrate and/or the asphalt as measured according to both the D 2020A and G 21-96 tests. After 14 days, the paper facing of Example 2 containing standard asphalt had no growth on the paper substrate according to the D 2020A test, but had heavy growth on the asphalt according to this test. After 14 days, the paper facing of Example 2 containing standard asphalt had slight growth according to the G 21-96 test. After 21 days, the paper facing of Example 2 containing standard asphalt had moderate growth according to the G 21-96 test. After 28 days, the paper facing of Example 2 containing standard asphalt had heavy growth according to the G 21-96 test [0096] After 7 days the paper facing of Example 2 containing the treated asphalt had no growth on either the paper substrate and/or the asphalt as measured according to both the D 2020A and G 21-96 tests. After 14 days, the paper facing of Example 2 containing treated asphalt had no growth on the paper substrate, nor the asphalt according to the D 2020A test. After 14 days, the paper facing of Example 2 containing treated asphalt had no growth according to the G 21-96 test. After 21 days, the paper facing of Example 2 containing treated asphalt had slight growth according to the G 21-96 test. After 28 days, the paper facing of Example 2 containing treated asphalt had moderate growth according to the G 21-96 test. Comparative Example 1 [0097] A paper facing containing a paper substrate, standard asphalt, and fiberglass insulation was made in parallel according to that process outlined in Example 2 except that the paper substrate did not contain any antimicrobial compound at all. [0098] The paper facing of Comparative Example 1 had moderate growth everywhere after 7 days and heavy growth everywhere after 14 days according to the D 2020A test. Further the paper facing of Comparative Example 1 had moderate growth, heavy growth, heavy growth, and heavy growth everywhere after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively, according to the G 21-96 test. Example 3 [0099] A file folder was made from a substrate in which Busan 1200 was added to cellulose fibers at the size press. The substrate was reverse die-cut. Example 4 [0100] A file folder was made from a substrate in which Busan 1200 and a stearylated melamine/paraffin wax obtained commercially from RohmNova under the tradename Sequapel® 414 were both added to cellulose fibers at the size press. The substrate was reverse die-cut. Comparative Example 2 [0101] A file folder was made from a standard substrate made from cellulose fibers and reverse die-cut. This is the standard control. Example 5 [0102] As tested by the ASTM standard E2180-01 test, Examples 3 and 4 showed a 73.70% and 87.70% reduction in the growth of Staphylococcus aureus as compared to that of the Comparative Example 2. Example 6 [0103] As tested by the ASTM standard D 2020-92 test, Examples 3 and 4 showed no growth after 7 and 14 days respectively of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus , and Chaetomium globosum . However, Comparative Example 2 had growth of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus , and Chaetomium globosum at both 7 and 14 days. Example 7 [0104] After abrasion of a conventional file folder made of a paper substrate coated with Busan 1200, the file folder will fail ASTM D 2020 testing after 7 and 14 days as described above, while a file folder containing a substrate that contains Busan 1200 by application at the size press and/or the wet end of the papermaking process will not show growth of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus , and Chaetomium globosum after 7 and 14 days. [0105] As used throughout, ranges are used as a short hand for describing each and every value that is within the range, including all subranges therein. [0106] Numerous modifications and variations on the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the accompanying claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. [0107] U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed Jul. 6, 2005, and also claiming 119(e) priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/585,757, is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, herein by reference. [0108] All of the references, as well as their cited references, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference with respect to relative portions related to the subject matter of the present invention and all of its embodiments

The invention relates to the papermaking art and, in particular, to the manufacture of paper substrates, paper-containing articles such as file folders, having improved reduction or inhibition in the growth of microbes, mold and/or fungus.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] The present application claims priority to earlier filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/864,176, filed on Nov. 3, 2006, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The present invention relates generally to electrical and optical trigger mechanisms and more specifically to a dual trigger mechanism for a paintball marker. [0004] 2. Background of the Related Art [0005] There are a number of methods employed by the manufacturers of paintball markers for detecting the movement of the trigger of a device, such as a paintball marker, in order to initiate a firing cycle. Such a firing cycle can be carried out in a purely mechanical nature where a linkage, for example, opens a valve to release air for launching. Alternatively, an electrically actuatable valve, such as a solenoid valve, can be used for this purpose. [0006] First, an electrical switch may be used. In particular, the electrical switch is in direct or indirect mechanical contact with the trigger such that when the trigger is depressed, the switch is actuated and therefore makes—or in some cases, breaks—an electrical circuit in order to generate an electrical signal which is used to initiate a firing cycle. [0007] Second, an optical sensor assembly may be used. The optical sensor assembly includes an emitter which typically, but not exclusively, emits infra-red radiation and a receiver; the assembly is mounted in such a way as to generate an electrical signal which varies in magnitude in relation to the position of the trigger, without having any mechanical contact with the trigger; the firing cycle is initiated when the magnitude of the signal reaches a preset level. [0008] Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages. In particular, the electrical switch mechanically “clicks” when actuated which provides positive tactile feedback to the user, which some users find desirable. The switch is also internally sprung in order to return the switch to its non-actuated position which removes the need for an external trigger return mechanism and also provides the user with further tactile feedback. However, switches are prone to electrical noise from a phenomenon common to all electrical switches called “switch contact bounce,” which can result in unwanted firing cycle initiation. To counteract switch contact bounce electrical or software filtering of the switch generated electrical signal is required. Furthermore, an electrical switch can only generate a digital signal, where the switch is either actuated or not, which limits how easily the electrical noise can be filtered. [0009] The optical sensor does not suffer from switch contact bounce as there are no electrical contacts and the analogue electrical signal provides better monitoring of the trigger position. Also, because the sensor assembly has no moving parts it is not prone to wear and tear. However, the non-contact arrangement of the sensor means that there is no return mechanism for the trigger, which means that an external trigger return mechanism is required. Furthermore, the non-contact arrangement provides no tactile feedback in the form of a “click,” which many users find desirable. [0010] Typically, paintball marker users will prefer one system or the other which means that the market for a product which uses one system over the other is divided. It is therefore commercially advantageous for a paintball marker to satisfy both groups of users. [0011] Additionally, in the prior art, it is know that it is possible, on only one pull of the trigger of a paintball marker, to issue multiple firing signals to fire multiple paintballs. In electronic markers, a single trigger pull can cause switch contact bounce resulting in multiple firings. Also, in all types of markers it is possible to exploit the recoil of the marker during firing while holding the trigger down to enable the marker to fire automatically without pulling the trigger again. This phenomenon is referred to within the art as “mechanical bounce” or “trigger bounce” and is undesirable, particularly in tournament play. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0012] The present invention solves the problems of the prior art by providing a dual trigger mechanism that is selectable by the user to use either an electrical switch, an optical sensor switch or both as desired. Furthermore the invention of the present invention eliminates “mechanical bounce” operation of a paintball marker. [0013] The dual switch includes a first and a second trigger position sensors configured and arranged to detect the position of said trigger. A circuit is operatively connected to the first and second trigger position sensors and the projectile firing mechanism of the paintball marker. The circuit is configured to initiate a firing operation with the projectile firing mechanism when the first and second trigger position sensors indicate that the trigger has been depressed. The method includes the steps of detecting the position of the trigger with the first trigger position sensor and the second trigger position sensor and initiating a firing operation when the first and second trigger position sensors indicate that the trigger has been depressed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0014] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where: [0015] FIG. 1 is a cross-section view of a grip of a paintball marker, which illustrates the dual switch mechanism of the present invention; [0016] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the circuit for the dual trigger mechanism; [0017] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of the firing circuit logic when both the electrical switch and the optical sensor are enabled; [0018] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of the firing circuit logic when the optical sensor has been disabled; and [0019] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of the firing circuit logic when the electrical switch has been disabled. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0020] In an effort to provide a complete solution that will overcome the problems associated with each system, the present invention proposes a dual trigger mechanism, which combines an electrical switch with an optical sensor assembly in order to produce a mechanism which has all of the advantages of each type of system and none of the disadvantages. [0021] Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the dual trigger mechanism of the present invention comprises a trigger 10 mechanically connected to and movable within a grip frame 12 of a paintball marker. The trigger 10 may be configured to pivot or slide and be spring-biased as desired. The trigger 10 further includes two prongs 14 , 16 , one of which has either a fixed or an adjustable length, the other of which has an adjustable length. An optical sensor assembly 18 is also provided and includes an emitter 22 , which emits electromagnetic radiation, such as infra-red or visible light radiation, and a receiver 20 which receives the radiation. The optical sensor assembly 18 is mounted in such a way that one prong, prong 16 , for instance, on the trigger 10 interrupts the passage of radiation from the emitter 22 to the receiver 20 as the trigger 10 is pivoted or slid from a “released” position at one end of its range of travel to a “depressed” position at the other end of its range of travel. The second prong 14 makes contact with an actuator of an electrical switch 24 , such that the actuator is actuated as the trigger 10 is depressed. A compact micro switch is preferable for use as the electrical switch 24 . However, any type of switch or sensor may be used. The length of this second prong 14 can be adjusted in order to move the actuation point with respect to the trigger travel, or to remove any contact between the prong 14 and the switch 24 altogether. It is also possible that prong 16 is adjustable. [0022] Both the switch 24 and the optical sensor assembly 18 are electrically connected to an electronic circuit board 26 which also includes an electrical circuit to control the firing of the paintball marker. In the case of the micro switch 24 , it may be desirable to include a low pass filter 28 to “debounce” the switch. The optical sensor assembly 18 may also be converted to a digital signal by an analog to digital converter 30 . [0023] The electrical switch 24 and optical sensor assembly 18 may be selectively enabled depending upon the desires of the user, via programmable settings 32 , 34 . This feature enables the user to select either the switch 24 or the optical sensor assembly 18 or both as the source of the signal that is used to initiate the firing cycle. In particular, a microprocessor 36 is provided with firing circuit logic 38 , described further below and shown in FIGS. 3-5 . The microprocessor 36 is electrically connected to the firing control 40 of the paintball marker. The microprocessor 36 , through application of the firing circuit logic 38 , determines if the preconditions for initiating a firing cycle have been met and, if so, initiates the firing control 40 of the paintball marker to discharge a paintball. [0024] Referring to FIG. 3 , during dual operation of the switches or sensors 18 , 24 and prior to the first shot, when the trigger 10 is released, the micro switch 24 is open and the signal from the optical sensor 18 is at its minimum, which may be referred to as 0%. As the user starts to pull the trigger 10 , the signal from the optical sensor 18 starts to increase, i.e. greater than 0%. As the user pulls the trigger 10 further the micro switch 24 is closed, which begins initiation of the firing cycle. The user then continues to pull the trigger 10 until the signal from the optical sensor 18 rises above a preset maximum level, for example 85% or 90%, to complete initiation of the firing cycle. After the firing cycle has initiated, the user begins to release the trigger 10 , which subsequently opens the micro switch 24 . As the user releases the trigger 10 further, the signal from the optical sensor 18 drops below a preset minimum level, for example 15% or 10%. The firing cycle can now be repeated. [0025] In the event that the two limits of the optical sensor 18 are not reached before the micro switch 24 is closed again then one of two things can occur, both of which are designed to prevent false trigger pulls generated by the recoil of the marker (often referred to in paintball as “mechanical bounce” or “trigger bounce”). The marker can be inhibited from firing on that trigger pull and a delay can be introduced into the firing cycle in order to slow the response time. A delay may be introduced at two distinct points in the firing cycle. A first timing cycle may be initiated when the trigger 10 is released and a second timing cycle may be initiated when the trigger 10 is depressed. The first timing cycle ensures that the trigger 10 has been released for sufficient time prior to initiating a subsequent firing cycle. The second timing cycle ensures that the user depresses the trigger 10 for sufficient time prior to releasing the trigger 10 and beginning a new firing cycle. One or both delays may be adjusted to prevent mechanical bounce. Typically, these timing cycle delays are set to 8 milliseconds, but can be set anywhere between 1 and 100 milliseconds as desired. [0026] Referring to FIG. 4 , if the user disables the optical sensor 18 , the firing logic for the micro switch 24 is shown. To prevent mechanical bounce, a timing delay is started and firing is inhibited. If the switch 24 is closed to early, the timing delay is reset. As the user pulls the trigger 10 and the micro switch 24 is closed, a second timing delay is calculated. The second timing delay ensures that the micro switch is held closed for sufficient time in order to begin initiation of the firing cycle. After the firing cycle has initiated, the user begins to release the trigger 10 , which subsequently opens the micro switch 24 . The firing cycle can now be repeated. These timing delays are fractions of second to ensure that the user is making legitimate trigger pulls rather than using mechanical bounce. [0027] Referring to FIG. 5 , if the user disables the micro switch 24 , the firing logic for the optical sensor 18 is shown. Prior to a first shot, when the trigger 10 is released, the signal from the optical sensor 18 is at its minimum. To prevent mechanical bounce, a timing delay is inserted. If the sensor reaches its critical threshold too early, the timing delay is reset and firing is inhibited. As the user starts to pull the trigger 10 , the signal from the optical sensor 18 starts to increase. The user then continues to pull the trigger 10 until the signal from the optical sensor 18 rises above a preset maximum level, to complete initiation of the firing cycle. However, the user must hold the trigger 10 for sufficient time to complete initiation of the firing cycle. A second timing cycle is calculated to ensure that the user has held the trigger 10 for sufficient time and is not relying on mechanical bounce. If the user releases the trigger 10 prematurely, the second timing cycle will reset. After the firing cycle has initiated, the user begins to release the trigger 10 , which subsequently allows the sensor 18 level to drop below its preset minimum level. The firing cycle can now be repeated. [0028] Therefore, it can be seen that the present invention provides a unique solution to the problem of providing a switching mechanism for a device that includes both the tactile feel of an electrical switch and the accuracy and reliability of an optical sensor switch. Moreover, the mechanism of the present invention is user selectable, which allows the user to choose the mechanism that he or she finds most desirable. In addition, the undesirable trait of ‘mechanical bounce’ can be eliminated. [0029] It would be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made to the illustrated embodiments without departing from the spirit of the present invention. All such modifications and changes are intended to be within the scope of the present invention, except as limited by the appended claims.

A method of firing a paintball marker and dual trigger mechanism for a paintball marker are disclosed. The dual switch includes a first and a second trigger position sensors configured and arranged to detect the position of said trigger. A circuit is operatively connected to the first and second trigger position sensors and the projectile firing mechanism of the paintball marker. The circuit is configured to initiate a firing operation with said projectile firing mechanism when the first and second trigger position sensors indicate that the trigger has been depressed. The method includes the steps of detecting the position of the trigger with the first trigger position sensor and the second trigger position sensor and initiating a firing operation when the first and second trigger position sensors indicate that the trigger has been depressed.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/068,770, filed Jun. 1, 1993 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,171 which is a continuation-in-part of (1) application Ser. No. 07/713,551, filed Jun. 7, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,231 which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/427,758, filed Oct. 26, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,069,485, issued on Dec. 3, 1991; and (2) application Ser. No. 07/753,612, filed on Aug. 30, 1991 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,293, which is a continuation of application Ser. Nos. 07/713,551, filed Jun. 7, 1991 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,231, and Ser. No. 07/427,758, filed Oct. 26, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,069,485, issued on Dec. 3, 1991. All of these prior filed applications are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to piping systems having a brittle liner for containing harsh fluids. More specifically, the invention is concerned with sealing lined pipe connectors. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Many piping system applications in petro-chemical and other industries involve the handling of corrosive, erosive, scaling or otherwise hard-to-handle fluids. Piping materials that can withstand these fluids can be very costly. One economic approach to handling these difficult fluids is to cover or to line the interior of low cost (non-fluid-resistant) piping with a liner which is fluid-resistant. The low-cost pipe material, such as carbon steel, provides cost-effective structural support for the fluid resistant, but less structurally adequate liner. Even when a liner is composed of fluid resistant materials, more severe applications (such as handling erosive geothermal fluids) tend to erode, chip, spall, crack, pit, and delaminate the lining material, requiring thicker liners. Thin liners may also experience coverage and tool damage problems. One type of cost effective thick liner is composed of a fluid resistant, but brittle material, such as cement. Lined-pipe connectors typically have a primary seal at a structural interface and a secondary liner seal at a liner interface to prevent fluid from contacting non-fluid-resistant piping materials. The added liner seal must also be reliable since exposure of the non-fluid-resistant pipe material to the harsh fluids can cause piping failure even if the primary seal does not leak. Some connectors having significantly loaded liner gaskets or seals satisfy the need for a reliable liner seal, but significantly loaded liner seals may not be practical for fragile or brittle liners. In addition, liner sealing surface preparations needed (e.g., machining) can impose other unacceptable demands on the brittle liner, resulting in damage to the brittle liner and failure at the piping joint. One type of soft elastomeric liner seal, such as an O-ring, also typically requires a groove or retaining edge to be provided in the liner end surface. In addition to loading and anchoring the elastomeric material, the groove can provide space for seal distortion isolated from the fluid stream flow. However, this type of seal tends to require smoother sealing surfaces and tighter tolerances (e.g., on the groove depth) when compared to gasket type seals. But reliably obtaining these finishes and tolerances for a cast cement liner sealing surfaces may not be feasible, even if machined after casing. Grooves may also concentrate stresses in a brittle liner. Creating a reliable liner end seal is particularly challenging when a threaded connector is used. The sealing element must be compressed while at the same time be able to accept relative rotation of the joint elements (e.g., during threaded joint assembly). Since typical soft elastomeric materials used for seals, such as synthetic rubbers, also tend to adhere to sealing surfaces and have a relatively high coefficient of friction without lubrication, rotating adhering surfaces without shredding, tearing, abrading, or otherwise damaging the soft elastomeric material or brittle liner can be difficult, especially when the liner surfaces are rough and unfinished. None of the current or alternative approaches eliminates the problems of reliable brittle liner sealing without risking damage to the liner and/or the seal. Even if the seal and liner edges are undamaged, the reliability of sealing at these lined joints may be less than desired. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A multi-piece seal has a slidable interface between pieces, and the seal is composed at least in part of a deformable and fluid resistant material at the joint interface. The slidable interface allows for rotational slippage of pieces during pipe joint assembly and disassembly, minimizing rotational stresses on the seal pieces and sealing surfaces, e.g., the ends of a brittle liner. The flexible material and geometry of the multi-piece seal allows significant seal deformation without sizable loads on the liner, resulting in a highly reliable seal at the liner joints. At least one of the seal pieces may be attached to a liner edge for improved seal stability and reliability. One of the pieces may also be composed of glass or other relatively inert, electrically resistant and rigid material, e.g., a fluid resistant casting or end ring bonded to the brittle liner edge. The bonded end ring further limits stresses at the rotating liner edge sealing surfaces and distributes compressional loads. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1a shows a cross sectional and cut away view of a lined pipe joint having a dual-element sliding seal and FIG. 1b shows a cross sectional view of the seal portion of the lined pipe joint; FIG. 2 shows a cross sectional view of a portion of an alternative lined pipe Joint similar to that portion shown in FIG. 1b with end rings; FIG. 3 shows a cross sectional view of a portion similar to that shown in FIG. 2 of another alternative lined pipe joint; FIG. 4 shows a cross sectional view of a portion similar to that shown in FIG. 2 of still another alternative lined pipe joint; and FIG. 5 shows a cross sectional view of a portion similar to that shown in FIG. 2 of a three element seal in an alternative lined pipe joint. In these Figures, it is to be understood that like reference numerals refer to like elements or features. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIG. 1a shows a cross sectional and cut away view of an embodiment of a lined pipe connector apparatus 2. An interior surface 3 of a relatively long first pipe section 4 forms an interior passageway having a centerline axis . The first pipe or duct section 4 is typically composed of a rigid structural material such as carbon steel. The first pipe section is welded at one end to a rigid pin or short first end segment 5 at a butt weldment 6. The end segment is typically composed of fluid resistant materials, such as high alloy steels. Attaching alternatives to butt weldment 6 include mating threads, adhesive, bolting, or pinned connections. The end segment 5 and pipe 4 form a pin end assembly which mates to a box end assembly. The box end assembly includes a rigid second end segment 7, such as a ring-like pipe coupling or box end, attached to a third end segment 8 by threaded joint 9. For handling corrosive or other hard-to-handle fluids, the second end segment 7 is also composed of fluid resistant material such as high alloy steel. The third end segment 8 is attached to a second pipe section 10 by butt weldment 11 which is similar to butt weldment 6. The long cylindrical pipe sections 4 & 10 are typically composed of conventional structural materials in order to minimize cost, and are covered by fluid resistant liners 13 & 14 to contain hard-to-handle fluids such as geothermal fluids. These pipe materials of construction are not resistant to corrosive or other attack by many hard-to-handle fluids. However, the short end segments 5 & 8 are composed of more costly structural materials resistant to these harsh fluids (such as high alloy steels) and this embodiment is not necessary recommended for cost-effective joints. The end segments 5 & 8 protect the ends of the pipe sections 4 & 10 and the brittle liners 13 & 14 protect the rest of the long carbon steel pipe or duct sections. The liner material for geothermal applications is typically a cast concrete or cement placed in the pipe as a slurry and spun around the pipe centerline into the shape of liner(s) 13 & 14. The liners once set are typically brittle, e.g., may only withstand a tensile stress of only about 100 psi, but is more typically capable of withstanding a tensile stress of 1,000 to 2,500 psi. The liner is typically capable of withstanding a compressive stress of 10,000 to 25,000 psi, i.e., ten times the tensile stress. In addition to full tensile failures, this material is also subject to micro-cracking, limiting compressive as well as tensile loading. The brittle liner 13 is typically bonded or sealably attached to both the first pipe section 4 at the interior surface and the end segment 5. The first end segment 5 to first liner 13 bonding serves to attach and seal (or limit exposure of) the carbon steel pipe section 4 to the fluid flowing within any microannulus passageway of the first cylindrical liner 13. The liner-segment bond may also have to be fluid resistant unless the joint is also sealed at or near the exposed end surfaces at gap 17 (as shown in FIG. 1b). The liner end seal shown in gap 17 comprises gasket elements 15 & 16. A second brittle liner 14 is similarly attached or bonded to both the second pipe section 10 and the third end segment 8. The bonding of second liner 14 again forms a fluid seal between the second liner 14 and the third end segment 8 preventing fluid from contacting the second pipe 10 (similar to the first end segment 5 and first liner 13 bonding). The opposing end sealing surfaces 18 & 19 of the end segments 5 & 8 and/or liners 13 & 14 when mated or joined form a ring-like cavity or gap 17. The opposing surfaces 18 & 19 are shown generally planar and perpendicular to the centerline 14. Alternatively, the opposing surfaces 18 & 19 may form a ring-shaped cavity having a stepped, V-shaped, or other cross-sectional shape. If the point of the V-shaped (or similar) cross-section is pointed radially inward, this may help contain extrusion tendencies of a seal material during compression, but which may tend to unbond a liner from the pipe. The brittle liners 13 & 14 are typically composed of an inert cementitious material, such as portland cement blended with silica flour or polymer concrete. The sealing surfaces 18 & 19 of a cementitious liner may be irregular or rough which can be difficult to seal with a deformable seal. Concrete surfaces may also be porous, making sealing with a deformable seal still more difficult. The radial thickness "D" of the cementitious liner (as shown in FIG. 5) is at least 0.32 cm (1/8 inch) in this embodiment as per American Petroleum Institute "Recommended Practice for Application of Cement Lining to Steel Tubular, Good, Handling, Installation and Joining" which is herein incorporated by reference. However, radial thickness "D" is a function of pipe size, liner materials, fluid properties, etc., and other thicknesses may be appropriate for different embodiments and applications. A liner seal at the liner ends of a threaded, brittle-lined pipe joint to perform more effectively should form a fluid barrier, be fluid-resistant, be slidable as the threaded joint is rotated during assembly, be easily deformable to limit sealing loads on the brittle or fragile liners 13 & 14, and be somewhat resilient to accommodate fluctuations in gap width. A "fluid-resistant" material is defined, for the purposes of this invention, as a material able to withstand the corrosive, erosive or other deleterious effects of the flowing fluids within the pipe sections. Without the fluid-resistant liner seal, harsh fluids would attack the structural non-fluid-resistant material of the piping (e.g., if the liner unbonds). But the cementitious portion of sealing surfaces 18 and 19 can have a rough surface finish as cast, making it a difficult-to-seal surface. Although the surface finish can be improved, e.g, by controlling aggregate size, sealing these rough and irregular surfaces presents problems. These rough surfaces can be sealed by the expanded graphite gaskets or other highly compressible materials, but if greater reliability is desired, the surfaces can be machined or otherwise trued and smoothed. The multi-element liner end seal or gasket (composed of dual seal elements 15 & 16) is shown compressed by the liner and segment end surfaces 18 & 19 in FIG. 1a and contacting, but uncompressed by these surfaces in FIG. 1b. The end surfaces 18 and 19 are separated by a distance "A" when the liner seal is fully compressed and by distance "B" when just contacting the liner seal, but not compressing it. Compression is achieved by squeezing and rotating the threaded pipe sections 4 & 10 together. The space between the liner seal elements 15 & 16 is shown in FIG. 1b for clarity in identifying each seal element, but the liner seal elements would be contacting each other as well as the liner end surfaces 18 & 19 when the end surfaces are separated by distance "A" or "B." The multi-element gasket (seal elements 15 & 16) is mostly composed of an expanded graphite material, but may also be composed of other deformable materials having at least partial resiliency after deformation and a minimum lubricity. The sealing loads developed by the deformed material are limited by compressing both seal elements only over a compressing distance equal to distance "C" which is equal to contact distance "B" (when seal is initially contacted) less final gap or distance after compression "A." The preferred compressing distance "C" is no more than about 35 to 40 percent of contacting distance (or original total thickness) "B" for flexible graphite gaskets in thick cement-type liners, but the compressing distance "C" can be a larger range for other applications. More typically, compression is at least about 20 percent. Compressing the expanded graphite gaskets 35 to 40 percent can typically result in axial strains of as much as 3000×10 -6 inch/inch, but may be a little as 200×10 -6 inch/inch. For a reduced (expanded graphite) compression, the strains are typically reduced from this range. Each of the deformable liner seal elements 15 and 16 may be bonded or attached to the end surfaces 18 and 19, but bonding is not required in the preferred embodiment. Even if not bonded, the rough and porous surface of the liner ends 18 and 19 tends to mechanically adhere the deformable seal elements 15 and 16 to these contacting surfaces. The seal to liner adherence prevents or limits differential movement at these contacting surfaces when the pipe sections are threadably rotated to accomplish the desired compression and joint makeup. Differential movement or sliding during threaded rotation is achieved at the seal element 15 to seal element 16 interface. Sliding capacity at this slidable interface can be enhanced by the application of lubricants, but the lubricity of the preferred graphite materials of construction allows compression and sliding without added lubrication. These materials of construction avoid the need for a fluid resistant lubricant and the risk of unwanted lubricant contamination of other fluid components. The preferred liner seal material of construction is a flexible or expanded graphite, such as Calgraph®, B grade, supplied by Pacific Mechanical, Inc. located in Santa Fe Springs, Calif., and Graphoil, supplied by Union Carbide Inc. Alternative materials of construction which would typically not require lubricant at the seal-to-seal sliding interface include: Teflon (for less elevated temperature applications), reinforced Teflon or Teflon coated elastomers, and nylon (for less hard-to-handle fluids). Other elastomer seal materials may a lubricant. Typical properties of the flexible graphite material are listed in Table 1. TABLE 1______________________________________TYPICAL PROPERTIES-EXPANDED/FLEXIBLEGRAPHITEPROPERTY UNITS VALUE______________________________________Resistivity OHM-IN. parallel/ 0.004/0.025 perpendicular to surfaceBulk Density lb/FT.sup.3 (gm/cc) 70.0(1.1)Thermal Conductivity BTU-in/hr-ft.sup.2 -°F. 1532Thermal Expansion 10.sup.-6 /°F. 2.8-4.4Hardness Shore Scleroscope 30-40Tensile Strength psi 700 minPermeability of Air cm.sup.2 gm <0.00001Emissivity at 932° F. -- 0.4Sublimation Temp. °F. 6600Temp. Limit (in air) °F. 1000Coef. of Friction -- 0.05(against steel)______________________________________ More reliable sealing can be obtained from these graphite gaskets even where the tolerances on dimension "C" are large, the liner/pipe segment end surfaces are misaligned, the liner partially unbonded, and the liner end surface is very rough, e.g., conventionally as cast. This improved sealing reliability is primarily due to the large compressibility of the flexible graphite seal elements. As both of the seal elements are compressed, the large compressibility allows the graphite material to fill in rough liner end surfaces and unbonded spaces. The large compressibility also minimizes the adverse effects of a smaller area of sealing due to misalignment or reduced compression distance caused by dimensional tolerance variations. Although the compressibility of the deformable seal elements is theoretically unlimited, a minimum compressibility of at least about 20% while retaining a resilience or recovery of at least about 10% and a creep relaxation of no more than 5% is preferred. A greater compressibility (while limiting stress) of at least about 30% is more preferred. Still greater compressibility of at least about 40 to 60% is still more preferable, but may be difficult to obtain. More typically, a compression ranging from about 25 to 35 percent is expected for the preferred expanded graphite materials of construction. The graphite's low permeability also assists in obtaining a reliable seal. Although the permeability of the deformable seal elements is theoretically unlimited, a minimum permeability of no more than that of the liner is acceptable (typically less than about 0.00001) is preferred, a permeability of no more than about 10 percent of the liner more preferred, and a permeability of no more than about 1 percent of the liner still more preferred. Another important property of the liner end seal material (with or without lubricant) is its lubricity and/or coefficient of friction against itself. Although the seal material coefficient of friction against itself is preferably no more than 0.3 without lubricant, more preferably limited to no more than 0.1 without lubricant, and still more preferably no more than about 0.05 without added lubricant, this property can typically range from as little as about 0.01 (with lubricant) to as much as about 0.7 (without lubricant). For seal elements having still higher static coefficient of friction (against itself) and or having a coefficient of friction against itself greater than against the sealing surface, the contacting (sealing) surfaces of the liner/piping may be roughened to increase friction at these contacting surfaces or even bonded, assuring slippage occurs between the seal elements 15 & 16. In the preferred embodiment for geothermal applications, the liner and end seal must also be able to withstand scaling fluid temperatures of up to about 600° F. (316° C.) pressures of up to about 1200 psig (82.7 atmospheres), salinities of up to about 30 percent, fluid pH as low as about 2 and as high as about 8, and a fluid velocity up to about 200 feet per second or fps (60.96 meters per second). The liner seal must withstand these conditions without significant loss of resiliency, shrinkage, swelling, or long term degradation. Each of the gaskets 37 & 38 may be formed using laminated ring construction. The plurality of layers may include an alloyed metallic layer imbedded in layers of flexible graphite or other deformable materials. The metallic layer provides a ring-like reinforcement of the graphite or other layers. The layered construction may provide multiple slidable interfaces if the layers are not bonded to each other. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b, the gaskets 15 and 16 also form a redundant fluid seal between the opposing surfaces of the metallic end segments as well as the liners. The squeezing by the metal segments also anchors the gaskets. This redundancy of sealing and anchoring further assures the reliability of sealing in a harsh environment. However, compression may be limited by the induced loads placed upon the brittle liner. FIG. 2 shows a cross sectional view of an interface portion of an alternative embodiment connector apparatus similar to the view shown in FIG. 1b. The lined pin end 20 and lined box end 21 pipe sections are a similar configuration to the lined high alloy end segments shown in FIG. 1, but are composed of non-fluid resistant structural materials, such as steel or other conventional materials, requiring a primary seal at the mating liner end surfaces. A primary seal, as used herein, is a fluid barrier that is expected to function in the absence of other seals, whereas a secondary seal may not function in the absence of other seals, e.g., a joint gap filled with a putty (secondary seal) may be blown out upon loss of a primary seal at the joint. The interior or passageway 24 of the pin end 20 and box end 21 pipe sections have liners 22 and 23 which do not extend to entirely cover the interior passageway 24, i.e., the liner ends are setback to allow placement of end rings 35 and 36. Although the passageway 24 is shown extending in both pipe sections, the passageway may not be present in one or both portions of the joint, e.g, an end cap. If end rings 35 and 36 are not present, the setback of the liner end surfaces 25 & 26 prevents excessive (rotation and) compression of the dual element seal (15 & 16) between the liner end surfaces. However, the use of glass or other end rings 35 and 36 provides more suitable end surfaces to seal against and allows full compression if required. Thus, even if the opposing pipe end surfaces 27 & 28 are abutting, the set back of the liner end surfaces 25 & 26 allows placement of end rings and/or limits the liner end compression of the dual seal elements. The dual element gasket 15 & 16 also anchors and forms a redundant seal at the metallic pin and box end surfaces 27 & 28, similar to that shown in FIG. 1a. Because the metal pipe can typically withstand much larger stresses and is no longer limited by the loads on the brittle liner, compression may be increased at the metallic interface, anchoring the seal and producing a more reliable liner seal. FIG. 3 shows a cross sectional view of an interface portion of the preferred embodiment connector apparatus similar to the view shown in FIG. 2. The pin end 31 and box end 32 metal pipe sections are threadably attached similar to the pipe sections 20 & 21 shown in FIG. 2, but the pipe does not directly compress the gaskets 29 & 30. The interior pin end 31 and box end 32 pipe sections have liners 22a and 23a which do not extend to entirely cover the interior 24a of the pipe sections, similar to that shown in FIG. 2. The liner recess or setback from nose and shoulder of the pin and box ends respectively, again prevents excessive (rotational) compression of the dual element seal (29 & 30) even when the opposing pipe end surfaces 27a & 28a abut. Although the multi-element gasket seal is no longer anchored by pipe end compression, abutting pipes result in more repeatable and consistent compression. The dual seal elements 29 and 30 may also be attached to the liner end surfaces 25a & 26a, if anchoring is required. Alternatively, the joint could shoulder the seal at a different point and still trap the ring seals or gaskets between the nose and shoulder ends. FIG. 4 shows a cross sectional view of an interface portion of a four element seal in another alternative embodiment connector apparatus. The pin end 31 and box end 32 pipe sections are threadably attached similar to the pipe sections shown in FIG. 3. The interfacing portions of the pin end 31 and box end 32 pipe sections have liners 22b and 23b which do not extend to entirely cover the interior 24a of the pipe sections. The liner end surfaces 25b & 26b are set back further than shown in FIG. 3 which allows end foils or end rings 35 & 36 to be bonded to the liner end surfaces 25b & 26b. A similar compression as a percent of the dual gaskets 33 & 34 can be achieved by the end rings 35 & 36, but a greater compression without liner damage may be possible because of the more even load distribution achieved by the end rings. The end rings 35 & 36 also provide a finished or an otherwise smoother sealing surfaces contacting the dual sealing elements 33 & 34 when compared to the rough concrete liner end surfaces 25b & 26b. The end rings 35 & 36 are typically composed of a rigid, fluid-resistant material, such as glass polished high alloy steel if galvanic corrosion is not anticipated. Other processes to obtain the finished sealing surfaces on the end rings 35 & 36 include machining, rolling, and stamping. The set back distance of the end rings 35 & 36 from the pipe end surfaces is selected to again prevent excessive compression of the dual element graphite seal (33 & 34). Thus, even when the opposing pipe end surfaces 27a & 28a abut, the set back of the liner end surfaces 25b & 26b and thin end rings 35 & 36 results in a predictable maximum % compression of the dual seal elements 33 & 34 having a given total thickness. FIG. 5 shows a cross sectional view of an interface portion of a three element sealing element comprising dual deformable gaskets 37 & 38 and a landing ring 39. The deformable gaskets 37 & 38 (and gasket end ring in an alternative embodiment) are preferably contacting the landing ring 39, but these elements may also be spaced apart. The pin end 31a and box end 32a pipe sections are threadably attached similar to the pipe sections shown in FIG. 3. The internal surfaces 24a of the pin end 31a and box end 32a pipe sections have covering liners 22c and 23c which protrude or extend beyond the pipe section as well as entirely covering the interior passageway. For the thicker landing ring shown, the protrusion of the liner end surfaces 25c & 26c allows the pipe sections to contact and seat on the landing ring 39 while simultaneously compressing the dual deformable gasket elements 37 & 38. Other embodiments, e.g., using a landing ring thinner than the total thickness of the gaskets 37 & 38, may preferably have the liner end surfaces 25 & 26 set back while the pipe ends contact the thinner landing ring to achieve similar compression of the dual gaskets 37 & 38 without the risk of damage to a protruding brittle liner. The landing ring 39 prevents excessive (rotational) compression of the dual element seal (37 & 38). When the pipe end surfaces abut the landing ring 39, the liner end surfaces 25c & 26c are compressed a known amount for a specific total thickness of the dual gaskets 37 & 38. Several slidable interfaces may be present in this embodiment. When the pipe sections are rotated with respect to each other, the gasket-to-gasket and gasket-to-landing ring interfaces (if contacting) may slide against each other in the absence of the gasket-to-sealing surface sliding. Although landing ring sliding typically requires the landing ring to gasket contacting surface to be smooth, such as a glass or polished surface, the landing ring surface may be rougher if the liner end surfaces (or other landing ring surfaces) are unfinished. A redundant seal may again be formed by the landing ring seal assembly shown. Although the ring joint lands provide for torque requirements, the landing ring 39 and dual gasket 37 and 38 may also redundantly seal at this interface. Thus, reliability of the seal is enhanced. The nominal radial width "A" of the dual gaskets 37 & 38 (and liner in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5) is approximately 3/4 inch (1.905 cm), but may typically range from about 1/32 to 11/4 inches (0.07938 to 3.175 cm). Although substantially equal gasket thicknesses are shown, the nominal axial thickness of each of the dual gaskets may range from about 1/32 to 1/8 inches (0.07938 to 0.3175 cm) resulting in a total axial thickness (prior to compression) of from about 1/16 to 1/4 inches (0.1588 to 0.635 cm). The nominal landing ring radial width is approximately 1/8 inch (0.3175 cm). The nominal axial thickness of the landing ring is approximately 0.18 inches (0.4572 cm) for a 1/4 inch total thickness gasket (1/8 inch each) at 30 percent compression. The invention satisfies the need to provide sealed connectors which can structurally and environmentally withstand severe environments at minimal cost. The process of using these sealed connectors is to place a multi-element, internally sliding seal proximate to a liner end or other sealing surface and compress the seal using a mating joint element. When the mating Joint element is rotated and compressed, the internal sliding seal design precludes sliding (and sliding damage) at the seal to liner end interfaces, e.g., when joint ends are threadably joined. In one embodiment, the seal elements are also compressed by opposing structural pipe surfaces to form a redundant pipe and liner seal which anchors the seal. The use of low cost threaded piping with a brittle liner and deformable seals, such as dual gaskets, achieves a reliable and low cost sealed joint. The joint, end rings, and seals may also be reusable. An alternative process first places an expanded graphite gasket-like element at a cementitious (or other rough) liner end surface and compresses the gasket-like element, followed by removal of the compression load and replacement of the gasket-like element with a different seal. The use of a graphite gasket having a slidable interface for the gasket-like element avoids liner and other damage caused by compression and rotation. The process step of compressing the expanded graphite (gasket-like element) by the rough liner end surface drives graphite into the crevices and recesses of the cementitious surface (i.e., leaves a graphite residue) which is not removed when the gasket-like element is removed. The residue in the recesses upgrades or improves the surface finish (e.g., reduces surface roughness) so that a conventional or other deformable seal which previously would not reliably seal the joint can now be compressed by these surfaces and achieve a reliable seal. If the graphite gasket-like element is compressed by a liner and carbon steel surface, similar to that shown in FIG. 2, the graphite may also tend to coat and protect the carbon steel surfaces against the corrosive effects of the hard-to-handle fluid. The graphite gasket-like element can also be reused for impregnating other liner or pipe sealing surfaces. The impregnation not only provides a less rough surface, but provides an improved slipping surface, i.e., having a lower coefficient of friction. The impregnated liner end surface joints can be threadably rotated without damaging a new seal or brittle liner. The new seal may be a single gasket or other conventional seal. Another advantage of some embodiments of the invention process and apparatus is avoiding the potential for galvanic corrosion. The high alloy end segments shown in FIGS. 1a & 1b may encourage galvanic corrosion at a weldment or other attachment to the carbon steel pipes. The embodiments which seal in the absence of the high alloy end segments or other dissimilar metals avoid the potential for galvanic corrosion. The invention is further described by the following sample test data summarized in Table 2. TABLE 2______________________________________SEAL COMPRESSION TEST DATASEALARRANGEMENT LUBE RECESS FINAL CONDITION______________________________________2 × 1/32 Graphite None Flush Crimpled at 60%2 × 1/16 Graphite None Flush Crimpled at 47%2 × 1/8 Graphite None Flush Opened at 50%2 × 1/32 Graphite None Flush Rippled at 100%2 × 1/32 Graphite None Flush Ripped at 100%2 × 1/16 Graphite None Flush Good2 × 1/16 Graphite None Flush Good1/4" C-seal Red 0.160" extruded at 20%3/16" C-seal Red 0.160" left groove3/16" & 2 × 1/32 None 0.160" Springs crushedgraphite3/16" C-seal Red 0.160" Springs crushed & cement failed3/16" C-seal Red 0.160" --Silicon None Flush --Silicon None Flush 0.020 gap______________________________________ The data in Table 2 are illustrative of specific modes/tests of the compression boundaries of some embodiments of the invention and are not intended as limiting the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The sample data were derived from testing of an instrumented 95/8 inch nominal diameter, lined-pipe, threaded joint. The instrumentation recorded temperature, pressure, loads, strain, leakage, and a video record of gasket element motion during assembly and compression of some types of connectors and seal designs. While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been shown and described, and some alternative embodiments also shown and/or described, changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the invention. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace within the invention all such changes, modifications and alternative embodiments as fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

A multi-piece, pipe joint seal has a slidable interface between seal pieces. The slidable interface allows for slippage between pieces during pipe joint assembly and disassembly, minimizing rotational and other stresses on the seal pieces and pipe sealing surfaces which may damage or endanger the deformable seal. The slidable interface seal is especially useful for joining brittle-lined pipe sections handling harsh fluids.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] — STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT [0002] — BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] The present invention relates to casement window hinges and in particular to a casement window hinge with a sash arm and guide arm providing improved manufacture. [0004] Casement window hinges allow a window to open by pivoting about a vertical axis that moves inward as the window opens. This combination motion is provided by special casement window hinges supporting the window sash. A separate operator moves the window as mounted on the hinges, typically through the use of a crank mechanism. [0005] Casement window hinges typically employ a two-bar linkage of a sash arm and guide arm. The sash arm is attached along the window sash, for example, by countersunk wood screws directed up through the sash arm into the wood of the sash. An inward end of the sash arm is pivotally attached to a slide that may move along a track attached to the window opening and that defines the movable pivot point of the window. A center of the sash arm is pivotally attached to one end of a guide arm whose remaining end of the guide arm is pivotally attached to the track displaced from the slide. [0006] The sash arm and guide arm can be subject to large forces, for example, during shipping, installation, or when the window is subject to wind loads. For this reason, the sash arm and guide arms are typically fabricated out of a sturdy metal such as stainless steel. They are connected together, typically, by a metal rivet that is lightly staked to allow the parts to pivot. Normally the slide is also riveted to the sash arm. [0007] For smooth and reliable operation, it is important that the rivets between the sash arm, guide arm and slide be tight to prevent excess play between these parts that may cause premature wear or “hammering” in the joints under wind load. On the other hand the rivets must not be so tight as to promote excess friction making the window hard to open or close. While riveting is a simple operation when a joint must be tightly fastened, controlling the large forces required to properly stake the rivets to provide just the right compression for a pivoting joint is extremely difficult. Tolerance “stack up” in the variations of the length of the rivet, the deformation of its head during the staking process, and in the thickness of the two pieces being assembled, makes it difficult to ensure low play in the pivot as well as low friction. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] The present invention provides an improved casement window hinge that employs plastic pivot pins connecting between plastic sash and guide arms. The pivot pins may be thermally staked after insertion through a corresponding hole to eliminate play in the pivoting joint. Friction that can prevent the joint from moving, as can occur with the compression incident to metallic rivets, is avoided in the present invention by the natural lubricity of the plastic-to-plastic interface and/or the staking process that does not produce substantial compressive forces. In a preferred embodiment, the pivot pins are integrally molded into one or both of a plastic sash arm or guide arm further eliminating play caused by looseness between the pivot pins and sash or guide arm. [0009] The inventor has further determined that the problems of countersunk wood screws pulling through a plastic sash arm can be solved by substantially decreasing the size of the countersink thus significantly increasing the contact area between the screw head and the plastic sash arm over the length of the countersink. Mismatch between the shaft size of the wooden screw and the small bore size, such as would be a problem in a metal sash arm, is avoided in a plastic sash arm where the much harder wood screw may slightly enlarge the countersink bore in the plastic sash arm during installation. Finally, the problem of excessive torques being placed on a sash-arm stop (needed to limit opening of the window) are solved by use of a hinging slide stop that permits assembly of the slide into its track but, by moving the stop along the sash arm to the slide, reduces destructive torques on the stop. [0010] Specifically then, the invention provides a casement window hinge having a longitudinally extending track attachable to a window opening, a slide retainable by the track for movement therealong, a sash arm pivotally attached to the slide at an inner end attachable to a window sash, and a guide arm pivotally attached at one end to the track and at the other end to the sash arm. The sash arm and a guide arm are constructed of a moldable thermoplastic and are joined by a pivot pin passing through a hole formed in one of the sash arm and guide arm, where the pivot pin is constructed of a moldable thermoplastic material having at least one flange to retain the sash arm and guide arm attached together in a pivoting relationship. [0011] It is thus one feature of one embodiment of the invention to provide an improved pivot for casement hinges that eliminates play that can result in damaging joint forces while naturally limiting joint friction. [0012] The pivot pin may be integrally molded with the one sash arm and guide arm. [0013] It is thus another feature of the invention to provide even further reduced joint play by forming the pivot pin integrally with one of the sash and guide arms. [0014] The flange may be thermally formed to be larger than would reversibly pass through the hole. [0015] It is thus an aspect of one embodiment of the invention to provide a staking method that provides near zero joint play with limited joint compression. Because the thermal staking essentially melts the end of the pivot pin, the flange may abut the pivoting arm with near zero clearance and yet without the compressive forces normally part of a staking process deforming a metal rivet. [0016] The casement window hinge may further including a pivot between the slide and the sash arm including a second pivot pin passing through a hole formed in one of the sash arm and slide, the second pivot pin constructed of a moldable thermoplastic material having at least one flange to retain the sash arm and slide attached together in a pivoting relationship. [0017] It is thus another aspect of one embodiment of the invention to provide similar benefits for the connection of the sash arm and slide. [0018] The sash arm may include a plurality of holes having frustro-conical counter sinks in which a larger base of the frustum has a radius substantially twice the radius of that of the smaller base. [0019] It is thus a feature of one embodiment of the invention to permit the use of thermoplastic materials for the construction of the sash arm and guide arm. By decreasing the countersink bore radius, the total conical area contacted by the screw head is increased by a square of the radius decrease, providing a disproportionate increase in pullout strength. Tolerance problems from this reduced countersink bore size can be accommodated by the ability of the thermoplastic material to flow under pressure from a countersink screw. Use of plastic sash and guide arms allows integral formation of the plastic pivot pins and a desirable plastic-on-plastic pivot pin interface. [0020] The slide may include an extension abutting a stop affixed to the track when the sash arm is perpendicular to the track. [0021] It is thus an aspect of the invention to displace torsional forces from the pivot between the sash arm and the guide arm allowing both to be practically molded of plastic. [0022] The extension may include a live hinge allowing it to be displaced from the stop for removal of the slide. [0023] It is thus an aspect of the invention to allow simplified assembly of the hinge with a stop on the slide that automatically assumes a stop function once assembled. [0024] A pivot between the guide arm and the track may have a boss constructed of a moldable thermoplastic material and attached to the track and received in a snap fit with a corresponding bore in the guide arm. [0025] It is thus another feature of one embodiment of the invention to provide for a plastic-to-plastic interface in connecting the guide arm to what is typically a metallic track. [0026] The boss may be eccentrically mounted for rotation with respect to the track. [0027] It is thus another feature of one embodiment of the invention to allow for correction of sagging in the hinge by changing the effective length of the guide arm. [0028] The boss may rest on a tubular extension from the track receiving a screw fitting into the tubular extension. [0029] It is thus another feature of one embodiment of the invention to provide a well-registered metallic attachment point for the guide arm. [0030] The snap fit may be provided by an interfitting ridge and groove formed at a circumferential interface between the boss and corresponding bore. [0031] It is thus a benefit of one embodiment of the invention that it provides simple field attachment of the guide arm to the track without removing the boss. [0032] An exposed face of the boss may include a slot for receiving a screwdriver for rotation of the boss. [0033] It is thus a benefit of one embodiment of the invention to allow simple adjustment of sash sag by the consumer. [0034] These particular features and advantages may apply to only some embodiments falling within the claims and thus do not define the scope of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0035] FIG. 1 is a top plan view of the casement window hinge of the present invention showing the sash arm, guide arm, slide and track structures common to hinges of this type; [0036] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the slide of FIG. 1 showing an extension with a living hinge providing a stop for the window at full opening; [0037] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view through lines 3 - 3 of FIG. 1 showing a thermally formed flange on a pivot pin attaching the sash arm to the slide, the flange received within a counter bore in a slide to remain recessed within the slide; [0038] FIG. 4 is a fragmentary perspective view of a pivot mechanism connecting the guide arm to the track showing an eccentric mechanism for adjusting the effective guide arm length; [0039] FIG. 5 is a cross-section through lines 5 - 5 of FIG. 4 showing assembly of the eccentric mechanism to a coined post on the track; [0040] FIG. 6 a is a phantom view of a prior art countersunk bore in the sash arm; [0041] FIG. 6 b is a figure similar to that of FIG. 6 a showing a bore with extended surface area providing increased pullout resistance to wood screws; [0042] FIG. 7 is a front elevational view in partial cross-section of the track and slide of the present invention showing a flared track channel permitting alignment of the slide with the track for shorter windows; [0043] FIG. 8 is a figure similar to FIG. 7 in side elevation, showing a chamfer on the slide permitting alignment of the slide and the track for longer windows; and [0044] FIG. 9 is a fragmentary perspective view of the extension of FIG. 2 and corresponding stop formed in the slide. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0045] Referring now to FIG. 1 , a casement window hinge 10 may include a sash arm 12 that may be attached to a window sash 15 by means of mounting holes 14 receiving countersunk head wood screws (not shown in FIG. 1 ) upward through the sash arm 12 therethrough. A proximal end of the sash arm 12 is pivotally attached to a slide 16 that may move along a length of a metal track 18 as retained by a rolled flange 20 in the metal track 18 . [0046] A proximal end of a guide arm 22 is pivotally attached to the track 18 at an end 23 of the track 18 removed from the travel range of the slide 16 , and a distal end of the guide arm 22 is pivotally attached to a midpoint 24 of the sash arm 12 . The sash arm 12 and guide arm 22 form a two-bar linkage providing a simultaneous pivoting and translation of an attached window. The general structure of hinges of this type is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,088,880 to LaSee, assigned to the assignee of the present invention and hereby incorporated by reference. [0047] Referring now also to FIG. 2 , the slide 16 includes a leftward extending stop arm 41 whose end may abut a stop 40 formed in the track 18 to prevent the window from opening too far as will be described below. [0048] A rear edge of the slide 16 and stop arm 41 supports an upwardly extending ridge 17 that may be captured under the rolled flange 20 of the track 18 . This ridge 17 extends leftward from a slide body 19 to provides a living hinge 27 between the slide body 19 and the stop arm 41 allowing the latter to flex to an assembly position 38 away from the stop 40 so that the slide 16 may be assembled into the track 18 at a portion of the track 18 not having the rolled flange 20 . Upon completion of that assembly, the natural elasticity of the living hinge 27 returns the stop arm 41 to the straightened position so that leftward travel of the slide 16 is ultimately blocked by the stop 40 . [0049] Referring now to FIG. 3 , the slide 16 and distal end of the guide arm 22 include counterbored holes 21 having a principal diameter 28 , and a counterbore diameter 30 on their underside larger than principal diameter 28 . Corresponding pivot pins 44 on the sash arm 12 may extend downward from the surface of the sash arm 12 to be received within these bores 26 . The pivot pins 44 have a cylindrical shaft 34 with a diameter conforming to principal diameter 28 of the bore 26 . [0050] An end of the shafts 34 extending through the principal diameter 28 of the bores 26 may be thermally staked to create a flanged head 36 of diameter less than the counterbore diameter 30 and a thickness less than the depth of the counterbore to fit wholly therein, but of diameter greater than the principal diameter 28 of the counterbored holes 21 so as to retain the pivot pin 44 within the counterbored holes 21 . The staking process may be performed by a number of thermal staking techniques including ultrasonic or heated plate staking and provides a near zero-tolerance fit between a flanged head 36 and a seat of the counterbored holes 21 with very little compressive force as a result of the melting of the material of the pivot pin 44 . [0051] In a second embodiment, the flanged head 36 may be preformed to a diameter allowing a snap fit with the counterbored holes 21 . The flanged head 36 may be bored and slotted to assist in its compression during this snap fit. [0052] Ideally the pivot pins 44 are molded to be integral with the thermoplastic sash arm 12 , a material choice for the sash arm 12 that is made possible by fabricating the sash arm 12 of a thermoplastic material strengthened, for example, with glass fiber. By constructing both the sash arm 12 and guide arm 22 out of thermoplastic, a plastic-to-plastic interface is formed resisting binding and destructive wear between the pivot pin 44 and the sash arm 12 or guide arm 22 . [0053] As will be understood in the art, the slide 16 may also be molded from a thermoplastic material and typically is molded about a steel spine 43 which, in this case, may include a hole amply sized to allow the molding of the counter bored hole 21 into the slide 16 . [0054] Referring now to FIGS. 1 , 4 and 5 , the attachment of the proximal end of the guide arm 22 to the track 18 (constructed of sheet metal in the present invention) is obtained through a molded thermoplastic boss 46 attached to the track 18 (as will be described) and snap-fitting into a corresponding bore 48 in the proximal end of the guide arm 22 . The boss 46 has a generally cylindrical outer surface and thus may rotate within the guide arm 22 when twisted by a screwdriver inserted into a slot 49 cut in the upper face of the boss 46 . The boss 46 provides a rotation axis 50 with respect to its attachment to the track 18 (as will be described) that is eccentric with respect to an outer circumference of the boss 46 . Thus, rotation of the boss 46 with respect to the guide arm 22 causes an effective change of the length of the guide arm 22 as may correct for sash sag as described generally in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,790,106 and 5,017,075, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention and hereby incorporated by reference. [0055] Referring to FIG. 5 , the attachment of the boss 46 to the track 18 is provided by means of a coined protrusion in the track 18 providing an upwardly extending, upwardly open tube 52 integrally formed in the track 18 . The inside of this open tube 52 may be threaded to receive a pan head, hex drive, machine screw 60 whose head may retain the boss 46 against axial movement with respect to the track 18 while allowing rotational movement of the boss 46 about the machine screw 60 [0056] The snap connection between the boss 46 and the guide arm 22 is provided by opposed downwardly cantilevered spring fingers 54 molded into the inner diameter of the bore 48 of the guide arm 22 receiving the boss 46 . Teeth 56 at the lower edge of the spring fingers face inward to receive a corresponding outwardly open rim 57 in the lower edge of the boss 46 . [0057] Referring now to FIGS. 6 a and 6 b , in a prior art, hole 14 ′ receiving countersunk head wood screws to attach the sash arm 12 to a window sash provided an amply-sized countersink bore 63 ′ cut through the sash arm 12 avoiding interference between a shaft of the wood screw and a too-small bore in a metallic sash arm 12 . Limited conical counter sinking 62 ′ is provided so that the head of the wood screw would be flush with a surface of the sash arm 12 to prevent interference in the opening and closing of the window by a protruding screw head. [0058] In the present invention, the radius of the countersink bore 63 is significantly reduced to equal or be slightly less than the expected diameter of the shaft of a wood screw. This reduction in radius increases the total area of the conical counter sinking 62 as a square of the reduction in radius to provide sufficient pullout resistance in the plastic of the sash arm 12 . The conical counter sinking 62 provides a frustro-conical surface having an upper base of greater diameter and a lower base of lesser diameter. In the preferred embodiment, the radius of the upper base is no less than substantially twice the radius of the smaller base. The increased risk of interference between the smaller hole size of the smaller base and the shaft of the wood screw is remedied by the soft characteristic of the plastic material allowing the wood screw to slightly enlarge this hole as needed. The present inventor has determined that this radius reduction provides a sufficient pullout resistance to allow construction of the sash arm 12 from a reinforced plastic material. [0059] Referring now to FIG. 7 , the slide 16 may be pulled upward by an amount 72 when sash arm 12 is attached to a sash (not shown) in a window that is dimensionally shorter than expected. This can make it difficult to insert a guide ridge 17 of the slide 16 under the rolled flange 20 . For this reason, the present invention provides for an upward flaring of the rolled flange 20 to provide a funneling of the guide ridge 17 of the slide 16 into the rolled flange 20 when the slide 16 is first assembled onto that track 18 . Similarly, as shown in FIG. 8 , a rear edge of the slide 16 includes a chamfer 76 so that, in the opposite situation, where the slide 16 is displaced downward when used with a window that is dimensionally taller than expected, the chamfer 76 guides the slide 16 up onto the surface of the track 18 . [0060] Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 9 , opening of the sash 15 such as would move the sash 15 leftward 74 beyond a perpendicular orientation with respect to the track 18 is stopped by abutment of the stop arm 41 of the slide 16 against the stop 40 . This portion of the track 18 near the stop 40 does not have a rolled flange 20 allowing the stop arm 41 to be flexed by means of a living hinge 27 away from the stop 40 for disassembly. [0061] The present invention has been described in terms of the preferred embodiment, and it is recognized that equivalents, alternatives, and modifications, aside from those expressly stated, are possible and within the scope of the appending claims.

A casement window hinge eliminates the use of rivets in the pivot between the sash arm and guide arm such as require a high force deformation of an element to a precise compression that varies according to a “tolerance stack up” between four controlled dimensions of the parts being assembled: the length of the rivet, the deformation of the rivet head, and the thickness of the two arms being assembled. The invention eliminates two of these dimensions through the use of integrally molded pivot pins that fit into a bore in the second arm and which are plastically flanged. Resistance to a pull-out of wood screws that are countersunk into a plastic sash arm is provided by exaggerated counter sinking with undersized countersink bores.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a damper for damping vibration and noise in an archery bow, and more specifically to a vibration damper attached to a bowstring for damping vibration and noise in the bowstring. Various designs of string dampers are known to exist. Generally, these designs are of two types—those supported by the bowstring and those supported by some structure other than the bowstring. Of those not supported by the bowstring, some are attached to the bow riser or handle while others are attached to a bow limb. These types of string dampers generally brace a string or transfer energy to the supporting structure. Known string dampers attached to a bowstring or cable directly can be attached by various methods; however, these present difficulty for servicing. For example, some dampers are secured to a bowstring by placing a part of the string damper between strands of the bowstring or placing a part of the string damper around the string in a way that requires disassembly of bow in order to remove or adjust the damper. There remains a need for novel string dampers that can be easily attached to a bowstring or cable, easily moved along the bowstring or cable or removed entirely from the bowstring or cable, and yet remain fixedly secured to the bowstring or cable while attached, all without disassembly of the bow. All US patents and applications and all other published documents mentioned anywhere in this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Without limiting the scope of the invention a brief summary of some of the claimed embodiments of the invention is set forth below. Additional details of the summarized embodiments of the invention and/or additional embodiments of the invention may be found in the Detailed Description of the Invention below. A brief abstract of the technical disclosure in the specification is provided as well only for the purposes of complying with 37 C.F.R. 1.72. The abstract is not intended to be used for interpreting the scope of the claims. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In some embodiments, a string damper comprises a body portion and an aperture portion being attached to the body portion. The string damper has a first relaxed configuration and a second bound configuration. In the second bound configuration, at least a portion of the body portion is disposed through the aperture portion. In some embodiments, the body portion of the string damper further comprises a locking portion; the locking portion is configured to engage the aperture portion in the second bound configuration. In some embodiments, the body portion of the string damper has a distal end. The locking portion is disposed between the aperture portion and the distal end. In some embodiments, the locking portion comprises a tapered portion, the tapered portion tapering toward the distal end. In some embodiments, the aperture portion defines an aperture axis. In some embodiments, the body portion defines a body portion axis. In a second configuration, the aperture axis is coaxial with the body portion axis. In some embodiments, the body portion has an arcuate shape. These and other embodiments which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed hereto and forming a part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, its advantages and objectives obtained by its use, reference can be made to the drawings which form a further part hereof and the accompanying descriptive matter, in which there are illustrated and described various embodiments of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A detailed description of the invention is hereafter described with specific reference being made to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the string vibration and noise damper. FIG. 2 shows a side view of an embodiment of the string vibration and noise damper. FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the string vibration and noise damper in a partially bound configuration. FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the string vibration and noise damper secured to a bowstring. FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the string vibration and noise damper secured to a bowstring. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION While this invention may be embodied in many different forms, there are described in detail herein specific embodiments of the invention. This description is an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments illustrated. For the purposes of this disclosure, like reference numerals in the figures shall refer to like features unless otherwise indicated. FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a string damper 10 comprising an aperture portion 20 and a body portion 30 . A portion of the body portion 30 is configured to be threaded through the aperture portion 20 , forming a closed loop for securement to a bowstring of an archery bow. In some embodiments, for example as shown in FIG. 1 , an end of the body portion 30 is attached to the aperture portion 20 . In some embodiments the body portion 30 is attached to the aperture portion 20 via an elongate portion 32 . The elongate portion 32 shown in FIG. 1 extends proximally from the body portion 30 and attaches to the aperture portion 20 along a portion of the periphery of the aperture portion 20 . In some embodiments, the elongate portion 32 is concave, being narrower at the middle than one or both of the ends. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the aperture portion 20 is substantially toroidally shaped, having a continuously convex surface. In this way, the concavity of the elongate portion 32 is similar to the convex curvature of the aperture portion 20 . The aperture portion 20 can also comprise other suitable shapes. In some embodiments, the body portion 30 comprises a distal end 38 . The distal end 38 extends distally from the body portion 30 . The distal end 38 can comprise any suitable shape, for example the body portion can taper along its length such that the distal end 38 is pointed. In some embodiments, the distal end 38 has a circular cross section; or, for example, the distal end 38 can have a rectangular cross section or any other suitable cross section. Turning to FIG. 2 , in some embodiments the string damper 10 defines a body portion axis or axis 40 extending longitudinally along at least a portion of the string damper 10 . In some embodiments, the body portion axis 40 extends along the length of the body portion 30 from the aperture portion 20 to the distal end 38 . In some embodiments, cross sections of the string damper 10 are generally symmetrical about the body portion axis 40 , for example where the string damper 10 has circular or polygonal cross sections. In some embodiments, the body portion axis 40 can comprise a central arcuate path, wherein the body portion axis 40 has a curved profile consistent with the curvature of the body portion 30 . Where the body portion 30 is substantially straight along its length, the body portion axis 40 is similarly straight along its length. In some embodiments, the body portion axis 40 can be arcurate, substantially straight, straight or any other suitable configuration consistent with the shape of the body portion 30 . In some embodiments, the aperture portion 20 generally defines an aperture 22 disposed therethrough ( FIG. 1 ). As shown in FIG. 2 , the aperture 22 has an aperture axis 50 disposed through the aperture 22 . In some embodiments, the aperture axis 50 is generally coplanar with the cross sections of the aperture portion 20 . For example, where the aperture portion 20 comprises a toroid, the aperture axis 50 is coplanar with the circular cross sections of the aperture portion 20 . In some embodiments, aperture axis 50 is perpendicular to body portion axis 40 near the attachment location where the body portion 30 attaches to the aperture portion 20 . The string damper 10 has a relaxed or first configuration (or first position) ( FIG. 2 ) and a bound or second configuration (or second position) ( FIG. 5 ). Alternatively, the first configuration may be referred to as a first state, and the second configuration may be referred to as a second state. In a first configuration, the string damper 10 is generally relaxed; whereas in a second configuration, the string damper 10 is generally contorted when compared to the first configuration and configured for mounting on a bowstring. In some embodiments, the elongate portion 32 is oriented in the aperture 22 when the string damper 10 is in a second configuration. Turning now to FIG. 3 , the string damper 10 is shown in a partially bound configuration, wherein a portion of the body portion 30 is partially threaded through the aperture 22 of the aperture portion 20 . As shown in FIG. 3 , the string damper 10 is in an intermediate configuration between the first relaxed configuration (e.g., FIG. 1 ) and the second bound configuration (e.g., FIG. 4 ). A closed loop 54 is formed by threading a portion of the body portion 30 through the aperture portion 20 , beginning with the distal end 38 . FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the string damper 10 attached to a bowstring 60 . The bowstring damper 10 is attached to the bowstring by wrapping the distal end 38 of the body portion around the bowstring and threading the body portion 30 through the aperture 22 of the aperture portion 20 . As shown in FIG. 4 , the string damper 10 is attached to a draw cable. In some embodiments, the string damper 10 can be attached to any type of bowstring or bow cable, including, but not limited to, cross cables and power cables. In FIG. 4 , the string damper 10 is shown in a second or bound configuration, the body portion 30 being threaded through the aperture portion 20 . The bowstring 60 passes through the closed loop 54 formed by threading a portion of the body portion 30 through the aperture 22 of the aperture portion 20 . FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the string damper 10 attached to a bowstring 60 . The body portion 30 is threaded through the aperture 22 of the aperture portion 20 thereby defining closed loop 54 . The bowstring 60 is disposed through closed loop 54 and the string damper 10 is secured to the bowstring 60 by pulling on the distal end 38 of the body portion 30 . The string damper(s) 10 can be easily added to or removed from a string or cable of an archery bow, as described herein. As such, string dampers can be replaced or supplemented, as desired. Furthermore, the string damper(s) can be moved along the length of a string, or moved from one string to another without having to re-string the archery bow and without having to separate strands of the bowstring or remove string serving. In some embodiments, the string damper 10 can comprise a unitary material, wherein the body portion is integral with the aperture portion. A sting damper 10 can be made from any suitable material and is desirably sufficiently elastic that the damper 10 can reduce the vibrations present in a bowstring after firing an arrow. In some embodiments, the string damper 10 is formed from an elastomeric material such as natural rubber and/or various polymeric elastomers and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the damper 10 is formed from one or more thermoplastic elastomer(s) such as Monprene® MP-1037-FL elastomer and/or Monprene® MP-2730 elastomer, available from Teknor Apex Company, 3070 Ohio Drive, Henderson, Ky. 42420. In some embodiments, the cross sectional area of the aperture 22 is less than the cross sectional area of the body portion 30 when the string damper 10 is in a relaxed configuration. In this way, when the string damper 10 is placed in a bound configuration, the body portion 30 is positively engaged by the aperture portion 20 , placing the aperture portion 20 in tension around the elongate portion 32 and preventing the string damper 10 from inadvertently coming loose, falling off or moving along the bowstring. In some embodiments, the cross sectional area of the aperture 22 is less than the cross sectional area of the elongate portion 32 or a portion of the elongate portion 32 . As such, when the string damper 10 is in a bound configuration, the aperture portion 20 tightly engages the body portion 30 disposed in the aperture 22 . In some embodiments, the aperture 22 of the aperture portion 20 is circular. However, other suitable configurations are also acceptable. Moreover, the shape of the aperture portion 20 defining aperture 22 can coincide with a particular shape of the cross section of the body portion 30 or a portion of the body portion, specifically elongate portion 32 . For example, if the cross section of the body portion 30 (or a portion of the body portion) is circular, the aperture 22 can comprise a circular opening. Other suitable cross sections can also be used. In some embodiments, the aperture portion 20 is generally toroidally (or doughnut) shaped. In this case, the aperture portion 20 has a circular cross section of material. The aperture portion 20 can also comprise other suitable cross sections. For example, the aperture portion can have an elliptical, oblong, or polygonal cross section, or any other suitable cross section. In some embodiments, for example as shown in FIG. 2 , the string damper 10 comprises a locking portion or locking mechanism 34 . The locking mechanism 34 is configured to retain the string damper 10 on a bowstring or cable. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism 34 prevents the string damper 10 from loosening on the bowstring by engaging the aperture portion 20 . In at least one embodiment, the locking mechanism 34 comprises a raised flange 36 , for example as shown in FIG. 2 . The raised flange 36 is configured to retain the aperture portion 20 when the string damper 10 is in a second configuration and hold the string damper 10 on a bowstring ( FIG. 5 ). Turning again to FIG. 2 , in some embodiments the body portion axis 40 extends through at least a portion of the elongate portion 32 . The portion of the body portion axis 40 extending through the elongate portion 32 is alternatively referred to as the elongate segment of the body portion axis 40 . The elongate segment generally extends the length of the elongate portion 32 , from the aperture portion 20 to the locking mechanism 34 . In some embodiments, the elongate segment of the body portion axis 40 is perpendicular to the aperture axis 50 when the string damper 10 is in a first configuration, for example as shown in FIG. 2 . In some embodiments, the elongate segment of the body portion axis 40 is coaxial with the aperture axis 50 when the string damper 10 is in a second or bound configuration, for example as shown in FIG. 5 . In some embodiments, the cross sectional area of the locking mechanism 34 is generally greater than the cross sectional area of the portion of the body portion 30 oriented in the aperture 22 . In some embodiments, the cross sectional area of the locking mechanism 34 is greater than the cross sectional area of the elongate portion 32 . Furthermore, the cross section of the locking mechanism 34 is greater than the cross section of the aperture 22 . In some embodiments, the locking mechanism 34 has a peak 42 and a tapered or sloping portion 44 . As shown in FIG. 2 , the peak 42 has a greater cross sectional area than other portions of the body portion 30 . Notably, the peak 42 has a larger cross section than the aperture 22 . The sloping portion 44 is generally distal to the peak 42 . The tapered or sloping portion 44 transitions into arm portion 46 and eases pulling locking mechanism 34 through aperture 22 during placement of the string damper 10 on the cable or bowstring. In some embodiments, the sloping portion 44 is frustoconical. In some embodiments, the arm portion 46 is a portion of the body portion 30 . In some embodiments, the arm portion 46 is curved. The arm portion 46 can also comprise other suitable shapes. The arm portion 46 may alternatively be referred to as damping portion 46 . In some embodiments, the side of the locking mechanism 34 opposite the sloping portion 44 comprises a first surface 48 ( FIG. 1 ). In some embodiments the first surface 48 has an angle of incline greater of the sloping portion 44 . In some embodiments, the first surface 48 of the locking mechanism 34 is substantially orthogonal to the body portion axis 40 where the body portion axis 40 passes through the first surface 48 . In some embodiments, the first surface 48 has a negative angle of incline, wherein the first surface 48 slopes in the same general direction as the sloping portion 44 . The first surface 48 can also be concave or convex. In some embodiments, when the string damper 10 is attached to a bowstring, for example as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 , the string damper is asymmetrical about the bowstring 60 , having only a single arm portion 46 . In at least one embodiment, the string damper 10 has neither rotational symmetry about the bowstring 60 nor any mirroring symmetry across the bowstring 60 . However, as discussed earlier, the string damper 10 can be symmetrical about its own axis 40 ( FIG. 2 ). Generally, the string damper 10 is secured to a bowstring by wrapping a portion of the body portion 30 around the bowstring, threading the distal end 38 of the string damper 10 through the aperture 22 of the aperture portion 20 , pulling on the distal end 38 , and securing the string damper 10 on the string. In some embodiments, the body portion 30 is configured such that a locking mechanism 34 is pulled through the aperture 22 until the aperture portion 20 abuts the first surface 48 , thereby securing the string damper 10 on the string. Furthermore, the string damper 10 can be rotated relative to the bowstring to position the arm 46 in a desired orientation, for example substantially perpendicular to the direction of bowstring travel. The string damper can be oriented in any suitable configuration to maximize damping effectiveness. The above disclosure is intended to be illustrative and not exhaustive. This description will suggest many variations and alternatives to one of ordinary skill in this field of art. All these alternatives and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the claims where the term “comprising” means “including, but not limited to”. Those familiar with the art may recognize other equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein which equivalents are also intended to be encompassed by the claims. Further, the particular features presented in the dependent claims can be combined with each other in other manners within the scope of the invention such that the invention should be recognized as also specifically directed to other embodiments having any other possible combination of the features of the dependent claims. For instance, for purposes of claim publication, any dependent claim which follows should be taken as alternatively written in a multiple dependent form from all prior claims which possess all antecedents referenced in such dependent claim if such multiple dependent format is an accepted format within the jurisdiction (e.g. each claim depending directly from claim 1 should be alternatively taken as depending from all previous claims). In jurisdictions where multiple dependent claim formats are restricted, the following dependent claims should each be also taken as alternatively written in each singly dependent claim format which creates a dependency from a prior antecedent-possessing claim other than the specific claim listed in such dependent claim below. This completes the description of the preferred and alternate embodiments of the invention. Those skilled in the art may recognize other equivalents to the specific embodiment described herein which equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the claims attached hereto.

A bow string vibration and noise damper includes an aperture and a body portion. The string vibration and noise damper is configured to be mounted on the bowstring. In this way, a closed loop is created by inserting at least a portion of the body portion through the aperture. The closed loop encircles a portion of the bowstring thereby attaching the string vibration and noise damper to the bowstring.

[0001] This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 60/344,053 filed on Jan. 3, 2002, and Provisional Patent Application No. 60/353,051 filed on Jan. 29, 2002 under 35 U.S.C. §119(e). The contents of the above-referenced applications are incorporated herein in their entireties. [0002] Throughout this application, various references are referred to. Disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. BACKGROUND INVENTION [0003] 1. Field of the Invention [0004] The present invention generally relates to food compositions for the treatment of joint related ailments, and methods for making and administering these compositions. In particular, the present invention relates to the preparation of compositions including proteoglycan precursors and method for administering these precursors in a beneficial and appetizing manner to persons in need thereof. [0005] 2. Description of the Related Art [0006] Millions of people suffer from the debilitating effects of joint related ailments. Of particular interest in this area are the ailments related to arthritis. Among the many types of arthritis, osteoarthritis is the most prevalent, especially among the elderly. Osteoarthritis is associated with a breakdown of cartilage that commonly occurs in the joints such as, hips, knees, fingers, feet and spine. Over time, the cartilage may wear away in some areas greatly decreasing its effectiveness, even to the point where bones may rub directly against each other. Conventional treatments for osteoarthritis include medication, exercise, diet and applying heat and cold to the pain afflicted areas. None of these common treatments alter the progression of osteoarthritis. Among medications prescribed to address this illness, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) are the most common. Unfortunately, these medications have a number of side effects and may even increase the progression of osteoarthritis. Other forms of joint related ailments exist due to the everyday stress placed on these connective tissues. [0007] Over the past two decades, an alternative treatment for joint related ailments has emerged. The alternative treatment involves administering glucosamine and chondroitin supplements to patients suffering from joint related ailments. These two proteoglycan precursors represent a proactive treatment for treating and maintaining joint health. Recently they have demonstrated pain relief effects in arthritic patients and may even reverse the effects of arthritis and assist the body to repair and rehabilitate damaged cartilage. Unlike other medications, they have no known side effects. [0008] Glucosamine and chondroitin are components of normal cartilage. Both act as precursors in the formation of proteoglycans which in turn become the building blocks of connective tissue. While glucosamine is a multifunctional precursor of proteoglycan synthesis in general and glycosaminoglycans in particular, chondroitin is a glycosaminoglycan that is preferentially incorporated into cartilaginous tissue. Because of its tropism for cartilage, chondroitin is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan in cartilage and is responsible for the resiliency of joint tissue. [0009] While the body normally generates enough proteoglycan precursors to maintain levels of cartilage throughout, many people suffering from arthritis require supplements of these very important compounds. However, it is difficult to supplement their intake merely by a change in diet because the sources of glucosamine and chondroitin are not commonly found in foods. In particular, glucosamine is derived and isolated from chitin. Chitin is a major component of the shells of sea animals such as crab and sea shrimp. Edible chondroitin on the other hand is derived from animal connective tissue such as tendons, cartilage and trachea. Because of the difficulty of including these items in a normal diet, glucosamine and chondroitin commonly require administration through oral supplements. Common oral supplements take the form of capsules, tablets or pills. Similar supplements are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,295, U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,787, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,715, among others. These types of delivery methods often fail because many people have difficulty taking pills, dislike taking them or forget to take enough to meet the effective dosage. Of particular interest is the elderly community, which commonly suffers from difficulties ingesting foods and nutrients. Many of their medications must be administered via liquid diets and/or intravenously. The following invention seeks to solve these problems by incorporating proteoglycan precursor supplements into a desirable food product that may be easily ingested by both young and old, as well as those incapable of adhering to a solid diet. [0010] Information relevant to attempts to address these problems can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,692. This reference generally discloses methods of manufacturing glucosamine and chondroitin to be added to foodstuffs. However, this reference suffers from the disadvantage of a final product that simply adds the chondroitin and glucosamine to foodstuffs without consideration of the taste characteristics encountered by the consumer, or whether these ingredients may affect the final products' physical attributes. In particular, the formulations that include glucosamine and chondroitin do not take into account the effect these supplements have on the taste of a food product and fail to address the need to make the product more appealing to human consumers. [0011] For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for a simple, inexpensive, lightweight and easily ingestible food product which consumers will enjoy eating. In addition, that food product must take into account the special problems created by the addition of proteoglycan precursors to food in order for the product to appeal to consumers while maintaining its physical attributes. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0012] Due to the existing need for a product that supplements chondroitin and/or glucosamine intake by persons in need of such supplementation, a brief summary of the present invention is presented. Some simplifications and omissions may be made in the following summary, which is intended to highlight and introduce some aspects of the present invention, but not limit its scope. Detailed descriptions of a preferred exemplary embodiment adequate to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention concepts will follow in later sections. [0013] A settable food product is disclosed which generally comprises a natural or synthetic non-gelatin gelling agent with the addition of a proteoglycan precursor and a liquid, which is characterized by its ability to set the combined food product. [0014] Additionally, a method is disclosed for making a settable food product by providing a non-gelatin gelling agent along with a proteoglycan precursor and a liquid having an ability to set the combined food product. The composition is then combined to produce an edible food product. [0015] Further, a method of administering a food product containing a proteoglycan precursor is disclosed. An easily ingested food product containing proteoglycan precursors, a non-gelatin gelling agent and a liquid capable of setting these ingredients is prepared with sufficient proteoglycan precursors to supplement the diet of a person in need thereof. The food product is then administered either in one dosage, or in multiple dosages. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0016] One embodiment of the present invention comprises a product designed to help consumers supplement their diet with proteoglycan precursors. In particular, the invention is a settable food product fortified with proteoglycan precursors. Two proteoglycan precursors, glucosamine and chondroitin may be major components of the composition. As described above, glucosamine and chondroitin have shown pain relieving and other beneficial qualities, especially in the treatment of joint related ailments. [0017] The settable food product composition will generally include a natural or synthetic non-gelatin gelling agent, one or more proteoglycan precursors, a liquid, and additives affecting the taste and appearance of the product. These additives may include, but are not limited to, edible acids, buffers, sweeteners, natural and artificial flavors and coloring agents. [0018] The settable food product may take a variety of forms. The food product may be sold in ready to eat forms or comprise a dry mix that requires preparation by the consumer. The settable food product may include but is not limited to any one of the following: a ready to eat or pudding dry mix, pudding, instant pudding, pie filling, or pie filling mix. [0019] Gelling agents are used to help set the food product after it has been dissolved in a liquid. Natural or synthetic gelling agents may include but are not limited to starch, and pregelatinized modified starch. [0020] There are a number of proteoglycan precursors that may be used in the composition, either alone or in combination. One such precursor is glucosamine and effective salts thereof. This may include, but is not limited to, chitosamine, glucosamine sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride, glucosamine iodide, and N-Acetylglucosamine, and mixtures thereof. Another such precursor is chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and chondrosine, and mixtures thereof. The amount of proteoglycan precursors must be carefully measured in order to achieve the desired flavor and settable characteristics of the food product. [0021] In addition, this invention also includes the above composition which further includes an appropriate amount of haluronic acid. Haluronic acid is well-known in the art. [0022] A number of edible acids may be used in the composition. As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,519,961, edible acids control the proper pH of the product and add a desired tart taste. These edible acids may include, but are not limited to citric acid, adipic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, malic acid, and erythorbic acid, and mixtures thereof. [0023] A buffer salt may also be included in order to modify the pH, the setting and the melting characteristics of the food product. Such buffer salts include but are not limited to citrates, tartrates, phosphates and pyrophosphates. [0024] Both natural and synthetic sweeteners may be used in the food product. Sweeteners add taste to the product and allow it be eaten as a dessert. Also, sweeteners may be required to modify the flavor effects of the proteoglycan precursors in the food product. Natural sweeteners may include, but are not limited to sucrose, glucose, fructose, mannitol, dextrose, and mixtures thereof. Artificial sweeteners may include, but are not limited to, saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame, and mixtures thereof. [0025] A number of other additives may be added to modify the taste, color, texture, or other factors that affect consumer appeal of the food product. [0026] An exemplary cold to ambient environment has a temperature ranging from about 4° C. to about 30° C. [0027] For purposes of describing embodiments of the present invention, examples are provided to further illustrate the invention. EXAMPLE 1 [0028] A naturally or artificially flavored dry powder pudding or pie filling mix is prepared with the following ingredients: TABLE 1 Dry Mix Grams Per Serving Range Preferred Sugar 15-25 20 Modified Starch 20-30 25 Natural & Artificial Flavors 1.5-2.5 2 Salt 0.05-0.15 0.1 Mono Diglycerides 0.1-0.2 0.15 Color Yellow #5 0.001 0.001 Color Yellow #6 0.001 0.001 Carrageenan Gum 0.5-1.0 0.5 Glucosamine 0.5-3.0 0.75 Chondroitin Sulfate 0.4-2.4 0.60 Milk 0.0 0.0 Total 49.102 [0029] The above ingredients are prepared in the following manner. Sugar and all ingredients except for starch are blended for 5 minutes, starch is added and blended for 15 minutes. Sugar can be replaced by artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and acesufame-K for the purpose of making a sugarless food product. Natural and artificial flavors can include vanilla, chocolate, coconut or various fruit flavors. The milk can be non-fat, 1%, 1½%, 2%, whole milk or a non-dairy milk equivalent. The color can also be varied as desired. Once the dry mix is prepared, it is packaged for consumer use. For multiple servings, multiply the single serving amount by the desired servings. The recipe for consumer use further states: add 120 grams of milk to the powder mix and heat to a boil, and then refrigerate the product until cool. EXAMPLE 2 [0030] A naturally or artificially flavored pudding or pie filling mix in ready to eat form is prepared with the following ingredients: TABLE 2 Ready to Eat Grams Per Serving Range Preferred Sugar 15-25 20 Modified Starch 20-30 25 Natural & Artificial Flavors 1.5-2.5 2 Salt 0.05-0.15 0.1 Mono Diglycerides 0.1-0.2 0.15 Color Yellow #5 0.001 0.001 Color Yellow #6 0.001 0.001 Carrageenan Gum 0.5-1   0.5 Glucosamine 0.5-3.0 0.75 Chondroitin Sulfate 0.4-2.4 0.60 Milk 100-140 120 Total 169.102 [0031] The above ingredients are prepared in the following manner. All ingredients are added to cold milk and agitated at a high level for 5 minutes. Heat mixture to 280 degrees Fahrenheit, then cool to 900-100 degrees Fahrenheit and pack for consumer use. Sugar can be replaced by artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and acesufame-K for the purpose of making a sugarless food product. Natural and artificial flavors can include vanilla, chocolate, coconut or various fruit flavors. The milk can be non-fat, 1%, 1½%, 2%, whole milk or a non-dairy milk equivalent. The color can also be varied as desired. For multiple servings, multiple the single serving amount by the desired servings. EXAMPLE 3 [0032] A naturally or artificial flavored pudding or pie filling mix with a very short preparation time similar to “instant pudding” is prepared with the following ingredients: TABLE 3 Instant Pudding Grams Per Serving Range Preferred Sugar 15-25 20 Pregelatinized Modified Starch 3.0-4.0 3.5 Natural and Artificial Flavor* 1.5-2.5 2 Salt 0.05-0.15 0.1 Disodium Phosphate 0.3-0.5 0.4 Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate 0.3-0.5 0.4 Mono Diglycerides 0.1-0.2 0.1 Color Yellow #5 0.001 0.001 Color Yellow #6 0.001 0.001 Glucosamine 0.5-3.0 0.75 Chondroitin Sulfate 0.4-2.4 0.60 Total 27.852 [0033] The above ingredients are prepared in the following manner. All ingredients except starch are blended for 5 minutes. Starch is then added and the mixture is blended for 15 minutes. Glucosamine and Chondroitin levels must be limited below 1.5 and 1.2 grams respectively due to the salty taste that occurs above those levels. Sugar can be replaced by artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and acesufame-K for the purpose of making a sugarless food product. Natural and artificial flavors can include vanilla, chocolate, coconut or various fruit flavors. The color can also be varied as desired. Once the dry mix is prepared it is packaged for consumer use. For multiple servings, multiply the single serving amount by the desired servings. The recipe for consumer use further states: blend powder mix with ½ cup cold milk for 2 minutes, then refrigerate for 5-10 minutes. The milk can be non-fat, 1%, 1½%, 2%, whole milk or a non-dairy milk equivalent.

A food product for supplementing the proteoglycan precursor intake of humans suffering from joint related ailments and a method of making and administering such a food product is disclosed. More specifically, a settable food product, supplemented with glucosamine and chondroitin, which comes in a suitable form, e.g., a pudding or pie filling, is disclosed, along with a method of making and administering the product to persons in need thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/914,050 filed on Aug. 5, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,824,408, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein and made a part of this specification. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to medical methods and apparatus. More particularly, the present invention relates to the design and use of energy delivering probes for thermally coagulating and/or constricting hollow anatomical structures (HAS) including blood vessels such as the perforator veins which connect the superficial veins to the deep veins in the leg, truncal superficial veins of the leg (e.g., great saphenous vein, short saphenous vein, and the like), superficial tributary veins of the leg, internal spermatic veins (varicoceles), ovarian veins, gonadal veins, hemorrhoidal vessels, fallopian tubes, a-v malformations, a-v fistula side branches, esophageal varices, and the like. For purposes of illustration, apparatus and methods of the present invention for use in treating perforator veins will typically be described. Perforator veins connect the deep venous system of a leg to the surface veins which lie closer to the skin. Normal or healthy perforator veins pass blood from the surface veins to the deep veins as part of the normal blood circulation. Incompetent perforator veins allow blood flow from the deep venous system to the surface veins, causing or contributing to problems, such as varicose veins, edema, skin and soft tissue changes, lipodermatosclerosis, chronic cellulites, venous ulcers, and the like. Several procedures have been proposed for interruption of incompetent perforator veins. The “Linton” procedure requires a very long incision (knee to ankle) on the medial calf to expose the perforator veins. Individual veins may then be surgically dissected, ligated, and cut to prevent blood flow between the superficial and deep venous systems. A less invasive alternative has been developed by DePalma where individual incompetent perforator veins are identified along “Linton's Line” using ultrasound. Small incisions are then used to access the individual perforators for ligation and dissection. More recently, individual ligation and dissection of perforator veins has been performed using an endoscope inserted in the proximal calf. Although generally effective, each of the above-described procedures requires surgical incisions followed by ligation and cutting of the veins. Thus, even at best, the procedures are traumatic to the patient and require significant surgical time. Moreover, the procedures are complex and often require a second surgeon to assist in the procedure. For these reasons, it would be desirable to provide additional and improved techniques for disrupting incompetent perforator veins for the treatment of varicose veins, edema, skin and soft tissue changes, lipodermatosclerosis, chronic cellulites, venous ulcers, venous ulcers, and other conditions. Such procedures should preferably be minimally invasive, e.g., relying on an introducer sheath, cannula, catheter, trocar, or needle for gaining access to the perforator veins at the deep fascial plane. In particular, it would be desirable if the methods required few or no incisions, could be performed under a local anesthetic, would reduce post-operative healing time, as well as morbidity and complication rates, and would require only a single surgeon. In addition, it would be desirable to provide apparatus and methods which are useful for performing procedures on other tissues and hollow anatomical structures in addition to perforator veins. At least some of these objectives will be met by the inventions described herein below. 2. Description of the Related Art The following U.S. patents and published applications describe radiofrequency (RF) probes having expandable electrode structures for treating incompetent venous valves and are commonly assigned with the present application: U.S. Pat. No. 6,401,719; U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,084; U.S. Pat. No. 6,237,606; U.S. Pat. No. 6,179,832; US2002/0148476; and US200110041888, the full disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Probes as described in these patents have been used to treat refluxing veins, including perforating veins, as described in Whiteley et al. (2003) Venous Forum Abstracts, Phlebology 18: 1. Other patents directed at treating veins with radio frequency energy include U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,664; U.S. Pat. No. 3,301,258; and U.S. Pat. No. 373,399. The Cameron-Miller 80-8010 Coagulator intended for destroying tortuous tributaries and other varicosities is described in a brochure entitled An Exceptionally Successful Way to Treat Varicosities, published by Cameron-Miller, Inc., Chicago, Ill. (undated, but “available prior to the invention herein). Radiofrequency probes with spaced-apart rings and other electrodes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,391,026; U.S. Pat. No. 6,332,880; U.S. Pat. No. 5,734,903; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,597. A radio frequency probe with a ball electrode is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,553. Other patents and published applications relating to radio frequency probes and apparatus include: U.S. Pat. No. 6,669,672; U.S. Pat. No. 6,587,731; U.S. Pat. No. 6,539,265; U.S. Pat. No. 6,480,746; U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,102; U.S. Pat. No. 6,283,961; U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,758; U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,104; U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,261; U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,590; U.S. Pat. No. 6,041,679; U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,382; U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,131; U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,045; U.S. Pat. No. 5,893,849; U.S. Pat. No. 5,810,802; U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,167; U.S. Pat. No. 5,752,951; U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,224; U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,282; U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,257; U.S. Pat. No. 5,562,703; U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,396; U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,193; U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,216; U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,218; U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,137; U.S. Pat. No. 4,832,051; U.S. Pat. No. 4,765,331; U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,186; U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,207; U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,924; U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,953; U.S. Pat. No. 3,920,021; U.S. Pat. No. 3,230,957; U.S. Pat. No. 3,100,489; U.S. Pat. No. 2,022,065; U.S. Pat. No. 1,943,543; U.S. Pat. No. 833,759; US 2002/0143325; and WO98/09575. Medical publications of interest include; O'Reilly, Kevin, Endovenous Diathermy Sclerosis as a Unit of The Armamentarium for the Attack on Varicose Veins; The Medical Journal of Australia, Jun. 1, 1974, p. 900; Watts, G. T., Endovenous Diathermy Destruction of Internal Saphenous, British Medical Journal, Oct. 7, 1972, p. 53; O'Reilly, Kevin, Endovenous Diathermy Sclerosis of Varicose Veins,—The Australian, New Zealand Journal of Surgery, Vol. 47, No. 3, June 1977, pp. 339-395; O'Reilly, Kevin, A Technique of Diathermy Sclerosis of Varicose Veins, The Australian, New Zealand Journal of Surgery, Vol. 51, No. 4, August 1981, pp. 379-382; Cragg et al., Endovascular Diathermic Vessel Occlusion, Diagnostic Radiology, 144: 303-308, July 1982; Ogawa et al., Electrothrombosis as a Treatment of Cirsoid Angioma in the Face and Scalp and Varicosis of the Leg, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vol. 3, September 1982, pp. 310-311; Brunelle, et al., A Bipolar Electrode for Vascular Electrocoagulation with Alternating Current, Radiology, October 1980, Vol. 137, pp. 239-240; Aaron, Electrofulguration for Varicose Veins, The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics, Jul. 12, 1968, Vol. 10, No. 14, Issue 248, p. 54; and Corbett, Phlebology 17:36-40 (2002). The following patents and pending applications are assigned to the Assignee of the present application and are generally related to the radiofrequency energy treatment of veins: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,752,803; 6,689,126; 6,682,526; 6,638,273; 6,613,045; 6,322,559; 6,398,780; 6,263,248; 6,200,312; 6,165,172; 6,152,899; 6,139,527; 6,135,997; 6,071,277; 6,036,687; 6,033,398; 6,014,589; 6,003,397; 7,041,098; 6,752,803; 6,769,433; 6,969,388; and U.S. Ser. Nos. 10/775,841; 10/738,488; 10/568,593. The full disclosures of each of these patents and pending application are incorporated herein by reference. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides both apparatus and methods for coagulating and/or constricting a hollow anatomical structure (HAS) in order to inhibit or stop fluid flow therethrough. By “constricting,” it is meant that a portion of the lumen of the treated HAS is reduced in size so that fluid flow therethrough is either reduced or stopped entirely. Usually, constriction will result from endothelial denudation, a combination of edema and swelling associated with cellular thermal injury, and denaturation and contraction of the collagenous tissues, leading to a fibrotic occlusion of the HAS so that fluid flow is reduced or stopped entirely. In other cases, constriction could result from direct fusion or welding of the walls together, typically when pressure and/or energy are applied externally to the HAS. In either case, some portions of the lumen may remain open allowing fluid flow at a greatly reduced rate. The constriction may thus occur as a result of contraction of the collagenous tissue in the HAS, or may alternately occur as a result of direct fusion or welding of the walls together induced by heating of that tissue and/or surrounding tissue. Such heating may occur as a result of the application of energy directly to the walls of the HAS and/or to the tissue surrounding the HAS. Although the invention will describe delivering RF energy from the electrode(s) it is understood that other forms of energy such as microwave, ultrasound, lower frequency electrical energy, direct current, circulating heated fluid, fiber optics with radiant light, and lasers, as well as thermal energy generated from a resistive coil or curie point element may be used as well. In the case of RF energy, the energy will typically be applied at a power level in the range from 0.1 W to 300 W, typically at a frequency in the range from 100 KHz to 1 MHz and for a time in the range from 1 second to 5 minutes, although for longer regions, the treatment time could be 10 minutes or longer. While the apparatus and methods of the present invention will be particularly suitable for constricting incompetent perforator veins for the treatment of varicose veins, venous ulcers, or the like, they will also be suitable for treating other venous structures, such as the saphenous veins for the treatment of venous reflux, and other conditions. In other cases, the apparatus and methods may be suitable for treatment of arterial and other hollow anatomical structures as well. The methods of the present invention may be performed with a wide variety of apparatus which are adapted to position electrode structures adjacent to or within the HAS to be constricted, typically a perforator vein at a location beneath the fascial layer. The apparatus will generally include a shaft having the electrode structure at or near its distal end. The electrode structure may comprise one or more electrode(s) energized at a common polarity for use in “monopolar” protocols. Alternatively the electrode structure may comprise at least two electrically isolated electrodes for performing bipolar protocols. The electrode shaft may be rigid, flexible, or have regions of varying rigidity and/or flexibility. Often, the apparatus shaft will be used in combination with an introducer sheath, cannula, or catheter where the shaft will be introduced through a lumen thereof. For example, the apparatus may be introduced through the working channel of an endoscope which acts as a delivery sheath or cannula. Alternatively or additionally, the shaft itself may comprise one or more lumens, and such lumen(s) may be adapted to receive a needle or trocar to facilitate direct or “self-penetrating” introduction of the shaft or to advance the shaft over a guidewire through tissue to the target treatment site. As a third alternative, the shaft may have an integral or fixed sharpened distal tip in order to allow direct or “self-penetrating” introduction of the shaft through tissue to the target treatment site. The latter two approaches will generally require that at least a portion of the shaft be rigid in order to allow for pushability, but it would also be possible to provide for temporary placement of a rod or other stiffening element within or around an otherwise flexible shaft while it is being forwardly advanced through tissue to the target treatment site. Thus, the apparatus of the present invention may be introduced to the target treatment site in a variety of ways, including direct or “self-penetrating” introduction where the shaft has a sharpened distal tip, either permanently affixed or removably placed in a lumen of the shaft, e.g. using a needle or trocar. Alternatively, the shaft carrying the electrodes may be introduced through the lumen of a separate introducer sheath, cannula, or catheter which has been previously introduced using conventional techniques. Third, the shaft can be introduced over a guidewire which has been previously introduced, typically using a needle for conventional guidewire placement. Other introduction protocols, including combinations of the three just described, may also be used. Furthermore, endoscopic introduction as well as endoscopically guided introduction of the apparatus may also be used. The treatment protocols of the present invention may rely on endovascular treatment, extravascular treatment, or combinations thereof. By “endovascular,” it is meant that one or more of the treatment electrodes will be introduced into the lumen of the HAS being constricted. The electrodes may be introduced and left at a treatment location immediately adjacent to the entry penetration through the HAS wall. Alternatively, particularly when using flexible shafts and guidewires, the electrodes may be advanced intraluminally to a treatment location spaced some distance from the entry penetration through the HAS wall. By “extravascular,” it is meant that the treatment electrodes are placed adjacent or near to the outside wall of the HAS being treated. More simply, the electrode structure may be introduced to such a location outside of the HAS wall, and the treatment initiated by delivering the treatment energy. Alternatively, the electrodes may be pinned on the side of the HAS wall using a sharpened tip or trocar associated with the apparatus shaft. The combinations of these approaches may also be used, for example where a first electrode is passed to a posterior side of the HAS while a second electrode remains on the anterior side. In a first aspect of the present invention, a bipolar electrode probe comprises a shaft having a proximal end and a distal end, a generally spherical or toroidal first electrode disposed near the distal end of the shaft, a second electrode spaced axially from the first electrode, and an electrical connector near the proximal end of the shaft for connecting the first and second electrodes to opposite poles of an electrosurgical power supply. By generally “spherical or toroidal,” it is meant that the electrode will have an outer, exposed surface which protrudes radially from a cylindrical wall or section of the shaft. The outer surface will usually be axially symmetrical and will be curved in a plane passing axially through the shaft. The curve will preferably be smooth, but will not necessarily have a constant radius. The radius will usually vary with a range from 0.5 to 10 times the shaft diameter. In the preferred embodiments, the bipolar electrode probes will include only first and second electrodes. There will be no additional electrodes spaced axially from the first and second electrodes. In some cases, however, it may be desirable to form either the first or second electrodes in multiple segments arranged either axially or circumferentially, but such segments will always be commonly connected to a pole of the power supply and will be intended to act together as a single electrode surface. In other specific embodiments, the second electrode structure will also be a generally spherical or toroidal electrode. In cases where both the first and second electrodes are spherical or toroidal, the more proximal of the two electrodes may have a less curved surface than the more distal of the electrodes. In some cases, the more proximal electrode may have a generally tapered, curved surface which becomes smaller in the distal direction. In other cases, the more distal electrode may have a taper in the distal direction providing an entry angle and transition to the electrode to ease advancing of the probe through tissue and/or through the wall of a hollow anatomical structure. The spherical or toroidal electrodes will have a diameter in a range from 1 mm to 5 mm, preferably from 1 mm to 3 mm, typically being about 2 mm. The particular diameter chosen will depend on the selected method of access, where smaller diameter electrodes will require smaller access holes or incisions. The electrodes will be spaced-apart axially by a distance in the range from about 1 mm to 5 mm, preferably by about 1.5 mm (measured axially from inner edge to inner edge). The shaft may be flexible or rigid and will preferably have at least a single central lumen extending from the proximal end to the distal end. The bipolar electrode structure may further comprise a trocar having a sharpened distal end disposed in one of the central or other lumens of the shaft so that the sharpened end extends distally beyond the shaft, typically by distance in the range from 1 mm to 10 mm. The trocar will preferably be removable, although in other embodiments described below, a trocar may be fixed to the shaft and define a distal-most electrode surface. In all cases, the trocar can be solid or flexible, but will preferably have an axial lumen to optionally permit introduction over a guidewire or delivery of fluid to the treatment site. The trocar lumen can also provide for blood “flashback” indicating when the trocar has entered the HAS being treated. In embodiments intended for direct introduction through tissue with a trocar or other sharpened distal tip, the shaft and/or the trocar will preferably be rigid to facilitate advancement. In other cases, where the electrode probe is intended for introduction over a guidewire, the shaft will usually be flexible. In the case of such flexible shafts, a sliding external sheath or cannula may be provided over the exterior in order to enhance stiffness to assist in insertion. Alternatively, in the case of flexible shaft devices, an internal stiffening member may be provided. Said stiffening member may be comprised of polymeric materials including PEEK, metals including stainless steel, composite structures including braided polyimide, and the like. In a specific embodiment, the bipolar probe has a sharpened distal end that extends distally from the first electrode. The sharpened distal end may be formed as a trocar received within a central lumen of the shaft, usually being fixed in the shaft but optionally being removable and replaceable. Alternatively, the sharpened distal tip may be formed as a separate component and attached at the distal end of the shaft. The sharpened distal end is preferably electrically active and defines at least a portion of the electrode, preferably being formed as a cylindrical tube having a diameter in the range from about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm, and a length in the range from about 1.5 mm to 5 mm. The proximal end of the sharpened distal electrode and the distal end of the first electrode will preferably be spaced-apart by a distance in the range from 1 mm to 5 mm, preferably by about 1.5 mm. In some cases, the space between the electrode may be tapered in the distal direction providing an entry angle and transition to the electrode to ease advancing of the probe through tissue and/or through the wall of a hollow anatomical structure. The shaft will preferably have a lumen therethrough, including through the sharpened distal end, in order to permit the detection of flashback upon HAS entry, optional introduction over a guidewire and/or the delivery of saline or other fluids during a procedure. In all of the above embodiments, at least one temperature sensor may be disposed on the probe, typically being on or near one or more of the electrodes. In the specific examples, at least one temperature sensor may be placed on a spherical or toroidal electrode. The temperature sensors will be suitable for connection to the external power supply to allow for monitoring and optional control of the temperature during the treatment. In a second aspect of the present invention, a method for constricting a target HAS comprises percutaneously introducing a distal end of a probe to a location near the HAS and delivering energy into the target HAS to constrict the target region of the HAS. The probe may be introduced by advancing a sharpened distal end thereof through tissue directly to the target region, by positioning a sheath through tissue to the target region and advancing the probe through the sheath, or by positioning a guidewire through a needle, removing the needle, and advancing the probe over the guidewire to the location near the target HAS. Other combinations of these approaches may also be possible. In some cases, it will be preferable to image the target location, such as the HAS and surrounding tissue while the probe is being introduced. Usually, color duplex or other ultrasonic imaging will be sufficient, although other imaging, such as fluoroscopic, would be possible. As a third alternative, the target location may be endoscopically viewed while the probe is being introduced, e.g., through a working channel of an endoscope. The electrodes may be positioned in a variety of relationships to the HAS being treated. For example, the electrodes may be positioned extravascularly, typically on one side of the HAS, usually within 4 mm and preferably directly adjacent to the exterior of the HAS wall, while energy is being delivered. Alternatively, one or both electrodes may be positioned endovascularly where the electrode(s) are located within a lumen of the HAS when energy is delivered. In a specific embodiment, an electrode having a sharpened end is penetrated through the HAS while an exterior surface of the HAS is engaged by a spherical or toroidal electrode on the probe. The HAS may be collapsed by pressure from the spherical or toroidal electrode so that the simultaneous application of pressure and heat will cause constriction of the HAS. In other alternative protocols, either or both of the electrodes, preferably spherical or toroidal electrodes, may be passed entirely through the target HAS and thereafter drawn backwardly against the HAS wall and optionally through the HAS wall while applying energy. In preferred aspects of the present invention, the temperature will be monitored near at least one of the electrodes, allowing monitoring and/or control of the HAS constriction. For example, the radiofrequency energy may be delivered at from 0.1 W to 300 W to obtain a monitored temperature in the range from 70° C. to 100° C. for a time sufficient to achieve HAS constriction. In further preferred aspects of the method of the present invention, saline or other physiologically acceptable fluid will be delivered to the region being treated while the radiofrequency energy is being delivered. Preferably, the fluid will be delivered through a lumen in the probe itself. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates a system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention including a probe and a radiofrequency electrosurgical power supply. FIG. 2 illustrates a first exemplary distal tip of a probe constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. FIG. 3 illustrates the probe tip of FIG. 2 , shown with an introducer trocar removed. FIG. 4 illustrates a second exemplary probe constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention, comprising a flexible shaft. FIGS. 5 and 5A are schematic illustrations illustrating the dimensions of a first probe-tip construction according to the principles of the present invention. FIG. 6 illustrates a third exemplary probe constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. FIGS. 7 , 7 A, and 7 B are schematic illustrations of alternate embodiments of the tip of the probe of FIG. 6 marked to show dimensions. FIGS. 8A-8D illustrate use of the probe illustrated in FIG. 1 in performing a procedure according to the method of the present invention. FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate the probe of FIG. 1 in performing a second exemplary procedure in accordance with the principles of the present invention. FIGS. 10A-10E illustrate the use of the probe of FIG. 1 for performing a third exemplary procedure according to the principles of the present invention. FIGS. 11A-11B illustrate the use of the probe of FIG. 6 for performing a fourth exemplary procedure according to the present invention. FIGS. 12A-12D illustrate the use of a trocar with a rigid probe having a pair of spaced-apart electrodes for endovascular treatment of a HAS in order to constrict the HAS in accordance with the principles of the present invention. FIGS. 13A-13C illustrate the use of a rigid probe having a single electrode for penetrating and pinning a HAS in order to constrict the HAS in accordance with the principles of the present invention. FIGS. 14A-14D illustrate the use of a flexible probe introduced through a percutaneous sheath performing an endovascular treatment of a HAS in order to constrict the HAS in accordance with the principles of the present invention. FIGS. 15A-15F illustrate the use of a small gage needle for placement of a guidewire and introduction of a two electrode probe with sliding external sheath over the guidewire in order to constrict the HAS in accordance with the principles of the present invention. FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate a particular method for introducing a two electrode probe to the fascial layer and moving the probe until the defect in the fascial layer is detected and the probe is introduced through the defect to a location adjacent to a HAS in order to constrict the HAS in accordance with the principles of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1 , a first exemplary system 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention comprises a bipolar electrode probe 12 and a radiofrequency (RF) electrosurgical power supply 14 . A bipolar electrode probe 12 comprises a flexible shaft 16 having a distal end 18 and a proximal end 20 having a Y-shaped connector hub 22 attached thereto. A first electrode 24 and second electrode 26 are mounted on the shaft 16 near the distal end 18 . The shaft 16 has a central lumen which extends over its entire length (from the proximal end to the distal tip), and the lumen may be connected, typically via a luer connector (now shown) through a flexible line 30 having a luer or other connector hub 32 at its other end which can be connected to a source of infusion fluid, typically saline. The electrodes 24 and 26 may be connected to the radiofrequency electrosurgical power supply 14 through a cable 34 and connector 36 . The connections to the electrodes 24 and 26 are isolated so that the two electrodes may be connected to opposite poles of the power supply 14 , in the case of a bipolar configuration. Optionally, an external sheath 38 , typically in the form of a rigid metal or other cannula, is slidably received over the exterior of the flexible shaft 16 . The sheath provides external stiffening of the flexible shaft 16 when desired. The sheath may include a handle or grip 40 near a proximal end thereof to facilitate its manipulation. Additionally, the sheath 38 may be sharpened at its distal end to allow for improved tissue penetration. The external sheath 38 may allow selective stiffening of an otherwise flexible shaft 16 . Typically, during access, the sheath 38 will be placed in a forwardly advanced position to provide a rigid structure which is more controllable during subcutaneous manipulation and advancement over a guidewire or through a cannula where flexibility is not required and can even be a disadvantage. After positioning a distal end 18 of the shaft 16 at the desired treatment location, the external sheath 38 can be partially or fully withdrawn to expose a distal length of the flexible shaft 16 to allow further advancement into the HAS or to simply remove the rigid structure during treatment or while external compression is used to manipulate the device tip into contact with the HAS wall. The first and second electrodes 24 and 26 are illustrated as generally spherical or toroidal electrodes, as defined above. The flexible body 16 , which is typically formed from a polymer or other electrically insulating material, acts to isolate the electrodes and provide the desired axial spacing, also as discussed above. While the electrodes are illustrated as spherical or toroidal, a variety of other specific designs may used under different circumstances, as will be discussed below. Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3 , a first specific electrode design comprising a first electrode 44 in the form of a ring which is typically toroidal with a very flat surface and a second electrode 46 which is generally spherical or toroidal, as defined above. The first and second electrodes are disposed at the distal end of a polymeric shaft or body 48 , in a variety of ways. For the flexible shaft embodiment of FIGS. 1 through 3 , as well as 4 discussed below, they can be attached through the center lumen of the shaft. Other embodiments are described below. A trocar or needle 50 is received in the central lumen of the body 48 . The trocar 50 has a sharpened distal end or tip 52 so that it may be introduced directly into solid tissue, for example for accessing a HAS in the procedures described below. Electrodes 44 and 46 are spaced-apart by a spacer 54 located therebetween and isolated by a polymeric tube (not shown) insulating the entire length under the proximal electrode 44 . The trocar is preferably removable, leaving the structure illustrated in FIG. 3 . At least one temperature sensor, typically a thermocouple or a thermistor 56 , will be provided on or near either of the electrodes. As illustrated, it is at the proximal end of the first electrode 44 . The temperature sensor is connected to the power supply through wires 58 . The first and second electrodes are connected to a power supply through isolated wires 60 and 62 . In other embodiments, the electrode(s) may run the entire length of the device, thus eliminating the need for separate connecting wires. Usually, at least one of the probe body or shaft 48 and the trocar 50 will be rigid to facilitate advancement of the sharpened tip of trocar 50 through tissue. Usually, at least the trocar will be rigid since it will most often be composed of stainless steel or another metal. Often, the probe body 48 will also be rigid or stiffened by reinforcing elements. The trocar 50 may have an internal lumen and a port or opening 64 at its distal end, typically to permit the detection of flashback upon HAS entry, optional introduction over a guidewire and/or the delivery of saline or other physiologically acceptable fluid to the treatment region during a procedure. Construction of a particular embodiment of the electrosurgical probe 12 of FIG. 1 is shown in more detail in FIG. 4 . The flexible body or shaft 16 has lumen 70 shown in a broken-away portion thereof. The lumen 70 carries a tube 72 which is connected to the second electrode 26 . An insulating region 74 is provided between the second electrode 26 and the first electrode 24 , and a wire 78 is connected to the second electrode and runs proximally through the probe and to the electrical connector 36 . A second wire (not shown) is connected to the first electrode 24 and also runs proximally to the connector 36 . Similarly, temperature sensor wires are connected to the thermocouple, thermistor, or other thermosensor 80 and run through the flexible body 16 to the connector 36 . The inner shaft 72 is preferably formed from a structurally reinforced material such as braided polyimide, while the outer shaft may be formed from a polymeric extrusion such as thermoplastic polyester elastomers, polyimide, nylons, PEEK, polyether-block co-polyamide polymers, and the like. The connecting tube 30 may be formed from polyvinylchloride (PVC) or other suitable polymer and have a luer fitting 32 at both free ends. Tube 30 may be connected to the hub 22 by a luer 31 . Referring now to FIG. 5 , exemplary dimensions for the embodiments of the present invention which employ pairs of spherical or toroidal electrodes will be described. These spherical or toroidal electrodes will typically have a diameter D in a plane which is transversed to the axis of the catheter body in the range from 1 mm to 3 mm. The flexible probe body will have a diameter d which is smaller than that of the electrodes, typically being in the range from 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm. The distance l between the inner edges of the spherical electrodes will be in the range from 1 mm to 5 mm. As shown in FIG. 5A , the distal electrode may have a taper in the distal direction providing an entry angle β to the electrode improving the ability to advance the probe through tissue and/or through the wall of an HAS. The entry angle β of the spherical or toroidal electrode will be in the range from 0° to 90°, typically being in the range from 0° to 60°. Referring now to FIG. 6 , a third embodiment of a bipolar electrode probe 90 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention is illustrated. Proximal portions of probe body 92 will be the same as for previously described embodiments. Probe body 92 may be rigid or flexible and will, as with prior embodiments, have a lumen therethrough. Within the lumen, a trocar 94 having a sharpened tip 96 will be removably received within the lumen. A first spherical or toroidal electrode 98 is integral or attached to the distal end of the probe body 92 . The trocar 94 acts as the second electrode, and is insulated from the remaining components by a sleeve 100 . The sleeve 100 may run the entire length of the device to provide insulation. The first electrode 98 may also run the entire length over the sleeve 100 and within the probe body 92 to provide for electrical connection back to a proximal hub (not shown). A thermocouple 104 or other temperature sensor may be connected through wires (not shown) which run the length of the probe. The apparatus of FIG. 6 can provide for the introduction of saline or other physiologically acceptable fluid through a multi-arm hub (not shown). The fluid can be delivered through the lumen running through the trocar 94 and/or through an annular space between the outer surface of sleeve 100 and the inner surface of the electrode 98 . Typical dimensions for the distal probe end of FIG. 6 are shown in FIG. 7 . The exposed portion of trocar 94 has a length l 1 in the range from 1 mm to 10 mm, and a diameter d in the range from 0.5 mm to 1 mm. The proximal most end of the exposed trocar 94 is spaced apart from a spherical or toroidal electrode 108 by a distance l 2 in the range from 1 mm to 5 mm. The diameter D of the spherical or toroidal electrode is generally the same as described above, typically being in the range from 1 mm to 3 mm. As shown in FIG. 7A , the generally spherical or toroidal electrode may have a taper in the distal direction providing an entry angle β to the electrode improving the ability to advance the probe through tissue and/or through the wall of an HAS. The entry angle β is generally the same as described above being in the range from 0° to 90°, typically being in the range from 0° to 60°. Optionally, as shown in FIG. 7B , the space between the electrodes may be tapered in the distal direction providing an entry angle β and transition element 95 improving the ability to advance the probe through tissue and/or through the wall of an HAS. The entry angle β is generally the same as described above being in the range from 0° to 90°, typically being in the range from 0° to 60°. Referring now to FIGS. 8A-8D , use of the probe of the present invention for performing constriction of a perforator vein P or other HAS is illustrated. While the use is described in connection with the rigid bipolar electrode probe 12 , the method will generally apply to the other embodiments described herein. The perforator vein connects the deep venous system DV to the superficial venous system SV, as generally shown in each of the figures. Access to the perforator vein P or other HAS may be achieved with a conventional needle and cannula assembly 110 , as illustrated. Alternatively, direct access may be achieved relying on the exposed trocar tip 52 or 96 ( FIG. 2 or 6 ). As illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8D , cannula 110 is introduced through the skin to the target site, and a needle removed from the cannula, as shown in FIG. 8B . At this point, access to the interior of the perforator vein P or other HAS is provided. The probe 12 may be introduced through the cannula to a site within the perforator vein P or other HAS, as shown in FIG. 8C . Energy may then be applied through the electrodes 24 and 26 until a desired degree of constriction has been achieved. In the exemplary embodiments, bipolar RF energy will heat the tissue and/or HAS, temperature will be monitored with a thermocouple on the probe, and the radiofrequency generator will modulate power to maintain the desired temperature. After a desired amount of treatment time, the treatment can be terminated and the probe and cannula removed, leaving a constricted region CON in the perforator vein PV as shown in FIG. 8D . The treatment protocol illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8D , is generally referred to herein as endovascular, i.e., within the HAS. While the use is described in connection with the rigid bipolar electrode probe 12 , the method will generally apply to the other embodiments described herein. Radiofrequency probe 12 may also be used to perform extravascular treatment, as illustrated in FIGS. 9A-9C . Access with the assembly 110 may be achieved as generally described before, except that the perforator vein P or other HAS is not necessarily penetrated. Alternatively, direct access may be achieved relying on the exposed trocar tip 52 or 96 ( FIG. 2 or 6 ). As illustrated, the bipolar electrode probe 12 is introduced through the cannula 110 and the electrodes 24 and 26 are positioned adjacent the exterior of the vein or other HAS. The electrodes are energized and the tissue heated sufficiently to constrict the walls of the vein or other HAS, without any penetration, with the resulting constriction shown in FIG. 9C . Referring now to FIGS. 10A-10E , a third protocol using the bipolar electrode probe 12 for constricting the perforator vein P or other HAS is illustrated. The needle and cannula 110 is introduced to fully penetrate the perforator vein P or other HAS so that the tip passes through the far side. The needle is removed and bipolar electric probe 12 introduced through a cannula, as shown generally in FIG. 10B . As illustrated, the probe 12 is rigid but it could also have a flexible shaft. While the use is described in connection with passing the probe through a cannula, this method could alternatively be performed by “directly” penetrating the vein with a probe having a needle or trocar in a central lumen thereof as in FIG. 2 or having a sharpened distal electrode being rigidly fixed to the probe as in FIG. 6 . The electrodes on the probe 12 are then energized as the probe is drawn back to contact the far side of the vein or other HAS, as shown in FIG. 10C . The vein or other HAS is heated and collapsed as the probe 12 is continued to be drawn back through the HAS, as shown in FIG. 10D . Optionally, the cannula is completely removed by this point. As probe 12 is withdrawn, the perforator vein P or other HAS is constricted, as shown in FIG. 10E . Referring now to FIGS. 11A and 11B , a fourth protocol of the bipolar electrode probe 90 of FIG. 6 for treating a perforator vein P or other HAS will be described. The probe 90 is introduced directly through tissue under ultrasonic guidance until the sharpened tip 96 contacts the exterior of the vein or other HAS. The surgeon then advances the sharpened tip 96 through the vein or other HAS so that the spherical or toroidal electrode 98 engages and collapses the vein or other HAS, as shown in FIG. 11B . The electrodes 94 and 98 are then energized to heat and constrict the walls of the vein or other HAS. As with all previous embodiments, the area may optionally be infused with saline or other physiologically acceptable fluid in order to enhance current flow, tissue heating, and HAS constriction. Hollow anatomical structure access may be confirmed by observation of flashback through a lumen of the system. To this point, several devices and protocols for introducing rigid and non-rigid probes through an introducer sheath, cannula, or catheter have been described. As shown in FIGS. 12A-12D , however, it is also possible to introduce electrode structures on the exterior of a rigid or non-rigid probe “directly”. Direct access is achieved using probe 120 having a needle or trocar 122 in a central lumen thereof or having a sharpened distal electrode being rigidly fixed to the probe as in FIG. 6 . The needle or trocar 122 has a sharpened distal tip 124 which allows direct penetration through the tissue until the sharpened tip 124 reaches the perforator vein P or other HAS. The sharpened tip 124 is then used to penetrate the HAS, as shown in FIG. 12B . The needle or trocar 122 may then be retracted to within the probe 120 , and radiofrequency energy delivered through the electrodes 126 , as shown in FIG. 12C . The energy causes constriction CON of the perforator vein P or other HAS as shown in FIG. 12D . After the treatment is complete, the probe 120 may be withdrawn. The protocol illustrated in FIGS. 12A-12D could also be performed using a single polarity and/or electrode device. Additionally, the protocol illustrated could also be used in performing an extravascular procedure. Referring now to FIGS. 13A-13C , a rigid probe 140 having a sharpened distal tip 142 and a single electrode 144 may be introduced to directly access the perforator vein P or other HAS, as shown in FIG. 13A , and to penetrate and pin the vein, as shown in FIG. 13B . Sufficient manual force is maintained on the probe 140 to collapse the perforator vein P or other HAS while energy is being delivered, as shown in FIG. 13B . The result is a constriction CON in perforator vein P or other HAS when the procedure is terminated, as shown in FIG. 13C . While the use is described in connection with the rigid single polarity and/or electrode probe 140 , the method will generally apply to the other embodiments described herein. Referring now to FIGS. 14A-14D , use of a flexible instrument introduced through an introducer sheath, cannula, or catheter will be described. A conventional needle and cannula assembly 160 having a removable needle 162 may be introduced to a perforator vein P or other HAS under ultrasound guidance. The cannula 160 may be introduced into the perforator vein P or other HAS using the needle 162 , and the needle withdrawn, as shown in FIG. 14B . A flexible probe 170 having a pair of electrodes 172 at its distal end may then be introduced through the cannula 160 . The probe 170 , with flexible and atraumatic tip, will align itself with the interior of the perforator vein P or other HAS lumen, as shown in FIG. 14C . The length of the flexible probe allows for distal advancement into the lumen after insertion. Energy is then delivered through the electrodes 172 to constrict CON the vein or other HAS as shown in FIG. 14D . The probe 170 is then withdrawn into the cannula 160 , and the assembly withdrawn. Endovascular procedures may also be performed over a guidewire GW introduced through an introducer sheath, cannula, or catheter 180 which may be introduced over a needle (not shown) in a conventional manner. Optionally, the guidewire GW may be introduced directly through the needle. While the use is described in connection with a bipolar electrode probe, the method will generally apply to the other embodiments described herein. Referring now to FIGS. 15A-15F , the needle 180 is introduced so that its distal end 182 enters the lumen of the perforator vein P or other HAS, as shown in FIG. 15B . The guidewire GW is then introduced through the needle 180 , and the needle withdrawn, as shown in FIG. 15C , leaving the guidewire GW in place through the tissue, as shown in FIG. 15D . A combination flexible probe with rigid sliding external sheath 186 is then introduced over the guidewire GW, as shown in FIG. 15E . The sliding external sheath may be partially or fully retracted to expose a distal length of the flexible probe to allow for further advancement into the HAS or to simply remove the rigid structure during treatment (not shown). Radiofrequency energy is delivered through the electrodes 188 to constrict the perforator vein P or other HAS, as shown in FIG. 15F . The sheath and probe 186 may then be withdrawn. As illustrated, the probe 186 has a flexible shaft, but it could also be rigid. To this point, the access protocols have all involved penetrating the tissue using a needle, cannula, trocar, or other penetrating instrument. Such penetration generally requires ultrasonic or other image guidance in order to properly locate the perforator vein or other HAS and initiate treatment. As an alternative to this approach, as illustrated in FIGS. 16A and 16B , a probe 200 may be introduced through overlying tissue until its distal tip 202 encounters the fascial layer F, as shown in FIG. 16A . Initially, as shown in broken line, the probe 200 will almost certainly encounter a region of the fascia remote from the defect D through which the perforator vein P or other HAS passes. By properly moving or “dottering” the tip 202 of the probe over the fascial layer, as shown in FIG. 16A , eventually the probe will encounter the defect and pass therethrough. Once the distal end of the probe has passed through the defect, the electrodes 204 will be properly positioned adjacent the extravascular wall of the perforator vein P or other HAS, as shown in FIG. 16B . Additional manipulation, such as conical rotation of the probe 200 , may allow the perforator vein P or other HAS to become wrapped around the electrode portion of the probe 200 . Another form of manipulation may include using the probe 200 as a lever to press the perforator vein P or other HAS against the fascial layer from below. Radiofrequency energy can then be delivered to constrict the HAS. As with all previous protocols, the probe 200 may then be withdrawn after the treatment is complete. As illustrated, the probe 200 has a rigid shaft, but it could also be a flexible or combination flexible probe with sliding external rigid sheath. Additionally, while the use is described in connection with a bipolar electrode probe, the method will generally apply to the other embodiments described herein. While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents may be used. Therefore, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention which is defined by the appended claims.

An energy delivering probe is used for thermally coagulating and/or constricting hollow anatomical structures (HAS) including, but not limited to, blood vessels such as perforator veins. The probe includes a shaft and at least two electrodes where at least one of the electrodes has a generally spherical or toroidal geometry.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to implantable diagnostic apparatuses for determining analytes and methods for their use. BACKGROUND Implantable diagnostic apparatuses have already been described, for example, as parts of implantable insulin pumps. Such apparatuses essentially comprise an implantable measurement chamber in which a biosensor generates an analyte-dependent signal which, for its part, serves to control the insulin pump. These apparatuses have to be exchanged periodically when the insulin reserve is exhausted. Since this exchange takes place relatively frequently, the exchange interval is frequently shorter than the service life of the biosensors. What is disadvantageous in the case of previous methods, and probably also a reason why the previous methods for glucose determination in connection with insulin pumps have not been applied to other parameters, is the problem that would arise if the biosensors are in contact with blood over a relatively long period of time and then their function is impaired, or even rendered impossible, by deposits such as, for example, fat- or protein-containing deposits (clots). In particular, methods for determining coagulation parameters, which, by their nature, are often associated with clot formation, are not considered to be promising. The object underlying the present invention is to provide an implantable diagnostic apparatus which enables the intervals between the exchanges of the apparatuses to be significantly lengthened and which allows the detection of coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters to determine hemostasis disturbances, e.g. by detecting factor VIII or measuring the PT (prothrombin) time. It has been found, surprisingly, that the apparatus according to the invention, either as an individual measurement chamber or as an apparatus containing a plurality of measurement chambers, can advantageously be used to determine hemostasis disturbances, i.e. any malfunction of the hemostasis system. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a diagnostic apparatus for determining analytes, which comprises at least (i) one measurement unit for single or continuous determination of an analyte, wherein the measurement unit generates a signal in the presence of the analyte to be determined; (ii) a signal transmission unit capable of converting that signal and capable of forwarding it to a signal-processing unit or forwarding the unconverted signal to a signal-processing unit; and (iii) a sample feeder to the measurement unit(s) which extends into the relevant liquid-containing body compartment, for instance a blood vessel. A light source which radiates a light suitable for exciting photosensitizers, preferably such as those as disclosed in EP-A2-0 515 194 (incorporated herein by reference), projects into the measurement chamber of said measurement unit. The surface within the measurement chamber shall be at least partly conductive or alternatively, the measurement chamber shall contain a light receiver. The measurement chamber preferably contains photosensitizers, especially photosensitizers incorporated into so-called sensitizer beads, capable of producing oxygen radicals after illumination. The analytes to be determined react with photosensitizers in such a way that the photosensitizers yield, depending on the analyte's concentration or activity, singlet oxygen which is measured by electrodes and converted into a transmittable signal. Alternatively, the signal is generated in the presence of analytes by photosensitizers that are in close proximity with acceptors, which might be incorporated into so-called acceptor beads, and the singlet oxygen generated by the photosensitizers activates said acceptors which subsequently produce light, and said light is detected. Acceptors preferably comprise substances such as described as a chemiluminescent compound in EP-A2-0 515 194. The present invention relates fither to methods for determining analytes or their activity, preferably for the detection of hemostatsis disturbances, comprising an diagnostic apparatus as described above (i) wherein the analytes react with photosensitizers in such a way that the photosensitizers yield, depending on the analyte's concentration or activity, singlet oxygen which is measured by electrodes and converted into a transmittable signal; or (ii) wherein in the presence of analytes the signal is generated by photosensitizers that are in close proximity with acceptors and the singlet oxygen generated by the photosensitizers activates said acceptors which subsequently produce light, and said light is detected. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows the scheme of one preferred embodiment of such a diagnostic apparatus comprising a signal-processing unit and a diagnostic measurement device (DND) with a cannula, which is implanted under the skin in such a way that the cannula projects into a blood vessel. The cannula contains a filter which ensures that cellular constituents of the blood are excluded from the measurement chamber(s) within the DND, with the result that plasma is used in the analysis. FIG. 2A shows the scheme of one embodiment of a measurement chamber: The interior of the measurement chamber can be illuminated directly by an light source, e.g. a small light-emitting diode, or indirectly via an optical waveguide. The measurement chamber can be closed or opened, e.g. by magnetically actuable closure flaps. At least a part of the surface of the measurement chamber is conductive. FIG. 2B shows a cross-section through a measurement device comprising a multitude of measuring chambers which are connected with a blood stream. FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-section through the measurement chamber: Photosensitizers, preferably sensitizer beads, generating singlet oxygen on excitation, are applied, in the measurement chamber, together with analyte-specific reagents. A light source which radiates a light suitable for exciting the sensitizer beads projects into the measurement chamber. When coagulation takes place, the mobility of the sensitizer beads is altered by the fibrin network of the clot, and, as a result, sensitizer beads accumulate on the conductive surface. In the case of immunochemical reactions, corresponding binding partners such as antibodies are immobilized on the surface of the measurement chamber. As a result of the binding of the sensitizer beads to the analyte to be detected, which is bound to the binding partner of the surface, the sensitizer beads are brought into the vicinity of the conductive surface of the measuring chamber. Excitation of the sensitizer beads with light generates oxygen radicals which will generate a measurable signal if the conductive surface is within the effective range of the oxygen radicals. Due to the limited range in aqueous medium, only those oxygen radicals produced by sensitizer beads which are in close proximity to the conductive surface, e.g., by clot formation or by the immunochemical reaction, will reach the conductive surface and cause a measurable current flow. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a diagnostic apparatus for determining analytes, which comprises at least (i) one measurement unit for single or continuous determination of an analyte, wherein the measurement unit generates a signal in the presence of the analyte to be determined; (ii) a signal transmission unit capable of converting that signal and capable of forwarding it to a signal-processing unit or forwarding the unconverted signal to a signal-processing unit; and (iii) a sample feeder to the measurement unit(s) which extends into the relevant liquid-containing body compartment, for instance a blood vessel. Determining analytes in the sense of the present invention means the detection of the analyte, measuring the analyte's concentration or its activity such as its enzymatic or binding activity. The analytes are the substances or compounds usually measured in a clinical laboratory to detect any diseases or to check a person's health (see also EP-A2-0 515 194), especially blood clotting factors and plasma proteins such as antibodies or peptide hormones. In a preferred embodiment of the diagnostic apparatus, a light source which radiates a light suitable for exciting photosensitzers projects into the measurement chamber of said measurement unit, and the surface of the measurement chamber shall be at least partly conductive or, the measurement chamber shall comprise a light receiver. The measurement chamber preferably contains photosensitizers, preferably such as those as disclosed in EP-A2-0 515 194 and especially photosensitizers incorporated into so-called sensitizer beads, capable of producing oxygen radicals after illumination. The analytes to be determined react with photosensitizers in such a way that the photosensitizers yield, depending on the analyte's concentration or activity, singlet oxygen which is measured by electrodes and converted into a transmittable signal. Alternatively, the signal is generated in the presence of analytes by photosensitizers that are in close proximity with acceptors, which might be incorporated into so-called acceptor beads, and the singlet oxygen generated by the photosensitizers activates said acceptors which subsequently produce light, and said light is detected. Acceptors preferably comprise substances such as described as a chemiluminescent compound in EP-A2-0 515 194. The diagnostic apparatus shall be implanted preferably outside a blood vessel. It shall usually not exceed an external dimension of 1500 μl, preferably of 500 μI, particularly preferably of 400 μl, especially preferably of 300 μl. The measurement unit of the diagnostic apparatus may be used only once or as long as its functionality is ensured. The diagnostic apparatus may comprise a plurality of measurement units, and is used for determining one single analyte or for determining different analytes. The energy necessary for signal generation and/or transmission is normally generated by a concomitantly implanted battery or is fed in by an external transducer. The apparatus according to the invention comprises one or more measurement chambers which, in turn, essentially comprise three parts, to be precise the actual measurement chamber, a cannula which protrudes therefrom and, for its part, projects into a liquid-containing body compartment, such as a blood vessel, in whose fluid is the analyte to be determined. Furthermore, a signal transmission unit is associated with each measurement chamber—or else with all the measurement chambers together. The vessel end of the cannula may advantageously be closed off by a filter, which allows the passage of the analytes but excludes cells. The cannulae are furthermore provided with a closure flap which can be actuated by the action of an extracorporeal signal. The diagnostic apparatus is advantageously additionally provided with an apparatus for storing the measurement signals, which can then be called up as required. A preferred embodiment of the measurement chamber is illustrated in FIG. 2 . A plurality of said measurement chambers are advantageously combined to form a diagnostic apparatus, the number of individual measurement chambers preferably being from 20 to 50. The number as such is non-critical; if one determination per week is assumed, then a number of 50±10 appears to be particularly advantageous since one exchange per year is sufficient in this case. The inventive method and device can be furished both for flow rate measurements and for individual determinations. The possibility of contactless signal transmission means that it can advantageously be used both for in- and outpatients, without additionally restricting the patients' mobility. The signal transmission methods are known per se to a person skilled in the art. The structure of one embodiment of the device is illustrated in FIG. 1 . The structure of a specific measurement chamber is illustrated in FIG. 2 A. The production of sufficiently small measurement chambers is possible by the methods which are known per se to a person skilled in the art. The closure of the measurement chambers is especially important. Magnetically actuable closure flaps which can assume two fixed states (flip-flops) can advantageously be used here. FIG. 2B illustrates an arrangement of a plurality of measurement chambers. The supply of light to the individual measurement chambers can in this case be effected for example either via correspondingly small light sources, for example light-emitting diodes, arranged separately for each measurement chamber or via corresponding optical waveguides. Each measurement chamber advantageously contains the reagent or reagents necessary for the reaction, for example, thromboplastin for a PT (prothrombin time) determination or antibodies or antigens for an immunochemcal reaction. The present invention relates further to methods for determining analytes or their activity, preferably for the detection of hemostatsis disturbances, comprising an diagnostic apparatus as described above (i) wherein the analytes react with photosensitizers in such a way that the photosensitizers yield, depending on the analyte's concentration or activity, singlet oxygen which is measured by electrodes and converted into a transmittable signal; or (ii) wherein in the presence of analytes the signal is generated by photosensitizers that are in close proximity with acceptors and the singlet oxygen generated by the photosensitizers activates said acceptors which subsequently produce light, and said light is detected. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a coagulation process is initiated in the measurement unit and the course of the coagulation is determined by following a suitable parameter. The inventive technology is difficult to realize using the customary determination methods employed in coagulation. A new technology is advantageously employed, which new technology is described below: Thus, for example, photosensitizers, preferably sensitizer beads generating singlet oxygen, which are described in EP-A2-0 515 194, for example, can be used. These sensitizer beads are applied, in the measurement chamber, to a conductive surface made of carbon, for example, together with the analyte-specific reagents. A light source which radiates a light suitable for exciting the sensitizer beads projects into the measurement chamber. When coagulation takes place, the mobility of the sensitizer beads is altered, as a rule restricted, and, as a result, sensitizer beads accumulate on the conductive surface and a measurable current flow is produced (also see FIG. 3 ). An analogous method can be employed for immunological determinations, where a specific binding partner is immobilized on the conductive surface and sensitizer beads which are likewise coated with a binding partner specific to the analyte are bound by the analyte in the vicinity of the conductive surface, which again leads to a measurable change in the current flow. An advantageous embodiment can be designed as follows: A device comprising the elements of a measurement unit, a signal-processing unit and also a cannula is implanted under the skin, with the result that the cannula projects into a vessel. The units are produced by means of microtechnology of the kind used for example in the fabrication of integrated circuits (chip technology) and, as a result, are small enough that they can be implanted using known endoscopic techniques. For the measurement, an external receiver is emplaced and the current for the measurement is transmitted conductively. At the same time, the measurement signals or results are transmitted to the receiver, where they can be interrogated. The measurement unit comprises discrete measurement chambers which can be individually closed off by valves and can be used just once, and also a pump apparatus connected to the cannula, and also, if appropriate, to a supply reservoir containing physiological NaCl for flushing the cannula. Furthermore, the measurement unit contains a light generator, for instance a microlaser, and also current lines for deriving and processing the measurement signal. The measurement chamber contains a miniaturized diode or is connected to the central light generator via an optical waveguide. The measurement chamber contains the reagents which are necessary for detecting the plasma protein or for the coagulation analysis. The methods for producing the discrete components, such as valves or pumps, for example, are known per se to a person skilled in the art. The detection of the reaction is carried out by means of a novel combination of sensitizer beads with an amperometrically sensitive printed circuit board. Excitation with light generates oxygen radicals which generate a measurable signal on the printed circuit board. In the event of clot formation, said radicals are preferably produced in the vicinity of the printed circuit board, on account of the immobilization. The free solution can be kept in motion by stirrers. In the case of immunochemical reactions, corresponding binding partners are immobilized on the surface. As a result of the binding of the sensitizer beads to the analyte to be detected, which is bound to the binding partner of the surface, the sensitizer beads are brought into the vicinity of the printed circuit board, thereby transferring a charge (oxygen radicals) to the printed circuit. The measurement signal is thus proportional to the analyte concentration. As an alternative, it is also possible to use such reagents as described in EP-A2-0 515 194, comprising sensitizer and acceptor beads. The measurement chamber would then contain a light receiver instead of a printed circuit board. The signal-processing unit contains a computing processor and also a transducer for transmission of the results, and also further electrical units for receiving energy. The cannula may contain filters which ensure that cellular constituents of the body liquids are excluded, with the result that in case of blood as the body liquid, plasma is used in the analysis. After the measurement, access ducts, cannula and filter can be cleaned by backward flushing with physiological sodium chloride solution.

The present invention relates to an implantable diagnostic apparatus for determining analytes in body fluids, which comprises a plurality of identical and/or different measurement units for determining an analytic parameter, in which a signal is generated which is specifically related to the variable to be determined and is transmitted by means of suitable measures to a receiver situated outside the body.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a Cr--Mo steel for which preheating and postheating treatments can be effectively omitted, and a welding method thereof, wherein said steel pipe is for application as steam piping in power generation plants etc. such as steam piping made of STPA23, as well as to on-site welding of such pipes. 2. Description of the Prior Art In general, 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel pipes such as STPA23 possess extremely high hardness at welding and it has thus been necessary to apply preheating and postheating treatments in order to reduce the hardness as well as prevent low temperature cracking during welding and avoid stress corrosion cracking during use of the piping. This means that a preheating treatment is necessary to prevent the occurrence of weld cracking and, on the other hand, if said steel pipes are left welded as they are, the absorbed energy at Charpy impact testing under room temperature remains at 2 to 7 kg-m and it becomes indispensable to improve it to around 10 to 15 kg-m by applying a postheating treatment at 550° to 700° C. Various efforts have since been exerted to solve this problem and, for example, on page 371 of No. 2, Vol. III of The Collection of Papers of the Welding Society issued in 1985 a description is given on shielded arc-welding of a steel plate containing C, Cu, Ni, Cr and Mo within a specific range, said steel plate being first preheated to a temperature of 100° C. or less to eliminate the necessity for a postheating treatment, and on multi-layer SAW welding after preheating to a temperature of 225° C. or above, also maintaining the interpass temperature at 225° C. or above, to eliminate the need for a postheating treatment. A similar description can be found in JP,B 61-56309. Also, in HPIS, stress annealing criterion and explanation thereof, it is stated that when steel materials of the standard composition of SCMV3, STPA23 or STBA23 are preheated to a temperature of 150° C. to 300° C. and if the interpass temperature is maintained at 150° C. to 300° C., a postheating treatment can be omitted. A similar description can be found in JP,B 61-56309. With a 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel material, the thermally influenced section undergoes extreme hardening during welding and tends to cause low temperature weld cracking. In order to prevent this, it is necessary to apply a preheating treatment at 200° C. to 350° C. to lessen the degree of hardening of the thermally influenced section during welding and, also, to reduce the content of diffused hydrogen which leads to the occurrence of cracking. In many cases, it becomes necessary to apply a postheating treatment at 620° C. to 700° C., in order to soften the thermally influenced section during welding, to eliminate or reduce residue hydrogen, to restore toughness and to prevent stress corrosion cracking. However, application of such treatments is very troublesome and disadvantageous in terms of cost and delivery leadtime and it is evident that execution thereof has an adverse effect on product quality. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The inventors of the present invention carried out repeated studies in an attempt to solve the technical problems associated with conventional steel materials as aforementioned and succeeded in effectively omitting both preheating and postheating treatments by applying TIG welding between two units of a certain composition of steel pipe or between a steel pipe and a steel pipe coupling without said preheating and postheating treatments, said steel pipe or steel pipe coupling being made of 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel with compositions of C: 0.03-0.10 wt %, Si: 0.50-1.00 wt %, Mn: 0.30-0.60 wt %, P≦0.020 wt %, S≦0.007 wt %, Cr: 1.00-1.50 wt %, Mo: 0.45-0.65 wt %, Al: 0.002-0.010 wt %, N: 0.002-0.010 wt % and the remainder consisting of Fe and unavoidable impurities, and the wall thickness of said steel pipe being 13 mm or less. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a graph indicating the relation between the maximum hardness of the welded section and the content of Co. FIG. 2 is a graph indication of the relation between maximum hardness and wall thickness of the pipe. FIG. 3 is a graph indicating the result of the y constraint cracking test performed to check the relation between weld cracking and welding method. FIG. 4 is a graph indicating the strength and results of the toughness test carried out on the steel pipe of the composition of the present invention. FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of the groove for formation of the coupling. FIG. 6 is an explanatory drawing of the test points of the welding coupling of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a graph indicating the impact test results of the welded coupling of this invention. FIG. 8 is a graph indicating a summary of the hardness test results of the welded coupling of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The reasons for liming the range of contents of the aforementioned components of the present invention are as explained below using wt % (hereafter called %) ratios. C: 0.03-0.10% C is the element which exerts the largest influence on hardening of the welded section, which in turn influences the occurrence of low temperature cracking. Consequently, the upper limit is set at 0.10% to prevent cracking and to decrease hardness and the lower limit is set at 0.03% to secure material strength. Si: 0.50-1.0% A content of 0.50% or more is needed as a deoxidizer but the upper limit is set at 1.00% to maintain toughness. Mn: 0.30-0.60% The content is limited to a range of 0.30-0.60% in order to secure strength under room temperature. P: 0.020% or less In order to improve the impact characteristics, impurity element P is reduced to 0.020% or less. S: 0.007% or less It is important to limit the S content to 0.007% or less in order to obtain high toughness for a welded coupling without the postheating treatment. Cr: 1.00-1.50% It is necessary to maintain the Cr content at 1.00-1.50% to secure the necessary corrosion resistance and appropriate high temperature strength. Steel pipes of the present invention possessing the aforementioned component amounts should have a wall thickness of 13 mm or less. This means that when performing welding, the thicker the wall thickness, the faster the cooling speed after welding and the greater the hardness of the welded section and it is consequently necessary to limit the wall thickness of the pipes to 13 mm or less to obtain the specified hardness of Hv250 or less. Also, weld cracking is usually caused by reaction stress which occurs at welding and the extent of such force of constraint is proportional to the wall thickness of the coupling. Consequently, it is necessary to limit the wall thickness to 13 mm or less in order to prevent the occurrence of excessive reaction stress in the coupling section. Furthermore, with this invention, the TIG welding method is employed to avoid mixing in hydrogen with the deposited metal. This invention calls for the aforementioned compositions amounts, especially, substantially reducing the P and S contents, as well as decreasing the C content, while limiting the wall thickness to 13 mm or less and adopting the TIG welding method, thus enabling effective welding free from requirements of preheating or postheating treatment, for more convenient and advantageous on-site welding. Referring more particularly to the details of the technical aspects of the present invention, the relation between the maximum hardness of the welded section and the C content is indicated in FIG. 1 wherein the results of TIG multi-layer welding, under the respective current and voltage of 120±10 A and 13±5 V, of 250 A×12.7 t steel pipe samples A through D of the chemical compositions as given in Table 1 below using a welding rod with a composition of 0.02 C, 0.48 Si, 1.10 Mn, 1.03 Cr and 0.5 Mo and under shielding using Ar gas. TABLE 1______________________________________ (%)Steel pipe C Si Mn P S Cr Mo______________________________________A 0.08 0.70 0.40 0.013 0.006 1.23 0.48B 0.10 0.73 0.48 0.011 0.004 1.28 0.52C 0.12 0.75 0.51 0.016 0.006 1.31 0.55D 0.14 0.75 0.60 0.015 0.005 1.37 0.51______________________________________ The graph of FIG. 1 clearly indicates that a maximum hardness of Hv250 or less can be properly obtained at a C content of 0.10% or less. FIG. 2 shows the relation between the maximum hardness of the welded section and the wall thickness of the pipe. Here, pipes of 250 A×9.5 t, 12.7 t and 15.9 t having the same composition as type B in the above Table 1 are multi-layer TIG welded under the same current and voltage, shielding gas and welding rod as in the aforementioned test and a hardness of 250 Hv or less can be maintained with pipes of a wall thickness of 13 mm or less, especially with a wall thickness of 12 mm or less. Referring to the relation between weld cracking and the welding method, FIG. 3 indicates the results of y constraint cracking testing. Samples of sample numbers 1 though 5 in Table 2 were TIG welded or SMAW welded, and the results can be summarized below. <1> With a 0.14% C test sample of 25 mm thickness, for the SMAW method welding, preheating to 140° C. is necessary to prevent cracking. <2> With a 0.14% C test sample of 12 mm thickness, the necessary preheating temperature for the SMAW method welding decreases to 60° C. indicating the effect of the lowered restraint. With a 0.14% C test sample, the preheating temperature further drops to 50° C. <3> With a 0.08% C test sample of 12 mm thickness, cracking does not occur by SMAW method welding even if preheating is omitted. <4> With TIG method welding, cracking does not occur with either the 0.14% C sample or 0.08% C sample of 12 mm thickness because the hydrogen content, which causes cracking, is drastically suppressed. TABLE 2______________________________________Composition (%) Wall WeldingNo C Si Mn Cr Mo thickness method______________________________________1 0.08 0.70 0.40 1.23 0.48 12 mm TIG2 0.08 0.70 0.40 1.23 0.48 12 mm SMAW3 0.12 0.72 0.40 1.25 0.49 12 mm TIG4 0.12 0.72 0.40 1.25 0.49 12 mm SMAW5 0.14 0.75 0.60 1.37 0.51 12 mm TIG6 0.14 0.75 0.60 1.37 0.51 12 mm SMAW7 0.14 0.75 0.60 1.37 0.51 25 mm SMAW______________________________________ Thus, with TIG welding, a combination of a carbon content of 0.10% or less and a wall thickness of 12 mm or less provides a welded piping which is fully resistant to weld cracking. FIG. 4 gives the results of an impact test executed on sample pipes of 250 A×9.5 t made of a steel material having a composition and mechanical properties as given in Table 3, proving that the steel piping of the present invention possesses sufficient strength and toughness. TABLE 3______________________________________(%)C Si Mn P S Cr Mo______________________________________0.08 0.70 0.40 0.014 0.003 1.20 0.48______________________________________Tensile strength Yield strength Elongation(N/mm.sup.2) (N/mm.sup.2) (%)______________________________________472 360 43______________________________________ Referring next to the performance of the coupling, all position TIG welding in 3-5 layers was applied to the V-shaped groove of 60° as shown in FIG. 5, omitting the preheating and postheating treatments, under the welding conditions as given in Table 4 below using a TGS-1CML (2.4φ welding rod. TABLE 4______________________________________Current (A) Voltage (V) Welding speed (cm/min)______________________________________120 10˜12 3.5˜4.0______________________________________ Table 5 below gives the results of the tensile test of the coupling thus obtained. TABLE 5______________________________________Test Tensile strengthpieces (N/mm.sup.2) Location of rupture______________________________________1 509 Base metal2 512 Base metal______________________________________ Table 6 gives the results of impact testing of the coupling section using V-notched 7.5 t×10 w test piece at positions <1> to <3> as indicated in FIG. 6. TABLE 6______________________________________ Transition Impact value atNotch position temperature (°C.) 0° C. (J/cm.sup.2)______________________________________Base metal -73 441Heat-affected zone -25 283Weld metal -20 274______________________________________ FIG. 7 summarizes the coupling section impact test results thus obtained, indicating that both HAZ and weld metal have satisfactory properties. Furthermore, a Vickers hardness test (with a test load of 10 kgf) was executed on the upper surface area (groove side) of the coupling, namely, 2 mm from the upper surface, the center of the thickness (1/2 t) and the lower surface area (2 mm from the lower surface), with a measuring pitch of 1.0 mm for the base metal and welded sections and 0.5 mm for the heat-affected zone, and the results of the test are given in FIG. 8, indicating satisfactory overall hardness distribution although a small section exists where the hardness exceeds HV200 in the upper surface area.

This invention is of a Cr--Mo steel pipe of a wall thickness of 13 mm or less, containing C: 0.03-0.10 wt %, Si: 0.50-1.00 wt %, Mn: 0.30-0.60 wt %, P≦0.007 wt %, S≦0.020 wt %, Cr: 1.00-1.50 wt %, Mo: 0.45-0.65 wt %, Al: 0.002-0.010 wt % and N: 0.002-0.010 wt % and the remainder consisting of Fe and unavoidable impurities for which preheating and postheating treatments for the prevention of weld cracking and stress corrosion cracking can be effectively omitted, said steel pipe of this invention being suitable for steam piping applications such as STPA23 used in power generation plants, etc.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/785,659, filed Mar. 23, 2006, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] This invention relates to devices for building shelters to span between walls or to rest directly on the ground, and for bridging obstacles to enable pedestrians and vehicles to traverse the obstacles. More particularly, this invention relates to a portable structure, or bridge, comprising a plurality of elements connected to one another by a tension device. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] This invention was intended to fulfill the need for easily transportable structures, simple in design, and able to be quickly erected as a bridge and/or shelter. Such shelter or bridge would satisfy the demand for emergency and rescue operations where instant bridges or shelters are necessary. The army requires light mobile bridges that can be speedily erected and light structures to facilitate storage and shelter for soldiers and equipment. [0004] Existing military mobile bridge solutions are bulky, costly and heavy to transport. For example, the Armored Vehicle Launcher (AVLB), the XM104 Wolverine and the Leguan Bridge are not lightweight structures that are simple to construct and transport. Previously available lightweight mobile bridge structures are not designed or capable of carrying heavy loads like cars, tanks and trailers. [0005] Consequently, a need exists for an improved mobile bridge or shelter structure which is simple to construct, mobile, lightweight and inexpensive to manufacture. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] The present invention is directed to a lightweight shelter, roof or bridge structure which is mobile and easily erected. The structure is made of a plurality of elements which could be poles or tubes having a cross-sectional shape of a square, U-shaped, triangle, rectangle, trapezoids, circle, I-beam or any combination thereof. The elements are produced from plastic, polymers, wood or metal. The elements are laid together and the lower surfaces of the elements are connected by a tension device which could be cables, mesh or straps. The entire structure can be folded or rolled into a cylindrical shape for mobility. [0007] The structure of the present invention is a low cost, self-contained unit which may be carried on a truck bed, trailer, tractor, tank or ship and transported very easily to any desired location. The device is designed in such a way that the bridge elements can move relative to one another, and, for example, could be rolled upon itself or around a reel for transport. Accordingly, the device does not occupy a large space. The bridge structure or shelter can be designed for use by pedestrians, civilian or military vehicles, including tractors and tanks. An advantage of the present invention is that it can be erected in a very short time as once the structure is unrolled and supported at both of its ends, it is ready for service. Another advantage of the present invention is that the device is a self-contained unit, and once it is erected it can be operated without an outside power source, and requires little or no maintenance. The bridge structure can be extended to any desired length in proportion to the size of its individual elements and tension device. The device does not require a large crew to transport or operate and can be used on land or span over water. The device is portable and has an excellent strength-to-weight ratio and can be quickly deployed without the use of any additional supports. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0008] The invention is described in more detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the several views and in which: [0009] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the present invention; [0010] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the geometry of individual bridge elements; [0011] FIG. 3 is a bottom view of the bridge structure of the present invention illustrating a first tension device; [0012] FIG. 4A is a bottom perspective view of a second embodiment of the present invention; [0013] FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional side view of the embodiment of FIG. 4A with an alternative tension device; [0014] FIG. 5 is a bottom view of a third embodiment of the present invention; [0015] FIG. 6 is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 ; [0016] FIG. 7 is a side view illustrating one method of retracting the bridge device of the present invention and storing the bridge on a reel; [0017] FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a first method of deploying the bridge device of the present invention; [0018] FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a second method of deploying the bridge device of the present invention; and [0019] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the present invention as a shelter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0020] Referring to FIG. 1 , a mobile compression and tension bridge 10 of the present invention is illustrated. The bridge 10 comprises a plurality of bridge elements 12 which are connected to one another by a tension member, which is discussed in more detail subsequently herein. The bridge elements 12 are connected in a side-by-side fashion and they are adapted to form an arch when they are extended outwardly from base members 14 . As can be seen in FIG. 1 , the cross-sectional configuration of the individual bridge elements is square, however as can be shown in FIG. 2 , the bridge elements 12 can have a variety of cross-sectional geometric configurations such as U-shaped 12 a, square 12 b, rectangular 12 c, trapezoidal 12 d, triangular 12 e, circular 12 f or I-beam 12 g. It is to be understood that these geometrical configurations are by way of example and are not to be so limited since other geometric configurations may also be suitable for a particular application. [0021] As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 , the individual bridge elements are attached to each other and held by a tension device 16 located on a bottom surface of the bridge elements. Preferably more than one tension device 16 are positioned along the lower surface of the bridge elements. FIG. 3 illustrates four metal strips spaced along the lower surface of the bridge elements and FIG. 4 illustrates two metal strips spaced apart along the lower surface the bridge elements. It is to be understood that any number of tension members can be located along the lower surface of the bridge element depending upon the width of the structure for the overall application. [0022] As seen best in FIGS. 4A and 4B , the tension members are attached to each bridge element 12 by a fastener 18 which extends through the tension member and into the bridge element. By way of example, for bridge elements which are U-shaped, the fastener would extend through the tension member and through the upper surface of the bridge element. For a square bridge element, the fastener would extend through the tension member and the bottom surface and/or the top surface of the bridge element. The tension member connected along the bottom surface of the bridge element device allows the bridge elements to be flexible and rolled for transport or storage. The tension of FIG. 4A is a metal strap 16 and the tension device of FIG. 4B is a cable 19 . Fastener 18 is a screw which is held in place by a nut 21 . [0023] FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative tension member which is a cable 20 . Cable 20 is attached to each individual bridge element 12 by a fastener 22 . Yet another tension member for connecting the individual bridge elements is a mesh 24 as shown in FIG. 7 . [0024] The mobile compression and tension bridge 10 of the present invention provides its own rigidity and stability for an extended bridge structure as weight is placed upon the bridge. As the bridge is loaded, the top part of the bridge elements will absorb compression forces and the tension members at the bottom of the bridge elements will absorb the tension forces. As the bridge carries a heavier load, the arch shape will become flatter and the tension members will bear more and more of the load. As the arch becomes more flat, the supporting ends of the bridge will move outward. When the load is removed from the bridge, the bridge may resume its original arch form and the supporting end components will move inward. Optionally, beams can be placed on the top surface of the bridge compressed from one end to another when the bridge is fully loaded to maintain the structure permanently in a compressed position. Further optional components can be used with the bridge structure such as railing, which could be an L-shaped post positioned in the opening at the end of the bridge element, securing it with bolts and connecting the tops of these posts by a rope or a cable to create a railing. These railings could be connected to each other with diagonal cables and create another method to sustain the bridge permanently in one position. [0025] In order for the bridge elements to form an arcuate contour in an extended position, the bottom of each individual bridge element could have a width shorter than the top portion of each element, i.e. trapezoidal, or narrow inserts 26 as shown in FIG. 6 could be placed between the individual bridge elements towards the top of the elements to form the arch. Generally speaking, the length of each element is in the range of about three to fifty feet long, and the width ranging between three inches to ten feet. [0026] Because of the ability to be flexible, the bridge structure can be rolled onto a reel 28 as shown if FIG. 7 . Once rolled onto a reel, the bridge structure occupies less space as it is coiled onto the reel and becomes transportable. The distance which an extended bridge structure is capable of spanning is dependent upon the size of the individual elements. Generally speaking, the bridge is adapted to span distances of about ten to two-hundred feet, or more. Preferably, the bridge elements are made of wood, plastic, metal or carbon fiber material where strength and lightweight are required. The fasteners used to attach the tension member to the bridge elements could be screws, bolts, rivets, clamps, hooks or other bonding methods, such as welding or glue. [0027] The transport reel 28 is preferably circular and constructed of metal, plastic or composite fiber. The reel may be driven by a motor or include a crank to be manually actuated. The entire device may be mounted on a trailer to be towed or positioned on a truck bed 30 as shown in FIG. 7 . [0028] As shown if FIG. 8 , to span a body of water 32 an end 34 of the bridge can be placed on a pontoon 36 and floated across the water to bank 38 . The opposite end of the bridge would then be positioned on bank 40 . Referring to FIG. 9 the bridge could be deployed over a ravine 42 by having telescoping rails 44 extending from truck 46 and the bridge unwound and slid across the rails until reaching land. To bridge over water, a bridge made of sealed tubes could be unrolled and floated over the water in any orientation. Once reaching the opposite bank, it could be positioned accordingly. In a configuration where the bridge is floating, it could be pulled from one location on the water to another. This could have useful application in flooded areas. If one or more of the individual bridge elements are damaged, they could be replaced on site. [0029] FIG. 10 illustrates the invention utilized as a shelter structure 50 . In this embodiment, the individual elements 52 are held in a much more significant arch by larger inserts between the elements. The arch has a sufficient height that it can accommodate occupants or equipment below the arch or be placed between walls. [0030] While the present invention has been shown and described in terms of multiple embodiments thereof, it will be understood that this invention is not to be limited and that changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.

A mobile compression and tension bridge and shelter structure having a plurality of individual structural elements that are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the length of the bridge or shelter and are flexibly connected to one another on a bottom surface forming an arch caused by the shape of the elements or by placing spacers between the elements with at least one tension device attached to each structural element.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2005-0044467, filed on May 26, 2005, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image needed to infer three-dimensional (3D) information using a single camera, and more particularly, to an apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera, which provides a wide stereo baseline, decreases its size, and facilitates correspondence search in a stereo image. 2. Description of the Related Art Stereo vision systems using a camera are used to infer three-dimensional (3D) information from two images. In particular, omnidirectional stereo systems provide 3D information on a 360-degree panorama. Such systems can be used in the field of 3D figure measurement, virtual reality, environment recognition of intelligent robots, monitoring and surveillance systems, military detection systems, etc. In omnidirectional stereo systems, 3D recovery is accomplished by identifying parallax between two panoramic images obtained at two different viewpoints. The two omnidirectional images can be obtained using two cameras or a single camera and mirrors. When two cameras are used, an error may occur during 3D recovery due to differences in physical characteristics, such as a difference in focal length and misalignment of imaging elements like a charge-coupled device (CCD) and a mirror, between the two camera systems. Accordingly, using a single camera stereo system is known as more effective in various terms. To easily implement a stereo vision system using a mirror, the shape of the mirror and a relative positional relationship between the mirror and a camera should satisfy a single viewpoint constraint. When this condition is not satisfied, it becomes complicated to extract 3D information from two images. In particular, a plane mirror, an ellipsoidal mirror, a hyperboloidal mirror, and a paraboloidal mirror can satisfy the condition of a single viewpoint constraint and support an omnidirectional system. FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a system using a hyperboloidal mirror 100 among single-camera omnidirectional mono systems satisfying a single viewpoint. An image of a 3D-space object 110 reflected by the hyperboloidal mirror 100 is projected on an image plane 130 of, for example, a CCD via an effective pinhole 120 of a camera. The image reflected by the hyperboloidal mirror 100 is the same as an image viewed from an effective viewpoint 140 . Meanwhile, conventional single-camera omnidirectional stereo systems are implemented by placing a double-lobed mirror in front of a camera. However, a distance between effective viewpoints in the mirror is very short, and therefore, a depth resolution is very low. Moreover, an apparatus such as a robot requiring a single-camera omnidirectional stereo system is demanded to be small. Accordingly, a single-camera omnidirectional stereo system suitable to compactness is desired. In addition, since two images obtained in a conventional single-camera omnidirectional stereo system have a resolution difference between corresponding points, ability to find corresponding points in the two images may be decreased when the resolution of the obtained images is low. Therefore, a process of compensating for a resolution difference between the two images is desired. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera, by which a distance between effective viewpoints is increased so that three-dimensional recovery resolution is increased. The present invention also provides an apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera and a folded mirror to accomplish compactness. The present invention also provides an apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera, by which corresponding points are easily detected even when there is a resolution difference between images obtained at two effective viewpoints, respectively. According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for providing a panoramic stereo image with a single camera. The apparatus includes a first reflector reflecting a first omnidirectional view viewed from a first viewpoint; a second reflector positioned to be coaxial with and separated from the first reflector to reflect a second omnidirectional view from a second viewpoint; a third reflector positioned to be coaxial with the first and second reflectors to reflect the second omnidirectional view reflected by the second reflector, wherein the second and third reflectors have a folded structure satisfying a single viewpoint constraint, and an image sensor positioned to be coaxial with the first, second and third reflectors to capture an omnidirectional stereo image containing the first omnidirectional view reflected by the first reflector and the second omnidirectional view reflected by the third reflector, and output the captured omnidirectional stereo image. The first reflector and the third reflector may be connected in a one-body type unit. The apparatus may further include an omnidirectional image provided from the image sensor to a first panoramic image corresponding to the first view and a second panoramic image corresponding to the second view, and a three-dimensional position information extractor searching for corresponding points in the first and second panoramic images and extracting three-dimensional position information from a positional difference between the searched corresponding points The second reflector may have a bore which is passed through by rays of light reflected by the first and third reflectors, wherein the bore of the second reflector is located on a connection line of the first viewpoint and the second viewpoint. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a conventional omnidirectional mono system using a hyperboloidal mirror satisfying a single viewpoint constraint; FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an apparatus for providing 3D position information from an omnidirectional stereo system; FIGS. 3A and 3B are conceptual diagrams of the arrangement of a camera and mirrors to obtain omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera; FIGS. 4A through 4I are conceptual diagrams of the arrangement of a mirror in a folded omnidirectional mono system satisfying the single viewpoint constraint; FIGS. 5A through 5D are conceptual diagrams of the arrangement of a camera and a mirror in a folded-type apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 6A and 6B are conceptual diagrams of an image obtained in an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a photograph of an apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera, which is implemented according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a captured omnidirectional stereo image of an environment, which is obtained from an apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera, according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 9A through 9C illustrate a higher view panoramic image, a lower view panoramic image, and a disparity map, respectively, to which the omnidirectional stereo image illustrated in FIG. 8 is converted; and FIGS. 10A through 10C illustrate images including three-dimensional information, which are recovered from the images illustrated in FIGS. 9A through 9C . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an apparatus for providing 3D position information from an omnidirectional stereo system. The apparatus includes a first view provider 200 , a second view provider 210 , an image sensor 220 , a panoramic image converter 230 , and a three-dimensional (3D) position information extractor 240 . Each of the first view provider 200 and the second view provider 210 reflects 360-degree surroundings viewed from an effective viewpoint to transfer a reflected image to the image sensor 220 like a charge-coupled device (CCD) of a camera. The first view provider 200 may include a single reflector while the second view provider 210 includes one or two reflectors. The shape and arrangement of the reflectors will be described later. The term “reflector” used in this specification indicates an object that reflects an image or a figure and usually denotes a mirror, but it is not restricted thereto in the present invention. Two images reflected from the first and second view providers 200 and 210 , respectively, are projected onto the image sensor 220 . The image sensor 220 transmits a projected image to the panoramic image converter 230 . The projected image includes a central image and a peripheral image which have a circle shape, which will be described later. The panoramic image converter 230 converts the central image and the peripheral image, which are received from the image sensor 220 , into panoramic images, respectively. For the conversion, the corresponding position in a circle-shape image for each position in an omnidirectional image is sampled and mapped to the position in the panoramic image. In particular, positions in a circle-shape image corresponding to positions in a panoramic image may be preset in a look-up table. The look-up table in which positions in a circle-shape input image are respectively mapped to positions in a panoramic image can be implemented by analyzing the structure of a camera-mirror system. Meanwhile, when a resolution of the central image is different from that of the peripheral image, the panoramic image converter 230 may include a resolution compensation function, which will be described later, in order to facilitate search of corresponding points between two panoramic images. The 3D position information extractor 240 searches for corresponding points between the two panoramic images provided by the panoramic image converter 230 and extracts 3D position information such as distance information of each object. Various methods including a window-based correlation search method may be used to search for the corresponding points. In addition, various conventional techniques including triangulation may be used to extract 3D information. FIGS. 3A and 3B are conceptual diagrams of the arrangement of a camera and mirrors to obtain omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera. In the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3A , a mirror without a bore is used. A first reflector 300 and a second reflector 310 have effective viewpoints F 1 and F 2 , respectively, and reflect an object in 3D space. In other words, the first reflector 300 transfers an omnidirectional image viewed from the effective viewpoint F 1 to the image sensor 220 of the camera and the second reflector 310 transfers an omnidirectional image viewed from the effective viewpoint F 2 to the image sensor 220 . The first reflector 300 and the second reflector 310 correspond to the first view provider 200 and the second view provider 210 , respectively, illustrated in FIG. 2 . Meanwhile, to obtain both of a peripheral image and a central image, a reflective surface of the first reflector 300 must be smaller than that of the second reflector 310 . In the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3B , a mirror having a bore is used. The functions of a first reflector 320 and a second reflector 330 are the same as those of the first and second reflectors 300 and 310 illustrated in FIG. 3A . However, a path in which an image is projected onto the image sensor 220 in the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3B is different from that in the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3A and a peripheral image and a central image are the reverse of those obtained in the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3A . In other words, a central image is obtained from the first reflector 300 and a peripheral image is obtained from the second reflector 310 in the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3A . In contrast, a central image is obtained from the second reflector 330 and a peripheral image is obtained from the first reflector 320 in the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3B . Meanwhile, the diameter of the bore of the first reflector 320 is defined considering a curved surface thereof to obtain balanced peripheral and central images. Through such arrangement of a camera and a mirror (i.e., through arranging two mirrors separate) and the shape of the mirror, a distance between the two effective viewpoints F 1 and F 2 can be increased. As a result, a depth resolution can also be increased. It will be satisfactory if each of the first reflectors 300 and 320 and each of the second reflectors 310 and 330 are concave or convex mirrors and are coaxial with each other. In addition, it is preferable that the single viewpoint constraint is satisfied in order to facilitate extraction of 3D information. In other words, a first reflector and a second reflector may have a hyperboloid or ellipsoid and have the effective viewpoints F 1 and F 2 , respectively. In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 3B , the first reflector may have a bore. As a result, there are 8 types of arrangement and shape of mirrors satisfying the single viewpoint constraint. Alternatively, under the condition of the same stereo baseline (a distance between two effective viewpoints), folded type mirrors reducing an actual distance between mirror and an effective pinhole may be used. In other words, when a mirror is added to the arrangements illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B , a distance between the effective viewpoint F 2 and an effective pinhole P can be reduced under the same effective viewpoint distance (i.e., the same distance between the effective viewpoints F 1 and F 2 ). As a result, the compactness of the apparatus can be accomplished. When an additional mirror is used, the apparatus can be smaller by folding an upper mirror to the vicinity of the height of a lens. FIGS. 4A through 4I are conceptual diagrams of the arrangement of a mirror in a folded omnidirectional mono system satisfying the condition of a single viewpoint. In the drawings, PL, HYP, ELL, and PAR denote a plane mirror, a hyperboloidal mirror, an ellipsoidal mirror, and a paraboloidal mirror, respectively. An image of an object in 3D space is sequentially reflected by a first mirror and a second mirror and then projected onto an image plane. In other words, even though two mirrors are used, one of the two mirrors just reflects an image reflected from the other mirror. As a result, the image sensor 220 obtains only one image (viewed from the effective viewpoint F 1 ). The relationship between the two mirrors is referred to as a folded relationship. In particular, FIGS. 4A through 41 illustrate the shapes and arrangement of two mirrors in the folded relationship satisfying the condition of a single viewpoint. Such systems use a folded mirror as the second mirror so that a distance between the effective pinhole P and the effective viewpoint F 1 can be reduced. FIGS. 5A through 5D are conceptual diagrams of the arrangement of a camera and mirrors in a folded-type apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 5A through 5D illustrate the topologies of the folded relationship between each of second reflectors 505 , 525 , 545 , and 565 and each of third reflectors 510 , 530 , 550 , and 570 . The topologies illustrated in FIGS. 5A through 5D use a topology illustrated in FIG. 4A in common, but an hyperboloidal mirror is used for each of first reflectors 500 and 540 illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5C and an ellipsoidal mirror is used for each of first reflectors 520 and 560 illustrated in FIGS. 5B and 5D . Moreover, the first reflectors 500 and 520 are disposed at a central place in the topologies illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B while the first reflectors 540 and 560 are disposed at an outer place in the topologies illustrated in FIGS. 5C and 5D . In other words, each of the first reflectors 500 , 520 , 540 and 560 corresponds to the first view provider 200 illustrated in FIG. 2 and each of the second reflectors 505 , 525 , 545 , and 565 and each of the third reflectors 510 , 530 , 550 , and 570 form a set corresponding to the second view provider 210 illustrated in FIG. 2 . Meanwhile, the diameter of a bore of a reflector is defined considering a curved surface thereof to obtain a peripheral image and a central image which are balanced with each other. With respect to each of the nine topologies respectively illustrated in FIGS. 4A through 41 , four types of topologies illustrated in FIGS. 5A through 5D may be present. Consequently, there exist 36 types of arrangement and shape of reflectors in a folded-type apparatus for providing omnidirectional stereo images with a single camera according to the present invention. For clarity of the description, the first reflectors 500 , 520 , 540 and 560 are placed at the same heights as the third reflectors 510 , 530 , 550 , and 570 , respectively, in FIGS. 5A through 5D , but the present invention is not restricted thereto. The first reflectors 500 , 520 , 540 and 560 may be placed at different heights than the third reflectors 510 , 530 , 550 , and 570 , respectively. FIGS. 6A and 6B are conceptual diagrams of an image obtained in an embodiment of the present invention. Any omnidirectional stereo system having a single camera and at least one reflector which are coaxial with each other receives a stereo image through a central region and a peripheral region, as illustrated in FIG. 6A . Such system is most advantageous in that since all epipolar lines are simply placed in a radial shape, an image having a form illustrated in FIG. 6A can be easily converted into a panoramic image having parallel epipolar lines. Referring to FIG. 6A , r i and r o correspond to Φ. When surroundings having an effective viewpoint corresponding to a central image as an origin are expressed in spherical coordinates (r, θ, Φ), r i and Φ have a relationship defined by r i =f(Φ). Similarly, when surroundings having an effective viewpoint corresponding to a peripheral image as an origin are expressed in spherical coordinates (r, θ, Φ), r o and Φ have a relationship defined by r o =g(Φ). The functions f( ) and g( ) can be obtained from the shape of a reflector, i.e., a mirror. In these stereo system, two images respectively obtained at two effective viewpoints have different resolutions. Accordingly, the performance of the 3D information extractor 240 searching for corresponding points in the two images may be decreased when the resolution of an image input to the panoramic image converter 230 is not high. For example, a resolution in a circular direction linearly decreases from an outer radius of a circle to a center of the circle. In addition, a resolution in a radial direction may also different according to the shape of a cross-section of the mirror. To overcome these problems, the panoramic image converter 230 may compensate for a resolution difference using a scale-space sampling strategy. Resolution compensation can be accomplished when a Gaussian kernel G(s σ) along an x-axis and a y-axis in an image plotted in an orthogonal coordinate system is applied to an original image using an appropriate scale factor “s”. Here, G denotes a Gaussian kernel, and “σ” is a reference standard deviation of the Gaussian kernel and is set to a minimum value for reducing aliasing and noise. An image obtained when s=2 is used has double resolution than an image obtained when s=4. In an embodiment of the present invention using this principle, an appropriate scale factor is applied to each position (r i or r o ,θ) in each of a central image and a peripheral image, whereby resolution compensation is accomplished. In an embodiment of the present invention, each of a first image and a second image, which are provided in a circular shape from the image sensor 220 , is identified as a central image or a peripheral image. Next, G(s i r σ) and G(s i c σ) are applied to the central image in a radial direction and a circular direction, respectively. In addition, G(s o r σ) and G(s o c σ) are applied to the peripheral image in a radial direction and a circular direction, respectively. Here, s i r , s o r , s i c , and s o c are defined as max ⁡ ( 1 , ⅆ r i ⅆ ϕ / ⅆ r o ⅆ ϕ ) , max ⁡ ( 1 , ⅆ r o ⅆ ϕ / ⅆ r i ⅆ ϕ ) , 1 , ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ r o r i , respectively, and “σ” is set to a minimum value for reducing aliasing and noise. In other words, an image to which a Gaussian kernel will be applied is expressed in the circular direction (θ) and the radial direction (r i or r o ), and therefore, when a latitude Φ is given, a scale factor is defined with respect to the variables r i , r o , and θ. Here, subscripts “i” and “o” indicate “inner” and “outer” portions, respectively, and superscripts “r” and “c” indicate “radial” and “circular” directions, respectively. A Gaussian kernel for each of positions (r i or Φ,θ) and (r o or Φ,θ) are obtained by obtaining s i r , s o r , s i c , and s o c . The above-described resolution compensation is performed by the panoramic image converter 230 . In other words, the panoramic image converter 230 fundamentally converts two circular images illustrated in FIG. 6A into two panoramic images illustrated in FIG. 6B and may use a method of sampling in each circular image with respect to each position in a corresponding panoramic image for the conversion. To use the above-described resolution compensation function, the following scheme may be used first. The two circular images are identified as a central image and a peripheral image, respectively. A Gaussian kernel having a standard deviation max ⁡ ( 1 , ⅆ r i ⅆ ϕ / ⅆ r o ⅆ ϕ ) ⁢ σ in a radial direction and a standard deviation of σ in a circular direction are applied to a position in the central image, which corresponds to a position in a panoramic image, and the result of the application is mapped to the position in the panoramic image. Similarly, a Gaussian kernel having a standard deviation max ⁡ ( 1 , ⅆ r o ⅆ ϕ / ⅆ r i ⅆ ϕ ) ⁢ σ in a radial direction and a standard deviation of r o r i ⁢ σ in a circular direction are applied to a position in the peripheral image, which corresponds to a position in another panoramic image, and the result of the application is mapped to the position in the panoramic image. When the above-described operation is completely performed on all of positions in the two panoramic images, panoramic image conversion ends. Here, a Gaussian kernel is applied as follows. On the basis of a position (or a pixel) in a circular image corresponding to a position in a panoramic image, a central pixel and adjacent pixels are respectively multiplied by weights of Gaussian kernels corresponding to the respective pixels and the results of the multiplications are summed. The result of the summation is a intensity (brightness) information value with respect to the position in the panoramic image. Meanwhile, coordinate conversion from a circular image to a panoramic image is possible in a cylindrical coordinate system as well as a spherical coordinate system. In other words, coordinate conversion is performed in the same manner in both of the spherical coordinate system and the cylindrical coordinate system, with exception that Φ in the spherical coordinate system is changed into “z” in the cylindrical coordinate system. FIG. 7 is a photograph of an apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera, which is implemented according to an embodiment of the present invention. Here, a camera is positioned inside a lower mirror, which is implemented according to the topology illustrated in FIG. 5C . FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a captured omnidirectional stereo image of an environment, which is obtained from an apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera, according to an embodiment of the present invention. A table and a robot in the vicinity of the apparatus and a desk and a shelf far away from the apparatus are projected onto a central portion and a peripheral portion. Referring to FIG. 8 , each pair of corresponding points between the central portion and the peripheral portion exist on the same radial line and thus their epipolar lines also exist on the same radial line. FIGS. 9A through 9C illustrate a higher view panoramic image, a lower view panoramic image, and a disparity map, respectively, to which the panoramic stereo image illustrated in FIG. 8 is converted. The disparity map illustrated in FIG. 9C displays a difference between positions of corresponding points in the two panoramic images. In the disparity map, a brightness value is given in proportion to the magnitude of each difference. An object near the apparatus has a large positional difference according to a viewpoint and is thus expressed bright. An object far away from the apparatus has a small positional difference and is thus expressed dark. 3D information can be extracted from the disparity map. FIGS. 10A through 10C illustrate images including three-dimensional information, which are recovered from the images illustrated in FIGS. 9A through 9C . An image illustrated in FIG. 10A is obtained at a viewpoint 16-degree higher than a viewpoint of an image illustrated in FIG. 10B and an image illustrated in FIG. 10C is obtained at a viewpoint 16-degree lower than the viewpoint of the image illustrated in FIG. 10B . All of the three images illustrated in FIGS. 10A through 10C can be obtained based on 3D position information extracted from the panoramic images illustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B . According to the present invention, since a single camera is used, a recovery error caused by differences in physical characteristics between a plurality of cameras can be reduced. In addition, since a plurality of mirrors coaxial with the camera are used, epipolar lines between two images are located on the same line. As a result, a process of searching for corresponding points in two images is simplified. Moreover, a distance between effective viewpoints, which determines the accuracy of 3D recovery, can be increased by separating the plurality of mirrors. The present invention uses a single camera and a folded-type system, thereby accomplishing compactness. An error occurring due to a resolution difference between a peripheral image and a central image can be compensated for by using scale-space theory. While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.

An apparatus for providing an omnidirectional stereo image with a single camera includes a first reflector reflecting a first omnidirectional view viewed from a first viewpoint, a second reflector positioned to be coaxial with and separated from the first reflector to reflect a second omnidirectional view viewed from a second viewpoint, a third reflector positioned to be coaxial with the first and second reflectors to reflect the second omnidirectional view reflected by the second reflector, wherein the second and third reflectors have a folded structure satisfying a single viewpoint constraint, and an image sensor positioned to be coaxial with the first, second and third reflectors to capture an omnidirectional stereo image containing the first omnidirectional view reflected by the first reflector and the second omnidirectional view reflected by the third reflector, and output the captured omnidirectional stereo image, wherein shapes of the first, second, and third reflectors and a relative positional relationship between the first, second, third reflectors and the image sensor satisfy the single viewpoint constraint for the first viewpoint and for the second viewpoint. The apparatus provides a high three-dimensional recovery resolution, accomplishes compactness, and facilitates search of corresponding points in two images.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/612,716 filed Dec. 19, 2006, which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE [0002] The present disclosure relates to a wire rack for mounting an iron on a wall and method of use thereof, and more specifically, to a wire rack for mounting an iron on a wall, the wire rack having a retractable rail for adjusting to different sizes of irons to be mounted on a wall and equipped with an ironing board holder and a product holder. BACKGROUND [0003] Articles of clothing, upholstery, and other fabrics used in households are typically made of fibers that wrinkle during washing, pressing, and handling. Clothing can also wrinkle when worn or manipulated. Shirts are tucked into pants and worn in contact with the skin, and seat covers of a couch are constantly compressed in a certain direction. Winter clothing is also sometimes stored in boxes or depressurized bags that create unwanted wrinkles. Wrinkle-free clothing and fabrics are generally preferred for aesthetical reasons. [0004] Metal pans filled with charcoal were used in the first century BCE in China to flatten fabrics. In the early 20th century, iron boxes filled with coal were sold in the United States, but this technology was never widely accepted. In the 17th century, delta-shaped tools of cast iron began to be used. These tools had a front nose and a back heel and were placed on a fire with a removable wooden handle. While irons have slowly become almost exclusively stainless steel models, the name “iron” survived changes in materials technology. Ironing boards used in conjunction with irons were also developed during the 20th century. U.S. Pat. No. 19,390 to Vandenburg et al. teaches a primitive version of an ironing board for shirts. The most successful and widely used iron design today is the electric iron, which is heated by a resistive heating element and was invented in 1882 by Henry W. Seeley. [0005] Wrinkle-free surfaces are desirable for a variety of functional reasons, such as enabling the pearling of water over surfaces; for aesthetical reasons, such as providing the illusion that a piece of clothing is new; and for comfort reasons, as in the case with freshly ironed bed sheets or table linens. Wrinkles are removed by ironing or smoothing a tissue or clothing. Fabrics are heated or pressurized during the ironing process to straighten fibers using the weight of the iron and the additional pressure of the arm of a user. Pressure, heat, and humidity are used jointly to smooth clothing and other fabrics. Some fabrics, such as silk, are heat sensitive and can be damaged if ironed improperly. Light wool also requires extra care, since the fibers are delicately interwoven and weak. Some fabrics, such as cotton, require the addition of water to loosen intermolecular bonds and facilitate ironing. [0006] Most households place so much importance on ironing that it has become a routine step in the weekly laundry cycle. Ironing can be time consuming and requires equipment such as an iron, an ironing board, and surface treatment products. This troublesome task, much like folding clothes, has remained virtually unchanged over the past decades, and for this reason, improvements hold great commercial value. [0007] Lighter irons are easier to handle but require more hand pressure to operate. Light irons are also quicker to heat but do not have lengthy internal thermal inertia that allows the surface temperature to remain unchanged when placed over a humid article of clothing. Heavier irons are often difficult to manipulate and must be stored in locations away from where they might potentially cause harm. Virtually all types of iron must be stored between uses, since households rarely have dedicated floor space or laundry rooms dedicated to ironing and handling clothing. U.S. Pat. No. 4,909,158 to Sorensen and Chinese Patent No. 1,202,339 teach the use of a combined wall cabinet equipped with a retractable ironing board fixed within the cabinet and folded up for storage. These devices do not permit users to purchase readily available ironing boards. Further, these devices are bulky and require affixing a heavy cabinet to a wall at a dedicated location. Users of these devices are also limited in their range of operation of the ironing boards. For instance, an operator is unable to access the back of the board. These devices also force users to remain in a stationary location. Other devices described in International Patent Application PCT/NL01/00129 to Okkerse and U.K. Patent Application GB 2,411,906 describe iron holders placed horizontally or attached to the ironing board to allow a hot iron to be held safely between uses or while the fabric is being repositioned. Neither of these devices is directed to short- or long-term storage of ironing boards and irons. U.S. Pat. No. 7,004,433 to Clausen et al. teaches the installation on a wall of two different superimposed components: a board holder and a iron holder. A board holder is attached to the wall in a first step and a iron holder made of one single large tab is then locked into place over the board holder. By holding the iron by the handle at a single point, irons may be damaged by their own weight and the iron may wobble in place since it is not fixed to the holder. Clausen et al. teaches a device unable to hold or adapt to different types of irons. The device as shown is bulky, heavy, and expensive to produce. The device is also incapable of holding extra ironing products or an ironing board constructed without a T-shaped foot. [0008] What is needed is a light, adjustable device able to hold different types and geometries of irons without causing damage to the iron and able to be installed on a wall in a single operation. What is also needed is a device able to hold extra ironing products and equipped to hold ironing boards of different geometries in a limited space. What is also needed is a cost-effective, heat-resistant device able to provide the above-mentioned improvements. SUMMARY [0009] The present disclosure relates to a wire rack for mounting an iron on a wall and method of use thereof, and more specifically, to a wire rack for mounting an iron on a wall, the wire rack having a retractable rail for adjusting to different sizes of irons and equipped with an ironing board holder and a product holder. The iron holder holds the iron by the iron's base and can be adjusted to accommodate different sizes of irons. The frame is also made of heat-resistant, coated, welded wire that allows for the manufacture of a light, cost-effective device. The device is also equipped with large hooks to hold most types of ironing boards and arms designed to hold extra products used during ironing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a wire rack for mounting an iron on a wall according to a first embodiment of the disclosure and equipped with a movable heel segment according to a possible embodiment. [0011] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the wire rack of FIG. 1 showing in phantom lines the iron, ironing board, and extra products to be held by the wire rack according to a possible embodiment. [0012] FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the wire rack of FIG. 1 according to a possible embodiment. [0013] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the wire rack equipped with a movable nose segment according to a second possible embodiment. [0014] FIG. 5 is an exploded view of the wire rack of FIG. 4 according to a possible embodiment. [0015] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a method for storing ironing equipment according to a possible embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0016] FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of the wire rack 100 according to a first embodiment of the disclosure equipped with a movable heel segment 12 according to a possible embodiment. FIG. 2 shows the wire rack 100 for mounting an iron 4 with phantom lines showing possible extra products, water storage, containers, and ironing boards placed upon the wire rack 100 . The body 10 comprises a wall mount 22 as shown in FIG. 1 adapted to secure the wire rack to a wall (not shown). The wire rack 100 has a movable torso 11 adapted to secure the iron 4 to the wire rack 100 with a retractable rail 35 having an upper holder 23 adapted for engaging a nose portion of the iron 4 (shown as the pointed end), and a lower holder 24 adapted for engaging the heel portion of the iron (shown as the flat end). The wire rack also includes an arm 19 disposed on the body 10 adapted to hold extra equipment 2 and a leg 15 disposed on the body 10 adapted to hold an ironing board 1 . The retractable rail 35 comprises intermediate positions located on horizontal segments 17 a , 17 b , etc. for moving the upper holder 23 and the lower holder 24 in relation to each other. [0017] What is shown in FIG. 1 is a wire rack 100 with an essentially rectangular body 10 with different vertical and horizontal elements attached thereto. For example, a horizontal support brace 18 serves together with the arms 19 to hold extra equipment 2 and is fixed across the body 10 to increase the rigidity of the body 10 . In one preferred embodiment, a wall mount 22 is located on the top center portion of the wire rack 100 . Other wall mounts 34 are also shown and may be used if more support is needed. What is contemplated is the use of a wire rack of any type of geometry capable of giving the wire rack 100 sufficient rigidity to maintain its functions of holding an iron 4 , an ironing board 1 , and extra equipment 2 . What is also contemplated is the use of any type of wall mount 22 or 34 located at any position on the body 10 to affix the wire rack 100 to a vertical surface. What is also contemplated is the use of any type of mounting technology, such as but not limited to bolts, nails, screws, legs, magnets, tabs, and the like. In the disclosed embodiment and as shown in FIG. 2 , two legs 15 hold a board 1 using the legs tubes 40 of the ironing board 1 . It is understood that ironing boards 1 can have legs of different geometries based on consumer preferences and market production. What is contemplated in one disclosed embodiment is the use of legs 15 with a protector 16 curved upward to hold the leg tubes 40 of the ironing board 1 . It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the size and orientation of the legs 15 may be modified to hold other types of ironing boards 1 . What is also contemplated is the use of a single leg 15 or a plurality of legs 15 to achieve the same result. While the legs 15 are shown attached to the lower outside corners of the body 10 , what is contemplated is the placement of legs 15 at any reasonable location to hold an ironing board 1 located below the wire rack 100 . [0018] FIG. 1 also discloses the use of two arms 19 located on each side of the wire rack 100 and attached to vertical wires. While one possible embodiment is shown, what is contemplated is the use of arms 19 located at any reasonable orientation on the wire rack 100 to hold extra equipment 2 . FIG. 2 shows a configuration where two circular arms 19 hold spray cans 2 and a top arm 32 holds a small box 3 . The arm 19 is shown with a bottom wire 20 serving to hold vertically the spray can while the top arm 32 is shown without a bottom wire. What is contemplated is the use of wire technology or other flat surface technology to produce and place on the body 10 any reasonable amounts and types of holders designed to hold the different extra equipment 2 , 3 used during ironing. In the preferred embodiment, the wire rack 100 weighs approximately 13 oz, or less than one pound, and is about 14 inches wide by 14 inches high with a thickness of about 4 inches. The wire rack 100 in a preferred embodiment is made of formed steel wires of 1/16th inch in diameter or of other smaller diameters and is coated with a white, polymer-based thermoplastic. While one preferred embodiment is shown and disclosed in FIGS. 1-3 , and a second preferred embodiment is shown and disclosed in FIGS. 4-5 , what is contemplated is any type of wire rack 100 of any color, with any type of coating or even made of bare stainless steel, capable of holding the different elements disclosed within the same volume and of approximately the same weight. What is also disclosed is the use of thicker wires to form the body 10 and smaller wires to serve as the secondary features placed upon the body 10 in order to reduce the overall weight and manufacturing cost of the wire rack 100 . [0019] The wire rack 100 has a movable torso 11 adapted to secure the iron 4 to the wire rack 100 with a retractable rail 35 having an upper holder 23 adapted for engaging a nose portion of the iron 4 (shown as the pointed end) and a lower holder 24 adapted for engaging the heel portion of the iron (shown as the flat end). FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of one possible embodiment of the lower holder 24 located on a movable segment 12 of the torso 11 adapted to attach to a horizontal spacing bar 17 a , 17 b on a fixed segment of the torso. The movable segment 12 has a fixation device 13 , shown in FIG. 3 as two hooks, capable of interlocking with one of the horizontal spacing bars 17 a , 17 b , etc. In the preferred embodiment as shown in FIG. 3 , a handful of horizontal spacing bars 17 a , 17 b allow the lower holder 24 to be placed at different distances from the upper holder 23 based on the spacing of the horizontal spacing bars 17 a , 17 b . The movable segment 12 also has lateral tabs 14 used to hold the iron 4 in place laterally as shown in FIG. 2 . The movable segment 12 includes a structural member 25 to increase the overall strength and rigidity of the movable segment 12 and acts as part of the structure placed between the bottom of the iron 4 and the wall (not shown). The lateral legs 14 as shown in FIGS. 1-3 may also be placed on the body 10 as shown in another embodiment in FIGS. 4-5 . [0020] In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1-5 , the lower holder 24 is made of a flat wire of rectangular shape and the upper holder 23 is made of a curved 33 wire adapted to receive a pointed nose section of an iron 4 . In these embodiments, a user inserts the nose portion of the iron 4 inside the upper holder 23 and locks the nose behind the curved wire 33 . Once the nose is locked, the heel portion of the base is then slid into the lower holder 24 without risk of falling since the top portion of the iron 4 is already locked in place. While one possible configuration of the upper holder 23 and the lower holder 24 is shown, what is contemplated is any type of upper holder 23 and lower holder 24 based on the existing and preferred geometries of commercial irons in the marketplace. For example, if an iron with two noses is commercialized, the upper holder 23 would be made of two different curves 33 . What is also contemplated is the use of any other fixation device to hold the iron 4 in place on the body 10 , including but not limited to magnets, rotating tabs, clipped on parts, sliding parts, and the use of external fixation means. [0021] In another embodiment shown in FIGS. 4-5 , the wire rack 100 includes an upper holder 23 located on a movable segment 12 of the torso 11 adapted to repose on a segment of a vertical spacing bar 26 on a fixed segment of the torso 11 . FIGS. 4-5 show a series of fixed steps 17 a , 17 b , 17 c , corresponding to the horizontal spacing bars 17 a , 17 b , 17 c in FIGS. 1-3 , which serve the same function of allowing the movable segment 12 to be placed at regular intervals along the torso 11 on the rail 35 . In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4-5 , the movable segment 12 is not hooked in place but bent into place into the sliding position shown in FIG. 5 . The upper holder 23 is then pushed down as shown by the arrows in FIG. 5 to secure the iron in place. The use of a bent segment with spaced steps 17 a , 17 b , 17 c instead of the horizontal spacing bars is one of many possible embodiments associated with spacing adjustable structures associated with wire frame technology. It is understood that the following disclosure contemplates any possible adjustable technology. [0022] Finally, FIG. 6 teaches a method for storing ironing equipment, the method comprising the steps of placing a wire rack on a wall 140 , selecting an intermediate position on the retractable rail at a distance sufficient to hold the iron between the upper and lower holders 141 , positioning the lower holder in relation to the upper holder at a distance sufficient to hold the iron 142 , inserting the iron between the upper and lower holders 143 , suspending an ironing board on the legs 144 , and finally, placing extra equipment in the arms 145 . [0023] It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that these steps correspond to the general steps to be taken to practice this method of this disclosure. Other auxiliary steps may be taken to store ironing equipment, but they do not affect the validity and completeness of the disclosure of this general method. Persons of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that although the teachings of the disclosure have been illustrated in connection with certain embodiments and methods, there is no intent to limit the invention to such embodiments and method. On the contrary, the intention of this application is to cover all modifications and embodiments falling fairly within the scope of the teachings of the disclosure.

The present disclosure relates to a wire rack for mounting an iron on a wall and method of use thereof, and more specifically, to a wire rack for mounting an iron on a wall, the wire rack having a retractable rail for adjusting to different sizes of irons and equipped with an ironing board holder and a product holder. The iron holder holds the iron by the iron's base and can be adjusted to accommodate different sizes of irons. The frame is also made of heat-resistant, coated, welded wire that allows for the manufacture of a light, cost-effective device. The device is also equipped with large hooks to hold most types of ironing boards and arms designed to hold extra products used during ironing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates to an elastic deformable cushion, and more particularly to an elastic deformable cushion that is integrally formed by soft elastoplastic knee and hard elastoplastic knee piece, through this structure, the damper performance and elastic recovery function of the elastic deformable cushion is improved. [0003] 2. Description of the Prior Arts [0004] Shock-absorbing structure is widely used, such as on the machine, the shoes and the article for daily use. TW Patent No. 91,218,489 discloses a conventional shock-absorbing structure (as shown in FIG. 1 ), which includes elastoplastic spiral member 10 and elastoplastic spiral strip 11 . The elastoplastic spiral member 10 and the elastoplastic spiral strip 11 are installed in the sole of a sneaker. The connecting portion of the elastoplastic spiral member 10 and that of the elastoplastic spiral strip 11 can be integrally connected together. The elastoplastic spiral member 10 is formed in the shape of a spiral spring. The elastoplastic spiral strip 11 is formed with multi layers of arc-curved portions 12 corresponding to the elastoplastic spiral member 10 , and each layer of the arc-curved portions 12 are helically connected to each other. The elastoplastic spiral strip 11 is fixed in the elastoplastic spiral member 10 . However, this conventional elastic cushion still has some disadvantages as follows: [0005] First, the elastoplastic spiral member 10 and the elastoplastic spiral strip 11 must be combined together and produced in a helical manner, however, the production cost of the helical manner is pretty high. [0006] Second, the shape of the elastoplastic spiral member 10 and the elastoplastic spiral strip 11 has been confined to the helical cylinder, thereby, the applicability of the conventional elastic cushion is limited. [0007] The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] The primary object of the present invention is to provide an elastic deformable cushion, an elastoplastic knee of which is provided at the thrust surface with curved portion so as to improve the compressive rigidity. On the vertical thrust surface of the elastoplastic knee piece is provided with multi layers of arc-curved portion for improving the buffering effect. [0009] The secondary object of the present invention is to provide an elastic deformable cushion, wherein the elastoplastic knee and the elastoplastic knee piece are unnecessarily formed in the shape of a helical structure. In this case, the elastic deformable cushion in accordance with the present invention can be easily produced, the corresponding production cost will be reduced. [0010] The present invention will become more obvious from the following description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, which show, for purpose of illustrations only, the preferred embodiments in accordance with the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] FIG. 1 is a structural perspective view of a conventional elastic deformable cushion; [0012] FIG. 2 is a horizontal cross sectional view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; [0013] FIG. 3 is a vertical cross sectional view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; [0014] FIG. 4 is an operational cross sectional view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention, which shows the elastic deformable cushion is being compressed by a force; [0015] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; [0016] FIG. 6 is an operational cross sectional view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; [0017] FIG. 7 is a perspective cross sectional view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention; [0018] FIG. 8 is an operational cross sectional view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention, which shows the elastic deformable cushion is being compressed by a force; [0019] FIG. 9 is a side view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention; [0020] FIG. 10 is a side view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with a fifth embodiment of the present invention; [0021] FIG. 11 is a perspective cross sectional view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention; [0022] FIG. 12 is a side view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with a sixth embodiment of the present invention; [0023] FIG. 13 is an operational view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; [0024] FIG. 14 is a partial amplified view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with the present invention; [0025] FIG. 15 is an operational view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the elastoplastic knee piece is formed with holes; [0026] FIG. 16 is another partial amplified view of an elastic deformable cushion in accordance with the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0027] Referring to FIGS. 2-4 , an elastic deformable cushion A is shown and generally including an elastoplastic knee 20 and an elastoplastic knee-piece 30 , both of which are to be disposed on a thrust surface of a shock-absorb object (such as: sole and the buffering equipment). The elastic deformable cushion is made by plastic ejection molding (or reimplantation), in this case, the plastic connecting portion of the elastoplastic knee 20 and that of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 will be integrally and firmly connected to each other. [0028] The elastoplastic knee 20 is strip-shaped and made of soft elastoplastic material. The elastoplastic knee 20 is multi-layer constructed, and the respective layers of the elastoplastic knee 20 are alternatively arranged. The elastoplastic knee 20 is provided with plural curved portions 21 which are U-shaped corresponding to the thrust surface. Each of the plural curved portions 21 is provided with an outward protruded supporting portion 23 . The respective layers of the elastoplastic knee 20 are separated from one another by a buffering distance 22 . [0029] The elastoplastic knee-piece 30 is a thin piece made of hard elastoplastic material, which is formed with plural layers of arc-curved portions 31 that correspond to the respective layers of the elastoplastic knee 20 . The respective arc-curved portions 31 are continuously formed, a top surface 32 and a bottom surface 33 of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 are formed as a thrust surface corresponding to the thrust direction. The elastoplastic knee-piece 30 is integrally connected to a side of the elastoplastic knee 20 (including the curved portions 21 and the supporting portions 23 ). The connecting portion of the arc-curved portions 31 are integrally formed with the surface of the elastoplastic knee 20 , and the arc-curved portions 31 are formed in the buffering distance 22 between the respective layers of the elastoplastic knee 20 . [0030] Referring to FIGS. 3 and 5 , when the elastic deformable cushion A is compressed by an even pressure force P from the top surface, the top surface 32 of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 synchronously bears the pressure force P, then the pressure force P is transmitted to the first layer of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 and the top layer of the elastoplastic knee 20 . The deformation capability of the top elastoplastic knee 20 and the buffering distance 22 can provide adequate deforming space (the first load-carrying compressive space) for the respective arc-curved portions 31 of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 . The rest layers, after the first layer, of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 and that of elastoplastic knee 20 will repeat the operation as the first layer of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 and the first elastoplastic knee 20 do, so as to produce adequate deforming space (more than two load-carrying compressive spaces). Thus, the respective load-carrying compressive spaces can disperse and absorb the pressure force P. [0031] On the other hand, the plural curved portions 21 can be used to improve the compressive rigidity of the elastoplastic knee 20 , and the curved portions 21 on the thrust surface and the supporting portions 23 are used to maintain the predetermined shape of the elastic deformable cushion A (to prevent the permanent deformation of the elastic deformable cushion A). At this moment, not only the raw material of the elastoplastic knee 20 and the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 can produce recovering elastic force, but also the curved portions 21 and the supporting portions 23 of the elastoplastic knee 20 can generate an inward pulling force. Moreover, the plural arc-curved portions 31 of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 will produce a recovering force to counter the external thrust. Thereby, the present invention can produce multiple recovering forces to counter the deformation, through this way, the pressure force P is effectively absorbed. In addition, the elastoplastic knee 20 and the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 can be various shapes, therefore, the elastic cushion in accordance with the present invention has a wide applicability. [0032] It will be noted that the elastoplastic knee 20 and the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 can produce a resistant force corresponding to an uneven pressure force P exerted on any side of the elastic deformable cushion (for example: the pressure force P is exerted on the right side, then a resistant force will be synchronously generated on the left side). Thereby, when the elastic deformable cushion is subject to a deflecting pressure force P, other portions of the elastic deformable cushion A in accordance with the present invention can synchronously produce a recovering force to balance the deflecting pressure force P. On the other hand, when an uneven pressure force is exerted on the elastic deformable cushion, the elastoplastic knee 20 and the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 will be synchronously subject to a deflecting pressure force. At this moment, the buffering distance 22 at a side of the elastoplastic knee 20 will be shortened after being compressed, while the buffering distance at another side will be lengthened. However, the arc-curved portions 31 of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 also will be shortened and lengthened along with the deformation of the buffering distance 22 . In this case, not only the elastoplastic knee 20 and the elastoplastic knee-pieces 30 at the compression side of the elastic deformable cushion will be synchronously subject to the deflecting press force P, but also the arc-curved portions 31 of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 at another side of the elastic deformable cushion will assist the elastoplastic knee 20 produce a supporting force to counter the deformation. The curved portions 21 and the supporting portions 23 of the elastoplastic knee 20 can disperse the pressure force over a larger area of the elastic deformable cushion A. Through this way, not only the hard elastoplastic knee-piece 30 can effectively balance the pressure force P and protect the soft elastoplastic knee 20 , but also the supporting portions 23 , the arc-curved portions 31 and the curved portions 21 are able to produce a balance effect by dispersing the deflecting pressure force. Such that the abruption and dislocation of the hard elastoplastic knee-piece 30 can be effective prevented. A first preferred embodiment in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 6 , in which, the elastic deformable cushion in accordance with the present invention is placed into the heel of a sneaker 40 for shock-absorbing purpose. [0033] It is to be noted that the top surface 32 and the bottom surface 33 of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 can be formed on the top layer and the lowest layer of the elastoplastic knee 20 . Furthermore, the elastoplastic knee and the top and the bottom surfaces of the elastoplastic knee-piece can be formed with curved surface corresponding to the to-be-loaded object. [0034] A second preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 7 , in which, the supporting portions 23 of the elastoplastic knee 20 can be omitted, or some layers of the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 can be made of soft material so as to be combined with the corresponding layers of the elastoplastic knee 20 . [0035] Referring to FIG. 8 , which shows a third embodiment in accordance with the present invention, wherein the curvature and the angle of the curved portions 21 of the elastoplastic knee 20 can be set according to the user's needs. For example, the curved portions 21 can be U-shaped, semi-circular-shaped or elliptical-shaped. [0036] The thrust surface corresponding to the elastoplastic knee 20 is not limited to horizontal surface, it also can be wave-shaped thrust surface (as shown in FIG. 9 ), inclined thrust surface (as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 ) or slope-shaped thrust surface (as shown in FIG. 12 ). Not only the curved portions 21 has a force-bearing function, but also the curve-shaped base body of the elastoplastic knee 20 can produce a strong supporting force and can effectively disperse the pressure force P. [0037] Referring to FIG. 13 , the elastic cushion also can be placed in front portion of the sole of the sneaker 40 . As shown in FIG. 14 , the elastoplastic knee 20 and the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 can be crosswise arranged. [0038] Referring to FIG. 15 , the elastoplastic knee 20 and the elastoplastic knee-piece 30 in accordance with the present invention can be formed with holes 41 or grooves, so as not only to reduce the weight but also to adjust the damper effect of the elastic cushion. [0039] As shown in FIG. 16 , the plural elastoplastic knee 20 can be interlaced with each other, so as to improve the structural strength of the elastic cushion. [0040] While we have shown and described various embodiments in accordance with the present invention, it should be clear to those skilled in the art that further embodiments may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

The present invention relates to an elastic deformable cushion, an elastoplastic knee of which is provided at the thrust surface with curved portion so as to improve the compressive rigidity. On the vertical thrust surface of the elastoplastic knee piece is provided with multi layers of arc-curved portion for improving the buffering effect. Furthermore, the elastoplastic knee and the elastoplastic knee piece are unnecessarily formed in the shape of a helical structure. In this case, the elastic deformable cushion in accordance with the present invention can be easily produced, the corresponding production cost will be reduced.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) This present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/229,061, filed Jul. 28, 2009, and claims priority from European Patent Application EP 09 166 639.6, filed Jul. 28, 2009, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND The invention relates to a bone anchoring device with a bone anchoring element having a shank and a head and a receiver member for receiving the head and for receiving a rod. The bone anchoring element is pivotable in the receiver member and can be locked by a first locking element. The rod can be locked by a second locking element which is separated and independent from the first locking element. The bone anchoring device is particularly applicable for the stabilization of the cervical or the lumbosacral region of the spinal column. FIG. 1 shows different zones of the spinal column in a side view. In FIG. 2 the lumbosacral region is shown in a posterior view. In this region, it can be advantageous to arrange the stabilization rod offset from the anchoring elements. As depicted in FIG. 3 , in the stabilization of the iliosacral bones, polyaxial screws 101 with a shank are used that extend at an angle of approximately 90° out of a plane containing the rod axis and a central axis of the receiver member to allow them to be anchored laterally in the ilium 102 . A lateral offset is also helpful in all other junctional zones of the spine. Polyaxial bone screws are known in which the rod is arranged above of the head of the bone anchoring element. Usually these polyaxial bone screws have a pressure element which is located between the rod and the head. A locking element, such as a set screw, presses onto the rod that itself presses onto the pressure element to simultaneously lock the head and the rod in their positions. US 2003/0100896 A1 describes a specific example of a polyaxial bone screw that allows the independent fixation of the head and the rod. To accomplish this, a dual part locking element is used, one part of which presses onto the pressure element for fixation of the head and the other part presses onto the rod for fixing the rod. The first and the second locking element are not independent from each other. Although the known examples of polyaxial screws are suitable for stabilizing the spine in most of the clinical applications, there is still the need of having a polyaxial screw for specific applications that require the rod to be guided laterally from the screw or the screw extending in a direction out of a plane containing the rod axis. US 2007/0265621 describes a polyaxial bone screw that is applicable in particular to the stabilization of the sacrum. WO 94/00066 describes an osteosynthetic fixation device that consists of a bone screw having a conical head section and a spherical slotted clamping component that receives the conical head section and that is pivotable in a spherical segment-shaped bore of a connection element. The connection element has a channel for introducing a stabilization rod, and the channel for the rod is provided laterally from the bore that receives the bone screw. Since the clamping component is expanded by the conical head section of the bone screw, it is necessary to have a tension element that draws the conical head section into the clamping element. Therefore, on top of the conical head section of the bone, screw sufficient space must be provided for the tension element. U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,703 B1 describes a bone fixing device in particular for fixing to the sacrum for osteosynthesis of the backbone. The device comprises an elongate link that receives at least one bone-fastening screw that passes through an orifice formed in the link. In the bottom of the link there is a bearing surface of essentially circular cross-section. The head of the screw includes an essentially spherical surface for bearing against the bearing surface. The device further includes a plug suitable for coming into clamping contact against said screw head to hold it in a desired angular position. U.S. Pat. No. 7,166,109 B2 describes a bone anchoring device comprising a bone screw and a receiver member with a lateral channel for the rod. The receiver member is a two-part receiver member. The device has a low profile and is particularly applicable to the stabilization of the pelvis. It is the object of the invention to provide a bone anchoring device that is suitable for many purposes including specific applications such as stabilization of the cervical spine and the sacro-iliac region of the spine. SUMMARY The object is solved by a bone anchoring device according to claim 1 . Further developments are given in the dependent claims. The bone anchoring device according to the invention has the advantage that the rod and the bone anchoring element can be locked independently from each other with independent locking elements. The locking of the head is possible, for example, by using a single set screw that engages in a standard thread of the head receiving chamber. Since the receiver member is fully threaded, no spreading of the flanks occurs. Therefore, the head can be safely locked with a simple one-part element. Since the locking of the rod and the locking of the bone anchoring element are completely independent, the rod and the bone anchoring element can be locked and unlocked again independently of each other. This allows easy and precise adjustment of the head and the rod. The bone anchoring device has a lower profile than the standard polyaxial screws. The profile is similar in size to a monoaxial screw that has only the receiver, the rod and the locking element. Different receiver members can be provided with different orientations of the rod with respect to the bone anchoring element. Therefore, a set of different receivers can be provided to allow the surgeon to select the suitable arrangement. In particular, it is possible to select the lateral offset of the rod with respect to the bone anchoring element. Since the head of the bone anchoring element is easily locked by a simple one-part locking element, the bone anchoring device can be assembled by hand and needs not to be pre-assembled by the manufacturer. This allows the surgeon to select a suitable screw shank and combine it with the receiver member. Since all existing screw shanks with heads can be used, the system has an enhanced modularity. Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the followed detailed description of embodiments of the invention by means of the accompanying drawings. In the drawings: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a schematic side view of the spinal column with indication of particular regions of the spinal column and particular regions with difficult junctional zones. FIG. 2 shows a schematic rear view of the lumbosacral region of the spine. FIG. 3 shows a stabilization of the spinal column in the lumbosacral region. FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of a first embodiment of the bone anchoring device in an assembled state. FIG. 5 shows a perspective exploded view of the bone anchoring device of FIG. 4 . FIG. 6 shows another perspective view of the bone anchoring device of FIG. 4 . FIG. 7 shows a sectional view of the rod receiving portion of the bone anchoring device of FIG. 6 , the section being taken along line A-A in FIG. 6 . FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the head receiving portion of the bone anchoring device according to FIG. 6 , the section being taken along line B-B in FIG. 6 . FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the locking element for locking the head. FIG. 10 is another perspective view of the locking element of FIG. 9 . FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the locking element of FIGS. 9 and 10 , the section being taken along line C-C in FIG. 10 . FIG. 12 a is a perspective view from the top of a modified example of the first embodiment in an assembled state. FIG. 12 b is a perspective view from the bottom of the modified example shown in FIG. 12 a. FIG. 13 shows some possible combinations of different bone anchoring elements with the receiving member and the locking element for locking the head. FIG. 14 shows a perspective view of a second embodiment of the bone anchoring device in an assembled state. FIG. 15 shows a perspective exploded view of the bone anchoring device of FIG. 14 . FIG. 16 shows a perspective view of the receiver member of the bone anchoring device according to the second embodiment. FIG. 17 shows an enlarged sectional view of the head receiving chamber of the receiver member of FIG. 16 , the section being taken along line D-D in FIG. 16 . FIG. 18 shows a top view of the receiver member of FIG. 16 seen in the direction of arrow F. FIG. 19 shows a side view of the receiver member of FIG. 16 seen in the direction of arrow H. FIG. 20 shows a sectional view of the receiver member of FIG. 16 the section taken along line D-D. FIG. 21 shows a side view of the receiver member of FIG. 16 seen in the direction of arrow E. FIG. 22 shows a schematic view of a modified example of the second embodiment. FIG. 23 shows a schematic view of a still further modified example of the second embodiment. FIG. 24 shows a still further modified example of the second embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The bone anchoring device 1 according to a first embodiment shown in FIGS. 4 to 12 includes a bone anchoring element, in this case a screw member 2 having a threaded shaft 3 having a bone thread and a head 4 . The head 4 is shaped, for example, as a spherical segment. It has a recess 4 ′ at its free end for engagement with a screwing-in tool. The bone anchoring device further includes a receiver member 5 for connecting the screw member 2 to a rod 20 . The receiver member 5 includes two portions in the form of separated chambers, a head receiving chamber 6 and a rod receiving chamber 7 . The head receiving chamber 6 and the rod receiving chamber 7 are connected by means of an intermediate portion 8 , which is in the embodiment shown a rod portion or a bar. The head receiving chamber 6 is, as shown in FIGS. 4 to 6 and FIG. 8 , a body with a substantially cuboid shape having a first end 6 a and an opposite second end 6 b . A through-hole 9 extends from the first end to the second end. In a region adjacent to the second end, the diameter of the through-hole is smaller than that adjacent to the first end. Thus, a seat 9 a is provided for the screw head 4 , preventing escaping of the screw head and enabling the screw head 4 to pivot within the head receiving chamber 6 . The seat can have a spherical or a tapered portion or a portion with any other shape. Adjacent to or near the first end 6 a , an internal thread 10 is provided. The internal thread can be a metric thread or can have any other thread shape. Since the thread is provided in the through-hole, the thread is closed in a circumferential direction. This allows use of a metric thread since a splaying of a U-shaped receiver, as it is known to be a problem in conventional polyaxial bone screws, does not occur. The diameter of the opening at the second end 6 b , which is defined by the through-hole, is such that the shank 3 of the screw member can be passed therethrough. When the head 4 of the screw member 2 is in the head receiving portion, the screw member can pivot so that the shank axis can assume different angles with respect to the axis of the through-hole. To fix the angular position of the screw member 2 in the head receiving chamber 6 , a first locking element 11 is provided, which can be seen in detail in FIGS. 9 to 11 . The first locking element 11 has a threaded portion 11 a with an external thread cooperating with the internal thread 10 of the through-hole, and a cylindrical portion 11 b , which extends in the direction of the head 4 when the screw member and the first locking element are inserted into the head receiving chamber. The threaded portion 11 a and the cylindrical portion 11 b form a one-part first locking element 11 . At the free end of the cylindrical portion 11 b , a spherical recess 11 c is formed, the radius of which is adapted to the radius of the head 4 . The recess 11 c serves to distribute the load exerted by the first locking element 11 onto the head 4 . The outer diameter of the cylindrical portion 11 b is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the through-hole 9 and also of the threaded portion 11 a so that the first locking element can be easily introduced into the through-hole. The first locking element 11 further comprises a coaxial bore 12 that allows access to the screw head 4 by a tool. At the free end of the threaded portion 11 a , the first locking element 11 has a structure, such as a hexagonal structure 13 for engagement with a tool. Referring to FIGS. 4 and 8 , the second end 6 b of the head receiving chamber 6 has an inclined surface that extends at an angle to the surface defined by the first end 6 a . By means of this, the pivot angle of the screw member can be enlarged to one side. As can be seen in FIGS. 4 to 7 , the rod receiving chamber 7 has also a cuboid shape with a first end 7 a and an opposite second end 7 b . A U-shaped recess 14 extends from the first end 7 a in the direction of the second end 7 b to form a channel for the rod 20 to be received therein. By means of the U-shaped recess 14 , two free legs are formed. An internal thread 15 extends from the first end or near the first end 7 a in the direction of the second end 7 b for screwing in a second locking element 16 . The second locking element 16 is in this embodiment a set screw. The internal thread 15 can be a flat thread with horizontal flanks to eliminate a splaying of the legs when the second locking element 16 is screwed in. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4 to 12 , the head receiving chamber 6 and the rod receiving chamber 7 are connected by the intermediate portion 8 and arranged in such a way that the central axis A 1 of the through-hole of the head receiving chamber 6 is inclined by an angle of 45° with respect to the central axis A 2 of the rod receiving chamber 7 , as can be seen in particular in FIG. 8 . The arrangement of the chambers 6 , 7 with respect to each other is such that the internal threads of the through-hole and the U-shaped recess, respectively, are oriented towards the same side. By means of this arrangement, as can be seen in FIG. 8 , it is possible to align the screw axis S nearly parallel to the longitudinal axis L of the rod. By means of the length of the intermediate portion 8 , the lateral offset between the screw and the rod can be defined. The shape of the head receiving chamber 6 and the rod receiving chamber 7 is not limited to the cuboid shape shown, it is also possible to use a cube shape, a cylindrical shape or any other symmetric or asymmetric shape. Although the head receiving chamber 6 is shown to be a top loading chamber, where the screw is inserted with its tip portion first through the first end 6 a , it can also be designed as a bottom loading chamber where the head is introduced from the bottom, i.e. the second end 6 b. The material of the elements of the bone anchoring device is a body-compatible material, such as stainless steel, titanium, and body-compatible alloys such as nickel-titanium alloys, for example nitinol. It is also possible to construct the bone anchoring device or parts thereof from a body-compatible plastic material, such as, for example medical-grade PEEK. In modifications of this embodiment, the receiver member can be constructed such that the head receiving chamber 6 and the rod receiving chamber 7 have another orientation with respect to each other. Any orientation is possible, for example, an orientation where the central axes A 1 and A 2 are parallel to each other. A specific modification of the bone anchoring device according to the first embodiment is shown in FIGS. 12 a and 12 b . Like parts are indicated with the same reference numerals as in the first embodiment and the descriptions thereof are not repeated. The bone anchoring device 1 ′ of this modified embodiment has an identical rod receiving chamber 7 and a modified head receiving chamber 6 ′. The head receiving chamber 6 ′ has a through-hole 9 in which the first locking element 11 is screwed in and a seat 91 a for the head 4 provided at the second end, which is sized such that the head is pivotably held therein. It further includes a recess 91 , which extends in the region near the second end 6 b ′ perpendicular to the through-hole 9 and is open to the second end 6 b ′ and to the through-hole 9 . When the screw member is inserted into the through-hole 9 it can be pivoted once the head 4 is in the seat 91 a such that the threaded shank extends at an angle of around 90° to the through-hole 9 . In addition, as shown in FIG. 12 a , the central axes A 1 and A 2 of the head receiving chamber and the rod receiving chamber are parallel in this case and the chambers are arranged such that the locking elements are accessible from the same side. FIG. 13 shows a sectional view of the first locking element 11 and a partial sectional view of the head receiving chamber 6 showing the through-hole 9 together with different screw elements. The screw element 2 as shown in the left part of FIG. 13 can have different shanks 3 with different lengths and diameters. The screw element 2 ′ shown in the middle portion has a coaxial bore 21 extending therethrough from the first end to the tip, providing a channel for the introduction of bone cement or other substances. In another example, the bore 21 is closed at the tip of the shank and can have lateral openings 22 extending from the coaxial bore 21 . In a further modification the screw element 2 ″ can be a screw element for non-spine applications. The screw element 2 ″ has a threaded portion 23 and a thread-free portion 24 . Different screw members 2 ″ with different threads can be provided. The features of the screw elements can be combined among each other. The head 4 of the different screw members 2 , 2 ′, 2 ″ are all the same with respect to their outer shape and diameter so that they can be assembled with the receiver member described before and clamped with the same locking element 11 . In use, first the appropriate screw member and receiver member are selected. Thereafter, the screw member is inserted into the head receiving chamber of the receiver member. Thereafter the screw member is screwed into the bone. Typically, several screw members with receiver members are screwed one after the other into portions of adjacent vertebrae. Then, the angular position of the receiver member with respect to the screw member is adjusted and the first locking element 11 is inserted and tightened to clamp the head. Thus, the head is locked by a downward movement of the first locking element in the direction of the shank. Thereafter, the rod is inserted and is adjusted to the screw position. Thereafter, the rod is fixed by the second locking element. During adjustment of the positions of the rod and the head, it can be necessary to open the head and/or rod fixation again to further adjust the positions. Since the head fixation and the rod fixation are completely independent from each other, a convenient and precise adjustment is possible. A second embodiment of the bone anchoring device will now be described with reference to FIGS. 14 to 24 . The second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in the design of the receiver member 50 . The screw member 2 is identical or similar to that of the first embodiment. Also, different screw members can be used as for the first embodiment. The receiver member 50 has a body having a substantially cuboid shape and the head receiving chamber and the rod receiving chamber are formed by portions of the cuboid body. The body has a first end 50 a and a second end 50 b , which can be defined as the short sides 51 of the cuboid. Between the first end 50 a and the second end 50 b , walls are defined between the long sides 52 of the cuboid. A central axis C extends through the center of the cuboid body and is parallel to the long sides 52 . Approximately one half of the body, adjacent to the second end 50 b , forms a head receiving chamber 60 that is constructed by means of a through-hole 90 , the longitudinal axis 90 a of which extends perpendicular to the central axis C of the cuboid body. The through-hole 90 is shaped similarly to the through-hole 9 of the first embodiment. The through-hole 90 includes, at one end, an opening 92 and an internal thread 100 adjacent to the opening 92 and in the through-hole 90 . At the opposite end, the through-hole 90 includes a seat 91 a for receiving the head 4 of the screw member 2 in a pivotable manner. At the first end 50 a , an opening 75 to a U-shaped recess 74 is provided, where the U-shaped recess 74 forms a channel for receiving the rod 20 . Adjacent to or near the first end 50 a , an internal thread 150 is provided at the legs formed by the U-shaped recess. The central axis A 2 of the internal thread 150 is coaxial with the central axis C of the body 50 and is perpendicular to the bore axis 90 a of the through-hole 90 . By means of this arrangement, the rod axis Land the screw axis S include an angle of approximately 90°±α, wherein α is the pivot angle that the screw can assume in the seat. Further, the screw axis S projects out of a plane that contains the rod axis L and the central axis C of the receiver member. This arrangement is particularly suitable for application in the lumbosacral region of the spine as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 . The first locking element 11 and the second locking element 16 are the same as in the first embodiment. The bone anchoring device of the second embodiment can also be used in other regions of the spinal column. If the screw member 2 is screwed into the pedicles, the bone anchoring device is a bone anchoring device with a lateral rod arrangement. Since the body 50 can be a compact design, a low-profile and low-cost bone anchoring device is provided. FIGS. 22 to 24 show further modifications of the second embodiment. All modifications have in common a compact body 50 ′, 50 ″, 50 ′″, which has a head receiving chamber 60 ′, 60 ″, 60 ′″ and a rod receiving chamber 70 ′, 70 ″, 70 ′″, which are laterally separated from each other and can be accessed with two separate locking elements 11 and 16 ′, 16 ″, 16 ′″. In FIG. 22 , the rod receiving chamber 70 ′ is laterally arranged and has an inclined U-shaped recess 74 ′ for introducing the rod 20 from the side and a locking element 16 ′ in form of a set screw to be screwed in a threaded bore 72 extending from the top into the inclined U-shaped recess. This is a side-loading arrangement in which the locking elements 11 and 16 ′ are accessible from the same side. In FIG. 23 , the U-shaped recess 74 ″ for the rod 20 extends from the same side as the threaded portion 100 ′ of the through-hole 90 ′ for the head 4 . This embodiment is a top-loading embodiment, where the rod has a lateral arrangement and the locking elements for the head and the rod are accessible from the same side. FIG. 24 shows a further modification, where instead of a U-shaped recess, a through-hole 76 for the rod 20 is provided and the rod is secured by a set screw 16 ′″ extending through a threaded bore 78 . The shape of the receiver member of the second embodiment is not limited to the shapes depicted in FIGS. 14-24 . Common to all modifications is that the receiver member has a body with a compact shape. The head need not be spherically shaped, but can also have a tapered portion or another shape.

A bone anchoring device includes a bone anchoring element having a shank and a head, a continuous one-piece receiver member, a continuous one-piece first locking element and a second locking element. The receiver member has a first chamber for receiving the head, the head being pivotable in the first chamber, and a second chamber with a channel for receiving the rod. A first locking element fixes the head in the first chamber at an angle, and a second locking element fixes the rod in the second chamber. The receiver member includes a body including both the first chamber and the second chamber. The head and the rod can be inserted and locked independently from each other. The head is fixed by exerting pressure onto it. The bone anchoring device is particularly applicable to the stabilization of the spine in the sacro-iliac and the cervical region.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] Substitute for application Ser. No. 12/804,315 [0002] Filing Date: Jul. 19, 2010 [0003] Previous filing: WO/1998/031406 Holistic Breast Patch, [0004] International Application Number: PCT/US1997/002461 [0005] Filing Date: 14 Feb. 1997 [0006] Publication Date: 23 Jul. 1998 [0007] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/552,159, abandoned 19 Mar. 2002 STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT [0008] Not applicable REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX [0009] Not applicable BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0010] This invention endeavors to provide a safe, comfortable, easy to use device to relieve the pain and discomfort associated with postpartum breast milk engorgement, to expedite the suppression of lactation for women who choose not to breast-feed, and to aid in the treatment of prolactin dependent and related diseases and disorders. This is accomplished by inhibiting the production of prolactin which suppresses lactation. [0011] After pregnancy, a woman naturally produces breast milk for a period of time. The length of time for postpartum milk production varies depending upon whether or not the mother breast-feeds and how long she breast-feeds. For breast-feeding mothers, milk production can continue up to twenty four months or longer. For non-breast-feeding women, the duration is impacted by whether or not and for how long her breasts were pumped or stimulated to produce milk. Women who choose not to breast-feed experience discomfort and pain due to breast engorgement. Relief is sought through breast pumping and stimulation which prolongs production and delays suppression of milk production, ice packs, breast binding which can cause mastitis and various other means that have proven to be dangerous or otherwise unsuccessful. [0012] According to Treatment for Lactation Suppression, Little Progress in One Hundred Years (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179:1485-90) “Engorgement and breast pain may encompass most of the first postpartum week. Up to one third of women who do not breast-feed and who use a brassiere or binder, ice packs, or analgesics may experience severe breast pain. Specific studies of nonpharmacologic methods of lactation suppression were limited and inconclusive. Available data suggest that many women using currently recommended strategies for treatment of symptoms may nevertheless experience engorgement or pain for most of the first postpartum week. [0013] There is no Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatment for the relief of breast milk engorgement pain. Prescription drugs such as, parlodel (bromocriptine mesylate), a previously FDA approved lactation suppressant and estrogens and androgens (gonadotrophic hormones) have been prescribed and are possibly still being used as a prolactin inhibitor to suppress milk production for breast engorgement relief and to treat prolactin related disease and conditions. [0014] Parlodel inhibits the secretion of the hormone prolactin from the pituitary gland. It also mimics the action of dopamine, a chemical lacking in the brain of a person with Parkinson's disease. Palodel and estrogens and androgens have been used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including lactation suppression, Infertility, menstrual problems such as galactorrhoea and prolactin dependent amenorrhea, with or without excessive production of milk. However, it has been well documented in the literature that these drugs and hormones have produced adverse effects including death. Some of the documentation is in the literature that follows. [0015] To address problems involved in the prior art, reference is made to the Dec. 1, 1989 FDA Consumer which states “FDA has asked that the manufacturer of the drug Parlodel (bromocriptine) stop labeling the drug for use in drying up milk production and preventing breast engorgement in mothers who don't breast-feed. (Parlodel is approved for treatment of Parkinson's disease.) [0016] In a related move, FDA requested that the manufacturers of products containing estrogen and androgens stop labeling these gonadotrophic hormones as lactation suppressants. FDA's Fertility and Maternal Health Drugs Advisory Committee suggested the changes, in part, because these drugs, which can have serious side effects, benefit only 10 percent of the women who use them to suppress lactation. Also, the drugs' effectiveness is also diminished because of the high occurrence of rebound. Breasts become engorged again after the woman stops taking the drugs.” [0017] The Health facts newspaper Sep. 1, 1994, edition states “Parlodel, a drug widely used to suppress breast milk following childbirth has finally been withdrawn by its manufacturer Sandoz, five years after it was found to be dangerous and ineffective. The action came on the heels of a national TV investigative report and a lawsuit against the FDA by the Public Citizen's Health Research Group and the National Women's Health Network. [0018] The two consumer groups took legal action against the FDA because the agency failed to ban the drug as a lactation suppressant after receiving reports of its dangers. Since 1980, according to Public Citizen, the FDA had received 531 adverse reactions reports, including 32 deaths, 14 from stroke and five heart attacks. Among the nonfatal reactions, there were 36 strokes, 14 heart attacks, and 98 seizures; many of these cases involve permanent disability. Underreporting is a very real possibility as the FDA's post market surveillance system is notoriously weak (Rx News August 1994).” [0019] In the Oct. 1, 1994, issue of Trial Magazine, it is stated “Under a barrage of consumer criticism and a lawsuit, the manufacturer of Parlodel said it will no longer market the drug as a lactation suppressant. The drug has been blamed for the deaths of at least 32 new mothers and for medical problems in hundreds of women since it received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 1980.” [0020] In the United States, the sharp restriction in the use of pharmaceuticals to aid the suppression of breast milk and the discomfort and pain from engorgement, has resulted in essentially no recognized mechanism for lactation suppression and relieving the discomfort of breast milk engorgement. The formerly used pharmaceutical items are no longer available as a prescription for lactation suppression. They are however, offered online through Canadian and United Kingdom Pharmacies without a prescription. This availability again exposes mothers to the serious documented risks. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for an alternative method which will relieve the discomfort of breast engorgement pain and expedite the suppression of breast milk production in a safe, convenient, efficient, and legal manner. [0021] “There is increasing evidence that prolactin (PRL), a hormone/cytokine, plays a role in breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers via local production or accumulation.” (Cancer Res 2009; 69(12):5226-33) Breast cancer is the most common cancer among American women, except for skin cancers. The chance of developing invasive breast cancer at some time in a woman's life is a little less than 1 in 8 (12%). Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women, exceeded only by king cancer.” (American Cancer Society, Dec. 9, 2011) Other than skin cancer prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men. About 1 man in 6 will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men, behind only lung cancer.” (American Cancer Society Oct. 12, 2011) [0022] Current treatment of prolactin dependent and related diseases and conditions involves the use of neutralizing prolactin receptor antibodies and antigen binding fragments, through pharmaceutical agents including dopamine antagonists and monoclonal drugs. These pharmaceutical drugs effect the amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of the prolactin receptor and the nucleic acid sequence whereby the pharmaceutical composition antagonizes the prolactin receptor mediated signaling. (US Fed News Service, Including US State News, Jun. 16, 2011, WIPO Assigns Patent To Bayer Schering Pharma for “Neutralizing Prolactin Receptor Antibodies and their therapeutic use.” abstract) Recent studies indicate “Several PRL receptor (PRLR) antagonists have been identified in the past decades, but their in vivo growth inhibitory potency was restricted by low receptor affinity, rendering them pharmacologically unattractive for clinical treatment.” PEDS Oxford Journals; Life Sciences & Medicine; Volume 24, Issue 11) BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0023] Postpartum milk suppression will readily occur without intervention. This process, however can be lengthy, tedious, and is usually painful without the aid of breast pumps and medication to relieve breast engorgement pain. [0024] This very surprising discovery, a “Holistic (Carbonyl Group) Breast Patch”, referred to as the “Patch”, when worn by postpartum women in a prescribed regimen will significantly reduce the time for lactation suppression to occur. When lactation is suppressed, the discomfort of pain associated with breast milk engorgement is relieved and the support of prolactin dependent and related diseases and disorders is interrupted by inhibiting prolactin production. [0025] The approximately 1½ inch by ¾ inch breast patch is worn by postpartum women, generally in the form of a Telfa pad which the mother applies to her chest. The FDA approved Telfa pad consisting of inactive ingredients is the exterior housing for the “Carbonyl Group” disc containing the active ingredients. [0026] It is easily applied by the mother between her breasts. This unique patch can be put on and removed easily without pain due to Telfa's nonstick adhesive properties. In the rare event of adhesive sensitivity, the Patch can be applied with latex free microspore cotton tape. [0027] The scientific method of the “Holistic Breast Patch” is called “transdermal” because the patch is applied to the skin for the “Carbonyl Group” elements of the Patch to cause lactation suppression a much shorter length of time than without the aid of the Patch. [0028] The Patch is highly effective in that it successfully suppresses postpartum milk production in three to eight days by comparison to six to eight weeks or longer without its use. [0029] The Patch conveniently allows postpartum mothers who choose not to breast-feed the opportunity to recover from childbirth, return to employment more quickly, protect the newborn from HIV transmission from an HIV positive mother or ease the grief for the mother who suffers the loss of her newborn. [0030] Furthermore, the Holistic Breast Patch is safe in that it has no known side effects. Therefore, no warnings or precautions are required. When marketed, it will eliminate all of the dangerous, reported fatal adverse effects of previously used methods to quickly produce lactation suppression for relief of pain associated with breast milk engorgement. It will also provide a safe and effective method for treatment of diseases and conditions that require the inhibition of prolactin production. The interior disc of this product consists of all natural fibers and it is labeled by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) as a device and not a drug. The FDA has determined that the Patch meets its definition of a nonsignificant risk device (21 CFR 812). [0031] Many other advantages and other purposes will be made more fully apparent from a consideration of the forms in which this invention may be embodied. These forms are illustrated in the following detailed description of the invention and in the accompanying drawings. However, this detailed description and the drawings are set forth only for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of this invention and are not limited to this illustration only. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION [0032] The primary objective of this invention is to provide a safe device to significantly reduce the time to achieve lactation suppression, thus expediting the relief of discomfort of breast engorgement pain in the form of a breast patch which is applied between a woman's breasts. [0033] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of relieving the discomfort of breast engorgement pain and the drying of breast milk without the administration drugs. [0034] It is an additional object of the present invention to provide a device of the type stated which is highly efficient, and easy to use. [0035] It is another object of the present invention to provide other benefits to be determined through consumer testing and/or clinical trial, including but not limited to. treatment of prolactin dependent and related diseases. [0036] Consequently, this invention resides in the novel features form, construction, arrangement and combination of part presently described and pointed out in the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING [0037] Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which: [0038] FIG. 1 is an exploded, perspective view of the Holistic Breast Patch 28 : the Telfa pad 30 which is gauze lined on the interior side and non-adherent perforated film bonded 24 on the exterior side; gauze 22 ; the “Carbonyl Group” disc 10 and the Telfa pad 30 embodying the present invention. [0039] FIG. 2 is a bottom plan view of the disc 10 illustrating the grooves 16 . [0040] FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view of the grooves 16 also designating the inner and outer core 18 and 20 through the interior of the “Carbonyl Group” disc 10 taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 . [0041] FIG. 4 is an elevational view of the disc 10 facing side 12 or 14 with the top facing up. [0042] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the disc 10 with the bottom facing up. [0043] FIG. 6 is a bottom plan view of the Holistic Breast Patch 28 with the left half of the Telfa pad and gauze removed. [0044] FIG. 7 is a top plan view of the Holistic Breast Patch 28 with the right half of the Telfa pad and gauze removed. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0045] Explaining now the process of making and using this unique invention, reference characters to the drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention will also be made in order to give a description in more detail. [0046] The designated lactation suppression and engorgement pain relief device, the Holistic Breast Patch is worn by postpartum women, generally in the form of a sterile Telfa pad consisting of inactive ingredients: poly(ethylene terephthalate), a thin plastic film lined with a thin layer of cotton gauze 22 . As shown in FIG. 1 , this Telfa pad 30 is the exterior housing for the disc 10 which houses the active ingredients: (“Formula” R—Co—R) nickel, manganese, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur, and carbon) in the form of an interior disc. This formula is called “Carbonyl Group”. [0047] The preferred embodiment is constructed initially as a thin flexible, flat disc 10 . This Carbonyl Group” disc 10 is about . 75 inch square, has a top flat surface 17 , a bottom grooved surface FIG. 2 , and is provided with 4 very thin sides 12 , 13 , 14 and 15 , FIG. 1 , FIG. 2 , FIG. 3 . The thickness of the sides is described in paragraphs 43 and 44 . [0048] The inner core of the disc 10 is preferably constructed by forming a piece of high carbon content metal into the shape of a flat disc and this forming may be by stamping the same from a sheet of such metal. [0049] The inner core 18 should preferably have a thickness of about 49.7 mils, although this can range from about 49.7 mils to about 49.9 mils. The essentially pure nickel outer layer should have a thickness of about 0.3 mils, although the thickness of the outer layer may range from about 0.1 mils to about 1.0 mils. [0050] The entire disc is preferred to have an overall thickness of about 50 mils, that is, from the top 17 to the bottom 19 FIG. 5 . This thickness is preferred since the disc will then have the necessary structural integrity, although it will not be unduly heavy. However, it should be understood that the thickness of the disc could vary, depending upon the desired thickness of the inner core and of the outer layer, as hereinafter described. [0051] The metal which is employed as the inner core 18 contains a substantially high carbon content, as aforesaid, This carbon content could be 0.7% by weight to about 1.5% by weight. In a more preferable range, the amount of carbon would range from about 0.6% to about 0.9% referred to as high carbon steel. The remaining content of the inner core would be formed of basic metal elements which would include some minor amounts of manganese, chromium, and possibly a minor amount of nickel. The minor amounts of these other components, such as manganese, chromium, and possibly even nickel, would be less than about 1.0%. [0052] Extending between the sides 12 and 14 , and parallel to the sides 13 and 15 of the disc 10 FIG. 2 are a plurality of elongated grooves or openings. These grooves 16 constitute openings on the rear face of the disc 10 per 19 , FIG. 2 . They serve as air holes and also as relief for the disc to bend to conform to the different chest curvatures of the user, but do not extend in depth through the front surface of the disc 10 per 17 , FIG. 4 . The grooves are depressed to a depth of about 25 mils, although they could be depressed into the disc for a depth of about 40 mils. [0053] The distance between each of the grooves 16 , FIG. 2 is preferably about 0.075 inches (75 mils) and the width of each groove 16 is about 0.075 inches (75 mils). In connection with the invention, it is preferred that the width of the grooves 16 is equal to the width of the space between each of the grooves 16 , FIG. 2 . [0054] By reference to the drawings FIG. 3 , it can be seen that the interior disc 10 is comprised of an inner core 18 of a metal containing a high carbon content and which is enclosed within an outer nickel layer 20 . The outer nickel layer is substantially pure nickel. [0055] In a slightly different embodiment of the invention, the metal elements used in the formation of the disc would include the carbon and the nickel in the percentages as aforesaid. However, minor amounts of other elements would also be in the composition and these include, for example, phosphorus in an amount of 0.6% by weight, and silicon in an amount of 0.30% by weight. Manganese may be present in an amount of about 0.60% by weight. Vanadium, molybdenum and chromium may also be present in minor trace amounts. The phosphorus could actually range from about 0.4% to about 1.0%. The manganese could also range from about 0.1% to about 0.8%, and the silicon could also range from about 0.1% to about 0.8%. [0056] The aforesaid composition provides a disc of substantial hardness. However, it is not unduly brittle, and moreover, it is still flexible providing curvature and has a moderately light weight so that it can be worn comfortably and easily by a user [0057] The invention can further be embodied such that the grooves 16 constitute openings which extend between sides 12 and 14 , 25 to 40 mils in length. FIG. 1 , FIG. 4 , FIG. 5 and FIG. 7 illustrate an embodiment in which the grooves are located on one flat surface of the disc, but do not extend all the way through from flat surface 17 to flat surface 19 . [0058] The interior disc of the Patch which is all natural and organic is adapted to be seated between cotton gauze on both sides and then 2 Telfa pads as shown in FIG. 1 . [0059] The exterior housing of the disc consists of Telfa inner lined with cotton gauze, FIG. 1 . Telfa is FDA approved under the classification of various bandages and consists of a thin layer of absorbent cotton fibers, enclosed in a sleeve of polyethylene terephthalate, and bonded with a thin layer of a perforated non-adherent film. This film does not adhere to the skin therefore, eliminating discomfort when removed. The Telfa and cotton are inactive ingredients. [0060] This milk suppression aid device was constructed by forming a piece of high-carbon content metal into the shape illustrated in 10 , FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 . The disc has the overall dimension of 0.75 inch square, FIG. 2 . The width of the spaces between each of the grooves 16 is 0.075 inches and the width (horizontal dimension) of each of the individual grooves itself is 0.075 inches. [0061] The overall device has a thickness of 343 mils or approximately ⅓ inch. The grooves 16 have a depth into the device of about 20 mils on each of the flat faces. The thickness of the inner core of high-carbon metal is about 49.7 mils and the thickness of the outer layer of nickel is about 0.3 mils. [0062] Notably, the success of this invention resides in the wearing of the Patch between the woman's breasts. For optimal results women who will not be breast-feeding should start wearing the breast patch within twenty-four hours after child delivery. It should be worn continuously until engorgement pain and milk production cease. However, positive results are still achieved when started more than twenty-four hours after delivery. [0063] One of the important aspects of this disc is that it does cause any adverse effects. The use of the disc for the purpose of aiding the drying of breast milk and relieving breast engorgement pain has been explored in conjunction with interaction with commonly used drugs. The interaction, if any, is set forth below: [0000] DRUG INTERACTION  1. Ampicillin None known  2. Anticoagulants None known  3. Anticonvulsant hydantoin None known  4. Antidepressants tricyclic (TEA) None known  5. Anti-diabetic agents None known  6. Antihistamines None known  7. Barbiturates None known  8. Chloramphenicol None known  9. Clofibrate None known 10. .Dextrothyroxine None known 11. Guanethidine None known 12. Hypoglycemic (oral) None known 13. Insulin None known 14. Meperidine None known 15. Meprobamate None known 16. Mineral oil None known 17. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) None known 18. Rifampin None known 19. Sulfadiazine and Pyrimethamine None known 20. Terazosin None known 21. Tetracyclic None known 22. Urosodiol None known 23. Vitamin A None known 24. Vitamin E None known 25. Anticoagulants (oral) None known 26. Anti-diabetic (oral) None known 27. Carbamazepine None known 28. Phenobarbital None known 29. Primidone None known 30. Tamoxifen None known 31. Thyriodhormones None known 32. Bromocriptine None known 33. Hypoglycemic (oral) None known 34. Oxyphenbutazone None known 35. Phenothiazines None known 36. Phenylbutazone None known [0064] The use of the Holistic Breast Patch has also been explored for possible interaction with other substances. The interaction with several substances, or lack thereof, is set forth below. [0000] SUBSTANCE COMBINED EFFECT 1. Alcoholic beverages None Known 2. Nonalcoholic beverages None Known 3. Cocaine None Known 4. Foods/salt None Known 5. Marijuana None Known 6. Tobacco/all forms None Known EXAMPLES [0065] The invention is further illustrated, but not limited to, the following examples: Example 1 [0066] The Holistic Breast Patch aid device was used by a group of ten women. Each of the women was provided the device within twenty-four hours after giving birth. After wearing the device between the breasts for three to five days each of the women reported that lactation was suppressed. Example 2 [0067] The aid device was again used by a group of ten women. Each of the women was provided the device almost immediately after delivery. In each case, the birth was a normal delivery. After wearing the device between the breasts for three to five days, engorgement of the breasts was reduced. [0068] Thus, there has been illustrated and described a unique and novel device and method for aiding suppression of milk after pregnancy and relieving breast engorgement pain which, therefore, fulfills all of the objects and advantages which have been sought. It should be understood that many changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications will become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering this specification and the accompanying drawings. [0069] Therefore, any and all such changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention. [0070] The claims of said device are inclusive of but not limited to the descriptions and claims in the Specification.

The Holistic Breast Patch is the first known, non pharmaceutical, effective device available which inhibits prolactin production safely and aids the relief of discomfort from breast engorgement pain by drying breast milk after pregnancy. It will also aid in the treatment of prolactin dependent diseases and conditions that respond to prolactin inhibition. The availability of this device greatly eliminates the serious risks of health complications and fatalities that have been documented by the use of prescription drugs, hormones and pharmaceuticals lacking FDA approval for this use. The Holistic Breast Patch works transdermally and is comprised of a unique, natural and organic carbonyl disc housed within cotton gauze and nonstick adhesive Telfa forming an approximately 1½ inch by ¾ inch adhesive] patch. The Federal Drug Administration has determined it to be a non-significant risk device (21 CFR 812).

BACKGROUND Wellhead seals of the prior art have involved the use of wedging action to spread sealing lips into sealing engagement with the interior of a wellhead housing and the exterior of a hanger, with a lip open to the pressure on its interior but not on its exterior or sealing side so that the pressure assists in urging the lip into a tight metal to metal sealing engagement. Other methods of energizing the seals have been employed to provide a radial force on the seal to urge it into tight sealing engagement with the cylindrical surface against which it is to seal. An example of a seal with both wedging and an open lip exposed to pressure is disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 2,746,486 to J. L. Gratzmuller. U.S. Pat. No. 2,405,152 to W. Kilchenmann discloses a resilient metal lip seal that is used to seal between eccentric tubular members. U.S. Pat. No. 4,595,053 discloses an annular seal in which the seal is cup-shaped in section and is provided with an annular wedge which is received within the opening in the cup seal to force the lips of the cup seal outward and inward into tight sealing engagement with the interior of the housing and the exterior of the hanger. The sealing surfaces of the housing and hanger are provided with wickers which provide a series of threads for sealing. SUMMARY The present invention relates to an improved wellhead seal for sealing between spaced apart tubular members in a wellhead. Such seal is a metal seal with sealing lips which are assisted in their sealing engagement with the sealing surfaces on at least one of the sealing surfaces on the tubular members by an annular space behind one of the sealing surfaces which space is exposed to the pressure between the two members. The annular space creates an annular rim which is pressure energized toward the seal to ensure a positive metal-to-metal seal across the annulus between the tubular wellhead members. An object of the present invention is to provide an improved seal across the annulus between two spaced apart tubular wellhead members in which at least one of the sealing surfaces is pressure energized. Another object is to provide an improved wellhead annulus seal which is pressure energized by the pressure against which it is sealing both on the seal lips and on at least one of the sealing surfaces of the tubular members. A further object is to provide an improve wellhead annulus seal between the wellhead housing and a hanger in which the metal-to-metal seal is subjected to multiple pressure energization. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects and advantages are hereinafter set forth and explained with reference to the drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is a partial sectional view of the improved wellhead seal shown with upper and lower, inner and outer pressure enhancement. FIG. 2 is a partial detailed view of the improved wellhead seal shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a detailed partial sectional view of the improved wellhead seal shown with upper and lower inner pressure enhancement. FIG. 4. is another detailed partial sectional view of the improved wellhead seal shown with lower inner and outer pressure enhancement. FIG. 5 is still another detailed partial sectional view of the improved wellhead seal shown with upper and lower outer pressure enhancement. FIG. 6 is another detailed partial sectional view of a modified form of the improved wellhead seal of the present invention. FIG. 7 illustrates a modified form of the improved seal of the present invention which includes an exclusion material in the vee seals. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As shown in FIG. 1, the environment for the use of the improved seal of the present invention is in a subsea wellhead 10. Wellhead housing 12 includes internal downwardly tapering shoulder 14 on which first hanger 16 in landed and second hanger 18 is landed on upper tapered shoulder 19 on hanger 16. The landing and supporting hangers 16 and 18 on tapered shoulders 14 and 19 tends to provide a proper centralization of hangers 16 and 18 within housing 12. Seal assembly 20 is positioned within annular space 22 between the exterior of hanger 16 and the interior of housing 12 above support shoulder 14. Seal assembly 20' is substantially the same as seal assembly 20 and is positioned within annular space 24 between the exterior of hanger 18 and the interior of housing 12. As shown in FIG. 2, seal assembly 20' is annular in shape and includes upper ring 26 having internal groove 28 therein for engagement by a suitable tool as hereinafter explained, central seal lip section 21 and lower wedge ring section 46. As shown in FIG. 7, central seal section 21 includes center rim 23 to which outer upwardly facing seal lips 32 and 32a are attached with lip 32a being attached below and spaced from lip 32. Inner upwardly facing seal lips 30 and 30a are also attached to rim 23, with lip 30a being attached below and spaced from lip 30. Outer lips 32 and 32a are in sealing engagement with inner bore sealing surface 36 of wellhead housing 12 to retain pressure which would occur above lips 32 and 32a due to well bore pressure from the interior of hanger 18. Inner lips 30 and 30a are in sealing engagement with outer seal surface 34 of hanger 18 to also retain pressure from above due to the wellbore pressure from the interior of hanger 18. Also attached to center rim 23 are outer downwardly facing seal lips 40 and 40a which are in sealing engagement with inner bore sealing surface 36 of wellhead housing 12 to retain wellbore pressure from the well formation acting on annular space 24 between housing 12 and hanger 18. Lip 40a is attached to center rim 23 below and spaced from lip 40. Also attached to center rim 23 are inner downwardly facing seal lips 38 and 38a which are in sealing engagement with outer sealing surface 34 of hanger 18 to also retain wellbore pressure from below acting on annular space 24 between housing 12 and hanger 18. The two pairs of upwardly facing lips (30, 32, and 30a, 32a) in conjunction with center rim 23 form upwardly facing vee type seals, which alone are inherently pressure energized. In a similar manner the two pairs of downwardly facing lips (38, 40 and 38a, 40a) form vee type seals. To ensure equalization of pressure on both sides of center rim 23, radial holes 25 allow fluid communication through center rim 23. Inner shoulder 48 on upper ring 26 faces upwardly at a position below groove 28. Split lock down ring 50 is normally carried within groove 52 on the exterior of hanger 18 during running. To ensure ingress and egress of seal assembly 20' past split ring 50 and variation of the upper bore of housing 12 the areas above and below the vee seals can be filled with an exclusion material 35, such as a 90 durometer rubber or a plastic material. In some applications a lock down ring, such as 50, may not be required or even desired and in such an application the exclusion material 35 may be omitted. Sealing enhancement means 56 are shown in the drawings. In FIGS. 2 and 7 such seal enhancement means includes upper rims 58 and 60 and lower rims 62 and 64 positioned to provide the upper and lower sealing surfaces 34, 36, 42 and 44 for the upper and lower seal lips 30, 30a, 32, 32a and 38, 38a, 40 and 40a. Rims 58, 62 and 60, 64 are spaced from the interior and exterior surfaces of hanger 18 and housing 12 to which they are attached and provide recesses 66, 70, 68 and 72 respectively and sealing surfaces 34, 42 and 36, 44 respectively. The enhancement of the sealing is provided by the pressure which enters the recesses behind the rims and urges the rims in the direction of the respective sealing lips. It should also be noted that in their set position as hereinafter explained, the sealing lips seal against the sealing surface provided by the rims at a point near the extremity of each rim so that pressure within annular space 24 does not equalize on both sides of the rim to negate the pressure enhancement of the rim. Rims 58, 62 and 60, 64 should be integral with hanger 18 and housing 12 respectively. In some applications it may be possible to form the rims by machining the recesses into the hanger and housing. In other applications, it may be more desirably to weld the rims to the hanger and housing as shown at 63 and 63a. In this case it is anticipated that the upper outer rim 60 and the lower outer rim 64 both be two semicircular halves welded together. All of the vee seals diverge outwardly sufficiently to come into tight sealing engagement with their respective sealing surfaces before they are exposed to pressure. It should be noted that lower seal lips 38, 40 and 38a, 40a diverge downwardly away from each other and thus are pressure energized into tight sealing engagement with their respective sealing surfaces 44 and 24 whenever there is a pressure in the annular space 24 below them. Also, upper sealing lips 30, 32 and 30a, 32a diverge upwardly away from each other and thus whenever there is a pressure in the annular space 24 above them, they are pressure energized into tighter sealing engagement with sealing surfaces 34 and 36. After hanger 18 has been landed upon support shoulder 19, a suitable tool (not shown) is used to cause seal assembly 20' to move downward into annular space 24. This movement moves all eight sealing lips to the positions shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 from a position above. This downward movement also moves lower wedge ring 46 into position within the upper portion of latching ring 74 to wedge ring 74 outward into latching engagement within groove 76 on the inner surface of housing 12. Since as shown in FIG. 1, latching ring 74 after being moved into engagement in groove 76 also remains in engagement within groove 78 on the exterior of hanger 18, it locks hanger 18 within housing 12. Further, the downward movement of seal assembly 20' brings shoulder 48 to the level of the lower portion of groove 52 which allows split ring 50 to move outwardly into position, thereby locking seal assembly 20' to the exterior of hanger 18. In FIG. 3, a modified form of seal assembly with sealing enhancement means on the hanger only is shown as seal assembly 120 and other elements are numbered the same as in FIGS. 1, 2 and 7 with the prefix "1" added. Seal assembly 120 uses only inner, upper and lower sealing surfaces 134 and 142 which are provided by rims 158 and 162. Rim 158 is spaced from the exterior surface of hanger 118 to provide an annular recess 166 which is open to the annular space 124 between housing 112 and hanger 118 above upper seal lips 130, 132 and 130a, 132a. Rim 162 is spaced from the exterior surface of hanger 118 to provide an annular recess 170 which is open to the annulus between housing 112 and hanger 114 below lower seal lips 138, 140 and 138a, 140a. The modified form of the invention shown in FIG. 4 has sealing enhancement means on only the lower part of the housing and hanger. Part markings are similar to previous figures but with the prefix "2" added. Seal assembly 220 uses only the rims 262 and 264 providing the pressure enhancement for the sealing against their surfaces 242 and 244 while upper sealing surfaces 234 and 236 are provided on the exterior of hanger 218 and the interior of housing 212. Rim 262 is spaced from the exterior of hanger 218 and rim 264 is spaced from the interior of housing 212 to provide the annular recesses 270 and 272 which are exposed to pressure within the annular space below seal assembly 220. Another modified form of the invention with sealing enhancement means on the housing only is shown in FIG. 5 and uses similar part numbering but with the prefix "3" added. Seal assembly 320 uses only the outer upper and lower rims 360 and 364. This provides the recesses 368 and 372 which provides pressure enhancement for the sealing against the sealing surfaces 336 and 344. In this structure the pressure in the annular space is effective to provide the pressure enhancement from both above and below depending on the source of the pressure. Still another modified form of the present invention is shown in FIG. 6 using similar numbering with the prefix "4" added. Seal assembly 420 utilizes the rim 458 on hanger 418 with the recess 466 exposed to pressure in the annular space above the sealing element 480 which is an annular element of soft metal positioned between the interior sealing surface 436 of the housing 412 and sealing surface 434 on the exterior of rim 458. The sealing element 480 is sufficiently large so that there is initial sealing of the element 480 against the sealing surfaces 434 and 436. In this form of the invention, only a single rim 458 and its attendant recess 466 are shown. It should be noted, however, that any of the four variations of this single rim and recess could be used and still achieve the improved pressure enhancement of the present invention. It is suggested that the recesses behind the rims could be filled with a suitable pressure transmitting material, such as silicone or RTV rubber, which will not interfere with the pressure enhancement but will protect the recesses from loading with well materials which might subsequently prevent proper operation of the pressure enhancement. While five forms of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it should be understood that the pressure enhancement achieved by the improvement of the present invention may be utilized singly or in any combination of the rims illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. The enhanced sealing is achieved only when the recess behind the rim is open to the pressure in the annulus. The rims are illustrated as being either integral with the hanger and the wellhead housing or being welded to such structures in a manner providing the necessary strength and the desired recess associated with the rim. The strength of the rims should be such that they respond to pressure within their recesses but not so weak that they are stressed beyond their yield point. Very slight movement of the rims is sufficient to provide a substantial improvement in the effective sealing of the sealing lips.

A seal assembly for sealing across the annulus in a subsea wellhead having pressure enhancement provided behind at least one of the sealing surfaces to ensure a positive metal-to-metal sealing. In the preferred form of the invention the seal assembly includes upper sealing lips which diverge upwardly away from each other into sealing engagement with the sealing surfaces against which they are to seal, lower sealing lips which diverge downwardly away from each other into sealing engagement with the sealing surfaces against which they are to seal, and a rim secured to one of the wellhead members and space therefrom to provide a recess behind the rim and open to pressure which is directed toward the sealing lip which is to seal against such sealing surface to provide a pressure energized enhancement of the sealing engagement of the lips against said sealing surface. In other forms of the invention at least one of the rims may be used.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 411,541, filed Aug. 25, 1982, and now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention pertains to the field of single-component, moisture-curing, polyurethane systems for use in coatings, adhesives, and similar applications. The systems contain a polyurethane prepolymer, certain dialdimines, and certain acid catalysts. 2. Description of the Prior Art The use of moisture-sensitive amine derivatives such as aldimines and ketimines as latent hardeners for polyisocyanates is known. In the presence of moisture, the aforementioned amine derivatives form free amines which react with the polyisocyanates by forming urea and biuret groups. Polyaldimines and polyketimines as well as their use as mixtures with polyisocyanates are described, for instance, in British Pat. Nos. 1,064,841 and 1,073,209, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,493,543 and 3,523,925 and French Pat. No. 1,493,879 (British Pat. No. 1,125,836). In most cases, however, the storage stability of the mentioned compounds is unsatisfactory. While the products described in German Application No. 21 25 247 and German Published Application No. 26 51 479 (British Pat. No. 1,575,666) show improvements compared with the compounds according to the then existing state of the art, their storage stability, particularly in the presence of acid, is still insufficient for application in single-component polyurethane systems. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of this invention is a moisture-curing, single-component polyurethane system which, in the absence of moisture, shows increased storage stability over prior art products and, upon exposure to moisture, shows rapid skin formation and curing. The product of this invention is a moisture-curing, storage stable, single-component polyurethane system comprising: A. a polyurethane prepolymer with a free isocyanate content of 1 to 5 percent by weight; B. a dialdimine chain extender having the formula R[--N═CH--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O--CO--CH--(CH.sub.3).sub.2 ].sub.2 in which R is a divalent aliphatic radical with 2 to 10 carbon atoms, aliphatic radical having 4 to 10 carbon atoms and containing ether oxygen and/or lower alkylamino nitrogen atoms, cycloaliphatic radical with 6 to 15 carbon atoms or aromatic radical with 6 to 21 carbon atoms; and C. an acid catalyst selected from the group consisting of aliphatic carboxylic acids, aromatic carboxylic acids, toluenesulfonic acid, and mixtures thereof. The product is storage stable in the absence of moisture for at least six months and, upon exposure to moisture, forms a skin within less than 90 minutes, and cures completely (1 mm) in less than 24 hours. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The following raw materials are suited for the preparation of the moisture-curing, storage stable, single-component polyurethane systems in accordance with this invention: A. The polyurethane prepolymers are reaction products of excess quantities of organic polyisocyanates with polyols. Preferably used as organic polyisocyanates are aliphatic and/or cycloaliphatic diisocyanates. Detailed examples include: aliphatic diisocyanates such as ethylene, 1,4-tetramethylene, 1,6-hexamethylene and 1,12-dodecane diisocyanates and cycloaliphatic diisocyanates such as cyclohexane-1,3 and -1,4 diisocyanates as well as any desired mixture of these isomers, 1-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (IPDI), 2,4- and 2,6-hexahydrotoluene diisocyanate as well as any desired mixtures of these isomers, 4,4'- and 2,4'-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane. IPDI, 4,4'-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane and 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate as well as any desired mixtures of these diisocyanates have proven to work particularly well and are, therefore, used on a preferred basis. Suitable reaction partners for the above-mentioned polyisocyanates for the preparation of polyurethane prepolymers are polyols, preferably commonly used linear and/or branched polyester polyols, and particularly polyether polyols with molecular weights of approximately 200 to 8000, preferably 800 to 5000, and particularly 1800 to 3500. However, other hydroxyl group-containing polymers with the above-mentioned molecular weights, for instance, polyester amides, polyacetals and polycarbonates, particularly those prepared from diphenylcarbonate and 1,6-hexanediol by way of transesterification are also suitable. The polyester polyols may be prepared, for example, from dicarboxylic acids, preferably aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having 2 to 12, preferably 4 to 8 carbon atoms in the alkylene radical and multifunctional alcohols, preferably diols. Examples include aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic and terephthalic acids and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as glutaric acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, and, preferably, succinic acid and adipic acid. Examples of multifunctional, particularly bi- and tri-functional, alcohols are: ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,10-decanediol, glycerin, trimethylolpropane and, preferably, 1,4-butanediol and 1,6-hexanediol. The polyester polyols have molecular weights of 300 to 2800, preferably of 300 to 2000, and hydroxyl numbers of 30 to 700, preferably 50 to 500. However, preferably used as polyols are polyether polyols which are prepared according to known processes from one or more cyclic ethers with 2 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkylene radical and an initiator molecule which contains 2 to 8, preferably 2 to 4 active hydrogen atoms. Suitable cyclic ethers include, for example, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-trimethylene oxide, 1,2- or 2,3-butylene oxide and, preferably, ethylene oxide and 1,2-propylene oxide. The cyclic ethers may be used individually, alternatingly in sequence or as mixtures. Suitable initiator molecules include, for example: water, organic dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid, adipic acid, phthalic acid and terephthalic acid and, preferably, multifunctional, particularly di- and/or tri-functional alcohols such as ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerin, trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol. The polyester amides include, for example, the predominantly linear condensates produced from multifunctional, saturated and/or unsaturated carboxylic acids and/or their anhydrides and multifunctional saturated and/or unsaturated amino alcohols or mixtures of multifunctional alcohols and amino alcohols and/or polyamines. Suitable polyacetals include, for example, the compounds obtainable from glycols such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 4,4'-dihydroxyethoxydiphenylpropane-2,2, or hexanediol and formaldehyde. Polyacetals suited for the purpose of this invention may also be prepared by polymerization of cyclic acetals such as trioxane. Suitable hydroxyl group-containing polycarbonates are those of a basically known type which are obtained, for example, by reacting diols such as 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol and/or 1,6-hexanediol, diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, tetraethylene glycol with diarylcarbonates, for example, diphenylcarbonate or phosgene. The polyols may be used individually or in the form of mixtures. For the preparation of polyurethane prepolymers, low molecular weight chain extenders or cross-linking agents may optionally be used in quantities of 0 to 100, preferably 20 to 50 hydroxyl equivalent percent based on the overall amount of polyols. Suitable for this purpose are polyfunctional, particularly di- and/or trifunctional, compounds with molecular weights of 18 to 600, preferably 60 to 300. Preferably used are aliphatic diols and triols with 2 to 6 carbon atoms such as ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerin and trimethylolpropane. For the preparation of polyurethane prepolymers, the polyol or the polyol mixture and, optionally, the chain extender or cross-linking agent are reacted with excess polyisocyanate in a basically known fashion in such quantity ratios that the resultant polyurethane prepolymers have a free isocyanate content of 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3 percent by weight. Polyurethane prepolymers are understood to be monomer-free isocyanate group-containing prepolymers as well as their mixtures with excess monomeric diisocyanate. B. A significant characteristic of this invention is the use of dialdimines having the formula R[--N═CH--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O--CO--CH--(CH.sub.3).sub.2 ].sub.2 in which R has the above-mentioned meaning. The dialdimines may be used individually or as mixtures. For the preparation of the dialdimines, the aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic diamines are mixed with an excess of 3-isobutyroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal, preferably in an amine to aldehyde group ratio of 1:1.01 to 1:1.3, particularly 1:1.05 to 1:1.1. After adding a suitable solvent such as toluene, benzene, octane, dichloroethane or, preferably, heptane, the mixture is heated in the presence of a gas which is inert under the reaction conditions of the water separation until the water separation is completed. Generally, this requires reaction times of 1 to 10 hours. It is not absolutely essential to purify the dialdimine, for instance, by distillation. After removing the excess 3-isobutyroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal and the solvent by distillation, the product may also be used directly. Suited for the preparation of dialdimines are aliphatic diamines with 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms such as 1,4-butanediamine, 1,5-pentadiamine, 1,6-hexanediamine, 1,7-heptanediamine, 1,8-octanediamine and 1,10-decanediamine. Diamines with 4 to 10 carbon atoms which contain ether oxygen and/or 1 to 4 carbon alkylamino nitrogen atoms in the chain have also proven to work well. Examples include bis-(2-aminoethyl) ether, N-methyl- or N-ethyldiethylenetriamine and 4,7-dioxadecane-1,10-diamine. Suitable cycloaliphatic diamines with 6 to 15, preferably 6 to 13 carbon atoms include, for example, 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-diaminocyclohexane and the corresponding isomer mixtures; 3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexylamine (IPDA); 2,4- and 2,6-hexahydrotoluenediamine as well as any desired mixtures of these isomers; 2,2'-, 2,4'-, 4,4'-diaminobicyclohexyl, 2,2'-, 2,4'- and 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, -propane-2,2, ether, sulfide and sulfone as well as the corresponding isomer mixtures of the individual classes of compounds. If the moisture-curing, storage stable, single-component systems according to this invention need not be highly resistant to ultraviolet radiation, it is advantageous to use aromatic diamines for the preparation of the dialdimines. Examples for aromatic diamines with 6 to 21, preferably 7 to 13 carbon atoms include; 1,3-, 1,4-phenylenediamine; 2,4-, 2,6-toluenediamine; 4,4'-, 2,4'- and 2,2'-diaminodiphenyl; 4,4'-, 2,4'-, and 2,2'-diaminodiphenylmethane, -propane-2,2, ether, sulfide and sulfone as well as the corresponding isomer mixtures of the individual classes of compounds; 3,3'-dimethyl-, 3,3'-diethyl- and 3,3'-diisopropyl-4,4'-diaminediphenylmethane. 1,6-Hexanediamine, 2,4- and 2,6-hexahydrotoluenediamine and 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane have proven to work particularly well and are, therefore, used on a preferred basis. C. The dialdimines to be used in accordance with this invention hydrolyze in the presence of moisture. The hydrolysis rate can be accelerated by adding organic carboxylic acids such as aliphatic and, preferably, aromatic carboxylic acids or aromatic sulfonic acids such as toluenesulfonic acid. Examples include aliphatic carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, mono-, di- and trichloroacetic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid and aromatic carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, mono-, di- and trichlorobenzoic acid and salicylic acid. Preferably used are benzoic acid and 2-chlorobenzoic acid. Commonly used higher boiling solvents and additives may also be incorporated in the moisture-curing, storage stable, single-component polyurethane systems. These include, for example, fillers, plasticizers, pigments, carbon black, molecular screens, agents to render the systems thixotropic, antioxidants and other similar materials. The advantageous properties of the systems are not impaired by the addition of these substances. For the preparation of the single-component polyurethane systems according to this invention, the polyurethane prepolymer (A) and the dialdimine (B) are mixed at temperatures of 20° C. to 50° C. and while being stirred in such quantities that the ratio of free isocyanate to aldimine groups is approximately 1.3:1 to 1:1, preferably approximately 1:1. It has proven to be advantageous to have a slight excess of free isocyanate groups in the mixture. At room temperature 0.1 to 1, preferably 0.2 to 0.6 parts by weight of an aromatic and/or aliphatic carboxylic acid or toluene sulfonic acid is subsequently added to the mixture per 100 parts by weight of components A and B. The moisture-curing, storage stable, single-component systems according to this invention are stable for more than six months if moisture is excluded. In the presence of moisture, a skin will quickly form and the material will cure. The products are used as coating, sealing, casting, spackling and bonding materials. Films of such materials excel by high elasticity and low odor. The amounts shown in the following, non-limiting, examples are parts by weight. EXAMPLE 1 A. Preparation of the Polyurethane Prepolymer: One hundred (100) parts by weight of a polyether polyol based on propylene glycol/propylene oxide having a molecular weight of 2000 and 175 parts by weight of a polyether polyol based on glycerin/propylene oxide/ethylene oxide having a molecular weight of 4900 were stirred with 39 parts by weight of 3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexylisocyanate at 70° C. for 3 hours. The mixture was then allowed to cool while being stirred. A polyurethane prepolymer was obtained with a free isocyanate content of 2 percent and a viscosity of 24 Pa.s. B. Dialdimine from 3-isobutyroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal and Hexamethylenediamine: Three hundred and seventy eight (378) parts by weight of 3-isobutyroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal, 116 parts by weight of hexamethylenediamine and 70 parts by weight of heptane were mixed at room temperature, condensed in the presence of nitrogen at 90° C. for 1 hour and then heated to a maximum of 150° C. to remove water using a water separator. After 3 hours, 36 parts by weight of water was separated. The mixture was then allowed to cool, and the excess aldehyde and the solvent were removed by distillation under a maximum pressure of 10 mbars and a maximum temperature of 150° C. C. Preparation of the Single-Component Polyurethane System The polyurethane prepolymer (A) and the dialdimine (B) were mixed in a weight ratio of 100:14.2 by stirring at room temperature. Subsequently, 0.5 part by weight of benzoic acid was added per 100 parts by weight of the mixture. A moisture-curing, single-component polyurethane system with the following properties was obtained: ______________________________________Storage Stability: > 1 yearSkin Formation: 30 minutesComplete Curing: 1 mm/20 hours______________________________________ EXAMPLE 2 One hundred (100) parts by weight of the single-component polyurethane system according to Example 1 were mixed with 70 parts by weight of chalk and 170 parts by weight of diisodecyl phthalate. The resultant moisture-curing, single-component system displayed the following properties: ______________________________________Storage Stability: > 1 yearSkin Formation: 45 minutesComplete Curing: 1 mm/17 hours______________________________________ COMPARISON EXAMPLES I-VII The procedures used were the same as those of Example 1, however, other aldehydes and ketones in equivalent amounts were used (in IB) instead of 3-isobutyroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal. These resulted in moisture-curing, single-component polyurethane systems with the properties listed in Table I. TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Comparison Examples I to VII Storage Stability Skin FormationComparison Example Aldehyde/Ketone Under Exclusion of Air (minutes)__________________________________________________________________________I Valeraldehyde Cross-linked after 24 hours 180II Diethylketone Cross-linked after 24 hours 1III 2-Methoxyacetaldehyde Immediate cross-linking --IV Acetoxypivaldehyde Cross-linked after 3 weeks 100V Isobutyraldehyde Cross-linked after 24 hours 2VI Methylisopropylketone Cross-linked after 24 hours 2VII Dipropylketone Cross-linked after 24 hours 2 Example 1 Greater than 1 year 30__________________________________________________________________________ EXAMPLES 3 TO 10 The procedures used were those of Example 1 but other diamines in equivalent amounts were used (in IB) instead of hexamethylenediamine. In this fashion, dialdimines were obtained which were reacted with an equivalent amount of polyurethane prepolymer (1A) according to (1C) to result in moisture-curing, single-component polyurethane systems. The properties of the resultant products are summarized in Table II. TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________ Storage Stability of the Single-Component Poly- urethane System Under the Skin FormationExamples Diamine Exclusion of Moisture (minutes)__________________________________________________________________________3 Ethylenediamine Greater than 1 year 304 1,3-Propanediamine Greater than 1 year 305 1,4-Butanediamine Greater than 1 year 306 1,2-Propylenedimaine Greater than 1 year 307 3-Aminomethyl-3,5,5- Greater than 1 year 75 trimethylcyclohexylamine8 1,2-Diaminocyclohexane Greater than 1 year 609 4,4'-Diaminobicyclohexyl Greater than 1 year 6010 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane Greater than 1 year 150__________________________________________________________________________

The object of this invention is a moisture-curing, storage stable, single-component polyurethane system comprising: A. a polyurethane prepolymer with a free isocyanate content of 1 to 5 percent by weight; B. a dialdimine having the formula R[--N═CH--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O--CO--CH--(CH.sub.3).sub.2 ] 2 in which R is a divalent aliphatic radical with 2 to 10 carbon atoms, aliphatic radical having 4 to 10 carbon atoms and containing ether oxygen and/or lower alkylamino nitrogen atoms, cycloaliphatic radical with 6 to 15 carbon atoms or aromatic radical with 6 to 21 carbon atoms; and C. an acid catalyst selected from the group consisting of aliphatic carboxylic acids, aromatic carboxylic acids, toluenesulfonic acid, and mixtures thereof. The polyurethane systems are used as coating, sealing, casting, spackling and bonding materials.

RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/283,677 filed Nov. 21, 2005, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/777,126, filed Feb. 13, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,970,769, issued Nov. 29, 2005), which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/215,249, filed Aug. 9, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,892,512, issued May 17, 2005), which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/401,340, filed Aug. 7, 2002, which are all incorporated herein by reference. This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/777,114, filed Feb. 13, 2004, and is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention generally relates to methods, systems and medium for automatically dispensing and/or packaging of prescriptions and/or prescription orders wherein disparate pharmaceutical packages, e.g., bottles with automatically and/or manually dispensed pills, packages with pharmaceutical products, literature packs that are optionally patient specific, etc., are automatically dispensed and/or combined into packages. The present invention may be used for mail order pharmacies, wholesalers and/or central fill dealers for subsequent distribution or sale including a retailer. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] In mail service pharmacies and large retail pharmacies, prescription drugs are dispensed in a high volume. For such services, it is known to use an automatic pill dispensing system to carry out the dispensing of the prescription drugs automatically at a rapid rate and to label pill containers which can then be provided to the patient for whom the prescriptions were written. [0004] A known automatic pill dispensing system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,771,657 issued to Lasher et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. In the patent, as shown in the schematic illustration of FIG. 1A , orders (e.g., orders to fill prescriptions) are received by a host computer 9 which forwards the orders to a distributed computer system including a central computer called Pharmacy Automation Controller 10 (PAC). PAC maintains an order file of the information about each prescription to be filled in an order including all of the information needed to fill each prescription, prepare a prescription label for each prescription and the information to print literature to go in a shipping container with the prescription or prescriptions. PAC updates the order file to maintain a record of the current status of each prescription being filled as it progresses through the automated system. [0005] PAC 10 controls a set of PAL stations 14 which print prescription bottle labels, apply the prescriptions to prescription bottles, and load the labeled bottles onto bottle carriers, a carrier conveyer system 21 which carries the bottle carriers to different parts of the system, automatic drug dispensing machines 23 which dispense tablets or capsules into the prescription bottles in the bottle carriers as they are carried by the conveyer system 21 , bottle cappers 25 which apply caps to the bottles, and OCP stations 29 at which the bottles are unloaded from the carriers and placed in the shipping containers corresponding to the patient orders. The conveyer system 21 carries the bottles in the carriers from the PAL stations through the automatic drug dispensing machines 23 to the bottle cappers 25 and then from the bottle cappers to the OCP stations 29 . The conveyer system 21 also carries the empty carriers back to the PAL stations 14 . The OCP stations each also have a literature dispensing mechanism, which inserts printed literature into each shipping container with the filled and capped prescription bottles. PAC 10 controls literature printers 31 which print literature for each prescription order and enclose the literature for each prescription order in an envelope, print a bar code that shows through a window in the envelope identifying the prescription order, and then place each envelope on a literature conveyer 34 which carries the envelope from the literature printers 31 to the OCP stations 29 . [0006] As shown in FIG. 1B , bottles to be automatically filled with the prescription drugs are introduced to the automated system by hoppers 37 which receive the bottles in bulk form and automatically feed the bottles to unscramblers 39 . One of the hoppers 37 and one of the unscramblers 39 will be for large bottles of 160 cc. and the remaining hoppers and unscramblers will be for small bottles of 110 cc. The small bottle size can accommodate a majority of the automatically filled prescriptions. The large bottles are large enough for 91 percent of the prescriptions and are used to fill the prescriptions in that 91 percent which are too large for the small bottles. The remaining 9 percent of the prescriptions which are too large for the large bottles are filled by using multiple bottles. A large bottle and a small bottle will contain a volume required for 97.5 percent of the automatically filled prescriptions. In the unscramblers, the bottles are singulated and oriented so that the bottle opening first faces downward. The bottles are then righted and directed to PAL stations 14 on bottle conveyers 41 and 43 , one for large bottles and one for small bottles. [0007] In the above described conventional system, bottles from one order and corresponding literature are combined into one package. However, many orders include prescriptions for non-pill pharmaceutical products. For example, prescriptions may include liquid pharmaceutical packages, boxes and/or pre-packaged bulk bottles. In addition, as noted above, when prescriptions are filled and mailed to patients, the mail package may include literatures relating to the drugs in the package. The conventional systems are not configured to dispense and combine automatically the above-listed disparate pharmaceutical products into packages. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] Computer-assisted methods, systems and mediums of the present invention overcome, among others, the shortcomings of the above-described conventional systems. [0009] The present invention includes a system for filling at least one order that includes one or more prescriptions. The system includes at least one order consolidation station configured to receive at least one bottle containing pills individually counted and/or the at least one package containing pharmaceutical products without having been pre-designated for the at least one order when the at least one package was created. The at least one bottle is specifically designated for the at least one order, and the at least one order includes at least one prescription for the at least one package. The order consolidation station is further configured to combine automatically the received at least one bottle and/or the at least one package to send the combined the at least one bottle and/or the at least one package to a patient for whom the at least one order was written, thereby filling the at least one prescription. [0010] The at least one order consolidation station can be further configured to receive at least one literature pack containing printed literature relating to the at least one order and configured to combine the at least one literature pack with the combined at least one bottle and/or the at least one package. [0011] The system may also include a package storage device having an array of locations and configured to store the at least one package into one of the array of locations. The system can also include a package dispenser configured to identify the one of the array of locations, pick the at least one package from the one of the array of locations and send the at least one package to the order consolidation station. [0012] The system may also include a package storage device having an array of locations and configured to store a plurality of packages into the array of locations and store the at least one package into one of the array of locations. The system can include a package dispenser configured to identify the one of the array of locations, pick the at least one package from the one of the array of locations and send the at least one package to the order consolidation station. [0013] The package dispenser can include a package label printer to print at least one label for the at least one package. The label is printed with patient specific information including instructions by a prescribing doctor to the patient. The package dispenser may further include a label folder and/or manipulator configured to fold and/or manipulate the at least one label into a wrapped label having a sufficiently small footprint to be affixed on the at least one package. The package dispenser can also include an error detection system configured to detect and read the label affixed on the at least one package and configured to reject the at least one package and the label if an incorrect label is affixed thereto. [0014] The system can also include a bottle storage device having an array of locations and configured to store a plurality of bottles into one of the array of locations, and a bottle dispenser configured to identify the one of the array of locations and send the at least one bottle from the one of the array of the locations to the order consolidation station. [0015] The bottle dispenser can also comprise a metal detector configured to detect a present of a metallic substance in the at least one bottle. The bottle dispenser can be further configured to reject the at least one bottle if a metallic substance is detected therein. The bottle dispenser can also include a bottle magazine to receive the at least one bottle belonging to the one of at least one order. The bottle magazine is disposed and configured to release the received at least one bottle into the bag. [0016] In addition, the system can also include a bagger configured to open a bag to receive the at least one bottle and/or the at least one package into the bag. The bagger can also include an address label or internal control label printer configured to print an address of the patient. The bagger can be further configured to affix the address label or internal control label on the bag before the bag is opened. [0017] The present invention also includes a system for filling at least one order. The system may include a bottle handling station configured to store and dispense at least one bottle containing pills individually counted. The at least one bottle is specifically designated for the at least one order. The system can also include a package handling station configured to store and dispense at least one package containing pharmaceutical products without having been pre-designated for the at least one order when the at least one package was created. The at least one order includes at least one prescription for the at least one package. The system can further include an order consolidation station configured to combine the received at least one bottle and/or the at least one package to send the received at least one bottle and the at least one package to a patient for whom the at least one order was written, to thereby fill the one of at least one order and/or prescription. [0018] The system may also include a literature handling station configured to store and dispense at least one literature pack containing printed literature relating to the at least one order. The order consolidation station can be further configured to receive the at least one literature pack and combine the at least one literature pack with the received at least one bottle and/or the at least one package. [0019] The present invention also provides a system for filling a plurality of orders. The system comprises a bottle handling station configured to store a plurality of bottles each containing pills individually counted. Each bottle is specifically designated for one of the plurality of orders. The system can also include a literature handling station configured to store a plurality of literature packs each containing printed literature relating to one of the plurality of orders and configured to determine a sequence in which the literature packs are stored with respect to corresponding orders. The system may also include a computer system configured to monitor the bottle handling and literature handling stations and configured to cause the bottle handling station to dispense the bottles in the sequence in which the literature packs are stored with respect to corresponding orders and/or prescriptions. The system may further include an order consolidation station configured to receive the bottles and the literature packs in the sequence in which the literature packs are stored with respect to corresponding orders and/or prescriptions and configured to combine the bottles and the literature packs belonging to one of the plurality of orders. [0020] The system may also include a package handling station configured to store a plurality of packages containing pharmaceutical products without having been designated for any of the plurality of orders when the plurality of packages is created. The computer system is further configured to monitor the package handling station and cause the package handling station to dispense the packages in the sequence in which the literature packs are stored with respect to corresponding orders. The order consolidation station can be further configured to receive the packages in the sequence in which the literature packs are stored with respect to corresponding orders and/or prescriptions and configured to combine the packages belonging to the one of the plurality of orders with the combined bottles and literature packs. [0021] The computer system can also be configured to detect an error when the bottles are not received by the order consolidation station in the sequence in which the literature packs are stored. The computer system can also be configured to detect an error when the packages are not received by the order consolidation station in the sequence in which the literature packs are stored. [0022] The present invention also provides a method for filling at least one order. The method can include the step of receiving at least one bottle containing pills individually counted and/or the at least one package containing pharmaceutical products without having been pre-designated for the at least one order when the at least one package was created. The at least one bottle is specifically designated for the at least one order, and the at least one order includes at least one prescription for the at least one package. The method may also include the step of automatically combining the received at least one bottle and/or the at least one package to send the at least one bottle and/or the at least one package to a patient for whom the at least one order was written, to thereby fill the one of at least one order. [0023] The method may also include the step of receiving at least one literature pack containing printed literature relating to the at least one order and configured to combine the at least one literature pack with the received at least one bottle and/or the at least one package. [0024] The method can also include the steps of storing the at least one package into one of an array of locations of a package storage device, identifying the one of the array of locations, and picking the at least one package from the one of the array of locations. The method may further include the step of printing at least one label for the at least one package. The label is printed with patient specific information including instructions by a prescribing doctor to the patient. The method can also include the step of folding, configuring or manipulating the at least one label into a sufficiently small footprint to be affixed on the at least one package. [0025] The method may also include the steps of detecting and reading the label affixed on the at least one package, and rejecting the at least one package and the label if an incorrect label is affixed thereto. The method can also include the steps of storing the at least one bottle into one of an array of locations in a bottle storage device, and identifying the one of the array of locations. The method may further comprise the steps of detecting the presence of a metallic substance in the at least one bottle and rejecting the at least one bottle if a metallic substance is detected therein. [0026] The method may also include the step of opening a bag to receive the at least one bottle and/or the at least one package into the bag. The method may also include the steps of printing an address of the patient and affixing the address label on the bag before the bag is opened. [0027] The present invention also provides a method for filling at least one order. The method comprises the step of storing and dispensing at least one bottle containing pills individually counted. The at least one bottle is specifically designated for the at least one order. The method may also include the step of storing and dispensing at least one package containing pharmaceutical products without having been designated for any of the at least one order when the at least one package was created. The at least one order includes at least one prescription for the at least one package. The method can also include the step of combining the received at least one bottle and/or the at least one package to send directly or indirectly using a variety of means, for example, through a retailer, wholesaler, and/or central fill, the at least one bottle and/or the at least one package to a patient for whom the at least one order was written, to thereby fill the one of at least one order. [0028] The method may also include the steps of storing and dispensing at least one literature pack containing printed literature relating to the at least one order and receiving the at least one literature pack and combining the at least one literature pack with the received at least one bottle and/or the at least one package. [0029] The present invention also provides a system for filling at least one order. The system includes at least one order consolidation means for receiving at least one bottle containing pills individually counted and/or the at least one package containing pharmaceutical products without having been pre-designated for the at least one order when the at least one package was created. The at least one bottle is specifically designated for the at least one order, and the at least one order includes at least one prescription for the at least one package. The order consolidation means can be further configured for automatically combining the received at least one bottle and/or the at least one package into a bag to be sent to a patient for whom the at least one order was written, to thereby fill the one of at least one order. [0030] The order consolidation means can be further configured for receiving at least one literature pack containing printed literature relating to the at least one order and combining the at least one literature pack with the received at least one bottle and at least one package. [0031] The system may also include a package storage means, having an array of locations, for storing the at least one package into one of the array of locations and a package dispense means for identifying the one of the array of locations, picking the at least one package from the one of the array of locations and sending the at least one package to the order consolidation means. The package dispense means can also include a package label printer to print at least one label for the at least one package. The label is printed with patient specific information including instructions by a prescribing doctor to the patient. The package dispense means can further include a label folder configured to fold the at least one configured or manipulated label having a sufficiently small footprint to be affixed on the at least one package. [0032] The package dispense means can further include an error detection system configured to detect and read the label affixed on the at least one package and discard the at least one package and the label if an incorrect label is affixed thereto. [0033] The system can also include a bottle storage means, having an array of locations, for storing the at least one bottle into one of the array of locations and a bottle dispense means for identifying the one of the array of locations and sending the at least one bottle from the one of the array of the locations to the order consolidation means. [0034] The bottle dispense means can include a metal detector means for detecting the presence of a metallic substance in the at least one bottle. The bottle dispense means may be further configured for rejecting the at least one bottle if a metallic substance is detected therein. [0035] The bottle dispense means can include a bottle magazine means for receiving the at least one bottle belonging to the one of at least one order. The bottle magazine means is disposed and configured to release all received at least one bottle into the bag. [0036] The system may also include a bagger means for opening the bag to receive the at least one bottle and at least one package into the bag. The bagger means may include an address label printer means for printing an address of the patient. The bagger means can be further configured for affixing the address label on the bag before the bag is opened. [0037] The present invention may also provide a system for filling at least one order. The system may include a bottle handling means for storing and dispensing at least one bottle containing pills individually counted. The at least one bottle is specifically designated for the at least one order. The system may also include a package handling means for storing and dispensing at least one package containing pharmaceutical products without having been designated for any of the at least one order when the at least one package was created. The at least one order may include at least one prescription for the at least one package. The system may also include an order consolidation means for combining the received at least one bottle and at least one package into a bag to be sent to a patient for whom the at least one order was written, to thereby fill the one of at least one order. [0038] The system may also include a literature handling means for storing and dispensing at least one literature pack containing printed literature relating to the at least one order. The order consolidation means can be further configured to receive the at least one literature pack and combining the at least one literature pack with the received at least one bottle and/or the at least one package. [0039] The system can also provide a system for filling a plurality of orders. The system can include a bottle handling means for storing a plurality of bottles each containing pills individually counted. Each bottle and/or bottles is/are specifically designated for one of the plurality of orders. The system may also include a literature handling means for storing a plurality of literature packs each containing printed literature relating to one of the plurality of orders and for determining a sequence in which the literature packs are stored with respect to corresponding orders. The system may also include a computer system configured to monitor the bottle handling and literature handling means and configured to cause the bottle handling means to dispense the bottles in the sequence in which the literature packs are stored with respect to corresponding orders. The system may also include an order consolidation means for receiving the bottles and the literature packs in the sequence in which the literature packs are stored with respect to corresponding orders and for combining the bottles and the literature packs belonging to one of the plurality of orders. [0040] The system may further include a package handling means for storing a plurality of packages containing pharmaceutical products without having been designated for any of the plurality of orders when the plurality of packages is created. The computer system can be further configured to monitor the package handling means and cause the package handling means to dispense the packages in the sequence in which the literature packs are stored with respect to corresponding orders. The order consolidation means can be further configured for receiving the packages in the sequence in which the literature packs are stored with respect to corresponding orders and configured for combining the packages belonging to the one of the plurality of orders with the received bottles and literature packs. [0041] The present invention may also include a bottle storage apparatus. The device comprising a plurality of storage locations, each storage location, for example, having a top side and a bottom side, and a pin disposed on the bottom side of each of the plurality of storage locations, the pin having an open position and a closed position. Other storage location configurations may alternatively be used. The device also comprises a first gantry crane having a means for picking up a bottle and feeding the bottle to one of the plurality of storage locations via the top side thereof. The bottle is held by the one of the plurality of storage locations, for example, when the pin is in the closed position. The system may also include a second gantry crane having a means for moving, for example, one of the pins from the closed position to the open position. The system may also include a computer system coupled to the first and second loading devices (e.g., gantry cranes) and capable of identifying a location of each storage location. The computer system can be configured to instruct the first loading device to pick up one or more bottles belonging to a order and to feed the one or more bottles to one or more of the plurality of storage locations. The computer system can be further configured to instruct the second gantry crane to, for example, move the pins of the one or more of the plurality of storage locations from the close position to the open position when all of the one or more bottles belonging to the order has been fed to the one or more of the plurality of storage locations. [0042] The plurality of storage locations forms a table. The first gantry crane is disposed on a top side of the table and the second gantry crane, robot arm and/or other standard mechanism is disposed on a bottom side of the table. [0043] The invention of present application provides a system of filling a plurality of orders. A pinch belt including a plurality of locations each of which is capable of carrying a pack of printed material belong to a order. A bottle storage table includes a plurality of storage locations to store at least one bottle belonging to the order. A first conveyor line is located to receive the at least one bottle from the bottle storage table and having a moving surface to move the at least one bottle received from the bottle storage table. The system may also include a means for receiving and holding the at least one bottle and a plurality of shelf locations, each shelf location containing at least one package belonging to the order. The system may also include a robot having an end effector to pick the at least one package and a means to release the at least one package and a second conveyor line having a moving surface to move the at least one package received from the robot. The system can also include a robot arm or other standard mechanism having an end effector to pick up the at least one package and a bagger having a set of arms to open and hold a bag. The system can further include a computer system configured to instruct the pinch belt to convey at least one pack of printed material and discharge the at least one pack into the bag, instruct the bottle storage table to release the at least one bottle, instruct the first conveyor line to move the at least one bottle and dispose the at least one bottle into the bag, instruct the robot to pick up the at least one package and release the at least one package onto the second conveyor line, instruct the second conveyor line to move the at least one package, and instruct the robot arm to pick up and dispose the at least one package into the bag. [0044] There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. [0045] In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. [0046] As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. [0047] These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention. [0048] Other features of the present invention will be evident to those of ordinary skill, particularly upon consideration of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. NOTATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE [0049] The detailed descriptions which follow may be presented in terms of program procedures executed on computing or processing systems such as, for example, a stand-alone computing machine, a computer or network of computers. These procedural descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. [0050] A procedure is here, and generally, conceived to be a sequence of steps leading to a desired result. These steps are those that may require physical manipulations of physical quantities (e.g., combining various pharmaceutical products into packages). Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, optical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared and otherwise manipulated. It proves convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be noted, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. [0051] Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms, such as adding or comparing, which are commonly associated with mental operations performed by a human operator. No such capability of a human operator is necessary, or desirable in most cases, in any of the operations described herein which form part of the present invention; the operations are machine operations. Useful machines for performing the operation of the present invention include general purpose digital computers or similar devices, including, but not limited to, microprocessors. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0052] The detailed description of the present application showing various distinctive features may be best understood when the detailed description is read in reference to the appended drawing in which: [0053] FIGS. 1A-1B are diagrams illustrating a conventional automated pill dispenser; [0054] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating various components of embodiments of the present invention; [0055] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an initial set of determinations that a host computer is configured to make for embodiments of the present invention; [0056] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating various steps performed by embodiments of the present invention; [0057] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating various steps performed by embodiments of the present invention; [0058] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating various steps performed by embodiments of the present invention; [0059] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating various steps performed by embodiments of the present invention; [0060] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating various example components of embodiments of the present invention; [0061] FIGS. 9A-9C are diagrams illustrating an example bottle storage table of embodiments of the present invention; [0062] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a tube structure of the example bottle storage table of embodiments of the present invention; [0063] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example storage device and dispenser for packages of embodiments of the present invention; [0064] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example consolidation station and its associated components of embodiments of the present invention; [0065] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating the steps performed by the consolidation station and its associated components of embodiments of the present invention; [0066] FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example package scanning and labeling station of embodiments of the present invention; [0067] FIG. 15A-15E are diagrams of an example consolidation station and its associated components of embodiments of the present invention; [0068] FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of example bagger and dispenser for packages of embodiments of the present invention; [0069] FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of an example bagger and dispenser for bottles of embodiments of the present invention; [0070] FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating a label for a package of embodiments of the present invention; [0071] FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating the steps performed and dispenser for packages and its local computer of embodiments of the present invention; [0072] FIG. 20 is diagram illustrating an example bagger of embodiments of the present invention; [0073] FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating example control processes for embodiments of the present invention; [0074] FIGS. 22-26 are diagrams illustrating example control schemes for literature packs of embodiments of the present invention; [0075] FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating an example computer network scheme for embodiments of the present invention; [0076] FIG. 28 is a block diagram representation of an example embodiment of computer network(s) implementing embodiments of the present invention; [0077] FIG. 29 illustrates a computer that can be used in implementing embodiments of the present invention; [0078] FIG. 30 is a block diagram of internal hardware of the example computer shown in FIG. 29 ; and [0079] FIG. 31 illustrates one example of a memory medium which may be used for storing computer programs of embodiments of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0080] Reference now will be made in detail to the presently preferred embodiments of the invention. Such embodiments are provided by way of explanation of the invention, which is not intended to be limited thereto. In fact, those of ordinary skill in the art may appreciate upon reading the present specification and viewing the present drawings that various modifications and variations can be made. [0081] For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used on other embodiments to yield a still further embodiment. Additionally, certain features may be interchanged with similar devices or features not mentioned yet which perform the same or similar functions. It is therefore intended that such modifications and variations are included within the totality of the present invention. [0082] Embodiments of the present invention are directed to dispensing orders that include various pharmaceutical products (e.g., bottles that contain counted pills, packages that include liquid or pre-packaged pharmaceutical products and/or patient specific literatures). In embodiments of the present invention pills also refer to tablets, capsules and other similar terms known in the art. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating various components that can be used in embodiments of the present invention. In particular, the components include a storage device for packages 203 , dispenser for the packages 205 , storage device for bottles filled with counted pills 209 , dispenser for the bottled with counted pills 207 , storage device for patient specific literatures 211 , dispenser for the patient specific literatures 213 , consolidation station 215 and host computer 201 . Embodiments of the present invention can also include one or more local computers (Not shown in FIG. 2 ). For instance, each of the components listed above (e.g., the storage device for packages 203 , dispenser for the packages 205 , storage device for bottles 209 , dispenser for bottles 207 , storage device for literature packs 211 and dispenser for literature packs 213 ) can be connected to one or more local computers. The local computers in turn are connected to the host computer 201 . In this way, the host computer 201 and local computers are configured to control the various components of the present invention as described below. [0083] A local computer can also function with a standard Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). A PLC typically includes an I/O card to turn on/off a device. Accordingly, when a component is to be controlled by turning it on/off, a PLC can be used. When a large quantity of data is to be exchanged, a local computer can be used. [0084] The storage device for packages 203 stores packages that contain pharmaceutical products. For example, one set of packages may contain a predetermined number of tablets (e.g., 500 tablets) of a certain drug (e.g., Allegra). Another set of example packages may include liquid pharmaceutical products. The packages can be made by original producers of drugs (e.g., Hoechst Marion Roussel). The packages can also be bulk bottles that are filled by any one of many automated (e.g., the ADDS) or manual methods known in the art. These packages can then be shelved so that their locations can be automatically identified. In turn, the dispenser for the packages 205 is configured to automatically identify the location of any package with a certain type of drug, dosage and/or quantity and configured to pick one or more packages from the identified location. In other words, a package contains a pharmaceutical product without having been pre-designated for any specific order when the package was created. [0085] In operation, the command to locate and pick one or more packages is received from the host computer 201 . The dispenser for packages can also be connected to its own local computer to perform the necessary functions to locate and pick one or more packages in accordance with the command from the host computer 201 . It should be noted that the packages stored in the storage device for packages 203 are not designated for any specific patient. In other words, any package can be picked to fill a order of a patient as long as the type of drug, dosage and/or quantity are matched with the order. [0086] Embodiments of the present invention can also include a standard sensor or a standard counter to indicate when a specific type of package is out of stock in the storage device for packages 203 . These sensors or counters can be present at each location (or a substantial number of them). The signals from the sensors or counters can be communicated to, for example, the host computer 201 via the local computer. In turn, the host computer 201 can notify an operator or system to replenish the specific packages and/or stop the process of filling orders that require the specific type of package that are out of stock in the storage device for packages 203 . In addition, or optionally, the host computer 201 can send a query to the storage device for packages 203 regarding whether a certain number of certain packages are available to be dispensed. In response, the storage device for packages 203 , or in combination with its local computer, can send a response based on information from the sensors and/or counters. Alternatively, sensors may be placed on the robot arm or picking device to provide the similar functionality. In yet another alternative, sensors are not utilized and the system keeps logical control by knowing how many packages have been placed in a channel and how many packages have been removed from the channel. [0087] The dispenser for bottles 207 is configured to receive bottles that contain specific number (e.g., 1-500 or more) of pills for a specific order. For example, one bottle may include 350 tablets of one type of drug for patient A, while another bottle may include 600 tablets of another type of drug for patient B. The bottles can be filled by any automatic dispensing mechanisms known in the art (e.g., the system shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,771,657). The bottles can also be filled by a person (e.g., a pharmacist) manually counting pills. [0088] If an automatic dispensing system is used, the host computer 201 sends commands to fill bottles with certain number of pills for a certain type of drug. Once they are filled, the bottles are stored in the storage device for bottles 209 . In a similar fashion, in a manual system, the dispensing person would receive an instruction to count certain number of tablets for a certain type of drug. The person fills bottles according to the instructions and forwards the bottles to the storage device for bottles 209 . [0089] Once the storage device for bottles 209 receives all the bottles necessary to fill an order, the storage device for bottles 209 or in connection with its local computer sends a message to the host computer 201 indicating that the bottle portion of the order has been filled. For example, an order to fill an order may require 1450 pills of a certain type of drug. In this example, the storage device for packages 203 may already have two packages each with 500 pills of the drug. If so, one bottle with 450 pills of the drug is necessary to fill the bottle portion of the order. (If one bottle cannot receive all 450 pills then more than one bottle would become necessary to provide the 450 pills). [0090] Now turning to describe the storage device for literature packs 211 , contains literatures to be packaged with specific orders. For example, a set of literature packs for one order may include information relating to each of the prescribed drugs, how often each drug must be taken, billing information, special instructions from the prescribing doctor, insurance information, refilling information and/or general information, for example health or notification of other services. The set of literature packs is then packaged per order and collected in the storage device for literature packs 211 . Once the necessary literature packs are created, the storage device for literature packs 211 , or in combination with its local computer, can notify the host computer 201 that the literature pack has been printed. [0091] Upon receiving various information from the storage device for packages 203 , storage device for bottles 209 and storage device for literature packs 211 , the host computer 201 then sends instructions to the dispenser for the packages 205 , dispenser for bottles 207 and dispenser for literature packs 213 , or to their local computers, to dispense necessary bottle(s), package(s) and literature pack(s) to fill one or more orders. The dispensed bottle(s), package(s) and literature pack(s) are then consolidated by the consolidation station 215 and then sent, distributed or mailed out directly or indirectly to patients associated with the orders. The interactions between the consolidation station 215 and the various components illustrated in FIG. 2 are further described in detail below. [0092] More specifically, FIG. 3 illustrates example steps taken by the host computer 201 in combination with the local computers and/or the various components. The host computer 201 first receives a request to fill a order. In response, the host computer 201 creates an order number and determines whether the order contains an order that requires bottles to be filled by counting individual tablets and whether the order contains an order that requires packages from the storage device for bottles 209 . Depending upon the answers to the above two questions the host computer 201 conducts a number of different sets of steps. [0093] If the order requires both one or more bottles from the storage device for bottles 209 and one or more packages from the storage device for packages 203 , then the steps shown in FIG. 4 are executed. If the order requires one or more bottles from the storage device for bottles 209 but does not require any packages from the storage device for packages 203 , then the steps shown in FIG. 5 are executed. If the order requires no bottles from the storage device for bottles 209 but requires one or more packages from storage device for packages 203 , then the steps shown in FIG. 6 are executed. If the order requires no bottles from the storage device for bottles 209 and no packages from the storage device for packages 203 , then the steps shown in FIG. 7 are executed. [0094] Referring to FIG. 4 , there is shown a set of steps that can be performed by the host computer 201 , in combination with various other components illustrated in FIG. 2 and their local computers when both bottle(s) from the storage device for bottles 209 and package(s) from the storage device for packages 203 are required to be filled for a order. In the manual counting system, an instruction can be printed or shown on an operator's computer monitor to count and fill a specific drug. In the automated system, the host computer 201 can send a set of commands to cause a drug dispenser to count and fill a specific drug, thereby performing the step of automatically dispensing tablets into bottles (step 401 ). [0095] Whether the manual system and/or the automated system is used, label(s) are prepared and printed to be affixed on the surface of the bottles, thereby performing the step of associating order specific information with the bottles (step 403 ). The label can be affixed on the caps, sides and/or bottom sides of the bottles as long as they can be located in the later processing steps. The printed labels can contain various information. At minimum, it can contain machine readable (e.g., barcodes) and/or human readable codes/texts so the bottles can be matched to the order numbers in the later processing steps. In addition, the labels can contain information relating to the patient, the drug or any other pertinent information or any combination thereof. One label or a set of labels can be printed and affixed on each bottle. The labels can be printed before, after and/or while the bottles are filled. If the labels are printed before or after the bottles are filled, then printed labels or the bottles need to be queued to be matched with correct bottles or labels, respectively. It should be noted that the information can be printed on the bottles directly and that the information can be alternatively contained in a unique identifier (e.g., radio tags). [0096] As noted above, in filling some orders, more than one bottle may be required. Accordingly, the host computer 201 and/or the local computer determines how many bottles are required. If more than one bottle is required, a notification that the bottles are filled is sent after all the bottles have been filled (steps 405 , 407 , and 409 ). If only one bottle is required, a notification is sent as soon as the one bottle is filled (steps 405 and 409 ). The bottles with the labels affixed thereon are then sent and stored in the storage device for bottles 209 . Upon receiving the notification, the host computer 201 and/or a local computer causes corresponding literature pack(s) to be printed (step 411 ). In some embodiments before, after and/or while the bottles are filled, the host computer 201 can cause literature pack(s) relating to the order to be printed. Once the literature pack(s) is printed, they can be sent and stored in the storage device for literature packs 211 . [0097] When the printing literature packs step is completed, a notification is sent to the host computer 201 and/or local computer (step 415 ). Upon receiving the notification that the literature packs have been printed, the host computer 201 and/or local computers cause packages required to fill the order to be automatically dispensed from dispenser for the packages 205 (steps 415 ). [0098] With respect to the packages in the storage device for packages 203 , as noted above, the host computer 201 can determine if the necessary packages are stocked in the storage device for packages 203 . If not, then the host computer 201 can cause the necessary packages to be stocked in the storage device for packages 203 (either manually or automatically). [0099] Although the steps illustrated in FIG. 4 can be performed in a sequence, such a sequence is not required in the present invention. For instance, the step of printing literature packs (step 411 ) can be performed before other steps. In another example, the step of filling bottles (steps 405 , 407 , 409 ) can be performed before other steps. It should be noted that determining which of the steps are performed before other steps can be an engineering design choice. In one instance, if the step of printing literature packs takes the longest time compared with other steps, then the printing step may be started the first. In another instance, if the step of filling bottle(s) takes the longest time compared with other steps, then the filling bottle(s) step may be started the first before other steps. [0100] Now turning back to FIG. 4 , once the host computer 201 receives notifications from the storage device for literature packs 211 , storage device for bottles 209 and storage device for packages 203 that the respective literature(s), bottle(s) and package(s) for a order have been received and stored, then the host computer 201 causes the dispenser for literature packs 213 , dispenser for bottles 207 and dispenser for the packages 205 to dispense and send the items to the consolidation station 215 . The consolidation station 215 , upon receiving the literature(s), bottle(s) and package(s), combines them into one or more bags (step 417 ). If the received packages completely fill a order, then the one or more bags can be sealed and a mailing label or internal control label can be affixed on each bag. If the received packages do not completely fill a order and require more packages to be put into the one or more bags, then those bags are sent over to a station where the remaining packages can be put into the bags or joined to the order. [0101] In some embodiments of the present invention, the dispenser for literature packs 213 , dispenser for bottles 207 and dispenser for the packages 205 can be configured to dispense literature(s), bottle(s) and package(s) to fill one order at a time. In particular, the dispenser for literature packs 213 dispenses one set of literature(s) to fill one order for one patient, the dispenser for bottles 207 dispenses one set of bottles to fill the one order, the dispenser for the packages 205 dispenses one set of packages to fill the one order. In such embodiments, the consolidation station 215 is configured to receive the packages and put them into bags to be mailed or sent over to the next process stations. [0102] In other embodiments of the present invention more than one (e.g., many tens of thousands) of orders can be filled continuously. In such embodiments, a batch of literature packs for a number of orders can be printed and queued in the storage device for literature packs 211 . In this embodiment, the sequence in which the literature packs are queued can be used in determining which order's bottle(s) and package(s) are filled first. For instance, assume the literature packs queued in the dispenser for literature packs 213 are in the following sequence: Order A, Order B, Order C and so on. If so, the host computer 201 causes the bottle(s) for Order A be filled first. As soon as the bottle(s) are filled, the host computer 201 then can cause the dispenser for bottles 207 to dispense the bottle(s) for Order A to be dispensed and sent over to consolidation station 215 , while causing the dispenser for literature packs 213 to dispense and send the literature pack for Order A be dispensed and sent over to the consolidation station 215 . The host computer 201 also causes the same for the packages to dispensed by the dispenser for the packages 205 . The consolidation station 215 then combines the received packages. [0103] In yet other embodiments of the present invention, a batch of bottles for a number of orders can be queued in the dispenser for bottles 207 . In such embodiments, the sequence in which the bottles are queued can be used in determining which order's literature(s) and package(s) are filled first in a similar manner as described above. Embodiments in which a batch of packages in the dispenser for the packages 205 that determines the sequence of dispensing are also contemplated within this invention. [0104] Referring to FIG. 5 , there is shown a set of steps that can be performed by the host computer 201 , in combination with various other devices/components illustrated in FIG. 2 and their local computers when bottles from the storage device for bottles 209 but no package(s) from the storage device for packages 203 are required to fill orders. As shown in FIG. 5 , most of the steps are similar to the steps shown in FIG. 4 but no steps to dispense packages are included. [0105] In FIG. 6 , there is shown a set of steps that can be performed by the host computer 201 , in combination with various other devices/components illustrated in FIG. 2 and their local computers when package(s) from the storage device for packages 203 but no bottle from the storage device for bottles 209 are required to be filled. As shown in FIG. 6 , most of the steps are similar to the steps shown in FIG. 4 but no steps to dispense bottles are included. [0106] Referring to FIG. 7 , there is shown a set of steps that can be performed by the host computer 201 , in combination with various other devices/components illustrated in FIG. 2 and their local computers when only manually picked packages are required to fill orders. Examples of manually picked packages are oddly shaped boxes, large boxes, products packaged in plastic bags, manual assistance, etc. These packages cannot be stocked in the storage device for packages 203 because of their odd shapes or because of possible failures. As shown in FIG. 7 , literature packs for the orders are printed (step 701 ). After one or a batch of the literature packs have been printed, the host computer 201 is notified that all packs have been printed (steps 703 and 705 ). Upon receiving the notification, the host computer 201 sends a set of instructions to an operator to fill the orders by manually counting the required packages. It should be noted that the steps of manually picking packages can also be included in the steps illustrated in FIGS. 4-6 . [0107] Now turning to describe details of the various components shown in FIG. 2 , FIG. 8 illustrates an overall plant layout of an example embodiment of the present invention. In the example embodiment, the storage device for literature packs 211 is a dispatch unit 801 , the dispenser for literature packs 213 is a conveyor belt 803 (e.g., a pinch belt), the storage device for bottles 209 is a bottle storage table 805 , the dispenser for bottles 207 is a mechanism that releases bottles queued in the bottle storage table 805 , the storage device for packages 203 is a bank of shelves 807 , the dispenser for the packages 205 is a standard picking robot 809 , and the consolidation station 215 is an order consolidation station 811 including a bagger 813 . [0108] These various components can be provided in an assembly line configuration. As shown in FIG. 8 , three sets of each component/system can be provided. For instance, the order consolidation station 813 receives literature packs from the dispatch unit 801 via the conveyor belt 803 , receives bottles from the bottle storage table 805 and receives the packages from the picking robot 809 . The dispatch unit 801 includes a scanner to read the barcodes on the literature packs. The dispatch unit 801 then mounts the literature packs on the belt 803 . It should be noted that, although FIG. 8 illustrates only three sets of components, the present invention is not limited to the described number of sets of components. It follows that the present invention may include one to as many sets of the components required to fill orders as they may be received. In one alternative embodiment, a bottle storage table is not used. In another alternative embodiment, more than one AOC and/or bottle storage table may be used. In other alternative embodiments of the invention, manual intervention and/or manual processes may be substituted for one or more components. [0109] FIG. 9A illustrates a top view of an example of the bottle storage table 805 and its assembly that includes a bottle conveyor belt 901 , an array of bottle storage locations 903 , a standard gantry crane 905 , a reject conveyor belt 907 and a bottle conveyor belt 909 to feed bottles from the bottle storage table 805 to the order consolidation station. In this example, the bottle storage table 805 receives bottles filled by an automated/manual process as described above in connection with FIG. 2 . The labels on the bottles can be scanned to identify its order number. The order number can be barcodes that the host computer 201 , or in combination with a local computer, can match to a specific order number. If no match can be made or if any other inconsistencies are detected, the bottle is rejected and sent to a quality assurance station via the bottle reject conveyor belt 907 . [0110] Once bottles arrive at the bottle storage table 805 , the standard gantry crane 905 picks up the bottles and places them into one of an array of bottle storage locations 903 . The gantry crane 905 is known in the art. Examples of such devices include 5126-620 Load to Storage H-BOT, ATS Standard Products, 305290-1370-1350-BV, H-BOT, and 5126-640 Unload from storage H-BOT, ATS Standard Products, 305290-1370-1350-BV, H-BOT, for example, as described in Canadian Patent Application No. 2,226,379, incorporated herein by reference. The local computer can determine which location to put each bottle and instruct the crane 905 . The location information is then matched and stored into the local computer along with a corresponding order number. In some embodiments, each location may hold only one bottle. In other embodiments, each location may hold more than one bottle (e.g., four) belonging to the same order. Whether the locations can hold one bottle only or more than one bottle, the local computer is configured to store their corresponding order numbers. Accordingly, when the local computer is instructed to release all the bottles belonging to one order, they can all be located. When one or more locations are identified as having bottles to be released, the bottles in those locations can be then picked up by the crane 905 . FIGs. B-C show different perspective view of the bottle storage table. [0111] In some embodiments, each storage location is in the form of a tube structure 1001 with a pin switch 1003 near its bottom opening (as shown in FIG. 10 ). In these embodiments, the tube 1001 structure is configured to receive the bottles via its top opening and hold them therein supported by the pin switch 1003 . When the bottles in the tube structure are to be sent over to the order consolidation station 811 , the pin 1003 is opened by another gantry crane (part of which is shown in FIGS. 9B-C ). When the pin 1003 is opened, the bottles stored in the tube structure 1001 (belong to the same order) slide down through the bottom opening of the tube structure 1001 . The bottles are then collected and sent over to the order consolidation station 811 via the bottle conveyor 909 . [0112] In the example shown in FIG. 9A , the bottle storage table 805 has a two-dimensional array of storage locations. It should be noted that the bottle storage table 805 can have a one-dimensional array of locations or any other shape of array of locations as long as each location can be identified by the local computer. [0113] Now referring to FIG. 11 , there is shown a more detailed example of the storage device for packages 203 . In this example, the storage device for packages 203 includes a number of shelves 807 to store various packages to be dispensed, a picking robot maintenance area 1101 , a picking robot track and the picking robot 809 , such as the MDS picker MODEL-MDS01 manufactured by KNAPP Logistics & Automation, 659 Henderson Drive, Suite I, Catersville, Ga. 30120 U.S.A. and/or Knapp Logistik Automation Ges. m. b. H., Günter-Knapp Str. 5-7 A-8075 Hart bei Graz, Osterrich/Austria. In this example embodiment, the shelves are divided into an array of identifiable locations. Each shelving location has a replenishing side 1103 and picking side 1105 . One type of package is fed into each shelving location from its replenishing side 1103 and picked up by the picking robot 809 from the picking side 1105 . The shelves are optionally arranged so that the replenishing side 1103 is vertically higher than the picking side 1105 . This allows the packages to slide 211 down to the picking side 1105 from the replenishing side 1103 . [0114] The locations are stored in a local computer of the storage device for packages 203 . The shelf locations can be in a two-dimensional array. In such an embodiment, the picking robot grabbing mechanism 1109 is mounted on an elevator to move up/down/forward/backward. It should be noted that the shelves 807 can also be in one-dimensional array or any other shaped arrays as long as its local computer can identify each individual shelf location. Furthermore, the shelves 807 can be located on two sides of the picking robot 809 . Accordingly, the picking robot 809 is configured to pick up packages from both sides thereof. It should also be noted that three-sided, oval shaped, semi-circular shaped shelf formations and/or corresponding picking robots are also contemplated within embodiments of the present invention. [0115] When in operation, the local computer receives instructions from the host computer 201 that include information relating to the quantity and type of drugs to be dispensed from the storage device for packages 203 . The local computer then commands the picking robot 809 to traverse on the track 1107 to the location where the package for one type of drug requested is located. The picking robot 809 then picks up the requested quantity of the packages (using its grabbing mechanism or end effector 1109 , for example, a pair of fingers) and so on until the request is filled. The request can be filled in a certain sequence parallel, and/or in a random fashion. The picking robot 809 can also have sufficient space to temporarily store all the requested packages to fill the request. In some embodiments, the picking robot 809 is configured to have only limited space to temporarily store the packages. In such embodiments, the local computer is configured to calculate the maximum number of packages (based on information of the foot print sizes of each packages) that can be fit on the limited space. The local computer then commands the picking robot 809 to pick up only the maximum number of packages per load. In an alternative embodiment, the picking robot can be replaced with an A-frame or other picking methods, including manual methods. Alternative control structures or architectures may be used with respect to the local and host computers. For example, in an alternative embodiment, the host computer or other central computer may perform one or more of the functions of the local computer. [0116] Once the packages are picked up, the picking robot 809 traverses to the package disposing location to unload the picked packages. The picking robot 809 can be placed into the picking robot maintenance area 1101 for regularly scheduled maintenance. [0117] FIGS. 12 and 13 show certain components of the example embodiment shown in FIGS. 9-11 and operations thereof. More specifically, FIG. 12 illustrates the bottle storage table 805 for the bottles, the picking robot 809 and the conveyor belt 803 for the literature packs. The bottles, packages and literature packs are combined in the order consolidation station 811 and put into one or more bags at the bagger 813 . In operation, bottles filled with counted pills are stored into the bottle storage table 805 (step 1301 ). When a complete set of bottles is received by the bottle storage table 805 , its local computer notifies the host computer 201 that all the bottles for a particular order have been received (step 1303 ). In response, the host computer 201 causes literature packs for the order to be printed (step 1305 ) and sent to the dispatch unit (either in a batch or individually) (step 1307 ). When the literature packs are received, they are organized such that literature packs for one order are next to each other. The dispatch unit 801 also determines the sequence of orders that the literature packs are received by reading identification codes affixed (or printed) on the literature packs. The dispatch unit 801 then sends the literature packs, as they are received and sequenced, to the order consolidation station 811 via the conveyor belt 803 . The dispatch unit 801 also notifies the host computer 201 the sequence of literature packs. [0118] Upon receiving the information from the dispatch unit 801 , the host computer 201 then instructs the bottle storage table 805 to release corresponding bottles and the picking robot 809 to pick corresponding packages of the order (steps to 1309 and 1311 ). The example embodiment is further configured such that the bottles, packages and literature packs all arrive at the bagger 803 simultaneously for each order, although the bagger 803 can optionally receive them at different times in storage locations for later bagging. This configuration allows the bagger 803 to put the bottles, packages, and literature packs into one or more bags automatically. [0119] Now referring to FIG. 14 , there is shown mechanical/schematic illustration of an example embodiment of the dispenser for the packages 205 and consolidation station 215 . In particular, FIG. 14 shows an example package scanning and labeling station 1401 . The station 1401 includes an induct belt 1403 configured to receive packages picked and unloaded by the picking robot 809 . The received packages are then transported to a separation and accumulation belt 1405 configured to put gaps between the packages. The separation and accumulation belt 1405 then moves the packages into a set of barcode scanners 1407 configured to detect and read barcodes from any of five exposed sides of the packages. (Since the packages are boxes, when the packages are placed on the belt 1405 , five sides are exposed other than the side that touches the belt.) In such embodiments, when the packages are replenished into the shelves, their barcodes should not be on the bottom. In some other embodiments, only a top side can be scanned as long as the packages are placed into the shelves so that their barcodes are on the top. Accordingly, any combination of barcode readers can be used as long as barcodes on the packages can be detected and read. It should be noted that in some embodiments of the present invention, the belt 1405 can be transparent so that barcodes from the bottom side of the packages can also be detected and read by a barcode reader located below the belt 1405 . [0120] When barcodes are read, they are verified by a local computer. The local computer ensures that the scanned package actually belongs to the order that is about to be filled by the consolidation station 215 . After the barcode scanners 1407 are used, the images of the packages are captured by a camera 1409 . The images are then sent to the local computer to determine the shape and orientation of the packages as they lay on the belt 1405 . Based on the determined shape, height and orientation, the local computer commands a robot arm to pick up the package from the belt 1405 . An example of conventional computer vision software includes Adept AIM System, Motionware, Robot & Vision, Version 3.3B-Jun. 9, 1999, U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,730. [0121] FIGS. 15A , 16 and 17 schematically show example components of the storage device for packages 203 , dispenser for the packages 205 and consolidation station 215 . FIGS. 15B-E show mechanical drawings of parts of these example components in different perspective views. As part of the dispenser for the packages 205 , the example embodiment includes the induct conveyor belt 1403 for the packages, the conveyor belt 1405 for the packages, the barcode tunnel 1407 , a order labeler 1501 , a label barcode reader 1503 and a robot 1505 . An example of conventional label printers includes Zebra Technologies Corp., Model: 90XiIII, Address: 333 Corporate Woods Parkway, Vernon Hills, Ill. 60061. And, and example of conventional robots includes Staubi Corp., Model: RX60, Address: 201 Parkway West, P.O Box 189; Hillside Park, Duncan, S.C. 29334. [0122] Similar to the example embodiment shown in FIG. 14 , the packages are transported through the barcode tunnel 1407 that detects and reads barcodes on the packages. The packages are then picked up by the robot 1505 (using its end effector 1601 as shown in FIG. 16 ). The local computer causes a patient label to be printed by the patient labeler 1501 for each package. The information printed on the labels and the form of the labels are discussed below in connection with FIG. 18 . While a package is picked up by the robot 1505 and being transported, its label is affixed to the package. Then the robot 1505 swings the package next to the barcode reader 1503 . The presence of a correct label is determined by the label barcode reader 1503 . In addition, the robot 1501 , label barcode reader 1503 , and their local computer can also be configured to cooperate with each other to detect the labels and reject any packages without a label or with an incorrect label. Once, the package is determined to have a correct label affixed thereto, the robot 1505 can drop the package into the bag opened in the bagger 813 as will be discussed below in connection with FIGS. 19-20 . [0123] With respect to the bottles, they are transported via a metal detect conveyor 1509 which has a metal detector 1511 rejected thereon. In such example embodiments, the bottles are passed through the metal detector 1511 which determines any presence of metallic substances in the bottles. Bottles with metallic substances are rejected. The bottles belonging to one order are then placed into a bottle magazine 1513 by a pick-and-place device 1507 . An example of pick-and-place devices includes Stelron, Model: SVIP-A-M-P-6.00, X-2.00 Y-spec, U.S. Pat. No. 3,703,834, Mahwah, N.J. In this example embodiment, a bottle barcode reader is provided to ensure that correct bottles have been delivered to the bottle magazine. Once all the bottles have been loaded to the bottle magazine, they can be released into the bag opened by the bagger 813 all will be discussed below in connection with FIGS. 19-20 . [0124] With respect to the literature packs, they are transported to the bagger 813 via the literature conveyor 803 . As the packs arrive at the bagger 813 , their barcodes are detected and checked by a literature barcode reader 1517 . The literature barcode reader 1517 and it local computer ensures that correct literature packs are to be included in the bag. As the literature packs arrive, they are discharged into the bag as will be discussed below in connection with FIGS. 19-20 . [0125] FIG. 18 illustrates an example label 1801 to be affixed on a package. The label has patient information printed thereon. For instance, the patient information may include one or any combination of the following information: the name of the doctor; how often the package is to be taken by the patient; the name of the drug; the manufacturer of the drug; the number or strength of the drug; any warnings; any refills; and/or the number of or quantity of the packages being dispensed, directly or indirectly, to the patient, if it is standard patient label information. Other information as required may alternatively be printed or placed on the label as well. [0126] The label, after being printed, is folded up so that one surface has adhesive placed thereon and the other surface has an identification mark (e.g., barcodes) printed thereon. An example of a folded label is shown as 1803 . The side with the adhesive is placed on its corresponding package and pressed thereon in order to securely attach the label to its package. When the label is folded up, its size is approximately, a one and one-half inch long by one and one-half inch wide. When the label is not folded, the label is about eleven inches long in its width is one and one-half inches. A wrapping tool is provided to fold up the labels. [0127] In contrast to the prior art Outserts which do not contain information specific to any patient, the present invention advantageously includes patient specific information on the label. [0128] FIG. 19 illustrates the steps taken by the various components, their local computers, and the host computer 201 in the order consolidation station 215 . In particular, bottles belonging to one order number are received from the bottle storage table 805 (step 1901 ). The received bottles are run through the metal detector 1511 (step 1903 ). The bottles are then mounted on the bottle magazine 1513 by the pick-and-place device 1507 (step 1905 ). Simultaneously, packages belonging to the same order number are received from the storage device for packages 203 (step 1907 ). A label is affixed to each of the received packages (step 1909 ). Again simultaneously, the conveyor belt 803 moves literature packs belonging to the same order number to the bagger. When all the items arrive, they are disposed into one or more bags at the bagger 813 . [0129] If any error is detected, the items belonging to the same order number are all sent to a quality assurance station. If the error cannot be resolved, the order is cancelled and re-ordered. The host computer 201 reinitiates the process from the beginning to fill the order again. The example errors can be a rejected bottle because a metallic substance was detected, a patient label not being affixed to a package, incorrect literature packs being delivered, etc. [0130] Now referring to FIG. 20 , there is shown an example embodiment of the bagger 813 in detail. The example bagger 813 includes a supply of bags 2001 , a printer 2003 , tamp 2004 , a scanner 2005 , a mechanism 2006 to open a bag and hold it open and a mechanism 2007 to seal the bag. In operation, bags are fed from the bag supply 2001 one at a time. As the bags move up through the bagger 815 , a label or information about the order that is about to be filled is placed on the bag. For example, The label may be printed and then pressed against the bag by the tamp 2004 . The label or information is then detected and read by the scanner 2005 . The scanner determines whether the correct label is printed and/or the label is properly affixed to the bag. The bag is then opened to receive the items in the manner as described above in connection with FIG. 19 . If the bag contains all the items necessary to fill the order, then the bag is sealed. Optionally, the bag is not sealed, if an error is detected. If one or more manually picked packages are required as described above in connection with FIG. 7 , then the bag is left unsealed. Although the present invention includes a bagger as described above, any container that can receive various pharmaceutical products and literature packs are also contemplated within this invention. [0131] Now referring back to FIG. 15A , since the sealed bags are ready to be distributed or mailed, they are put on, for example, a conveyor belt 1519 . For the unsealed bags, they are put on a tote conveyor 1521 in a tote. The tote is then transferred to an operator who can then completely fill the order by manually adding the required package(s). [0132] In order to fill order in the manner described above in connection with FIG. 19 in a continuous basis, flow logic, error detection and/or correction may be required. FIG. 21 illustrates an example process called consolidation logic 2101 and its interface with other example control logic processes for various components. The logic processes can run on the host computer 201 and/or in combination with the local computers. [0133] For example, a literature handling process 2103 can interact with the consolidation logic process 2101 to ensure correct literature packs are included when a order is filled. As shown in FIG. 17 , the conveyor belt has three positions. Position 1 designates the position on the belt 803 in which its literature pack is ready to be disposed into the bag at the bagger 813 . Position 2 designates the position on the belt 803 in which its literature pack can be discarded if some error is detected. Position 3 designates the position on the belt in which the barcode reader 1517 shown in FIG. 15A detects and reads the barcode of the literature pack. The literature handling logic 2103 can report on the status of the literature packs in the three positions. In turn, the consolidation logic process 2101 can instruct the literature handling logic process 2103 to perform one or more tasks (e.g., accept or reject certain literature packs and/or advance the conveyor belt 803 ). [0134] For example, in FIG. 22 , the consolidation logic 2101 starts by querying whether the literature packs are in a steady state (step 2201 ). In other words, the process 2101 is attempting to determine if the literature packs are being supplied by the conveyor belt 803 . It is also attempting to determine if any literature packs have been consolidated. It then determines if there are literature packs in positions 1 and 2 (steps 2201 and 2203 ). If the answer is affirmative, then it further determines if the literature pack in the position 2 is in the same order as the literature packs were picked by the dispatch unit 801 and fed to the conveyor belt 803 (step 2209 ). If not, the literature pack in the position 2 is discarded (step 2209 ). If affirmative, then the consolidation logic 2101 further determines if the literature pack in the position 2 is consolidated (step 2211 ). If affirmative, then the literature pack in position 2 is discarded (step 2209 ). Subsequently, the belt 803 is moved one position to repeat the processes. In this way, multiple literature packs can be put into one bag. [0135] In some occasions, a bag at the bagger 813 cannot receive all the items. A second bag may be required to put literature packs only. This is called a literature pack only order. For such an order, the bagger 813 is not required to print a mailing label. As shown in FIG. 23 , the logic process 2101 first determines if the literatures pack in the position 2 is for literature only order (step 2301 ). If so, the literature pack is discharged (step 2303 ). If not, the process confirms the barcode is detected and read the barcode on the literature pack (step 2305 ). If so, the process further determines if the literature pack in the position 1 is for the bottles in the bottle magazine (step 2307 ). If so, the process also determines if the print queue in the bagger is in a literature only mode (i.e., not required to print any label) (step 2309 ). If so, then the literature pack is discharged (step 2303 ). FIGS. 24-26 show various other decisions to be made by the literature handling logic process 2103 and consolidation logic process 2101 . [0136] Now referring back to FIG. 21 , besides the literature handling logic 2103 , the consolidation logic process 2101 also interacts with other processes (e.g., a robot process 2105 , patient label printer process 2107 , bagger process 2109 , etc.). It should be noted that FIGS. 21-26 are provided herein only as a part of an example embodiment in which orders are continuously filled in a high speed. Furthermore, these logic processes are specifically engineered only in the case with specific implementations. For example, if there are four or more positions for the literature packs rather than three as described above, then the logic processes would be required to be correspondingly changed. Hence, one of ordinary skill in the art can appreciate possible permutations and combination of logic processes for various control flow logic implementations. [0137] In addition, instead of relying solely on logic processes, in other example embodiments, manual processes can also be implemented. For instance, if an error is detected, the bag and its contents can be sent to quality assurance stations where one or more operators can check and correct the errors. [0138] FIG. 27 is a computer networking diagram illustrating an example embodiment in which the host computer 201 , local computers and their various processes are connected to each other. In this example embodiment, the host computer 201 includes two main processes: an ADS-PAC process 2701 and a CADS-PAC process 2703 . The ADS-PAC process 2701 controls the way in which pills are dispensed into bottles in an automated pill dispensing device (e.g., the ADDS shown in FIG. 1 ). A bottle table 1 (one of many tables) includes a PLC 2705 . The PLC 2705 is in turn connected to a bottle table communication node 2707 via a dedicated link 2709 (e.g., Ethernet). The node 2707 is then connected to the ADS-PAC 2701 via another dedicated link. Alternatively, the ADS-PAC and the CADS-PAC process may be combined or separated using a variety of standard methods or programming techniques Once bottles are filled for one or more orders, the information relating to those orders is transferred over to the CAD-PAC process 2703 . This process then carries out the consolidation process. For example, the CAD-PAC process 2703 is connected to an AOC cell communication node 2709 via a dedicated line. The controller for the patient label printer 2711 is controlled directly by the AOC node 2709 over an RS-232 line 2713 because relatively large data need to be transferred to the printer to print the patient labels (similarly, the controller for the bagger printer 2715 also has a direct connection to the AOC node 2709 ). Other devices, for example, the controller for literature dispatch unit 2717 , are indirectly connected to the AOC node 2709 via an AOC cell PLC 2719 . [0139] FIG. 28 is an illustration of the architecture of the combined Internet, POTS (plain, old, telephone service), and ADSL (asymmetric, digital, subscriber line) for use in accordance with the principles of the present invention. In other words, instead of using dedicated lines and such communication schemes as shown in FIG. 27 , this example embodiment envisions a remotely controllable system. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the use of the Internet, ADSL, and POTS are for exemplary reasons only and that any suitable communications network may be substituted without departing from the principles of the present invention. This particular example is briefly discussed below. [0140] In FIG. 28 , to preserve POTS and to prevent a fault in the ADSL equipment 2854 , 2856 from compromising analog voice traffic 2826 the voice part of the spectrum (the lowest 4 kHz) is separated from the rest by a passive filter, called a POTS splitter 2858 , 2860 . The rest of the available bandwidth—from about 10 kHz to 1 MHz—carries data at rates up to 6 bits per second for every hertz of bandwidth from data equipment 2862 , 2864 , and 2894 . The ADSL equipment 2856 then has access to a number of destinations including significantly the Internet 2820 or other data communications networks, and other destinations 2870 , 2872 . [0141] To exploit the higher frequencies, ADSL makes use of advanced modulation techniques, of which the best known is the discrete multitone (DMT) technology. As its name implies, ADSL transmits data asymmetrically—at different rates upstream toward the central office 2852 and downstream toward the subscriber 2850 . [0142] Cable television services are providing analogous Internet service to PC users over their TV cable systems by means of special cable modems. Such modems are capable of transmitting up to 30 Mb/s over hybrid fiber/coax system, which use fiber to bring signals to a neighborhood and coax to distribute it to individual subscribers. [0143] Cable modems come in many forms. Most create a downstream data stream out of one of the 6-MHz TV channels that occupy spectrum above 50 MHz (and more likely 550 MHz) and carve an upstream channel out of the 5-50-MHz band, which is currently unused. Using 64-state quadrature amplitude modulation (64 QAM), a downstream channel can realistically transmit about 30 Mb/s (the oft-quoted lower speed of 10 Mb/s refers to PC rates associated with Ethernet connections). Upstream rates differ considerably from vendor to vendor, but good hybrid fiber/coax systems can deliver upstream speeds of a few megabits per second. Thus, like ADSL, cable modems transmit much more information downstream than upstream. Then Internet architecture 2820 and ADSL architecture 2854 , 2856 may also be combined with, for example, user networks 2822 , 2824 , and 2028 . [0144] In accordance with the principles of the present invention, in one example, a main computing server (e.g., the host computer 201 ) implementing the process of the invention may be located on one or more computing nodes or terminals (e.g., on user networks 2822 , 2824 , and 2828 or system 2840 ). Then, various users (e.g., one or more of the local computers described above) may interface with the main server via, for instance, the ADSL equipment discussed above, and access the information and processes of the present invention from remotely located PCs. As illustrated in this embodiment, users may access, use or interact with the computer assisted program in computer system 2840 via various access methods. Databases 2885 , 2886 , 2887 , 2888 , and 2840 are accessible via, for example computer system 2840 and may be used in conjunction with client manager module 2891 , tracking module 2892 , for the various functions described above. [0145] Viewed externally in FIG. 29 , a computer system (e.g., the host computer 201 or the local computers) designated by reference numeral 2940 has a computer 2942 having disk drives 2944 and 2946 . Disk drive indications 2944 and 2946 are merely symbolic of a number of disk drives which might be accommodated by the computer system. Typically, these would include a floppy disk drive 2944 , a hard disk drive (not shown externally) and a CD ROM indicated by slot 2946 . The number and type of drives vary, typically with different computer configurations. Disk drives 2944 and 2946 are in fact optional, and for space considerations, are easily omitted from the computer system used in conjunction with the production process/apparatus described herein. [0146] The computer system also has an optional display upon which information screens may be displayed. In some situations, a keyboard 2950 and a mouse 2952 are provided as input devices through which a user's actions may be inputted, thus allowing input to interface with the central processing unit 2942 . Then again, for enhanced portability, the keyboard 2950 is either a limited function keyboard or omitted in its entirety. In addition, mouse 2952 optionally is a touch pad control device, or a track ball device, or even omitted in its entirety as well, and similarly may be used to input a user's selections. In addition, the computer system also optionally includes at least one infrared transmitter and/or infrared received for either transmitting and/or receiving infrared signals, as described below. [0147] FIG. 30 illustrates a block diagram of one example of the internal hardware 3040 configured to perform various example steps as described above. A bus 3056 serves as the main information highway interconnecting various components therein. CPU 3058 is the central processing unit of the internal hardware 3040 , performing calculations and logic operations required to execute the control/operation processes of the present invention as well as other programs. Read only memory (ROM) 3060 and random access memory (RAM) 3062 constitute the main memory of the internal hardware 2140 . Disk controller 3064 interfaces one or more disk drives to the system bus 3056 . These disk drives are, for example, floppy disk drives 3070 , or CD ROM or DVD (digital video disks) drives 3066 , or internal or external hard drives 3068 . These various disk drives and disk controllers are optional devices. [0148] A display interface 3072 interfaces display 3048 and permits information from the bus 3056 to be displayed on display 3048 . Communications with external devices such as the other components (e.g., a PLC) of the system described above, occur utilizing, for example, communication port 3074 . Optical fibers and/or electrical cables and/or conductors and/or optical communication (e.g., infrared, and the like) and/or wireless communication (e.g., radio frequency (RF), and the like) can be used as the transport medium between the external devices and communication port 3074 . Peripheral interface 3054 interfaces the keyboard 3050 and mouse 3052 , permitting input data to be transmitted to bus 3056 . In addition to these components, the internal hardware 3040 also optionally include an infrared transmitter and/or infrared receiver. Infrared transmitters are optionally utilized when the computer system is used in conjunction with one or more of the processing components/stations/modules that transmits/receives data via infrared signal transmission. Instead of utilizing an infrared transmitter or infrared receiver, the computer system may also optionally use a low power radio transmitter 3080 and/or a low power radio receiver 3082 . The low power radio transmitter transmits the signal for reception by components of the production process, and receives signals from the components via the low power radio receiver. The low power radio transmitter and/or receiver are standard devices in industry. [0149] Although the server in FIG. 31 is illustrated having a single processor, a single hard disk drive and a single local memory, the analyzer is optionally suitably equipped with any multitude or combination of processors or storage devices. For example, the computer may be replaced by, or combined with, any suitable processing system operative in accordance with the principles of embodiments of the present invention, including sophisticated calculators, and hand-held, laptop/notebook, mini, mainframe and super computers, as well as processing system network combinations of the same. [0150] FIG. 31 is an illustration of an example computer readable memory medium 3184 utilizable for storing computer readable code or instructions. As one example, medium 3184 may be used with disk drives illustrated in FIG. 30 . Typically, memory media such as floppy disks, or a CD ROM, or a digital video disk will contain, for example, a multi-byte locale for a single byte language and the program information for controlling the modeler to enable the computer to perform the functions described herein. Alternatively, ROM 3060 and/or RAM 3062 illustrated in FIG. 30 can also be used to store the program information that is used to instruct the central processing unit 3058 to perform the operations associated with various automated processes of the present invention. Other examples of suitable computer readable media for storing information include magnetic, electronic, or optical (including holographic) storage, some combination thereof, etc. [0151] In general, it should be emphasized that the various components of embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in hardware, software or a combination thereof. In such embodiments, the various components and steps would be implemented in hardware and/or software to perform the functions of embodiments of the present invention. Any presently available or future developed computer software language and/or hardware components can be employed in such embodiments of the present invention. For example, at least some of the functionality mentioned above could be implemented using Visual Basic, C, C++, or any assembly language appropriate in view of the processor(s) being used. It could also be written in an interpretive environment such as Java and transported to multiple destinations to various users. [0152] The many features and advantages of embodiments of the present invention are apparent from the detailed specification, and thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.

Computer assisted systems, methods and mediums for filling one or more orders. One embodiment of the present invention is a system that includes an order consolidation station configured to receive at least one bottle containing pills individually counted and/or at least one package containing pharmaceutical products without having been designated for any of the orders when the package was created and/or at least one literature pack optionally including patient specific information. The order consolidation station is further configured to combine automatically the received bottle and/or package and/or literature pack into a container to be sent to a recipient including, for example, mail order pharmacies, wholesalers and/or central fill dealers for subsequent distribution or sale including retailer distribution or sale. The bottle is specifically designated for the order, and the order generally includes at least one prescription for the package.

This is a division of application Ser. No. 07/284,546 filed Dec. 15th, 1988 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,926. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a tub having at least one nozzle, built into the vicinity of the tub wall for introducing a water-and-air mixture, which communicates via a pressure line with the pressure side of a pump, the intake side of which communicates via a pipeline with an intake opening in the vicinity of the bottom of the tub. Tubs of this type, which as a rule can be installed like a standard bathtub, are used in such a way that for a "whirlpool bath", the tub is filled and emptied after the bath in the usual manner. Care must be taken when emptying the tub that the pump system pipelines, including the pump, are emptied as well, to prevent bacterial growth. In relatively large-capacity tubs of this type, in which the tub or pool is kept filled over a relatively long period of time and is used several times before refilling, water-conditioning devices, in particular filters, are provided in the pipeline system so that germs can largely be prevented from forming in the water. In pools of this type as well, care must be taken that the pipeline system be emptied completely as well when the water is changed, so that when the pool is refilled, contamination of the freshly drawn water is avoided. From German Patent 34 20 714, a whirlpool tub is known in which the pipeline system, via a system of level sensors and controllable valves, is equipped such that when it is filled, the entire pipeline system is first flushed with fresh water, so that any of the old water that may still remain is flushed out into the drain line and can no longer get into the water filling the tub when the swirl nozzle system, which functions by recirculation, is put into operation. It has now been found that flushing with fresh water is no longer adequate over a relatively long period of time. The entire pipeline system that carries water must therefore be treated from time to time in a separate cleaning operation, in which a cleaning and/or disinfecting solution is poured into the tub along with the fresh water. Especially in whirlpool tubs used in private homes, either this additional operation is omitted completely or it is performed at such long time intervals that the danger that the water filling the tub will become contaminated by sources of bacteria in the pipeline system cannot be precluded. The automatically closing nozzles known previously are not only complicated in their structure, because of the required pivotability of the nozzle body, but also have disadvantageous housing shapes, which do not permit complete emptying and/or satisfactory flushing with a cleaning agent. Moreover, a defined supply of the air via an air line protruding into the nozzle body is not possible, so that the previously known closable nozzle forms can admix air only in the suction mode, and the connection of an air compressor, or in other words an air supply that takes place independently of the flow through the nozzle, is not possible. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to embody a whirlpool tub such that each time the whirlpool bath is put into operation, both when it is refilled and when the swirl nozzle system is put into operation after the tub has been completely filled, a thorough flushing of the entire pipeline system, separately from the tub interior, can be performed, together with the addition of a cleaning and/or disinfecting agent. The above and other objects are accomplished according to the invention by the provision of a fluid system, including: a pump which has a suction side and a pressure side; a nozzle for introducing a water-and-air mixture into the tub; the nozzle having a nozzle portion; a pressure line connecting the pressure side of the pump with the nozzle portion; a suction opening provided in a bottom region of the tub; and a suction line connecting the suction side of the pump with the suction opening; the improvement including: (a) a valve provided in the nozzle portion for cutting off fluid flow to the tub; (b) an overflow line having a closable vent opening; the overflow line being coupled to the suction side of the pump; (c) a device for selectively allowing or blocking fluid communication between the overflow line and the suction line of the pump: and (d) a supply source for introducing a cleaning agent at a location upstream of the nozzle as viewed in a direction of fluid flow therethrough. The closability of the nozzles with respect to the interior of the tub makes it possible to flush the entire pipeline system separately, either with fresh water or with fresh water and a solution of cleaning agent and/or disinfecting agent, before each use of the swirl nozzle system. This can be done both upon refilling of the tub and when a tub is already completely filled. The overflow line between the nozzle and the suction line enables the circulatory flushing action to occur. If the overflow line is shut off from the suction line, the tub can be operated in the whirlpool mode with the nozzle opened. With both the tub and the pipeline system completely empty, the vent opening makes it possible to fill the pipeline system completely first, and in so doing to vent it, upon refilling the tub and/or when performing a separate cleaning operation, with the aid of the pump. The feeding of the cleaning and/or disinfecting agent, hereinafter referred to as the cleaning agent, is suitably effected upstream of the pump, so that satisfactory mixing of the cleaning agent with the water can be effected in the pump itself. In another feature of the invention, the overflow line is closable with respect to the suction line by a preferably closable shutoff valve. In a further embodiment of the invention, the overflow line, at a location downstream of the nozzle, has a branch line which is closable with a closable shutoff valve and which discharges into the tub drain pipe. This embodiment makes possible the establishment of definite pressure conditions in the pipeline system for the various operating modes. The disposition of the branch line that can be shut off enables emptying the part of the overflow line located below the level of the tub completely as well. If the shutoff valve of the overflow line is completely opened and the shutoff valve of the branch line is not completely closed during cleaning, then, while simultaneously supplying fresh water, it is possible to remove some of the circulated water from the tub interior via the intake opening in the vicinity of the bottom of the tub, and then, once the cleaning operation is completed, to flush the pipeline system with fresh water and flush out all of the cleaning agent solution by simultaneously shutting off the overflow line from the suction line and completely opening the shutoff valve in the branch line. For whirlpool operation, the shutoff valve of the branch line is then closed as well, so that once the tub interior has been filled completely and with the nozzle now open, whirlpool operation can take place. In a feature of the invention, the vent opening can be shut off with a shutoff valve which preferably a float valve, so that once the overflow line has been completely vented, the pipeline system can be subjected to circulating water and/or a cleaning agent solution. In another advantageous feature of the invention, the nozzle has a shutoff body which keeps the pressure line closed off from the tub interior at a pump pressure between zero and a first low pressure level and automatically opens if the first pressure level is exceeded. While the above described cleaning operation can also be performed using manually closable nozzles instead of the nozzle having the shutoff body, this feature permits automatic operation, particularly if, via a corresponding control circuit, the shutoff valve in the overflow line and in the branch line are also triggerable and are actuated as a function of the pressure in the pressure line, or as a function of a fill level in the interior, or via a timing program. It is particularly advantageous if, as in a further feature of the invention, a pump of variable and preferably infinitely regulatable rpm is provided, which in combination with a level sensor switches the pump drive motor so that, when a minimum fill level in the tub is exceeded, a pumping capacity is used that results in a pump pressure lower than the first pressure level. This assures that, with a nozzle that opens automatically as a function of pressure, and with correspondingly opened shutoff valves in the overflow line and/or branch line, the fluid carried in the pipeline system via the pump cannot enter the tub interior. While it is in principle possible to connect the pipeline system to the tub interior via a separate intake opening, a preferred embodiment of the invention provides that the intake opening of the suction line that communicates with the tub interior is disposed in a chamber-like tub drain fitting, in which the tub drain opening drains into the chamber-like tub drain fitting and the tub plug is disposed below the mouth of the intake line, the overflow line discharges above the tub plug, and the branch line discharges below the tub plug into the tub plug fitting. This makes it possible to combine the drain opening, which is necessary in any case, with the intake opening of the pump suction line, and at the same time to combine the overflow line, or its branch line, selectively with either the suction line or the drainpipe in one fitting. By disposing the mouth of the intake line of the overflow line in the chamber-like tub drain fitting at a location above that of the tub plug, it is also possible, given a suitable embodiment of the relevant flow cross sections, to flush the pipeline system thoroughly with a cleaning agent solution as well, without requiring an additional plug for the intake opening and without this cleaning agent being capable of entering into the tub interior. This can be assured if, when the shutoff valve is slightly open, the pump draws fluid in an amount via the suction line from the chamber-like connection fitting such that, in addition to the quantities of fluid received from the overflow line, a small quantity of fluid is also drawn from the tub interior via the intake opening. The invention also relates to an automatically closing nozzle for introducing a mixture of water and air into a tub, in particular a tub of the type described above. This nozzle has a support ring, by way of which a prechamber communicating with the pressure line is firmly joined to the tub wall and with which a retaining ring is releasably connected, and wherein a nozzle body embodied as a ball is pivotably held in the support ring. The nozzle body has a bore that communicates with the prechamber, and the mouth of an air supply line protrudes into the bore externally of the tub. To overcome the problems of the prior art set forth hereinabove, the invention provides that the retaining ring is embodied as a plunger and is retained axially displaceably in the support ring and is supported on its side remote from the prechamber via compression spring elements; that the bore of the nozzle body has, on its end oriented toward the mouth of the air supply line, an annular sealing element circumscribing an entrance to the bore; and that the outside of the mouth of the air supply line has an external surface portion which is spherical, the nozzle body being urged against this spherical surface portion by the compression spring elements such that the sealing element seats against it. A nozzle embodied in this way, having a rigid air supply line protruding into the nozzle body, can be closed independently of the pivoted position of the spherical nozzle body, when no pressure is applied to the prechamber. Only when the pressure applied to the prechamber creates a force on the plunger that is greater than the closing force of the compression spring elements, does the sealing element lift from the spherical face of the mouth of the air supply line and free the connection between the prechamber and the interior of the tub. The closing force of the compression spring elements is designed such that it is higher than the plunger force that corresponds to the pressure in the prechamber during the flushing operation. Particularly in the case where an only slightly deformable material is used for the annular sealing element, it is advantageous for the center of the spherical face of the mouth of the air supply line to coincide with the center of the spherical body when the sealing element is in contact with the spherical face. In a further feature of the invention, the ends of the compression spring elements which are remote from the prechamber are braced against an adjusting ring which is axially adjustable with respect to the mouth of the air supply line. With the aid of such an adjusting ring, it is possible on the one hand to vary the flow cross section of the nozzle for control of the flow of water through the nozzle independently of the pumping capacity of the pump, so that even when pumps not having a regulatable pumping capacity are used, it is possible to vary the quantity of water emerging through the nozzle. On the other hand, it is possible to close the nozzle completely by hand as well, so that the nozzle body with its annular sealing element is pressed firmly against the spherical outside face of the mouth of the air supply line, so that even when a high pressure prevails in the prechamber the nozzle does not open. This is particularly important for nozzles of tubs which permit pre-flushing of the system, of the type according to the invention. During normal operation and with a nozzle that automatically opens if the first pressure level is exceeded, a solution of cleaning agent can be pumped only "gently", in other words with a low flow velocity through the pipeline system, without causing opening of the nozzle. When the nozzle is closed by movement of the adjusting ring, it is possible to flush out the pipeline system with the full pump power, so that instead of or in addition to the chemical action of the cleaning agent, a mechanical cleaning action can be attained via high flow velocities. In an advantageous embodiment, the adjusting ring is accessible from the interior of the tub and includes at least one handle element. In another advantageous feature of the invention, the adjusting ring and the retaining ring are joined together in a manner fixed against relative rotation but such that they are axially displaceable relative to one another. This arrangement has the advantage that, upon an actuation of the adjusting ring, no relative rotational movement between the adjusting ring and the retaining takes place, so that the compression spring elements, upon an adjustment, are not strained in the transverse direction, therefore precluding jamming or tilting thereof. In still another feature of the invention, the space surrounding the spring elements is vented. This has the advantage that the automatic closing and opening function of the nozzle is maintained, even if after a relatively long period of operation the plunger seals were to become leaky so that the equilibrium pressure will not build up in the space surrounding the spring elements, so that the spring elements would keep the plunger in the closing position even at operating pressure. Thus via the vent opening, not only can the air volume in this space escape, but any fluid that has entered it can escape as well, so that when the prechamber is pressurized, an unequivocal pressure difference can always exist between the prechamber and the space surrounding the spring element. In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the plunger is provided, on an end thereof which is oriented toward the prechamber, with a scraper, which in the closing position of the nozzle protrudes into the prechamber. By means of a scraper of this kind, which may also be part of the plunger seal, it is assured that when the system is depressurized lime deposits that form on the associated inner cylindrical face of the support ring are mechanically removed, to facilitate reciprocation of the plunger in the support ring even after a long period of operation. In nozzles for use with tubs having the pre-flushing of the system according to the invention, a further feature of the invention is that the prechamber, on its upper side, has a connection piece for connection to an overflow line. This makes it possible to vent the prechamber completely when the cleaning solution is introduced, with the action of the pump causing filling of the prechamber. In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the prechamber is provided on its lower side with an inlet opening which has at least two branches which are preferably oriented at right angles from one another. This arrangement has the advantage that for smaller tubs, in which only two nozzles per tub side are provided, the nozzles can be disposed at the same height, and the pressure line connecting the two nozzles together as well as the pressure line extending from the pump to the first nozzle, when viewed in the flow direction, can be laid practically without a slope, so that when the system is emptied the liquid can flow back out of the prechamber to the pump. This makes installation considerably simpler, because it becomes largely unnecessary to provide additional fittings. In another advantageous feature of the nozzle according to the invention, the air supply line protrudes at an angle extending from top to bottom through the prechamber into the bore of the nozzle body. This arrangement has the advantage that the part of the air supply line located in the vicinity of the nozzle can also be completely emptied when the system is emptied. The invention also relates to a tub drain fitting for tubs with system pre-flushing, in particular for a tub of the type according to the invention that can be connected to the drain opening of the tub. This tub drain fitting includes a flow chamber disposed beneath the bottom of the tub, the flow chamber having an upper opening that terminates in the form of a drain opening into the tub interior, and has a lower opening that discharges into the drain pipe and is closable with a valve body which is externally actuatable, the flow chamber above the valve body having two preferably diametrically opposed flow openings, wherein one of the flow openings is connectable to an inflow line and the other is connectable to a suction line. A tub drain fitting embodied in this way has the advantage that the tub drain opening also serves as an intake opening for the suction line of the pump, so that when the inflow line is closed, water can be carried out of the tub interior via the pump through the nozzles in a circulating loop (whirlpool operation). When the inflow line is opened, then depending on the relative sizes of the cross sections of the intake line on the one hand and the inflow line on the other, the inflow line preferably having a smaller cross section, the quantity of fluid flowing in from the inflow line is introduced in jet form directly into the intake line, so that an overflow of the fluid from the inflow line into the tub interior is avoided. Instead, a slight drag flow is generated, which carries some of the fluid along with it out of the tub itself via the suction line. During a flushing operation, in particular during a flushing operation using a solution including a cleaning agent, the cleaning agent solution is prevented from getting into the tub interior. In another embodiment of the invention, the opening connectable to the inflow line has a pipe extension protruding into the flow chamber toward the other opening. As a result, the quantity of fluid arriving from the inflow line operates in the manner of a jet pump with respect to the drain opening of the tub. In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the opening communicating with the tub interior communicates via a pipe insert with the drain opening located beneath it, the pipe insert having a smaller diameter than the inside diameter of the flow chamber, and the wall of the pipe insert, on the side of the opening of the flow chamber communicating with the suction line, is provided with at least one flow opening. In this arrangement, the opening of the flow chamber serving as the drain opening of the tub is shielded from the inflow line, so that the water flowing from the inflow line is prevented from flowing directly into the tub interior. At the same time, the pipe insert, with its flow openings oriented toward the opening of the suction line, prevents the unhindered passage of the water from the tub interior into the suction line, so that a normal whirlpool operation is assured. The invention will be described in greater detail below with reference to an embodiment which is illustrated in the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a whirlpool tub and the associated a pipeline system in accordance with the invention. FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of a nozzle for the tub of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a side sectional view taken along the line III--III of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a side sectional view of a drain fitting for the pipeline system of FIG. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT A whirlpool tub 1 is schematically shown in FIG. 1 having the form of a relatively large bathtub which is provided in a conventional manner with a drain opening 2 in the vicinity of a tub bottom 1', the drain opening 2 communicating with a drainpipe 3. A tub drain 5 also communicates in a conventional manner with the drainpipe 3 via a pipeline 4. On each of its two opposed long sides, the tub 1 has two nozzles 6, through which a mixture of water and air can be introduced in jet fashion into the tub interior when the bathtub is filled. The nozzles 6, which are described hereunder in further detail with reference to FIG. 2, have pivotable nozzle bodies, so that the jet direction is freely adjustable within predetermined limits. A pressure line 7, having horizontal portions 7' and 7", connects the nozzles 6 with the pressure side of a pump 8, which in turn communicates via a suction line 9 and a drain fitting 10 with the drain opening 2. The drain opening 2 serves as an intake opening for the pump 8 to provide recirculation of water in the tub 1. The drain fitting 10 has a valve body 11 therein which is closable to prevent fluid flow into the drainpipe 3, the valve body 11 being externally actuatable. The pump 8 is disposed horizontally, such that its intake opening is oriented downwardly, so that when the pump is stopped and the valve body 11 is opened, the pressure line 7 can drain through the pump 8 into the suction line 9, which drains into the drainpipe 3 until it is completely empty. The nozzles 6 also communicate with an air supply line 12, through which the nozzles 6 draw air, via either the draft action of the water flowing into the tub space or via a connected compressor (not shown), so that air can be introduced along with the water into the tub 1 in the form of a jet-like water-and-air mixture injected by the nozzles 6. The air intake opening of the air supply line 12, during a suction operation, and alternatively the air compressor if used, are preferably adjustable such that the quantity of air introduced to the nozzles can be regulated. The pressure line 7 discharges upwardly into a prechamber 30 of the nozzles 6, shown in FIG. 2, that is disposed on the outside of the tub 1. The prechamber 30 is connected at its top to an overflow line 13. The overflow line 13 is described in further detail hereunder in conjunction with FIGS. 2 and 3. The overflow line 13 has a horizontal section 13"' connected to a vertical section 13' which supplies both a discharge section 13" and a branch line 15. The discharge section 13" is connected to a shutoff valve 14 which, when open, enables discharge of liquid into the drain fitting 10 above the valve body 11 via a drain line 62. The branch line 15 is likewise closable with respect to th drain fitting 10 or the drainpipe 3 via a shutoff valve 16 which, when open, enables discharge of liquid directly to the drainpipe 3. A supply container 17 is provided to supply a cleaning and/or disinfecting agent and is connected to the suction line 9 via a shutoff valve 19 and a supply line 18. The overflow line 13 also has a vent fitting 20, preferably extending upwardly as far as the height of the rim of the tub 1 and forming a vent opening for the overflow line 13. Branching off from the vent fitting 20 is a transverse line 21 which communicates with the overflow line 4. An automatic valve, for instance a float valve 22, is disposed in the vertical section 13'of the overflow line 13 at a height above that of the horizontal section 13"' and below that of the transverse line 21 so that only relatively slight quantities of fluid, equivalent to leakage, can pass from the overflow line 13 into the pipeline 4 via the transverse line 21. The vertical portion 13' of the overflow line 13 is connected to a level sensor 23, the control signal of which is sent to a control unit 24. The level sensor 23 is located at a height corresponding to a predetermined minimum fill height, for instance 10 cm, with respect to the tub bottom 1'. A further level sensor 25, which is also connected to the control unit 24, is provided in the vent fitting 20 above the float valve 22. The signals supplied by the level sensors 23 and 25 to the control unit 24 are used to control the drive motor of the pump 8 in such a way that the pump 8 cannot be switched on until the minimum fill height, which is predetermined by the height of the level sensor 23, has been attained, and such that even then the pump 8 is controlled to have only a relatively low pumping capacity. Only when the operating fill height predetermined by the level sensor 25 is attained can the pump 8 be switched on with full pumping capacity. The pipeline system is preferably controlled, as described in further detail below in conjunction with FIG. 2, so that when the nozzles 6 are closed, the shutoff valve 14 is open, and the shutoff valve 16 in the branch line is closed upon attainment of the minimum fill height predetermined by the level sensor 23, so that the pump 8 can pump fluid in a circulating loop which includes the pressure line 7, the overflow line 13 (including the horizontal section 13"', the vertical section 13' and the discharge section 13"), and the suction line 9. The drain fitting 10 here is embodied such that no fluid, or only slight quantities of fluid, can reach the suction line 9 from the interior of the tub 1 during operation of the circulating loop, as will be described in further detail below in conjunction with FIG. 4. Upon opening of the shutoff valve 19, a cleaning or disinfecting agent can then be added in metered fashion, so that a solution of cleaning agent can be circulated through the pipeline system, e.g. through the circulating loop. When the shutoff valve 16 is open, the solution flows through the branch line 15, the drain line 29, and the overflow line 13 without coming into contact with the tub interior. If the shutoff valves 14 and 16, and optionally the shutoff valve 19 as well, are equipped with controllable operating drives, they also can be connected to the control unit 24, so that both the triggering of the pump 8 and the triggering of the shutoff valves 14 and 16, and optionally the shutoff valve 19, can be effected via the control unit 24 in accordance with a predetermined switching program. It is also possible in this respect for the shutoff valve 16 to be opened slightly during the cleaning operation, so that a partial flow of cleaning agent solution is always drained into the drainpipe 3, and corresponding quantities of fresh water from the tub interior or from a fresh water supply, can enter the suction line 9. After the completion of the cleaning procedure, the shutoff valve 16 is opened completely and the shutoff valve 14 is closed completely, so that, together with a simultaneous aspiration of fresh water from the interior of the tub 1 through the drain opening 2, the pipeline system carrying the water (comprising the suction line 9, the pressure line 7 and the overflow line 13), can be flushed completely with fresh water. After this flushing process is completed, the shutoff valve 16 is closed. Since upon the beginning of the cleaning process the pump 8 functions only at a low pumping capacity, it is additionally possible to fill the pipeline system relatively slowly on the pressure side of the pump 8, so that the quantities of air contained therein (i.e., in the pressure line 7, each prechamber 30 of the nozzles 6, and the overflow line 13), can escape via the vent fitting 20. In this case, the pipeline system continues to be filled slowly until the overflow system is also completely filled, i.e. in this case until the vertical section of the overflow line 13 is also completely filled, whereupon the float valve 22 finally closes. During the cleaning operation, the filling of the tub can be continued, because only when the operating fill height predetermined by the level sensor 25 is reached can the pump 8 be switched to full capacity. Via a corresponding locking circuit, (e.g. in the control unit 24,) it can be assured that only upon the closure of the shutoff valve 16, after the completion of the flushing with fresh water, is pump operation at full capacity possible. With manually closed nozzles 6, these nozzles must first be opened. With automatically closing nozzles, the very much higher pump pressure during whirlpool operation as compared with the cleaning operation is sufficient to open the nozzles. In the inflow region, each of the nozzles 6 are provided with three connection fittings 26, 27, and 28, wherein the connection fillings 26 and 28 are aligned horizontally and the connection fitting 27 is oriented vertically, so that with the arrangement shown, a portion 7" of the pressure line 7 extending between the two nozzles 6 communicates with the horizontally aligned connection fittings 26 and 28, while a portion 7' of the pressure line 7, which is located between the pump 8 and the first of the nozzles 6 in the flow direction, is connected to the connection fitting 27 which points downwardly. This assures satisfactory drainage of the water when the pipeline system is emptied. In FIG. 2, a particular embodiment for an automatically closing nozzle 6 is shown. The nozzle 6 includes a prechamber 30, having the horizontally extending connection fittings 26, 28 at a bottom portion thereof (also shown in FIG. 3) beneath which extends the vertically downwardly pointing connection fitting 27. On the top of the nozzle 6 is a connection fitting 31 for attachment to the portion 13"' of the overflow line 13. The prechamber 30 is secured to and sealed against the outside of a side tub wall 1" of the tub by a clamping collar 41 which has a sealing face contacting the side tub wall 1" and a generally cylindrical support ring 32 having an axis A which is engaged within an interior of a nozzle support wall 6' by a threaded connection. The side tub wall 1" extends outwardly from the interior of the tub 1 at an inclination of angle α, for example, from the vertical, and therefore the central axis of the support ring 32 is also tilted from the horizontal at an angle α. In the support ring 32 is disposed a retaining ring 33 which is embodied as an axially displaceable plunger and which has circumferentially arranged seals. A nozzle body 34 is embodied as a ball-like portion having a center of curvature M, and which is pivotably retained in an annular portion 33' of the retaining ring 33. The nozzle body 34 has a tubular mouth 35 that can direct a jet of fluid into the tub interior. The retaining ring 33 is biased toward the prechamber 30 via a plurality of compression spring elements 36 distributed generally uniformly in the radial direction about the axis A. An adjusting ring 37 is fastened within the support ring 32 by a threaded connection, and serves as an end stop for the retaining ring 33. The adjusting ring 37 also has at least one guide pin 38 which engages the inside of an axial bore 39 in the retaining ring 33, so that the retaining ring 33 is guided by the guide pin 38 during movement thereof in the axial direction relative to the adjusting ring 37. Since the adjusting ring 37 is retained in the support ring 32 via a threaded connection, the adjusting ring 37 and the retaining ring 33 can be rotated relative to each other about the common axis A, and can thereby be relatively axially displaced. As a result of the resilient spring coupling between the retaining ring 33 and the adjusting ring 37 formed by the springs 33, the axial play between the displaceable retaining ring 33 and the adjusting ring 37, as well as the spring biasing force (within certain limits), can be adjusted. The adjusting ring 37 is provided with a handle element 40 accessible from the inside of the tub, which is for instance in the form of a rib, and which can also be embodied as a recess. An ornamental cap 42 covers the clamping collar 41 of the support ring 32 and has an innermost cylindrical flange which serves as a limitation of the axial adjustment of the adjusting ring 37 in the direction toward the inside of the tub 1. The nozzle body 34 has a bore therethrough which communicates with the prechamber 30 and widens in the axial direction toward the prechamber 30. An annular sealing element 43 is disposed adjacent an innermost diameter of the bore and is supported by the nozzle body 34 on the side of the bore which is oriented toward the prechamber 30. An air supply member 44 is oriented within the prechamber 30 in a generally axial direction relative to the axis A and, in the exemplary embodiment shown, is inclined slightly counterclockwise from the horizontal and extends into the bore of the nozzle body 34. The air supply member 44 has a mouth 46 which protrudes into the bore in the nozzle body 34 and has a tip having a generally spherical outer face portion 45 which cooperates with the annular sealing element 43 to form a seal. In an unpressurized state of the prechamber 30, the nozzle body 34 is pressed, along with its sealing element 43, against the outer face portion 45 via the compression spring elements 36. The interior of the bore of the nozzle body 34 contacts the outside face 45 of the mouth 46 at a contact surface of the nozzle body 34 which is formed as a generally spherical interior face portion mating with the outside face 45 so that the nozzle body 34 can be pivoted relative to the retaining ring 33 without causing the sealing element 4 to lift from the face 45 of the mouth 46. Therefore, in any arbitrary angular position of the nozzle body 34, the seal is maintained between the interior of the tub 1 and the prechamber 30. As a result of the disposition of the retaining ring 33 relative to the nozzle body 34 with respect to the prechamber 30, any buildup of fluid pressure within the prechamber 30 effects a plunger force on the nozzle body 34 oriented counter to the force of the compression spring elements 36. The plunger force acting on the nozzle body 34 can overcome the closing force of the compression spring elements 36 only if the fluid is in excess of a predetermined pressure level. When this pressure level is exceeded, the nozzle body 34, together with its seal 43, are lifted away from the counterpart face 45 of the mouth 46, so that water supplied to the prechamber 30 can flow into the tub interior. For a pipeline system having a pre-flushable line system, the closing force of the compression spring elements 36 can be adjusted by rotation of the retaining ring 33 relative to the support ring 32, such that at a relatively small minimum pumping capacity of the associated pump 8, the nozzles 6 are securely closed, and such that the nozzles 6 are securely opened only after the very much higher pumping capacity required for whirlpool operation has been initiated. By rotation of the adjusting ring 37 relative to the support ring 32 to cause movement of the adjusting ring 37 in the direction of the prechamber 30, however, it is possible to suppress the pressure-dependent axial motion of the retaining ring 33 and to press the nozzle body 34 against the mouth 46, so that the pipeline system can be flushed thoroughly with the full pumping capacity of the pump 8, without discharge of the cleaning solution into the tub 1. The retaining ring 33 includes an edge region having a scraper 47, which, when the fluid pressure is cut off, protrudes into the prechamber 30, so that lime deposits can be scraped off of the cylindrical interior face of the support ring 32 or cannot form there in the first place. FIG. 2 illustrates the retaining ring 33, which moves as a unit with the nozzle body 34 and the tubular mouth 35 connected to it, in two positions thereof (split above and below the axis A) relative to the adjusting ring 37 and to the outside face 45 of the air supply member 44. The closed position is shown above the axis A, wherein the annular sealing element seats against the outside face 45. The open position is shown below the axis A, wherein the retaining ring is moved to the left relative to its closed position, until it abuts the adjusting ring 37. Whenever the nozzle body 34 is resting sealingly on the mouth 46, communication between the tub interior and the prechamber 30 is interrupted. At the same time, water can flow into the air supply member 44 when the tub is filled. However, because the air supply member 44 is inclined, it is reliably emptied when the tub 1 is emptied. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the communication of the air supply member (not shown) with the air line 12 is effected by lateral connection fittings 48, so that the additional possibility of an axial connection remains, for example for connection of an air compressor (not shown). In the exemplary embodiment shown, however, the axial inflow connection is closed with a plug 49. As shown in FIG. 3, unnecessary connection fittings can be closed by a plug, for example the connection fitting 26 is closed as shown by the plug 63. As FIG. 2 shows, the movable parts of the nozzle 6 are accessible at any time from the tub interior, without having to remove the arrangement from the tub 1. To this end, all that needs to be done is to loosen the ornamental cap 42 and then to remove the adjusting ring 37 along with the retaining ring 33 embodied as a plunger. The seals of the parts which are movable relative to one another can then be replaced, or the plunger element (the retaining ring 33) can be replaced. In FIG. 4, an exemplary embodiment for the drain fitting 10 is shown. The drain fitting 10 has a body 50 which defines an upper chamber portion 64, a lower chamber portion 65, and a discharge connection portion 66. The upper chamber portion 64 includes a flow chamber 50', which is firmly connected via a clamping ring 51 to the drain opening 2 in the bottom of the tub 1. The flow chamber 50 has a connection fitting 52 on its lower end, with which it is connected to the drainpipe 3 (not shown in FIG. 4). A valve body 53 is disposed in the lower region of the flow chamber 50 and can be raised from the closed position, shown, into an open position via an opening mechanism (not shown). The flow chamber has a flow opening member 54 having an opening therein of large diameter disposed above the plane of the valve body 53, and is in the form of a connection fitting, which is disposed diametrically opposite a second flow opening member 55, which is likewise in the form of a connection fitting. The flow opening member 55 has a flow opening having a smaller flow cross section than that of the flow opening member 54. The suction line 9 of the pump 8 is connected to the flow opening 54, and the overflow line 13 of the pipeline system described in conjunction with FIG. 1 is connected to the flow opening 55. A pipe insert 56 is disposed in the body 50 and has a smaller diameter than the flow chamber 50' itself. The side of the pipe insert 56 which is oriented toward the flow opening 54 has a plurality of openings 57, while on the opposite side, oriented toward the flow opening 55, the pipe insert 56 has a completely closed wall. With suitable dimensioning of the openings 57, water is prevented from flowing in to the tub interior during the flushing process via the flow opening member 55 in the direction of the arrow 58. The valve body 53 has an extension 59 on its top which is connected to a cover cap 60 provided with holes. When the valve body 53 of the drain fitting 10 is closed, the hole in the cover cap 60 serve as a means to connect the inflow opening in the flow opening member 55 to the suction line 9. When the valve body 53 is opened, the cover cap 60 is raised as well, so that a sufficient flow cross section for a rapid emptying process is available. The openings 57 in the pipe insert 56 are disposed such that the inflow lines communicating with the openings 55 and 54 ca likewise be emptied completely via the drain fitting 10. Below the valve body 53, a further flow opening 61, likewise in the form of a connection fitting, is provided, into which the branch line 15 discharges. The present disclosure relates to the subject matter disclosed in German Application No. P 37 42 437.2, the entire specification of which is incorporated herein by reference. It will be understood that the above description of th present invention is susceptible to various modifications, changes and adaptations, and the same are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the appended claims.

A tub including a fluid system has a pump which includes a suction side and a pressure side; a nozzle for introducing a water-and-air mixture into the tub; the nozzle having a nozzle portion; a pressure line connecting the pressure side of the pump with the nozzle portion; a suction opening provided in a bottom region of the tub; and a suction line connecting the suction side of the pump with the suction opening. The fluid system further has a valve provided in the nozzle portion for cutting off fluid flow to the tub; an overflow line having a closable vent opening and being coupled to the suction side of the pump; a device for selectively allowing or blocking fluid communication between the overflow line and the suction line of the pump; and a supply source for introducing a cleaning agent at a location upstream of the nozzle as viewed in a direction of fluid flow therethrough.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to an electric contact for liquid crystal display cells. The contact arrangement described in German Pat. No. 2,910,779 consists of part mounts comprising a bottom part and side walls, from the upper ends of which two mutually parallel strips (projections) begin which reach over the display device. A display cell representing a single digit is pushed into the clamping seat thus formed. A fluorescence plate can then be provided between the holder bottom and the display cell. In the holder bottom, an integrated electronic circuit is embedded which is electrically connected to the terminal pins protruding from the holder bottom and to the contact pins located in the side walls. The contact pins are curved towards the display cell and, with connection surfaces extending across the end face of the display cell, form a spring-loaded electric contact for the electrodes. If the contact is unsatisfactory, the contact pins can be soldered to the connection surfaces. For the representation of several display symbols, a corresponding number of part holders is connected by means of snap closures. The known contact arrangement can be exchanged only with great difficulty, even if the contact pins are not soldered to the connection surfaces. The display device to be provided with contacts cannot be operated in transmitted light. With the exception of a fluorescence plate, artificial illumination is difficult. In addition, the number of terminal pins for the representation of many display symbols is considerable. Using this contact arrangement, it is difficult to provide large display cells with contacts. It is one of the objects of invention to provide an electric contact arrangement for liquid crystal display cells, which is suitable for both transmissive and reflective displays, which can easily be exchanged, and which allows good electrical contacting of the display cell. It is a further object to provide a device which is also suitable for display cells of any desired shape, and which has few external electrical terminals and is of space-saving design. The advantages obtained by the invention are essentially that the electric contact arrangement, due to the counter-contacts, represents a good and stable electrical connection to the display cell and nevertheless, for example in the event of a malfunction of the integrated circuit, can readily be exchanged. Since the contact arrangement is located outside the display and illumination zone, it is particularly suitable for displays which are operated in transmitted light. Moreover, the outlay on connections, which is otherwise conisderable, using auxiliary prints, part holders and "chip-on-glass" technology is minimised. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is explained below in more detail by reference to examples illustrated in the drawing in which: FIG. 1 shows a liquid crystal display cell with an electrical contact arrangement according to the invention; FIG. 2 shows another liquid crystal display cell with another electric contact arrangement according to the invention; FIG. 3 shows a section of the contact arrangement according to FIG. 2 along the line A--A'; FIG. 4 shows a liquid crystal display cell with another electric contact arrangement according to the invention; FIG. 5 shows a section of the contact arrangement according to FIG. 4 along the line B--B', and FIG. 6 shows a cascade connection of two integrated circuits. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Two contact arrangements according to the invention with L-shaped multi-point connectors 1 are shown in FIG. 1. The counter-contacts held in the multi-point connector 1 and the external terminals are formed by contact tabs 2 and contact pins 3. The two contact arrangements are plugged into the side of a liquid crystal display cell 4 which has electrode segments 5 for digits and decimal points. The contact arrangement is mounted on a print plate 6 by means of soldering the contact pins 3. Two further electric contact arrangements according to the invention with L-shaped multi-point connectors 1 are shown in FIG. 2. The designation is here the same as in FIG. 1. In this case, the two contact arrangements are plugged into the same side of a large-area liquid crystal display cell 4. The cell forms a speedometer display for cars, and it has digits and other display symbols. The contact pins 3 are arranged in the center of the multi-point connector 1 and are pushed into a plug 7. The socket in turn is connected via a flat band cable 8 to a voltage supply and control electronics (not shown). FIG. 3 shows a section along the line A--A' of FIG. 2. Contact tabs 2 which are connected via tracks 5' to the electrode segments 5 (not shown here) are provided on the display cell 4 in contact with contact surfaces 2'. The contact tabs 2 and the contact pins 3 are connected via electric lines 9', 9" (gold or aluminium wires) to an integrated electronic circuit 10 embedded in the multi-point connector 1. The electric lines 9', 9" are likewise located within the multi-point connector 1. Since the integrated circuit is in the immediate vicinity of the counter-contact, namely the contact tabs 2, the electric lines 9', 9" are very short. The electrical losses and hence also the outlay on connections are thus substantially reduced. At the upper end of the multi-point connector 1, a projection 11 is provided opposite the contact tabs 2 with the display cell 4 resting on the projection 11 and being laterally adjusted by guides provided therein. As shown in broken lines, the contact pins can also protrude laterally from the contact arrangement. In FIG. 4, another embodiment of the invention is shown. The contact arrangement here consists of an essentially cuboid multi-point connector 1, into which the liquid crystal display cell 4, namely a matrix display with punctiform electrode segments 5, is plugged in. FIG. 5 is a section along the line B--B' of FIG. 4. On its upper surface, the multi-point connector 1 has a U-shaped slot with a row of spring contacts 12 (counter-contacts) on both sides. The ends of the slot are surrounded by the multi-point connector 1, so that the plugged-in display cell 4 is adjusted. The spring contacts 12 here form a regular grid. On the lower surface of the cuboid multi-point connector 1, a (narrower) U-shaped slot surrounded by the multi-point connector is likewise provided, wherein a row of contact bushes 13 (external terminals) is arranged. The integrated circuit 10 is again embedded in the multi-point connector 1 and is connected via electric lines 9', 9" located within the multi-point connector 1 to the spring contacts 12 and to the contact bushes 13. The plugs 14 which are plugged into the contact bushes 13 are in turn located on a multi-point connector. On the display cell 4, contact surfaces 2' are provided on both sides, in order to enlarge the number of contacts. The contact surfaces 2' located on the outer side of the display cell 4 are here connected via the end face to the corresponding tracks 5'. When two integrated circuits 10 are provided in one multi-point connector 1, a cascade arrangement according to FIG. 6 is particularly suitable. The part located in the multi-point connector 1 is indicated in broken lines. In this way, the number of external connections 3 is minimised. The two integrated circuits 10 form a so-called "master-slave" relationship, in which the left-hand circuit represents the master and the right-hand circuit represents the slave. This arrangement is excellently suitable for both symbol displays and point-matrix displays. The electrical connections between the two integrated circuits 10, the counter-contacts 2 and the external terminals 3 are made without cross-overs or by means of a film which is coated on both sides with metal tracks and which is anyway required for making the contacts with the integrated circuits 10. The conventional display cells have a standardised length. The following four standard lengths are most suitable for use with the contact arrangement according to the invention: ##EQU1## The smallest standard length given is, due to the conventional grid for the contact tabs 2 (FIG. 3) or spring contacts 12 (FIG. 5), still just technically feasible. The largest standard length given is limited due to the number of terminals of the integrated circuit 10. As a standard grid for the contact tabs 2 or spring contacts 12, there are the following possibilities: 2.54 mm (0.1 inch), 1.905 mm (0.075 inch), 1.27 mm (0.02 inch) and 1.00 mm. The standard grid here gives the distance between the center lines of two adjacent contact tabs 2 or spring contacts 12. For the contact tabs 2 or spring contacts 12 made as metal springs, the smallest indicated grid of 1.00 mm cannot be further reduced because of the width of the contact tabs or spring contacts. In Table 1, examples of integrated circuits as drivers for the display cells are listed; these are particularly suitable for the contact arrangements according to the invention. The number, the manufacturer, the type designation, the number of selectable segments Z seg , the selection type A and the number of counter-contacts Z int and external terminals Z ext are listed. TABLE 1______________________________________No. Manufacturer Type Z.sub.seg A Z.sub.int Z.sub.ext______________________________________1 Philips PCE 2100 40 duplex 22 62 Philips PCE 2110 60 duplex 32 83 Philips PCE 2111 64 duplex 34 64 Philips PCE 2112 32 parallel 33 65 Siemens SM 804 45 parallel 46 186 National MM 5452 32 parallel 33 77 NEC uPD 7225 32-128 parallel 36 15 to 1:4 multiplex______________________________________ In Table 2, the most favourable combinations of integrated circuits, length of the display cell L in mm, number of counter-contacts Z int , grid constant of the counter-contacts R int in mm, segment number Z seg and selection type A are indicated. TABLE 2______________________________________No. L Z.sub.int R.sub.int Z.sub.seg + A______________________________________1 23.9 22 1.00 40 duplex1 50.7 20 2.54 36 duplex2,3,4,6,7 38.0 32 to 36 1.00 32 parallel up to 128 at 1:4 multiplex2,3,4,6,7 50.7 32 to 36 1.27 32 parallel up to 128 at 1:4 multiplex2,3,4,6,7 69.8 32 to 36 1.905 32 parallel up to 128 at 1:4 multiplex5 50.7 46 1.00 45 parallel up to 350 at 1:10 multiplex5 69.8 46 1.27 45 parallel up to 350 at 1:10 multiplex______________________________________ In the illustrative embodiment described in FIG. 1, two integrated circuits of type PCE 2100 from Philips have been used. The display cell 4 is 51 mm long and 22 mm wide. The number of contact tabs 2 is 20 on each side, with a grid constant of 2.54 mm. The number of contact pins 3 is 6 on each side, the grid constant being 2.54 mm for each group of three. The contact pins 3 are soldered to the print plate 6, so that a very stable electrical and mechanical connection to the contact arrangements and hence also to the display cell 4 is formed. The total number of the selected electrode segments 5 is 72. In the illustrative embodiment indicated in FIG. 2, two integrated circuits of the type PCE 2111 from Philips have been used. The large-area display cell 4 is 70 mm long and 70 mm wide. The number of the contact tabs 2 of one contact arrangement is 34, with a grid constant of 1.00 mm. The number of the contact pins 3 of each contact arrangement is 6, with a grid constant of 2.54 mm, and they are connected via the plug 7 to the flat band cable 8. The number of the selectable electrode segments 5 is 128 in this case. The display cell 4 is mounted in a frame (not drawn), in order to ensure good mechanical stability. The manufacture of the contact arrangements, according to the invention, with multi-point connectors 1 is similar to the production of integrated circuits with plastic housings. For this purpose, the track pattern is stamped from a metal web (copper) and glued to a flexible film. When two integrated circuits 10 have been arranged in cascade, a second track pattern is stamped and glued to the other side of the film. The conventional margin around the track pattern is then stamped out and the integrated circuit or circuits 10 and, for example, the contact tabs 2 and the contact pins 3 are bonded to the tracks by means of gold or silver wires. The housing is then fitted around this structure by means of an appropriate process, such as transfer moulding, that is to say two multi-point connector halves are locally heated and the flexible film with the integrated circuit 10, the contact tabs 2 and the contact pins 3 is pressed in between the two halves. For the contact tabs 2, the contact pins 3, the spring contacts 12 and the contact bushes 13, preferably nickel-silver, beryllium or--and this is particularly economical--brass is selected. The sheet thickness is between 0.1 and 0.3 mm, and is preferably 0.2 mm. The outer parts are provided with superficial copper-plating or tin-plating. It is to be understood that the counter-contacts and the external terminals can be formed by any desired plug systems. The contact arrangements according to the invention are also applicable with particular advantage for a modular plug-in system.

An electric contact arrangement for liquid crystal display cells is disclosed which consists of a multi-point connector having an internal embedded integrated circuit. The contact arrangement contains contacts to a liquid crystal display cell, and external terminals to appropriate circuitry. The contact arrangement can be plugged into the side of the liquid crystal display cell in order to remain outside the display or illumination zone. The embedded integrated circuit is located in the immediate vicinity of the contacts from the liquid crystal cell inserted into the multi-point connector. By this means the electrical losses and outlay on the connections are considerably reduced.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] The present application claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/474,096 filed May 29, 2003, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The present invention relates to pharmaceutical formulations; in particular to solid dosage forms of pharmaceutical compositions comprising lithium carbonate, and methods of preparing such compounds. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Bipolar disorder is a chronic, cycling, and often debilitating mental illness that affects more than 2 million adults in the United States, or about 1 percent of the adult population 18 and over in any given year, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Bipolar disorder typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood, although first occurrence at younger and older ages has been recognized. Bipolar disorder is often not recognized as a medical illness, and affected persons may suffer for years before their condition is properly diagnosed and treated. Bipolar disorder causes sometimes dramatic mood swings, from overly “high” and/or irritable to sad and hopeless, and then back again, often with periods of normal moods in between. Signs and symptoms of mania, sometimes called a manic episode, include increased energy, activity, and restless; overly good, euphoric mood; extreme irritability; racing thoughts and fast, pressured speech; distractibility; difficulty sleeping and decreased need for sleep; and poor judgment that may manifest itself as spending sprees, abuse of drugs, intrusive or aggressive behavior, or other harmful or dangerous activities. Signs and symptoms of depression associated with bipolar disorder, sometimes called a depressive episode, include lasting sad, anxious, or empty mood; feelings of hopelessness, guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness; loss of interest in normally pleasurable activities; difficulty concentrating or with memory loss; restlessness or irritability; and sleeping too much or inability to sleep. A person with bipolar disorder is prone, in depressive episodes, to suicidal thoughts or even suicide attempts. [0004] Without treatment, the natural course of bipolar disorder tends to worsen, with a person suffering more severe extremes of mood fluctuation, as well as a more frequent (faster-cycling) occurrence of mood swings. There appears to be at least some familial component to the disorder, as children of bipolar parents are at increased risk of developing the disease, as are identical twins where one twin has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Genetic studies suggest that multiple genes contribute to bipolar disorder. [0005] Lithium, the first mood stabilizing medication approved in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of mania, is often very effective in controlling mania and preventing the recurrence, of both manic and depressive episodes. While other drugs, particularly anticonvulsants such as valproate (Depakote®) or carbamazepine (Tegretol®); benzodiazepines such as clonazepam (Klonopin®); antipsychotics such as clozapine (Clozaril®); or electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy are in use or under study for bipolar disorder, lithium remains a first line treatment. Accordingly, the art has sought ever improved methods of delivering pharmacologically effective dose, with minimum side effects, to sufferers of bipolar disorder. [0006] Lithium has been used for medical purposes in various formulations for more than 150 years, although the modern use of lithium as an effective antimanic treatment and as prophylactic therapy for bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder dates to the early 1950's. [0007] Lithium is abundant in some alkaline mineral spring waters and is present in trace amounts in animal tissues, although it has no known physiological role. Since its earliest use, lithium has been associated with potentially toxic effects, due both to its relative low therapeutic index, in the range of 2 or 3, and in part to the difficulty in achieving regulated dissolution and uptake in the human body. Both lithium carbonate and lithium citrate are currently in therapeutic use in the United States. [0008] Lithium shares many of the physicochemical properties of the alkali metals group (Group Ia of the Periodic Table, which also includes sodium and potassium), of which it is the lightest member. It is a monovalent cation and has the highest electrical field density and largest energy of hydration of Group Ia, yet it has an ionic radius similar to those of the divalent cations magnesium and calcium. Lithium has a relatively small gradient of distribution across biological membranes, unlike sodium and potassium. [0009] Therapeutic concentrations of lithium ion (Li + ) have almost no discernible psychotropic effects in normal individuals. It is not a sedative, depressant, or euphoriant to normal individuals, and this lack of characteristic effects differentiate it from other psychotropic agents. [0010] Li + is absorbed readily and almost completely from the gastrointestinal tract, although rate of absorption is considerably affected by the type of formulation administered. Complete absorption occurs in about 8 hours, with peak concentrations in plasma occurring 2 to 4 hours after an oral dose. However, in certain formulations, absorption can occur considerably faster. For example, in a paper by Nielsen-Kudsk and Amdisen entitled, “Analysis of the Pharmacokinetics of Lithium in Man,” in European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 16, 271-77 (1979), a single liquefied dose of lithium chloride administered to volunteers in a pharmacokinetic study was shown to have a mean absorption half-time of only 0.15 hours (9 minutes). [0011] Slow release formulations of lithium carbonate provide a slower rate of absorption and thereby minimize early peaks in plasma concentration of the Li + ion. For example, in a paper entitled, “In vivo Evaluation of Two Controlled Release Lithium Carbonate Tablets ,” in Lithium (1992) 3, 221-23, Gai, et al., reported on a formulation consisting of lithium carbonate, Avicel®, Lactose, Eudragit®(aqueous methacrylic polymer) and a lubricant (magnesium stearate) that demonstrated a slower lithium release when compared to a conventional formulation control. A commercial lithium carbonate dosage form is available from GlaxoSmithKline and is marketed as Eskalith CR 450®. The Eskalith CR 450® dosage form comprises: Lithium Carbonate 450 mg Iron Oxide 1 mg Gelatin - 200 bloom 40 mg Sodium Starch Glycolate 0.75 mg Alginic Acid 1 mg Magnesium Stearate 5.25 mg TOTAL 498 mg [0012] The convenience of administering a single dose of a medication which releases active ingredients in a controlled fashion over an extended period of time, as opposed to the administration of a number of single doses at regular intervals, has long been recognized and desired in the pharmaceutical arts. The advantage to the patient and clinician in having consistent and uniform blood levels of medication over an extended period of time are likewise recognized. Among the most important advantages are: (1) increased contact time for the drug to allow for local activity in the stomach, intestine or other locus of activity; (2) increased and more efficient absorption for drugs which have specific absorption sites; (3) the ability to reduce the number of dosages per period of time; (4) employment of less total drug; (5) minimization or elimination of local and/or systemic side effects; (6) minimization of drug accumulation associated with chronic dosing; (7) improved efficiency and safety of treatment; (8) reduced fluctuation of drug level; and (9) better patient compliance with overall disease management. [0013] The administration of slow release formulations is not without problems. These problems are particularly relevant in the case of lithium formulations. Slow release preparations tend to shift a higher percentage of total absorption into time periods further from administration, during which time the medication has further traversed the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore may cause a higher proportion of the lithium to be absorbed in the lower intestinal tract. This may cause such symptoms as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Li + is poorly tolerated in as many as one third of all patients treated. Accordingly, the art has needed a means for maximizing the dissolution rate of lithium formulations in the intermediate time ranges for absorption, that is, within approximately three hours of administration. [0014] Li + is initially distributed in the extracellular fluid and then gradually accumulates in various human tissues. Passage through the blood-brain barrier is slow, and when a steady state is achieved, the final concentration of Li + in the cerebrospinal fluid is about half or less of the concentration in plasma. In a study of both immediate release and controlled release dosages in a paper entitled “Absorption and disposition kinetics of lithium carbonate following administration of conventional and controlled release formulations,” in the International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology, Vol. 24, 5:240-45 (1986), Arancibia, et al., found that a single oral dose of lithium confers upon the body the pharmacokinetic characteristics of an open two-compartment model with apparent first order absorption. The volume of distribution of lithium was found to be near the volume of the total body water with the volume of the central compartment approximately corresponding to the volume of the extracellular water. [0015] Ninety-five percent of a single dose of Li + is eliminated in the urine, with an initial excretion of one half to two thirds of an acute dose being excreted in a 6 to 12 hour period. This initial phase is followed by slow excretion over the next 10 to 14 days. Small amounts of Li + are excreted in sweat and feces. The elimination half-life averages 20 to 24 hours, although any factor leading to Na + depletion will tend to promote Li + retention and thereby prolong the half-life of Li + . There is no specific treatment for Li + overdose, which can manifest as mental confusion, hyperreflexia, gross tremor, dysarthria, seizures, cranial nerve and focal neurologic signs, and cardiac arrhythmias. These symptoms can progress to coma and death. Treatment is supportive, with maintenance of appropriate Na + levels and hydration. Dialysis is the most effective means of removing Li + from the body and is used in severe cases of lithium intoxication. [0016] Accordingly, what the pharmaceutical arts have long sought is a means of formulating lithium that exhibits improved dissolution rates in an intermediate time period, as compared to presently available formulations. Formulations that are too quickly dissolved tend to create quick spikes in serum levels with an increased risk of toxicity, while those that are too slowly dissolved will tend to have a higher proportion of lithium absorbed in the lower gastrointestinal tract, leading to unpleasant symptoms and possible interference with patient compliance. Additionally, practical dispensing requirements mandate that commercial formulations have acceptable stability levels over time under a wide variety of storage conditions. [0017] The purpose of the present invention is to replace a formulation and manufacturing process that is associated with poor control of dissolution rate with a formulation and process that is less complex to perform, more reproducible, and eliminates formulation and dissolution rate dependencies on raw material density and tablet press parameters. An example of current lithium carbonate (Eskalith CR 450®) product specifications, shown in Table 1, calls for dissolution rates of not more than 40% at 1 hour, 45-75% at three hours, and not less than 70% at seven hours. TABLE 1 Eskalith CR 450 ® Product Dissolution Specifications Time Dissolution % 1 Hour Not more than 40% 3 Hour 45%-75% 7 Hour Not less than 70% [0018] To this end, a series of experiments were undertaken to examine formulations of lithium carbonate combined with various excipients and formulated via different manufacturing techniques. The following materials were examined as sustained release agents for lithium carbonate and all of them failed: [0019] Alginic Acid [0020] Sodium Alginate [0021] Guar Gum [0022] Carbopol 971 [0023] Carbopol 974 [0024] Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose E4M [0025] Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose E50 [0026] PVP K30 [0027] PVP K90 [0028] Hydroxypropylcellulose (solvent based) [0029] Gelatin 125 bloom [0030] Gelatin 150 bloom [0031] Aquacoat (aqueous ethylcellulose) [0032] Starch NF [0033] Starch 1500 (partially pregelatinized starch) [0034] Starch 1551 (totally pregelatinized starch) [0035] Gelatin 200 bloom [0036] Maltodextran M150 [0037] PEG4000 [0038] The only sustained release agent that merited further investigation was sodium carboxymethylcellulose. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0039] Drugs are seldom dispensed in pure form, instead they are commonly mixed with varying non-active agents, deemed excipients, to facilitate production, improve dispersal and dissolution characteristics, promote stability, and to increase palatability. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) is known to be a stability and viscosity enhancer. It is widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical preparations for its viscosity enhancing properties, to stabilize emulsions, and, as in the present invention, as a tablet binder and disintegrant. Chemically, NaCMC is the sodium salt of a polycarboxymethyl ether of cellulose, typically with a molecular weight in the range of 90,000-700,000. NaCMC is highly insoluble in organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol, ether, and toluene; but is easily dispersed in water at all temperatures. It is generally considered as a non-toxic and nonirritant material that is safe at a wide level of dosage. NaCMC has no acceptable daily intake level set by the World Health Organization, is listed as a substance that may be added to all foodstuffs in the European Council Directive No. 95/2/EC, and is included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Guide. In doses exceeding 4 grams daily, NaCMC may have a bulk laxative effect due to its hygroscopic properties and ability to bind water during stool transit through the intestine. [0040] As long ago as 1986, NaCMC was shown, by Arancibia et al., in concentrations of 30 percent, to slow an experimental rise seen in serum concentrations of lithium. A single dose NaCMC-lithium carbonate formulation, compared to a single dose immediate release preparation, showed a delay in the development of peak serum levels from less than two hours to approximately four hours. The effect of NaCMC formulations in altering the dissolution rates does not appear specific to lithium, as Singh demonstrated faster dissolution of lorazepam with NaCMC added, in a paper entitled, “Effect of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose on the Disintegration, Dissolution, and Bioavailability of Lorazepam from Tablets,” in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 18(3): 375-83 (1992). There is evidence suggesting that the viscosity grade of NaCMC used may affect the balance of forces between those which hold the formulation particles together in tablet form and those which promote separation of the particles in water, as seen in a paper entitled, “Evaluation of different viscosity grades of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as tablet disintegrates, ” in Pharm. Acta Helv. 50(4): 99-102 (1975). [0041] In the instant invention, the addition of a relatively small quantity (as compared to the prior art) of sodium carboxymethylcellulose to a formulation of lithium carbonate was found to enhance the dissolution profile of the formulation. Additionally, the utilization of a secondary release agent, glycine, was found to enhance dissolution rates. Furthermore, a manufacturing variation in which a portion of the active ingredient lithium carbonate was reserved from the initial granulation and then added later, with excipients, was found to enhance dissolution. Thus, there is disclosed a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration, comprising: [0042] a. lithium carbonate, [0043] b. optional pharmacologic excipients, [0044] c. at least one dissolution rate stabilizer, and [0045] d. at least one secondary release agent. [0046] The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention, may also contain iron oxide as a colorant. Preferably, the iron oxide does not exceed a level of about 1 mg/tablet. The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may also contain an optional pharmacological excipient, which may be a lubricant. The lubricants may be selected from the group consisting of a stearic acid at a concentration between about 0.1 percent and about 1 percent by weight of the composition, sodium sterol fumerate at a concentration of from about 0.1 to about 1.0 percent of the composition by weight, calcium stearate at a concentration of about 0.1 to 1.0 percent by weight of the composition, and magnesium stearate at a concentration of about 0.1 to 1.0 percent of the composition by weight. [0047] The compositions according to the invention are preferably compressed in a conventional pharmaceutical tableting press at a tablet hardness of about 7 kPa to 20 kPa. [0048] Most preferably, the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention contain at least one dissolution rate stabilizer which is most preferably sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The sodium carboxymethylcellulose is usually present at about 5 to about 15 percent by weight of the composition. More preferably, the sodium carboxymethylcellulose comprises not more than about 5 percent by weight of the composition. [0049] Still more preferably, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention additionally comprises at least one secondary release agent and most preferably this secondary release agent is glycine. The glycine is typically present comprises between about 0.5 to about 40 mg/tablet. [0050] Thus, there is further disclosed a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration, comprising: [0051] a. lithium carbonate, [0052] b. iron oxide, [0053] c. stearic acid, [0054] d. sodium carboxymethylcellulose, [0055] e. glycine, and [0056] f. optionally pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. [0057] There is further disclosed a process for preparing controlled release solid dosage forms of lithium carbonate which comprises the steps of: [0058] a. mixing lithium carbonate and iron oxide into a blend, [0059] b. solubilizing a water solution of water, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and at least one secondary release agent, [0060] c. placing the blend of lithium carbonate and iron oxide in a bed of a fluid bed granulator, [0061] d. creating a top sprayed blend by top spraying the solution into the blend in the bed of the fluid bed granulator, [0062] e. granulating the top sprayed blend in the fluid bed granulator into a granulation, [0063] f. forming a composition by milling the granulation with at least one excipient, and [0064] g. pressing the granulation with at least one excipient composition into tablets in a tablet press. [0065] The present invention also relates to methods of treatment of bipolar disorder consisting of orally administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition in accordance with the invention. Another aspect of the present invention simply relates to the discovery that fairly low levels of carboxymethylcellulose are effective in preparing lithium carbonate dosage forms. Thus, there is disclosed a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration, comprising: [0066] a. lithium carbonate, [0067] b. optional pharmacological excipients, and [0068] c. at least one dissolution rate stabilizer. [0069] As discussed previously, iron oxide and lubricants may be present in the composition. The preferred dissolution rate stabilizer is sodium carboxymethylcellulose in this aspect of the invention wherein glycine is not required. Typically this sodium carboxymethylcellulose is present in a concentration from about 5 to about 15 percent by weight of the composition. Usually the lithium carbonate is present in a concentration of about 85 to 95 percent by weight of the composition. [0070] Processes for the production of the pharmaceutical composition are as described above except the glycine would be omitted. [0071] Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to the discovery that dividing the bowl charge will dramatically impact upon the stability and dissolution rates of the inventive dosage forms. Thus there is disclosed a process for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration, which comprises the steps of: [0072] a. lithium carbonate, [0073] b. optional pharmacological excipients, and [0074] c. at least one dissolution rate stabilizer. [0075] In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention has a dissolution profile as follows: 1 hour, no greater than 40 percent; at 3 hours, from 45 to 75 percent; and at 7 hours, not less than 70 percent. More preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention has a dissolution profile as follows: 1 hour, no greater than 40 percent; at 3 hours, from 50 to 65 percent; and at 7 hours, not less than 70 percent DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0076] Given the history of utility of using NaCMC and other excipients known in pharmaceutical manufacture with properties for alteration of drug dissolution rates, experiments were undertaken using lithium carbonate and NaCMC. The objectives of these experiments was to simplify the process, increase capacity, decrease batch variability, decrease batch failure rates, eliminate the formulation dependence on raw material density, eliminate the dependence on tablet press parameters as the release rate controlling factor, and to achieve acceptable stability. [0077] For all experiments, a 45-liter granulation insert fluid bed granulator (GPCG) was charged with 16 to 18 kilograms of lithium carbonate with 1 mg/tablet of iron oxide added as a colorant. A release sustaining agent solution or suspension containing various release controlling agents was top sprayed in a volume of 20 to 40 kg onto the fluidized lithium carbonate and then dried. The granulation was milled with a GS 180 mill fitted with a 1.0 mm round hole cone. The milled granulation was blended in a PK 8-quart V blender with various extragranular ingredients, including a lubricant. Each blend was compressed using a Manesty 30 station high-speed commercial tablet press with 1.1 cm deep cup round punches. [0078] The effect of modifying the type, amount, and ratio of the release sustaining agents and lubricants along with adjustments in compression were evaluated by examining the dissolution profile of the finished tablets. In an attempt to determine the robustness of the formulations, some studies were repeated, holding the excipients constant, utilizing different lots of lithium carbonate. The most promising formulations were placed on stability in glass and plastic packages. EXAMPLE I Lithium Carbonate—NaCMC Formulations [0079] To test the dissolution rates of lithium carbonate with NaCMC, and stability of these rates; tests of potency, dissolution, and stability were performed on lithium carbonate formulated with varying amounts of added NaCMC, as shown in Table 2. There was some variation seen in loss on drying (LOD). The addition of approximately 10%, or 51.07 mg, added NaCMC resulted in an improved dissolution at the three hour point, and the addition of further NaCMC did not appreciably improve this dissolution rate, as shown in Table 2. Therefore, a level of approximately 10% added NaCMC was selected for further experimentation. Additionally, the effects on dissolution of varying the levels of stearic acid lubricant in a lithium carbonate/iron oxide formulation were observed, as shown in Tables 3 and 4, and found to have little effect on dissolution. However, it was found from a manufacturing standpoint that a stearic acid level of approximately 1%, or 5.07 mg/tablet, was found to give optimal results in tablet appearance and consistency, and this level was selected for further experimentation. Various combinations of other lubricants at differing concentrations showed no improvement in dissolution parameters when compared to the use of stearic acid as a lubricant, as shown in Tables 4-7. TABLE 2 Effects of Varying Levels of NaCMC on Dissolution Stearic Tablet 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour NaCMC Acid Weight Dissolution Dissolution Dissolution Formula mg/tablet mg/tablet Mg % % % % LOD 3892 25.54 4.79 481.33 25 60 102* 0.9 3891 51.07 4.79 506.86 23 59 99 0.9 5037 51.07 4.79 506.86 23 59 101* 0.6 3893 76.61 4.79 532.4 21 62 95 1.7 100115 51.07 5.07 507.14 24 60 107* 0.69 [0080] [0080] TABLE 3 Effects of Varied Levels of Stearic Acid on Dissolution in NaCMC Granulation Stearic Tablet 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour NaCMC Acid Weight Dissolution Dissolution Dissolution Formula mg/tablet mg/tablet Mg % % % % LOD 100115 51.07 5.07 507.14 24 60 107* 0.69 100116 51.07 2.5 504.57 28 73 114* 0.7 3891 51.07 4.79 506.86 23 59 99 0.9 5037 51.07 4.79 506.86 23 59 101* 0.6 5495 51.07 5.07 507.14 23 53 95 1.2 [0081] [0081] TABLE 4 Effect on Dissolution of NaCMC Granulation Utilizing Varying Levels of Stearic Acid as Lubricant Stearic Tablet 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Acid Hardness at 7 kPa Dissolution Dissolution Dissolution Formula Level (kPa) Hardness Hardness % % % 0105327 1.0% 7 Porous 17.2 19 51 93 0105326 0.5% 7 Porous 18.0 NA NA NA 0105325 0.25%  7 Porous 17.3 20 52 95 0105337 0.1% 7 * * * * * 0105340 0.05%  7 Poor 16.2 NA NA NA [0082] [0082] TABLE 5 Effects on NaCMC Granulation Dissolution Varying Sodium Stearyl Fumerate as Lubricant Sodium Stearyl Tablet 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Fumerate Hardness at 7 kPa Dissolution Dissolution Dissolution Formula Level (kPa) Hardness Hardness % % % 0105327 1.0% 7 Porous 19.3 20 51 92 0105329 0.5% 7 Porous 22.0 NA NA NA 0105328 0.25%  7 Porous 18.5 21 52 94 0105335 0.1% 7 Porous 22.1 NA NA NA 0105336 0.05%  7 Poor 18.5 20 51 94 [0083] [0083] TABLE 6 Effects on NaCMC Granulation Dissolution Varying Calcium Stearate as Lubricant Calcium Tablet at 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Stearate Hardness 7 kPa Dissolution Dissolution Dissolution Formula Level (kPa) Hardness Hardness % % % 0105343 1.0% 7 Porous 17.9 19 43 76 0105342 0.5% 7 Porous 17.3 NA NA NA 0105341 0.25%  7 Porous 16.6 20 47 90 0105344 0.1% 7 Porous 12.6 NA NA NA 0105345 0.05%  7 Poor 19.5 NA NA NA [0084] [0084] TABLE 7 Effects on NaCMC Granulation Dissolution Varying Magnesium Stearate as Lubricant Magnesium Tablet at 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Stearate 7 kPa Dissolution Dissolution Dissolution Formula Level Hardness Hardness Hardness % % % 0105332 1.0% 7 Porous 19.6 18 43 79 0105331 0.5% 7 Porous 23.7 NA NA NA 0105334 0.25%  7 Porous 22.7 20 47 86 0105339 0.1% 7 Fair 23.0 NA NA NA 0105338 0.05%  7 Poor 19.2 NA NA NA [0085] The use of NaCMC in the formulation showed great promise, as these formulations exhibited desirable dissolution characteristics (between approximately 50% to 55% released at the three hour time point). These formulations were also shown to be the most robust with respect to dissolution, with little or no change in the dissolution rates occurring even when multiple parameters, such as relative percentage composition of NaCMC and stearic acid were changed, as shown in Tables 2 and 3. Various lubricant modifications and alterations in tablet hardness resulted in little change in dissolution rates, as shown in Tables 4 through 7. [0086] In sum, when using NaCMC as the sole release sustaining agent, the following observations were made from the material presented in Tables 4-7: [0087] 1. Increasing the level of NaCMC beyond 5.3% produced no effect on the dissolution rate. [0088] 2. Processing several blends and compressions from the same lot of granulation (using a single lot of lithium carbonate) produced no change in the dissolution rate. [0089] 3. The use of multiple lots of lithium carbonate (for granulation) produced no change in the dissolution rate. [0090] 4. The compression rate of tablets at multiple hardness levels (7, 10, or approximately 20 kPa) produced no change in the dissolution rate. [0091] 5. Modifying the level (0.05 to 1.0%) or type of lubricant did not significantly alter the release rate. [0092] Stability testing performed in both glass bottles and in the current commercial packaging, however, showed a decrease in dissolution rates of the lithium carbonate-NaCMC formulations over time, as shown in Table 8. At higher temperature, higher relative humidity, and longer storage times, the lithium carbonate-NaCMC formulations tended to fall close to, or even outside of, current product specifications for the three hour dissolution period, which call for a dissolution rate of 45% to 75% within three hours, as shown in Table 1. [0093] This decrease in dissolution was seen both when testing in the current commercial packaging, and in glass bottles, as seen in Tables 8 and 9. It was hypothesized that a modest improvement in the initial dissolution rates, possibly to approximately the high 50% to low 60% range, would provide a margin for the observed deterioration in dissolution rates over time, and allow new formulations demonstrating acceptable dissolution rates both upon manufacture, and after storage. [0094] In attempts to overcome this loss of dissolution stability over time, multiple experiments were undertaken with a goal to enhance the release rate ranging from approximately 60% to approximately 65% in the three hour time period, in order to provide a margin for the observed loss of dissolution stability at longer storage periods, which caused the NaCMC formulation to fall outside of specifications at the six month, higher temperature and higher relative humidity conditions, as shown in Tables 8 and 9. TABLE 8 Dissolution Stability Summary, NaCMC - Lithium (Current Commercial Packaging) Potency 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Storage Age (% of Dissolution % Dissolution % Dissolution % Conditions (Months) Claimed) High Low Avg. High Low Avg. High Low Avg. Initial 00 98.8 21 20 20 52 49 51 94 91 93 25° C./60% 01 NR 22 21 21 55 48 53 97 92 94 Rel. Hum. 02 NR 22 21 21 55 48 53 97 92 94 03 99.4 20 19 19 52 49 50 95 87 90 04 100.2 21 19 20 52 49 50 95 87 90 05 98.2 19 ]8 18 51 49 50 93 87 90 06 98.7 20 19 19 50 48 49 91 86 88 09 18 17 18 48 46 47 81 87 89 30° C./60% 03 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Rel. Hum. 05 98.9 19 17 18 51 49 49 93 87 90 06 98.2 20 16 18 50 44 47 93 83 88 09 19 18 18 48 47 47 87 85 86 40° C./75% 01 NR 21 20 20 52 50 51 94 90 92 Rel. Hum. 02 NR 19 19 18 51 48 50 93 89 91 03 99.5 19 19 18 51 48 50 93 89 91 04 99.5 17 16 17 44 40 42 81 76 79 06 96.9 17 15 16 44 40 41 82 75 79 Spec. Limits 99.0-110.0 Not More Than 45% - 75% Not Less Than 40% 75% [0095] [0095] TABLE 9 Stability Summary, Lithium Carbonate - NaCMC (Glass Bottles) 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Storage Age Dissolution % Dissolution % Dissolution % Conditions (Months) Potency High Low Avg. High Low Avg. High Low Avg. Initial 00 99.5 20 20 20 52 50 51 93 89 92 25° C./60% 01 NR 22 20 21 50 53 52 97 92 94 Rel. Hum. 02 NR 20 19 20 52 50 51 93 89 91 03 99.2 22 18 20 54 49 51 94 91 93 04 98.8 20 19 20 51 49 50 94 87 91 05 98.4 19 18 19 50 48 49 91 88 89 06 97.6 23 21 23 52 48 50 89 84 87 09 17 16 17 49 46 48 91 86 89 30° C./60% 03 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Rel. Hum. 05 98.5 20 18 19 49 48 48 89 85 87 06 98.0 20 16 18 50 44 47 93 84 88 09 20 18 19 50 47 49 92 87 91 40° C./75% 01 NR 20 19 20 52 50 51 96 84 92 Rel. Hum. 02 NR 19 18 18 50 48 48 94 87 88 03 100.0 19 18 19 49 44 46 88 81 84 04 99.2 18 17 17 49 44 46 88 81 84 06 98.4 15 17 16 44 40 42 83 77 80 Spec. Limits 99.0-110.0 Not More Than 45% - 75% Not Less Than 40% 75% EXAMPLE II Lithium Carbonate—NaCMC with Additional Excipients [0096] Attempts were made to improve three hour dissolution rates using aqueous NaCMC as the release sustaining agent combined with other extragranular excipients. NaCMC was dissolved in water and used to granulate the lithium carbonate/iron oxide blend. The granulation was milled in a cone mill fitted with a 1 mm round hole cone. Prior to lubrication, the granulation was blended with additional excipients including multiple levels of Aerosil 200® (colloidal silica), Avicel PH102® (microcrystalline cellulose), Starch 1500 (partially gelatinized starch), and/or lactose. The blend was then lubricated and compressed at multiple hardness levels (7 and 10 kPa). Experimental variables included the manufacture of batches using different lots of lithium carbonate, the manufacture of multiple batches from a single lot of lithium carbonate, the manufacture of multiple batches of tablets from a single batch of granulation, the manufacture of batches with different levels of NaCMC, the manufacture of batches with different levels of Aerosil 200®, the manufacture of batches with different levels of Starch 1500, the manufacture of batches with different levels of Avicel PH102®, the manufacture of batches with different levels of lactose, and the manufacture of batches using different levels of lubricant, utilizing either stearic acid or magnesium stearate. [0097] The extragranular addition of these materials to the lithium carbonate/iron oxide/NaCMC formulation reduced the dissolution rate to low borderline or below (45%) for the three hour time point, as shown in Tables 10-13 TABLE 10 Effects on Dissolution of Avicel ® in NaCMC Granulation Starch Aerosil Stearic NaCMC Avicel ® 1500 200 ® Acid Tab wt. Dissolution % Formula mg/tablet mg/tablet mg/tablet Mg/tablet mg/tablet mg 1 Hr. 3 Hr. 7 Hr. % LOD 5499 51.07 0 25 6 5.4 538.45 19 51 92 .8 5498 51.07 10 25 6 5.5 548.56 20 49 93 .3 4519 51.07 15 25 6 5.5 553.61 18 45 88 .1 5035 51.07 15 25 6 5.5 553.61 17 41 74 .1 [0098] [0098] TABLE 11 Effects on Dissolution of Starch 1500 and Lithium Lot in NaCMC Granulations Starch Stearic NaCMC Avicel ® 1500 Acid Tab Wt. Dissolution % Lithium Granulation Formula mg/tablet Mg/Tablet mg/tablet mg/tablet Mg 1 Hr. 3 Hr. 7 Hr. % LOD Lot Batch # 100106 51.07 15 45 5.7 573.8 14 40 83 0.84 2632 6265 100111 51.07 15 45 5.7 573.81 17 48 89 0.8 2632 6266 100104 51.07 15 35 5.6 563.7 14 39 77 0.84 2632 6265 100103 51.07 15 25 5.5 553.6 15 42 79 0.84 2632 6265 100107 51.07 15 25 5.5 553.6 19 49 90 0.83 2632 6266 100114 51.07 15 25 5.5 553.61 18 51 92 0.74 2603 6264 100106 51.07 15 45 5.7 573.8 14 40 83 0.84 2632 6265 100112 51.07 15 45 5.7 573.81 17 47 87 0.81 2603 6264 100110 51.07 15 15 5.4 543.51 20 52 97 0.75 2632 6266 100113 51.07 15 15 5.4 543.51 18 51 91 0.71 2603 6264 [0099] [0099] TABLE 12 Effects on Dissolution of Aerosil 200 ® in NaCMC Granulations Starch Aerosil Stearic NaCMC Avicel ® 1500 200 ® Acid Tab Wt. Dissolution % Formula mg/tablet mg/tablet mg/tablet Mg/tablet mg/tablet mg 1 Hr. 3 Hr. 7 Hr. % LOD 5497 51.07 15 25 0 5.48 547.55 19 48 91 2.2 4520 51.07 15 25 4 5.51 551.58 18 49 92 1.2 5036 51.07 15 25 4 5.52 551.59 18 46 85 1.0 5496 51.07 15 25 4 5.52 551.59 18 48 88 2.1 5035 51.07 15 25 6 5.54 553.61 17 41 74 1.1 5034 51.07 15 25 8 5.56 555.63 16 44 82 1.3 5038 51.07 15 25 8 5.56 555.63 15 43 81 0.8 4518 51.07 15 25 10 5.58 557.65 18 45 91 1.3 5033 51.07 15 25 10 5.58 557.65 17 41 74 0.9 [0100] [0100] TABLE 13 Effect of Lactose Replacement of Avicel ® on Dissolution of NaCMC Granulations Starch Aerosil Stearic NaCMC Lactose 1500 200 ® Acid Tab Wt. Dissolution % Formula mg/tablet mg/tablet mg/tablet Mg/tablet mg/tablet mg 1 Hr. 3 Hr. 7 Hr. % LOD 101438 51.07 5 25 6 5.44 543.51 15 43 85 0.63 101442 51.07 15 25 6 5.54 553.61 16 44 87 0.60 101440 51.07 45 25 6 5.84 583.91 16 44 84 0.62 [0101] Variations in stearic acid lubricant concentrations were also tested with representative formulations containing NaCMC, Avicel®, Starch 1500, and Aerosil 200®. Experimentations in tablet compression revealed that the compression of tablets to pressures of either 7 kPa or 10 kPa produced no change in the dissolution rates. TABLE 14 Effects on Dissolution of Varying Levels of Stearic Acid Lubricant in Representative NaCMC Granulations Containing Avicel ®, Starch 1500, and Aerosil 200 ® Starch Aerosil Stearic NaCMC Avicel ® 1500 200 ® Acid Tab Wt. Dissolution % Formula mg/tablet Mg/tablet mg/tablet mg/tablet mg/tablet mg 1 Hr. 3 Hr. 7 Hr. % LOD 100109 51.07 15 25 6 8.35 556.42 18 47 89 0.8  5496 51.07 15 25 4 5.52 551.59 18 46 88 2.1 100107 51.07 15 25 6 5.53 553.6 19 49 90 0.83  6296 51.07 15 25 4 4.1 550.17 21 51 94 1.7  6295 51.07 15 25 4 2.75 548.82 21 53 98 1.5 100108 51.07 15 25 6 2.8 550.87 19 54 100 0.76 [0102] The following observations were made from the results presented in Tables 10-14: [0103] 1. Modification in the levels of Aerosil® produced no change in the dissolution rate. [0104] 2. Modification in the levels of starch produced no change in the dissolution rate. [0105] 3. An increase in the level of Avicel® 0 produced aminor slowing of the dissolution rate. [0106] 4. Replacement of Avicel® with lactose produced no change in the dissolution rate. [0107] 5. Modification in the levels of lactose produced no change in the dissolution rate. [0108] 6. Processing several blends and compressions from the same lot of granulation, using a single lot of lithium carbonate, produced no change in the dissolution rate. [0109] 7. The use of multiple lots of lithium carbonate for different batches of granulation produced no change in the dissolution rate. [0110] 8. A reduction of 50 % in the level of lubricant produced aminor increase in dissolution. [0111] 9. A 50% increase in the lubricant level did not produce a slowing effect on the dissolution rate. EXAMPLE III Replacement of NaCMC With Other Binding Agents [0112] To test the efficacy of other binding agents in improving the dissolution characteristics of lithium carbonate, NaCMC was replaced with various other release sustaining agents, including starch, gelatin, aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC). Starch NF, Starch 1500 (partially pregelatinized starch), or Starch 1551 (totally pregelatinized starch) was suspended in water and used in place of NaCMC to granulate the lithium carbonate/iron oxide blend. The granulation was milled in a cone mill fitted with a 1 mm round hole cone. Prior to the lubrication the granulations were blended with additional excipients including multiple levels of Aerosil 200® (colloidal silica), Avicel PH102® (microcrystalline cellulose), and/or Starch 1500 (partially pregelatinized starch). The blends were then lubricated and compressed at hardness levels of either 7 or 10 kPa. With starch as the release sustaining agent, with or without additional extragranular excipients, the dissolution rates were found to be highly erratic and all work was stopped on these formulations. [0113] In a second series of experiments, gelatin (Gelatin A, 125 and 200 bloom, or Gelatin B, 200 bloom) was suspended/dissolved in water and used to granulate the lithium carbonate/iron oxide blend. The granulation was milled in a cone mill fitted with a 1 mm round hole cone. In a sub-series of experiments using gelatin, the granulation was blended, prior to lubrication, with additional excipients, including multiple levels of Aerosil 200® (colloidal silica), Avicel PH102® (microcrystalline cellulose), Starch 1500 (partially gelatinized starch), Explotab (sodium starch glycolate), and/or Ac-Di-Sol (Croscarmellose sodium). The blends were then lubricated and compressed at hardness levels of either 7 or 10 kPa. Variations using different lots of lithium carbonate, the manufacture of multiple batches from a single lot of lithium carbonate, the manufacture of multiple batches or tablets from a single batch of granulation and differing levels of both stearic acid and magnesium stearate lubricant were all tested. When using gelatin as the release agent, with or without additional extragranular excipients, the dissolution rates were very erratic and all work was stopped on these formulations. [0114] In a third series of experiments, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), K30, K90, and K30 plus K90 (difference in molecular weights) was dissolved in water and used to granulate the lithium carbonate/iron oxide blends. The granulation was milled in a cone mill fitted with a 1 mm round hole cone. In a sub-series of experiments using polyvinylpyrrolidone, the granulation was blended, prior to lubrication, with additional excipients, including multiple levels of Aerosil 2000 (colloidal silica), Avicel PH102® (microcrystalline cellulose), and/or Starch 1500 (partially gelatinized starch). The blend was then lubricated and compressed at hardness levels of either 7 or 10 kPa. Variations including the manufacture of multiple batches from a single lot of lithium carbonate, the manufacture of multiple batches of tablets from a single granulation batch, the manufacture of batches with different levels and types of PVP and the manufacture of batches using different levels of both stearic acid and magnesium stearate lubricants were tested. When using PVP as the release sustaining agent, with or without extragranular excipients, the dissolution rates were highly erratic and all work was stopped on these formulations. [0115] In a fourth series of experiments, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) was dissolved in an organic solvent (isopropyl alcohol) and used to granulate the lithium carbonate/iron oxide blend in an attempt to eliminate the use of water in the formulation process. The granulation was milled using a cone mill fitted with a 1 mm round hole cone. In a sub-series of experiments using HPC, the granulation was blended, prior to lubrication, with additional excipients including multiple levels of Aerosil 200® (colloidal silica), Avicel PH102® (microcrystalline cellulose), and/or Starch 1500 (partially gelatinized starch). The blend was then lubricated and compressed to hardness levels of either 7 or 10 kPa. Varying levels of stearic acid lubricant were tested. When using HPC as the release sustaining agent, with or without additional extragranular excipients, the dissolution rates were very fast and all work was stopped on these formulations. EXAMPLE IV Lithium Carbonate—NaCMC With Secondary Release Agent (Glycine) [0116] With the failure of other release sustaining agents to improve the dissolution profile obtained with NaCMC as the release sustaining agent, experiments were undertaken utilizing a secondary release sustaining agent, glycine, in addition to the formulations including NaCMC. Multiple levels of glycine were used in conjunction with lithium carbonate/iron oxide. NaCMC formulations and release rates were found to be modified in a controllable manner, ranging from three hour dissolution rates of approximately 50% with no added glycine, and ranging upwards to three hour dissolution rates of nearly 100% with 40 mg/tablet added glycine, as shown in Table 15. As the goal of the experimental protocol was to achieve only a modest increase in the baseline dissolution rate using NaCMC as the sole release sustaining agent (see, e.g., three hour dissolution rate for Na-CMC in Tables 8 and 9), a level of 8 mg/tablet of added glycine, which produced an increase in the three hour dissolution rate to 63%, as seen in Table 15, was chosen for additional inquiry. TABLE 15 Effects of Varying Levels of Glycine as Secondary Releasing Agent in NaCMC Granulations Glycine Stearic Dissolution % Formula NaCMC Level Acid 1 Hr. 3 Hr. 7 Hr. 0106033 25 mg 0.5 mg 2.4 mg 22 57 90 0106977 25 mg 2 mg 2.4 mg 22 57 96 0106976 25 mg 5 mg 2.4 mg 23 59 99 0106975 25 mg 8 mg 2.45 mg 25 63 100 0107229 25 mg 8 mg 4.9 mg 26 63 100 0107232 25 mg 11 mg 4.9 mg 25 63 100 0107230 25 mg 14 mg 4.9 mg 28 67 100 0106774 25 mg 20 mg 2.5 mg 30 78 101*  0106772 25 mg 40 mg 2.6 mg 35 96 101*  [0117] [0117] Formula Tablet Weights (mg) 0106033 477.9 0106977 479.4 0106976 482.4 0106975 485.45 0107229 487.9 0107232 490.9 0107230 493.9 0106774 497.5 0106772 517.6 [0118] In a preferred embodiment, the glycine ranges from, at a lower end, about 0.1, 1, 2, or 3 percent to about, at a higher end, 6, 8, 9, or 10 percent based on the weight of the composition. [0119] Several other experiments were performed using this combination release controlling formulation. It was found, as shown in Table 16, that the density of the lithium carbonate did not affect the release profile. It was also found, as shown in Table 17, that increasing the lubricant level, utilizing either stearic acid or sodium stearyl fumerate, did slow the release rate. During these experiments the level of stearic acid was increased from 0.5% to 1.0% because although the tablets showed no dissolution problems at a 0.5% stearic acid level, the tablet tooling showed a relative lack of tablet lubricant. The increase in the level of stearic acid from 0.5% to 1.0% did not affect the dissolution profiles, however, levels above 1% did cause some slowing of dissolution, as shown in Tables 16 and 17. TABLE 16 Effect of Different Lithium Bulk Densities on NaCMC-Glycine Granulations Glycine Stearic NaCMC Lithium Level Acid Dissolution % Formula mg/tablet Density Mg/tablet mg/tablet 1 Hr. 3 Hr. 7 Hr. 0200578 25 mg 0.49 8 mg 4.9 mg 23 61 97 0200575 25 mg 0.51 8 mg 4.9 mg 24 60 98 0200581 25 mg 0.525 8 mg 4.9 mg 25 61 100  0200756 25 mg 0.55 8 mg 4.9 mg 33 70 101* 0106975 25 mg 0.55 8 mg 4.9 mg 28 64 100  [0120] [0120] TABLE 17 Effect of Increasing Lubrication on NaCMC-Glycine Granulations Sodium Glycine Stearyl Stearic NaCMC Level Fumerate Acid Dissolution % Formula mg/tablet mg/tablet Mg/tablet mg/tablet 1 Hr. 3 Hr. 7 Hr. 0200586 25 mg 8 mg 0 mg 4.9 mg 33 70 100  0200771 25 mg 8 mg 0 mg 9.8 mg 26 57 96 0200770 25 mg 8 mg 0 mg 14.9 mg 23 51 86 0200773 25 mg 8 mg 4.9 mg 0 mg 26 62 102* 0200774 25 mg 8 mg 9.8 mg 0 mg 25 57 95 [0121] Experiments were performed utilizing different levels of moisture and demonstrated that when drying the granulation, it is very difficult to dry to a moisture level much lower than 0.5% to 1.0%. A single compression was attempted with granulation at a 4.25% moisture level. The compression was only able to achieve a 4.0 kPa hardness level. This, however, did give a respectable dissolution rate of 60% at the three hour point. [0122] Dissolution stability studies were undertaken for both low density and high density lithium, utilizing the lithium carbonate—NaCMC—Glycine formulation, as seen in Tables 18 and 19. These showed an improved dissolution rate compared to the dissolution stabilities seen with the lithium carbonate—NaCMC formulations, in the current commercial packaging, reported in Table 8. TABLE 18 Dissolution Stability Summary Lithium Carbonate - NaCMC -Glycine Formulations Utilizing Low Density Lithium in Current Commercial Packaging 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Storage Age Dissolution % Dissolution % Dissolution % Conditions (Months) High Low Avg. High Low Avg. High Low Avg. Initial 00 26 25 26 61 58 59 98 97 98 25° C./60% 01 27 24 25 62 56 59 103* 96 100  Rel. Hum. 02 26 24 25 62 59 60 102* 98 100  03 25 23 24 58 55 57 96 91 94 04 26 22 25 61 56 59 96 93 95 30° C./60% 03 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Rel. Hum. 40° C./75% 01 30 26 27 67 59 62 101* 94 99 Rel. Hum. 02 26 23 25 63 58 61 102* 99 101* 03 26 23 25 64 55 59 85 69 76 04 20 16 19 48 43 45 85 69 76 Spec. Limits Not More Than 45%-75% Not Less Than 40% 75% [0123] [0123] TABLE 19 Dissolution Stability Summary Lithium Carbonate - NaCMC -Glycine Formulations Utilizing High Density Lithium in Current Commercial Packaging 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Storage Age, Dissolution % Dissolution % Dissolution % Conditions (Months) High Low Avg. High Low Avg. High Low Avg. Initial 00 31 28 29 66 62 64 102* 99 100  25° C./60% 01 28 23 26 65 55 61 103* 94 99 Rel. Hum. 02 26 25 26 64 61 62 103* 98 101* 03 27 23 25 62 58 60 99 93 96 04 26 24 25 62 59 60 99 96 97 30° C./60% 03 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Rel. Hum. 40° C./75% 01 28 25 26 68 62 65 106* 102* 104* Rel. Hum. 02 29 25 26 67 63 65 104* 102* 103* 03 23 20 22 55 51 54 100  85 94 04 22 19 20 53 49 51 96 88 93 Spec. Limits Not More Than 45%-75% Not Less Than 40% 75% EXAMPLE V Lithium Carbonate—NaCMC—Bowl Charge Modification [0124] A modification to the manufacturing method of the preceding examples was made in an additonal series of experiments with the NaCMC granulation. Standard commercial testing preparations equivalent to a bowl charge of 40,000 tablets at 450 mg lithium carbonate per tablet were utilized. Varying amounts of lithium carbonate, in an amount equal to either 5, 10, or 15 mg/tablet, were removed from the fluid bed bowl. The amount removed from the fluid bed bowl was then dissolved in water containing the desired amount of NaCMC and returned to the final formulation as part of the granulation solution spray. The effect of the bowl charge modification on the formulation dissolution rate varied from the baseline of approximately 50% dissolution at three hours (no lithium removed from granulation bowl and sprayed back onto granulation mixture with NaCMC), to an increase in dissolution rates, as shown in Table 20, that increased to as much as 75% at three hours with a 15 mg bowl modification (i.e., an amount of lithium equal to 15 mg/tablet removed from bowl charge, dissolved with water containing NaCMC, and then sprayed back onto the granulation mixture). In keeping with the experimental goal of achieving a modest increase in three hour dissolution rates, a bowl modification of 10 mg/tablet was chosen for further experimentation with varying lithium densities, as shown in Table 21. TABLE 20 Effect of Bowl Charge Modification on Dissolution Rates of NaCMC-Glycine Granulations Stearic NaCMC Bowl Modification Acid Dissolution % Formula mg/tablet mg/tablet mg/tablet 1 Hr. 3 Hr. 7 Hr. 0106980 25 mg  5 mg 2.4 mg 24 59 97 0106978 25 mg 10 mg 2.4 mg 26 63 100  0107231 25 mg 15 mg 4.8 mg 32 75 101* [0125] [0125] TABLE 21 Effect of Different Densities of Lithium NaCMC using Glycine Granulations With 10 mg/tablet Bowl Charge Modification Stearic Lithium NaCMC Acid Bulk Dissolution % Formula mg/tablet mg/tablet Density 1 Hr. 3 Hr. 7 Hr. 0200582 25 mg 4.8 mg 0.49 33 68 101* 0200579 25 mg 4.8 mg 0.51 27 61 97 0200576 25 mg 4.8 mg 0.525 35 73 102* 0200755 25 mg 4.8 mg 0.55 35 70 103* 0200774 25 mg 4.8 mg 0.55 27 62 98 [0126] Dissolution stability studies were undertaken for both low density and high density lithium, utilizing the lithium carbonate—NaCMC—10 mg/tablet bowl charge modification formulations, as seen in Tables 22-24. The results of these studies, shown in Table 22-24, showed an improved dissolution rate in most time periods and storage conditions compared to the dissolution stabilities seen with the lithium carbonate—NaCMC formulations of Table 8. There was, however, a drop in dissolution rates at the highest experimental temperatures and relative humidity. This effect showed slight variation in two different granulation lots of high density lithium carbonate (Lot 0200755, manufactured in 2002; reported in Table 23 and Lot 0106978, manufactured in 2001). TABLE 22 Stability Summary of Low Density Lithium Carbonate - NaCMC Formulations With 10 mg/tablet Bowl Charge Modification 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Storage Age Dissolution % Dissolution % Dissolution % Conditions (Months) High Low Avg. High Low Avg. High Low Avg. Initial 00 40 32 37 74 67 71 103* 100 102* 25° C./60% 01 34 28 32 70 66 68 103* 100 101* Rel. Hum. 02 36 29 33 71 64 68 103* 81 97 03 33 28 31 66 62 64 97 95 96 04 36 25 32 71 65 68 97 91 93 30° C./60% 03 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Rel. Hum. 40° C./75% 01 35 33 31 72 67 69 102* 99 100  Rel. Hum. 02 40 30 33 74 64 67 104* 97 102* 03 40 29 35 78 64 70 95 84 87 04 25 24 25 55 51 53 95 84 87 Spec. Limits Not More Than 45%-75% Not Less Than 40% 75% [0127] [0127] TABLE 23 Stability Summary of High Density Lithium Carbonate - NaCMC Formulations With 10 mg/tablet Bowl Charge Modification - Lot 0200755 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Storage Age Dissolution % Dissolution % Dissolution % Conditions (Months) High Low Avg. High Low Avg. High Low Avg. Initial 00 29 26 28 67 63 65 98 98 98 25° C./60% 01 29 26 28 69 62 65 103* 100 102* Rel. Hum. 02 30 25 28 70 53 64 101* 88 94 03 29 26 27 66 63 65 99 92 97 04 31 28 29 71 67 69 101* 99 100  30° C./60% 03 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Rel. Hum. 40° C./75% 01 41 28 31 81 69 72 103* 99 101* Rel. Hum. 02. 27 25 26 64 61 62 99 95 97 03 25 21 23 54 50 52 95 87 90 04 17 17 17 38 36 37 60 56 58 Spec. Limits Not More Than 45%-75% Not Less Than 40% 75% [0128] [0128] TABLE 24 Stability Summary of Appendix G High Density Lithium Carbonate - NaCMC Formulations With 10 mg/tablet Bowl Charge Modification - Lot 0106978 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Storage Age Dissolution % Dissolution % Dissolution % Conditions (Months) High Low Avg. High Low Avg. High Low Avg. Initial 00 30 26 29 65 61 63 100  96 98 25° C./60% 01 34 29 31 67 65 66 105* 100  103* Rel. Hum. 02 31 29 30 68 66 67 107* 101* 103* 03 30 29 30 64 63 64 100  95 98 04 29 27 28 66 62 64 101* 99 100  30° C./60% 03 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Rel. Hum. 40° C./75% 01 30 29 30 67 64 65 101* 96 99 Rel. Hum. 02 30 27. 28 65 55 62 101* 96 99 03 24 22 23 52 49 51 92 85 88 04 21 20 20 46 43 45 84 74 79 Spec. Limits Not More Than 45%-75% Not Less Than 40% 75% EXAMPLE VI Dissolution Profiles With Altered Commercial Packaging [0129] The effects of product packaging was hypothesized to play a role in the changes in dissolution profiles seen over time with various lithium carbonate formulations. In the first experiment, as a control, Eskalith CR 450® from several lots, in the current commercial packaging of Eskalith CR®, was placed on stability. All sample performed outside of specifications after six months testing at high levels of heat and humidity, with representative studies shown in Table 25. TABLE 25 Stability Summary of Currently Marketed, Gelatinized Lithium Carbonate (Eskalith CR 450 ®) in Current Commercial Packaging 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Storage Age Dissolution % Dissolution % Dissolution % Conditions (Months) Potency High Low Avg. High Low Avg. High Low Avg. Initial 00 98.3 26 22 24 70 57 64 99 96 97 25° C./60% 01 NR 24 20 22 65 59 63 100  95 98 Rel. Hum. 02 NR 27 23 25 65 60 63 102* 98 101* 03 97.3 23 21 22 60 54 58 100  94 97 06 97.5 22 20 21 58 52 54 96 91 95 09 98.6 22 20 21 57 54 55 96 92 94 12 99.7 20 19 20 57 52 54 98 93 95 30° C./60% 03 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Rel. Hum. 06 97.4 20 18 19 52 46 49 99 94 96 09 99.9 21 18 20 55 53 54 97 92 95 12 100.0 19 17 18 55 49 51 92 88 90 40° C./75% 03 99.3 20 19 19 50 46 48 89 84 87 Rel. Hum. 06 97.8 18 16 17 40 38 39 79 73 76 Spec. Limits 99.0-110.0 Not More Than 45%-75% Not Less Than 40% 75% [0130] In accompanying experiments, the effects of altering the current commercial packaging of the currently available, gelatinized, form of lithium carbonate (Eskalith CR 450®) was studied in an attempt to develop improved dissolution profiles, particularly at longer storage times at highter heat and humidity levels, than those seen in the representative baseline reported in Table 25. In this follow up study, the currently marketed packaging of Eskalith CR 450®, consisting of a 100 cc, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) white bottle with a 33 mm white polypropylene plastic cap, desiccant, and cotton fill was modified with the addition of an induction heat seal and two, 2 in 1 desiccant canisters placed within the bottle. This modification of the current commercial packaging, carried out in three separate experiments, as shown in Tables 26-28, showed considerable improvement in the three hour dissolution profiles of the currently marketed gelatinized form of lithium carbonate studied (Eskalith CR 450®), whose baseline values are shown in Table 25. In the test, averages in the modified packaging performed within specifications after six months storage at high temperature and humidity. TABLE 26 Stability Summary of Currently Marketed, Gelatinized Lithium Carbonate (Eskalith CR 450 ®) in Proposed Commercial Packaging (Addition of Induction Heat Seal and Two, 2 in 1 Desiccant Canisters) - Lot 0102583 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Storage Age Dissolution % Dissolution % Dissolution % Conditions (Months) Potency High Low Avg. High Low Avg. High Low Avg. Initial 00 102.8 27 24 26 69 65 67 105* 101* 103* 25° C./60% 03 103.3 28 23 25 73 61 67 112* 102* 106* Rel. Hum. 06 102.3 28 24 26 73 61 67 112* 102* 106* 30° C./60% 01 99.9 27 25 26 73 67 69 103* 99 101* Rel. Hum. 02 102.3 28 26 27 72 65 69 104* 102* 103* 03 101.4 34 26 29 75 70 73 104* 100  102* 06 102.5 25 24 24 67 64 65 105* 102* 103* 40° C./75% 01 101.2 26 23 24 68 61 64 105* 102* 103* Rel. Hum. 02 101.4 23 22 23 62 58 60 102* 100  101* 03 100.9 22 20 21 59 55 57 102* 98 100  06 102.9 20 18 19 55 52 54 100  96 98 Spec. Limits 99.0-110.0 Not More Than 45%-75% Not Less Than 40% 75% [0131] [0131] TABLE 27 Stability Summary of Currently Marketed, Gelatinized Lithium Carbonate (Eskalith CR 450 ®) in Proposed Commercial Packaging (Addition of Induction Heat Seal and Two, 2 in 1 Desiccant Canisters) - Lot 0102584 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Storage Age Dissolution % Dissolution % Dissolution % Conditions (Months) Potency High Low Avg. High Low Avg. High Low Avg. Initial 00 103.7 25 23 24 64 60 63 104* 97 102* 25° C./60% 03 103 27 23 25 70 63 66 106* 98 104* Rel. Hum. 06 102.5 25 23 24 67 57 63 106* 98 104* 30° C./60% 01 99.9 26 24 25 66 62 64 102* 99 101* Rel. Hum. 02 101.5 27 24 25 67 60 63 103* 100  101* 03 101.8 25 22 23 65 59 62 102* 100  101* 06 101.9 24 22 23 67 63 65 106* 102* 104* 40° C./75% 01 101 25 22 24 64 61 62 100  98 99 Rel. Hum. 02 101.2 23 21 22 59 53 56 100  95 97 03 100.3 29 22 24 71 55 61 103* 94 100  06 101.7 19 16 18 51 43 48 97 83 91 Spec. Limits 99.0-110.0 Not More Than 45%-75% Not Less Than 40% 75% [0132] [0132] TABLE 28 Stability Summary of Currently Marketed, Gelatinized Lithium Carbonate (Eskalith CR 450 ®) in Proposed Commercial Packaging (Addition of Induction Heat Seal and Two, 2 in 1 Desiccant Canisters) - Lot 0102588 1 Hour 3 Hour 7 Hour Storage Age Dissolution % Dissolution % Dissolution % Conditions (Months) Potency High Low Avg. High Low Avg. High Low Avg. Initial 00 102.8 26 21 24 68 55 63 102* 98 101* 25° C./60% 03 103.2 29 23 26 75 62 68 102* 98 100  Rel. Hum. 06 102.6 27 21 24 68 58 64 109* 97 103* 30° C./60% 01 99.4 26 24 25 66 60 63 101* 99 100  Rel. Hum. 02 101.2 24 22 23 64 63 64 103* 101* 102* 03 101.3 25 22 23 66 61 63 101* 98 99 06 102.1 28 22 25 76 61 68 107* 99 103* 40° C./75% 01 100.7 24 22 23 67 59 62 100  97 99 Rel. Hum. 02 101.4 23 22 22 62 60 61 102* 99 100  03 101.5 22 18 21 65 61 63 104* 100  102* 06 101.9 18 16 17 55 48 52 102* 95 97 Spec. Limits 99.0-110.0 Not More Than 45%-75% Not Less Than 40% 75% INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY [0133] While many drugs are conveniently dosed using conventional delayed release or sustained release technology, pharmaceuticals such as lithium compounds that have highly variable dissolution rates and narrow ranges of clinically therapeutic plasma concentrations present difficult problems. The present inventors, have, through an extensive amount of research, determined that a formulation of lithium carbonate including the excipients Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and glycine has an enhanced dissolution profile at three hours, compared to a formulation not containing glycine, and that the formulation including glycine has a more stable three hour dissolution profile following prolonged periods of storage under varying conditions. In addition, a process modification wherein approximately 10 mg/tablet of the lithium—NaCMC granulation is removed from the fluid bed, solubilized, and then top sprayed on the remaining granulation, also exhibits an improved three hour dissolution profile, and that the formulation produced by this method has a more stable three hour dissolution profile following prolonged periods of storage under varying conditions. Testing of the dissolution stability of a currently marketed lithium carbonate formulation in a modified packaging indicates that the improved dissolution stability profile of lithium carbonate—NaCMC, lithium carbonate NaCMC—glycine, and lithium carbonate—NaCMC formulated in a bowl charge modification process may all be further improved with modification of the current commercial packaging of lithium carbonate formulations. [0134] The compositions of the present invention may be administered according to various dosage regiments, i.e., once-daily or multiple daily occurrences (e.g., two), or at various intervals (e.g., every 12 hours). The amount of lithium carbonate employed per dosage form (e.g., tablet) may vary and include, without limitation, 300 mg and 450 mg. The compositions may be employed in various dosage forms including, without limitation, tablets, pills, powders, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, capsules (such as, for example, soft and hard gelatin capsules), suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders. [0135] Having thus described the present invention in detail, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes or modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention define in the appended claims and described in the specification.

The present invention pertains to a controlled release solid dose formulations of lithium carbonate, comprising lithium carbonate, optional pharmacologically acceptable excipients, lubricants including stearic acid, sodium stearyl fumerate, calcium stearate, and magnesium stearate, optionally glycine, and sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Tablet forms are compressed at various pressures. The sodium carboxymethylcellulose and optionally glycine increases the dissolution rate profiles for lithium carbonate formulations, particularly for those formulations stored for extended periods of time and at varying conditions of heat and humidity. A process of formulating such compositions, comprising the steps of mixing lithium carbonate with excipients, top spraying a solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and glycine onto the lithium mixture in a fluid bed granulator, milling, and pressing the resultant compound into tablets is also described. The formulations of the invention are useful in a method of treatment of Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depressive Disorder).