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4133594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused%20grid | Fused grid | The fused grid is a street network pattern first proposed in 2002 and subsequently applied in Calgary, Alberta (2006) and Stratford, Ontario (2004). It represents a synthesis of two well known and extensively used network concepts: the "grid" and the "Radburn" pattern, derivatives of which are found in most city suburbs. Both concepts were conscious attempts to organize urban space for habitation. The grid was conceived and applied in the pre-automotive era of cities starting circa 2000 BC and prevailed until about 1900 AD. The Radburn pattern emerged in 1929 about thirty years following the invention of the internal combustion engine powered automobile and in anticipation of its eventual dominance as a means for mobility and transport. Both these patterns appear throughout North America. "Fused" refers to a systematic recombination of the essential characteristics of each of these two network patterns.
Terminology and history
Modern urban planners generally classify street networks as either organic or planned. Planned networks tend to be organized according to geometric patterns, while the organic networks are believed to emerge from spontaneous, unorganized growth.
Architectural historian Spiro Kostof writes that "The word 'grid' is a convenient, and imprecise, substitute for 'orthogonal planning'. 'Gridiron' in the US implies a pattern of long narrow blocks, and 'checkerboard' a pattern of square blocks." In addition to the right angle being a key characteristic, a second attribute of equal importance is its imputed openness and unconstrained expandability. Loosely interpreted, the term "grid" can be applied to plans such as the Vitruvian octagonal plan for an ideal city, resembling a spider web, or to plans composed of concentric circles. These are all grids in that a regularly spaced armature leaves recurring openings and that they could, conceivably, expand outward.
The emergence of the pure, rectilinear, orthogonal grid, or Hippodamian grid, is explained by the natural tendency of people to walk in a straight line, particularly in the absence of obstacles and on level land. This intuitive explanation leaves the question of pre-grid and post grid non-rectilinear city patterns to be better understood, particularly those on plane territory such as Marrakech. Another potential influence may have been exerted by the second frequent user of city streets – horses. Horses also tend to move in a straight line, particularly at trotting, canter or galloping pace. When horses serve a city and draw chariots singly or in pairs, or, similarly, carts for a variety of transportation and processional functions, straight line travel becomes imperative; turns force a sluggish pace and cumbersome manoeuvres that reduce their efficiency of movement. The need for speed is accentuated by city size; distances to the public functions at the centre increase and, consequently, the need for quick access is intensified. Speed in turn implies straight lines. It is plausible that the drivers for rectilinear layouts may have been man's horses, mules, and carts as much as man himself, spurred by the growth of settlements.
The creation of the Radburn pattern is attributed to Clarence Stein but has a lineage of ideas that preceded it in Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker's work that included the use of cul-de-sac and crescent street types. In contrast to the scarcity of records that obscures the original rationale for the grid, the reasons for the Radburn pattern have been articulated clearly in Stein's writings and those of his predecessors.
"Radburn" (after a place in New Jersey) now denotes a street network configuration. It signifies a departure from the strict orthogonal geometry and regularity of the grid and a distinct approach to laying out new districts. As a system, it can be described more accurately as a "cellular" network that has a characteristic hierarchy of streets as distinct from identical streets intersecting at regular intervals. Its derivatives and idiosyncratic imitations are often characterized as "cul-de-sac and loop" patterns highlighting the distinguishing street types that are used systematically in this network. A second term equally uncharacteristic is "suburban". This association of a pattern with a location is inaccurate and unintentionally misleading: entire early cities such as Cairo and Fez are structured on this pattern whose newer suburbs follow the grid reversing the urban/suburban relationship. "Suburban" is also devoid of geometric descriptors of the pattern. These shorthand expressions conceal the variety of patterns that emerged in the 20th century that are decidedly neither grids nor "Radburn" and the "system" aspect of the pattern. The "loop and lollipop" label may be a more applicable descriptor of later interpretations of the Radburn model that appear to lack structure and to overlook key elements of the original concept such as its emphasis on pedestrian priority, for example. The pattern's systematic use of the cul-de-sac and loop is decidedly linked to automotive mobility as a means of controlling and guiding its flow. The Radburn pattern is a complex system; more than a series of identical orthogonal city blocks in a linear progression. It rests on a functional program plus an intentional picturesque aesthetic: it avoids straight lines, limits four-way intersections and shuns repetitive blocks all of which enhance its picturesque imagery. To facilitate the discussion, the name "Radburn-like" or "Radburn-type" will be used in the subsequent sections.
Criticisms of the prevailing network patterns
The two dominant network patterns, the grid and Radburn, have been debated by planners, transportation engineers and social observers on grounds that include issues of defence, aesthetics, adaptability, sociability, mobility, health, safety, security and environmental impact.
Defence, aesthetics, and adaptability
The first known criticism of the grid was put forward on the grounds of defence that became irrelevant following the prevalence of the cannon (1500s). Aristotle argued that the old maze-like street pattern, which preceded the grid, made it difficult for invading troops to find their way in and out of the city, Alberti also expressed the same view 1500 years later and added the advantage of a superior visual effect of the organic pattern over the grid.
A second criticism was put forward most forcefully by Camillo Sitte on aesthetic grounds. He argued that grids lack variety and, consequently, are uninteresting and can become oppressive by their monotony. This argument has been undermined first by the potential variety of grid dimensions that can be used in combinations such as appear in many city plans. More importantly, ground observation of cities shows that the mix of buildings and their varied street alignments as well as open spaces with their size variations coupled with constant redevelopment, suppress the monotony of the grid. Nonetheless, 20th century planners shunned pure grids and implicitly endorsed C. Sitte's ideas on the need for a picturesque streetscape. This tendency is generally based on an intuitive aesthetic ground; that people dislike long open street vistas and prefer those that terminate. Recent subdivision or town layouts such as Poundbury (1993), Seaside (1984) and Kentlands (1995) consciously avoided the homogeneous grid and its open vistas.
A further criticism of the grid focuses on its unsuitability for uneven, variegated terrain. Its application in sites such as Priene (350 BC), Piraeus (circa 400 BC), San Francisco (1776), Saint John, NB (1631) and others severely limits general accessibility by inadvertently introducing steep slopes or, in certain cases, stepped road sections and creates construction difficulties. In cities with intemperate climates this limitation is accentuated. Moving in a straight line uphill becomes arduous or, occasionally, impossible, particularly for non-motorized wheeled means of transport.
A Radburn-type network inherently includes a variety of city blocks and terminating vistas and, consequently, preempts criticism centered on monotony and lack of end-closure. Its unconstrained geometry adapts easily to topographical irregularities and geographical features such as streams, woodlots and natural ponds. As neither the alignment nor the length of neighbourhood streets need to remain constant, this model gives planners considerable latitude in laying out a network.
Two newer aesthetic criticisms of the Radburn model emerged in the 1980s: the absence of a street "wall" or "enclosure" and the repetitiveness of housing unit forms as found in suburban districts. Both these criticisms can be understood as a misapplication of aesthetic norms on socio-economic outcomes. The spaciousness of housing developments at the city's edge echoes the spaciousness of contemporary houses and are both driven not by aesthetic intent but by economic prosperity. Judging the visual outcome of prosperity using historic streetscape criteria of cities with a different socioeconomic makeup would make the verdict predictable and practically meaningless.
Moreover, the "street wall" and "enclosure" criticism of the Radburn pattern applications are undermined by observation of city districts new and old. Close examination would reveal that these spatial qualities are inextricably linked to housing unit and population density as well as construction technology and are not necessarily the outcome of a street pattern: The higher the habitation density of the street (and town) the closer and taller the buildings have to be to accommodate more people. A street pattern does not induce either unit density or the visual wall effect. For example, in earlier cities with labyrinthine street layouts, analogous to some contemporary suburban districts, residential buildings were agglutinated creating an entire perimeter wall around the city block with few perforations for reasons of security, safety and a heightened sense of privacy, not streetscape aesthetic. Conversely, early founded cities in North America, where land was almost free but construction costly, are depicted with generous lot dimensions and very small houses on them (e.g. Salt Lake City) that created a weak "enclosure" vertically and horizontally. At both ends of the streetscape scale, very proximate and very sparse buildings, socio-economic factors drive the outcome.
Regarding repetitiveness of housing form, ground observation shows no relation to street pattern. Homogeneity correlates better with methods of production. Early agglutinated housing forms as in Pompeii and Tunis, with vastly different street patterns, presented no face on the street by which design differences could be discerned; plain and luxurious houses had the same nondescript, blank street face. In recent times, older streets of more recent cities with a grid show considerable replication, based on vernacular and pattern books, as do newer streets on the fringe, based on industrialization. What has impacted the urban landscape appreciably is the scale of production: many single operators in earlier periods with small yearly output versus few large corporations by mid-20th century with high annual production volumes. Inevitably, the larger the operation is, the greater the economies of repetition are. Similar house models can be found not only in the same subdivision but across states and even nations. For example, veterans housing that was built in Canada consists of two or three models that were repeated in neighbourhoods and across the country. The most impressive effect of large-scale production is starkly visible in Levittown, New York (1947) and in social housing projects, where the State also aims at economies of scale. In the case of early Huguenot settlements, sameness of houses on identical grid patterns was pursued as a means of expressing the social equality of all inhabitants – a community goal.
Housing unit density
Derivatives and variations of the Radburn street network pattern, collectively "the suburbs", have been criticized on the grounds of their relative low density. The low density criticism appears to be based on a historical coincidence mistaken for causality: most low density housing developments occurred in the 20th century at the periphery of existing cities after 1950 and intentionally incorporated cul-de-sac or looped streets (Radburn-inspired street types) regularly. By contrast, dense development occurred earlier (and continues) in city central areas most of which were laid on a grid pattern in the 19th century or earlier. This topological coincidence of pattern and density can be easily mistaken as a causal relationship. Radburn (1929), a suburb, was built at a density (19 persons per acre) higher than subsequent suburbs such as Kentlands (14 persons per acre) that were laid out on a grid-type pattern. Also, many early grid-plan towns and suburbs such as Windermere, Florida, Dauphin, Manitoba, and St. Andrews, New Brunswick exhibit grid layouts and very low densities. Conversely, incidental cul-de-sac and crescent streets in central areas show high densities. Examples of unusual, unconventional associations of density and street type demonstrate that street patterns are coincidentally, not causally, related to housing density. Any given street pattern can be built at a predetermined density.
Security
Questions have been raised about the potential effect that the street patterns of a neighbourhood may play a role in the frequency that its homes are targets of theft and property damage. These questions were prompted by the apparent higher concentration of such events in certain neighbourhoods over the general average. This potential connection has been debated extensively. Factors such as sample size, analytical methods and the inclusion or omission of socio-demographic profiles of offenders, victims and neighbourhoods can confound the research outcomes. Yet some tentative correlations have been discerned.
Experiments are rarely possible in existing neighbourhoods where the street pattern, the properties and the residents are given and inalterable. One such rare experiment, however, was tried in Five Oaks, Dayton, Ohio. A "troubled" neighbourhood's street pattern was converted from the regular grid to an interrupted grid resembling the Radburn pattern. The transformed layout was made discontinuous for cars but continuous for pedestrians through the use of connected cul-de-sacs. Following the change, the drop in antisocial incidents was substantial and immediate suggesting that the Radburn-like pattern contributed to it since all other factors remained practically unchanged. Observational studies rest on cross-sectional statistical analysis of neighbourhoods to derive potential correlations between street patterns and the level of antisocial incidents. One such study concluded that:
flats are always safer than houses and the wealth of inhabitants matters;
density is generally beneficial but more so at ground level;
local movement is beneficial, larger scale movement not so;
relative affluence and the number of neighbours has a greater effect than either being on a cul-de-sac or being on a through street.
As for permeability, it suggests that residential areas should be permeable enough to allow movement in all directions but no more. The over-provision of poorly used permeability is a crime hazard.
It also re-established that simple, linear cul-de-sac streets with good numbers of dwellings that are joined to through streets tend to be safe.
Of the five concluding observations three are unrelated to network pattern, indicating the overriding role of socio-economic factors. The consensus among researchers is that streets patterns in themselves cannot be seen as crimino-genic. The genesis of crime rests elsewhere. Of the factors that assist the intent for crime, however, unconstrained permeability appears the most influential. The Radburn pattern restricts permeability while the uniform grid enables it.
Transportation, traffic, and their effects
More significant criticisms of the grid and the Radburn patterns were put forward based on the new urban transportation context of unprecedented levels of motorised mobility that raises issues of traffic congestion, collisions, accessibility, connectivity, legibility for pedestrian and driver, noise disturbance, car travel extent, air and water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. The importance of these criticisms rests on judging the functional adequacy of alternative networks regarding these aspects. Dysfunctional systems could entail heavy economic and social burdens that may be avoidable.
Mobility and congestion
The introduction of mechanized personal transport in large numbers during the 20th century tested every existing network's characteristics and their capacity to function satisfactorily for mobility and for city living in general. And since most cities where the motorcar first appeared had a grid layout,(e.g. New York, Chicago, and London) it was inevitably the first network pattern to experience its impact.
The grid's emergence in a pedestrian world, in which wheeled traffic of horse-drawn carts was limited, along with its extensive replication, attest indirectly to its functional adequacy for pedestrian movement. The new question about its adequacy for serving motorized movement and for serving both prime modes, motorized and non-motorized in combination, continues to be debated.
The earliest known evidence of people realizing uninterrupted, orthogonal grid plans had disadvantages was found in Pompeii, which was a city on the south eastern coast of Italy destroyed by a major volcanic eruption in 79 AD. The city was buried under a thick layer of volcanic ash, which preserved it very well. Archeologists dug up the ash in order to study the area. People who lived in Pompeii walked, rode on horses' backs, and rode in wagons pulled by horses, and traffic moved at five to ten kilometers (three to six miles) per hour. People were not allowed to turn left at certain intersections, and some roads were one way. Today, these are standard recommendations to handle traffic. The number and speed of vehicles on roads have increased a lot since Pompeii was destroyed, and people have gotten better at recording and understanding traffic problems, so the issues with grids are more obvious.
Operational methods to control the flow of traffic and avoid collisions were introduced and grew steadily in sophistication, from traffic signs to computer-controlled, time-orchestrated systems. While the necessity of these adaptations provides practical proof of the grid's inadequacy to serve motorized transport unaided, their introduction made theoretical proof harder. Highly advanced computer modeling of traffic flows overcame this difficulty.
Another complicating factor in the early stages of motorization was the absence of a characteristic and typical alternative network pattern for a comparative analysis. Unlike the clear geometry of the grid, idiosyncratic, peculiar and site specific layouts, that have no obvious elements of a 'pattern' or 'stencil', cannot be accurately described and generalized. The only distinguishing element of current alternatives is their loose dendrite configuration, which is inherently hierarchical, that could be contrasted with the grid's inherent absence of hierarchy. Since in built districts neither of these networks appears in pure form, another level of complexity is introduced that tempers the certainty of analytical findings.
Of two studies that have attempted the comparison between "Radburn-type" and "grid-type" networks, one is based on two hypothetical layouts for a specific site and the second on an existing district layout and two hypothetical overlays. The relationship of congestion to layout geometry and density have been tested using computer-based traffic modeling. The first study, reported in 1990 compared the traffic performance in a 700-acre (2.8 km2) development that was laid out using two approaches, one with a hierarchical street layout that included cul-de-sac streets and the other a traditional grid. The study concluded that the non-hierarchical, traditional layout generally shows lower peak speeds and shorter, but more frequent intersection delays than the hierarchical pattern. The traditional pattern is not as friendly to the long trips as the hierarchical but friendlier to short trips. Local trips in it are shorter in distance but about equivalent in time with the hierarchical layout.
A second extensive comparative traffic study of a subdivision about 830 acres (3.4 km2) tested three network models. It also tested the resilience of the layouts to an increased traffic load generated by higher residential densities. This study confirmed the previous findings that up to a density of 70 people per hectare (28.3 people per acre) (including jobs) which is above the average range of subdivision densities of 35 to 55 pph the grid layout had a marginally higher or equal delay per trip to the Radburn-type network. At a 90 ppha, the conventional pattern showed marginally higher delay per trip than the grid. This outcome suggests that within the normal range of residential subdivision densities the grid has a slight disadvantage, but under very dense conditions the slight advantage reverses in favour of the grid-type and that both may be subject to improvement.
Traffic safety
The grid's traffic safety performance in comparison to other network types has been studied extensively and a general consensus is emerging both in theory and practice that, in general, it is the least safe of all currently used network patterns. A 1995 study found significant differences in recorded accidents between residential neighbourhoods that were laid out on a grid and those that included cul-de-sacs and crescents. The frequency of accidents was measurably higher in the grid neighbourhoods.
Two subsequent studies examined the frequency of collisions in two regional districts using the latest analytical tools. They investigated the potential correlation between street network patterns and frequency of collisions. In one 2006 study, cul-de-sac networks appeared to be much safer than grid networks, by nearly three to one. A second 2008 study found the grid plan to be the least safe by a significant margin with respect to all other street patterns in the set. A 2009 study suggests that land use patterns play a significant role in traffic safety and should be considered in conjunction with the network pattern. While land use matters, intersection types also affect traffic safety. Intersections in general reduce the incidence of fatal crashes due to reductions in speed, but four-way intersections, which occur regularly in a grid, increase total and injurious crashes significantly, all other things being equal. The study recommends hybrid street networks with dense concentrations of T-intersections and concludes that a return to the 19th century gridiron is undesirable.
Improved traffic safety has been shown to result from modifications to existing neighbourhoods laid out on a grid, indirectly suggesting its weakness with respect to safety. One study of the impacts of modifications found that Area-wide urban traffic-calming schemes reduce the number of injury accidents by about 15 percent on average. The largest reduction of accidents is found for residential streets (about 25 percent); a somewhat smaller (about 10%) reduction is found for main roads.
Vulnerable road users
Following the introduction of motorized transport, pedestrians do not fare well in cities. Their space and freedom of movement has gradually been curtailed and the risk of injury increased. They are now seen and studied as Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) along with bicycle riders because of their overwhelming disadvantage in the case of a collision.
Pedestrians experience stress and delay at every intersection, particularly when their mobility has been compromised either temporarily or through the aging process. A delay is unwelcome to pedestrians given that their slow speed and limited range of reach; the more frequent the intersections the higher the delay.
Given the grid's origin as a network for pedestrian movement, it is important to understand how it serves pedestrians when it must synchronously serve vehicular traffic. A 2010 study concluded that of seven network patterns, including the Radburn-type pattern, the grid was the least safe for vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and bicycles.
Legibility
Uniform grids with fixed cardinal directions can be mapped as easily on paper as on the mind. This quality — legibility — assists people in finding destinations and prevents the apprehension of being lost. However, this benefit is felt more by visitors to a district than by its residents. Many historic cities with labyrinthine plans, particularly in the medieval period and in the Islamic-Arab world, cause no anxiety to their permanent residents. (Some visitors, equipped with maps, see them as a delightful journey of discovery.) Many parts of Paris, France, for example, exhibit a highly irregular block dimensions and a wide range of street orientations not easily grasped by visitors. Residents quickly acquire many perceptual clues of direction and position without ever seeing printed maps of their domains and, in earlier times, without even the benefit of street signs. Legibility can be an advantage but it is not a necessary condition for a neighbourhood or a town to function well for its residents. While the uniform grid offers utmost legibility, mutated grids and other patterns can function adequately for finding directions.
Walkability
Walkability refers to those characteristics of an area which enable or hinder one's ability to walk around. More specifically, "walkable" means close; barrier-free; safe; full of pedestrian infrastructure and destinations; and upscale, leafy, or cosmopolitan. Of these characteristics some are related to the street network configuration, such as "close" and "pedestrian infrastructure" while others relate to land use and level of amenity such as destinations and sidewalks. The uniform grid's inherent high frequency and openness makes closeness easily achievable as the chosen routes can be direct. In its central city expression blocks are generally short and equipped with a sidewalk on each side. Suburban grids, however, often depart from the classic square block and include long orthogonal blocks and sidewalks only on one side or none at all. Similarly contemporary versions of the classic Radburn and Hampstead Garden Suburb do not always include pedestrian linkages that were present in the original. They too lack sidewalks, mostly to reduce costs but also on the assumption that resident traffic is low enough for the road pavement to be shared by all without risk.
Published studies examined the relative connectivity of neighbourhoods built following the grid stencil or the Radburn-type pattern.
A 1970 study compared Radburn to two other communities, one, Radburn-type (Reston, Virginia) and a second, a nearby unplanned community. It found that 47% of Radburn's residents shopped for groceries on foot, while comparable figures were 23% for Reston and only 8% for the second community. A 2003 study also compared Radburn (1929) to a neo-traditional development (1990). It found that the rates of connectivity differed with the destination. Shopping was considerably more direct and closer in Radburn while the elementary school was just as direct in both but at a marginally longer distance in Radburn. Accessibility to the park was virtually the same. Overall, walkability was marginally better in the Radburn neighbourhood.
A 2010 study, compared eight neighbourhoods of which four followed the grid network rules while the remainder adhered to the Radburn-type network structure. Connectivity, values ranged between 0.71 and 0.82, with the upper limit being 1.00. The grid-like set had two samples above the 0.76 average and one below, while the Radburn-type set had one above average and two below. The amount of walking did not correlate well with the connectivity values indicating that other factors were at play. Walking correlated better when the additional pedestrian infrastructure, independent paths was included. These results confirmed previous findings that while connectivity, the essential characteristic of the grid, is a necessary condition for walkability it is not sufficient by itself to entice walking.
A third study compared seven neighbourhoods by examining their walking and driving activity as an indicator or a network's propensity to entice walking. Using the agent-based modeling method it calculated the amount of walking under identical land use conditions. The traditional uniform grid, two Radburn-type patterns and one neo-traditional grid had lower levels of walking activity than a second version of the neo-traditional grid and the fused grid. Overall the Radburn-type networks had lower average walking scores and higher driving activity. These results show that the influence of the street network on walkability is clearly evident but also dependent on the specific characteristics of its geometry.
Transit accommodation
Although the grid was introduced long before any system of public transit would become necessary or available, its strict regularity provides sufficient flexibility for mapping transit routes. By contrast, derivatives of the Radburn-type network, particularly the non-cellular and strictly dendrite variety, are inflexible and force transit routes that are often long and circuitous resulting in an inefficient and costly service.
Environmental issues
Until the second half of the 20th century, the prime purpose of linking people to places has also been the prime criterion for judging a network's performance. New criteria surfaced when questions about the impact of development on the environment were raised. In that new context, a network's land consumption; its adaptability to the land's natural features; the degree of water impermeability it introduces; whether it lengthens trips and how it affects the production of greenhouse gases constitute part of a new set of criteria.
Adaptability
Typical, uniform grids are unresponsive to topography. Priene's plan, for example, is set on a hillside and most of its north–south streets are stepped, a feature that would have made them inaccessible to carts, chariots, and loaded animals. Cities established more recently have utilized a similar approach to Priene's, for example: San Francisco, Vancouver, and Saint John, New Brunswick. In a modern context, steep grades limit accessibility by car and more so by bicycle, on foot, or wheelchair, particularly in cold climates. The strict orthogonal geometry forces roads and lots over creeks, marshes, and woodlots, thus disturbing the local ecology. It is said of the 1811 NY grid plan that it flattened all obstacles in its way.
By contrast, the unconstrained geometry of the Radburn-type networks provides sufficient flexibility to accommodate natural features.
Land consumption and conservation
Depending on the choice of street pattern and the cross section of the street space, streets consume an average 26% of the total developed land. They can range from 20% to over 40%. For example, the Portland grid consumes 41% of the development land in street Right-of-Ways (ROW). At the low end of usage, Stein's Radburn neighbourhood uses about 24% of the total. Villages and towns with narrow streets (2 to 3 m wide) consume much less.
Actual layouts of specific districts show variability within that range due to site-specific conditions and network pattern idiosyncrasies. Land taken up by streets becomes unavailable for development; its use is inefficient since it stays empty for most of the time. Were it to be developed, less land would be required for the same number housing units, resulting in lowering the pressure to consume more of it.
A 2007 study compared alternative layout plans for a 3.4 square kilometre subdivision and found that the traditional grid layout had 43 percent more land dedicated to roads than the conventional Radburn-type network.
Water cycle and water quality impacts
All new development, irrespective of its network pattern, alters the pre-existing natural condition of a site and its ability to absorb and recycle rain water. Roads are a major factor in limiting absorption by the sheer amount of impermeable surfaces they introduce. They affect water usability by the generation of road surface pollutants that end up downstream making it unfit for direct use.
The grid's inherent high street and intersection frequencies produce large areas of impermeable surfaces in street pavement and sidewalks. In comparison to networks with discontinuous street types, that are characteristic of the Radburn pattern, grids can have up to 30% percent more impermeable surface attributable to roads. One study compared alternative layouts on a 155 ha (383 acre) site and found that the grid-type layout had 17% more impermeable surface area in total compared to the Radburn-type layout.
Vehicle kilometres traveled and exhaust emissions
Emissions from all transportation account for about 30% of the total from all sources and personal car use amounts to about 60% percent of that share that translates to about 18% percent of the total GHG production. Three factors that affect emissions from personal travel relate to network configuration and function: a) trip length b) speed of travel c) propensity for congestion. Studies have shown that Radburn-type networks could add up to 10 percent to the length of local, short trips. As was seen earlier under congestion, grid-type patterns induce longer trip times that are primarily due to stops at the characteristic and frequent four-way intersections.
A 2007 study compared total traveled kilometres and total estimated emissions. Regarding the trip length, it confirmed previous studies by finding a 6% increase in local VKTs in the Radburn-type layout. The emissions comparison excluded and focused on three noxious (criteria) gases. Totalling the estimated cost of these emissions for ease of comparison, it found a 5% increase in costs for the conventional Radburn type layout.
Development and lifecycle costs
With the prevalence of motorized mobility, street infrastructure represents the single largest component of capital outlays for building a new neighbourhood. Until the end of the 19th century most city streets were unpaved, had no drainage sewers, few were lit, and hardly any had signage. Also, the majority were narrow by contemporary standards, frequently without sidewalks. Consequently, they consumed few resources for construction and maintenance. By contrast, current street design standards necessitate a large investment for construction and significant city budget allocations for their maintenance.
A 2008 engineering study compared network patterns for the same district and found that the traditional, modified grid network (TND) pattern had about 46% higher costs for road infrastructure compared to the Radburn-type of the existing layout.
These figures exclude the opportunity cost attributable to land that becomes unavailable for private use. The Radburn-type layout has approximately 30% less land dedicated to roads than the Neo-traditional layout. When accounting for this land and using a cost of $162,000 per hectare ($40,000/acre (2007 Dollars), land costs for roadways increase the relative cost for road infrastructure from a difference of 46% to 53% between the two layouts.
The same study examined the lifecycle costs for the two network options and found that, similar to the capital costs, roads remain the key cost component of a community when accounting for on-going operations, maintenance and replacement costs.
Summary of positive attributes
In judging the two currently disputed network concepts it would appear that neither has all the requisite elements needed for adequately responding to the new urban transportation context of extensive motorized mobility. The Radburn pattern fares better overall since it was consciously designed "for the motor age". Similarly, the weaker overall performance of the grid can be understood as innate, given its origin in a predominantly pedestrian world.
Advantages of a Radburn-like pattern:
less costly to construct and maintain
more flexible in adapting to the topography
greater ground permeability
lower trip delay
safer for cars and pedestrians, all other things equal
more picturesque all other things being equal
may provide a more sociable environment, particularly for children
may be more secure, all other factors being equal
Advantages of a grid-like network:
reduces local distances due to its frequency of intersections
more walkable
accommodates transit easily
more legible, when it maintains the orthogonal directions
easy to lay out as city blocks and plots
The need for an alternative
To function well, a contemporary network must include these advantages from the contrasting patterns thus reducing frictions and conflicts in urban environments. The need for an alternative has been evident since the middle of the 20th century for practical and theoretical considerations.
In practice, in the second half of the 20th century citizens of many American and European cities have protested against the intrusion of through traffic in their neighbourhoods. Its side-effects were unwelcome as being detrimental to peace, tranquility, health, and safety. In response, cities introduced an armoury of controls to ensure that residential districts retained a high standard of life quality. Among these controls were one-way streets, closures, half-closures, traffic circles, and a liberal use of stop signs. These measures being improvised retrofits implied the need for a network pattern in which techniques such as these would be obviated by innovative design.
On the theoretical level, planners analysed the conflicts caused by the new urban mobility, proposed alternative schemes and, in some cases, applied them. Alexander proposed (1977) a genetic code of 10 "patterns" which, when combined would resolve identified conflicts and would produce a convivial, gratifying district milieu. A central idea among them is a traffic impermeable neighbourhood area of about 10 ha, reminiscent of the Radburn plan principle but smaller in size.
Doxiadis emphasized the importance of mobility and designed a large orthogonal grid (2 km by 2 km) of arterials to expedite circulation, as seen in Islamabad. He also recognized the need to separate "man from machine" and introduced traffic-impermeable neighbourhoods also generally resembling the Radburn plan.
The fused grid model
Based on these sets of issues, the identified advantages of alternative patterns and the ideas of 20th century theorists, the fused grid assembles several elements from these precedents into a complete stencil. Just as the grid stencil and the Radburn pattern did, it sets up a geometric structure that exhibits the key characteristics of a functioning system. It consists of a large-scale open grid of collector streets, carrying moderate speed motorized traffic. This grid forms precincts (quadrants, neighbourhoods) that are normally about 16 ha (40 acres) in size (400 m by 400 m). Within each precinct, the layout uses crescents or cul-de-sacs or a combination of both to eliminate through traffic. In addition, a continuous open-space and pedestrian path system provides direct access to parks, public transit, retail, and community facilities. Residents can cross a quadrant block on foot in about five minutes. The most intensive land uses such as schools, community facilities, high-density residential uses, and retail are located in the center of the plan, reached by twinned roads which connect longer, district destination points.
This synthesis of inherited network traditions and ideas is accomplished through the application of two practical means: a rectilinear, orthogonal geometry, a key characteristic of the grid, and the use of two street types that have generally been associated with the Radburn-type subdivisions.
The orthogonal geometry serves two purposes: a) to enhance the navigability of the network structure particularly at the district and regional scale. This is important at car speeds where decisions about destinations and turns have to be made promptly. b) to maintain a good level of safety at road intersections, as recommended by traffic engineering manuals.
The grid's second essential characteristic, connectivity, is recaptured through a third element that completes the "system" – pedestrian-only connectors between regular streets that are intended for all movement modes. These connectors (paths) are typically routed through open spaces that occupy central points in a neighbourhood cell. Thus the neighbourhood street network comprises a mixture of streets; some pedestrian dominant and others car dominant.
A fourth element is the nested hierarchy of streets that distinguishes between connectivity and permeability at the neighbourhood level. This idea reflects the fact the longer the linked destinations the higher the level of mobility must be. A dendrite configuration, such as a river, takes progressively wider expanses of land to accommodate the flow. A nested hierarchy on the other hand distributes the flow at each volume level to alternative paths. The complete system, though it may appear unfamiliar, is composed of entirely familiar and extensively used elements in contemporary development.
Proof of concept
The model has been applied in two new communities, one in Stratford, ON and the other in Calgary, Alberta. The potential merits of the concept so far have been tested through research; site observations or measurements will await full build-out. The aspects of the model that have been tested correspond to the key criteria of performance, listed above, such as mobility, safety, cost, and environmental impact.
Mobility
A study on the transportation impacts of the fused grid asserted through comparative analysis using computer-based traffic modeling that the fused grid produces the least total delay in all four density scenarios tested and performed progressively better as the density increased. Taking the fused grid as 100 (base), the delay was 32% more for the conventional Radburn-type pattern and 27% higher for the grid-type pattern. At the next higher density level the difference between patterns increased and they were correspondingly 100 (fused grid), 152 (Radburn-type) and 126 (grid -type). Traffic modeling shows the potential of the fused grid to reduce time delay during peak hours and, therefore, congestion.
Traffic safety
In a fused grid, three-way intersections are more common than four-way, which have been shown by traffic studies to be less safe.
One study found that for each probable collision in the fused grid there would be 2.55 collisions in a standard grid, 2.39 in a layout designed to Dutch "sustainable road safety" guidelines, 1.46 in a cul-de-sac layout and 0.88 in a 3-way Offset layout.
Walkability
An extensive study of neighbourhoods based on geo-coded trips to local destinations found that a fused grid type of layout increases home-base walking trips by 11.3% in comparison to the conventional grid and it is associated with a 25.9% increase in the odds that residents will meet the recommended physical activity levels. Its 10% increase in relative connectivity for pedestrians is associated with a 23% decrease in vehicle kilometres of local travel.
A second study compared seven neighbourhoods of different street network layouts for the daily travel patterns including the amount of walking that occurred. It found that the fused grid had considerably more walking activity. The set of network patterns included two versions of the traditional grid, two versions of post-war suburbs, two versions of the Traditional Neighbourhood Development (i.e. modified grid) and the fused grid. The lowest amount of walking was found to happen in one of the post-war conventional subdivision. Setting this as the base (100) for the purpose of comparison, the two classic grids registered 11%, one conventional subdivision 109%, one TND neighbourhood 108%, the second TND 137% and the fused grid 143%. In terms of the total distance walked, the fused grid registered 23% larger distance than the lowest of the seven in the set which was also reflected in the lowest amount of local driving.
The fused grid anticipates the location of convenience shopping and amenities at the periphery of the four-quadrant neighbourhood. In such a configuration any part of the neighbourhood is a five-minute walk to the periphery and a ten-minute walk across the entire neighbourhood. Closeness of destinations is inherent in the structure of the network. The same structure, based on 400 m intervals, coincides with current practices for transit route location.
Consequently, the street network pattern, the anticipated land use distribution and the location of transit stops are all conducive to walking.
Health outcomes
Neighbourhood layouts may indirectly influence the health and wellbeing of residents through their effect on factors such as noise, air quality, and physical activity. Noise levels and duration of exposure correlate with traffic volume and speed. According to a traffic analysis study neighbourhood streets in the fused grid layout exhibit the lowest traffic volumes when compared to alternative layouts. By inference, low volumes imply lower duration of exposure to noise. Frequent turns in the streets (see drawing of approved development plan) result in speed reduction which lowers noise intensity. As a consequence of low traffic volumes, its residential streets show low air pollution levels. The high walking levels registered by the fused grid layout, mentioned above, indicate the potential of increased physical activity.
In addition to these three factors that may impact on resident's health – noise, air quality, and physical activity – a fourth one, proximity to natural open spaces, has emerged as a significant contributor. Previous studies have confirmed the beneficial effect of frequent contact with nature and some have investigated the probable mechanism of the effect via stress abating biochemical processes. More recently, links were established to specific biota (microorganisms) found in nature and their direct influence on building immune system strength.
From these studies it can be inferred that a neighbourhood layout based on the fused grid model may confer these health and well-being benefits to residents because it incorporates green open spaces as integral parts of its pedestrian circulation network. Inclusion of green spaces is possible in any layout as an option; in the fused grid it is a necessary component of its configuration.
Site adaptability
The virtual grid mesh that underlies the fused grid network structure is expressed at 400 m intervals, five times the size of the traditional city block (about 80 m). At this scale there is greater flexibility to adapt the network elements to the topography and to specific site boundary constraints that are common in property configurations. Within the 16 ha quadrant, the discontinuous character of the streets and the possible combination of cul-de-sac and loop types provide sufficient latitude to the site plan designer to lay out an adapted version of the fused grid. There are at least 15 variations of the quadrant design that can be moulded to fit specific conditions.
The site adaptability of the model has been demonstrated in the two approved layout plans.
Ground permeability
One study quantified the relative permeability of three alternative site plans for the same site. The analysis results show that the impermeable areas of the three layouts – assuming roads, building foot prints and sidewalks to be impervious surfaces – ranged from 34.7% of fused grid to 35.8% of the conventional suburban to 39% of the grid-like pattern. Streets were the single most influential factor in the amount of the water runoff. They account for an impermeable surface which is up to three times that of the building footprint. Of the total impermeable area in the three layouts the portion attributable to streets ranges from 48 to 65 percent with the fused grid occupying the low end. The reduction in street length and the systematic use of open spaces as structural elements of the layout increase the potential of greater water permeability in the Fused Grid.
Development and municipal costs
A study compared the cost efficiency of three network patterns in improving the traffic performance of a district. It first established the cost of the network system of each before evaluating the efficiency ratio for the resulting traffic improvement. The analysis showed that the most significant capital cost of development is for roads. The conventional layout has the lowest capital costs for roads followed by the fused grid at 12% higher and the Neo-traditional (grid) layout at 46% higher.
When considering the opportunity cost for land dedicated to right-of-ways (ROW), the fused grid allocated 9% more land to roads than the conventional grid, while the neo-traditional grid allocated 43% more. Similar to capital costs, roads remain the key cost component of community development after accounting for on-going operations, maintenance, and replacement costs.
The study showed that there are significant differences in costs related to travel delay for the total road network particularly at the desirable transit-supportive densities. The delay costs incurred by the conventional layout are 12% higher than the fused grid followed by the Neotraditional grid at 3% higher. The conventional layout is less cost-efficient than the fused grid network since they have similar infrastructure costs but the latter delivers significant savings in travel time costs. The travel time benefits of the neo-traditional grid layout are disproportional to the required infrastructure investment. The obvious benefits of saving time for pedestrians and the enticement of more walking have not so far been monetized.
Applications of the fused grid
Retroactive application of the fused grid model can be seen in the centres of old European cities, such as Munich, Essen, and Freiburg and in newer railway towns or suburbs such as Vauban, Freiburg and Houten in the Netherlands. In most of these cases, acknowledging the constrains of an existing built environment, the key fused grid characteristic of a traffic impermeable centre is evident along with the primacy and continuity of pedestrian-only links to the remainder of the inherited street system. The fused grid is promoted in Canada by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
A similar debate has also been taking place in Europe and particularly the UK, where the term filtered permeability was coined to describe urban layouts which maximise ease of movement for pedestrians and cyclists, but seek to restrain it for motor vehicles.
See also
Dead end (street)
Permeability (spatial and transport planning)
References
External links
The Fused Grid
Victoria Transportation Policy Institute
CMHC on the Fused Grid
Waterbucket Green Infrastructure
City layout models
Urban studies and planning terminology |
4133617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20St.%20Charles | Battle of St. Charles | The Battle of St. Charles was fought on June 17, 1862, at St. Charles, Arkansas, during the American Civil War. Earlier in 1862, a Union Army force commanded by Major General Samuel R. Curtis moved against Little Rock, Arkansas, but became bogged down in the Batesville area due to lack of supplies. The Union leadership decided to send a naval force from Memphis, Tennessee, up the White River to resupply Curtis's men. Major General Thomas C. Hindman, the Confederate commander in Arkansas, had fortifications constructed near St. Charles to stop the Union movement. Two artillery positions were built, and three ships, including CSS Maurepas, were scuttled to obstruct the river.
The Union ships advanced against the Confederate positions on June 17. The 46th Indiana Infantry Regiment was sent ashore to attack the fortifications on land, while two ironclads and two timberclads attacked the fort from the river. During the fighting, a Confederate solid shot struck the ironclad USS Mound City, puncturing one of the ship's steam drums. In what has been referred to as the deadliest shot of the war, scalding steam filled the ship, killing or wounding all but about 25 of the roughly 175 men on the vessel. The 46th Indiana overran the Confederate defenses on land and the position was taken. The supply mission was unable to make it all the way to Curtis's position, and withdrew back down the river due to low water levels. Thereafter, Curtis's army cut loose from their supply line and marched to Helena, Arkansas. A portion of the battlefield is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the St. Charles Battle Site.
Background
Early activity in Arkansas
After the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States in 1860, several southern states considered seceding from the union. The southern state of Arkansas held a statewide election on February 18, 1861, to create a convention to vote on secession, with anti-secessionist delegates initially holding the majority. Slavery was considered to be a key issue. After convening on March 4 (the same day that Lincoln was inaugurated), the convention adjourned on March 21 without reaching a conclusion. The bombardment of Fort Sumter by Confederate troops, forcing the surrender of the United States-held fort in seceded territory on April 12 swung political opinion to secession, and the convention reconvened on May 6, voting to secede later that day. Arkansas then joined the Confederate States of America.
After significant military activity in Missouri throughout 1861, Major General Earl Van Dorn of the Confederate States Army formed the Army of the West in early March 1862 from forces commanded by Missouri State Guard Major General Sterling Price and Confederate Brigadier General Ben McCulloch. Van Dorn moved his army north towards the Union army of Major General Samuel R. Curtis, but was defeated at the Battle of Pea Ridge on March 7 and 8. After the defeat, Van Dorn moved his troops east of the Mississippi River, with the movement completed by late April. During the process, Van Dorn essentially stripped Arkansas of its military strength and supplies, and weakened the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department.
Curtis fell back into Missouri after the battle, but then moved his army east to West Plains before turning south. They re-entered Arkansas on April 29 and headed for Batesville. By May 2, the Union soldiers had reached Batesville. A separate column commanded by Brigadier General Frederick Steele reached Jacksonport, which was near Batesville and on the White River, on May 4. Curtis absorbed Steele's men into his force and began to move on the state capital at Little Rock. The movement caused the Confederate government of Arkansas to retire to Hot Springs, and Curtis's men crossed the White River near Batesville. On May 19, a small Union force crossed the Little Red River to forage, but was attacked by Confederate cavalry near Searcy; some of the Union soldiers, including wounded men, were murdered while attempting to surrender. Curtis was informed the next day that his line of supply was at the breaking point, and he decided that further advance without a new supply line was untenable. A small offensive across the Little Red on May 27 was successful, but lack of supplies forced Curtis to withdraw back across both the Little Red and the White, and he sent a message to the Union leadership in St. Louis, Missouri, on June 4, that he would need to continue his retreat if not reinforced.
The message was forwarded to Major General Henry W. Halleck, who then directed Flag Officer Charles H. Davis to send a flotilla up the White River to Jacksonport to resupply Curtis, as the roads in that region of Arkansas were too poor for easy resupply by land. Halleck also communicated with United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, who in turn passed the communication to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, who sent a telegram to Davis ordering him to move up the White to relieve Curtis. Davis received Welles's telegram on June 12 and began making immediate preparations for the movement. He asked Colonel Charles R. Ellet, commander of the Ram Fleet, to send some of the ram ships to serve with the vessels of Davis's Western Flotilla, but Ellet would agree to this only under the condition that the Ram Fleet and Western Flotilla vessels would be separate commands, which Davis refused. Less than a week before, on June 6, the Ram Fleet, under Ellet's father Charles Ellet Jr., and Davis's flotilla, had defeated a Confederate naval fleet at the First Battle of Memphis and taken the city of Memphis, Tennessee. The furthest north Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River was now Vicksburg, Mississippi, as positions upriver at Columbus, Kentucky, and Island Number Ten had been taken earlier in the year. Few Confederate gunboats remained on the upper portion of the Mississippi watershed, and they were generally in hiding.
Kilty moves up the White
On June 13, Davis's detachment left Memphis. It was composed of the ironclads USS Mound City and USS St. Louis, the timberclad USS Lexington, and the tugboat USS Spitfire. The ships were under the command of Commander Augustus Kilty. On June 14, the steamboat White Cloud arrived at Memphis; it was to transport the supplies that would go to Curtis. Davis had also heard that the Confederates had blocked the White with a submerged wooden raft, which would have to be removed. Expecting the riverbanks to be occupied by Confederate soldiers, Colonel Graham Fitch and his 46th Indiana Infantry Regiment were sent on the transport New National to provide infantry support. Fitch's force was almost 1,000 men strong.
On the morning of June 15, the timberclad USS Conestoga, New National, White Cloud, and the steamboat Jacob Musselman left Memphis to join Kilty. Meanwhile, Spitfire had escorted a captured Confederate steamboat downriver and was replaced by the tugboat USS Spiteful. The two groups of ships united on June 16. On the same day, Kilty's ships approached St. Charles. The vessels made it within of the defenses. Two scouting parties were sent forward: one on shore and one on Spiteful. They detected the two Confederate batteries, as well as further infantry and naval components, but were unable to provide exact strengths. Fitch and Kilty decided to attack the next morning.
Confederate preparations
Confederate Major General Thomas C. Hindman had replaced Van Dorn as commander in Arkansas. Working to build up the remnants left by Van Dorn's departure, Hindman declared martial law, authorized guerrilla warfare, and formed the base of an army. After Curtis's expedition bogged down, Hindman anticipated a Union naval movement up either the White or the Arkansas River. He sent out a surveying expedition on June 3 to investigate the possibility of blocking the rivers. When the level of the Arkansas River fell, the Confederates focused on the White. A site near St. Charles was selected as a favorable location for the emplacement of a battery on the bluffs and an obstruction in the river. Captain A. M. Williams and 100 soldiers were sent to construct the emplacements. Logs were floated downriver and driven into the river bottom as an obstruction, and batteries were constructed on the bluffs. Two rifled 32-pounder guns were taken from the gunboat CSS Pontchartrain and mounted in the main battery on June 8, while two 3-inch Parrott rifles were sent from Little Rock and placed in a smaller position away. Pontchartrain's guns were placed on a commanding position on a bluff above a bend in the river. While they had an excellent field of fire, they were also masked by trees and brush. The gunboat CSS Maurepas arrived at St. Charles on June 14. Two days later, Hindman was informed of Kilty's movement. With the obstruction incomplete and no other troops available to reinforce the St. Charles position, 35 sailors and naval officers from Pontchartrain, including Lieutenant John W. Dunnington, the vessel's commander, volunteered and were sent down to help man the defenses. They arrived at 18:00 that day.
On the night of June 16/17, Williams informed Hindman that the Union force had reached the area, and that the obstruction still was not complete. Hindman ordered two civilian steamboats at St. Charles scuttled to block the river. The commander of Maurepas, Captain Joseph Fry, also had his ship, which would have been mismatched against the Union ironclads, scuttled, although a 12-pounder howitzer, a rifled cannon made of brass, and a third artillery piece were removed first. The lower battery of 3-inch rifles was strengthened with the brass piece from Maurepas and 34 of Williams's men of the 29th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. The other members of the Arkansas regiment did not have weapons and were sent back to Little Rock. The Confederate sailors were largely armed with single-shot pistols, which would be of dubious value in a land battle. Overall, the Confederates had seven cannons and 114 men at St. Charles.
Battle
Before daybreak on June 17, the Confederates made dispositions to defend against the attack. Dunnington and his men were in the upper battery manning the two 32-pounders, while men from Maurepas manned the lower position, which contained three guns. The infantrymen were sent downstream under Williams to serve as sharpshooters, and were supported by the 12-pounder howitzer taken off of Maurepas. Fry was in overall command. Around 06:00, Kilty's ships began moving upriver again. Mound City led the approach, with St. Louis, Lexington, and Conestoga following; the other vessels were not armed and were in the rear. Within of St. Charles, Confederates were sighted on the river bank. Mound City opened fire and scattered them, after which the Indiana infantry disembarked from Jacob Musselman and New National. Sources disagree as to when the firing began. Historian Ed Bearss states that the firing started at 07:36, while historian Mark Hubbs provides 09:00, and Dunnington stated that the fighting began at around 08:30. Conestoga and Lexington began contributing fire later. Once Fitch's men were ashore, two companies were thrown out as a skirmish line, and the men began advancing towards the Confederate defenses. It was planned for Fitch's men on shore and the ships in the river to move at about the same rate.
Mound City kept steaming forward, and the lower Confederate battery opened fire when the ship was almost upon it, without effect. Kilty was unsure of the exact locations of the Confederate batteries, and had the two timberclads hold back while the ironclads moved forward. For fifteen minutes the two ships dueled with the lower battery, before Mound City moved ahead. And she neared point-blank range of Dunnington's battery, the Confederates opened fire, but at first were unable to damage the Union vessel. Meanwhile, Fitch's men had advanced and were about to attack the lower Confederate position when a solid shot, the third fired from Dunnington's position, struck Mound City at 10:03. The shot hit the ironclad's casemate near a gun port and penetrated the armor, killing three or four sailors outright. The shot then punctured one of the ship's poorly protected steam drums, which connected to the ship's engines and fed them pressurized steam. Steam filled the ship, scalding many of the ship's men. Many of those not near escape points were killed. Of the roughly 175 men onboard Mound City, 105 or 125 were killed and a further 25 or 44 wounded; only 25 or 26 escaped unhurt. This shot has been described as the deadliest shot of the war.
With steam pouring out of her and badly scalded men visible on the decks, Mound City drifted downstream and ran into the riverbank near the lower battery. Fry demanded that the remaining Union sailors aboard surrender, and when this was refused, ordered his men to fire on Union sailors in the river trying to swim to safety. Several of the wounded men were killed when the Confederates opened fire. With Mound City out of the fight, St. Louis and Dunnington's guns began dueling, until Fitch signaled for the ships to cease fire. The Union infantrymen were about to storm the Confederate fortifications, and Fitch wanted to prevent accidental friendly fire. Scaling the bluffs, Fitch's men moved into a position from which to outflank the Confederate defenses. Williams attempted to have some of his men occupy Charles Belknap's house as a defensive position, but the Union men beat them to the position. After learning of this, Fry had the guns in the lower battery spiked and the position abandoned. Spiking the cannons involved driving a metal spike into the touch hole of the cannon to temporarily prevent it being capable of firing. After a short skirmish, it became clear that the Confederates would be captured if they did not retreat.
Fry ordered Dunnington to cover the retreat with his men, but Dunnington refused, noting that some of his men were unarmed and those who were had only single-shot pistols which had already been emptied at Mound City's survivors, with no time to reload. A final cannon shot was fired at St. Louis, and the Confederates then scattered with Union troops within . During the retreat, Fry was wounded and captured while trying to reach the Belknap house. In addition to Fry, 29 others were captured, although six of them were prisoners Fry had been holding on suspicion of treason. After taking the Confederate fortifications, Fitch signaled the ships. Lexington and St. Louis advanced up to where the sunken ships blocked the river, while Conestoga and Spiteful towed Mound City downstream. Union soldiers were sent into St. Charles to patrol the town, and the local civilians were warned that it would be razed if guerrilla activity occurred. As punishment for the firing on Mound City's wounded, 20 of the Confederate prisoners were placed under arrest, including Fry. The battle was over in under four hours.
Aftermath
Kilty was among those scalded on Mound City, and his wounds resulted in the loss of an arm. Lieutenant Wilson McGunnegle, commander of St. Louis, replaced him as expedition commander. The highest-ranking unhurt officer of Mound City had been unnerved by the events and was replaced by an officer from Conestoga. The 58- or 59-man replacement crew for Mound City was drawn from the 46th Indiana. Either 58 or 59 Union dead were buried in a mass grave at the lower battery, while eight Confederates were buried in St. Charles. Hindman claimed losses of six dead and one wounded. The Civil War Battlefield Guide estimates that the Union had about 160 casualties and that the Confederates lost 40. No serious casualties were suffered by the 46th Indiana during its capture of the batteries. The historian Mark K. Christ provides Confederate losses as eight killed and 24 wounded. Historian Mark Hubbs suggests that seven percent of all Union Navy battle deaths in the entire war were the result of the single catastrophic shot that struck Mound City. The Union wounded were sent back down to Memphis on Conestoga. Six Confederate cannons had been captured on the field. Four were sent to Memphis, and the two 32-pounders were spiked and dumped into the river. The Union troops destroyed the Confederate fortifications after the battle.
Hindman had sent the 10th Texas Infantry Regiment to reinforce St. Charles, but the unit had to delay to be issued ammunition. By the time this was done, it was June 17. After learning of the fall of St. Charles, the Texans withdrew to DeValls Bluff, where they were reinforced by another regiment, a battalion, and three artillery batteries. Establishing a supply point at St. Charles, McGunnegle's fleet moved past the river obstructions and continued up the White. The movement began on June 18, although Mound City was left behind. The damaged ironclad later returned to service and survived the war. After meeting sporadic Confederate resistance on June 19, the vessels reached Clarendon, Arkansas, where they halted due to low water. Fitch took his men ashore and advanced but withdrew after losing 55 men in a fight with Confederate dismounted cavalry. After leaving Clarendon, McGunnegle's flotilla continued north, where they halted for the night at a point in Monroe County known as Crooked Point Cutoff.
At Crooked Point Cutoff, McGunnegle was informed by his pilots that falling river levels would likely strand the ships if they continued further north, so the decision was made to turn around. Fitch was opposed to falling back without resupplying Curtis, but the ships turned back on the morning of June 20. By June 25, they had returned to the mouth of the river. On June 23, Major General Ulysses S. Grant had taken command of Union forces in Memphis. After receiving communication from Halleck that he still wanted Curtis reinforced, Grant sent additional supply vessels and transports loaded with the 34th and 43rd Indiana Infantry Regiments to join the White River flotilla on June 26. The new vessels reached the others on June 27, and Lexington, Conestoga, and Spiteful escorted the transports and supply ships upriver, leaving on June 28 under the command of Lieutenant James Shirk. At noon on June 30, Shirk's vessels reached Clarendon. With water levels falling, Shirk would not venture beyond the town. Fitch wanted to continue, but learned of a new Confederate strongpoint at DeValls Bluff, and decided that the infantry could not take the position without the gunboats. The Union ships turned back down the river on July 3, but began heading back upriver again on July 5. Union forces reoccupied Clarendon on July 7.
Curtis learned that the vessels would not be able to reach his position, so he severed his line of supply and had his men march down the White for two weeks. This was the first time in the war that a Union army had campaigned without a direct line of supply; this would not occur again until the Vicksburg campaign the next year. Curtis emancipated slaves during this movement, and foraging and plundering by his soldiers economically devastated the line of the march. In one county alone, $1,500,000 of property damage was inflicted. The Confederates made only one serious attempt to halt Curtis's movement. On July 7, Brigadier General Albert Rust led Confederate cavalry in an assault on the Union force while it was crossing the Cache River. In the ensuing Battle of Cotton Plant, Rust's attack was repulsed, and his men were then routed by a Union counterattack. McGunnegle's vessels had stayed at Clarendon until July 8, and Curtis's men did not reach there until July 9. Having missed his supply rendezvous, Curtis had his troops leave the White and march to the Mississippi River town of Helena, which was reached on July 12. The relief column itself turned up at Helena on July 15. Helena was later used as a significant operating hub for the Union Army in the Vicksburg campaign; the Confederates never retook the city.
Battlefield preservation
A portion of the battlefield is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as the St. Charles Battle Site. Divers recovered two cannons from the river bottom in the 1930s and the Belknap house burned in 1962. Also on the NRHP is the St. Charles Battle Monument, a commemorative marker placed in 1919. Unusually for a monument in the South, it commemorates both sides of the battle.
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Battle of St. Charles at the Historical Marker Database
1862 in Arkansas
1862 in the American Civil War
Battles of the American Civil War in Arkansas
Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War
History of Arkansas County, Arkansas
June 1862 events
Naval battles of the American Civil War
Riverine warfare
Union victories of the American Civil War |
4133815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%20Barclay | Paris Barclay | Paris K. C. Barclay (born June 30, 1956) is an American television director, producer, and writer. He is a two-time Emmy Award winner and is among the busiest single-camera television directors, having directed nearly 200 episodes of television to date, for series such as NYPD Blue, ER, The West Wing, CSI, Lost, The Shield, House, Sons of Anarchy, In Treatment and Glee; and more recently Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story, The Watcher, and American Horror Story: NYC. He also serves as an Executive Producer on many of the shows he directs, and occasionally as a writer or co-creator as well.
From 2013 to 2017, Barclay served two terms as the President of the Directors Guild of America.
With his ninth Emmy nomination for an episode of Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story in 2023, Barclay became the first Black director to be nominated by the Television Academy in every narrative dramatic category.
Early life
Barclay was born in Chicago Heights, Illinois. Raised Catholic, he attended La Lumiere School, a private college preparatory boarding school in La Porte, Indiana. On scholarship, he was one of the first African-Americans to attend the school.
Barclay went on to Harvard College, where he was extremely active in student musical theatre productions and the a cappella singing group The Harvard Krokodiloes. During his four years there, he wrote 16 musicals, including the music for two of the annual Hasty Pudding shows. Barclay attended both the La Lumiere School and Harvard with John Roberts, now the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. His Harvard roommate was novelist Arthur Golden, author of Memoirs of a Geisha.
Music video career
Following his graduation from Harvard, Barclay worked as a copywriter and creative supervisor at Grey, BBDO, Cunningham & Walsh, and Marsteller. Barclay then moved into music video directing and production through his own company, Black & White Television. He directed music videos for Bob Dylan ("It's Unbelievable"), the New Kids On The Block ("Games"), Janet Jackson and Luther Vandross ("The Best Things in Life Are Free"). Most notably, he created eight videos for LL Cool J, including "Mama Said Knock You Out", which won awards from both MTV and Billboard—and went on to be listed by The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. In 2013, Complex Magazine ranked "Mama Said Knock You Out" as one of the top 50 rap videos of the 1990s, crediting it with creating "one of the most crucial links in establishing the cultural bridge between boxing and rap." Barclay was often hired to direct videos for films, introducing audiences to House Party (1990), White Men Can't Jump (1992), Mo' Money (1992), Posse (1993), and Cool Runnings (1993), among others.
In 2012, Barclay directed his first music video in 16 years, working once again with LL Cool J and R&B star Joe on the video for "Take It".
Also drawing on his music video experience was Barclay's episode ("The Coup") of the Steven Spielberg-produced NBC series Smash, in which TV Fanatic said that the Barclay-directed number for the original song "Touch Me" (written by OneRepublic's Ryan Tedder) "pushed the boundaries from traditional Broadway show to music video level."
Film and television career
1990s
Barclay began his successful career in television with an unaired episode of Angel Street in 1992. He was hired by John Wells, who was making his debut as an executive producer.
Barclay directed Shawn and Marlon Wayans' first feature film, Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996) – also featuring Keenen Ivory Wayans, Vivica Fox, and Bernie Mac. Although it received mixed reviews, it was a box office success and has built a cult following since its release. Barclay also directed the HBO movie, The Cherokee Kid (1996), a Western dramedy starring Sinbad, James Coburn, Burt Reynolds, Gregory Hines, and A Martinez.
After directing episodes of ER, Barclay directed and eventually became a producer of NYPD Blue. In three years there, Barclay would receive two Emmy Awards for best directing—the second of which was for the episode titled "Hearts and Souls"— featuring the death of Jimmy Smits' character Bobby Simone. The episode has been ranked one of TV Guides 100 Best Episodes of All Time. Barclay reteamed with Smits again in his role as "Nero Padilla" on Sons of Anarchy.
2000s
In 2000, Barclay joined forces with fellow NYPD Blue producers Steven Bochco and Nicholas Wootton to create City of Angels, a medical drama with a predominantly African-American cast including Blair Underwood, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Maya Rudolph, and Vivica Fox. The show aired on CBS for two seasons while winning two NAACP awards.
In 2002 he returned to the John Wells fold to produce and direct the pilot, The Big Time, featuring Christina Hendricks, Dylan Baker, Molly Ringwald and Christopher Lloyd—which eventually aired as a two-hour movie. In the years that followed, Barclay worked on a wide variety of television dramas and comedies. He served as co-executive producer and producing director of the series Cold Case, for which he has also directed nine episodes. Other shows he directed in the decade include The West Wing, Huff, Law & Order, Numb3rs, Lost, House, The Shield, Weeds, Monk,The Good Wife, NCIS: Los Angeles, Sons of Anarchy, CSI, The Mentalist and 9 episodes of Glee.
2008 marked Barclay's return to HBO, where he executive produced three seasons of In Treatment, as well as directed 36 episodes. The series garnered a Golden Globes nomination for Best Drama Series in 2009 and series lead Gabriel Byrne won the Golden Globe for Best Television Actor in a Drama Series that same year. In 2008, the series won 2 Emmys for Glynn Turman for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series and Dianne Wiest won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.
Also in 2008, Barclay collaborated with screenwriter Dustin Lance Black to write the MTV film Pedro, the story of Pedro Zamora from The Real World: San Francisco. The film, directed by Nick Oceano, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and earned the writers WGA, the Humanitas Prize, and GLAAD Media Awards nominations.
2010–2020
In 2011, Barclay became the executive producer and primary director for the fourth season of FX's Sons of Anarchy, a role he continued through the seventh and final season.
Also in 2013, Barclay directed two episodes of Glee, "Diva" and "Lights Out". For his work on "Diva", Barclay was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Direction in a Comedy Series, his second Emmy nomination for Glee.
In 2014, Barclay directed the season premiere and penultimate episodes of Sons of Anarchy for the fourth year running. In addition to his Sons of Anarchy duties, Barclay also directed the milestone episode "100" for Glee, for which he received another Emmy nomination, in addition to episodes of The Good Wife, Extant, executive produced by Steven Spielberg and starring Halle Berry, and Manhattan, a Tommy Schlamme/Sam Shaw period drama for WGN America; and Glee's emotional flashback episode "2009" – the first half of the series finale.
In 2015, Barclay continued his role as Executive Producer/Director on FX's The Bastard Executioner, created by Kurt Sutter. The show starred Katey Sagal, Stephen Moyer, and Matthew Rhys. At the end of the year, he was enlisted by FOX to direct an episode of Empire, the Television Critics Association program of the year.
In 2016, Barclay joined the Shondaland family by directing an episode of ABC's critically acclaimed show, Scandal, created/produced by Shonda Rhimes, starring Kerry Washington.
In fall 2016, he completed the first season of FOX's Pitch, from writer/creators Dan Fogelman and Rick Singer, starring Mark-Paul Gosselaar, Ali Larter, Mark Consuelos, Dan Lauria and Kylie Bunbury in the title role.
In 2017, Barclay directed the pilot and executive produced another Shondaland project, Station 19, which follows a group of Seattle firefighters in a spinoff of the highly successful Grey's Anatomy. The show is ABC's second highest rated drama, and is currently airing its sixth season on ABC.
In early 2019, Barclay teamed up with the Human Rights Campaign and fellow award winner Dustin Lance Black to produce and direct a star-studded Americans for the Equality Act public awareness and advertising campaign. The series, which launched on March 25, 2019, with a debut video featuring Academy Award-winning actress Sally Field and her son Sam Greisman, features prominent figures in entertainment, sports and beyond speaking about the need for the Equality Act — a crucial civil rights bill that would extend clear, comprehensive non-discrimination protections to millions of LGBTQ people nationwide. The powerhouse lineup of supportive film and television actors, influencers, musicians and professional athletes, includes Adam Rippon, Shea Diamond, Alexandra Billings, Blossom Brown, Justina Machado, Gloria Calderon Kellett, Jamie Lee Curtis, Jane Lynch, Jesse Tyler Ferguson and Justin Mikita, Charlie and Max Carver, Karamo Brown, Marcia Gay Harden, and Nyle DiMarco. The Americans for the Equality Act series is modeled after HRC's successful Americans for Marriage Equality campaign and was awarded at the 4th Annual Shorty Social Good awards, and helped lead to the passage of the act in the House of Representatives.
2021-Present
In May 2021, Barclay directed a virtual reading of Larry Kramer's The Normal Heart, with Sterling K. Brown, Laverne Cox, Jeremy Pope and Guillermo Diaz.
Also in 2021, after executive producing and directing 14 episodes of Station 19, Barclay directed two episodes each on the Ryan Murphy Netflix series Dahmer-Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story (with Evan Peters, Richard Jenkins, and Niecy Nash). The series surpassed 1 billion hours viewed on Netflix, only the third title in Netflix history to cross the 1 billion hour viewing mark within 60 days.
Despite controversies surrounding Dahmer, Barclay’s work on Episode 6, “Silenced,” received wide praise. Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Directed with more empathy than voyeurism by Paris Barclay, ‘Silenced' tells the story of Tony Hughes (excellent newcomer Rodney Burnford [sic]), presented here as perhaps the only victim with whom Jeffrey had traces of a real relationship. It’s easily the best episode of the series, an uncomfortably sweet and sad hour of TV that probably should have been the template for the entire show. Tony was deaf and, in placing a Black, deaf, gay character at the center of the narrative, the series is giving voice to somebody whose voice has too frequently been excluded from gawking serial killer portraits.”
Kayla Cobb said in her review of “Silenced" for The Decider, “It’s not just the strongest episode of the entire series; it’s one of the most heart-wrenching episodes of the year.” For this episode, Barclay received a 2023 Best Directing for a Limited or Anthology Series or TV Movie Emmy Nomination. Barclay’s work on the series finale, “God of Forgiveness, God of Vengeance,” was also nominated by the Hollywood Critics Association.
After Dahmer, Paris reteamed with Ryan Murphy to executive produce and direct 2 episodes of the Netflix series The Watcher, (with Naomi Watts, Bobby Cannavale, Margo Martindale and Mia Farrow). The series was a hit, ranking as the #1 most watched show on Netflix the week of its debut.
Currently, he is directing two episodes of a new Ryan Murphy series American Sports Story: Gladiator, set to air on FX/HULU . He’s also in post-production on a feature documentary about the life of iconic keyboard and recording artist Billy Preston, due in 2024.
Directors Guild of America
In June 2013, Barclay was elected President of the Directors Guild of America, the first African-American and first openly gay President in the history of the Guild. After the vote, Barclay expressed gratitude for the honor and admiration for the Union's history, saying "I am profoundly honored to be elected President of the DGA.... The DGA has worked for more than three-quarters of a century to advance the creative and economic rights of directors and their teams and I look forward to continuing this strong tradition of service. As the son of a glass blower and a tile maker from Chicago, I am extremely humbled to have the honor to serve in the footsteps of the legendary leaders of the DGA like Frank Capra, Robert Wise and Gil Cates." Barclay was nominated for the Presidency by past-President Michael Apted, who said of him, "Paris' qualifications for DGA president are exceptional.... His understanding of the issues facing directors and their teams is outstanding and his ability to resolve problems and create solutions is beyond compare." His nomination was seconded by Steven Soderbergh, who said of Barclay, "This is a great moment for our Guild; Paris will be a phenomenal leader as we move into the future." Barclay was enthusiastically re-elected in June 2015.
Before being elected DGA President, Barclay served four terms as First Vice President of the DGA, where he was the first African-American Officer in the history of the guild. While serving as First Vice President, Barclay was also chair of the DGA's Political Action Committee, whose mission it is to promote the interests of DGA members to state and federal lawmakers. Their top issues include battling online copyright threats and promoting production tax incentives. He also served on the Western Directors Council and co-chaired the Diversity Task Force, whose mission is to encourage the hiring of women and minority directors to networks and studios. In addition, Barclay served as a board member of the DGA-affiliated Franco-American Cultural Fund, which promotes cultural exchange between French and American directors.
Barclay completed his second term as DGA president in June 2017. He was succeeded by Thomas Schlamme, whom he worked with on The West Wing and Manhattan, as well as on the DGA board.
Barclay's work for the DGA continues even after his presidency: he helped create and teaches the Guild's First Time Director Orientation., and in the successful 2020 contract negotiations Barclay co-chaired the Television Creative Rights Committee. He also serves as the co-Chair of the DGA's Return to Work Committee, which created the protocols that brought the industry back to work after the COVID shutdown. In 2021, he was elected the Guild's Secretary/Treasurer.
In 2021, he was named an Honorary Life Member of the DGA, one of the guild's highest honors, recognizing his career achievements and leadership in the industry. His acceptance speech earned praise for its focus on his hopes for his two sons.
He currently serves as the Guild’s Secretary/Treasurer.
Reputation in the entertainment industry
During his three decades as a director, Barclay has developed a strong reputation as a go-to director capable of working adeptly in multiple genres - described in a June 2011 article in Variety as a "highly adaptive force with the ability to control both TV detectives and scene-stealing gleesters". The same article ranked Barclay among the "Ten TV Directors Who Leave Their Mark." and another called him “one of the most reputable TV directors in Hollywood.”
Sons of Anarchy creator Kurt Sutter stated in an interview with The Star-Ledger that it wasn't until Barclay came on board to direct that the show found its "groove", observing: "We had all those glitches in those first two or three episodes [...] We had (Paris) come in [...] and we all just started trusting what we were doing here." Later in an interview for Variety, Kurt stated "The great thing about (exec producer Paris Barclay) is that he's a writer and he's also a director [...] so he can get the scripts and understand the production realities of it but also understand creatively what the need for everything is."
In an interview with TV Fanatic, Glee actor Blake Jenner credited Barclay for guiding him through a difficult scene in the episode "Lights Out", saying "He was just so nurturing."
In a piece for Vulture, television critic Matt Zoller Seitz cites Barclay as one of the few producer/directors who can "manage and drive the medium [of television]" as well as a writer-showrunner can. Seitz explains, "Directors tend to think in terms of images and moments; those skill sets aren't often compatible with the left-brain requirements of managing a sitcom or drama (though there are always exceptions; see veteran TV director Paris Barclay's executive-producer credit on FX's stylishly nasty biker drama, Sons of Anarchy)."
Ryan Murphy, creator of the Fox hit Glee, called Barclay's episode "Wheels" a "turning point for the show".
Over time, many of Barclay's former assistants have gone on to great Hollywood success in their own right. One of his first assistants was Kevin Williamson, writer of Scream and I Know What You Did Last Summer, and the creator and Executive Producer of the hit television shows Dawson’s Creek, The Vampire Diaries, and The Following. Josh Barry, another former Barclay assistant, was the head of the television department at Prospect Park after working as an executive in Drama Development at ABC. He was recently tapped to be the President of Shawn Levy's 21 Laps Television as part of a major deal with Netflix. Sam Martin, the former HBO executive (Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Lackwanna Blues) and film producer (Pariah) and Jason Clodfelter, former VP of Drama Development, and now Co-President at Sony Television, both previously served as Barclay assistants.
Awards
Along with winning two Emmy Awards for NYPD Blue (Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series - "Lost Israel Part II" and "Hearts and Souls"), Barclay has garnered another seven Emmy nominations: two for producing NYPD Blue (Outstanding Drama Series), one for directing The West Wing (Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series - "Indians In The Lobby"), and three for directing Glee (Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series - "Wheels", "Diva" and "100"),and most recently Dahmer-Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story (Best Directing for a Limited or Anthology Series or TV Movie- “Silenced”).
He has also received a Directors Guild of America Award for NYPD Blue and 10 other DGA Award nominations for The West Wing (3), In Treatment (2), NYPD Blue (2), ER, House, and Glee.
Barclay received an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Drama Series as co-creator, writer, and director of the groundbreaking medical drama City of Angels, another Image Award for directing Cold Case, and a third Image Award for directing Smash. On February 22, 2014, the NAACP honored Barclay by inducting him into the NAACP Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame Award is bestowed on an individual who is a pioneer in his or her respective field and whose influence will shape the profession for generations to come. Other recipients have included Lena Horne, Paul Robeson, Sidney Poitier, Bill Cosby and Oprah Winfrey.
Also a writer, Barclay received his first WGA Award nomination for co-writing Pedro with screenwriter Dustin Lance Black, marking the Oscar-winner's first WGA credit. The moving story of The Real World's Pedro Zamora garnered the team nominations for a GLAAD Media Award and Humanitas Prize.
Episodes directed by Barclay for Glee and In Treatment have become the recipients of the prestigious Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. The Glee episode "Wheels" was also acknowledged at the 2010 Shane's Inspiration Gala, receiving the Visionary Leadership Award for shining a light on the abilities of those with disabilities.
The Glee episode, "Wheels" and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode, "Coup de Grace" were both chosen for the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences' Television Academy Honor, saluting "Television with a Conscience," in which the Academy recognizes achievements in programming that present issues of concern to society in "a compelling, emotional, and insightful way." Barclay also accepted the Voice Award from the US Department of Health and Human Services on behalf of In Treatment, for "incorporating dignified, respectful, and accurate portrayals of people with mental illnesses."
In June 2011, Advertising Age featured Barclay on the cover as one of 2011's 50 Most Creative People, saying "Mr. Barclay brings an innate cultural awareness to shows." TV Guide also recognized his House episode, "Three Stories", as one of the 100 Best Episodes of All Time.
In April 2017, Barclay was awarded the Order of the Golden Sphinx by the acclaimed Hasty Pudding Institute of Harvard University – it is the highest honor bestowed by the Institute and recognizes individuals in the entertainment industry for their extraordinary contributions to the performing arts. The recipient represents the Institute's mission to support and foster performing arts within its membership, at Harvard, and around the world.
In addition to his honors in television, Barclay has been awarded the Founder's Award from Project Angel Food in 1998, the GLAAD Stephen F. Kolzak Award in 2001, to honor his outstanding representation of the LGBT community, and in 2004 the Pan-African Film Festival Pioneer Award. In 2009 Barclay was named by POWER UP as one of the Top Ten Gay Men in Entertainment; 2010 he received the Bridge Award from the Cornerstone Theater in Los Angeles for over 20 years of contributing to the theater. Barclay received the 2012 Upton Sinclair Award from the non-profit Liberty Hill for "unwavering idealism and vision.". Also in 2012, he and husband Christopher Barclay were awarded with the Family Values Award from In the Life Media, given to "individuals whose representation of LGBT families serve as an inspiration for all Americans. More recently, he's been awarded the Artistic Excellence Award from the Aviva Family & Children Services Program, the Visibility Award from the Human Rights Campaign, as well as the Legacy Award from the African-American Film Critics Association.
Work in musical theater
In the theater, Barclay presented his original musical On Hold With Music at Manhattan Theater Club in 1984, with a cast including Jason Alexander, Terry Burrell, John Dossett, Ray Gill, and Maureen Brennan. Based on his life in advertising, Barclay wrote and composed the sung through musical in its entirety.
In 1985, he wrote the book, music and lyrics for another musical drama entitled Almos' a Man, based on a short story by Richard Wright – which had been developed in the second year of the ASCAP Musical Theater Workshop in New York, under the tutelage of Charles Strouse and Stephen Sondheim. It was produced that year at Soho Rep, receiving a mixed review from the New York Times’ Mel Gussow.
After years of directing, Barclay returned to composing in September 2001 with the premiere of a musical based on the collection of letters Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam. Called Letters from ‘Nam, the play featured Grammy winner Maureen McGovern, future Tony winner Levi Kreis, and David Burnham. Praised by most reviewers and opening days before the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Vietnam musical hit home emotionally with those who performed in it, produced it, or experienced it.
In 2003, Barclay wrote songs for and co-directed Order My Steps for the Cornerstone Theater Company. The musical play, with book by Tracey Scott Wilson, dealt with the African-American church's response to the AIDS epidemic. The Los Angeles Times call a "moving tale about the human toll of AIDS."
Barclay returned to Vietnam with One Red Flower: Letters from ‘Nam, a reworked version of the musical was produced at the Village Theater in Issaquah to further acclaim, with Levi Kreis and David Burnham reprising their roles. Other productions followed, with the most significant being Eric Schaeffer's "gritty and emotional" staging at the Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virginia in 2004.
In 2008, Barclay presented a reading of One Red Flower in Los Angeles to benefit New Directions, an organization that supports veterans of all wars. Maureen McGovern, Levi Kreis and David Burnham returned in featured roles, with television stars Hunter Parrish and Josh Henderson. Although it was not a full production, again it received glowing reviews, described by Beverly Cohn in the Santa Monica Mirror as an "evening that had the audience smiling with a lump in its throat."
Barclay is currently working with Brian Yorkey (Next to Normal) to develop One Red Flower as a television movie, now entitled Letters From ‘Nam.
Personal life
Openly gay since late in his college days, he was a regular contributor to The Advocate for several years. Barclay married food-industry executive Christopher Barclay (né Mason), his partner of 10 years, in 2008. They have 2 children.
Filmography
Directed episodes of (arranged in order from most episodes directed to least):
In Treatment (36 episodes; also executive producer; Golden Globe nomination, 2 DGA nominations, and NAACP Image Award nomination)
Sons of Anarchy (15 episodes, one NAACP Image Award nomination, also executive producer)
Station 19 (14 episodes; also executive producer)
NYPD Blue (12 episodes; 2 Emmy Awards; also supervising producer)
Cold Case (9 episodes; also co-executive producer; NAACP Image Award)
Glee (9 episodes, 3 Emmy nominations, 2 DGA nominations)
The Bastard Executioner (4 episodes; also executive producer)
City of Angels (4 episodes; NAACP Image Award for best drama series; also co-executive producer and co-creator)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (4 episodes; 2 NAACP Image Award nominations)
Pitch (4 episodes, NAACP Image Award nomination, also executive producer)
The Shield (3 episodes; NAACP Image Award nomination)
The West Wing (3 episodes; Emmy nomination, 3 DGA nominations)
ER (3 episodes; DGA nomination)
Sliders (3 episodes)
The Watcher (2 episodes)
Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story (2 episodes)
American Horror Story: NYC (2 episodes)
The Good Wife (2 episodes)
Angel Street (2 episodes)
Second Noah (2 episodes)
Clueless (2 episodes)
Monk (2 episodes)
NCIS: Los Angeles (2 episodes)
Dirt (2 episodes)
Fastlane (2 episodes)
Empire
Scandal
How to Get Away with Murder
Diagnosis: Murder
Brooklyn South
American Dreams
Huff
Lost
NUMB3RS
House MD (DGA nomination)
Weeds (DGA nomination)
The Mentalist
Miami Medical
The New Normal
Last Resort
The Chicago Code
Law & Order
Silk Stalkings
Moon Over Miami
Rebel (ABC)
Television pilots:
Station 19, for ABC
Perfect Citizen, for CBS
Pitch, for FOX
The Bastard Executioner, for FX
The Street Lawyer, based on the novel by John Grisham for ABC
Dead Lawyers starring F. Murray Abraham for SyFy
City of Angels with Blair Underwood and Viola Davis for CBS
Hate starring Marcia Gay Harden for Showtime
The Chang Family Saves the World written by John Ridley for ABC
Big Mike starring Greg Grunberg for A&E
Television movies:
The Cherokee Kid (HBO)
The Big Time (TNT)
Feature Film:
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (Miramax)
References
External links
1956 births
21st-century African-American writers
20th-century African-American people
African-American film directors
African-American television directors
American music video directors
American television directors
Comedy film directors
American gay writers
Television producers from Illinois
African-American television writers
American male television writers
Film directors from Indiana
Harvard College alumni
La Lumiere School alumni
African-American LGBT people
LGBT people from Illinois
LGBT television directors
Living people
Businesspeople from Chicago
Presidents of the Directors Guild of America
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Directors Guild of America Award winners
Hasty Pudding alumni
Screenwriters from Illinois
People from Chicago Heights, Illinois
African-American Catholics |
4134365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camino%20de%20Santiago%20%28route%20descriptions%29 | Camino de Santiago (route descriptions) | The Camino de Santiago, also known as the Way of St. James, extends from different countries of Europe, and even North Africa, on its way to Santiago de Compostela and Finisterre. The local authorities try to restore many of the ancient routes, even those used in a limited period, in the interest of tourism.
Here follows an overview of the main routes of the modern-day pilgrimage.
UNESCO World Heritage Listings
The Routes of Northern Spain and the French Way (Camino Francés) are the ones listed in the World Heritage List by UNESCO.
Camino Francés
The French Way () is the most popular of the routes. It runs from Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port on the French side of the Pyrenees to Roncesvalles on the Spanish side before making its way through to Santiago de Compostela through the major cities of Pamplona, Logroño, Burgos and León.
Routes of Northern Spain
The Routes of Northern Spain is a network of four Christian pilgrimage routes in northern Spain.
Camino Primitivo
The Camino Primitivo splits off from the Norte south of Villaviciosa, near Oviedo, and spans 355 km (this includes roughly 40 km on the Camino Francés at the end). As the name suggests, this is one of the original Caminos.
Northern Way
The Northern Way () (also known as the "Liébana Route") is an 817 km, five-week coastal route from Basque Country at Irún, near the French border, and follows the northern coastline of Spain to Galicia where it heads inland towards Santiago joining the Camino Francés at Arzúa. This route follows the old Roman road, the Via Agrippa, for some of its way and is part of the Coastal Route (). This route was used by Christian pilgrims when Muslim domination had extended northwards and was making travel along the Camino francés dangerous.
The route passes through San Sebastian, Guernica, Bilbao, and Oviedo. It is less populated, lesser known and generally more difficult hiking. Shelters are 20 to 35 kilometers apart, rather than there being hostels () or monasteries every four to ten kilometers as on the Camino Francés.
The Coastal Way links with the French Way through the Liébana Route.
Tunnel Way
The Tunnel Way is also known as the Tunnel Route, the Basque Inland Route and the San Adrian Route. In the Early Middle Ages, when the Northern (Coastal) Way was subject to the Vikings' skirmishes and Muslim presence and forays threatened pilgrims and trade routes in the borderlands, the Tunnel Way provided a safe road north of the frontier area, i.e. Gipuzkoa and Alava. This may be the oldest and most important stretch of the Way of St. James up to its heyday in the 13th century. From the starting point in Irún, the road heads south-west up the Oria valley (Villabona, Ordizia, Zegama), reaches its highest point at the San Adrian tunnel and runs through the Alavan plains (Zalduondo, Salvatierra/Agurain, Vitoria-Gasteiz and Miranda de Ebro). Yet previous to the latter, nowadays pilgrims usually take a detour south towards Haro and on to Santo Domingo de la Calzada on account of its better provision.
In Spain and Portugal
The following routes to Santiago can be traced on the Iberian Peninsula.
Portuguese Way
The Portuguese Way (, ) begins at Lisbon or Porto in Portugal. From Porto, along the Douro River, pilgrims travel north crossing the Ave, Cávado, Lima and Minho rivers before entering Spain and then passing through Padron before arriving at Santiago. It is the second most popular way, after the French one. The route is 610 km long starting in Lisbon or 227 km long starting in Porto. From Lisbon, the starting point is Lisbon Cathedral, crossing the Thermal Hospital of Caldas da Rainha (1485) and heading to the Alcobaça Monastery (1252), which was an albergue (hostel) for medieval pilgrims who could only stay there for a single night. Using Roman roads, pilgrims headed to Coimbra and had to reach Porto before night falls, as the gates of the city closed, once in the pilgrims headed to Church of São Martinho de Cedofeita (c. 1087).
There are two traditional routes from Porto, one inland (the Central Way) and the Coastal Way (Caminho da Costa). Rates is considered a central site of the Portuguese Way. The way has been used since the Middle Ages and the ancient monastery of Rates (rebuilt in 1100) gained importance due to the legend of Saint Peter of Rates. The legend holds that Saint James ordained Peter as the first bishop of Braga in the year AD 44. Peter died as a martyr while attempting to convert local pagans.
Rates is also the location of the first modern pilgrim hostel (Albergue) in the Portuguese way. On the way to the Rates Monastery there is the medieval Dom Zameiro Bridge. It was (re)built in 1185 for an easy cross of the Ave river by medieval pilgrims. It is part of Roman Via Veteris and known in the Middle Ages as Karraria Antiqua (the old way), as such the bridge has Roman origin. After leaving the monastery, the crossing of Cávado River was made using barges landing in Barca do Lago, which literally means "Lake's barge". The Brotherhood of Barca do Lago stated in 1635: "this passage is very popular and it is for more than 400 years in our peaceful possession". The Portuguese King Sancho II made the crossing there during a pilgrimage in 1244 and centuries later King Manuel I did the same in 1502. Currently, the crossing which replaces the barges in both the Coastal and the Coastal derivation of the central way is made through Ponte de Fão, built in 1892, heading to the Neiva Castle, currently lost, the Neiva was a Castro culture hillfort and early medieval castle. For pilgrims preferring the inland route, the crossing is made through the Medieval Bridge of Barcelos, constructed between 1325 and 1328.
The crossing of the Lima River is made through the Eiffel bridge (1878) in the Coastal way, originally via barges. The bridge and the town of Viana do Castelo are signed by the sighting of the Monument-Temple of Santa Luzia (1904) over a hilltop. The Lantern tower of the sanctuary is where the pilgrim can see most of one's route in one of the most iconic views of Northern Portugal. Pilgrims were treated in the Old Hospital of Viana do Castelo, an hostel for pilgrims from early 15th century. For the inland route, Ponte de Lima's bridge is used. The later bridge possibly dates to the 1st century and was rebuilt in 1125. One of the most tiring parts of the Portuguese inland Way is in the Labruja hills in Ponte de Lima, which are hard to cross. In Classical antiquity, the Lima was said to have properties of memory loss due to events in an ancient battle there between the Turduli and the Celts. Strabo compared it to the mythological Lethe, the river of unmindfulness. Two ancient canoes found in Lanheses (Viana do Castelo) and the itinerary of the Loca Maritima Roman way suggest that to be the site where the Roman soldiers were fearful of the crossing during the conquest of the region in 136 BC.
The Coastal Way gained prominence in the 15th century due to the growing importance of the coastal towns in the advent of the Age of Discovery. After leaving Porto, the route splits from the central way in the countryside of Vila do Conde. The town is still today crowned by the Monastery of Santa Clara (1318). The town is noted for the austere Gothic and lavish Late Gothic architecture, with the Matriz Church of Vila do Conde being built by king Manuel I of Portugal while in pilgrimage. The rising importance of Póvoa de Varzim imposed this new direction, In Póvoa de Varzim, the small Saint James Chapel (1582) in Praça da República holds a 15th century icon of Saint James found at the beach, the way follows west to the beach, heading to Esposende, Viana do Castelo and Caminha before reaching the Spanish border.
A contemporary version of the Coastal Way, pushed by German pilgrims, goes through Northern Portugal continuously along the sea, using beach walkways. This version of the Coastal Way, also referred to as the Senda Litoral, is gaining importance, as the traditional route is increasingly urbanized and the new version is considered by some pilgrims to be more pleasant. Just before the crossover into Spain, there is also a 2-3 day detour from the Coastal Way called the Spiritual Detour (variante espiritual) known for solitude and beauty.
The Camino winds its way inland until it reaches the Spanish border at the Minho river through Valença, heading for a 108 km walk to Santiago, passing through Tui.
A less-travelled Portuguese route, the Caminho Português Interior, begins at either the village of Farminhão or the adjacent city of Viseu, and continues along the Douro river valley via Lamego, Chaves, and Verín before connecting with the Via de la Plata at Ourense. Waymarking along this route, some 420 km in total, is intermittent until the Spanish border.
Aragonese Way
The Aragonese Way () comes down from the Somport pass in the Pyrenees and makes its way down through the old kingdom of Aragon. It follows the River Aragón passing through towns such as Jaca. It then crosses into the province of Navarre to Puente La Reina where it joins the Camino Francés.
English Way
The English Way () is traditionally for pilgrims who traveled to Spain by sea and disembarked in Ferrol or A Coruña. These pilgrims then made their way to Santiago overland. It is so called because most of these pilgrims were English though some came from all points in northern Europe.
Camino Mozárabe and the Via de La Plata
Sometimes incorrectly known in English as the Silver Route or Way - "Plata" is a corruption of the Arabic word balath, meaning paved road.
The Via de La Plata (once a Roman causeway joining Italica and Asturica Augusta) starts in Seville from where it goes north to Zamora via Zafra, Cáceres and Salamanca. It is much less frequented than the French Way or even the Northern Way - in 2013, of the 215,000 pilgrims being granted the compostela in Santiago, 4.2% traveled on the Via de la Plata, compared to 70.3% on the Camino Francés. After Zamora there are three options. The first route, or Camino Sanabrés heads west and reaches Santiago via Ourense. Another route continues north to Astorga, from where pilgrims can continue west along the Camino Francés to Santiago. A third, seldom traveled route, crosses into Portugal and passes through Bragança, rejoining the Camino Sanabrés near Ourense.
The Camino Mozárabe route (also known as the ), from Almeria, Granada or Málaga, passes through Córdoba and later joins up with the Via de La Plata at Mérida.
Camino de Madrid
The Camino de Madrid goes northwards from Madrid, through Segovia and near Valladoid, joining the Camino Francés at Sahagún.
Camino del Ebro
The Camino del Ebro starts in Catalonia at Sant Jaume d'Enveja near Deltebre, where Saint James is traditionally supposed to have left Spain on his way home to martyrdom in Palestine, and follows the River Ebro past Tortosa and Zaragoza, joining the Camino Francés at Logroño.
Camino de Santiago de Soria
Sometimes known as the Camino Castellano-Aragonés, this camino leaves the Camino del Ebro at Gallur and goes past Soria to Santo Domingo de Silos, where it joins the Camino de la Lana.
Camino de la Lana
The Camino de la Lana (sometimes Ruta de la Lana), or wool road, leaves Alicante and heads mainly northwards for 670 km, joining the Camino Francés at Burgos.
Camino de Levante
The Camino de Levante starts at Valencia and crosses Castille-La Mancha, passing through towns and cities including Toledo, El Toboso, Ávila and Medina del Campo, joining the Via de la Plata at Zamora.
Camino del Sureste
The Camino del Sureste starts at Alicante and follows a broadly similar route as the Camino del Levante from Albacete until Medina del Campo, where the routes bifurcate, with the Sureste heading northwards to Tordesillas, joining the Via de la Plata at Benavente, while the Levante goes westwards to Toro and Zamora.
Camino de Torres
The Camino de Torres starts in Salamanca, goes past Ciudad Rodrigo, crosses the Portuguese border near Almeida, continues past Braga and joins the Camino Portugués at Ponte de Lima.
Camino de Invierno
275 km long, this route leaves the French Way at Ponferrada and bypasses O Cebreiro, instead routing through Quiroga, Monforte de Lemos and Lalín before joining the Vía de la Plata at A Laxe. Traditionally, pilgrims used this way to avoid the snows of O Cebreiro in wintertime, from which its name derives. It was officially recognised as one of the valid routes for obtaining the Compostela in 2016. This route is unique, as it passes through all four provinces of Galicia: Ourense, Lugo, Pontevedra, and A Coruña.
In France
The Way of St. James is said to have originated in France, where it is called Le Chemin de St. Jacques de Compostelle. This is the reason that the Spanish themselves refer to the Way of St. James as "the French road", since most of the pilgrims they saw were French. The origin of the pilgrimage is most often cited as the Codex Calixtinus, which is decidedly a French document. Though in the Codex everyone was called upon to join the pilgrimage, there were
four main starting points in the Cathedral cities of Tours, Vézelay, Le Puy-en-Velay and Arles. They are today all routes of the Grande Randonnée network.
Paris and Tours route
The Paris and Tours route () used to be the pilgrimage of choice for inhabitants of the Low Countries and those of northern and western France. As other routes are becoming overcrowded, that route is gaining favor, owing to the religious and touristic aspects of the monuments on the way.
One starting point is at the Tour St Jacques in Paris and then on to Orléans-Tours or Chartres-Tours. From Tours, the route passes through Poitiers and Bordeaux, the forest at Les Landes before connecting to the Camino Francés, the national trail GR 65, near Ostabat, shortly before Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port or to the Camino de la Costa in Irún.
Vézelay route
The Vézelay route passes through Limoges and joins the GR 65 near Ostabat.
Le Puy route
The Le Puy route (, ) is traveled by pilgrims starting in or passing through Le Puy-en-Velay. It passes through Conques, Cahors and Moissac before coming to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. It is part of GR 65.
Arles Way
The Arles Way ( or Chemin d'Arles) in southern France, named after that principal cathedral city goes through Montpellier, Toulouse and Oloron-Sainte-Marie before reaching the Spanish border at Col de Somport in the high Pyrenees. It is also called the Via Tolosana, a name that follows the Latin convention of the other French routes, because it passes through Toulouse, a notable pilgrimage destination in its own right. After passing the Pyrenees it is referred to as the Aragonese Way. It is the only French route not to connect to the Camino Francés at Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. After taking its Aragonese name, it joins the Camino Francés at Puente la Reina.
In Belgium and the Netherlands
The Way of St. James in the Netherlands is said to have started after St. Boniface brought Christendom to Friesland and the worship of his reliquaries near Dokkum gained popularity from 800 onwards. The route did not become popular however until the 15th century, well after the Santiago Matamoros legend. There are several Cathedral towns considered official starting routes by the Dutch confraternity of St. James. Haarlem, a centuries-old starting point, has been the starting point of a modern cycling route to Santiago de Compostela since 1983, when an international workgroup of scholars researched the old route and one of them developed a set of maps. Since that time there have been other cycling routes to Santiago de Compostela published from other Dutch cities, most notably Maastricht. The Dutch and northern (Flemish) Belgians call the route the Jacobsroute. In Wallonia (southern Belgium) it is called Le Chemin de St. Jacques de Compostelle.
Another Dutch long distance path, the Pelgrimspad (Pilgrims' Path), leads from Amsterdam to Visé in Belgium (about 100 km from Namur), and may have been a route for St. James pilgrims departing from Amsterdam connecting to one of the main routes at Vézelay. Another ancient route can be traced through Ghent (note the scallop on the Pilgrims hat in bottom right panel of the Ghent Altarpiece) and Amiens to connect to Paris and the Via Turonensis, one of the four main French routes.
It is a mistake to assume that medieval pilgrims were only focussed on one goal. Most St. James pilgrims through the centuries stopped to visit other famous reliquaries, and many of the most popular ones in France and northern Spain are listed in the Codex. Many had both a scallop shell and a palm frond in their possession, indicating that they had been or were on their way to both Rome and Santiago de Compostela.
In Germany
The paths in Germany are collectively named "Wege der Jakobspilger". Other names that can be seen on trail markings are "Jakobsweg" and "Jakobspilgerweg". The German Way of St. James routes are maintained by numerous non-profit organizations. Their aim is, among others, to make the pilgrimage experience qualitative and authentic.
One section of the Way of St. James runs through the German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Hesse following the course of the historic trade route, the Via Regia from Görlitz via Bautzen, Kamenz, Großenhain, Wurzen, Leipzig, Merseburg, Naumburg (Saale), Erfurt, Gotha, Eisenach and Vacha to Fulda. It has a length of 500 km. On 6 July 2003 the first section to Erfurt was opened in Königsbrück. The opening of the second section followed on 11 October 2003 in Vacha. The section along the historic "Via Regia" is also called the Ecumenical Pilgrims' Way (Ökumenischer Pilgerweg).
Providing the link to Franconia, the Saxon Way of St. James on the Franconian Road (Sächsische Jakobsweg an der Frankenstraße) runs from Königsbrück via Wilsdruff to Grumbach (old roadbed until the 15th century) and from Bautzen via Bischofswerda, Dresden, Kesselsdorf, Grumbach, through the Tharandt Forest to Freiberg and on to Chemnitz and Zwickau, in order to join the Via Imperii coming from Leipzig, before continuing via Plauen, Hof and Bayreuth to Nuremberg. The signage was carried out in 2009-13. Between Wilsdruff and Grillenburg in the Tharandt Forest it runs in the same ancient route corridor as the Holy Way from Bohemia to Meißen, which is also being revived.
The Lahn-Rhine-Camino can be followed since 2001 and is maintained by the non-profit organization St. Jakobus-Gesellschaft Rheinland-Pfalz-Saarland e.V. since 2005. The route starts in the central part of Germany, coming from the north-east, and continues in a south-western direction. Numerous artefacts along the path provide information about earlier pilgrimages. The trail consists of two sections, the Lahn-Camino, which was updated in 2018/19 and re-signposted along the way, and the Rhine-Camino. With a total length of 190 kilometres, the trail crosses the federal state of Hesse, where it originates, and ends in Rhineland-Palatinate. Starting in Wetzlar, the route first passes through Hessian towns and villages to Weilburg. From Weilburg, the route leads via Villmar to Diez. Once in Diez, the following stages are Obernhof and then Bad Ems. The Lahn-Camino meets the Rhine-Camino in Lahnstein, from where the route follows the Rhine to Kamp-Bornhofen. From there, another 15 kilometres have to be overcome to Sankt Goarshausen, until one finishes the Rhine-Camino by arriving in Korb. Here, one has the option to continue their way towards Trier or Worms, two of the oldest cities in Germany.
In Switzerland
The Way of St. James is also known as Jakobsweg in Switzerland and the route in Switzerland is the Via Jacobi. Many routes originating in Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe and even Italy/South Tyrol led to Switzerland and from there to France. Beginning in the early Middle Ages (9-10th century), pilgrims coming from northern and eastern Europe crossed into Switzerland at the Lake of Constance and journeyed across the country to Geneva at the French border. As they wandered through the countryside, the pilgrims passed by three traditional pilgrimage places, Einsiedeln Abbey, Flüeli Ranft and the Caves of Saint Beatus. They also traveled through historic cities and villages, including St. Gall, Lucerne, Schwyz, Interlaken, Thun, Fribourg, and Lausanne. Today the original paths have been restored and the Via Jacobi is an integral part of the European Way of St. James.
In Ireland
St. James's Gate in Dublin was traditionally a principal starting point for Irish pilgrims to begin their journey on the Camino de Santiago (Way of St. James). The pilgrims' passports were stamped here before setting sail, usually for A Coruña, north of Santiago. It is still possible for Irish pilgrims to get these traditional documents stamped at St James' Church, and many do, while on their way to Santiago de Compostella.
In Lithuania
Lithuanian section of the Way of Saint James is called "Camino Lituano" (official name: "Camino Lituano kultūros kelias").
The main Camino Lituano route is 500 km long. The route starts at Žagarė near Latvian ant Lithuanian border, runs through Šiauliai, Kaunas, Alytus counties and ends at Sejny in Poland, where it connects to the "Camino Polaco" route.
It has two other sections in Lithuanian regions (Aukštaitija and Samogitia), by which the main route can be reached.
In Poland
From Sandomierz to Kraków is the Lesser Poland Way
From Gniezno to Poznań, Leszno, Wschowa and Głogów is the Greater Poland Way
From Głogów to Zgorzelec and Görlitz is the Lower Silesian Way
From Lithuania via Olsztyn, Toruń, Poznań and Słubice is the Camino Polacco
From Kretinga via Elbląg and Gdańsk to Szczecin is the Camino Polacco del Norte and Pomeranian way of St. James
From Jelenia Góra to Lubań is the Via Cervimontana
From Kraków to the Czech Republic is the Silesian-Moravian Way
From Korczowa/Pilzno via Kraków to Görlitz is the Via Regia
From Kraków to the Levoča in Slovakia is known as Spišská Jakubská cesta SK
In Slovakia
Slovak section of the Way of Saint James is called "Svätojakubská cesta" (official name: "Svätojakubská cesta na Slovensku"). Other name that can sometimes be seen on trail markings is also "Jakubská cesta".
The main route in Slovakia begins in Košice in front of St Elisabeth Cathedral and ends in Bratislava on SNP Square (Bratislava). The whole route spans over 620 km and can be finished in approximately 30 days.
In Malta
In 1602, Grandmaster Alof de Wignacourt provided instructions of safe passage (a credencial) to Don Juan Benegas from St. Paul’s Grotto, Rabat, to visit holy places in Europe including Saint James In Galicia (as noted in a In a Liber Bullarum entry of the early 17th century).
The Camino Maltés route is around 3,600 km long, and connects Malta to Sicily (through Il Cammino di San Giacomo in Sicilia), Sardinia (through the Cammino di Santu Jacu), Barcelona (Camino Catalán) and eventually Santiago de Compostela.
The Maltese segment of the Camino Maltés route is approximately 35 km long. It begins at Saint Paul's Grotto, the place where Maltese tradition says that Saint Paul spent his three-month stay on the island after his shipwreck on the Maltese coast. In Malta, the Camino Maltés meets another ancient pilgrim route, now known as the Universal Peace Walk (between Mdina and Żejtun). The Maltese segment of the Camino Maltés concludes in Valletta, where pilgrims catch the ferry to Sicily.
References
External links
Walking La Via de la Plata - a short video
Caminos de Santiago
Explore the Routes of Santiago in the Basque Country in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture
Caminho Português, the Way of St. James in Portugal
Arles route
The Way of St. James in Eastern Germany
The Way of St. James in Switzerland
The Way of St. James in Slovakia
The Camino Maltés
GPS coordinates
Outdooractive Lahn-Camino
Outdooractive Rhein-Camino
Camino de Santiago routes |
4134490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20in%20association%20football | 2010 in association football | The following are the association football events of the year 2010 throughout the world.
News
In 2010, the two top-level leagues in the United States both added at least one new team:
Major League Soccer, which also has one team in Canada and is recognized as the top level of the (men's) sport in that country, added its 16th team, Philadelphia Union, located in the Philadelphia suburb of Chester, Pennsylvania.
Women's Professional Soccer, which currently has teams only in the United States, added two teams to the six teams returning from its inaugural 2009 season:
The Atlanta Beat, the new incarnation of a team from the defunct Women's United Soccer Association, who play in the Atlanta suburb of Kennesaw, Georgia.
Philadelphia Independence, sister team to Philadelphia Union. Due to construction delays at the new stadium it will eventually share with Union, Independence played their first season in another Philadelphia suburb, West Chester, Pennsylvania.
However, during the 2010 WPS season, another charter team, Saint Louis Athletica, folded, bringing WPS back to the same number of teams it had in the 2009 season. The league also lost its season champions, FC Gold Pride, and the Chicago Red Stars, although it will add an expansion team in Western New York for 2011.
Following the 2010 MLS regular season, the Kansas City Wizards announced a name change to Sporting Kansas City.
Events
Men's national teams
FIFA
11 June – 11 July: 2010 FIFA World Cup in
4th:
14 August – 22 August: 2010 IBSA World Blind Football Championship in
4th:
CAF
10 January – 31 January: 2010 African Cup of Nations in
4th:
AFC
December 1–29: 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup in and
Winners:
Runners-up:
Third place: ,
Women's national teams
24 February – 3 March: 2010 Algarve Cup in
4th:
4–21 November 2010: 2010 South American Women's Football Championship in
4th:
Women's youth
July 13 – August 1: 2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in
4th:
5 September - 25 September: 2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in
4th:
March 3 - March 17: 2010 South American U-20 Women Championship in
4th:
Multi-sports events
Men
August 12–25: 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in
4th:
November 7–25: 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou,
4th:
Women
August 12–24: 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in
4th:
November 14–22: 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou,
4th:
Club football
Women
National champions
AFC
Australia – Sydney FC
Bahrain – Al-Ahli (Manama)
Bangladesh – Dhaka Abahani
Bhutan – Yeedzin FC
Cambodia – Phnom Penh Crown
China PR – Shandong Luneng
Chinese Taipei – Kaohsiung County Taipower FC
Guam – Quality Distributors
Hong Kong – South China
India – Dempo SC
Indonesia – Arema Indonesia
Iran – Sepahan
Iraq – Dohuk FC
Japan – Nagoya Grampus
Jordan – Al-Faisaly Amman
Kuwait – Qadsia SC
Kyrgyzstan – Dordoi-Dynamo Naryn
Lebanon – Al Ahed
Macau – Windsor Arch Ka I
Malaysia – Selangor FA
Oman – Al-Suwaiq
Pakistan – KRL
Palestine – Jabal Mukabar
Qatar – Al-Gharafa Doha
Saudi Arabia – Al-Hilal Riyadh
Singapore – Etoile FC
South Korea – FC Seoul
Syria – Al-Jaish
Tajikistan – Esteghlal Dushanbe
Thailand – Muangthong United F.C.
Turkmenistan – Balkan FK
UAE – Al Wahda
Uzbekistan – Bunyodkor Tashkent
Vietnam – Hà Nội T&T F.C.
CAF
Algeria – MC Alger
Angola – Interclube
Benin – ASPAC FC
Botswana – Township Rollers FC
Burkina Faso – ASFA Yennega
Burundi – Vital'O F.C.
Cameroon – Cotonsport Garoua
Cape Verde – Boavista FC
Central African Republic – Olympic Real de Bangui
Chad – Tourbillon FC
Comoros – Elan Club
Congo – Saint Michel d'Ouenzé
DR Congo – AS Vita Club
Djibouti – AS Port
Egypt – Al-Ahly
Equatorial Guinea – Deportivo Mongomo
Eritrea – unknown
Ethiopia – Saint-George SA
Gabon – US Bitam
Gambia – Gambia Ports Authority F.C.
Ghana – Aduana Stars
Guinea – Fello Star
Guinea-Bissau – Sporting Clube de Bissau
Ivory Coast – ASEC Mimosas
Kenya – Ulinzi Stars
Lesotho – Matlama FC
Liberia – unknown
Libya – Al Ittihad
*Madagascar – CNaPS Sport
Malawi – Silver Strikers F.C.
Mali – Stade Malien
Mauritania – CF Cansado
Mauritius – Pamplemousses SC
Morocco – Wydad Casablanca
Mozambique – Liga Muçulmana de Maputo
Namibia – African Stars F.C.
Niger – ASFAN
Nigeria – Enyimba
Réunion – US Stade Tamponnaise
Rwanda – APR FC
São Tomé and Príncipe – GD Sundy
Senegal – ASC Diaraf
Seychelles – St Michel United FC
Sierra Leone – East End Lions F.C.
Somalia – Gayher FC
South Africa – Supersport United FC
Sudan – Al-Hilal (Omdurman)
Swaziland – Young Buffaloes
Tanzanian – Simba SC
Togo – not held
Tunisia – Espérance Sportive de Tunis
Ugandan – Bunamwaya SC
Zambia – ZESCO United F.C.
Zanzibar – Zanzibar Ocean View F.C.
Zimbabwe – Motor Action F.C.
CONCACAF
Note: "(A)" means Apertura champion; (B) means Bicentenario champion; "(C)" means Clausura champion.
Note: "(P)" designates the league champion, by winning the playoffs; "(R)" designates the regular season champion.
Saint Kitts: Newtown United
Saint Lucia: Roots Alley Ballers
Saint-Martin: Orleans Attackers
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Avenues United
Sint Maarten: D & P Connection
Turks and Caicos Islands: AFC Academy
CONMEBOL
Argentina – Argentinos Juniors (C); Estudiantes (A)
Bolivia – Jorge Wilstermann (A); Oriente Petrolero (C)
Brazil – Fluminense
Chile – Universidad Católica
Colombia – Junior (A); Once Caldas (C)
Ecuador – LDU Quito
Paraguay – Guaraní (A); Libertad (C)
Peru – Universidad San Martín
Uruguay – Peñarol
Venezuela – Caracas
Note: "(A)" means Apertura champion; "(C)" mean Clausura champion.
OFC
– ongoing
French Polynesia – AS Tefana
New Caledonia – ongoing
– Waitakere United
UEFA
Albania: Dinamo Tirana
Andorra: FC Santa Coloma
Armenia: Pyunik Yerevan
Austria: Red Bull Salzburg
Azerbaijan: Inter Baku
Belarus: FC BATE Borisov
Belgium: Anderlecht
Bosnia and Herzegovina: FK Željezničar Sarajevo
Bulgaria: Litex Lovech
Croatia: Dinamo Zagreb
Cyprus: Omonia
Czech Republic: Sparta Prague
Denmark: Copenhagen
England: Chelsea
Estonia: FC Flora Tallinn
Faroe Islands: HB Thorshavn
Finland: HJK Helsinki
France: Marseille
Georgia: Olimpi Rustavi
Germany: Bayern Munich
Greece: Panathinaikos
Hungary: Debreceni VSC
Iceland: Breiðablik UBK
Republic of Ireland: Shamrock Rovers
Israel: Hapoel Tel Aviv
Italy: Internazionale
Kazakhstan: Tobol Kostanay
Latvia: Skonto Riga
Lithuania: Ekranas Panevezys
Luxembourg: Jeunesse Esch
Macedonia: Renova
Malta: Birkirkara
Moldova: Sheriff Tiraspol
Montenegro: Rudar Pljevlja
Netherlands: Twente
Northern Ireland: Linfield
Norway: Rosenborg Trondheim
Poland: Lech Poznań
Portugal: Benfica
Romania: Cluj
Russia: FC Zenit Saint Petersburg
San Marino: Tre Fiori
Scotland: Rangers
Serbia: Partizan
Slovakia: MŠK Žilina
Slovenia: Koper
Spain: Barcelona
Sweden: Malmö FF
Switzerland: Basel
Turkey: Bursaspor
Ukraine: Shakhtar Donetsk
Wales: The New Saints
Domestic cup winners
AFC
Japan
Emperor's Cup: Kashima Antlers
Qatar
Emir of Qatar Cup: Al-Rayyan
Singapore
Singapore Cup: Bangkok Glass
Thailand
Thai FA Cup: Chonburi FC
CAF
South Africa
Nedbank Cup: Bidvest Wits
CONCACAF
Canada
Canadian Championship: Toronto FC
Suriname
Beker van Suriname: Excelsior
United States
U.S. Open Cup: Seattle Sounders FC
CONMEBOL
Brazil
Copa do Brasil: Santos
OFC
New Zealand
Chatham Cup: Miramar Rangers
UEFA
England
FA Cup: Chelsea
League Cup: Manchester United
France
Coupe de France: Paris Saint-Germain
Coupe de la Ligue: Marseille
Germany
DFB-Pokal: Bayern Munich
Greece
Greek Cup: Panathinaikos
Italy
Coppa Italia: Internazionale
Netherlands
KNVB Cup: Ajax
Portugal
Taça de Portugal: Porto
Taça da Liga: Benfica
Russia
Russian Cup: Zenit St. Petersburg
Scotland
Scottish Cup: Dundee United
Scottish League Cup: Rangers
Slovenia
Slovenian Cup: Maribor
Spain
Copa del Rey: Sevilla
Turkey
Turkish Cup: Trabzonspor
Deaths
January
1 January – Sergio Messen, Chilean midfielder (60)
1 January – Jean-Pierre Posca, French defender (57)
3 January - Gus Alexander, Scottish footballer (75)
7 January – Alex Parker, Scottish defender (74)
9 January - Améleté Abalo, Togolese football manager (47)
11 January - Johnny King, English footballer (83)
13 January - Tommy Sloan, Scottish footballer (84)
15 January – Detlev Lauscher, German striker (57)
18 January – Lino Grava, Italian defender (82)
19 January – Nils Jensen, Danish goalkeeper (74)
19 January – Panajot Pano, Albanian striker (70)
19 January - Christos Hatziskoulidis, Greek footballer (57)
20 January - Jack Parry, Welsh footballer (86)
21 January – Marino Bergamasco, Italian midfielder (84)
26 January – Lars Larsson, Swedish defender (76)
February
1 February - Bobby Kirk, Scottish footballer (82)
3 February – Gil Merrick, English goalkeeper (88)
5 February – Galimzyan Khusainov, Russian striker (72)
7 February - Bobby Dougan, Scottish footballer (83)
8 February – Angelo Franzosi, Italian goalkeeper (88)
9 February – Constant de Backer, Belgian midfielder (81)
10 February – Orlando, Brazilian defender (74)
11 February – Brian Godfrey, Welsh striker (69)
11 February – Yury Sevidov, Russian striker (67)
12 February – Werner Krämer, German striker (70)
12 February – Petar Borota, Serbian goalkeeper (57)
12 February – Luis Molowny, Spanish midfielder and manager (84)
13 February – Marian Parse, Romanian striker (23, cancer)
14 February – Zhang Yalin, Chinese midfielder (28, lymphoma)
February 15 – Juan Carlos González, Uruguayan defender, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (85)
16 February – Wan Chi Keung, Hong Kong striker (53)
18 February - Alan Gordon, Scottish footballer (65)
20 February - Bobby Cox, Scottish footballer (76)
22 February - Bobby Smith, Scottish footballer (56)
23 February – Gerhard Neef, German goalkeeper (63)
27 February - Charlie Crowe, English footballer (85)
28 February - Adam Blacklaw, Scottish footballer (72)
March
3 March - Keith Alexander, English footballer (53)
4 March - Tony Richards, English footballer (75)
6 March - Mansour Amirasefi, Iranian footballer (76)
6 March - Endurance Idahor, Nigerian footballer (25)
9 March - Gheorghe Constantin, Romanian footballer (77)
11 March - Wille MacFarlane, Scottish footballer (79)
12 March - Aleksandr Minayev, Russian footballer (51)
12 March - Hugh Robertson, Scottish footballer (70)
13 March - Édouard Kargu, French footballer (84)
13 March - Charlie Ashcroft, English footballer (83)
17 March - Abdellah Blinda, Moroccan footballer (58)
18 March - Júlio Correia da Silva, Portuguese footballer (90)
19 March - Bob Curtis, English footballer (60)
20 March - Naim Kryeziu, Albanian footballer (92)
27 March - Zbigniew Gut, Polish footballer (60)
28 March - Derlis Florentín, Paraguayan footballer (26)
April
3 April - Oleg Kopayev, Russian footballer (72)
6 April - Sid Storey, English footballer (90)
9 April - Zoltán Varga, Hungarian footballer (65)
10 April - Manfred Reichert, German footballer (69)
11 April - Hans-Joachim Göring, German footballer (86)
11 April - Theodor Homann, German footballer (61)
12 April - Alper Balaban, Turkish footballer (22)
13 April - Jorge Bontemps, Argentine footballer (32)
13 April - Charlie Timmins, English footballer (87)
15 April - Wilhelm Huxhorn, German footballer (54)
17 April - Alexandru Neagu, Romanian footballer (61)
21 April - Sammy Baird, Scottish footballer (79)
21 April - Tony Ingham, English footballer (85)
21 April - Manfred Kallenbach, German footballer (68)
22 April - Emilio Álvarez, Uruguayan footballer (71)
22 April - Victor Nurenberg, Luxembourgian footballer (79)
22 April - Piet Steenbergen, Dutch footballer (81)
25 April - Ian Lawther, Northern Irish footballer (70)
26 April – Alberto Vitoria, Spanish midfielder (54)
26 April - Yuri Vshivtsev, Russian footballer (70)
May
May - Bert Padden, Scottish football referee (born 1932)
3 May - Denis Obua, Ugandan footballer (62)
6 May - Guillermo Meza, Mexican footballer (21)
6 May - Giacomo Neri, Italian footballer (94)
7 May – Denovan Morales, Honduran midfielder (22)
11 May
Brian Gibson, English footballer (82)
Emmanuel Ngobese, South African footballer (29; tuberculosis)
13 May - Walter Klimmek, German football defender (91)
15 May - Besian Idrizaj, Austrian footballer (22)
19 May - Harry Vos, Dutch footballer (63)
24 May - Kambozia Jamali, Iranian midfielder (71)
26 May - Leo Canjels, Dutch footballer (77)
June
1 June - John Hagart, Scottish footballer (72)
4 June - Hennadiy Popovych, Ukrainian footballer (37)
6 June - Mabi de Almeida, Angolan football manager (46)
7 June - Jorge Ginarte, Argentine footballer (70)
9 June - Mohamed Sylla, Guinean footballer (39)
12 June – Mao Mengsuo, Chinese midfielder (20)
20 June – Lai Sun Cheung, Hong Kong defender (59)
20 June - Roberto Rosato, Italian footballer (66)
22 June - Amokrane Oualiken, Algerian footballer (77)
23 June - Jörg Berger, German footballer (65)
27 June - Édgar García de Dios, Mexican footballer (32)
July
July 1 - Eddie Moussa, Swedish footballer (26)
July 3 - Colin Gardner, British football manager
July 3 – Herbert Erhardt, West-German defender, winner of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, listed by the DFB in the top 20 best German defenders of all time. (79)
July 6 - Alekos Sofianidis, Greek footballer (76)
July 8 - Guillermo León, Costa Rican footballer
July 11 - Rudi Strittich, Austrian footballer (88)
July 13 - Ken Barnes, British footballer (81)
July 17 - Shaun Mawer, English footballer (50)
July 17 - Ioannis Stefas, Greek footballer (61)
July 17 - Gunārs Ulmanis, Latvian footballer (71)
July 19 - Joseph Aghoghovbia, Nigerian footballer (69)
July 19 - Daiki Sato, Japanese footballer (21)
July 28 - Daniel Pettit, English footballer (95)
July 29 - Alex Wilson, Polish footballer (76)
July 30 - Stanley Milburn, English footballer (83)
July 31 - Pedro Dellacha, Argentine footballer (84)
August
August 2 - José María Silvero, Argentine footballer (78)
August 3 - Edmund Zientara, Polish footballer (81)
August 5 - Yuri Shishlov, Russian footballer (65)
August 8 - Ken Boyes, English footballer (75)
August 8 - Massamasso Tchangai, Togolese footballer (32)
August 10 - Brian Clark, English footballer (67)
August 10 - Adam Stansfield, English footballer (31)
August 13 - Panagiotis Bachramis, Greek footballer (34)
August 22 - Raúl Belén, Argentine footballer (79)
August 22 – Juan Carlos González, Uruguayan defender, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (85)
August 22 - Stjepan Bobek, Yugoslav footballer (86)
August 27 - Oscar Ntwagae, South African footballer (33)
August 28 - Isa Bakar, Malaysian footballer (57)
August 30 - Francisco Varallo, Argentine striker and the last surviving player of the 1930 FIFA World Cup and the final. (100)
August 30 - Henryk Czapczyk, Polish footballer (88)
August 30 - Philip Tisson, Saint Lucian footballer (24)
September
2 September - Jackie Sinclair, Scottish midfielder (67, cancer)
3 September - Jose Augusto Torres, Portuguese striker and manager (71, heart failure)
10 September - Andrei Timoshenko, Russian striker (41)
10 September - Fridrikh Maryutin, Soviet striker (85)
11 September - Diego Rodríguez Cano, Uruguayan defender (22, car accident)
18 September - Bobby Smith, English striker (77, after a short illness)
18 September - Øystein Gåre, Norwegian manager (56, after a short illness)
22 September - Vyacheslav Tsaryov, Russian defender (39, after a short illness)
23 September - Fernando Riera, Chilean striker and manager (90)
28 September - Orvin Cabrera, Honduran striker (33, liver cancer)
October
1 October - Ian Buxton, English striker (72)
1 October - Bobby Craig, Scottish footballer (75)
1 October - Dezső Bundzsák, Hungarian midfielder and manager (82)
6 October - Norman Christie, Scottish footballer (85)
9 October - Les Fell, English midfielder (89)
12 October - José Casas 'Pepín', Spanish goalkeeper (78)
13 October - Juan Carlos Arteche, Spanish midfielder (53, cancer)
13 October - Eddie Baily, English striker (85)
14 October - Malcolm Allison, English defender and manager (83, after a long illness)
18 October - Mel Hopkins, Welsh defender (75)
18 October - Hans Hägele, German striker and football agent (70, suicide)
21 October - Mustapha Anane, Algerian striker (60, after a long illness)
22 October - Franz Raschid, German midfielder (56, pancreatic cancer)
24 October - Fritz Grösche, German midfielder and manager (69, cancer)
26 October - Paul the Octopus, 2010 FIFA World Cup "oracle" (2, natural causes)
29 October - Ronnie Clayton, English midfielder (76)
30 October - John Benson, Scottish defender and manager (67, after a short illness)
November
3 November - Ron Cockerill, English defender (75)
8 November - Fred Blankemeijer, Dutch defender (84)
8 November - Tim Womack, English footballer (76)
12 November - Jim Farry, Former Chief Executive of the Scottish FA (56, heart attack)
15 November -Ángel Cabrera, Uruguayan footballer (71)
16 November - Ilie Savu, Romanian goalkeeper and manager (90)
November 17 - Olavo Rodrigues Barbosa, Brazilian defender, runner-up at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (87)
18 November - Jim Cruickshank, Scottish goalkeeper (69)
24 November - Valentin Ivakin, Soviet goalkeeper and manager (80)
26 November - Mohammad Anwar Elahee, Mauritian defender and manager (81)
27 November - Steve Hill, English footballer (70)
28 November - Vladimir Maslachenko, Soviet European Nation's Cup winning goalkeeper (74)
December
3 December - Jose Ramos Delgado, Argentine defender (75, Alzheimer disease)
5 December - Shamil Burziyev, Russian defender (25, car accident)
6 December - Imre Mathesz, Hungarian midfielder (73)
6 December - Rene Hauss, French defender and manager (82)
7 December - Federico Vairo, Argentine defender (80, stomach cancer)
10 December - Marcel Domingo, French goalkeeper and manager (86)
11 December - Peter Risi, Swiss striker (60, after a long illness)
12 December - Emmanuel Ogoli, Nigerian defender (21, collapsed on the pitch)
14 December - Dale Roberts, English goalkeeper (24, suicide)
17 December - Ralph Coates, English midfielder (64, stroke)
21 December - Oleksandr Kovalenko, Ukrainian midfielder and referee (34, suicide)
21 December - Enzo Bearzot, Italian defender and World Cup winning manager (83)
24 December - Frans de Munck, Dutch goalkeeper (88)
26 December - Bill Jones, English defender (89)
27 December - Walter Balmer, Swiss international footballer (born 1948)
28 December - Jeff Taylor, English footballer (80)
29 December - Ramón Montesinos, Spanish midfielder (67)
29 December - Avi Cohen, Israeli defender (54, motorcycle accident)
References
Association football by year |
4134491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Scott | Alan Scott | Alan Scott is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, and the first character to bear the name Green Lantern. He fights evil with the aid from his own mystical ring, which grants him a variety of powers. He was created by Martin Nodell and Bill Finger, first appearing in the comic book All-American Comics #16, published in 1940.
Alan Scott was created after Nodell became inspired by the characters from Greek, Norse, and Middle Eastern myths and tales, including Aladdin from One Thousand and One Nights, and sought to create a popular entertainment character who fought evil with the aid of a magic ring that grants him a variety of supernatural powers. After debuting in All-American Comics, Alan Scott soon became popular enough to sustain his own comic book, Green Lantern. Around this time DC also began experimenting with fictional crossovers between its characters, leading towards a shared universe of characters. As one of the publisher's most popular heroes, Alan became a founding member of the Justice Society of America, one of the first such teams of "mystery men" or superheroes in comic books.
Following World War II, the character's popularity began to fade along with the decline of the Golden Age of Comic Books, leading to cancellation. After eight years out of print, DC chose to reinvent Green Lantern as science fiction hero Hal Jordan in 1959. Later, DC revisited Alan Scott, establishing that Alan and Hal were Green Lanterns on two different parallel worlds, with Alan residing on Earth-Two and Hal on Earth-One. Later stories set on Earth-Two depicted Alan becoming the father to the superheroes Obsidian and Jade, each with powers somewhat like his own. In 1985, DC chose to reboot its internal continuity, merging Earth-One and Earth-Two and re-establishing Alan as an elder statesman of the DC Universe, coexisting with the more science fiction-oriented heroes of the Green Lantern Corps.
In 2011, DC's New 52 introduced a new Multiverse, depicting a young Earth-2 version of Alan who was an out gay man. The "original" version of Alan is brought back into the mainstream continuity following the 2016 DC Rebirth initiative, and in 2020, comes out to his children as gay, retroactively establishing this incarnation of Alan as the first gay superhero.
Publication history
The original Green Lantern was created by an American artist named Martin Nodell. Nodell mentions Richard Wagner's opera cycle The Ring of the Nibelung and the sight of a trainman's green railway lantern as his inspiration. After seeing this opera, Nodell sought to create a superhero who wielded a variety of magical powers from a magic ring, which he regularly recharged from a green lantern. Nodell wanted a colorful and interesting costume for his character, deriving from elements of Greek mythology. As Nodell recalled in an undated, latter-day interview,
Nodell chose the name "Alan Scott" by flipping through New York telephone books until he got two names he liked.
The character of Alan Scott made his debut in All-American Comics #16 (July 1940), fighting crime under the masked identity of "Green Lantern". He also appeared as part of the superhero team Justice Society of America in All Star Comics #3 (Winter 1940). He served as the team's second chairman in #7, but departed following that issue and returned a few years later, remaining a regular character. His villains tended to be ordinary humans, but he did have a few paranormal ones, such as the immortal Vandal Savage and the zombie Solomon Grundy. Green Lantern proved popular and was given his own series, Green Lantern, later that year. Most of his adventures were set in New York.
In 1941, Alan Scott was paired with a sidekick named Doiby Dickles, a rotund Brooklyn taxi driver, who would appear on a regular basis until 1949. In 1948, Alan also got a canine sidekick named Streak. The dog proved so popular that he starred in his own solo side-stories, even appearing on the cover without the title hero multiple times.
After World War II, superheroes declined in popularity. Green Lantern was cancelled in 1949 after 38 issues and All-American Comics dropped superheroes in favor of westerns. Alan Scott's final Golden Age appearance was in All-Star Comics #57 (1951). He remained out of publication for 12 years, and after his revival he did not get another solo series until 2023.
In 1959, DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz reinvented Green Lantern as a science fiction hero. The new Green Lantern, named Hal Jordan, was empowered by alien masters to serve as an interstellar lawman and had many adventures set in outer space. His powers were similar to Alan's but he was otherwise completely unrelated—Alan Scott never existed as far as the new stories were concerned. Hal Jordan proved popular, but readers still had an interest in the old Green Lantern. Some years later, Alan Scott reappeared as a guest star in The Flash #137 (1963). To avoid continuity conflicts with the Hal Jordan character, Alan Scott and all his old stories were retconned as having existed on Earth-Two, in a parallel universe. For most of the 1960s and 1970s, Alan Scott made guest appearances in books belonging to Silver Age characters, visiting their universe through magical or technological means. In 1976, he appeared regularly alongside his Justice Society comrades in the revived All-Star Comics and later Adventure Comics in stories set in the 1970s. In 1981, DC Comics launched All-Star Squadron, which featured Alan Scott and the Justice Society in a World War II setting.
In 1986, the editors at DC Comics decided that all its characters should exist within the same setting and effected this change with the Crisis on Infinite Earths miniseries. Alan Scott now shared the same fictional world as Hal Jordan. DC Comics decided to write the character out of continuity in a one-shot book entitled Last Days of the Justice Society, in which he was "forever" trapped in an extra-dimensional realm. The character was brought back in the 1990s due to fan interest. Rather than update Alan Scott as a contemporary young hero as had been done with Batman and Superman, Alan Scott was instead written as a veteran of World War II with a magically prolonged lifespan. To distinguish Alan Scott from Hal Jordan, his superhero codename was for a time changed to "Sentinel" and he lost his magic ring, manifesting his powers through his glowing hands instead. In JSA #50 (2003) he regained his classic codename and ring, though he remained apart from Hal Jordan's Green Lantern Corps. He was a regular character in JSA and Justice Society of America.
In 2011, DC Comics again rebooted their fictional properties, and their new version of Alan Scott once again exists on Earth-2, where Hal Jordan and his Green Lantern Corps do not exist. The new Alan Scott is no longer a grizzled veteran of World War II, but a fresh young superhero. He first appears in Earth 2 #3 (2012) with a completely redesigned sleek, solid green suit with no cape.
Fictional character biography
Golden and Silver Ages
Discovery
Thousands of years ago, a mystical "green flame" fell to Earth in ancient China as a meteor. A voice in the flame predicted that it would act three times: once to bring death, once to bring life, and once to bring power. For the first prophecy, a lamp-maker crafted the green metal of the meteor into a lamp. In fear and as punishment for what they thought sacrilege, the local villagers killed him, only to be destroyed by a sudden burst of the green flame. For the second, in modern times, the lamp came into the hands of a patient of a mental institution who fashioned the lamp into a modern train lantern. The green flame restored his sanity and gave him a new life. For the third, by 1940, after having already fulfilled the first two-thirds of this prophecy, the lantern fashioned from the meteoric metal fell into the hands of Alan Scott, a young railroad engineer. Following a railroad bridge collapse, the flame instructs Scott in how to fashion a ring from its metal, to give him fantastic powers as the superhero Green Lantern. He adopts a colorful costume of red, purple, brown, yellow, and green. He becomes a crimefighter in his first adventure, defeating the crooks who caused the accident. He also discovers his powers' weakness to wood when he is bludgeoned with a club. Alan is a founding member of the Justice Society of America, and is its second chairman.
Scott uses his ring to fly, walk through solid objects by "moving through the fourth dimension", paralyze or blind people temporarily, hypnotize them, create rays of energy, melt metal as with a blowtorch, and cause dangerous objects to glow, among other things. It could also allow him and others to time travel. Occasionally, he uses it to read minds or create solid objects and force fields in the manner usually associated with fellow Green Lantern, Hal Jordan. His ring could protect him against any object made of metal, but would not protect him against any wood- or plant-based objects.
During the 1940s, Green Lantern seemed to alternate between serious adventure, particularly when Solomon Grundy, his nemesis, appeared and light comedy, usually involving his sidekick, Doiby Dickles. Toward the end of his Golden Age adventures, he got a sidekick and companion pet in Streak the Wonder Dog – a heroic canine in the mold of Rin-Tin-Tin and Lassie – who was later retconned as a member of the Space Canine Patrol Agents, and the Legion of Super-Pets.
In All-American Comics #38, it's revealed his middle name is Wellington.
Justice Society of America
A part of Scott's early history is filled out with retroactive continuity. All-Star Squadron Annual #3 states that the JSA fought the villain Ian Karkull, who inadvertently imbued them with life energy stolen from an innocent victim. The energy slowed their aging, allowing Scott and several other members, as well as their spouses, to remain active into the late 20th century without infirmity. The events of that incident also led Scott, who had failed to save the victim from whom the energy was stolen, to take a leave of absence from the JSA, explaining why the character vanished from the roster for a time.
Scott was a member of the Justice Society of America in 1951 when the team was investigated by the "Joint Congressional Un-American Activities Committee," a fictional organization based on the real-life House Un-American Activities Committee. They were accused of possible communist sympathies and asked to reveal their identities. The members declined the request, and many of the members retired in the 1950s.
The team rebands in the 1960s with Scott as a member, though little is known of their adventures during this time, save for stories about their team-ups with the Justice League of America, the parallel world Earth-One, and cross-universe adventures Scott shares with Earth-One's Green Lantern, Hal Jordan.
Progeny
It was eventually revealed that in the late 1960s that Scott marries the woman with the dual identity Rose and Thorn. They have a pair of children who would grow up to become the superheroes Jade and Obsidian of the team Infinity, Inc.
In the 1980s, Scott married his reformed former nemesis, Molly Mayne, also known as The Harlequin, reconciling with his son and daughter.
Post-Crisis on Infinite Earths
The Last Days of the Justice Society of America Special (1986) one-shot tells how Adolf Hitler caused a massive wave of destructive energy to erupt over the post-Crisis Earth in 1945. Scott and the JSA, fresh from burying their Earth-Two comrades Robin and Huntress, enter into a limbo dimension to fight an eternally recurring Ragnarok.
Green Lantern (vol. 3) #19 attempted to retcon Alan Scott's origin and power ring to accommodate the changes made by Crisis on Infinite Earths. In this story, Alan's ring originally belonged to a Green Lantern named Yalan Gur, who was so favored by the Guardians of the Universe that they removed the yellow impurity from his ring (which the Guardians deliberately placed in all the GL rings to limit their power and could be removed at their discretion). However, Yalan Gur abused his power and interfered with the inhabitants of ancient China. The Guardians then substituted a weakness for wood that allowed the local peasants to successfully attack and mortally wound Yalan with simple wooden clubs. Yalan flew into the sky and raged against the Guardians. His body burned in the atmosphere, becoming the green metallic meteorite that ultimately became Alan Scott's lantern. Yalan's spirit also possessed the metal, promising death in his rage and life when he realized his mistakes (the first two prophecies of the green metal, which were fulfilled). When Alan received the lantern, the spirit directed Alan to create the power ring and persona of Green Lantern, complete with the ring's weakness to wood.
Return
Through the machinations of Waverider, the JSA teammates are able to leave Limbo and begin living in the Post-Crisis Earth they had fought to save. The miniseries is followed by Justice Society of America (1992–1993), which shows how Alan Scott adjusts to his new world. In the short-lived series, the JSA fight the newest incarnation of the Ultra-Humanite as well as Pol St. Germain and Kulak the Sorcerer. Scott reconnects with his wife and children, stating in issue #1 that Molly "is pretty much handling things at the company..." and that Jade and Obsidian "... are fine off doing their own thing in Hollywood. Not too interested in being super-heroes." The series ends with issue #10, not with the team disbanding, but with the members gathering together at their first formal meeting after returning home.
Alan follows Guy Gardner and a small group of heroes to investigate a mysterious distress from Oa, only to be defeated by Hal Jordan, who now calls himself Parallax, having been driven mad after the destruction of his home, Coast City. After the confrontation, Alan discovers that an artist, Kyle Rayner, inherits the remaining Green Lantern ring. After meeting the young hero, he informs him of the situations with Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps. During the Zero Hour event, Alan witnesses the villain Extant incapacitate and kill several of his JSA teammates. After suffering defeat by the villain, Alan gives Kyle his original ring, passing the name "Green Lantern" to him. Alan's ring was later destroyed by Parallax.
For a time, the Starheart became part of Scott's body and he adopts the name Sentinel, becoming a founding member of a new JSA. Thanks to the rejuvenative properties of the Starheart, Scott's physical body is again temporarily revitalized so that he resembles a man in his 30s or early 40s. This drives his wife Molly, who has not been affected, to sell her soul to the demon Neron in exchange for youth. Alan enters the demonic realm, with help from entities such as the Phantom Stranger and Zatanna, and, with Kyle Rayner's aid, manages to win Molly's soul back, reuniting Molly's essence with her soulless being.
He has since been physically altered again so that he more closely resembles his true chronological age. He returns to using the name "Green Lantern" during the JSA's battle with Mordru. He continues to fight crime in his original costumed identity, rebuilding a ring and serving as an elder statesman to the Justice Society of America and to the superhero community in general.
In Green Lantern: Rebirth, Alan and his daughter Jade, assist the surviving members of the Green Lantern Corps, Hal Jordan, who had been possessed by the ancient fear entity Parallax, John Stewart, Guy Gardner, Kyle Rayner, and Kilowog, in defeating the Parallax-possessed Ganthet. Alan is increasingly physically weakened due to Parallax's failed attempts to control him as it did with Jordan, Stewart, Gardner, and Kilowog, so it decides to kill him instead. However, Jordan, with the aid of The Spectre, breaks free from Parallax's influence, and saves Alan from the fear entity.
During the Rann-Thanagar War, Kyle Rayner's power ring revealed that Scott is an honorary member of the Green Lantern Corps.
Infinite Crisis and 52
During the Infinite Crisis, Scott and his daughter Jade, along with many others, travel with Donna Troy to the center of the universe to save it from Alexander Luthor, Jr. Though they manage to succeed in saving the universe, Jade dies on this mission. A year later, Scott is still active and relatively youthful compared to his true age, but now wears an eyepatch having lost his eye in a Zeta beam transporter accident while returning from space. Though Scott loses his daughter, he tells Kyle Rayner that he still has family both through relations and close friendships, among which he counts Kyle.
Week 4 of the 52 maxiseries reveals that Scott lost his left eye during a period when he and several other superheroes were declared missing approximately 11 months prior to the events of Checkmate #1. The Zeta Beam that Adam Strange had hoped to use for teleporting the heroes away from the time-space ripple caused by Alexander Luthor, Jr.'s actions was splintered by the ripple itself, mutilating the heroes in various ways.
In Week 5, Alan goes to the wife and daughter of Animal Man to tell them that Animal Man is missing in space. This gives Ellen Baker more hope that her husband is alive.
In Week 29, Alan, Wildcat, and Jay Garrick (Flash) are the only members of the JSA present on Thanksgiving. They talk about the other members of the JSA and about the new Infinity Inc., which is a new version of a team of which Alan's daughter, Jade, was a member.
After being put into a comatose state during an attack by the Gentleman Ghost, Alan envisions Jade, who tells him goodbye and grants him another portion of her green energy. His missing eye is replaced by a green glowing orb that, due to its mystical origins and connection to Jade, allows him to track astral and mystical energy forms such as ghosts.
"One Year Later"
During the missing year of the "One Year Later" storyline, Scott has joined Checkmate at the rank of White King, with his JSA teammate Mister Terrific as his Bishop. Scott soon finds himself in a moral conflict with Black Queen Sasha Bordeaux over the violent nature of Checkmate, particularly after Bordeaux and her team slaughter dozens of Kobra operatives during a raid on a facility. Bordeaux contends that the ends justify the means, while Scott adheres to the principle that heroes should not kill unless absolutely necessary. Bordeaux responds by suggesting that Scott resign. Concurrent with this internal conflict, Scott and the White Queen (Amanda Waller) try to keep the organization from being discontinued by political forces.
After the rise of the being Gog, Alan Scott allies with the Justice Society members that oppose Gog's simplistic view of the world. However, after encountering a Justice Society from an alternate universe in which his daughter Jade is still alive, he considers asking the seemingly all powerful being to raise his daughter from the dead. Later, Sandman learns that Gog is rooting himself into the Earth, and if he remains for one more day, the Earth will no longer be able to survive without him. The rest of the JSA arrive to kill Gog by separating his head from the Earth, which is the only way to save the planet. The Society members ally with Gog in an attempt to protect him until they see him attempt to attack a Society member. All of Gog's followers, including Magog, turn on him, causing Gog's blessing on them to be undone. The JSA are able to topple Gog and send him to the Source Wall, but Alan is unable to see his daughter.
In the "Final Crisis" storyline, Alan led a resistance against Darkseid's forces as one of the superheroes responding to Article X. He is shown defending Checkmate's Switzerland HQ from the Justifiers. Though Donna Troy tries to place the Justifier helmet on him, Hawkman saves him.
In the "Blackest Night" storyline, Alan and the rest of the JSA battle the reanimated Kal-L and Black Lantern versions of dead Justice Society members. After Jakeem Thunder is knocked out, Alan is one of the heroes who adds his powers into a "Black Lantern Bomb" designed to mimic Jakeem's Thunderbolt abilities, destroying all of the Black Lanterns in New York. In the final battle of the event, his daughter Jade is resurrected by the power of white light.
"Brightest Day"
In the beginning of the "Brightest Day" storyline, Alan lies in the arms of Obsidian, convulsing and writhing as a green light pours from his body. His body possessed, Alan flies off with his JSA teammates in hot pursuit, eventually led the team to Germany. The JSA meet up with Batman's new Justice League and find that Jade, who had been staying on Oa since her resurrection, has returned to Earth inside a green meteor, later revealed to be the legendary Starheart that gave Alan his powers. Sebastian Faust tells the two teams that the Starheart has been gradually taking control of people on Earth for quite some time. Now that it is on Earth, it is growing more powerful and driving metahumans all over the world insane. Jade states that the Starheart captured her in space and purposely brought her to Earth to find Alan and that it is her fault that her father is now in danger. Just then, Alan awakens and his costume transforms into a suit of armor identical to the one he wears in Kingdom Come, and he then tells the assembled heroes that he intends on destroying the world.
Starman is sent into space to search for Alan, and finds that Alan has constructed a massive fortress on the surface of the Moon. Before Starman can warn the others, Alan appears in front of him and tears his gem, the source of his abilities, from his chest, thus rendering him powerless. The Starheart uses its influence to corrupt various metahumans with magical or elemental abilities, which creates chaos across the globe. Realizing that the heroes must defeat Alan to end the chaos, Batman recruits Miss Martian to get a mental lock on Starman, which, in turn, provides the Justice League with Alan's location. Batman then assembles a small strikeforce consisting of himself, Jade, Hourman, Donna Troy, Jesse Quick, and Mr. America, all of whom have a low chance of being possessed by the Starheart. Mister Miracle arrives and informs the team that Alan has most likely installed Fourth World defenses in his base and offers to use his knowledge of such technology to guide them through the fortress. When they finally find him, Jade uses her powers to restore Alan to normal. With his sanity restored, Alan chooses to allow the Emerald City he created on the moon to stay and the city becomes populated by various magical creatures from throughout the DCU.
After the events of the "Brightest Day", Alan and the rest of the JSA travel to the city of Monument Point, which has been attacked by a superpowered terrorist named Scythe. Just before being defeated, Scythe snaps Alan's neck. In the subsequent story, it is revealed that Scythe is the product of Nazi genetic engineering, and that Alan and Jay had been tasked by the president with killing the experiment back when he was in infancy during World War 2. The two heroes could not agree on a course of action, and, as a result, Scythe was allowed to live. Doctor Mid-Nite discovers that the injuries Alan sustained have rendered him paralyzed, and that any attempt to heal himself could break his constant concentration, which could result in the Starheart once again regaining control of his body.
Jade visits her bed-ridden father in the Emerald City, and offers to use her abilities to help him walk again. Alan declines his daughter's offer, reasoning that if the Starheart were to once again take over his body, it could result in the deaths of everyone in the city. Eclipso attacks the city, which results in Jesse Quick having to get Alan to safety. After taking over Jade, Eclipso has the power of the starheart then defeats and possesses the Justice League's reserve roster, and then badly injures the angel Zauriel. With the Justice League outnumbered, Eclipso then reveals his ultimate goal is to somehow kill God. Eclipso then tortures Zauriel, causing his screams to attract the attention of the new Spectre, Crispus Allen, who he kills, absorbing the Spectre's powers upon his demise. With his newfound abilities, Eclipso reveals that God relies on the collective love of humanity to stay alive, and that by destroying the Earth, Eclipso will ultimately kill God once and for all. Just as the members of the JLA prepare to wage a counterattack, Eclipso destroys the Moon, apparently dooming all life on Earth. With the Moon destroyed, Eclipso then seemingly kills Donna Troy, the physically strongest remaining member of the Justice League. However, it is ultimately revealed that Donna's death was an illusion conjured by Saint Walker, who used his blue power ring to temporarily trap Eclipso in a state of euphoria. After the Atom and Starman break Eclipso's link to his brainwashed slaves, the combined heroes attack Eclipso together, defeating him. In the aftermath it is discovered that Jade and Obsidian can now be within proximity of each other again and their father has control of the Starheart again.
Later, the JSA try to take down the villain D'arken who has broken free from imprisonment beneath Monument Point and absorbed the powers of JSA members, but D'arken is too powerful. Due to this only non-superpowered and magical members fight D'arken. The JSA tells Alan that unleashing the Starheart is the only way to destroy D'arken. However, after releasing the Starheart energies, Alan's body begins to incinerate. Afterwards, the JSA attend a funeral for Alan, whom they believe to be dead.
DC Universe
In the 2017 - 2019 Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, Johnny Thunder finds Alan Scott's Green Lantern power battery in a steel mill. After he and Saturn Girl save Johnny Thunder from some junkies, Rorschach (Reggie Long) asks Johnny Thunder what that lantern is. Later, Doctor Manhattan recalls various events in which he indirectly killed Alan Scott and thus set forth changes in the timeline. On July 16 of 1940, Alan Scott was riding on a train over a collapsing bridge, but he survived by grabbing onto the lantern. He continues his life, eventually "sitting at a round table wearing a mask" and later testifying before the House Un-American Activities Committee but refusing to implicate anyone in his employ. On July 16 of 1940 again, Doctor Manhattan moves the lantern six inches out of Alan Scott's reach so that Scott dies in the train accident and leaves no family behind, as the green lantern is passed through different locations thereafter. When Lois Lane finds a flash-drive among the mess while at the Daily Planet, it shows her footage of Alan Scott and the rest of the Justice Society. It is revealed that Doctor Manhattan prevented Scott from becoming Green Lantern and indirectly killed him because he was curious about what the effects of changing the history of the Metaverse would have on not just itself but on Superman. As a result of Alan Scott not becoming the Green Lantern, the Justice Society of America was never formed and history was reset into the New 52 Universe/Prime-Earth. In the present time during a confrontation among different factions, Doctor Manhattan becomes inspired by Superman, so he undoes the changes that he made to the timeline by moving the lantern back on July 16 of 1940, which resulted in the restoration of the timeline and therefore the return of Alan Scott alongside many other superheroes to the DC Universe. Because of this, Alan Scott and the Justice Society assisted Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes in fighting Black Adam's group as well as the People's Heroes from Russia, the Outsiders from Markovia, and the Doomed from India.
In the pages of Dark Nights: Death Metal, Alan Scott was seen with Jay Garrick, Doctor Fate, and Wildcat where they guarded the Valhalla Cemetery. When Wonder Woman, Wally West, and Swamp Thing enter, Alan Scott unleashes a Cerberus construct on them as he asks for the password. Wonder Woman states that the last person who told her it stated "Munkel." Alan Scott calls off the construct and stated that she was close as the password was "Ma Hunkel." Alan Scott was the with the Justice Society when the good guys and bad guys were preparing for the final battle against Perpetua and Darkest Knight.
Following the reboot of the multiverse at the end of Death Metal, Alan Scott and other Golden Age heroes are restored to the timeline. In Infinite Frontier #0 Alan reunites with Jade and Obsidian at the Justice Society brownstone and comes out as gay. He is invited to join the Totality, a team of superheroes and villains dedicated to protecting Earth from any threats in the new multiverse, returning to the moniker of Sentinel.
In the pages of "The New Golden Age" one-shot, a flashback to 1940 had Green Lantern among the Justice Society members about to get a group photo taken by Johnny Thunder when Doctor Fate has a vision about "lost children". The issue also reveals that Green Lantern has a Russian counterpart in Red Lantern who he fought on occasion and had a truce with when Nazis threatened both North America and Russia. This bio was also tied in to another flashback to the 1940s where Alan Scott and Doiby Dickles were reading a newspaper about Red Lantern burning a navy ship that left a dozen people dead. On October 31, 1950, Green Lantern was among the Justice Society members who appeared before a Congressional committee. When a Huntress from a possible future ends up in 1940, Green Lantern is among the Justice Society members that meet her. As Doctor Fate tries to read Huntress' mind about the threat in her future, Green Lantern is among those that are knocked down by the magical feedback. In the present, Green Lantern was with the Justice Society of America when they were fighting Angle Man and an army of inter-dimensional Bizarros. Doctor Fate brought Huntress to them as she defeats Angle Man enough for the inter-dimensional Bizarros to disappear. The Justice Society of America hear her story of what happened in her future and her encounter with Per Degaton as Green Lantern's ring confirms her story. Green Lantern is met with an objection from Huntress when he suggests that they also call Batman due to what happened to him in her future. The JSA is then confronted by Per Degaton.
Powers, abilities, and equipment
Alan Scott originally wields an ancient ring that can produce a variety of effects. The extent of his ring's ability has never been rigorously defined, but its effects are accompanied by a green light and cannot directly affect wooden materials.
In Scott's first appearance, his body would glow green whenever he utilized this power, including passing through walls or flying. During his later appearances, he projects a greenish laser beam from his ring capable of doing many things, such as lifting objects, manipulating metals, hypnotizing people, traveling through spacetime, or rewriting reality itself. This ring makes him invulnerable to non-wooden weapons. He conjures up solid-light objects in any size or shape, plus referring them to as "constructs". These constructs were always pure green in color and vanishes as soon as he stops concentrating on them. Scott could control the objects telekinetically.
At the start of numerous stories, he charges his ring by touching it to a Starheart Lantern, which will give him full energy for 24 hours (until how heavily it runs out).
In the Starheart storyline, his constructs were now wreathed in green flames, thus highlighting their magical (but not technological) nature. He physically merged with his lantern and no longer needs to recharge like Hal Jordan does.
After battling Ian Karkull, a unique form of radiation from the Shadowlands he was bathed in granted him eternal youth.
Before he became a superhero, Scott possesses expertise in acting, business intuition, driving, electrical engineering, journalism, martial arts, and mechanics.
Other versions
Earth 2
Alan was reintroduced in issue 1 of Earth 2 as the young dynamic head of GBC productions on Earth 2 (a parallel world within the DC Multiverse). This version of Green Lantern is associated with the Green, a mystical realm/entity that connects all botanical life on Earth. On June 1, 2012, DC announced that Scott would be reimagined as a gay man. In issue 3, Scott is revealed to have a boyfriend named Sam Zhao, to whom he intends to propose while on vacation in China. Before he can do so the train on which the couple is traveling is suddenly wrecked. A mysterious green flame protects Scott and heals him; a disembodied voice informs him that the crash was caused by a force that threatens the whole world, and that Sam did not survive. The grief-stricken Scott is then told that he will be given the power to avenge his love and protect the world. The flame creates a costume for him, and molds Sam's engagement ring into a power ring with which Scott can harness his power. Reborn as the Green Lantern, Scott proceeds to help the other survivors and swears vengeance for Sam. In the present, he gains an enemy in Solomon Grundy who is an avatar of the Grey. Green Lantern is assisted by Flash and Hawkgirl in fighting him, but Atom brings him down temporarily by jumping onto him at giant size. The battle continues until Scott once again exiles Grundy to the moon where neither he nor the "Grey" can do any damage.
Alan was later reunited with Sam who has become an avatar for the White. Following their brief fight with Solomon Grundy, the Parliaments ended their feud where they instructed Alan, Sam, Grundy, the Clear's avatar Azathoth, and the Red's Yolanda Montez to work together to combat the invasion from Apokolips.
When Apokolips starts to approach Earth 2, the Parliaments advise their representatives to join forces and fight this threat. While in Earth's orbit, Solomon Grundy, Azathoth, and Sam Zhao sacrifice their lives so that Alan Scott can receive their combined Parliament abilities to stop Apokolips from destroying Earth 2. Alan didn't know it yet, but Sam's spirit was still with him. Following a disastrous fight with Darkseid, Alan woke up to see Sam's spirit who revealed that he was chosen to be the Avatar of the White while assisting the Parliaments way to ease Alan's transition into realizing his full potential as the last champion of Earth and to embody its primordial essences at the cost of losing his memories of Sam.
Kingdom Come
In the Kingdom Come limited series by Mark Waid and Alex Ross, Alan is the only Green Lantern on Earth. He lives in an orbital space station called New Oa from which he protects Earth from alien attacks, and has ceased to meddle in human affairs. When Superman comes out of retirement, he joins the Justice League to help suppress the rogue superhumans that are causing chaos throughout the world. After the crisis is resolved, he joins the United Nations as the ambassador of the sovereign nation of New Oa.
Alan Scott's costume in this series was styled after the full plate armor of medieval knights. In the regular books, he has sported this armor on several occasions when he uses high amounts of power.
JSA: The Unholy Three
Another version of Alan Scott was seen briefly in JSA: The Unholy Three as a post-WW2 agent called the Lantern whose use of his power ring was invaluable to the intelligence community for its ability to discern truth from lies. The ring and Alan's hand were destroyed by a Superman gone rogue.
Green Lantern: Evil's Might
In the Elseworlds tale, Green Lantern: Evil's Might, Alan Scott is depicted as the young leader of a gang called the Bowery Greens. He steals a magical green gem similar to Kyle Rayner's ring and later steals Kyle's lantern. In a final showdown, he fatally wounds Kyle, but is absorbed into Kyle's ring.
The Golden Age
In the Elseworlds series "The Golden Age", Alan Scott finds himself under investigation from the House Un-American Activities Committee because of his refusal to turn over employees suspected of communist activities. In the final battle with Dynaman, Johnny Quick refers to him as "the big guy", implying that he may have been the most powerful hero of the era (although this is likely also a reference to Alan's large physical stature).
Superman & Batman: Generations 2
In Superman & Batman: Generations 2, an alternate version of Alan Scott is featured. This Alan Scott's ring's origin is explained as having originally been a Green Lantern ring that was lost on Earth long ago. In this storyline, the first time Alan used his ring, he was knocked out from behind by a man with a wooden club. This caused Alan to believe the ring was weak against wood, thereby causing a mental block that prevented him from truly exerting his power against wooden objects or attacks. This was confirmed by the Guardians, who explained that this was the reason behind the weakness to yellow of the Green Lantern Corps' rings. They simply told all new Green Lanterns that their rings were powerless against yellow to establish the same mental block.
52
In the final issue of the 2006 - 07 miniseries 52, a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "Earth-2". As a result of Mister Mind "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-Two, including the Green Lantern among other Justice Society of America characters. The names of the characters and the team are not mentioned in the panel in which they appear, but the Green Lantern is visually similar to Alan Scott.
Based on comments by writer Grant Morrison, this alternate universe is not the pre-Crisis Earth-Two.
It was revealed in Justice Society (vol. 3) #20 that the post-Crisis Earth-2 Alan Scott is dead as stated by his daughter Jade who encountered the New Earth Scott and was shocked to see the New Earth counterpart to her father still alive.
Superman: Red Son
In the 2003 miniseries Superman: Red Son, Scott is also shown as a member of the Green Lantern Marine Corps.
A Brave New World
A Brave New World, a story published in Wonder Woman #750 details how Wonder Woman, the world's first superhero, revealed herself at the 1939 World's Fair, rescuing President Franklin D. Roosevelt from an assassination attempt. The narrator reflects that Wonder Woman's faith in humanity inspired people and provided hope in a dark time. In the final panel, the narrator is revealed to be Alan Scott, wearing his power ring. This was intended to be the first story set in the "5G" continuity, a reboot of the DC Universe which was eventually cancelled, making it a standalone non-canon story.
In other media
Television
A character based on Alan Scott called Scott Mason / Green Guardsman appears in the Justice League two-part episode "Legends", voiced by William Katt. He is a member of the Justice Guild of America, a superhero team from another universe who exist as comic characters in the "prime" universe, and died in a nuclear war. He also wields a power ring similar to those used by the Green Lantern Corps, though he cannot affect aluminium.
Alan Scott appears in the Smallville two-part episode "Absolute Justice", portrayed by Doug Pinton. This version operated as a superhero, member of the Justice Society of America (JSA), and served as the CEO of an unnamed broadcasting company in the 1970s before he was arrested for fraud by the government, who were on a mission to take down the JSA. Scott and the other members of his team tried to take the blame for several crimes, though they were never convicted. As the law was now aware of his superhero identity, Scott retired from heroics. His ring and battery were later stored in the museum that the JSA used as their lair. In the comic book continuation Smallville Season 11, it is revealed that Scott was not a member of the Green Lantern Corps and got his power ring and battery through unknown means.
Alan Scott appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Crisis: 22,300 Miles Above Earth!", voiced by Corey Burton. This version is a member of an aged Justice Society of America.
Alan Scott makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Young Justice episode "Humanity" as a member of the Justice Society of America.
Alan Scott appears in the Stargirl pilot episode, portrayed by an uncredited actor. This version was a member of the Justice Society of America before the team was attacked and killed by the Injustice Society a decade prior. While his ring disappeared, Courtney Whitmore recovers his powerless battery in the present in the hopes of finding someone to succeed him during the first season. Scott's children, Jennie-Lynn Hayden and Todd Rice (portrayed by Ysa Penarejo and Tim Gabriel, respectively), and ring would later appear in the second and third seasons.
Film
Alan Scott makes a cameo appearance in the opening credits of Justice League: The New Frontier, wherein he is forced out of heroics by the government.
Video games
Alan Scott appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Jason Phelps.
Miscellaneous
Alan Scott appears in the Sleepers trilogy, created by Mike Baron and written by Christopher J. Priest.
Alan Scott appears in Adventures in the DC Universe #4.
Alan Scott makes a cameo appearance in Justice League Adventures #20.
Alan Scott appears in Justice League Unlimited #40.
Merchandise
In 2010, a figure of Alan Scott was released in Wave 14 of Mattel's DC Universe Classics toyline.
Collected editions
Golden Age Green Lantern Archives Vol. 1 (Green Lantern Vol. 1 #1 and All-American Comics #16–30)
Golden Age Green Lantern Archives Vol. 2 (Green Lantern Vol. 1 #2–3 and All-American Comics #31–38)
JSA Presents: Green Lantern (Green Lantern: Brightest Day, Blackest Night (one-shot); JSA: Classified #25, #32–33)
Crisis on Multiple Earths: The Team-Ups Vol. 1 (Green Lantern Vol. 2 #40)
Crisis on Multiple Earths: The Team-Ups Vol. 2 (Green Lantern Vol. 2 #45, 52)
References
External links
Alan Scott at Comic Vine
All-American Publications characters
Characters created by Bill Finger
Comics characters introduced in 1940
DC Comics characters who have mental powers
DC Comics characters who use magic
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics telekinetics
Earth-Two
Fictional actors
Fictional avatars
Fictional businesspeople
Fictional characters displaced in time
Fictional characters who can manipulate light
Fictional characters who can manipulate reality
Fictional characters who can manipulate time
Fictional characters who can turn intangible
Fictional characters with density control abilities
Fictional characters with elemental and environmental abilities
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with metal abilities
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional drivers
Fictional electrical engineers
Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators
Fictional male martial artists
Fictional mechanics
Fictional reporters
Fictional writers
Golden Age superheroes
Green Lantern Corps officers
Mythology in DC Comics |
4134532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siempre%20Selena | Siempre Selena | Siempre Selena () is the second posthumously released album by American singer Selena, released by EMI Latin on October 29, 1996. The album contained mostly unreleased recordings and remixes of previously released content. Songs on the album range from a 14-year-old Selena on "Soy Amiga" (1986) to the shelved Don Juan DeMarco (1995) soundtrack song "Siempre Hace Frio". Siempre Selena was a result of the impact of Selena's death in March 1995, where the singer's father and manager Abraham Quintanilla Jr. began receiving requests from fans of her music. Abraham rediscovered forgotten tapes of songs Selena recorded for various projects. Following her death, Abraham expressed how he wanted to keep the singer's legacy alive and that public knowledge of Selena was very important to him. Critical reception of Siempre Selena was mixed, with varying reviews suggesting that the album was more for Selena's fan base and found no particular track on the album to be of any interest, while others favored its diversity and remastered songs.
Music retailers believed that Siempre Selena would be another sellout due to the commercial success of Dreaming of You (1995), as well as strong presale copies and demands for the album by fans, and by local disc jockeys who were hyping the album. Retailers reported "modest" sales, while other stores reported that sales for the album had flattened. Manolo Gonzalez, marketing director of EMI Latin, explained to media outlets how the company intentionally did not market Siempre Selena aggressively. An Austin American-Statesman editor called corporate EMI Latin's marketing team an "oxymoron" on their marketing scheme. Despite sluggish sales, Siempre Selena debuted and peaked atop the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums chart with 10,500 units sold in its first week. It peaked at number 82 on the Billboard 200 chart. It remained at number one for two consecutive weeks on the Top Latin Albums chart and 14 consecutive weeks atop the Regional Mexican Albums chart. The lead single, "Siempre Hace Frio" peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Regional Mexican Songs chart, while "Costumbres" peaked within the top 15. In November 2017, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) has certified the album triple platinum for shipments of 300,000 units in the United States.
Background
In March 1995, American Tejano music singer Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former manager of the singer's boutiques. At the time of her death the singer was working on a crossover album that would have propelled her into the American pop arena. The impact of the singer's death had a negative impact on Latin music, her genre—which she catapulted it into the mainstream market—suffered and its popularity waned following Selena's death. The crossover-planned album Dreaming of You was released posthumously in July 1995, debuting and peaking atop the United States Billboard 200 albums chart, the first majority Spanish-language recording to do so in the chart's history. The album's release started a "buying frenzy" for anything related or containing Selena among Hispanic and Latino Americans. Selena's father and manager Abraham Quintanilla Jr. explained to Mario Taradell of The Odessa American that "there is an insatiable hunger for Selena's music out there". He further said how he constantly receives letters and phone calls from fans requesting the singer's music. Following his daughter's death, Abraham began going through boxes and found "more songs that Selena recorded that we had forgotten about." He explained how he wanted to preserve Selena's legacy and that it's important to him that public consciousness of the singer remains intact. Selena's brother and principal record producer, A.B. Quintanilla explained on Biography that Selena's wishes were for her fans to "never forget about her". Since Selena's death, her family has been criticized by fans and the media for exploiting the singer and cannibalizing on her murder by releasing more music.
Music and lyrics
Siempre Selena contains mostly unreleased recordings and remixes of previously released content. The oldest song on the album, "Soy Amiga" was recorded when Selena was 14-years old. Taradell called it a "breezy Latin pop number." and found that the singer's vocals "were kept intact but the music was redone to fit today's radio sound." Chris Riemenschneider of the Austin American-Statesman did not approve of the remastered version of "Soy Amiga", calling it a "fluffy pop song" that lacks "any passion." Along with "Soy Amiga", other songs on the album including, "Como Quisiera" and "Costumbres", were released prior to Selena signing a recording contract with EMI Latin in 1989. "Como Quisiera" was originally a "Tex Mex tune" and remixed into a midtempo mariachi recording, while Juan Gabriel's "Costumbres", was turned into a "feisty yet palatable cumbia style" track. Lyrically, "Como Quisiera" is about a girl who "deeply loves" a guy who broke her heart. The unreleased demo that was intended for the crossover market, "Only Love", was recorded in 1990 and was shelved. Abraham told Taradell how the song was "too adult contemporary and we wanted to go with something more pop." Taradell called it a "faceless pop ballad." while editors of the Orlando Sentinel called it a contemporary R&B track about "whether to go on with life without the man she loves." Taradell found "A Million to One" as being "a slightly sensuous flavor" due to the introduction of the saxophone on the recording. Riemenschneider found "Only Love" and "A Million to One" to be musically similar as "jazz-light" numbers that failed to convey the singer as having mainstream potential. The producers of the soundtrack of the 1995 romantic comedy-drama film Don Juan DeMarco—in which Selena played a mariachi singer—decided not to include her recordings of "Tú Sólo Tú", "El Toro Relajo", and "Siempre Hace Frio". Christopher John Farley of Time magazine said the producers who excluded the songs regretted this move following the impact of Selena's death. The latter two were included on the Dreaming of You album, while "Siempre Hace Frio" was added to the Siempre Selena set list. "Siempre Hace Frio", which is a "soulful mariachi song." lyrically describes a woman who wants her boyfriend back, though he is with another girl. Riemenschneider called the track a "lazy, mournful mariachi" that finds Selena "belting her own special borderland blues, but she leaves little to cry at the end." He added how "Selena's doubters who think she was more about image than talent" should listen to "Siempre Hace Frio". He wrote shock jock Howard Stern—who poke fun of the singer's death and her mourners—as one of those "Selena's doubters".
Songs such as "No Quiero Saber", "Ya No", and "Tu Robaste Mi Corazon" have all been remixed. "Tu Robaste Mi Corazon", originally recorded as a duet with Emilio Navaira, was re-recorded with Pete Astudillo, former Selena y Los Dinos band member. The remix version of "No Quiero Saber" on the album was remixed in early March 1996 for the 1996 Summer Olympics Latin-themed album, Voces Unidas. It entered the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart at number 35 in the week ending May 11. It peaked at number six on the week ending June 22, 1996, while peaking at number 10 a week later on the Latin Pop Songs chart. "Siempre Hace Frio" was released as the lead single from the album in October 1996, it debuted at number 21 on the Hot Latin Songs chart and number ten on the US Billboard Regional Mexican Songs chart. It peaked at number two on the Hot Latin Songs and Regional Mexican Songs chart in its seventh week, following the album's debut on the Top Latin Albums chart. It remained at number two on the Regional Mexican Songs chart for three consecutive weeks, and four consecutive weeks at number two on the Hot Latin Songs charts before falling. "Costumbres" was released as the final single in January 1997, debuting at number 24 on the Hot Latin Songs chart in the week ending January 25. In its second week Selena's version outperformed Banda El Recodo's version on the Hot Latin Songs chart on the week ending February 1. In the following week, "Costumbres" peaked at number 15. At the 1997 Tejano Music Awards, "Siempre Hace Frio" won the Tejano Music Award for Song of the Year, while "No Quiero Saber" won Crossover Song of the Year.
Critical reception
Mario Tarradell of The Odessa American called the album "Selena's musical scrapbook." He favored its diversity, calling it "more impressive than most posthumous repackingings" essentially for having previously unreleased tracks. He believed it was "timed to set up the media blitz" on the then-upcoming soundtrack to the Selena biopic. The Desert Suns Fred Shuster panned the album as "second-rate material at best." He called the ballads on the album "dreary" and found the album to be generated towards "fans awaiting the Selena movie." Shuster noted that if the listener has "a weakness to slow love songs [then] forget it." Because of the new mixes and unreleased content, Natalia Pignato and Umatilla High of the Orlando Sentinel reported that they "love this CD" and that it displays "the bittersweet success of unfulfilled promise." In a poll conducted by News-Press in January 1997, DJs were asked to pick their top ten albums they would bring on a deserted island, Siempre Selena was among those chosen.
AllMusic called Siempre Selena a "posthumous collection of rarities and lesser-known songs." The website found the album to be "of interest to dedicated fans" and noted that there "are a few worthwhile items" throughout the recording. Ramiro Burr wrote in The Billboard Guide to Tejano and Regional Mexican Music (1999), that Siempre Selena contained "vocal tracks [that] were lifted and combined with different instrumental tracks". John Lannert of Billboard magazine called the album "a collection of previously unreleased English- and Spanish-language tracks" with what he said to be "sonically touched up early Latino numbers". Paul Verna, also from Billboard, called the recording as "slickly packaged" and a "so-so grab bag [that contains] romantic ballads" that he believed "is sure to appeal to [Selena's fan base] vast and loyal legion of fans". He found that Selena's fan base has "not grown weary of slow-paced love songs [such as] "Como Quisiera" and "Tu Robaste Mi Corazon." Riemenschneider found the album to "[offer] a wide and impressive range of mostly unheard music from Selena's too short career." He opined that Siempre Selena "proves [the singer] was the queen of her domain."
Commercial performance
On October 19, 1996, it was revealed that Siempre Selena would be commercially available on October 29. Local music shops reported that interest in the album reached far back as a few weeks before the album was released. Local Tejano disc jockeys further hyped the craze predicting that the album would be "wildly popular" because of Selena's fans. Presale copies and interest in the album gave music retailers high hopes for the recording, believing it would be a sellout. Roughly 500 people had pre-screened the album at Hastings Books in Midland, Texas, the night before it went on sale. Music retailers were flabbergasted that sales for the album had flattened, though reported that sales were "modest". According to South Texas music retailers, sales for the album were considerably lower in comparison to Dreaming of You. All That Music in El Paso reportedly was "busy [in] filling the demand for [the album]", while other stores in the same area reported that "sales were slow". The album wasn't selling much but "a handful of copies" at a Blockbuster Music store in San Antonio. Local businesses predicted that sales would eventually pick up towards Christmas. Marketing director of EMI Latin, Manolo Gonzalez expressed how the company intentionally went "low-key" in marketing Siempre Selena in comparison to Dreaming of You. Gonzalez said how he wanted to be "very conservative with this album" and that EMI Latin had shipped 400,000 units throughout the United States. Riemenschneider called EMI Latin and the singer's family an "oxymoron" for their marketing scheme, or rather lack thereof of Siempre Selena. Riemenschneider believed their reasoning behind the insignificant promotion to be an avoidance of "Selena overkill" with the soundtrack and biopic that were due in a few months. He found their move in having little promotion to be a "mistake", calling Siempre Selena the one "Selena's caretakers should have promoted [following her death]".
The album became a sleeper hit, debuting atop the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums chart with 10,500 units sold in the week ending November 23, 1996. On the Billboard 200, Siempre Selena debuted and peaked at number 82. The album also helped increased sales to Selena's other works, including Dreaming of You and Amor Prohibido (1994). After two weeks at number one, Siempre Selena was displaced by Julio Iglesias' Tango album in the week ending December 7. Siempre Selena finished 1996 as the 44th best-selling Latin album of the year, her Dreaming of You album remained that year's best-selling record. After 14 consecutive weeks at number one on the Regional Mexican Albums chart, Siempre Selena was dethroned by Grupo Limite's Partiendome el Alma. On its 19th week, the album regain the number one position on the Regional Mexican Albums chart on the week ending March 29, 1997, following the release of the Selena soundtrack. During the second anniversary of the singer's death on March 31, sales of Siempre Selena jumped 48% remaining atop the Regional Mexican Albums chart and climbing the Top Latin Albums chart at number three, a position higher from the previous week. The album remained at number one for three additional weeks before it fell from the top spot on the week ending May 10. It was subsequently nominated for Female Album of the Year at the 1997 Billboard Latin Music Awards. In its quarterly recap of the top selling Latin albums of 1997, Siempre Selena ranked third behind Enrique and Julio Iglesias' albums, respectively. The recording finished 1997 as the fourth best-selling Latin album in the United States, while it finished second on the Regional Mexican Albums year-end list. In December 2002, the RIAA certified Siempre Selena double platinum for shipments of 200,000 units; her 10th certified album. They re-certified the recording triple platinum (180,000 album-equivalent units sold) in November 2017.
Track listing
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Siempre Selena.
Vocal credits
Selena – vocals, composer
Rebecca Valdez – background vocals
Mariachi Sol de Mexico – background vocals
Jessie Garcia – background vocals
Pete Astudillo – background vocals
Instruments
Ismael Espinoza – violin
Miguel Guzman – violin
Carlos Rosas – violin
Jose M. Vargas – violin
Rafael Garcia – trumpet
Fabian Maltos – accordion
Joe Posada – saxophone
A.B. Quintanilla – bajo sexto, bass
Ricky Vela – keyboards
Ray Paz – keyboards
Chris Perez – guitar
Jesse Garcia – guitar
Jesse Ybarra – guitar
Henry Gomez – vihuela
Mateo Garcia – requinto
Brian "Red" Moore – bajo sexto, bass
Technical and production credits
Pete Astudillo – composer
Robbie Buchanan – composer
Alberto Cervantes – composer
Ruben Fuentes – composer
Juan Gabriel – composer
Simon Gallup – composer
Phil Medley – composer
Cuco Sanchez – composer
Robert Smith – composer
Mark Spiro – composer
Laurence Tolhurst – composer
Ricky Vela – composer
A.B. Quintanilla – composer, executive producer
Brian "Red" Moore – engineer, producer
Nelson Gonzalez – supervisor producer
Visuals and imagery
Paul Wenzel – art direction
Charts
Weekly charts
Quarterly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
1996 in Latin music
Selena albums discography
List of number-one Billboard Top Latin Albums from the 1990s
List of number-one Billboard Regional Mexican Albums of 1996
Latin American music in the United States
References
Bibliography
External links
1996 greatest hits albums
Albums produced by A.B. Quintanilla
Compilation albums published posthumously
EMI Latin compilation albums
Remix albums published posthumously
Selena compilation albums
Spanish-language albums |
4134859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology%20%28Selena%20album%29 | Anthology (Selena album) | Anthology is the first box set by American singer Selena. It was released posthumously on April 7, 1998, through EMI Latin to commemorate the singer's works. The collection comprises 30 tracks, dispersed across three genre-themed discs: "Pop / English" showcases uptempo pop compositions, "Mariachi" highlights Mexican ballads featuring poignant narratives of heartache, and "Cumbia" presents danceable tropical rhythms. The album encompasses recordings from a 14-year-old Selena on her Alpha (1986) album to the posthumous "Disco Medley" (1997). With a limited number of unaltered tracks, Anthology predominantly features reworked and remastered musical arrangements, while preserving the singer's original vocals. Selena's death in March 1995 prompted an influx of requests from her admirers. The singer's father and manager, Abraham Quintanilla, expressed a desire to maintain his daughter's legacy through her music. However, Selena's family has faced criticism from both fans and the media, who accuse them of capitalizing on her death and commodifying her repertoire.
The album garnered favorable acclaim from music critics, with Stephen Thomas Erlewine describing Anthology as a "comprehensive overview" of Selena's musical career. Erlewine posited that the compilation offers a diverse showcase of the artist's multifaceted talents. Echoing this sentiment, The Orlando Sentinels critics noted that Anthology effectively demonstrates Selena's adeptness in performing across various genres. Upon its release, Anthology debuted at number one on the United States Billboard Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums chart, selling 10,500 units in its inaugural week. The album also reached number 131 on the Billboard 200 chart and maintained its position atop the Regional Mexican Albums chart for 11 weeks—the longest duration for any album in that year. Anthology ended 1998 as the best-selling Regional Mexican Albums chart in the US, while it placed 12th on the Top Latin Albums year-end chart. Anthology has been certified Diamond (Latin) by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting 600,000 units consisting of sales and on-demand streaming.
Background and production
On March 31, 1995, American Tejano music singer Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former manager of the singer's boutiques. Concurrently, the artist was engrossed in the development of a crossover, designed to propel her into the American pop market. The aftermath of her death yielded adverse consequences for Latin music, as the genre—which she had thrust into the mainstream market—experienced a decline in popularity in the wake of her death. The envisaged crossover album, Dreaming of You was posthumously released on July 18, 1995, debuting and peaking atop the United States Billboard 200 albums chart, an unprecedented feat for a predominantly Spanish-language recording in the chart's history. This release incited a "buying frenzy" among Hispanic and Latino Americans for any merchandise associated with or featuring Selena. The ongoing dissemination of Selena's oeuvre fulfills a commitment made by Abraham Quintanilla to his family in the aftermath of his daughter's death, vowing to perpetuate Selena's memory through her music. As stated by A. B. Quintanilla, Suzette Quintanilla, and Selena, the trio had collectively concurred that, should any misfortune befall one of them, their desire would be to persist with their musical endeavors. A. B. recounted that Selena expressed a wish for her presence to "never go away". In the years since Selena's death, her family has faced censure from fans and the media, who have accused them of exploiting the singer and capitalizing on her murder by commodifying her repertoire.
Enclosed within Anthology is a biographical booklet penned by Abraham, in which he recounts the numerous requests he received from individuals seeking a compilation of the singer's oeuvre, expressing his hope that the album fulfills the demand. EMI Latin lauded Anthology as the inaugural collection produced in honor of Selena. Throughout the production process, Abraham characterizes his family's emotions as a manifestation of "a labor of love" and dedicates the album to Selena's fans. He extends gratitude to them for their unwavering support in aiding Selena in realizing her musical ambitions.
Music
Anthology encompasses a wide array of songs, ranging from a 14-year-old Selena's recordings featured on her Alpha (1986) album to the posthumously released club remix of "Disco Medley" (1997). As asserted by EMI Latin, Anthology commemorates the singer's works, encapsulating her earliest recordings up to some of the final sessions before her death. With a paucity of tracks in their original form, Anthology incorporates recordings that have been reimagined and refreshed with newly remastered musical arrangements, while preserving the singer's original vocals. The production team extracted Selena's vocals and thoroughly restructured the musical components. Selena's Los Dinos band expressed satisfaction with the album's final result. The compilation features tracks recorded by Selena prior to her affiliation with EMI Latin in 1989, while songs released during her engagement with the label were recorded under her father's studio, Q-Productions.
The first disc, thematically titled "Pop / English", commences with "Always Mine", an upbeat composition that became Selena's initial foray into English-language pop music, a long-standing aspiration for both her and A. B. upon entering the music industry. The remix rendition of "No Quiero Saber" featured on Anthology originates from Voces Unidas, the official Latin album for the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. The third track, "Don't Throw Away My Love" is a remix version of Selena's initial songwriting credit "My Love", derived from her 1989 debut album. The subsequent song, "La Bamba" is a cover of the eponymous track recorded by Ritchie Valens in the 1950s. The ensuing piece, "I'm Getting Used to You" underwent remixing by David Morales. "Yo Fui Aquella" initially appeared as a ranchera, but was revamped with updated arrangements, transitioning it into a ballad. This modification strips away the majority of the instrumentation, accentuating Selena's capacity to carry a tune unaided. The seventh track, "Captive Heart", was among the final songs Selena recorded before her death. The following tracks, "Amame" and "Missing My Baby", originally appeared on Entre a Mi Mundo (1992). "Disco Medley" (Club Remix) concludes the first disc's track listing. This track comprises a medley of disco-era songs, including Donna Summer's "Last Dance" (1978) and "On the Radio" (1979), Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony's "The Hustle" (1975), Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" (1978), Lipps Inc.'s "Funkytown" (1979). Selena performed "Disco Medley" live at the Houston Astrodome on February 26, 1995, widely acknowledged as her final concert before her death. Writing for The Orlando Sentinel, music critics Natalie Pignato and Umatilla High observed that the first disc maintains its rapid, accelerated beats from the initial track to the last.
The second disc, designated and themed "Mariachi", commences with "El Ramalazo", recorded by Selena in 1986. The subsequent track, "Dame Tu Amor", represents the inaugural collaborative composition between Abraham and keyboardist Ricky Vela in 1985. The version on Anthology is a bolero, enhanced with string and brass accompaniments. The third track, "Pa'Qué Me Sirve La Vida", originally a ranchera, undergoes a transformation into a "mariachi-valseada" through updated arrangements on Anthology. "Diferentes" was recorded by Selena in 1986 after appreciating Rocío Dúrcal's rendition of the piece. The fifth song, "Siempre Hace Frío", was initially intended for the Don Juan DeMarco (1995) soundtrack but was ultimately shelved by the music producers. The subsequent track, "¿Qué Creias?", frequently featured Selena performing onstage alongside a male volunteer from the audience who assumed the role of her former lover, while Selena rebuked them as the aggrieved partner. The seventh track, "Quiero Estar Contigo", penned by A. B., originally employed the accordion and keyboards in its 1987 incarnation, coinciding with the zenith of keyboard-driven track popularity. The following song, "Rama Caída", represents one of Selena's earliest recordings, executed when she was only 14 years old. The ensuing song, "Sabes", was composed by Vela and particularly admired by Abraham, who lauded it as one of Vela's finest works. The track is succeeded by the mariachi composition "Tú Sólo Tú", also initially intended for the Don Juan DeMarco soundtrack, which concludes the second disc's track listing. The second disc exudes a subdued presence, encompassing Mexican ballads characterized by narratives of heartbreak.
Initiating the third disc, titled and themed "Cumbia", is "Yo Te Daré", which was modernized for Anthology alongside "La Puerta Se Cerró". The former, originally a salsa track from 1988, was updated to mirror the arrangements found in "Si Una Vez" (1994). In the album, it manifests as a cumbia with comprehensive mariachi instrumentation, accentuated by accordion and requinto elements. The third track, "Corazoncito" appears on Anthology in what Abraham dubs "an even funkier arrangement." Originally recorded in 1985 as a ballad, "Enamorada de Ti" commences slowly but swiftly metamorphoses into a contemporary pop cumbia. The fifth track, "No Debes Jugar" originally appeared on Selena Live! This is succeeded by "Cariño Mío", which ranked among the most-requested songs for Selena to perform in the 1980s. The track underwent a transformation from cumbia to tropical salsa. The subsequent song, "Salta La Ranita", is updated with an accordion, offering listeners a richer tapestry of instrumentation compared to its original minimalist rendition. In the eighth song, "Te Amo Solo A Ti", producers extracted Selena's vocals from the initial track and overlaid them onto a hybrid rhythm fusing cumbia and ranchera. Abraham expressed astonishment at the updated song's natural sound, given the stark stylistic disparities between cumbia and ranchera. The penultimate song, "La Llamada" features the protagonist's former lover contacting her and asserting his innocence; however, rejecting his justifications, she demands he cease contacting her. The third disc culminates with "Baila Esta Cumbia", previously included in Ven Conmigo (1990). According to critics Pignato and High, the third disc encompasses a greater number of Selena's finest works compared to the preceding discs.
Release and reception
Originally slated for release on March 31, 1998, Anthology was deferred to April 7 due to insufficient inventory in music stores. The label, anticipating high demand for the album, deemed this a "sensitive issue" and consequently postponed the release by an additional week. Anthology is a triple box set comprising 30 tracks across three compact discs or cassette tapes, with each genre-themed volume containing ten tracks.
The album has garnered positive responses from music critics. Writing for Allmusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine described Anthology as a "comprehensive overview" of Selena's musical career, providing listeners with a diverse array of the singer's talents. However, he noted the absence of some of her best works, such as "Dreaming of You" (1995). Echoing Erlewine's sentiments, The Orlando Sentinels music critics Pignato and High asserted that Anthology exemplifies Selena's prowess in recording songs spanning various genres. They further opined that the album represents the singer's "crossover dream come true" more so than its posthumous predecessors, deeming it a "must-have for fans". Rosanna Ruiz of Fort Worth Star-Telegram contended that the album showcases Selena's extensive talents across the three explored genres.
Like its predecessors, Anthology is designed to highlight Selena's aptitude for singing an assortment of styles—from Anglo pop to mariachi—without alienating her devoted Tejano fanbase. Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle asserted that Anthology offers fans a glimpse of a singer refining her skills and embracing her talent. In addition to featuring rarely heard tracks, the album spotlights the production talents of A. B., who produced the songs with fresh arrangements. Jesse Katz in Texas Monthly observed that Anthology eschews labeling any section as Tejano, a genre that is not marketable in larger markets such as New York and Miami, where salsa and merengue music dominate. Conversely, Tejano music encompasses pop melodies that are excessively Americanized for the banda and norteño markets in Mexico and Southern California. In his review of the subsequent release, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos (1999), Newsday music critic Richard Torres recommended Anthology for those interested in exploring more of Selena's songs.
Commercial performance
Fernando del Valle, writing for The Monitor, discovered multiple music retailers in the Rio Valley displaying Anthology in advance of its official release. Laura Fajardo, manager of Camelot Music in Harlingen, Texas, observed that while "Selena fever" persists, it is not as fervent as before. A record store in Fort Worth similarly reported customers inquiring about the album, though interest has diminished compared to the period immediately following her death. EMI Latin distributed 300,000 units to stores throughout the US in anticipation of the release.
Anthology debuted at number one on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums chart on the issue dated April 25, 1998. This marked Selena's third consecutive Top Latin Album number-one debut, following Siempre Selena (1996) and Dreaming of You (1995). Anthology extended Selena's record for the most cumulative weeks an artist has spent at number one, totaling 65 weeks atop the Top Latin Albums chart since Nielsen SoundScan began tabulating Latin album sales in 1993. The album sold 10,500 units, less than its predecessor Siempre Selena, which debuted with 14,500 units, while it entered the Billboard 200 chart at number 144. The album's sales contributed to pushing Latin album sales in the United States above 90,000 units for the first time in a month, surpassing sales of Latin albums in the US during the same period in 1997. Anthology sold 3,500 more units than Ricky Martin's Vuelve, displacing it from the top position.
The Mother's Day weekend holiday typically represents one of the highest-selling periods for Latin albums in the United States. However, Anthology sold 8,500 units, a 5% decrease from the previous tracking week. John Lannert of Billboard magazine expressed surprise that Anthology did not experience a sales increase that week. The album maintained its number one position on the Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums charts for the sixth consecutive week, while it slipped to number 151 on the Billboard 200 chart. Anthology remained at the summit of the Regional Mexican Albums chart for 11 weeks, constituting the most weeks an album has held the number one position, and secured the third-most weeks atop the Top Latin Albums chart for the year. Anthologys performance contributed to EMI Latin's ranking as the third-best-performing record imprint on Billboard's Latin music recap report, with the album placed at number nine in the Top Latin Albums recap report. Anthology ended 1998 as the best-selling regional Mexican album in the United States, while it placed 12th on the Top Latin Albums year-end chart. The set sold 116,000 units by December 1998, making it the best-selling album by EMI Latin for the year. The album was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting 600,000 units consisting of sales and on-demand streaming.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Musicians
Selena –lead vocals
Rolando Hernández –guitarist (tracks 1.04, 2.01—2.10, 3.02), vihuela (tracks 2.01—2.10, 3.02), background vocals (track 2.07)
Roger Vera –trumpets (tracks 1.04, 2.01—2.10, 3.02)
Mariachi Sol de Mexico – chorus (tracks 1.05, 1.10)
Joe Murillo – guitarron (tracks 2.01—2.10, 3.02)
Andy Wilson – violins (tracks 2.01—2.10, 3.02)
Veronica Salinas – violins (tracks 2.01—2.10, 3.02)
Tom McClung – violins (tracks 2.01—2.10, 3.02)
Johnny Saenz – accordion (tracks 2.08, 3.01—3.10)
Mateo Garcia – requinto (tracks 2.03, 2.05, 3.02)
Mark Basaldua – background vocals (track 2.07)
Jessie Garcia – background vocals (track 2.07)
Jesse Ybarra – guitarist (tracks 3.01—3.04, 3.06—3.08)
Favio Pinot – timbales (tracks 3.01—3.10)
Lorena Pinot – background vocals (tracks 3.01—3.10)
Suzette Quintanilla – drums (tracks 3.05, 3.09—3.10)
Ricky Vela – keyboardist (tracks 3.05, 3.09—3.10)
Joe Ojeda – keyboardist (tracks 3.05, 3.09—3.10)
Chris Pérez – guitarist (tracks 3.05, 3.09—3.10)
Production
Jose Behar – executive producer
A. B. Quintanilla – producer, background vocals (track 2.07), remixer, arrangement (tracks 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.10), bass (tracks 3.05, 3.09—3.10)
Abraham Quintanilla – producer, liner notes
Brian "Red" Moore – arrangement (tracks 1.04, 2.01—2.04, 2.06—2.09, 3.01—3.10), bass (tracks 3.01—3.04, 3.06—3.8)
Ray Paz – producer, arrangement, remixer (tracks 1.04, 2.01—2.04, 2.06—2.09, 3.01—3.10), background vocals (track 2.07)
David Morales – remixer (track 1.05)
Los Dinos – arranger (tracks 1.09, 3.05, 3.09—3.10)
José Hernández – arranger (tracks 2.05, 2.10)
Packaging
Nelson Gonzalez – art & packagining, production coordinator
Impressions Design – design, art direction
Charts
Weekly charts
Quarterly charts
Year-end charts
Certification
See also
List of number-one Billboard Top Latin Albums from the 1990s
List of number-one Billboard Regional Mexican Albums of 1998
List of number-one debuts on Billboard Top Latin Albums
Billboard Regional Mexican Albums Year-end Chart, 1990s
References
Citations
Websites
1998 compilation albums
1998 remix albums
Remix albums published posthumously
Compilation albums published posthumously
Selena compilation albums
Selena remix albums
EMI Latin compilation albums
Albums recorded at Q-Productions
Albums produced by A.B. Quintanilla |
4135026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20My%20Hits%3A%20Todos%20Mis%20%C3%89xitos | All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos | All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos is a greatest hits album by American singer Selena. It was released posthumously on March 9, 1999, through EMI Latin to commemorate its ten-year anniversary since entering the music industry. The album coincided with the fourth anniversary of Selena's death, though then-president Jose Behar rebuffed the idea that the album was an exploitive ploy by the company. Following Selena's death on March 31, 1995, Abraham Quintanilla expressed his interest in persevering his daughter's memory through her works. Selena's family has been criticized by fans and the media for exploiting the singer and cannibalizing her murder by commercializing her repertoire. According to the singer's brother, A.B. Quintanilla, one of Selena's wishes was for her to "never go away", citing a conversation he shared with Selena and their sister Suzette Quintanilla, that if anything were to happen to any one of them, their wish would be to continue on with their music.
By 1999, Selena remained EMI Latin's top-selling act, outselling living musicians, and contributed to the company's dominance in the United States Latin music market. Behar wanted to release a commemorative album that would help continue to preserve Selena's music. He based his marketing strategy on Capitol Nashville's The Hits (1994) by Garth Brooks. He figured that a limited distribution run of three months and including a pin bearing Selena's name would generate interest. Lupe de la Cruz, marketing director for EMI Latin, believed the included pin would distinguish it from previous releases that contain unreleased material. A direct-TV campaign was headed by Castilian Music on English and Spanish-language networks in the United States, the first of its kind for a Latin album.
The recording includes 16 previously released songs that range from Selena's second studio album Ven Conmigo (1990) to the posthumous 1997 Selena movie soundtrack. The album received a mixed reception among music critics, John T. Davis called the recording a solid release and applauded its wide marketing, though found it to be of no value to die-hard fans and found the quality subpar in comparison to its predecessors. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos peaked at number one on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums chart, selling 25,380 units on its first week of availability. It also peaked at number 54 on the Billboard 200 chart. The album provided Selena with her fifth number one album on the Top Latin Albums chart, the most of any artist at that time. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos was the second-highest sold Latin album for the first quarter of 1999, despite its two months' availability. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos ended 1999 as the top Regional Mexican Album of the year while ranking as the third-most sold album on the Top Latin Albums chart.
The recording provided Selena with her second consecutive album to place atop the year-end chart for the Regional Mexican Albums category, following Anthology (1998). All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 360,000 units by mid-December, contributing 40% of EMI Latin's cumulative units sold in the United States. The record company posted a sales gain for the first time since Selena's death in 1995, as a result of All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos. In 2017, the album was certified diamond (Latin) by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting 600,000 units consisting of sales and on-demand streaming. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos has sold 100,000 units in Mexico, and received a platinum certification by Music Canada for selling 100,000 units. The album was proceeded by a VHS tape of the singer's music videos and All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 (2000).
Background
On March 31, 1995, American Tejano music singer Selena was shot and killed. The crossover-planned album Dreaming of You was released posthumously on July 18, 1995, debuting and peaking atop the United States Billboard 200 albums chart, the first majority Spanish-language recording to do so in the chart's history. The album's release started a "buying frenzy" for anything related or containing Selena among Hispanic and Latino Americans. The releases of Selena's works continue a promise Abraham Quintanilla told his family following his daughter's death, that he will continue to keep Selena's memory alive through her music. According to A. B. Quintanilla, Suzette Quintanilla, and Selena collectively agreed that if anything were to happen to any one of them, their wish would be to continue on with their music. A. B. said that one of Selena's wishes was for her to "never go away". Since Selena's death, her family has been criticized by fans and the media for exploiting the singer and cannibalizing on her murder by commercializing her repertoire.
By 1999, Selena remained EMI Latin's top-selling artist, outselling living musicians such as Thalía and Carlos Ponce. In the past five years, Selena has been the record company's top-selling performer, according to Nielsen SoundScan. Then-president of EMI Latin Jose Behar, who discovered the singer at the 1989 Tejano Music Awards, recognized Selena for her contributions that made EMI Latin "the house that Selena built". Industry executives collectively agreed on Selena's impact on EMI Latin, they credited Selena with propelling the label to the top of the US Latin music industry.
Music
The album contains 16 tracks ranging from Selena's second studio album Ven Conmigo (1990) to the posthumous 1997 movie soundtrack. Offering listeners many of the singer's most recognizable songs, the recording starts off with "Amor Prohibido". It is followed by the mariachi track "Tú Sólo Tú", originally intended for the Don Juan DeMarco soundtrack, which was shelved by music producers. Following the impact of Selena's death, Christopher John Farley of Time magazine, wrote how the producers were most likely regretting their decision. The next track "Como la Flor", became Selena's signature song with essayist Ilan Stavans suggesting the emergence of Latin pop in the United States in the 1990s is attributed to the popularity of "Como la Flor". The fourth song on the album, "I Could Fall in Love" was previously on the planned crossover album Dreaming of You. The fifth track, "El Chico del Apartamento 512", is a lighthearted and comical song following the protagonist's attempts at finding "the guy in apartment 512". This was followed by "¿Qué Creias?", a song Selena often performed onstage with a male volunteer from the audience who portrayed her former lover, while Selena scorches them as the wronged partner. The seventh track, "Baila Esta Cumbia" was written following a medley A. B. had in his head while resting. "Dreaming of You" was among a selection of songs Selena was provided with from Capitol Records to choose from, the label vehemently controlled the entire crossover project and only allowed Selena to choose one song of her choice from this selection.
Track number eight, "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" was improvised during a rehearsal starting off as a song with few, if any, lyrics. Selena started singing, coming up with lyrics "as ideas came to her". It started off with lyrics about a cheerful fish swimming freely in the ocean, which Astudillo likened to a nursery rhyme, organized around a wah-wah guitar riff using a crybaby improvised by Selena's husband and the guitarist of the group Chris Pérez. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" transitioned into a cumbia and reggae song, its onomatopoeic title and its nonsensical lyrics suggest the sound of a woman's heart palpitating for the object of her affection. The following track, "La Llamada" follows the protagonist's former lover calling her and protesting his innocence, not buying his excuses, she tells him to refrain from calling her again. The eleventh song, "No Me Queda Más", was penned by keyboardist Ricky Vela, who had romantic inclinations toward the drummer of the group, Suzette, which he kept private from her. After hearing of her wedding to Bill Arriaga in September 1993, Vela wrote of his feelings of betrayal and unrequited love and hid the lyrics that he wrote based on these feelings. Vela eventually provided Selena with the lyrics and she recorded the song for Amor Prohibido. According to Abraham, Selena provided an emotional delivery while recording the track and was seen sobbing in the recording studio because "she knew how [Vela] felt" about Suzette.
The next song, "I'm Getting Used to You" was written by Diane Warren and produced by Rhett Lawrence. Writing for Newsday, Ira Robbins found the track's arrangement to be "slightly outdated" that masked any indications of Selena's Hispanic background. This was dramatized by Christian Serratos in the Netflix two-part limited drama Selena: The Series (2020–21), where the singer felt a sense of dissociation with the song. Warren commented that the scene was not how she recalls her time with Selena, who in reality loved the song. This was followed by "La Carcacha", which was inspired by a broken-down car in Ovalo, Texas. Biographer Joe Nick Patoski recognized that "La Carcacha" contained lyrics of teenage love that Selena never experienced. He wrote how A. B. would sometimes ask Selena about songs he should write for her, and Selena would request songs with storylines atypical of what she experienced. The fourteenth track on the album, "Disco Medley", is a medley of disco-era songs "Last Dance" (1978) and "On the Radio" (1979) by Donna Summer, "The Hustle" (1975) by Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony, and "I Will Survive" (1978) by Gloria Gaynor and "Funkytown" (1979) by Lipps Inc. "Disco Medley" was performed live at the Houston Astrodome on February 26, 1995, cited as her last concert before she was murdered. Track number fifteen, "No Debes Jugar" was originally released as one of the studio tracks on Selena Live!. "Missing My Baby" finishes the tracklisting of All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos.
Promotion and release
On February 8, 1999, it was revealed that All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos would be commercially available on March 9. It was hailed as the final release by the singer for the millennium. The album marked EMI Latin's 10th anniversary in operation as a subsidy of Capitol Records. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos also coincided with the fourth anniversary of Selena's death. EMI Latin rebuffed the idea that the album was an exploitive ploy on their part, citing that All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos was originally planned for a January release, but was delayed due to packaging issues. Behar wanted to release a commemorative album that was exceptional and would help continue to preserve Selena's music. He decided on mirroring Capitol Nashville's marketing strategy for Garth Brooks's The Hits (1994). He issued All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos for a limited distribution release of three months and provided consumers who ordered the album through their TV advertisements, with a commemorative pin bearing Selena's name. Those who order the cassette variant from the direct-TV ads would receive the commemorative pin, while the CD version in-stores will include the pin. Behar wanted the album to be a collector's item and marketed All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos as containing a majority of Selena's hit singles. TV advertisements were released throughout the United States on March 15 through English and Spanish-language networks. Behar negotiated with network executives to push All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos and promised a cut of the profits that were generated from the advertisements. John Lannert of Billboard called the direct-TV campaign the first of its kind. The first two networks to air the advertisements were cable channels Gems TV and Spanish-language channel Galavisión. Other Spanish-language channels such as Telemundo and Univision jumped on the campaign as well. English-language networks that participated included Lifetime, The Nashville Network, MTV, and VH1. The direct-TV campaign was headed by Castilian Music, who previously done Pure Moods for Virgin Records.
Lupe de la Cruz, marketing director for EMI Latin, hoped that the direct-TV campaign would generate interest. De la Cruz confessed that consumers haven't bought "as much as we would want them to" from previous direct-TV campaigns. He believes that consumers might make a connection when browsing through a music retailer and remembering that they saw All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos on TV and might be more inclined to purchase the album. He also hoped that with the push into English-language networks, those who saw the Selena film, might be interested in listening to All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos since it contains more of Selena's Tejano music repertoire. Ritmo Latino, a music chain mostly in California, believed the album will be "a strong seller". The company reported that they were supporting All My Hits: Todos Mis Exitos with in-store ads, and radio and print advertisements. The pin bearing the singer's name, provided "every young girl who's already a Selena fan" something they would want. De la Cruz believed that the pin would help distinguish All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos from previous Selena releases that contained unreleased material. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos was expected by industry forecasters to debut atop the Billboard Top Latin Albums as well as debut within the higher reaches of the US Billboard 200 charts. On November 2, 1999, EMI Latin released the VHS tape All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos on Video. This was followed by All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2, a followup album to All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos on February 29, 2000, that included a heart-shaped pendant with a picture of Selena inside.
Critical reception
Writing for the Austin American-Statesman, John T. Davis proclaimed that the release of All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos marked the day that Selena had more posthumous releases than those released during her lifetime. Davis noticed an uptick in sales for anything containing Selena during the annual markings of her death and felt that recent releases have suffered in quality in order to meet demand. He found All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos as a solid release, containing much of the singer's best songs, though found that it was neither remarkable nor complete of Selena's best works. Davis opined the album for those curious on works done by Selena or casual fans. He found it peculiar that the recording was marketed for die-hard fans and believed that they were the least to benefit from the album. Applauding its wide marketing, Davis concluded that All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos misses the mark in the quality afforded by the label.
Alisa Valdes-Rodriguez of the Los Angeles Times believed that All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos, as well as her death anniversary, reintroduced Americans to Selena. Abraham was inundated with reporters worldwide on the well-being of the family, reporting that he feels horrible, though less so compared to the day of Selena's death. Abraham reported that his family's pain "comes and goes". Valdes-Rodriguez suggested that these feelings would be less severe if All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos did not mark her death anniversary, calling it just "another tribute album". Writing for Newsday, Richard Torres believed that the album encapsulates Selena's versatility, calling the collection a "sharp compendium". He named the release as one of the "movers and shakers" that marked Latin music in 1999. Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle, ranked All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos as one of the best Selena albums and called it the first recording to contain the singer's signature songs.
Commercial performance
As a result of some retailers releasing the album ahead of its debut, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos debuted at number 24 on the Top Latin Albums chart on the week ending March 20, 1999. The album peaked at number one on the Top Latin Albums and Regional Mexican Albums chart the following tracking week. It received the greatest album sales gain for any Latin album on the chart from the previous tracking week. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos unseated Ricky Martin's Vuelve from the top spot. Selena and Martin's albums contributed the most to the 167,500 units measured by Nielsen SoundScan of Latin albums sold in the United States for that week. The album became Selena's fifth number-one album on the Top Latin Albums chart, the most any artist has placed on the chart, at that time. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos debuted at number 59 on the Billboard 200 chart selling 25,380 units in its first week of availability. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos provided Selena with 73 cumulative weeks atop the Top Latin Albums chart, extending her record for most logged weeks on the chart for any artist, at that time.
EMI Latin shipped 500,000 units to retailers and by April 9, 1999, All My Hits/Todos Mis Éxitos sold 250,000 copies in the five weeks of availability, according to the label. Selena and Martin contributed significantly toward Latin album sales in the first quarter of 1999, with Lannert noticing their respective albums were "blowing through the sales roof". According to Nielsen SoundScan, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 176,705 units by May 22, 1999. The album represented 8% of the 1.5 million copies sold of Latin albums in the United States in the first quarter of 1999. It was the second-highest sold Latin album, behind Martin's Vuelve for the quarter, despite only being available for two months. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos received a platinum certification from Music Canada, selling 100,000 units in the country by June 12, 1999, and received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting 500,000 units shipped in the United States. The album reclaimed the top spot of the Top Latin Albums chart for the week ending June 26, 1999, selling 11,500 units, a 26% increase from the previous week. Lannert called the sales spike surprising, though believed it could have been a result of the impending June 30 deadline, which would end production of the album. Nielsen SoundScan reported that All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 207,500 units by June 1999, ranking at number three on their year-to-date Top Latin Albums chart.
By August 21, 1999, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 268,000 units, the second-most sales of a Latin album for the year, behind Martin's Vuelve. Music executives claim that the sales reported by Nielsen SoundScan only cover 30-45% of the Latin music market. The company responded that they believe their coverage is extensive, while Ritmo Latino argues that the actual numbers for Latin music are stagnant and the rise of sales is due to Martin and Enrique Iglesias who sell well in more accessible music retailers that cater to mainstream pop music. EMI Latin albums sold a cumulative 422,000 units, making it the top Regional Mexican imprint and label by August 28, 1999. Selena's All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos comprise 69% of those numbers, claiming the top Regional Mexican Artist category during Billboards recap reports. By October 23, 1999, All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 343,000 units, representing the second-largest sales for a Latin album so far for 1999, behind Martin's Vuelve. In October 1999, Latin albums sold in the United States broke 1998's record sales, Martin, Selena, and Elvis Crespo, were the three biggest selling acts during a Nielsen SoundScan report. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos ended 1999 as the top Regional Mexican Album and the third largest-selling Top Latin Album of the year. Her second consecutive album to place atop the year-end chart for the Regional Mexican Albums category, following Anthology (1998). EMI Latin's albums sold 893,000 units, and Selena's album contributed 40% of their revenue, selling 360,000 units by mid-December. In 1999, EMI Latin posted a sales gain for the first time since Selena's death in 1995, as a result of her album All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos. All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 386,500 units by January 1, 2000, it was the fifth largest-selling album in the United States in 1999. Writing for The Monitor, Vilma Maldonado believed All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos sold 600,000 units and claims that Nielsen SoundScan's report does not adequately represent the true number of units sold in the United States. In 2017, the album was certified diamond (Latin) by the RIAA, denoting 600,000 units consisting of sales and on-demand streaming.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Quarterly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Notes
References
Works cited
1999 greatest hits albums
Compilation albums published posthumously
Selena compilation albums
EMI Latin compilation albums
Albums recorded at Q-Productions |
4135999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20passport | Canadian passport | A Canadian passport () is the passport issued to citizens of Canada. It enables the bearer to enter or re-enter Canada freely; travel to and from other countries in accordance with visa requirements; facilitates the process of securing assistance from Canadian consular officials abroad, if necessary; and requests protection for the bearer while abroad.
All Canadian passports are issued through the Passport Program of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). Prior to 1 July 2013, Canadian passports were issued through Passport Canada, an independent operating agency of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. Passports are normally valid for five or ten years for persons 16 years of age and older, and five years for children under 16. In 2022, 70% of Canadians had passports, with over 24.6 million passports in circulation. Although held by individual citizens, all Canadian passports legally remain the property of the Crown and must be returned to the Passport Program upon request.
Canada is a member of the Five Nations Passport Group, an international forum for cooperation between the passport issuing authorities of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States in order to "share best practices and discuss innovations related to the development of passport policies, products and practices".
Canada began issuing biometric passports, also known as electronic passports or e-passports, to Canadian citizens on 1 July 2013.
, the Canadian passport ranks eighth in the world in terms of freedom of movement and travel according to the Henley Passport Index.
A new passport featuring more security features and artwork was rolled out in summer 2023.
History
The first Canadian passports were issued in 1862 following the outbreak of the American Civil War, when the United States demanded more secure identification from Canadians wishing to cross the border. They took the form of a "Letter of Request" from the Governor General of Canada. These documents remained in use until 1915, when Canadian passports were first issued in the British format, a ten-section single-sheet folder.
The modern form of the Canadian passport came about in 1921. At that time, Canadians were British subjects, and Canada shared a common nationality with the United Kingdom; thus, Canadian passports were issued to those British subjects resident in or connected to Canada. This arrangement ended in 1947, when the Canadian Citizenship Act was granted Royal Assent and the designation of Canadian citizenship was created. Beginning in July the following year, Canadian passports were issued to Canadian citizens only. However, the first page of Canadian Passports still declared that "A Canadian Citizen is a British Subject", as such was a main clause of the Citizenship Act 1946. This would remain until the Act was overhauled and replaced by the Citizenship Act 1976, after which the phrase on the first page of Canadian Passports was changed to read: "The bearer of this passport is a Canadian citizen."
Between 1947 and 1970, Canadian citizens could only apply for passports by mail to Ottawa. Requirements were simple, and applicants claiming birth in Canada did not have to provide proof of birth. The lax security led to numerous cases of misuse of the passport, so the Canadian Government tightened the application requirements from 1970. That year, the first three Passport Canada offices were opened in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver.
The size dimensions of a closed Canadian passport were originally much larger. This changed in the early 1980s in the lead up to the introduction of Machine-Readable Passports (MRP) when the smaller sized booklet was first introduced.
In 1985, the first version of MRPs was issued, in accordance with International Civil Aviation Organization standards. An amended version came into circulation in 1991, with additional security features and more stringent processing requirements. By 1993, a newer version of MRP was introduced, which contained unique features to prevent replication or alteration.
Since 11 December 2001, children have not been included in parents' passports, and passports have been issued for one person only.
In 2002, Passport Canada began to issue an updated version within Canada, which includes the digitally printed photo of the bearer embedded into the identification page of the booklet, holographic images, bar-coded serial number, and a second hidden photo of the bearer that could only be viewed under ultraviolet light. Canadian diplomatic missions abroad adopted this version in 2006. In March 2010, the passport was upgraded to include a new design of the identification page and more anti-counterfeit elements, such as the new colours of Optically Variable Ink and addition of laser perforated number. The cover, watermark, personalisation technique and holographic laminate are same with the 2002 version. The 2010 version was also the last revision of MRP prior to the release of e-passports.
In the 2008 federal budget, Jim Flaherty, Minister of Finance, announced that biometric passports (or "e-passports") would be introduced by 2011. A pilot project began in 2009, with e-passports being issued to special and diplomatic passport applicants. The e-passport roll-out was pushed back to 1 July 2013. On the same day, the issuing authority of Canadian passports was shifted from Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada to Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC), now known as IRCC.
Application and issuance
The issuance of passports falls under the Royal Prerogative. They are issued, in the name of the reigning Canadian monarch (as expressed in the passport note), according to the Canadian Passport Order. This Order in Council specifies grounds for which Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) can issue or renew a passport.
Passport requirements
Under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, all Canadian citizens have the right to enter Canada. Since 10 November 2016, under the new visa regulations all visa-free passport holders (except for U.S. citizens and nationals) are required to apply for an Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) before boarding a flight to Canada. This means there is now a de facto requirement for Canadian citizens to use a Canadian passport when travelling to or transiting through Canada by air, unless a special authorization is obtained within 10 days of travel.
As the eTA is used for the sole purpose of immigration screening for non-Canadian visitors entering Canada on a temporary basis, all Canadian citizens are automatically barred from applying the eTA. Hence the passport requirement is in place, because a Canadian citizen who travels on a visa-free, non-Canadian passport will be prevented from boarding the commercial flight to Canada unless the passanger can present a valid Canadian passport during check-in. The only exceptions to this rule are for a Canadian citizen travelling on a U.S. passport, as Americans do not need an eTA to enter Canada, or when a Canadian citizen travelling on an eTA-required passport enters Canada by sea, through one of the land ports of entry from the U.S., or holds a special authorization (which is free and available to anyone who has previously held a Canadian passport or Canadian citizenship certificate).
Application
Canadians in Canada can submit their applications in person through a passport office, a Service Canada location, or can submit their applications by mail. Canadians in the U.S. or Bermuda can apply only by mail. Canadians living in other countries or territories are required to apply through the nearest Canadian diplomatic posts abroad. Expedited services (urgent, express and standard pick-ups) are only available through a passport office in Canada.
Guarantor of identity
The Canadian passport issuing system is modelled after the United Kingdom, where all first-time passport applications are required to be "countersigned" by a person who has known the applicant for a minimum of 2 years. Australia and New Zealand have similar policies. The use of a guarantor is to serve "as a security measure in the entitlement process and as a point of departure for the future investigation of statements made on the application form".
Rules regarding the eligibility of guarantors were last updated on 12 August 2013. For passport applicants in Canada, only a Canadian passport holder can be a guarantor. For Canadian citizens living abroad who do not have a Canadian guarantor, a non-Canadian guarantor who works in a licensed profession may be used for application, such as a dentist, medical doctor, judge, lawyer, notary public, pharmacist, police officer, veterinarian, or sitting officer for a financial institution.
Passport fees
The fee (since 1 July 2013) for a standard adult passport issued in Canada is $120 for a five-year passport or $160 for a ten-year passport, and outside of Canada is $190 and $260 respectively. The fee for a five-year passport for a child under 16 is $57 if issued in Canada, and $100 outside of Canada. Additional fees are levied for urgent service or replacement of a lost or stolen passport. All fees are payable in Canadian dollars.
Refusal and revocation of passports
IRCC may revoke a passport or refuse to issue or renew a passport on grounds set out in the Canadian Passport Order, including such grounds as failure to submit a complete application, misrepresentation in obtaining a passport, and criminality. However, whether a Canadian passport may be revoked or refused on the basis of national security concerns has been questioned.
Types of passports
Before 1947, there were two types of passports: those issued to people who were born British subjects (navy blue cover) and those issued to people naturalised as British subjects (red cover).
Today, there are five types of Canadian passports:
Regular passport (navy blue cover) These documents are issued to citizens for occasional travel, such as vacations and business trips. They contain 36 pages (29 pages available for visa labels and stamps). They can be issued to adults (age 16 years and older) with a validity of 5 or 10 years or children under 16 with a validity of 5 years.
Temporary passport (white cover)
These are issued to Canadian citizens outside Canada who require passports but their regular passport application is being processed. This passport contains 8 pages and is valid between six months and one year.
Emergency travel document (single page)
Emergency travel documents are one-use documents issued to Canadians for direct return to their home country, or to the nearest Canadian diplomatic mission where full passport services are offered. The document contains details of the person, photo, travel details and expiry date of the document.
Special passport (green cover)These are issued pursuant to the Diplomatic and Special Passports Order to people representing the Canadian government on official business, including Privy Councillors, Members of Parliament, provincial cabinet members, public servants, citizens nominated as official non-diplomatic delegates and Canadian Forces members who are posted abroad. Since January 2009 special passports have been issued as electronic passports, in preparation of the full implementation of the ePassport program.
Diplomatic passport (maroon cover)These are issued pursuant to the Diplomatic and Special Passports Order to Canadian diplomats, high-ranking government officials (including lieutenant governors and commissioners of territories), diplomatic couriers, and private citizens nominated as official diplomatic delegates. Immediate family members of the aforementioned individuals (except diplomatic couriers) who reside with them may be also issued diplomatic passports. Since 2009, diplomatic passports have been issued as electronic passports, in preparation of the full implementation of the ePassport program. Per the Diplomatic and Special Passports Order, only the Governor General and Prime Minister and their immediate family members may use their diplomatic passports for all types of travel (i.e. official or personal).
Refugee Travel Document (blue cover)
These documents are issued to refugees in Canada in accordance to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Because many refugees are unable to acquire travel documents from their respective state of nationality (from which they have sought asylum) they are eligible to acquire this document so that they might engage in international travel.
Certificate of Identity (grey cover)
These documents are issued to individuals in Canada in accordance to the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. Which grants individuals who are stateless or permanent residents of Canada to obtain a national passport or travel document.
Physical appearance
Regular passports are deep navy blue, with the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada and a Canadian maple leaf emblazoned on the bottom left. The words "PASSPORT•" are inscribed above the coat of arms, with "CANADA" above. and the international e-passport symbol () is located on the bottom right corner. The bilingual cover is indicative of the textual portions of Canadian passports being printed in both English and French, Canada's two official languages. The standard passport contains 36 pages, with 29 available for entry/exit stamps and visas. The size dimensions of a closed Canadian passport are 8.89 cm (3.5") by 12.7 cm (5").
New security features, similar to those on banknotes, have been added with increasing frequency since 2001. Microprinting, holographic images, UV-visible imaging, watermarks and other details have been implemented, particularly on the photo page. As well, the photo is now digitally printed directly on the paper (in both standard and UV-reactive ink); previously, the actual photo had been laminated inside the document.
Data page
Photo of the passport holder
Type (Type): P
Issuing Country (Pays émetteur): listed as "CAN" for "Canada"
Passport No. (Nº de passeport): 2 letters and 6 numbers
Surname (Nom)
Given Names (Prénoms)
Nationality (Nationalité): Canadian nationality marked as "Canadian/Canadienne" in both English and French
Date of Birth (Date de naissance)
Sex (Sexe): "F" for female, "M" for male, "X" for another gender
Place of Birth (Lieu de naissance): the city and three-letter country code are listed, even if born inside Canada
Note: Province or State is required on the application form, if applicable, but is not listed in the passport.
Date of Issue (Date de délivrance)
Issuing Authority (Autorité de délivrance)
Date of Expiry (Date d'expiration)
The information page ends with the Machine Readable Zone.
Signature
From 2002 until May 2015, all Canadian passports contained two signature spaces: one is on the data page where a scanned signature is printed along with other personal details, the other is a blank signature block on page 3. After the applicants have received the passport, those over 16 must also sign in the signature block in ink.
Since May 2015, the passport bearer's scanned signature has not been printed on the data page. Adult applicants, however, must still sign page 3 in the passport book when they receive it.
Sex
On 24 August 2017 the Canadian government announced that it would implement procedures for Canadians who wish to have their sex given as X (unspecified) on Canadian passports, which is one of the three permitted sex designations for machine-readable passports along with M (male) and F (female) specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization. As an interim measure until IRCC became able to print passports with X sex designations, effective 31 August 2017 IRCC offered passports with a note on the Observations page indicating that the passport holder should be identified as X rather than the printed sex designation on the data page. Since 11 July 2019, the X designation has been printed on the data page, although travellers are warned that other countries may insist on a male or female designation.
Passport note
The passports contain a note from the issuing authority addressed to the authorities of all other states, identifying the bearer as a citizen of that state and requesting that they be allowed to pass and be treated according to international norms. The textual portions of Canadian passports are printed in English and French, the official languages of Canada. The note inside of Canadian passports states, in English:
The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada requests, in the name of His Majesty the King, all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely, without delay or hindrance, and to afford the bearer such assistance and protection as may be necessary.
And in French:
Passports issued before May 2023 are issued in the name of Her late Majesty the Queen will remain valid until they expire.
Place of birth
The place of birth is inscribed under the following format: CITYNAME UTO, where "UTO" is the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code of the country of birth. The first-level administrative country subdivision of birth, such as the Canadian province (or the U.S. state), is not mentioned as a part of place of birth. So Canadian citizens born in Richmond, British Columbia; Richmond, Quebec; or Richmond, Nova Scotia would have the same inscription as place of birth, RICHMOND CAN (a naturalized Canadian citizen born in Portland, Maine or Portland, Oregon would have PORTLAND USA). Exceptions to this format are listed below.
A passport applicant may request, in writing, that IRCC not list the place of birth (city and country)—or country of birth—on their data page, by filling out PPTC 077. The applicant must indicate his or her awareness that omitting this information could cause difficulties at international entry points or when applying for visas.
Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan
In response to the Chinese government's modification of requirements for the issuance of visas to Canadian citizens born in Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan, Canadian passports issued to Canadians born in Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan are now issued only with the place of birth and not the three-letter country code. Chinese visas will no longer be issued to Canadian passport holders whose place of birth is inscribed as Hong Kong HKG, Macau MAC, or TWN.
Jerusalem and Palestine
Since April 1976, the policy has been that Canadian citizens born in Jerusalem have their birthplace identified only by the city's name, with no national designation, due to the unresolved legal status of Jerusalem. However, Canadian citizens born prior to 14 May 1948 may have their birthplace identified as Palestine if they were born in what was the British Mandate of Palestine (including Jerusalem).
Changes
Official languages
In September 2003, Le Devoir printed a letter calling on Passport Canada to give individual Canadians the choice of which official language appeared first in their passports, English or French. The Passport Office claimed that this was not allowed under international norms, but it was shown that Belgian passport applications asked Belgian citizens which of their country's three official languages (Dutch, French or German) should appear first in their passports.
ePassport
In 2008, Passport Canada announced that it would be issuing electronic passports to Canadian travellers starting in 2012. The e-passport will have an electronic chip encoded with the bearer's name, gender, and date and place of birth and a digital portrait of their face.
On 7 April 2010, Passport Canada announced that in 2012, Canada will begin issuing electronic passports, or ePassports, to all its citizens. Passport Canada states that "the use of ePassports will allow Canada to follow international standards in the field of passport security to protect the nation's borders and maintain the ease of international travel that Canadians currently enjoy. At the same time, Passport Canada will start offering the option of a 10-year validity period as well as the current 5-year validity period."
In September 2011, Passport Canada announced that the electronic passport would be ready by the end of 2012, however this was pushed back to 2013 when the organisation found significant delay because of an increase in passport applications for revised entry policies to the United States in the late 2000s and a lengthy consultation process was needed to survey public reactions to the new passport changes.
All Canadian passports issued on or after 1 July 2013 have been ePassports.
All ePassports are issued with 36 pages as opposed to the previous choice of 24 or 48 pages.
Proposed online application process
In 2015, IRCC (then known as CIC) planned to modify the passport renewal system by integrating the passport issuance platform with its Global Case Management System (GCMS), a consolidated IT system for citizenship and immigration applications. Under the proposed system modelled after New Zealand, passport holders would no longer need to return their old passports to CIC for cancellation, but can instead apply for a new passport online while keeping the old documents before they receive the new ones. Instead of returning the old passports, applicants would be asked to cut the corners of these documents "through an honour system". The new process was expected to be available in November 2015, however the plan was cancelled in October when the use of GCMS for passport applications was temporarily suspended due to numerous security glitches in the system. IRCC permanently suspended the use of GCMS for passport applications in February 2016 following an internal audit. GCMS will not be used for passport applications until all risks, which include "Passport Program business requirements", are identified and secured.
New design
On May 10, 2023, the government of Canada announced a new design for the Canadian passport. Printing of the new passport started in summer 2023 and it became available on June 18, 2023.
Incidents
Misuse
Since its introduction, the Canadian passport has been a favourable target of counterfeiters, criminals and agents of foreign governments. The reasons for such high number of misuses include the relative lax issuance process before 1970, the lack of anti-counterfeit features in early non-MRP versions, and the Canadian passport's high number of visa-free countries. In 2015, a fake or altered Canadian passport can cost as much as US$3,000 on the black market, almost three times higher than fake or altered EU passports.
In 1940, Ramón Mercader, a Spanish national, travelled to Mexico City on a fraudulent Canadian passport to assassinate Leon Trotsky.
In 1961, Konon Molody used a fraudulently obtained passport of deceased Canadian Arnold Lonsdale. Using this identity he engaged in espionage activities in the United Kingdom.
In 1962, three American fugitives who were convicted with narcotics-related charges obtained Canadian passports to escape to Spain. At the same time, Australian government officials also uncovered a Soviet spy ring that was using Canadian passports.
In 1968, James Earl Ray, the man who assassinated Martin Luther King, Jr., used a Canadian passport, which was obtained with a forged baptismal certificate in the name of "Ramon George Sneyd", to temporarily escape capture following his completed assassination. He was in possession of two Canadian passports at the time of his arrest at London Heathrow Airport. Before Ray's arrest, he was able to turn his passport in, which has incorrectly spelled his fake last name as "Sneya", to the Canadian Embassy in Portugal, for a replacement under his correct alias. The arrest of Ray triggered an investigation launched by the Royal Commission on Security in 1969, which recommended much more stringent application requirements and the establishment of Passport Canada offices.
In 1973, Mossad agents killed a waiter in Lillehammer, Norway in the mistaken belief that he was a senior operative for Black September. The use of false Canadian passports by the killers prompted a diplomatic crisis in relations between Canada and Israel, resulting in a commitment by Israel not to misuse Canadian passports in the future. It also resulted in a redesign of the Canadian passport to improve its security features.
In 1997, Israeli secret service personnel again botched an assassination bid while using Canadian passports. The attempt against Khaled Mashal in Jordan resulted in the arrest of the would-be killers. The Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy eventually received an apology and a written assurance that Mossad would desist from using Canadian passports.
Ahmed Ressam, the Algerian al-Qaeda Millennium Bomber who attempted to blow up Los Angeles International Airport on New Year's Eve 1999/2000, evaded deportation by Canada and travelled freely to and from Canada by using a Canadian passport he obtained in March 1998 by submitting a fraudulent baptismal certificate; he used a stolen blank certificate, filling it in with a fictitious name.
In 2007, a former Canadian bureaucrat pleaded guilty to selling at least 10 fraudulent passports to individuals overseas.
A Russian spy involved in the Illegals Program used a Canadian passport to travel to the United States to deliver payment to Russian sleeper agents. The passport was issued to a man known as Christopher Metsos. However, following the public revelation of the spy ring in 2010, Passport Canada revoked the document, saying it had been issued by the Canadian High Commission in Johannesburg, South Africa to a man assuming the identity of a deceased Canadian child.
While not a case of misuse as it was conducted with secret approval of the Canadian government, six American diplomats were smuggled out of Iran using authentic Canadian passports containing forged Iranian visas in 1980.
Denial of passports to Abdurahman Khadr and Fateh Kamel
In July 2004, Abdurahman Khadr was denied a Canadian passport by Governor General Adrienne Clarkson on the explicit advice of her Foreign Affairs Minister, Bill Graham, who stated the decision was "in the interest of the national security of Canada and the protection of Canadian troops in Afghanistan". The government invoked Royal Prerogative in order to deny Khadr's passport, as national security was not at that time listed in the Canadian Passport Order as a ground for refusal. Shortly thereafter, on 22 September 2004, section 10.1 was added to the order, which allowed the minister to revoke or refuse a passport due to national security concerns. Khadr sought judicial review of the minister's decision to refuse his passport and, on 8 June of the following year, the Federal Court ruled that the government did not have the power to refuse to issue Khadr's passport in the absence of specific authority set out in the Canadian Passport Order, but stated in obiter dicta that if the order were to be amended, Khadr would likely not be able to challenge the revocation. In 2006, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Peter MacKay, again denied Khadr's application, this time invoking section 10.1 of the amended Canadian Passport Order.
Section 10.1 was later challenged in Federal Court by Fateh Kamel, whose passport had also been refused for national security reasons. On 13 March 2008, the Federal Court declared section 10.1 of the Canadian Passport Order to be unconstitutional and therefore invalid, though the court suspended its declaration of invalidity for six months in order to allow the government time to amend the order. The federal government launched an appeal at the Federal Court of Appeal and a ruling handed down on 29 January 2009 overturned the lower court decision. The court unanimously agreed the denial of passport service on national security grounds is in compliance with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, citing the limitation clause (Section 1) as its main decision point. Kamel launched an appeal in 2009 to the Supreme Court of Canada but the court declined to hear his case and thus ended the legality challenge to the Canadian Passport Order. In 2010, Kamel attempted to re-apply for a Canadian passport but was once again refused by the minister on grounds of national security. He sought judicial review but was dismissed by the Federal Court and subsequently by the Federal Court of Appeal in 2013. Kamel did not appeal the decision of the Federal Court of Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada.
Proof of Canadian citizenship
A Canadian passport serves as the proof of holder's identity and nationality status outside Canada. Contrary to popular belief, however, a Canadian passport itself, be it valid or invalid, is only a prima facie proof of Canadian citizenship. Conclusive proof of Canadian citizenship, as dictated by the IRCC, only includes the following documents:
Canadian citizenship certificate;
Canadian citizenship card;
Birth certificate from a Canadian province or territory;
Naturalisation certificate as a British subject in Canada (issued before 1 January 1947);
Registration of birth abroad certificate (issued between 1 January 1947 and 14 February 1977); and,
Certificates of retention (issued between 1 January 1947 and 14 February 1977)
Although the provincial or territorial birth certificate is accepted by IRCC as valid proof of citizenship, Section 3(2) of the Citizenship Act declares that a child born in Canada to a diplomatic or consular officer or other representative of a foreign country, or an employee in the service of such person, is not a Canadian citizen if neither parent was a Canadian citizen or Canadian permanent resident at time of the child's birth. Such persons may be issued Canadian passports, as their provincial or territorial birth certificate are considered as proof of citizenship. Under the Act, however, they are legally not Canadian citizens even if they hold a valid Canadian passport.
The ambiguity on the enforcement of the Act can create hardship for Canadian passport holders who assumed they were Canadian citizens. Deepan Budlakoti, a stateless man born in Ottawa to Indian parents who were employed by the Indian High Commission at the time of his birth, was twice issued a Canadian passport under the assumption that he was a Canadian citizen by virtue of being born in Canada. His Canadian passport, however, was cancelled after his criminal convictions in 2010 brought the investigation by Citizenship and Immigration Canada, which concluded in 2011 that he was not a Canadian citizen, but a permanent resident. His request for judicial review in the Federal Court, and subsequent appeals up to the Supreme Court of Canada, to recognize him as a Canadian citizen were denied. The Indian government claims that he had lost his Indian citizenship by obtaining a Canadian passport, as Rule 3 of Schedule III of the Citizenship Rules, 1956 of India states that "the fact that a citizen of India has obtained on any date a passport from the Government of any other country shall be conclusive proof of his/her having voluntarily acquired the citizenship of that country before that date". Budlakoti, therefore, is stateless, regardless of the fact that he had held a Canadian passport.
Visa requirements
Visa requirements for Canadian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Canada. According to the June 2023 Henley Passport Index, holders of a Canadian passport can visit 186 countries and territories without a visa or with a visa on arrival, ranking the Canadian passport 8th in the world (tied with Greece, Hungary and Poland).
Visa-free access to the United States
Prior to 2007, Canadians could enter the United States by presenting a birth certificate (or other proof of Canadian citizenship) along with a form of photo identification (such as a driver's licence). In many cases United States border agents would accept a verbal declaration of citizenship.
Under the United States Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, since 23 January 2007, all Canadians entering the United States via air have been required to present a valid passport or NEXUS card. Since 1 June 2009, the United States has required all Canadian citizens (16 years or older) to present a passport, NEXUS card, enhanced driver's licence, or Free and Secure Trade (FAST) card to enter the U.S. via land or water.
In most circumstances, Canadian citizens do not require visitor, business, transit or other visas to enter the United States, either from Canada or from other countries. Moreover, Canadian citizens are generally granted a stay in the U.S. for up to six months at the time of entry. Visa requirements only apply to Canadians who fall under visa categories, and they must apply for a visa before entry in the same manner as other nationalities:
E (investors)
K (fiancé(e)s or spouses and their children of U.S. citizens)
V (spouses and children of Lawful Permanent Residents)
S (informants)
A (Canadian government officials travelling on official business),
G (Canadian diplomats working for international organizations in the U.S.)
NATO (Canadians working specifically for the NATO)
Canadians intending to settle permanently in the United States require Immigrant Visas
Canadian students are exempted from the visa requirements if they hold a valid form I-20 or DS-2019 and have paid their SEVIS registration fees, which enables them to travel to the U.S. under F-1 or J-1 statuses.
Lawfully working in the United States
Under the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), Canadian citizens can legally work in the U.S. under simplified procedure, known as TN status, if their professions are under USMCA regulations and they have a prearranged full-time or part-time job with a U.S. employer. Obtaining TN status does not involve getting a physical visa, instead the applicant is required to apply and receive TN status with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) at a U.S. port of entry. The TN status is good for three years once approved and can be renewed indefinitely if working for the same employer, however it may be reviewed and possibly revoked each time the applicant enters the U.S. TN status also does not facilitate the process of obtaining lawful U.S. permanent residency and cannot be used to live in the U.S. permanently.
Canadians who want to work in the U.S. with intention to immigrate to the U.S., or who are ineligible for TN status, can also work under the H-1B status. Unlike other nationalities, they are exempted from obtaining the physical visa from a U.S. embassy or consulate. Apart from the visa exemption, other procedures are the same with all foreign nationals.
First Nations
Under the Jay Treaty signed by the U.S. and Great Britain in 1794, all First Nations born in Canada are entitled to freely enter the U.S. for employment, education, retirement, investing, or immigration. In order to qualify, all eligible persons must provide documentation of their First Nations background at the port of entry. The documentation must be sufficient to show the bearer is "at least 50% of the American Indian race".
Foreign travel statistics
According to the statistics these are the numbers of Canadian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):
See also
Canadian Passport Order
Canadian nationality law
Mobile Passport
Visa requirements for Canadian citizens
Visa policy of Canada
List of diplomatic missions of Canada
Five Nations Passport Group
Notes
References
External links
Official site
History of Canadian Passports
Renewal of Canadian Passports
Passport Guarantors Policy
Travel Advice and Advisories – Global Affairs Canada
Directory of Canadian Government Offices Abroad – Global Affairs Canada
Canadian passport information on PRADO
Canada
Passport
Passport
1862 introductions
Passport |
4136440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune%20Publishing | Tribune Publishing | Tribune Publishing Company (briefly Tronc, Inc.) is an American newspaper print and online media publishing company. The company, which was acquired by Alden Global Capital in May 2021, has a portfolio that includes the Chicago Tribune, the New York Daily News, The Baltimore Sun, the Orlando Sentinel, South Florida's Sun-Sentinel, The Virginian-Pilot, the Hartford Courant, additional titles in Pennsylvania and Virginia, syndication operations, and websites. It also publishes several local newspapers in its metropolitan regions, which are organized in subsidiary groups.
Incorporated in 1847 with the founding of the Chicago Tribune, Tribune Publishing operated as a division of the Tribune Company, a Chicago-based multimedia conglomerate, until it was spun off into a separate public company in August 2014.
The company confirmed its sale to hedge fund Alden Global Capital on May 21, 2021. The transaction officially closed on May 25. Prior to this acquisition, Tribune Publishing was the nation's third-largest newspaper publisher (behind Gannett and The McClatchy Company), with eleven daily newspapers and commuter tabloids throughout the United States. With the acquisition, Alden Global Capital became the second-largest newspaper publisher in the United States.
History
Early history
Tribune Publishing's history dates back to 1847, when the Chicago Tribune (for which the company and its former parent, Tribune Media, are named) published its first edition on June 10 of that year, in a one-room plant at LaSalle and Lake Streets in Chicago. The Tribune constructed its first building, a four-story structure at Dearborn and Madison Streets, in 1869; however the building was destroyed, along with most of the city, by the Great Chicago Fire in October 1871. The Tribune resumed printing two days later with an editorial declaring "Chicago Shall Rise Again". The newspaper's editor and part-owner, Joseph Medill, was elected mayor and led the city's reconstruction. A native Ohioan who first acquired an interest in the Tribune in 1855, Medill gained full control of the newspaper in 1874 and ran it until his death in 1899.
Medill's two grandsons, cousins Robert R. McCormick and Joseph Medill Patterson, assumed leadership of the company in 1911. That same year, the Chicago Tribunes first newsprint mill opened in Thorold, Ontario, Canada. The mill marked the beginnings of the Canadian newsprint producer later known as QUNO, in which Tribune held an investment interest until 1995. The Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate was formed in 1918, leading to Joseph Patterson's establishment of the company's second newspaper, the New York Daily News on June 26, 1919. Tribune's ownership of the New York City tabloid was considered "interlocking" due to an agreement between McCormick and Patterson.
Expansion
The company acquired the Fort Lauderdale-based Sun-Sentinel newspaper in 1963; this was later followed by its purchase of the Orlando Sentinel in 1965. In 1973, the company began sharing stories among 25 subscriber newspapers via the newly formed news service, the Knight News Wire. By 1990, this service was known as Knight-Ridder/Tribune and provided graphics, photo, and news content to its member newspapers. KRT became McClatchy-Tribune Information Services, which is owned by the Tribune Company and McClatchy, when The McClatchy Company purchased Knight-Ridder Inc. in 2006. Tribune later acquired the Newport News, Virginia-based Daily Press in 1986. In the wake of a dispute with some of its labor unions, the New York Daily News was sold to British businessman Robert Maxwell in 1991.
In June 2000, Tribune acquired the Los Angeles-based Times Mirror Company in a merger deal worth $8.3 billion, which was the largest acquisition in the history of the newspaper industry. The merger added seven daily newspapers to Tribune's portfolio, including the Los Angeles Times, the Long Island-based Newsday, The Baltimore Sun, and the Hartford Courant. Tribune Media Net, the national advertising sales organization of Tribune Publishing, was established in 2000 to take advantage of the company's expanded scale and scope.
Later in the decade, Tribune launched daily newspapers targeting urban commuters, including the Chicago Tribune RedEye edition in 2002, followed by an investment in AM New York one year later. In 2006, Tribune acquired the minority equity interest in AM New York, giving it full ownership of the newspaper. The company sold both Newsday and AM New York to Cablevision Systems Corporation in 2008, with the sale of the latter paper closing on July 29 of that year.
Takeover by Sam Zell and bankruptcy
On April 2, 2007, Chicago-based investor Sam Zell announced plans to buy out the Tribune Company for $34.00 a share, totaling $8.2 billion, with intentions to take the company private. The deal was approved by 97% of the company's shareholders on August 21, 2007. Privatization of the Tribune Company occurred on December 20, 2007, with Tribune's stock listing being terminated at the close of the trading day.
On December 8, 2008, faced with a high debt load totaling $13 billion, related to the company's leveraged buyout and subsequent privatization, and a sharp downturn in newspaper advertising revenue, Tribune filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in what was the largest bankruptcy in the history of the American media industry. Company plans called for it to emerge from bankruptcy by May 31, 2010, but the company would end up in protracted bankruptcy proceedings for four years.
On July 13, 2012, the Tribune Company received approval of a reorganization plan to allow the company to emerge from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in a Delaware bankruptcy court. Oaktree Capital Management, JPMorgan Chase and Angelo, Gordon & Co., which were the company's senior debt holders, assumed control of Tribune's properties upon the company's exit from bankruptcy on December 31, 2012.
Spin-off of publishing unit
On February 26, 2013, Tribune reportedly hired investment firms Evercore Partners and J.P. Morgan & Co. to oversee the sale of its newspapers. On July 10, 2013, Tribune announced that it would split into two companies, spinning off its publishing division into the Tribune Publishing Company. Its broadcasting, digital media and other assets (including GraceNote) would remain with the Tribune Company. On November 20, 2013, Tribune announced it would cut 700 jobs from its newspaper properties due to declining advertising revenues.
On June 17, 2014, in a presentation for lenders, Tribune revealed that it had set August 4 as the target date for its spin-off of Tribune Publishing. The split was finalized on the target date, with the publishing arm being spun out as Tribune Publishing Company, and its former parent company being renamed Tribune Media.
Post spin-off
Tribune Publishing acquired six suburban daily and 32 weekly newspapers in the Chicago Metropolitan Area in October 2014. These acquisitions were similar in strategy to earlier acquisitions in the state of Maryland, expanding its footprint in its eight "core markets".
On May 7, 2015, Tribune Publishing announced that it had reached a deal to acquire the San Diego Union-Tribune and its associated properties for $85 million, ending the paper's 146 years of private ownership. Following the completion of the acquisition, the Union-Tribune and the Los Angeles Times became part of a new operating entity known as the California News Group, led by Times publisher and CEO Timothy E. Ryan. The two California papers retained distinct operations, but sought a synergy with content sharing between them.
In April 2016, Gannett Company (which, much like Tribune, had spun out its broadcasting properties into a separate firm to focus on publishing assets) made an unsolicited bid to acquire Tribune Publishing for $12.25 per-share, or around $400 million. This deal was rejected by Tribune's shareholders in May 2016; in turn, Gannett increased its offer to around $15 per-share (around $800 million). On May 17, 2016, Tribune chairman Michael Ferro stated that he intended to make a bid to acquire Gannett instead.
On November 1, 2016, Gannett announced that it would no longer pursue its acquisition of Tronc.
tronc era
On June 2, 2016, the company announced that it would rebrand itself as tronc, short for "Tribune online content". The rebranding took place on June 20, 2016. Tronc began trading on NASDAQ under the symbol TRNC. In June 2018, the Tribune Company announced that it would no longer be referred to as Tronc and would instead henceforth be called "Tribune Publishing".
At the time in 2016 that the company moved into calling itself tronc, chief technology officer Malcolm CasSelle and chief digital officer Anne Vasquez announced to employees initiatives in content optimization, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and increasing the amount of video to 50% of all content by 2017, in an effort to increase reader engagement and ad revenue. The company also introduced a new slogan, From Pixels to Pulitzers. The video announcement was derided in social and print media as full of buzzwords and lacking substance. On August 7, 2016, while criticising several aspects of a corporate restructuring that went along with the rebranding (for instance a shift of focus away from hard news towards usage maximization, which he perceived as undue), satirist John Oliver mocked this new name as "the sound an ejaculating elephant makes", and (ironically) "the sound of a stack of newspapers hitting a dumpster." The Verge said, "Sounds like a Millennial falling down the stairs."
On March 13, 2017, tronc announced that it would license Arc, the content management system of The Washington Post.
On September 4, 2017, tronc announced that it had acquired the New York Daily News. Having been established in 1919 by the Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate, the Daily News had been owned by the Tribune Company before its sale to Robert Maxwell in 1991 and then to Mortimer Zuckerman in 1993. Tronc purchased the New York Daily News for $1 plus the assumption of its liabilities. On July 23, 2018, tronc announced massive layoffs at the paper, and ousted its editor in chief.
On February 7, 2018, tronc announced the sale of its California properties (Los Angeles Times, San Diego Union-Tribune) to Patrick Soon-Shiong for $500 million, with the buyer also assuming of $90 million in pension liabilities. The sale closed on June 18 that year and Tribune Publishing announced at the time that it would no longer be referred to as tronc.
Tribune Publishing
On June 19, 2018, it was reported that tronc would revert its name back to Tribune Publishing; this would be confirmed by the company in October of that year. In July 2018 tronc moved their headquarters from Tribune Tower several blocks south to One Prudential Plaza.
In January 2019, Tribune announced that industry veteran Timothy P. Knight would succeed Justin Dearborn as CEO. Dearborn had served as CEO since 2016. The company's board of directors also elected former Congressman and chairman of the House Rules Committee David Dreier to succeed Dearborn as chairman.
In December 2019, Alden Global Capital, a New York City-based hedge fund, acquired a 32% stake in shares of Tribune Publishing Company.
In February 2020, Dreier and Knight stepped down as chairman and CEO, respectively. Knight was replaced by the chief financial officer, Terry Jimenez.
In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tribune Publishing closed a number of its papers' newsrooms, including those of: the New York Daily News, The Morning Call, the Orlando Sentinel, the Carroll County Times, the Capital Gazette and the Hartford Courant.
Acquisition by Alden
Tribune Publishing was acquired by hedge fund Alden Global Capital (Alden) for $635 million, giving its final approval on May 21, 2021, with the transaction officially closing on May 25, 2021.
In December 2019, Alden acquired a 32% stake in shares of Tribune Publishing Company. Most of its stake was purchased from Michael Ferro at $13 a share. Considering what it paid for other tranches, the average price Alden paid for its shares of Tribune Publishing stock is around $12.75. It is offering $17.25/share. Tribune Publishing announced in February 2021 that it had agreed to be wholly acquired by Alden, and the final approval came in May.
A key element in concluding the sale to Alden was the decision by Patrick Soon-Shiong, who owned 24% of the company's stock, to abstain from the May 21 shareholder vote.
In early April 2021, Tribune Publishing announced that it has entered into serious discussions with an alternative pair of suitors for an amount higher than its deal with Alden. The new bidders were Stewart W. Bainum Jr. and Hansjörg Wyss. This deal would have amounted to an overall bid of $680 million, or $18.50/share, in contrast to the $635 million offer from Alden.
The Bainum/Wyss acquisition offer came about when Bainum's offer to purchase the Baltimore Sun from Alden once it completed its acquisition of Tribune Publishing fell apart. The Sun deal fell apart on March 12 when Bainum became convinced that Alden was smuggling extra costs and fees into its deal with him that violated what he thought he had agreed to. He had agreed to purchase the Sun for $65 million, along with payments on a transitional-services agreement. The transitional-services agreement would have involved payments from the Sun to Alden for logistical aspects of running the business including its payroll and circulation departments and national and digital sales unit. Bainum believed he had negotiated a deal for two years of transitional services, with a 30-day exit clause. Instead, he was asked to commit to a five-year agreement with no possibility of an early exit. Bainum took umbrage and, instead, put together a competing bid to purchase the entirety of Tribune Publishing.
Poynter.org observed that fears about the potential Alden acquisition may have obscured that staffing levels at Tribune Publishing's nine metropolitan newspapers fell 30.4% from 2019 to 2020. They write, "Employees and local readers are concerned that Alden would make deep cuts to Tribune if it bought the company. But it seems that's already happening."
Hansjörg Wyss announced the third week of April that he was withdrawing from acquisition talks. Shortly thereafter, Tribune Publishing said that it was ending its conversations with Stewart W. Bainum Jr. because they believed that this possible deal could not reasonably be expected, in the absence of Wyss, to lead to a "superior proposal". Wyss had been expected to contribute $505 million to the transaction, with $100 million coming from Bainum.
Bainum had until the end of the first week in May to submit a better proposal. Tribune Publishing's shareholders voted on a final deal on May 21. Bainum's difficulty in putting together a deal was said to be his inability to find a purchaser for the Chicago Tribune, which is the largest and most expensive of the metropolitan daily newspapers owned by Tribune Publishing. In the wake of the May 21 finalized sale, Bainum expressed continued interest in purchasing the Baltimore Sun and indicated that if he is unable to do so, he might invest a significant sum in creating a digital alternative.
Publications owned
Current
Newspapers
Chicago Tribune (Chicago, Illinois)
Daily Southtown (Chicago, Illinois)
Post-Tribune (Merrillville, Indiana)
Naperville Sun (Naperville, Illinois)
Elgin Courier-News (Elgin, Illinois)
The Beacon-News (Aurora, Illinois)
Lake County News-Sun (Gurnee, Illinois)
Pioneer Press
Barrington Courier-Review
Buffalo Grove Countryside
Deerfield Review
The Doings Clarendon Hills
The Doings Hinsdale
The Doings La Grange
The Doings Oak Brook
The Doings Weekly
The Doings Western Springs
Elm Leaves
Evanston Review
Forest Leaves
Franklin Park Herald Journal
Glencoe News
Glenview Announcements
Highland Park News
Lake Forester
Lake Zurich Courier
Libertyville Review
Lincolnshire Review
Lincolnwood Review
Morton Grove Champion
Mundelein Review
Niles Herald-Spectator
Norridge Harwood Heights News
Northbrook Star
Oak Leaves
Park Ridge Herald Advocate
Skokie Review
Vernon Hills Review
Wilmette Life
Winnetka Talk
The Capital (Annapolis, Maryland)
Maryland Gazette
Bowie Blade (Bowie, Maryland)
Crofton-West County Gazette (Crofton, Maryland)
Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, Maryland)
Carroll County Times (Westminster, Maryland)
Sun Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale, Florida)
Boca Times (Boca Raton, Florida; Highland Beach, Florida)
El Sentinel del Sur de la Florida (Fort Lauderdale, Florida)
Florida Jewish Journal
Delray Sun (Delray Beach, Florida; Gulf Stream, Florida)
Gateway Gazette (Boynton Beach, Florida; Lantana, Florida; Hypoluxo, Florida; Atlantis, Florida; South Palm Beach, Florida; Ocean Ridge, Florida; Manalapan, Florida; Briny Breezes, Florida)
Glades Gazette (Miramar, Florida; Pembroke Pines, Florida; Weston, Florida; Southwest Ranches, Florida)
Pier Review (Deerfield Beach, Florida; Pompano Beach, Florida; Lighthouse Point, Florida; Hillsboro Beach, Florida)
Riverside Times (Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Oakland Park, Florida; Wilton Manors, Florida; Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, Florida; Sea Ranch Lakes, Florida)
Sawgrass Sun (Plantation, Florida; Sunrise, Florida; Lauderhill, Florida; Tamarac, Florida; North Lauderdale, Florida; Lauderdale Lakes, Florida)
The Forum (Coral Springs, Florida; Coconut Creek, Florida; Margate, Florida; North Lauderdale, Florida; Parkland, Florida)
The Trailblazer (Davie, Florida; Cooper City, Florida; Southwest Ranches, Florida)
The Villager (Wellington, Florida; Royal Palm Beach, Florida; Greenacres, Florida; Loxahatchee Groves, Florida; Westlake, Florida; The Acreage, Florida)
West Boca Times (West Boca Raton, Florida)
Orlando Sentinel (Orlando, Florida)
El Sentinel (Orlando, Florida)
The Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, Virginia)
Inside Business (Norfolk, Virginia)
AltDaily (Norfolk, Virginia)
The Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut)
ReminderNews
The Morning Call (Allentown, Pennsylvania)
Daily Press (Newport News, Virginia)
The Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, Virginia)
The Tidewater Review
New York Daily News (New York, New York)
Commuter tabloids
Tribune News Service
Magazines
City & Shore Magazine
Chicago Magazine
Hartford Magazine
Naperville Magazine
Polo Equestrian of the Palm Beaches
Prime Magazine
South Florida Parenting
Williamsburg Magazine
Websites
The Daily Meal
The Active Times
Military News
Metromix
Pro Soccer USA
Syndication agency
Tribune Content Agency
Former
AM New York (New York, New York; 2003–2008)
Newsday (Melville, New York; 2000–2008)
8 community weeklies
Hoy (Los Angeles and San Diego (with an edition in north Baja California), California; 2000−2018)
Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles, California; 2000–2018)
Daily Pilot (Newport Beach, California)
Burbank Leader (Burbank, California)
Glendale News Press (Glendale, California)
La Canada Valley Sun (La Canada Flintridge, California)
RedEye (Chicago, Illinois)
San Diego Union-Tribune (San Diego, California; 2015–2018)
8 community weeklies
References
External links
Newspaper companies of the United States
Newspaper companies in Chicago
Companies based in Chicago
Chicago Tribune
Publishing companies established in 1847
1847 establishments in Illinois
Publishing companies established in 2014
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
2014 establishments in Illinois
American companies established in 2014
Corporate spin-offs
2021 mergers and acquisitions |
4136591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service%20%C3%A0%20la%20russe | Service à la russe | The historical form of (; ) is a manner of dining with courses brought to the table sequentially, and the food portioned on individual plates by the waiter (typically from a sideboard in the dining room). It contrasts with the older (), based on several courses brought to the table simultaneously, in an impressive display of tureens and serving dishes, with diners plating food themselves.
Service à la russe became the norm in formal Western cuisine over the 19th century. While it reduced the magnificent profusion of dishes and condiments on the table at a given time, it demanded many more footmen and required more tableware, making it an option only the wealthy could afford. It had the advantage of the food being much hotter when reaching the diner, and ensuring that everybody could taste everything they wanted from the dishes offered, which in practice the old system often did not allow. It also reduced the time spent at the table.
The Russian Ambassador Alexander Kurakin is credited with bringing to France in 1810, at a meal in Clichy on the outskirts of Paris. It eventually caught on in England, becoming the norm by the 1870s and 1880s, though in France there was considerable resistance and lingered on until the 1890s, and even beyond for the most formal state banquets. remains the basis for most modern Western restaurant service.
A less formal style known as (; ) in France, has the hostess serving soup from one end of the table, and later the host carving a joint of meat from the other end, with servants taking these to diners, and diners serving themselves from other dishes.
Place setting and service order
For the most correct service à la russe, in its modern form (significantly different from the original) the following must be observed:
The place setting (called a cover) for each guest includes a service plate, all the necessary cutlery except those required for dessert, and stemmed glasses for water, wines and champagne. On the service plate are a rolled napkin and the place card. Above the plate is a saltcellar, nut dish, and a menu.
The cutlery to the right of the service plate is, from the outside in, the oyster fork resting in the bowl of the soup spoon, the fish knife, the meat knife and the salad knife (or fruit knife). On the left, from the outside in, are the fish fork, the meat fork and a salad fork (or fruit fork). If both a salad and a fruit course are served, the necessary extra flatware is brought out on a platter, as it is bad form to have more than three knives or forks on the table at once, the oyster fork excepted.
Guests are seated according to their place cards and immediately remove their napkins and place them in their laps. Another view maintains that the napkin is only removed after the host has removed his or hers. In the same manner, the host is first to begin eating, and guests follow. The oyster plate is placed on the service plate. Once that is cleared, the soup plate replaces it. After the soup course is finished, both the soup plate and service plate are removed from the table, and a heated plate is put in their place. The rule is as such: a filled plate is always replaced with an empty one, and no place goes without a plate until just before the dessert course.
The fish and meat courses are now always served from platters because in correct service a filled plate is never placed before a guest, as this would indirectly dictate how much food the guest is to eat. This was not the case historically, nor is it often followed in restaurants.
Directly before dessert, everything is removed from the place settings except the wine and water glasses. Crumbs are cleared. The dessert plate is then brought out with a doily on top of it, a finger bowl on top of that, and a fork and spoon, the former balanced on the left side of the plate and the latter on the right. Guests remove the doily and finger bowls, move them to the left of the plate and place the fork to the left side of the plate and the spoon to its right. Guests do not actually need to use the finger bowl, since they may have not used their fingers to eat with, unless they also had bread with the meal.
A multi-course dinner served à la russe
The number of dishes (or courses) served at a meal à la russe has changed over time; but an underlying pattern of service—beginning with soup, then moving through various entrées, then to the roast or game, and then to vegetables (including salads), sweets and coffee—persisted from the mid-19th century (when this type of service was introduced to France) until WWII, and continued in a much-reduced form into the 21st century. The order of dishes descends directly from the much older service à la française. In that style of service, all sorts of dishes were arranged on the table and guests served themselves and each other. As Jean-Louis Flandrin has shown, the order of consumption—known to the guests of the time but rarely evident from contemporary menus or descriptions of meals—was essentially the same as the order of presentation in service à la russe.
An elaborate version of service à la russe, which reached its pinnacle in the last decades of the Victorian era, was described by Sarah Tyson Rorer in 1886. Rorer was critical of this elaborate service and offered a much simpler alternative, which in fact represents the core principles of this style of service.
The elaborate and conventional dinner, complete at all points, which the dinner-giving of a century and a half has evolved, is beyond any but the very wealthy. Very few of them succeed in giving it, and still fewer of their guests enjoy it. Its triple triplets of oysters, soup, and fish, the relevé, entrées, and roast, a pause of rum punch to stimulate languishing digestion, game with salad, sweets and ice, coffee to close, and a bewildering series of wines, with an alcoholic appetizer to begin and end, have, however, had their effect in making many feel that a formal dinner must only follow this model from afar. So, with only the resources of a simple household, they compass, with infinite labor, oysters, soup, and fish, add some made dish to the meat, and put salad before and ice cream after the pudding or sweets.But success here, with a moderate income, is as rare as success with the long dinner at the complete table. Try to grasp the theory of the elaborate edifice which custom and convention has piled up, and see if your own resources cannot reproduce its purpose with better success. After having carefully analyzed it, you will see at once that the most complex dinner simply aims to begin with something of easy digestion, slide by some transition to the roast, and make sure that through salad, sweets and coffee, the last half of your dinner shall interest the appetite as well as satisfy hunger. You, have, therefore, soup, roast, dessert, which make up the usual dinner of thoroughly civilized people, and below you will see how, with but moderate resources, you may so vary this as to make a “little dinner” complete and satisfying in itself; more, the most elaborate meal at Delmonico’s cannot do.
In Britain and the United States, fish is a distinct course; relevés are large, solid joints of meat or whole fowl, generally baked, braised, or boiled but not roasted; entrées are elaborate "made dishes" of, typically, fillets of beef or other butcher's meat (and sometimes fowl, but—apart from days of religious observance—not fish), served in fine sauces. Roasts are solid joints of meat (and sometimes fowl) other than feathered game, usually spit-roasted but often baked. Game is feathered not furred, spit-roasted whole and served rather simply. (Rorer's "roast" here refers to a roasted main course, but this terminology is not typical of the period. In her time, the "roast" followed the punch, and it was always game, if available.)
At the time Rorer was writing, Alessandro Filippini, a chef at Delmonico's restaurant on Pine Street in New York, wrote a book of menus for "every family of means in the habit of giving a few dinners to its friends during the year", with a brief discussion of table service and a guide to wines. He recommended the types of menus criticized by Rorer but common among the wealthy.
French dinners are generally served in three main courses, viz., Relevés, Entrées, and Rotis; all the rest are considered side courses. It depends entirely on the taste of the host as to how many main courses he desires served. The author would suggest two relevés, three entrées, and one or two rotis; this could be made an elaborate dinner.
About a third of Filippini's book contains menus for breakfast, luncheon, and dinner for every day of the year. The dinner menus begin with the "side courses", as he calls them: oysters or clams, soup, and hors d'œuvre; followed by the three "main courses": several relevés and entrées, and one roti (roast); and finally a few other "side courses": sweet entremets, ices, and coffee.
Hors-d'œuvre are usually small cold items (such as olives, celery, radishes, charcuterie, caviar), but they might also include hot made dishes (such as timbales, croustades, croquettes). In the French style of service à la russe, used by Filippini for many of his menus, there is no distinct "fish course", as both relevés and entrées may be of meat, fowl, or fish indiscriminately. Punch often precedes the roast. The roast can be meat, fowl, or fish (though fish is generally limited to days of religious observance); when game is served, it always comprises the roast course. Entremets are the vegetables, including salads, served with the relevés and entrées; they not as a separate course, though they are often listed as such. Sweet entremets are cakes, puddings, and such. Ices are frozen sweets, served as a separate course. Fruit, petits fours, coffee, and cordials are offered at the end of the meal.
A few years after Filippini wrote his book, Charles Ranhofer, another chef at Delmonico's restaurant (variously at the 14th Street, 26th Street, and 44th Street locations), in his cookbook The Epicurean, outlined in great detail the dishes necessary for dinners ranging from six to fourteen courses. The six-course dinner is very much like Rorer's "little dinner": oysters, soup, fish, entrée, roast, salad, and dessert. Longer dinners are arranged by adding side dishes, removes, and various cold dishes, and by serving a greater number of entrées and desserts. The longest of these menus is as follows:
Figure 1—36 covers:
Oysters.
2 Soups.
S.D. hot and cold.
2 Fish, potatoes.
1 Remove, vegetables.
1 Entrée, vegetables.
1 Entrée, vegetables.
1 Entrée, vegetables.
1 Punch.
1 or 2 Roasts.
1 or 2 Colds, salad.
1 Hot sweet dessert.
1 or 2 Cold sweet des'rts.
1 or 2 Ices. Dessert.
"S.D." are "side dishes", i.e. hors d'œuvre. There is a separate fish course, then relevés and entrées. Cold dishes, such as mayonnaise salads and aspics, had become very popular at this time, as is evident in the menu. Roasts could be of butchers' meat, fowl, or game (rarely, if ever, fish). When more than one dish was appointed for a course (e.g. 2 Soups, 2 Fish, 2 roasts, 2 colds), the guest was expected to choose one or the other, not both. A guest might decline one or more of the courses.
Ranhofer also gives elaborate instructions for the service of wine.
FIRST SERVICE.
With Oysters.—Sauterne, Barsac, Graves, Mont Rachet, Chablis.
After the Soup.—Madeira, Sherry or Xeres.
With Fish.—(Rhine wines) Johannisberger, Marcobrunner, Hochheimer, Laubenheimer, Liebfraumilch, Steinberger. (Moselle) Brauneberger, Zeltinger, Berncasteler.
With Removes.—Côte St. Jacques, Moulin-à-vent, Macon, Clos de Vougeot, Beaune.
With Entrées.—St. Émilion, Médoc du Bordelais, St. Julien. Dry champagnes for certain countries.
Iced Punches and Sherbets, Rum, Madeira.
SECOND SERVICE. With Roasts.—(Burgundies) Pommard, Nuits, Corton, Chambertin, Romanée Conti.
Cold Roasts.—Vin de Paille, Steinberger.
With Hot Desserts.—(Bordeaux) Château Margaux, Léoville, Laffitte, Château Larose, Pontet-Canet, St. Pierre, Côtes de Rhone, Hermitage and Côte-Rôtie. (Red Champagne) Bouzy, Verzenay, Porto Première.
THIRD SERVICE. With Dessert.—(Burgundy) Volnay, Mousseux. (Champagnes) Delmonico, Roederer, Rosé Mousseux, Pommery, Cliquot, Perrier-Jouët, Moët, Mumm.
Wine Liquors.—Muscatel, Malaga, Alicante, Malvoisie of Madeira, Lacryma Christi, red and white Cape, Tokay, Constance, Schiraz.
Cordials.—Curaçoa [sic], Kirsch, Cognac, Chartreuse, Maraschino, Prunelle, Anisette, Bénédictine.
Beers.—Bass’ Ales, Porter, Tivoli, Milwaukee.
Several decades later, shorter meals had become the norm and the extravagant dinners of the Victorian period were considered vulgar, as noted by Emily Post in 1922:
Under no circumstances would a private dinner, no matter how formal, consist of more than:
Hors-d’œuvre
Soup
Fish
Entrée
Roast
Salad
Dessert
Coffee
The menu for an informal dinner would leave out the entrée, and possibly either the hors-d’oeuvre or the soup.
As a matter of fact, the marked shortening of the menu is in informal dinners and at the home table of the well-to-do. Formal dinners have been as short as the above schedule for twenty-five years. [c.1900.] A dinner interlarded with a row of extra entrées, Roman punch, and hot dessert is unknown except at a public dinner, or in the dining-room of a parvenu. About thirty-five years ago [c.1890] such dinners are said to have been in fashion!
At the time Post was writing, hors-d’œuvre meant rather narrowly light cold dishes like oysters, clams, melon, or citrus. Entrées meant elaborate "made dishes" of fillets of beef or other butcher's meat served in a fine sauce, or some sort of pastry dish. Roasts could be of any meat, which was not necessarily roasted. The preferred dish of a truly fine dinner was wild feathered game, spit-roasted and served rather simply. Dessert was molded ice cream only, to the exclusion of all other sweets. Despite Post's complaints about extra entrées, many dinners continued to feature two meat courses between the fish and the roast.
Post's first book was published during Prohibition, and she noted, "A water glass standing alone at each place makes such a meager and untrimmed looking table that most people put on at least two wine glasses, sherry and champagne, or claret and sherry, and pour something pinkish or yellowish into them. [...] Those few who still have cellars, serve wines exactly as they used to, white wine, claret, sherry and Burgundy warm, champagne ice cold; and after dinner, green mint poured over crushed ice in little glasses, and other liqueurs of room temperature."
After World War II, dinners were curtailed even more. As Post writes in the 1950 edition of her book, the shorter "informal" meal of her earlier book had become the norm for formal dinners:
It is rare for a modern dinner to consist of more than five courses. However, 'tasting menus' - whereby diners are served numerous courses do exist. These are the exception though, and a formal dinner today would typically include::
Soup or oysters or melon or clams
Fish or entrée
Roast
Salad
Dessert
After-dinner coffee
In addition to the set courses, little relish dishes of radishes, celery, olives, or almonds could be set on the table as "hors-d'œuvre". Wines, too, were often greatly reduced in number. Amy Vanderbilt noted in her book, The Complete Book of Etiquette, "At a formal dinner champagne may be the only wine served after the service of sherry with the soup."
This five-course service might be further reduced by serving either soup or fish (or shellfish) as a first course, but not both. Dinners in the French style usually include a cheese course after the roast, generally resulting in a 6-course meal (see, for example, the formal menus in Richard Olney's The French Menu Cookbook); alternatively, one or more of the other courses can be omitted (see, for example, the formal menus in Simone Beck's Simca's Cuisine). Dinners in the American style often place the salad as a first course instead of soup, an innovation that appeared in the 1950s in California and was noted by Vanderbilt; in this arrangement, dessert is served immediately after the roast. Wine service may include a separate wine for each course, or simply be champagne throughout; or, most commonly, service may be limited to three wines: a white for the soup and fish, a red for the roast, and a sweet wine or champagne for dessert.
These and similar arrangements of four- and five-course formal dinners were the norm throughout the second half of the 20th century.
Further reading
See also
Degustation
Full-course dinner
Boston Cooking-School Cook Book
References
Works cited
Kilien Stengel, « Découper une pièce de viande, flamber un dessert du XIXe au XXIe siècle : Art, science, privilège et obsolescence. », dans Les gestes culinaires: Mise en scène de savoir-faire, Paris, L’Harmattan, coll. Questions alimentaires et gastronomiques, , 2017
Kilien Stengel, ''Le lexique culinaire Ferrandi, Hachette, 2015, p. 190
Serving and dining |
4136723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafast%20laser%20spectroscopy | Ultrafast laser spectroscopy | Ultrafast laser spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique that uses ultrashort pulse lasers for the study of dynamics on extremely short time scales (attoseconds to nanoseconds). Different methods are used to examine the dynamics of charge carriers, atoms, and molecules. Many different procedures have been developed spanning different time scales and photon energy ranges; some common methods are listed below.
Attosecond-to-picosecond spectroscopy
Dynamics on the femtosecond time scale are in general too fast to be measured electronically. Most measurements are done by employing a sequence of ultrashort light pulses to initiate a process and record its dynamics. The temporal width (duration) of the light pulses has to be on the same scale as the dynamics that are to be measured or even shorter.
Light sources
Titanium-sapphire laser
Ti-sapphire lasers are tunable lasers that emit red and near-infrared light (700 nm- 1100 nm).Ti-sapphire laser oscillators use Ti doped-sapphire crystals as a gain medium and Kerr-lens mode-locking to achieve sub-picosecond light pulses. Typical Ti:sapphire oscillator pulses have nJ energy and repetition rates 70-100 MHz. Chirped pulse amplification through regenerative amplification can be used to attain higher pulse energies. For amplification, laser pulses from the Ti:sapphire oscillator must first be stretched in time to prevent damage to optics, and then are injected into the cavity of another laser where pulses are amplified at a lower repetition rate. Regeneratively amplified pulses can be further amplified in a multi-pass amplifier. Following amplification, the pulses are recompressed to pulse widths similar to the original pulse widths.
Dye laser
A dye laser is a four-level laser that uses an organic dye as the gain medium. Pumped by a laser with a fixed wavelength, due to various dye types you use, different dye lasers can emit beams with different wavelengths. A ring laser design is most often used in a dye laser system. Also, tuning elements, such as a diffraction grating or prism, are usually incorporated in the cavity. This allows only light in a very narrow frequency range to resonate in the cavity and be emitted as laser emission. The wide tunability range, high output power, and pulsed or CW operation make the dye laser particularly useful in many physical & chemical studies.
Fiber laser
A fiber laser is usually generated first from a laser diode. The laser diode then couples the light into a fiber where it will be confined. Different wavelengths can be achieved with the use of doped fiber. The pump light from the laser diode will excite a state in the doped fiber which can then drop in energy causing a specific wavelength to be emitted. This wavelength may be different from that of the pump light and more useful for a particular experiment.
X-ray generation
Ultrafast optical pulses can be used to generate x-ray pulses in multiple ways. An optical pulse can excite an electron pulse via the photoelectric effect, and acceleration across a high potential gives the electrons kinetic energy. When the electrons hit a target they generate both characteristic x-rays and bremsstrahlung. A second method is via laser-induced plasma. When very high-intensity laser light is incident on a target, it strips electrons off the target creating a negatively charged plasma cloud. The strong Coulomb force due to the ionized material in the center of the cloud quickly accelerates the electrons back to the nuclei left behind. Upon collision with the nuclei, Bremsstrahlung and characteristic emission x-rays are given off. This method of x-ray generation scatters photons in all directions, but also generates picosecond x-ray pulses.
Conversion and characterization
Pulse characterization
For accurate spectroscopic measurements to be made, several characteristics of the laser pulse need to be known; pulse duration, pulse energy, spectral phase, and spectral shape are among some of these. Information about pulse duration can be determined through autocorrelation measurements, or from cross-correlation with another well-characterized pulse. Methods allowing for complete characterization of pulses include frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) and spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER).
Pulse shaping
Pulse shaping is to modify the pulses from the source in a well-defined manner, including manipulation on pulse’s amplitude, phase, and duration.
To amplify pulse’s intensity, chirped pulse amplification is generally applied, which includes a pulse stretcher, amplifier, and compressor. It will not change the duration or phase of the pulse during the amplification. Pulse compression (shorten the pulse duration) is achieved by first chirping the pulse in a nonlinear material and broadening the spectrum, with the following compressor for chirp compensation. A fiber compressor is generally used in this case.
Pulse shapers usually refer to optical modulators which apply Fourier transforms to a laser beam. Depending on which property of light is controlled, modulators are called intensity modulators, phase modulators, polarization modulators, spatial light modulators. Depending on the modulation mechanism, optical modulators are divided into Acoustic-optic modulators, Electro-optic modulators, Liquid crystal modulators, etc. Each is dedicated to different applications.
High harmonic generation
High harmonic generation (HHG) is the nonlinear process where intense laser radiation is converted from one fixed frequency to high harmonics of that frequency by ionization and recollision of an electron. It was first observed in 1987 by McPherson et al. who successfully generated harmonic emission up to the 17th order at 248 nm in neon gas.
HHG is seen by focusing an ultra-fast, high-intensity, near-IR pulse into a noble gas at intensities of (1013–1014 W/cm2) and it generates coherent pulses in the XUV to Soft X-ray (100–1 nm) region of the spectrum. It is realizable on a laboratory scale (table-top systems) as opposed to large free electron-laser facilities.
High harmonic generation in atoms is well understood in terms of the three-step model (ionization, propagation, and recombination).
Ionization: The intense laser field modifies the Coulomb potential of the atom, electron tunnels through the barrier and ionize.
Propagation: The free-electron accelerates in the laser field and gains momentum.
Recombination: When the field reverses, the electron is accelerated back toward the ionic parent and releases a photon with very high energy.
Frequency conversion techniques
Different spectroscopy experiments require different excitation or probe wavelengths. For this reason, frequency conversion techniques are commonly used to extend the operational spectrum of existing laser light sources.
The most widespread conversion techniques rely on using crystals with second-order non-linearity to perform either parametric amplification or frequency mixing.
Frequency mixing works by superimposing two beams of equal or different wavelengths to generate a signal which is a higher harmonic or the sum frequency of the first two.
Parametric amplification overlaps a weak probe beam with a higher energy pump beam in a non-linear crystal such that the weak beam gets amplified and the remaining energy goes out as a new beam called the idler. This approach has the capability of generating output pulses that are shorter than the input ones. Different schemes of this approach have been implemented. Examples are optical parametric oscillator (OPO), optical parametric amplifier (OPA), non-collinear parametric amplifier (NOPA).
Techniques
Ultrafast transient absorption
This method is typical of 'pump-probe' experiments, where a pulsed laser is used to excite the electrons in a material (such as a molecule or semiconducting solid) from their ground states to higher-energy excited states. A probing light source, typically a xenon arc lamp or broadband laser pulse created by supercontinuum generation, is used to obtain an absorption spectrum of the compound at various times following its excitation. As the excited molecules absorb the probe light, they are further excited to even higher states or induced to return to the ground state radiatively through stimulated emission. After passing through the sample, the unabsorbed probe light continues to a photodetector such as an avalanche photodiode array or CMOS camera, and the data is processed to generate an absorption spectrum of the excited state. Since all the molecules or excitation sites in the sample will not undergo the same dynamics simultaneously, this experiment must be carried out many times (where each "experiment" comes from a single pair of pump and probe laser pulse interactions), and the data must be averaged to generate spectra with accurate intensities and peaks. Because photobleaching and other photochemical or photothermal reactions can happen to the samples, this method requires evaluating these effects by measuring the same sample at the same location many times at different pump and probe intensities. Most time the liquid samples are stirred during measurement making relatively long-time kinetics difficult to measure due to flow and diffusion. Unlike time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC), this technique can be carried out on non-fluorescent samples. It can also be performed on non-transmissive samples in a reflection geometry.
Ultrafast transient absorption can use almost any probe light, so long as the probe is of a pertinent wavelength or set of wavelengths. A monochromator and photomultiplier tube in place of the avalanche photodiode array allows observation of a single probe wavelength, and thus allows probing of the decay kinetics of the excited species. The purpose of this setup is to take kinetic measurements of species that are otherwise nonradiative, and specifically it is useful for observing species that have short-lived and non-phosphorescent populations within the triplet manifold as part of their decay path. The pulsed laser in this setup is used both as a primary excitation source, and a clock signal for the ultrafast measurements. Although laborious and time-consuming, the monochromator position may also be shifted to allow absorbance decay profiles to be constructed, ultimately to the same effect as the above method.
The data of UTA measurements usually are reconstructed absorption spectra sequenced over the delay time between the pump and probe. Each spectrum resembles a normal steady-state absorption profile of the sample after the delay time of the excitation with the time resolution convoluted from the pump and probe time resolutions. The excitation wavelength is blinded by the pump laser and cut out. The rest of the spectra usually have a few bands such as ground-state absorption, excited-state absorption, and stimulated emission. Under normal conditions, the angles of the emission are randomly orientated and not detected in the absorption geometry. But in UTA measurement, the stimulated emission resembles the lasing effect, is highly oriented, and is detected. Many times this emission overlaps with the absorption bands and needs to be deconvoluted for quantitative analysis. The relationship and correlation among these bands can be visualized using the classical spectroscopic two-dimensional correlation analysis.
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy (2PPE) combine a pump-probe scheme with angle-resolved photoemission. A first laser pulse is used to excite a material, a second laser pulse ionizes the system. The kinetic energy of the electrons from this process is then detected, through various methods including energy mapping, time of flight measurements etc. As above, the process is repeated many times, with different time delays between the probe pulse and the pump pulse. This builds up a picture of how the molecule relaxes over time.
A variation of this method looks at the positive ions created in this process and is called time-resolved photo-ion spectroscopy (TRPIS)
Multidimensional spectroscopy
Using the same principles pioneered by 2D-NMR experiments, multidimensional optical or infrared spectroscopy is possible using ultrafast pulses. Different frequencies can probe various dynamic molecular processes to differentiate between inhomogeneous and homogeneous line broadening as well as identify coupling between the measured spectroscopic transitions. If two oscillators are coupled together, be it intramolecular vibrations or intermolecular electronic coupling, the added dimensionality will resolve anharmonic responses not identifiable in linear spectra. A typical 2D pulse sequence consists of an initial pulse to pump the system into a coherent superposition of states, followed by a phase conjugate second pulse that pushes the system into a non-oscillating excited state, and finally, a third pulse that converts back to a coherent state that produces a measurable pulse. A 2D frequency spectrum can then be recorded by plotting the Fourier transform of the delay between the first and second pulses on one axis, and the Fourier transform of the delay between a detection pulse relative to the signal-producing third pulse on the other axis. 2D spectroscopy is an example of a four-wave mixing experiment, and the wavevector of the signal will be the sum of the three incident wavevectors used in the pulse sequence. Multidimensional spectroscopies exist in infrared and visible variants as well as combinations using different wavelength regions.
Ultrafast imaging
Most ultrafast imaging techniques are variations on standard pump-probe experiments. Some commonly used techniques are Electron Diffraction imaging, Kerr Gated Microscopy, imaging with ultrafast electron pulses and terahertz imaging.
This is particularly true in the biomedical community where safe and non-invasive techniques for diagnosis are always of interest. Terahertz imaging has recently been used to identify areas of decay in tooth enamel and image the layers of the skin. Additionally, it has shown to be able to successfully distinguish a region of breast carcinoma from healthy tissue.
Another technique called Serial Time-encoded amplified microscopy has shown to have the capability of even earlier detection of trace amounts of cancer cells in the blood. Other non-biomedical applications include ultrafast imaging around corners or through opaque objects.
Femtosecond up-conversion
Femtosecond up-conversion is a pump-probe technique that uses nonlinear optics to combine the fluorescence signal and probe signal to create a signal with a new frequency via photon upconversion, which is subsequently detected. The probe scans through delay times after the pump excites the sample, generating a plot of intensity over time.
Applications
Applications of femtosecond spectroscopy to biochemistry
Ultrafast processes are found throughout biology. Until the advent of femtosecond methods, many of the mechanism of such processes were unknown. Examples of these include the cis-trans photoisomerization of the rhodopsin chromophore retinal, excited state and population dynamics of DNA, and the charge transfer processes in photosynthetic reaction centers Charge transfer dynamics in photosynthetic reaction centers has a direct bearing on man’s ability to develop light harvesting technology, while the excited state dynamics of DNA has implications in diseases such as skin cancer. Advances in femtosecond methods are crucial to the understanding of ultrafast phenomena in nature.
Photodissociation and femtosecond probing
Photodissociation is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. It is defined as the interaction of one or more photons with one target molecule. Any photon with sufficient energy can affect the chemical bonds of a chemical compound, such as visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays and gamma rays. The technique of probing chemical reactions has been successfully applied to unimolecular dissociations. The possibility of using a femtosecond technique to study bimolecular reactions at the individual collision level is complicated by the difficulties of spatial and temporal synchronization. One way to overcome this problem is through the use of Van der Waals complexes of weakly bound molecular cluster. Femtosecond techniques are not limited to the observation of the chemical reactions, but can even exploited to influence the course of the reaction. This can open new relaxation channels or increase the yield of certain reaction products.
Picosecond-to-nanosecond spectroscopy
Streak camera
Unlike attosecond and femtosecond pulses, the duration of pulses on the nanosecond timescale are slow enough to be measured through electronic means. Streak cameras translate the temporal profile of pulses into that of a spatial profile; that is, photons that arrive on the detector at different times arrive at different locations on the detector.
Time-correlated single photon counting
Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is used to analyze the relaxation of molecules from an excited state to a lower energy state. Since various molecules in a sample will emit photons at different times following their simultaneous excitation, the decay must be thought of as having a certain rate rather than occurring at a specific time after excitation. By observing how long individual molecules take to emit their photons, and then combining all these data points, an intensity vs. time graph can be generated that displays the exponential decay curve typical to these processes. However, it is difficult to simultaneously monitor multiple molecules. Instead, individual excitation-relaxation events are recorded and then averaged to generate the curve.
This technique analyzes the time difference between the excitation of the sample molecule and the release of energy as another photon. Repeating this process many times will give a decay profile. Pulsed lasers or LEDs can be used as a source of excitation. Part of the light passes through the sample, the other to the electronics as "sync" signal. The light emitted by the sample molecule is passed through a monochromator to select a specific wavelength. The light then is detected and amplified by a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The emitted light signal as well as reference light signal is processed through a constant fraction discriminator (CFD) which eliminates timing jitter. After passing through the CFD, the reference pulse activates a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) circuit. The TAC charges a capacitor which will hold the signal until the next electrical pulse. In reverse TAC mode the signal of "sync" stops the TAC. This data is then further processed by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and multi-channel analyzer (MCA) to get a data output. To make sure that the decay is not biased to early arriving photons, the photon count rate is kept low (usually less than 1% of excitation rate).
This electrical pulse comes after the second laser pulse excites the molecule to a higher energy state, and a photon is eventually emitted from a single molecule upon returning to its original state. Thus, the longer a molecule takes to emit a photon, the higher the voltage of the resulting pulse. The central concept of this technique is that only a single photon is needed to discharge the capacitor. Thus, this experiment must be repeated many times to gather the full range of delays between excitation and emission of a photon. After each trial, a pre-calibrated computer converts the voltage sent out by the TAC into a time and records the event in a histogram of time since excitation. Since the probability that no molecule will have relaxed decreases with time, a decay curve emerges that can then be analyzed to find out the decay rate of the event.
A major complicating factor is that many decay processes involve multiple energy states, and thus multiple rate constants. Though non-linear least squares analysis can usually detect the different rate constants, determining the processes involved is often very difficult and requires the combination of multiple ultra-fast techniques. Even more complicating is the presence of inter-system crossing and other non-radiative processes in a molecule. A limiting factor of this technique is that it is limited to studying energy states that result in fluorescent decay. The technique can also be used to study relaxation of electrons from the conduction band to the valence band in semiconductors.
See also
Time-resolved spectroscopy
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS)
Electronic configuration
Atomic spectral line
Attosecond chronoscopy
References
External links
Ultrafast studies of single semiconductor and metal nanostructures through transient absorption microscopy, a Chemical Science mini review by Gregory Hartland
W. Becker: The bh TCSPC Handbook., Fifth Edition, 2012, (Becker & Hickl GmbH, PDF file, 77 MB)
W. Becker: The bh TCSPC Handbook., 7th Edition, 2017 (Becker & Hickl GmbH, PDF file)
Ultrafast Lasers: An animated guide to the functioning of Ti:Sapphire lasers and amplifiers.
Ultrafast spectroscopy |
4137099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Musselman | Bill Musselman | William Clifford Musselman (August 13, 1940 – May 5, 2000) was an American basketball coach in the NCAA, the ABA, the WBA, the CBA, and the NBA. He was known for his trademark intensity, once being quoted as saying, "Defeat is worse than death because you have to live with defeat."
Early life
Musselman was the second of five children. His father, Clifford Musselman, was an auto mechanic and band promoter. He had a loving and dedicated mother named Bertha (Combs) Miller who later married James Miller. James became Bill's father and was a big part of his life growing up. The young Musselman played basketball, football, and baseball at Wooster High School in Wooster, Ohio. When he graduated in 1958, he was the school's second all-time leading scorer. After high school, he attended Wittenberg College (now Wittenberg University) in Springfield, Ohio, where he played basketball for Ray Mears, who would later coach the University of Tennessee.
Career
Kent State University High School
In 1963, at the age of 23, Musselman was hired as the head men's basketball coach at Kent State University High School in Kent, Ohio. In Musselman's first season of coaching, the KSUHS Statesmen finished 14–5 and earned a share of the conference title.
Ashland University (NCAA)
In 1964, after one season of coaching high school basketball, Musselman was hired to assist with the football and basketball teams at Ashland University in Ashland, Ohio. In August 1965, Ashland's head basketball coach left for another coaching position. With only a few months before the start of the 1965–66 season, Musselman was promoted to head coach. In his first season, at the age of 25, he guided the Eagles to a 10–10 record. Over the next five seasons, Musselman's Ashland teams went 21–3, 24–6, 26–4, 23–4, and 25–3 (total: 109–20, with a .845 winning percentage).
While at Ashland, Musselman's teams reached the NCAA College Division Tournament (the predecessor to the current Division II and Division III Tournaments) four times and had 13 All-America players. His 1968–69 Ashland team allowed an NCAA-record-low 33.9 points per game, a byproduct of his relentless pursuit, at the time, of pitching shut-outs (allowing no points) while head coach.
University of Minnesota (NCAA)
Following the 1970–71 season, Musselman left Ashland for the University of Minnesota.
In 1971–72, he led the Gophers to an 18-7 record and their first Big Ten Championship in 53 years with a roster featuring Dave Winfield, Jim Brewer, Bobby Nix, Keith Young, Clyde Turner, Corky Taylor, and Ron Behagen. The 1972 team was tarnished by a brawl against The Ohio State Buckeyes, where several Minnesota players and fans assaulted the Ohio State players at the end of the game. The Gophers lost to Florida State in the first round of the NCAA Tournament, 70–56, before rebounding in the Midwest Region Consolation Round, downing Marquette, 77–72.
The following season (1972–73), Musselman guided the Gophers to a 21–5 mark. Minnesota began the season ranked fourth in the nation and ranked as high as No. 3 in the country in March 1973. In the 1973 NIT postseason tournament, Musselman's Minnesota team downed Rutgers, 68–59, in the first round before losing to Alabama, 69–65, in the quarterfinals.
During the 1973–74 campaign, without Brewer, Behagen, or Turner, the Gophers dropped to 12–12 under Musselman. His starting lineup that season featured Flip Saunders, who would go on to have a successful NBA coaching career.
In his fourth and final season at Minnesota, Musselman's team went 18–8 and included a roster of future NBA players Mychal Thompson, Mark Landsberger, and Mark Olberding. His overall coaching record at Minnesota is 61–32 with a .656 winning percentage. During Musselman's time at the University of Minnesota, home attendance increased from 4,000 per game to nearly 18,000 per game, according to The New York Times.
His tenure at Minnesota was tainted. There was an incident during the 1971–72 season when Taylor and Behagen assaulted Ohio State center Luke Witte. The attack on Witte came near the end of the Gophers-Buckeyes game. Witte was seriously injured, taken off the court on a stretcher and hospitalized with injuries, including to an eye, that negatively impacted his basketball career. Two other Ohio State players were also hospitalized as a result of the brawl. Musselman maintained that he had nothing to do with the incident. Still, critics claimed he had stirred his players into a frenzy before the game that night and encouraged overly aggressive play. A September 1, 1985, article in The New York Times described Musselman's Gophers as "an extremely physical basketball team." After Musselman left to coach in the ABA, the NCAA placed the Gophers on probation after discovering more than 100 rule violations.
San Diego Sails (ABA)
On July 28, 1975, Musselman left the college ranks to join the pro game when he was hired to coach the San Diego Sails of the American Basketball Association. The team only lasted for 11 games of the 1975–76 season before folding with a 3–8 record.
According to the book Obsession, by Bill Heller, Musselman signed a three-year contract worth more than $135,000, considerably more than the $23,000 salary he had received at the University of Minnesota.
Virginia Squires (ABA)
A week after the ABA's San Diego franchise folded on November 11, 1975, Musselman was hired to coach the league's Virginia Squires. Musselman took over for player-coach Mack Calvin, who had gone 0–6 since taking over for Al Bianchi. During one game, Musselman played his starters the entire 48 minutes, according to The New York Times.
Musselman went 4–22 with the Squires before he was replaced by Jack Ankerson on January 21, 1976. Ankerson, who would go on to serve as general manager of the San Antonio Spurs, went 1–1 as coach of the Squires before being replaced by Zelmo Beaty, who compiled a 9–33 record. The Squires went 15–68 on the season and disbanded on May 10, 1976.
In the book Obsession, by Bill Heller, Musselman said, "I found the players [in Virginia] were talking more about the [team's] financial troubles than basketball. They worried more about the next payroll than they did about the next practice. It was difficult for them to concentrate on basketball."
Reno (Nevada) Bighorns (WBA)
Musselman took two years away from coaching to work in real estate before returning in 1978–79 to coach the Reno Bighorns of the Western Basketball Association. That season he led the club to a 28–20 record and the only WBA title game. Led by Randy Ayers and Gus Bailey, Reno lost to Herb Brown's Tucson Gunners, four games to three, in the 1979 championship. The league folded soon after.
Cleveland Cavaliers (NBA)
Ted Stepien, then owner of the NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers, hired Musselman for his first NBA head coaching job in 1980. Musselman guided the team to a 25–46 mark before he was replaced by general manager Don Delaney, who went 3–8 to close out the 1980–81 season. He was derisively called "Musclehead" by WWWE sports radio host Pete Franklin who was a vociferous critic of how Stepien was operating the Cavaliers.
On March 8, 1982, Stepien fired Chuck Daly, who was 9–32 as coach of the Cavs, and replaced him on an interim basis with Musselman, then the team's director of player personnel. The Cavs went 2–21 under Musselman, who finished the season as head coach, his second stint at the helm. Musselman resigned on October 21, 1982, just a few days before the start of the 1982–83 NBA season.
In an April 17, 1994 New York Times article, former NBA center Cedric Maxwell said the Cavs' veteran players during that time "were known more for partying than for playing."
Sarasota (Fla.) Stingers (CBA)
Musselman's foray into minor league basketball began in 1983 when he was hired to coach the Sarasota (Fla.) Stingers of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). Just 19 games into the season, sporting a 6–13 record, Musselman was fired. The team fared no better after Musselman's firing, finishing the season with a 16–28 record.
Tampa Bay/Rapid City Thrillers (CBA)
The following season, Musselman moved a few miles up the Florida Gulf Coast to St. Petersburg where he was hired to coach the expansion Tampa Bay Thrillers of the CBA. There, over the next three seasons, Musselman would build one of the winningest franchises in sports history.
As an expansion team, his 1984–85 Thrillers team rolled to a 45–18 record to win the CBA title, downing the Detroit Spirits in seven games. Tampa Bay repeated as CBA champions the following season going 46–19 and defeating the LaCrosse (Wisc.) Catbirds in five games, 4–1.
The "three-peat" followed in 1986–87 in Rapid City, South Dakota, where the team had moved at the conclusion of the regular season. The Thrillers, who went 46–16 overall, lost the first game of the finals to the Rockford (Ill.) Lightning, before winning four consecutive games as Musselman won his third consecutive CBA championship. For his efforts, Musselman was honored as CBA Coach of the Year.
Among the players starring for Musselman's Thriller teams were Sidney Lowe, Clinton Wheeler, Rod Higgins, Freeman Williams, Sam Mitchell, Ed Nealy, Steve Hayes, Brian Martin, Eddie Johnson, Don Collins, Ron Valentine, Perry Moss, Kevin Williams, and Charles Jones.
Albany Patroons (CBA)
On June 19, 1987, Musselman jumped to the Albany (NY) Patroons for the 1987–88 CBA season, guiding the Pats to a remarkable 48–6 record and his fourth consecutive league title. Albany's roster featured Tony Campbell, Michael Brooks, Sidney Lowe, Michael Ray Richardson, Scott Roth, Reid Gettys, Tod Murphy, Eric Fernsten, Derrick Rowland, Scott Brooks, and Lowes Moore.
Musselman was named CBA Coach of the Year for the second time following the 1987–88 season.
Minnesota Timberwolves (NBA)
Following his success in the CBA, on August 23, 1988, Musselman was hired as the head coach of the expansion Minnesota Timberwolves. With a roster "full of vagabonds, long shots and characters," according to the Minneapolis Star Tribune, Musselman's Wolves posted a 22–60 record in 1989–90, their first season, and 29–53 the following season. Musselman was fired on April 22, 1991, a day after the 1990–91 season ended. But the 29 wins under Musselman were a high-water mark for the T-wolves, who failed to top 29 wins until 1996–97. Musselman's expansion team won more games than any of the four expansion teams and more in his second season (29) than any expansion team since the 1974–75 New Orleans Jazz.
In a March 29, 2007, Minneapolis Star Tribune article by Steve Aschburner, Pooh Richardson, a member of the expansion Timberwolves, said: "We were the best expansion team out there. That was as good as going to the playoffs. That's one thing that Musselman always gave us: a chance to win. Pass the ball, pass the ball, cut down the shots for the other team." Musselman highlighted his style of doggedly exploiting the other team's weaknesses when on a February 4, 1990 game against the Golden State Warriors, he called the same play all game in an attempt to get coach Don Nelson to double-team journeyman big man Randy Breuer in his matchup against lighter defenders Manute Bol and Jim Petersen in order to free up guards Pooh Richardson and Tony Campbell. Although the Wolves lost the game 106–96, it resulted in Breuer scoring a career high 40 points.
Rochester (Minn.) Renegade (CBA)
On July 22, 1993, Musselman returned to the CBA for the 1993–94 season, this time in an attempt to revive the Rochester Renegade, a struggling franchise that had gone 6–50 the previous season. Rochester finished 31–25 under Musselman, a 25-win improvement. Musselman's roster included Rodney Monroe, Ronnie Grandison, Clinton Wheeler, Dave Jamerson, Brook Steppe, Tod Murphy, and Ralph McPherson.
The team folded following the season.
University of South Alabama (NCAA)
In March 1995, Musselman returned to the NCAA after a 25-year absence with the University of South Alabama. In two seasons, he led the Jaguars to the 1997 NCAA tournament after turning the program around from a 9–18 record. Musselman's 1997 South Alabama team went 23–7 and nearly upset eventual champion Arizona in the opening round of the NCAA tournament. Musselman resigned as coach of the Jags on October 7, 1997, to return to the NBA. The following season, a South Alabama team made up mainly of Musselman recruits also advanced to the NCAA Tournament first round and lost to Illinois under then-head coach Bob Weltlich.
Portland Trail Blazers (NBA)
On October 8, 1997, after two successful seasons as head coach at the University of South Alabama, Musselman returned to the NBA as an assistant with the Portland Trail Blazers, under Mike Dunleavy Sr. This marked the first time in his professional coaching career that he served as an assistant. Musselman served as an assistant for three seasons with the Blazers before his death in May 2000.
Personality
Passion for the game
While coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers, Musselman, whom The New York Times once described as "hot tempered," was criticized for his "disciplinary tactics," according to the Times. During his stint as coach of the ABA's Virginia Squires, Musselman "antagonized so-called problem players ... and docile ones," according to a January 3, 1981, article in The New York Times. Musselman claimed "the only time I yell is before a game and at halftime," explaining that his passion helps players give "maximum effort every second."
NBA coach Flip Saunders was quoted in the St. Paul Pioneer Press the day after Musselman died. Of Musselman, Saunders said, "In anything he did, he had great passion."
In Charley Walters' December 23, 2012, column in the St. Paul Pioneer Press, Oklahoma City Thunder head coach Scott Brooks is quoted as saying, "One of the things I've taken from [Bill Musselman] is doing it every day, being consistent and never changing—always stick with what you do. He was a creature of habit. He drove the same way to get to practice, the same way to get to the airport. Our practices were so consistent. I wouldn't be in my position today if he hadn't taken me on as a CBA player. He taught me the ropes, how to play with toughness. There were no excuses with him—you had to play hard every night."
Sense of fairness
According to former CBA coach Charley Rosen, Musselman possessed an "admirable sense of fairness." In an ESPN.com article, Rosen describes a scene after a game between Rosen's CBA team and Musselman's Tampa Bay club:
"We were involved in a tight game at Tampa Bay. Late in the fourth quarter, one of the refs called three charging fouls on my best player, Cedric Henderson, and the Thrillers eventually won on a buzzer-beating shot by the late 'Fast' Eddie Johnson. Instead of celebrating his victory, Bill followed the refs off the court to their locker room, screaming that they had 'screwed Charley out of the win.' He continued to kick and pound his fists on the closed locker room door, raging for another 10 minutes. 'If I can't win a game fairly, then I'd rather lose.'"
Describing Musselman's personality
In the newspaper articles and columns following his death, Musselman was described as "volatile," "colorful," "intense," and "fiery." Sidney Lowe, who played for Musselman in the CBA and NBA, said his former coach was "very demanding ... but he was an excellent coach."
In an Associated Press story that day after Musselman died, Greg Anthony, a guard for the Portland Trail Blazers, described Musselman as "a great, great man."
In a May 8, 2000, letter to the editor of The Minnesota Daily, the newspaper of the University of Minnesota, Dr. R. Galen Hanson wrote, "By far – far and away – the memories I will always have of coach Bill Musselman is that he is one of the most unforgettable people I have ever met: winner, writer, teacher, coach. Always."
Coaching legacy
A number of Musselman's former assistant coaches and players went on to coach in the NBA, including Sidney Lowe (Minnesota Timberwolves), Tyrone Corbin (Utah Jazz), Tom Thibodeau (Minnesota Timberwolves), Scott Brooks (Oklahoma City Thunder), Sam Mitchell (Toronto Raptors), and his son Eric Musselman (Sacramento Kings and Golden State Warriors).
Other coaches who played for Musselman include Flip Saunders, Scott Roth, Michael Ray Richardson, and Tod Murphy (Gordon College)
Death
Musselman suffered a stroke on October 30, 1999, following Portland's preseason game against the Phoenix Suns. Musselman, who had served as head coach during the game after Mike Dunleavy was ejected, collapsed after leaving the arena. In April 2000, he was diagnosed with primary systemic amyloidosis, a disease that produces an abnormal protein that collects in tissues and interferes with the function of organs. He died on May 5, 2000, at 2:45 a.m., at the age of 59, at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. The cause of death was heart and kidney failure.
The Trail Blazers used Musselman as an inspiration for their 2000 playoff run, which ended in the Western Conference finals against the Los Angeles Lakers. In the team's 2000–01 media guide, which was dedicated to Musselman, he was described as "a keen strategist and an inspiring motivator."
Head coaching record
NBA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| style="text-align:left;"|
|71||25||46|||| align="center"|6th in Central||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| style="text-align:left;"|
|15||4||11|||| align="center"|(fired)||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|－
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Minnesota
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||22||60|||| align="center"|6th in Midwest||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Minnesota
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||29||53|||| align="center"|5th in Midwest||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|Career
| ||250||80||170|||| ||—||—||—||—||
Family
Musselman has three children: two sons and a daughter. His oldest son Eric, formerly head coach of the Golden State Warriors and Sacramento Kings, is currently the head coach of the Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team. They were the first father and son to hold the title of NBA head coach.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Bill Musselman (as coach)
1940 births
2000 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
Ashland Eagles men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Ohio
Cleveland Cavaliers head coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Continental Basketball Association coaches
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball coaches
Minnesota Timberwolves head coaches
People from Wooster, Ohio
San Diego Conquistadors coaches
San Diego Sails coaches
South Alabama Jaguars men's basketball coaches
Virginia Squires coaches
Wittenberg Tigers men's basketball players
Western Basketball Association coaches
American men's basketball players |
4137190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halston | Halston | Roy Halston Frowick (April 23, 1932 – March 26, 1990), who was known mononymously as Halston, was an American fashion designer, and he rose to international fame in the 1970s.
Halston's minimalist, clean designs, which were often made of cashmere or ultrasuede, were a new phenomenon in the mid-1970s discotheques, and they redefined American fashion. Halston was known for creating a relaxed urban lifestyle for American women. He was frequently photographed at Studio 54 with his close friends Liza Minnelli, Bianca Jagger, Joe Eula, and Andy Warhol.
In the early 1950s, while attending the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Halston began a business designing and making women's hats. He garnered a well-known clientele and opened a store on Chicago's Magnificent Mile in 1957. He later became the head milliner for high-end New York City department store Bergdorf Goodman. His fame rose when he designed the pillbox hat Jacqueline Kennedy wore to the inauguration of her husband, President John F. Kennedy, in 1961. In the late 1960s, Halston made the transition to women's clothing, opening a boutique on Madison Avenue in New York and started a ready-to-wear line. After several ill-advised business decisions, Halston eventually lost control of his fashion house in the 1980s. He died of AIDS-related cancer in 1990 at the age of 57.
Early life and education
Roy Halston Frowick was born on April 23, 1932, in Des Moines, Iowa, the second son of accountant James Edward Frowick who was of Norwegian descent, and his stay-at-home wife Hallie Mae (née Holmes). Halston developed an early interest in sewing from his grandmother and he began creating hats and altering clothes for his mother and sister. He grew up in Des Moines, and moved to Evansville, Indiana, at the age of 14. He graduated from Benjamin Bosse High School in 1950. He briefly attended Indiana University.
Career
Early years
In 1952, Halston moved to Chicago, where he enrolled in a night course at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, and worked as a window dresser. In 1953, he opened his own hat business. His first customer was radio actress and comedian Fran Allison. Halston's hats were also bought by Kim Novak, Gloria Swanson, Deborah Kerr, and Hedda Hopper.
Halston's first big break came when the Chicago Daily News ran a brief story on his hats. In 1957, he opened his first shop, the Boulevard Salon, on North Michigan Avenue. It was at this point that he began to use his middle name to trade under. During his childhood, he had been referred to as Halston to distinguish between himself and his uncle Roy. Halston moved to New York City in late 1957, first working for milliner Lilly Daché. Within a year, he had been named the co-designer at Daché, became acquainted with several fashion editors and publishers, and left Daché's studio to become head milliner for department store Bergdorf Goodman in their customer milliner salon.
Popularity
Halston achieved great fame after designing the pillbox hat worn by Jacqueline Kennedy to her husband's presidential inauguration in 1961, and when he moved to designing women's wear, Newsweek dubbed him "the premier fashion designer of all America". When hats fell out of fashion, Halston moved on to designing clothing, made possible by Estelle Marsh, a millionaire from Amarillo, Texas. Marsh was his sole financial backer during this critical time of development. He opened his first boutique on Madison Avenue in 1968. The collection that year included a dark jade velvet wedding gown for advertising executive Mary Wells Lawrence. Lawrence was married to the CEO of Braniff International Airways, Harding Lawrence. She would be instrumental in bringing Halston to Braniff in 1976 to design Braniff's hostess, pilot, ticket agent, and ground personnel uniforms.
Halston launched his first ready-to-wear line, Halston Limited, in 1969. Halston's design was usually simple, minimalist yet sophisticated, glamorous and comfortable at the same time. Halston liked to use soft, luxurious fabric like silk and chiffon. He later told Vogue that he got rid of "...all of the extra details that didn't work—bows that didn't tie, buttons that didn't button, zippers that didn't zip, wrap dresses that didn't wrap. I've always hated things that don't work." Halston changed the fitted silhouette and showed the female body shape by allowing the natural flow of the fabric to create its own shape. Halston said "Pants give women the freedom to move around they've never had before. They don't have to worry about getting into low furniture or low sportscars. Pants will be with us for many years to come—probably forever if you can make that statement in fashion."
Halston's boutique drew celebrity clients like Greta Garbo, Babe Paley, Anjelica Huston, Gene Tierney, Lauren Bacall, Margaux Hemingway, Elizabeth Taylor, Bianca Jagger and Liza Minnelli (both Jagger and Minnelli would become close friends). From 1968 to 1973, his line earned an estimated $30 million.
In 1970, Hope Portocarrero, first lady of Nicaragua and client, issued a postage stamp dedicated to Halston.
In 1973, Halston sold his line to Norton Simon, Inc. for $16 million but remained its principal designer. This afforded him creative control with near unlimited financial backing. In 1975, Max Factor released Halston's first namesake fragrance for women. By 1977, sales from the perfume had generated $85 million. Throughout the 1970s, Halston had expanded his line to include menswear, luggage, handbags, lingerie and bedding. Vogue later noted that Halston was responsible for popularizing caftans, which he made for Jacqueline Kennedy; matte jersey halter top dresses; and polyurethane in American fashion.
Halstonettes
As Halston's popularity and fame grew, those he worked with also became well known. His favored models included Pat Cleveland, Anjelica Huston, Heidi Goldberg, Karen Bjornson, Beverly Johnson, Nancy North, Chris Royer, Alva Chinn, Connie Cook, and Pat Ast. This entourage of models were eventually dubbed “The Halstonettes” by fashion journalist André Leon Talley. The Halstonettes appeared together in editorials and ads for Halston clothing and cosmetics and appeared at many Halston-related events. The troupe often travelled with Halston, attended his galas, acted as his muses, and reflected ethnic diversity (Halston was one of the first major designers to hire models of different races to walk in his shows and appear in his ads).
Uniforms for Braniff Airways
Halston was very influential in the design of uniforms. In 1977 he was contracted by Braniff International Airways to create a new look for their flight attendants. He created muted brown uniforms with a distinctive "H" logo. Halston created interchangeable separates in shades of bone, tan and taupe which the airline extended to the seat covers, using brown Argentine leather. The entire scheme was dubbed "Ultra Touch" by the airline in reference to Halston's ultrasuede designs, and was extremely evocative of the late 1970s. An elaborate party was thrown in February 1977, dubbed Three Nights in Acapulco, to introduce the new Halston fashions along with the new and elegant Braniff International Airways.
Braniff chairman Harding Lawrence, his wife Mary Wells Lawrence, First Lady Lady Bird Johnson, and Halston himself along with his Halstonettes were in attendance for the grand presentation. Halston and his entourage would arrive at selected points during the party in outfits that matched the deep tones of Braniff Airways' new color schemes that would be applied to their aircraft as part of the new so-called Elegance Campaign. The party and the Halston creations were a hit not only with the fashion press but also with Braniff employees, who thought they were the easiest and most comfortable uniforms they had ever worn.
He was asked by the U.S. Olympic Committee to design the Pan American Games and U.S. Olympic Team's uniforms in 1976. He also designed the uniforms for the Girl Scouts, the New York Police Department, and the Avis Rent a Car System.
Later years
In 1983, Halston signed a six-year licensing deal worth a reported $1 billion with retail chain J. C. Penney. The line, called Halston III, consisted of affordable clothing, accessories, cosmetics and perfumes ranging from $24 to $200. At the time, the move was considered controversial, as no other high-end designer had ever licensed their designs to a mid-priced chain retail store. While Halston was excited about the deal and felt that it would only expand his brand, the deal damaged his image with high-end fashion retailers who felt that his name had been "cheapened". Bergdorf Goodman at the time dropped his Halston Limited line from their store shortly after plans for Halston III were announced.
In 1983, Halston Limited, which was owned by Norton Simon, Inc., was acquired by Esmark Inc. After the acquisition, Halston began to lose control over his namesake company and grew frustrated. As the label changed hands (it would be owned by Playtex International, Beatrice Foods and four other companies), Halston continued to lose control and, by 1984, was banned from creating designs for Halston Enterprises. He attempted to buy back his company through protracted negotiations. Halston Enterprises was eventually acquired by Revlon in 1986. Halston was paid a salary by Revlon but had stopped designing clothing for the company. He continued designing for family and friends, most notably Liza Minnelli and Martha Graham. In 1986, Halston designed the costumes for the Martha Graham Dance Company's Temptations of the Moon. After his contract with Revlon expired, he was in talks to sign a new contract with the company but stopped negotiations after he learned that Revlon planned to continue the line without his input. The line continued on with various designers until 1990, when Revlon discontinued the clothing portion of the line but continued selling Halston perfumes.
Personal life
Halston's on-again off-again lover was Venezuelan-born artist Victor Hugo. The two met while Hugo was working as a makeup artist in 1972. They began a relationship and Hugo lived on and off in Halston's home. Halston soon hired Hugo to work as his window dresser. Their on-and-off relationship lasted a little over ten years.
According to The New York Times, Halston was known to have had an affair with fashion designer Luis Estevez.
Death
In 1988, Halston tested positive for HIV. After his health began to fail, he moved to San Francisco, where he was cared for by his family. On March 26, 1990, he died of Kaposi's sarcoma, an AIDS-defining illness, at the California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco. His remains were cremated.
Commemoration
In June 1990, Halston's longtime friend the singer and actress Liza Minnelli sponsored a tribute at Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall that was followed by a reception hosted by his friend Elsa Peretti.
In 2010, Halston was the subject of the documentary Ultrasuede: In Search of Halston.
From November 2014 to January 2015, a traveling exhibition entitled Halston and Warhol Silver and Suede was sponsored by the Warhol Museum and co-curated by Halston's niece Lesley Frowick.
From February to April 2015, an exhibition was held in the museum of the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City to celebrate Halston's 1970s fashions.
In March 2017, Halston Style, a retrospective of his career, opened at the Nassau County Museum of Art. The retrospective was curated by Halston's niece Lesley Frowick and features material derived from his personal archives that he gave to her before his death. Frowick also authored the accompanying catalogue, Halston: Inventing American Fashion.
In May 2019, the documentary Halston, directed by Frédéric Tcheng was released. The documentary revived interest in Halston and The Halstonettes. In May 2019, The New York Times released an article, "Halston’s Women Have Their Say" which outlined many of the Halstonette women reflecting on their experience. A similar article was published in August 2019, by CNN titled, "Free Inside Our Clothes: Top Models Remember What It Was Like to Walk a Halston Show".
According to fashion critic Robin Givhan, when Tom Ford relaunched Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent in the late 1990s, he found his inspiration in the glittering glamour of Halston's style: "When Ford added Yves Saint Laurent to his workload in 1999, he did due diligence in researching the house's history. But his work continued to display a louche attitude that recalled the best of Halston."
Ewan McGregor portrayed the designer in the television miniseries Halston, which premiered May 14, 2021 on Netflix, adapted from the 1991 biography Simply Halston by Steven Gaines.
Company
Since Halston's death in 1990, his namesake company changed hands several times.
After Revlon ceased production of the clothing portion of the company in 1990, it was purchased by Borghese in 1991. In 1996, sportswear firm Tropic Tex bought the Halston clothing license (Revlon still retains the rights to Halston fragrances) and hired designer Randolph Duke to relaunch the line. Duke's first collection debuted in fall 1997 to critical acclaim. Mariah Carey, Celine Dion and Minnie Driver (who wore a crimson Halston dress to the 70th Academy Awards ceremony) were among the celebrities to wear the new Halston creations. By 1998, Duke left the company after it was sold to Catterton-Simon, a private equity fund. Later that year, designer Kevan Hall was hired as head designer for the label then called House of Halston. Hall's first collection for the label debuted in Spring 1998 to critical acclaim. In 1999, Catterton-Simon sold Halston Enterprises to Neema Clothing. Head designer Kevan Hall left the House of Halston in 2000.
After Hall's departure, Halston's new owner, James J. Ammeen, planned to relaunch the Halston line as a luxury brand and hired designer Bradley Bayou. Bayou's line, Bradley Bayou for Halston, was worn by Oprah Winfrey and Queen Latifah. Bayou left Halston in frustration in 2005 after Ammeen refused to give Bayou more money for advertising.
In 2006, Jimmy Choo co-founder Tamara Mellon, stylist Rachel Zoe, and film producer Harvey Weinstein partnered with Hilco Consumer Capital to purchase the line in another effort to relaunch it. Problems about the line's new direction quickly arose when Tamara Mellon and Rachel Zoe could not agree on a designer. Former Versace designer Marco Zanini was eventually hired in July 2007.
From 2007 to 2008, Halston under the Tamara Mellon administration approached and voted in Chris Royer as the Halston Archivist and a member of their advisory board. She developed the Hilco/Halston Archive of over 300 Halston vintage unique pieces, which included editorial articles and all background information in reference to Halston design. In 2008, Chris Royer curated the “Neiman Marcus Halston Glam" exhibition in San Francisco utilizing the Halston/Hilco archives. And certain pieces were loaned again in 2014 for the "Halston and Warhol: Silver and Suede" traveling exhibition.
Zanini's Halston collection debuted in February 2008 to mixed reviews. Zanini left Halston in July 2008 and a British designer, Marios Schwab, was hired in May 2009. Halston Enterprises then decided to launch a second line called Halston Heritage. The Heritage line is based on archived sketches by Halston with modern updates. In 2009, actress Sarah Jessica Parker wore two Halston Heritage dresses in the film Sex and the City 2 and the company hired her as the president and chief creative officer for the mainline. She also oversaw the Halston Heritage line.
In February 2011, Marios Schwab released his first Halston collection for the autumn/winter season. During her tenure as creative director, Sarah Jessica Parker chose jeweler Jacqueline Rabun to design a selection of silver accessories.
Nevertheless, Schwab's collection debuted to negative critical reception. In the August 2011 issue of American Vogue, Sarah Jessica Parker revealed that she had left the company. Schwab and Harvey Weinstein left the company shortly thereafter.
In late 2011, Hilco Consumer Capital consolidated ownership and brought in Ben Malka, former president of BCBG, to continue the Halston Heritage business as chairman and CEO. Malka enlisted the help of Marie Mazelis, the former creative director of Max Azria and Hervé Léger, to spearhead the re-launch of the contemporary line. Hilco decided to focus exclusively on the Halston Heritage ready-to-wear activity and invested an additional $7.5 million for its development.
In September 2012, the company moved its headquarters from New York to Los Angeles. In February 2013, Halston Heritage signed a deal with the Majid Al Futtaim Group for distribution of its products in the United Arab Emirates. In 2015, the company sold H by Halston and H Halston to the company Xcel that specializes in bringing fairly known brands to mass market outlets.
The fall 2018 collection was focused on athleisure apparel.
Ken Downing was named the creative director of Halston in 2022.
References
External links
Company website
American fashion designers
1932 births
1990 deaths
AIDS-related deaths in California
American company founders
American fashion businesspeople
American LGBT businesspeople
American gay artists
LGBT fashion designers
American milliners
High fashion brands
Clothing companies established in 1968
Design companies established in 1968
1968 establishments in New York City
Artists from Des Moines, Iowa
LGBT people from Iowa
People from Evansville, Indiana
Gay businessmen
Luxury brands
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
American people of Norwegian descent
Deaths from cancer in California
20th-century American businesspeople
1970s fashion
20th-century American LGBT people |
4137395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%20Watch%20%28novel%29 | Day Watch (novel) | Day Watch () is a fantasy novel by Russian authors Sergey Lukyanenko and Vladimir Vasilyev. The second book in the saga of Watches, it is preceded by Night Watch and followed by Twilight Watch, Last Watch, New Watch, and Sixth Watch. Day Watch also stands out of the saga as the only novel in the series not narrated mainly from Anton Gorodetsky's point of view.
While the 2006 film Day Watch bears the same name, it is actually a loose adaptation of the second half of the first book in the series, Night Watch, and not an adaptation of this novel.
The English translation by Andrew Bromfield was released in January 2007 both in the US and the UK.
Plot summary
Walking the streets of Moscow, indistinguishable from the rest of its population, are The Others. These beings possess supernatural powers and can enter the Twilight, a shadowy world that exists in parallel to our own. Each Other owes allegiance to either the Dark or the Light forces. Each side has a patrol to ensure the opposing side follows the rules of an agreement put in place millennia ago. The Light's patrol is called Night Watch and the Dark's patrol is called Day Watch, in accordance with the times when each is active.
Unauthorised Personnel Permitted
(this story is told from the point of view of Alisa Donnikova)
In the prologue, a woman named Natasha visits a witch and requests that she cast a spell to make the woman's estranged husband fall in love with her again. After Natasha strikes a deal with the witch, members of the Night Watch suddenly arrive and arrest the witch, to Natasha's great surprise and confusion.
The story shifts to Alisa Donnikova, a young yet powerful Dark Other, who leaves her house to attend a meeting with her comrades on the Day Watch. The team is on a mission to apprehend and recruit an uninitiated Other, the practicing Dark witch from the prologue who has so far eluded the bureaus responsible for finding and initiating unlicensed practitioners of magic. It seems a routine operation, but when they arrive, the Night Watch team has already made the arrest. A fierce battle ensues, during which Alisa almost dies. Drained of her powers, she is sent to recuperate at a youth camp near the Black Sea. There she meets Igor. The chemistry between them is instant and irresistible, and Alisa finds herself falling in love. But then comes a shattering revelation: Igor is a Light Magician. Alisa suddenly realizes that he was one of those involved in the battle that left her crippled. Had they known what they were, they would have not entered their relationship. But now that they know, Igor (who reacts with rage, feeling he was tricked) challenges Alisa (who reacts with a more depressed note of sadness) to a duel. Alisa allows Igor to choose the site of the battle: off-shore, in the sea. Alisa chooses not to fight back, allowing Igor to magically push her under the water and drown her. She calls Zabulon for help but is shocked to find out Zabulon has planned her death all along. While this is going on, Makar, a boy that had become infatuated with Alisa, swims out to rescue her and also drowns.
Note: The first scene of this story forms the basis for the opening of the film Night Watch. In the movie, it is Anton (not Natasha) who goes to the witch. Rather than asking that his spouse fall back in love, he asks her to cast a spell that would kill his wife's love child with her adulterous lover (he later learns that the child was actually his own). Both scenes play out in much the same way from there, but the arrival of the Day Watch and subsequent battle do not take place in the movie.
A Stranger Among Others
(this story is told from the point of view of Vitaly Rogoza)
A man named Vitaly Rogoza awakens while walking through a park late at night with no memory of his past and no knowledge of his identity. Acting on an internal instinct whose source he cannot understand, he is able to protect himself from a werewolf and board a train to Moscow. Once in Moscow and still acting on instinct, he registers his presence as a Dark Other with the Day Watch and proceeds to stumble into a series of seemingly accidental encounters with the Night Watch, often resulting in a Night Watch member dying. He kills Tiger Cub in self-defense as she seeks revenge for him setting a trap that (legally) kills a Night Watch investigator trespassing in his hotel room.
While this is taking place, a Day Watch splinter group named the "Regin Brothers" stages an attack on the Inquisition to steal a powerful artifact named "Fafnir's Talon". Only four Regin Brothers survive and they head to Moscow. Members of the Night Watch and the Day Watch both learn that the Regin Brothers will be landing in a plane at Moscow International Airport.
At the airport, both groups set up camp; the Night Watch tries to thwart the plane's landing while the Day Watch seeks to ensure it proceeds smoothly. Vitaly wanders away from the main group of Day Watch agents and inadvertently stumbles upon the Regin Brothers and two powerful Night Watch members, Gesar and Svetlana. Gesar kills one of the Regin Brothers who attempts to flee, but Vitaly accidentally winds up in possession of the talon. He steals power from Svetlana and creates a portal that allows him to escape to a forest outside Moscow. After meeting some youths camping in the forest, Vitaly returns to Moscow. Instead of returning to the Day Watch offices with the talon, however, his instincts lead him to Maxim from the first novel, who is now a member of the Inquisition. At Maxim's behest, Vitaly relinquishes the talon. Soon thereafter, the Inquisition calls a meeting to determine what is happening and who should be held responsible. Anton is called to attend, but Zabulon encourages him to commit a small act of "betrayal" by not going, with the promise that he will be able to live freely with Svetlana and avoid bloodshed.
After Vitaly and Anton have a car accident (deliberately staged by Anton) on the way to the meeting, Svetlana concludes that Anton and Vitaly are engaged in a duel that will result in Anton's death. When Vitaly arrives before Anton at the meeting alone, she assumes the worst and strikes him with all of her considerable power, leaving her dangerously drained (like Alisa above). Vitaly absorbs Svetlana's power, although his clothes and MiniDisc player are destroyed. Anton then appears and gives Vitaly his own MiniDisc player as a replacement. The Inquisition concludes that Vitaly is a mirror and not an Other in the ordinary sense; thus he does not come under the terms of the Treaty and is free to pursue his own destiny. Vitaly was able to neutralize Svetlana by his presence and restore the balance between the Night Watch and Day Watch. Svetlana is sufficiently reduced in power, so that she and Anton are now theoretically able to live as equals, as Zabulon promised. Vitaly leaves the courthouse, listening to music, and dissipates into the Twilight, his purpose fulfilled.
Another Power
(this story is told in third-person, though the action continually switches its focus between the first novel's narrator, Anton, and a second-level Dark Other, Edgar)
The third story revolves around a trial by the Inquisition to investigate the events of the first two stories. The first part of the story deals with various involved parties travelling to Prague (where the trial will be held), the second part involves the characters meeting in a number of different configurations and talking, the third part involves the trial itself.
All of the surviving major characters of the first two stories are on their way to Prague, which is the new location of the Inquisition after the Regin Brothers destroyed the old one. Edgar, a fairly high level operative, is going to plead the Day Watch's case. Edgar assures the 3 remaining Regin Brothers that the Day Watch will protect them. Anton is going as a prosecutor for the Night Watch. Igor is already there being put up (but not held in custody) by the Inquisition.
In Prague, Anton meets an American Air Force pilot who is also a Light Mage. The pilot is proud of his work (bombing Kosovo). Anton is appalled that anyone can perform such evil acts and still align themselves with the Light. Anton and Edgar meet over beer and discuss Dark versus Light philosophy. Edgar shows that he is not an especially enthusiastic Dark Other, but he is dedicated to doing his job. Anton then goes to visit Igor while Edgar, left to his own devices, uncovers a lot of evidence to indicate that Zabulon is setting him up to be killed in order to facilitate the resurrection of Fafnir. He is frightened and angered by this prospect.
Meanwhile, Anton, eager to distract the suicidal Igor, gets him roaring drunk on Vodka and attempts to draw him into a strategy session to try to figure out what the Day Watch is up to, with some success. They wonder whose destiny it was that Olga changed at the end of Night Watch and here it is revealed that, though Svetlana's child—foretold by Gesar to be a girl—would have always been a powerful Light Other, the changes mean that her birth has been timed to make her daughter a Light Messiah. Gesar arrives and pleads with Igor to stick around for at least another 20 years. Igor is non-committal.
The next day, the trial begins. The Regin Brothers are tried first and are found guilty only of lesser crimes: though they transported Fafnir's Talon, they did not participate in its theft. They are stripped of all but the very least of their magical powers and then allowed to go. The focus of the trial then shifts to the events of the novel's first story. A number of minor charges against Gesar and Zabulon are dismissed via technicalities. Anton accuses Zabulon of indirectly arranging the duel between Igor and Alisa and blames Zabulon for the death of Makar, the young boy who drowned trying to save Alisa. Edgar and Zabulon challenge the Night Watch operatives to present proof, but neither Anton nor Igor can do so.
In order to get to the bottom of the case, the Inquisition temporarily resurrects Alisa, who implicates Zabulon in her demise, stating that Igor was not responsible for her death. Igor is cleared of all charges. However, when Alisa is sent back to the Twilight, Igor follows her, dying himself. Zabulon is ecstatic, admitting that he had indeed planned to sacrifice Alisa in order to remove Igor, saying that Igor was the only one that could have trained the upcoming Light Messiah. Since Zabulon's plan involved an even trade—Alisa for Igor—he has not violated the treaty, and the Inquisition clears him of charges. As Svetlana leaves, she tells Zabulon, "May no one ever love you." Gesar sends Anton to find her, while the rest of the individuals at the trial depart the scene. Edgar approaches a member of the Inquisition, Witezslav, who invites Edgar to "try on" an Inquisitor's robe. Edgar reluctantly takes the robe from Witezslav while mentioning that Svetlana's "curse" is pointless because Zabulon doesn't need anyone to love him anyway.
Note: This story is the only one in the hexalogy without a first-person narrator.
Characters
Light Others
Anton Gorodetsky (Light Mage) - a reluctant member of Night Watch, in the beginning of the first book, preferred mundane, technical jobs to actual field work. The events of the series forced him to step up and become a full-fledged operative. They also made him considerably more cynical about the cause of Light Others. His favorite pastime is listening to randomly arranged custom mini-discs. During the course of the novel, he and Svetlana relationship becomes rocky but the novel ends with the knowledge that Anton will be the father of Svetlana's child.
Boris Ignatievich/Gesar (Grand Light Mage) - an ancient mage of Tibetan descent who taught a number of heroes and philosophers during his lifetime. He moved to Europe during the early 15th century. Although he has had many opportunities to advance to high-level posts within Night Watch, he chose to remain a regional director of the Moscow division. Gesar is a battle-hardened tactician who's been known to turn devastating defeats into small victories. He cares a great deal about his subordinates, though he doesn't hesitate to put them in harm's way for the sake of greater good.
Svetlana (Grand Light Sorceress) - a young doctor who became a Great Light Enchatress. She is destined to be a mother of the Light Messiah. Her powers were severely drained by the Mirror.
Olga (Grand Light Sorceress) - an old friend and an occasional lover of Gesar who was turned into an owl for breaking obligations she had to the light side. Prior to the events of Day Watch, that punishment was lifted and she was restored to full power. She also wrote in the book of destiny in order to affect the date of the Light Messiah's birth indirectly (since changing the destiny of an Other directly is very difficult).
Semyon (Light Mage) - a crusty, experienced mage with a wryly cynical outlook on the world. Unlike many of his fellow mages, he is a capable fighter even without his magic.
Tiger Cub/Katya (Shifter-Mage) - a young, playful mage with a penchant for jewels and amulets. She is highly regarded both by Dark and Light Others. It has been said that she could charm anyone. As the name implies, tiger is her animal form. She has a large house riddled with secret passages. While fighting with the mirror, Vitaly, she was crushed and killed by one of his spells.
Bear (Shifter-Mage) - a reclusive, quiet mage known for his calculated, brutal tactics. It has been continuously speculated that he was originally a Dark Other, despite the well-known fact that once the choice is made, the Others can't change sides. His animal form is a large polar bear. He is frequently partnered with Tiger Cub and is greatly saddened with her demise.
Ignat (Light Incubus/Succubus) - a self-absorbed mage with "[the] face of a Hollywood actor and [the] body of a Greek god". He prides himself on being able to bed any woman (or man, he doesn't care). As a result, he takes failure very hard.
Garik (Light Mage) - a shy mage infamous for his bad luck with women.
Alisher (Light Mage) - a weak magician born from a devona father and a human mother. Alisher's father was killed by Alisa Donnikova in the first book. Afterward he became Gesar's new apprentice. It was suggested that he might play an unknown role in Gesar's plan.
Igor Teplov (Light Mage) - an idealistic mid-level mage. Despite his youthful appearance, he was born in the late 1920s. He is dedicated to the cause of Light Others, though his refusal to compromise his principles has occasionally caused problems. He was drained of his powers during a battle again the Dark Others and sent to a camp at the Black Sea to recuperate. He fell in love with Alisa while she too was recovering from a power drain, while both were unable to recognize each other as Others. Upon discovering Alisa was a Dark Other, he took it badly and challenged her, which led to her death as she didn't fight back. A year later, during the Fafnir incident, he willingly banished ("dematerialized") himself into the Twilight in order to be with Alisa, much to Gesar's chagrin.
Dark Others
Zavulon (spelled Zabulon in the English translation) (Grand Dark Mage) - an ancient schemer about the same age as Gesar. His true form has taken on demonic characteristics because he had spent a great deal of time in the Twilight. He expressed interest in taking Alisa back, so long as she did what she was told (only to reveal that he was just using Alisa as part of his plan). He knew Lewis Carroll.
Alisa Donnikova (Dark Witch) - a young witch with the penchant for mischief and discreet mind manipulation. She was killed as a result of Zavulon's scheme to deprive the Light Messiah of the proper teacher. She was temporarily resurrected to testify during the Farnir affair.
Anna Lemesheva (Dark Witch) - a senior witch who used to be Zavulon's lover. She became jealous after Zavulon took a favour in Alisa. She was used as the vessel to rematerialize/resurrect Alisa temporarily.
Edgar (Dark Mage) - a strong dark mage (1-2 level) who was transferred to Moscow from an Estonian Day Watch on Zavulon's behest. Although he was, for a while, a steadfast supporter of the Dark Other's cause, he found many aspects of the Dark Others' lifestyle distasteful. After getting tired of Zavulon's schemes, he joins the Inquisition.
Unaffiliated
Maxim (Inquisitor) - a middle-class Light Other whose powers emerged before Night Watch could find him. Feeling compelled to seek out evil, he hunted and killed low-level Dark Others with an enchanted wooden dagger. Upon discovering the truth about the Others, he joined the Inquisition.
Vitaly Ragoza (The Mirror) - a minor Other who was not associated with either side, but was turned into the Mirror by the Twilight itself in order to correct the imbalance between the Night Watch and Day Watch in Moscow. As the Mirror, he had an ability to match the power level of any Other he was combating at the time. In the span of two weeks, he killed Tiger Cub and drained Svetlana's power. Upon completing his mission, he vanished into the Twilight.
Witezslav (Inquisitor): a Higher Vampire Dark Other. Anton was shocked to learn that there was a Vampire among the Prague Inquisition. In Czech - Vítězslav.
Egor (Other) - a young and rare Other who was affiliated to neither Light nor Dark. It was suggested that he could become a Mirror like Vitaly.
See also
Characters in the Night Watch Universe
Night Watch
References
External links
Lukyanenko's official site
Vasilyev's official site
2000 fantasy novels
Night Watch
Novels by Sergey Lukyanenko
Low fantasy novels
Heinemann (publisher) books
AST (publisher) books
2000 novels
2000 Russian novels |
4137906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Cowsill | Bill Cowsill | William Joseph Cowsill Jr. (January 9, 1948 – February 18, 2006) was an American singer, musician, songwriter, and record producer. He was the lead singer and guitarist of The Cowsills, who had three top-10 singles in the late 1960s. From the mid-1970s until his death, he was a successful alt-country artist and producer in Canada.
Early life, The Cowsills, 1964–1969
Bill Cowsill was born in Middletown, Rhode Island, the eldest child of the seven Cowsill children—six boys and one girl—and was named after his father, William Joseph "Bud" Cowsill (1925–1992). At a young age, Bill began singing with his younger brother Bob (born August 26, 1949), playing guitars provided for them by their father, who at the time was serving in the U.S. Navy. The brothers had originally wanted to form a rock band. In 1965, at their father's insistence, Bill and Bob formed The Cowsills with their brothers Barry on bass and John on drums. After his retirement from the navy, their father became their full-time manager. He was physically and emotionally abusive towards his family, in both his spousal and parental roles; this abuse continued during his role as the group's manager.
The Cowsills started playing around Newport and, in 1965, recorded their first single, "All I Really Wanna Be is Me," on the independent label JoDa Records, which was founded by Johnny Nash. Cowsill recalled that Nash wanted the band to be a "white rhythm and blues band" and sent them home with Jimmy Reed albums, which is how Cowsill learned to play harmonica. Although the single failed to chart, an appearance on the NBC Today Show to promote it was seen by Shelby Singleton, who offered them a contract with Mercury Records. In 1966, they released three more singles: "Most of All", "Party Girl", and "What's It Gonna Be Like". These songs failed to spark interest. The band was dropped by Mercury, but they were discovered by Artie Kornfeld and signed to MGM Records. Kornfeld persuaded the children's mother, Barbara, to contribute backing vocals behind Bill's lead on "The Rain, The Park & Other Things", a song written by Steve Duboff and Artie Kornfeld and released in 1967, as a single and on their debut album, The Cowsills. At this point, the brothers' younger sister Susan and brother Paul joined the band. Richard wanted to join the group; Bud would not allow it.
"The Rain, The Park & Other Things" sold over a million copies and reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. Bill and Bob co-produced their second album, We Can Fly, which was released in December 1967. It spawned a second Top 40 hit with the title track. "We Can Fly" was written by Bob Cowsill, Bill Cowsill, Steve Duboff, and Artie Kornfeld, and would be successfully recorded by several acts, notably Al Hirt and Lawrence Welk. Bill produced the band's third album, Captain Sad And His Ship Of Fools, which was released in September 1968. From this album, "Indian Lake" became another Top 10 hit, but Cowsill felt that it was an inferior song, and he fired the producer, Wes Farrell. Farrell said he doubted that Cowsill could do better. When Carl Reiner asked the Cowsills to perform a musical skit on his 1969 TV special, which involved modeling wigs from Japan, Cowsill produced a version of the title track from the rock musical Hair. It peaked at No. 2 and sold 2.5 million copies.
The Cowsills were noted for their ability to sing multiple-part harmonies with remarkable accuracy and were one of the most popular musical acts in America. They made 200 television appearances a year, including The Ed Sullivan Show, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, American Bandstand, The Mike Douglas Show, Playboy After Dark, Kraft Music Hall, and The Johnny Cash Show. This led to Columbia Pictures division Screen Gems considering a sitcom based on their story and starring most of the members of the band; the deal was abandoned when the producers of the show wanted to replace Barbara in the cast. The show would later become The Partridge Family, with David Cassidy playing the lead singer and with his step-mother Shirley Jones as the mother in the show.
It was commonly thought that Cowsill's involvement with the family band came to an abrupt end in 1969 when Bud caught him smoking marijuana. In fact, Cowsill's dismissal occurred after he and his father got into a drunken brawl in the lounge of the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas, when Bud insulted Bill's friends, particularly guitarist Waddy Wachtel. Police had to be called to break up the fight; Bill was dismissed, or quit, the next day. According to Bob Cowsill, Bill's dismissal was the beginning of the end of the Cowsills as a group, because no other sibling could assume his leadership role. After the band's break-up in 1972, it was discovered that most of their wealth had been lost through Bud Cowsill's financial mismanagement.
Tulsa, Nervous Breakthrough, Cowsills Reunion, 1970-1975
Cowsill had no qualms about leaving the family band, later saying that he "hated" the life and the lack of musical control. From Las Vegas, he (and Wachtel) went directly to Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he began playing in bars, "for ten bucks a night and all the whiskey you could drink." He was able to sit in with Harry Nilsson, J.J. Cale and Carl Wilson, co-founder of The Beach Boys. This led to Bill being considered as the replacement for Brian Wilson in The Beach Boys' live performances. Instead, Cowsill stayed in Tulsa and, in late 1970, released his solo album, Nervous Breakthrough.
There is a persistent myth, sometimes encouraged by Cowsill that, at this time, Cowsill bought a bar in Austin, Texas and "drank it dry". In fact, Cowsill was one of several people who pitched in to purchase the old railway bar, McNeil Depot, in 1978, and then sold it to its current owner a few months later.
Cowsill had married Karen Locke in 1968; their son Travis was born in Tulsa in 1971. At this point, Cowsill reunited with The Cowsills and wrote and produced two singles, "You (In My Mind)" and "Crystal Claps", two of six singles that the group released that year. By 1972, The Cowsills had dissolved.
Bill and Karen moved to Los Angeles, where Bill spent a few years playing and producing. In 1974, he joined Wachtel and his brothers Paul and Barry and they formed a group called Bridey Murphy. They released one single which Wachtel had co-written, "The Time Has Come", but nothing more came of it. By 1975, Cowsill's drug abuse problems were well entrenched. He was newly divorced and estranged from his family. He decided to move to Canada, choosing Yellowknife, Northwest Territories as his destination.
Yellowknife, Edmonton, Bryan Fustukian Band, 1975–1977
Cowsill played in the bars and hotels of Yellowknife for a short time; the city has just 20,000 people and a limited number of entertainment venues. He moved south to Edmonton, which is the capitol of Alberta and a much larger and more cosmopolitan city. He began meeting other musicians and joined up with a group of them to form The Hair Trigger Cowboys. The band's drummer, Bruce Larochelle, would recall, "His body language reminded me of that of an outlaw or a gunfighter, roaming from town to town, always looking over his shoulder. But he [was] just a kid though, just a kid. He was also pretty road-hardened, at the same time. Billy knew the situation, and he coached me. "Just watch me," he said, "And don’t make any fast moves."" On that occasion, the band was in Provost, Alberta, opening for Bryan Fustukian, the well-known DJ who had become a successful country music artist. Cowsill accepted the invitation to join Fustukian's band and stayed on for about a year, as guitarist and co-lead singer. In 1977, he moved to Vancouver.
Vancouver, Blue Northern, 1977–1983
Vancouver has always been a musical hub but, in the late ‘70s, it was bursting with new rock bands, new nightclubs and new blues venues. The two hubs for blues were The Anchor Hotel and The Yale Saloon. Cowsill rented an apartment in the former Hippie enclave of Kitsilano, and began sitting in with bands playing at The Yale’s famous Sunday jam sessions. At one such session, he ran into Lee Stephens, the bass player from The Hair Trigger Cowboys. Stephens had just become part of the new country rock band Blue Northern; Cowsill began sitting in and then joined on vocals, guitar and percussion. He wrote and co-wrote some of their songs, produced their EP Blue, and co-produced their album Blue Northern. He also co-produced the 1983 album Restless Heart by the Winnipeg country singer Patti Mayo, which Blue Northern performed on. Blue Northern was a successful band—five of their songs made the national top-40 and, in 1982, they were nominated for a Canadian Country Music Award. But by then, Cowsill’s addictions to drugs and alcohol had gotten the better of him. Blue Northern’s members splintered off; their last performance was as part of a Christmas concert at Vancouver's Commodore Ballroom on December 23, 1982.
Vancouver, Calgary, Billy Mitchell's Trainwreck, 1983–1986
By now, Cowsill had become friends with Lindsay Mitchell, singer of the group Prism which had broken up in 1982. Cowsill and Mitchell recruited bassist Elmer Spanier, guitarist Danny Casavant, and two of The Anchor's regular musicians, pianist Doc Fingers and drummer Chris Nordquist, to form the alt-country band Billy Mitchell's Trainwreck. The band played a steady stream of gigs in Vancouver, Calgary and Edmonton, becoming popular in western Canada by performing what Cowsill described as his "Dead Guys Set"; country and pop songs by artists no longer living. At this point, Cowsill's manager was Larry Wanagas, president of Edmonton's Bumstead Records. Wanagas was also the manager of k.d. lang. Also at the time, Cowsill was mentoring the young blue guitarist Colin James, who was also playing with the band. On July 5, 1985, Wanagas had them open for lang at Calgary's Fairmont Palliser Hotel. Their concert was recorded and, in 2004, Cowsill released the performance as the album as Billy Cowsill – Live From The Crystal Ballroom Calgary, AB July, 1985.
Mitchell soon returned to the re-united Prism and Cowsill's band became Billy Cowsill and the Heartbeats. By now, Cowsill had become a fixture in Alberta. He appeared more than once on Ian Tyson's TV show Sun Country, he played every Sunday night at the Wrangler Room, and the band was a regular fixture at the Calgary clubs Slack Alice and McGees, and at Edmonton's Sidetrack Cafe. He made other television appearances on Country West and The Don Harron show. But in January 1987, he returned to Vancouver, accepting scheduled regular bookings at the Fairview Pub and the Soft Rock Cafe.
Vancouver, The Blue Shadows, 1987–1996
In 1990, Cowsill produced Year of the Rooster, the first album for the Vancouver rockabilly act, The Rattled Roosters. Cowsill also produced the initial demos for the band.
In 1992, Cowsill and Elmer Spanier reunited to form The Blue Shadows. They brought in Jeffrey Hatcher as guitarist and co-songwriter, and J.B. "Jay" Johnson on drums. While they were recording their first album, and Spanier left the band. He was replaced by Barry Muir, late of Barney Bentall and The Payolas. Hatcher had previously had his own band, Jeffrey Hatcher And The Big Beat. The new band's name, suggested by Hatcher's wife, was taken from the song "Blue Shadows On The Trail" by Sons of the Pioneers. Cowsill and Hatcher became known for their Everly Brothers-like harmonies. Cowsill regarded his association with The Blue Shadows as his most positive experience as a musician, to that point in his career.
The group was signed to Columbia Records and their first album, On The Floor of Heaven, was certified gold in Canada. Cowsill said that he considered the title track to the album to be the best song he had ever written. They generated the interest of U.S. record executives, but did not receive a U.S. record distribution contract. The group also received a 1994 Juno award nomination as Best Country Group or Duo; The Rankin Family won. The band's second album, Lucky to Me was released in 1995 and was followed by regular touring for the year thereafter. Both Blue Shadows albums were co-produced by Cowsill and Hatcher.
Having not obtained a record deal by the end of 1996, The Blue Shadows broke up, amidst "creative differences". These were, as Cowsill acknowledged, precipitated by his addictions to drugs and alcohol, which impaired his ability to contribute to songwriting meetings, band rehearsals and, ultimately, performances. The actual end of the band occurred during a layover in Ottawa, Ontario, when Cowsill crashed their van into a laundromat. They fulfilled their performance obligations, then broke up. Cowsill continued for a brief period with another band, using The Blue Shadows name. There would be increased interest in the band's music, particularly following the re-release, in 2010, of On the Floor of Heaven.
Calgary, The Co-Dependents, 1998–2004
Following the break-up of The Blue Shadows, Cowsill returned to Calgary and entered the addiction recovery program at Recovery Acres. It took him two years to completely overcome his addictions, but he remained clean for the rest of his life.
In 1988, Cowsill had produced the release Low Tech/High Torque for the Calgary rock band The Burners. Once he was sober, Cowsill started to play engagements with these same musicians—bassist Tim Leacock, guitarist and singer Steve Pineo, and drummer Ross Watson. They formally formed the band The Co-Dependents.
Cowsill also enrolled, as a full-time student, at Mount Royal College in Calgary, where he worked towards a degree in psychology, with the objective of becoming a counselor for troubled youth. Cowsill and The Co-Dependents performed as Cowsill's study schedule permitted, rather than on a full-time basis. The band played a mix of country, bluegrass, blues, rock and rockabilly music and became popular in Calgary, western Canada and the United States; They eventually had a regular weekend booking at Calgary's Mecca Café where, over three nights in June 2001, they recorded their performances. These were released by Calgary's new independent music label Indelible Music, which founded by Ian Tyson's former producer Neil MacGonigill, as Live Recording Event (2001) and Live At The Mecca Café, Volume 2 (2005). Live Recording Event was one of the most successful Alberta roots recordings at the time, staying at the top of the charts for three weeks.
During this period, Cowsill worked with other Calgary-based artists. In 2000, he produced and arranged the vocals for Sun Sittin, the debut album of Calgary hard rock band Optimal Impact--Cowsill coined the term 'Surf Metal' when asked to describe their music. In 2002, Cowsill co-produced the EP Dyin' to Go for Calgary country and blues singer, Ralph Boyd Johnson. He also appeared as a guest vocalist on various recordings, such as an album by the roots rock group The Shackshakers, and on Gary Pig Gold's 2002 Gene Pitney tribute He's A Rebel (The Gene Pitney Story Retold).
Personal life
In addition to his early marriage, Cowsill had a 15-year marriage to Vancouver artist Mitzi Gibbs.
They had one son, Delaney, a musician who was born in Vancouver in 1980. Gibbs died in November, 2006.
Barbara Cowsill died of emphysema in February 1985, at age 56. Bud Cowsill died of leukemia in 1992. By then, Cowsill had reconciled with his father.
Illness and death
In the latter years of his life, Cowsill was in declining health, suffering from emphysema, Cushing syndrome and osteoporosis. His health went into serious decline in 2004. He needed a cane to walk and underwent hip replacement surgery and three back surgeries,Billy Cowsill Website ; Notice, December, 2004. Retrieved 2014-09-10 one of which left him with a permanently collapsed lung. That year, a benefit concert for Cowsill was held in Los Angeles, featuring The Cowsills, Peter Tork, Susanna Hoffs and Shirley Jones, among others.
Despite his health challenges, Cowsill continued to write, perform and record--he trained himself to sing with one lung. Six months before his death, he accepted an invitation to perform two songs onstage with Calgary honky-tonk singer-songwriter Tom Phillips. His last recording was "The Days I'm With The Horses", recorded in Calgary on July 18, 2005. The song was written and performed by Stewart MacDougall, and produced by Cowsill, who also sang background vocals. It is included on Rivers and Rails: A Tribute to Alberta, a compilation album by various artists, released in 2007. Cowsill also co-wrote, with Ralph Boyd Johnson and Suzanne Leacock, the title song to the album, on which he plays guitar.
He died on February 18, 2006, aged 58, at his Calgary home,In the years prior to his death, Cowsill had lived in a house with fellow musicians Ralph Boyd Johnson, Back Alley John and Duris Maxwell, among others. The Johnson album, 1723 9th Street SW, references the house address as the album title: Amy Nakaska, Ralph Boyd Johnson sings about home, The Three Hills Capital, June 15, 2011. Retrieved 2014-09-01. survived by his two sons.Jessica Robertson, Billy Cowsill dead at 58. Rolling Stone, February 21, 2006. Retrieved 2014-09-01. Family members learned of his death while holding a memorial service the next day, in Newport, Rhode Island, for his brother Barry, who was a victim of Hurricane Katrina (his body had not been found and identified until January 2006). Bill Cowsill was cremated, and his ashes later scattered in Newport, Rhode Island. At the time of Cowsill's death, his last album with the Co-Dependents, Live at the Mecca Café, Volume 2, was the top-selling independent album in Alberta.
On April 20, 2006, a tribute concert in memory of Billy Cowsill was held at The Railway Club in Vancouver. On May 18, 2006, a memorial service for and musical tribute to Cowsill was held at Knox United Church in Calgary.
In 2009, Cowsill's last residence, at 1723 9th Street SW, Calgary, was designated a 'municipal historic resource' by the city of Calgary.
DiscographyThe Co-Dependents2005 Live at the Mecca Café, Volume 2 (Recorded 2001), Indelible
2001 Live Recording Event, IndelibleThe Blue Shadows1995 Lucky to Me Columbia
1994 Rockin (EP), Columbia
1993 On the Floor of Heaven, ColumbiaBilly Mitchell's Trainwreck2004 Billy Cowsill Live From The Crystal Ballroom Calgary, AB July, 1985, Indelible MusicBlue Northern1980 Blue (EP), Quintessence Records
1981 Blue Northern, PolydorBridey Murphy1974 "The Time Has Come", ColumbiaSolo1970 Nervous Breakthrough, MGMThe Cowsills1971 "You (In My Mind)" / "Crystal Claps", London Records
1969 "Hair" / "What is Happy", MGM
1968 Captain Sad and His Ship of Fools, MGM
1968 We Can Fly, MGM
1967 The Cowsills, MGMCompilation contributions2007 Beautiful Dreamers: Volume 1 Alberta Sessions
2007 Rivers and Rails: A Tribute to Alberta
2006 Sorrow Bound: Hank Williams Re-Examined
2002 He's A Rebel: The Gene Pitney Story RetoldGuest contributions2000 The Shackshakers, With Special Guests
1968 Opal Butterfly, Beautiful Beige, Beautiful Beige (co-writer)
1968 Bit 'A Sweet, Hypnotic I, "How Can I Make You See" (writer) As a producer of other artists'''
2002 Ralph Boyd Johnson, Dyin' to Go, co-produced with Tim Williams.
2000 Optimal Impact, Sun Sittin'1990 The Rattled Roosters, Year of the Rooster1988 The Burners, Low Tech/High Torque1983 Patti Mayo, Restless Heart'', co-producer
References
External links
1948 births
2006 deaths
American expatriate musicians in Canada
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Deaths from emphysema
Musicians from Calgary
Singers from Vancouver
Musicians from Newport, Rhode Island
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century Canadian male musicians
Songwriters from Rhode Island
The Cowsills members
20th-century American male singers
The Partridge Family |
4138052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission%20Hill%2C%20Boston | Mission Hill, Boston | Mission Hill is a square mile (2 square km), primarily residential neighborhood of Boston, bordered by Roxbury, Jamaica Plain and Fenway-Kenmore and the town of Brookline. It is home to several hospitals and universities, including Brigham and Women's Hospital and New England Baptist Hospital. Mission Hill is known for its brick row houses and triple decker homes of the late 19th century. The population was estimated at 15,883 in 2011.
Location
The neighborhood is roughly bounded by Columbus Avenue and the Boston neighborhood of Roxbury to the east, Ruggles Street to the northeast and the Olmsted designed Riverway/Jamaicaway, and the town of Brookline to the west. The Historic District was designated by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1985 and is roughly bounded by Smith Street, Worthington Street, Tremont Street (to the south), and Huntington Avenue (to the west). The Mission Hill neighborhood is immediately north of the Boston neighborhood of Jamaica Plain. It is served by the MBTA Green Line E branch and the Orange Line, and is within walking distance of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Gardner Museum. "The Hill" overlaps with about half of the Longwood Medical and Academic Area, home to 21 health care, research, and educational institutions which together provides the largest employment area in the City of Boston outside of downtown Boston. Due to these adjacencies, the neighborhood is often struggling with institutional growth taking residential buildings and occupying storefront commercial space. Recent years have seen new retail stores, restaurants, and residential development giving the neighborhood a stronger political voice and identity, as some of the educational institutions have made commitments to house all or most of their about 2000 undergraduate students in newly erected campus housing, including several new high-rise dormitories. People aged 20 to 24 account for 32% of the population currently living in Mission Hill.
The Mission Hill Triangle is an architectural conservation district with a combination of freestanding houses built by early wealthy landowners, blocks of traditional brick rowhouses, and many triple-deckers. Many are now condominiums, but there are also several two-family and some single-family homes.
The neighborhood was named in March 2008 as one of 25 "Best ZIP Codes in Massachusetts" by The Boston Globe, citing increased value in single-family homes, plentiful restaurants and shopping, a marked racial diversity, and the behavioral fact that 65% of residents walk, bike, or take public transit to their work.
Geography
The neighborhood has two main commercial streets: Tremont Street and Huntington Avenue. Both have several small restaurants and shops. Mission Hill is at the far western end of Tremont Street, with Government Center at the far eastern end. Mission Hill’s main zip code is 02120. Additionally, a very small portion of the southeastern edge uses the code 02130, areas adjacent to the Longwood Medical Area use 02115 and two streets on the far western edge use 02215.
Parker Hill, Back of The Hill, and Calumet Square are areas within the Mission Hill, an officially designated neighborhood in Boston (as attested by numerous signs prohibiting parking without a suitable Mission Hill neighborhood residential sticker, which only residents can procure legally).
Brigham Circle, located at the corner of Tremont and Huntington is the neighborhood's commercial center, with a grocery store, drug stores, bistros, banks and taverns. One block up the hill from Brigham Circle is Boston's newest park, Kevin W. Fitzgerald Park (formerly Puddingstone Park) created when a new $60-million mixed use building was completed in 2002.
On Tremont Street is Our Lady of Perpetual Help Basilica (1878, Schickel and Ditmars, 1910 towers addition by Franz Joseph Untersee), an eponymous landmark building that dominates the skyline of the area. The church was chosen as the location for the funeral of Senator Edward M. Kennedy on Saturday, August 29, 2009.
Also nearby is the recently restored Parker Hill Library, the neighborhood branch of the Boston Public Library, and designed by architect Ralph Adams Cram in 1929. The city used eminent domain to acquire the land for both the library and the adjacent Mission Hill playground.
Atop the hill are the New England Baptist Hospital and the Parker Hill Playground, which extends from the hospital grounds down Parker Hill Avenue.
Green space
There are a few large parks in Mission Hill for walking or sitting.
One is called Kevin W. Fitzgerald Park. Formerly named Puddingstone Park because of the local rock sources, the park includes lawn space and asphalt walkways for people to walk on. The walkway is lined with benches for people to rest and enjoy the various views such as Lower Roxbury, the Fenway, and Back Bay. This park was previously one of the five quarries in Boston. This park was known as the Harvard Quarry. The operation of the quarry was ceased around 1910 and this left a 65-foot-high quarry wall. In the 1990s, the open space planning committee worked on preserving public access to the quarry. The community and the developer decided together that the walls of the old quarry would be preserved and they would create a new 6-acre open space for the community at the top of the puddingstone bowl. Harvard Quarry Urban Wild was then named Puddingstone Park. In November 2006, the park was renamed Kevin Fitzgerald Park in honor of the former Massachusetts State Representative. Most of the land is already being developed on for more housing and institutional purposes. Only 6.2 acres of land are protected for preservation of public access.
McLaughlin Park is another park located in Mission Hill. An article posted in the Mission Hill Gazette on April 3 talked about the park being renovated on a $430,000 budget. A direct quote taken from the article states the plan for the renovations, "The City presented a plan for the renovation in September that would lay a loop path around the upper terrace; build an overlook area along the southeastern portion of the terrace; repair Ben's Tower; add a new set of stairs from the upper terrace to the lower terrace; and address other maintenance issues." Ben's tower is a memorial for a child named Ben who was from Mission Hill and enjoyed playing in the McLaughlin Park. Ben died of cancer.
The Butterfly Garden located on the Back of The Hill is another lovely gated garden, smaller in size.
Demographics
According to the American Community Survey (ACS), Mission Hill's population was 15,883 in 2011. It listed 47.8% of the people in the community as White, 18.0% as Black or African American, 17.5% as Hispanic or Latino, 14.1% as Asian, 1.2% as "two or more races", and 1.4% as "other". Given its proximity to many colleges and universities, and because it houses several dormitories, ages in the neighborhood centered near the early to mid-20s. The ACS estimated residents between the ages 20–24 make up most of the population of Mission Hill, Boston.
The 2011 ACS listed median household income in Mission Hill as $33,432 during a 12-month span. 21.1% of the households made less than $10,000 yearly. The median family income during a 12-month span was $36,237. The highest percent of family income accounts for 12.0% and they make between $75,000 to $99,999 yearly. Out of 6,230 households, 1,300 received food stamps/SNAP over a 12-month span. However, Mission Hill Neighborhood Housing Services claims that "Mission Hill's population of 18,722 people is racially and economically diverse" on its website. Seeming disparities in statistics might recurringly result from the very large number of short-term undergraduates and visiting international faculty, postdocs, researchers, and professional degree candidates who may or may not appear in statistical data sets that are cited for publication.
History
Like the adjacent neighborhood of Jamaica Plain to the south, Mission Hill was once a neighborhood of adjacent Roxbury before Roxbury's annexation by Boston. According to maps from the period, it was often referenced as Parker Hill (which is the name of the geographic feature in the area). After annexation (and more rapidly in recent years) the area slowly came to be considered a separate neighborhood of its own right. The majority of government, commercial, and institutional entities list "Mission Hill" in the breakdown of Boston neighborhoods and its boundaries generally agreed upon.
Until the American Revolution, Mission Hill supported large country estates of wealthy Boston families. Much of the area was an orchard farm, originally owned by the Parker family in the 18th century. Peter Parker married Sarah Ruggles, whose family owned large areas of land including most of what became known as Parker Hill (later renamed Mission Hill). Parker's life ended when a barrel of his own cider fell on him. (Much of this story is outlined in "The History of Peter Parker and Sarah Ruggles", a book by John William Linzee, published in 1913.) An annual 'cider press' neighborhood event is held in the 'top of the hill' park adjacent to New England Baptist Hospital, commemorating this neighborhood narrative.
The orchard continued for some time thereafter, but gradually pieces of the land were sold and developed. Boston's reservoir was once located at the top of the hill. Many of the older apple trees along Fisher Avenue and in an undeveloped area of the playground are probably descendants of the Parker family's original trees. The lower portion of the eastern hill was a puddingstone quarry with large swaths owned by merchants Franklin G. Dexter, Warren Fisher, and Fredrick Ames.
Maps of the area indicate Mission Hill development began before the Fenway and Longwood Medical Area. Huntington Avenue, now one of the main connections to the rest of Boston, once stopped at the intersection of Parker Street, near the present-day site of the Museum of Fine Arts. Up until that time, Mission Hill was connected via Parker Street (a man-made raised passage between the Stony Brook and the Muddy River – both which formed a tidal flat into the Charles River) all the way to Boylston Street in the Back Bay. Part of what was once Parker Street is now called Hemenway Street. The once main intersection of Parker Street and Huntington Avenue has been traffic-engineered, cutting the straight-line road in two and forcing traffic to first turn onto Forsyth Way to make the connection. Many other streets leading into Mission Hill were also realigned and/or renamed at Huntington Avenue (including Longwood Avenue/McGreevey Way, Smith/Shattuck Street, Vancouver Street, and Palace Road/Worthington Street), limiting both pedestrian and vehicular access.
After the 1880s and the re-routing of the Muddy River by Frederick Law Olmsted, Huntington Avenue was joined from Parker Street to Brigham Circle, creating the Triangle District. (Maps from the time indicate that Huntington Avenue from Brigham Circle to the Brookline line was named Tremont Street.)
Development began in earnest in the mid-19th century. In 1870, the Redemptorist Fathers built a humble wooden mission church that was replaced by an impressive Roxbury puddingstone structure in 1876. In 1910, dual-spires were added that now dominate the skyline. The church was elevated to basilica in 1954 by Pope Pius XII and is one of less than 100 in the United States. Officially named Our Lady of Perpetual Help after the icon of the same name, it is uniformly referred to as "Mission Church", even by its own parishioners. Due to a sloping foundation of this landmark, the west cross tops its tower at ; the other spire is two feet shorter. The length of the church is also , presenting a perfect proportion.
At one time, the Basilica was a campus of buildings; the Queen Anne style Sister's Convent and Grammar School (1888–1889, Henry Burns) and the Romanesque Revival St. Alphonsus Hall (1898, Franz Joseph Untersee) administered by the parish. The church closed Mission Church High School in 1992, but a parochial elementary school still remains. The sale of these buildings at 80–100 Smith Street allowed much of the church to be restored. The sold buildings are currently planned to be used for 'Basilica Court,' a 229-unit residential complex, developed by Weston Associates, Inc. The Hall was the club headquarters for the St. Alphonsus Association founded in 1900. It was the preeminent social and athletic Catholic men's organization for nearly 50 years and its 1000-seat theatre held many community, political, and theatrical events.
Another example of high religious architecture is the Byzantine-style Annunciation Greek Orthodox Cathedral at 514 Parker Street at the eastern edge of the neighborhood. Referred to as the "mother church" of the Greek Orthodox Church in New England, it is the cathedral of the Diocese of Boston and the seat of its Bishop Methodios Tournas. Built between 1892 and 1927, it is one of the oldest Greek churches in the United States, a Boston landmark, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1927 a Greek artist was commissioned to decorate the cathedral with Byzantine iconography. The radiant stained glass windows and large crystal chandeliers also contribute to the visual majesty of the cathedral's interior.
Puddingstone plays a historic role in the area. The large puddingstone quarry that ran between Tremont Street and Allegany Street produced the stone foundations of most of the late-19th-century houses in the neighborhood. This locally sourced material made quick construction of working-class housing possible. Some structures around the Tremont Street/Parker Street intersection are made entirely of the material, including 682–688 Parker Street, 2–5 Sewall Street and 1472–74 Tremont Street (1856, David Connery, mason).
Most of the houses in the neighborhood are stone foundations and wood construction, but the Triangle Historic District along Huntington Avenue is stone and brick, and one of only eight such districts in Boston given landmark status by the city. These seventy-one buildings bordered by Huntington Avenue, Tremont Street, and Worthington Street exemplify the development of the neighborhood from the 1870s through the 1910s. Construction of this area was begun in 1871. The Helvetia, a distinctive apartment hotel, was built at 706–708 Huntington Avenue in 1884–1885; a Georgian revival apartment building known as The Esther was built at 683 Huntington/142–148 Smith Street in 1912. Both buildings continue have retail on the ground floor and apartments above. Similar row houses line one side of Delle Avenue a few blocks away from the Triangle District. Taller and larger brick row houses also line Huntington Avenue, Wait Street, and South Huntington.
By 1894, the electric streetcar was in operation on Huntington Avenue. Builder-developers began cutting streets through the hillside farmland and building homes for commuters on Parker Hill Avenue, Hillside Street, and Alleghany Street. An excellent example from this era is the Timothy Hoxie House at 135 Hillside Street. A freestanding Italianate villa, it was built in 1854 across from its present location. The Hoxie family left Beacon Hill for pastoral Mission Hill. Single-family houses of this size are rare today in the area. Demand for housing went up and builders turned to building multifamily dwellings, generally constructed on smaller lots.
The carpenter-contractor John Cantwell lived in the Gothic Revival cottage at 139 Hillside Street, and purchased the Hoxie House after Timothy's death. He moved the house to its present site so that upper Sachem Street could be cut through. Cantwell also developed triple deckers on adjacent lots on Darling and Sachem Streets. In 1890, he subdivided the lot on which the Hoxie House stood and built triple-deckers at 17 and 19 Sachem Street.
By the 1890s, there was a more urban feel to the neighborhood and the hill was covered in triple-deckers. Calumet, Iroquois and other streets with Native American names were built up within ten years into a dense neighborhood of triple deckers in the Queen Anne style. The Queen Anne style is prevalent in Mission Hill because this building boom coincided with the popularity of this style. A restoration of this style of houses along Parker Street is becoming something of a Polychrome Row.
Before 1900, the Georgian Revival New England Baptist Hospital (at the time, the Robert Breck Brigham Hospital) at 125 Parker Hill Ave was one of the few institutions in the neighborhood. Other soon followed, moving from their downtown locations to the Mission Hill/Longwood area for more space and less expensive land (along with the completion of the Emerald Necklace). In 1906, the Harvard Medical School moved into five buildings on Longwood Avenue. Wentworth Institute at 360 Ruggles Street began building in 1911. In 1912, the then Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (now Brigham & Women's Hospital) opened on Brigham Circle. In 1914, Children's Hospital also moved to Longwood Avenue. Beth Israel Deaconess was constructed a short time later.
In the late 19th century through the 1970s, the neighborhood was once home to large numbers of families of recent immigrant descent: mostly Irish, but also Germans, Italians, and others. After the 1950s, the combined effects of urban renewal, white flight, and institutional growth caused many to flee the neighborhood. In the early 1960s, the Boston Redevelopment Authority razed several homes in the Triangle District section of the neighborhood to make way for the Whitney Redevelopment Project, which are three high-rise towers along St. Alphonsus Street. They include Charlesbank Apartments (276-unit highrise that became a limited equity co-op), Back Bay Manor (270 units, now known as CityView at Longwood), and Franklin Square Apartments (formerly Back Bay Towers – 146 units, now known as The Longwood). This project was one of Boston's earliest redevelopment projects not funded by federal renewal monies. Eastward across St. Alphonsus Street is Mission Main, one of the nation's oldest public housing developments. The original thirty-eight 3-story brick structures built between 1938 and 1940 were demolished in the mid-1990s and replaced with 535 new apartments with a mix of subsidized and market-rate units.
Industry began in the area as early as the 17th century. The first brewery was established at the foot of Parker Hill in the 1820s. By the 1870s beer production was the main industry in Mission Hill, and many breweries lined the Stony Brook (now a culvert running along the Southwest Corridor). Most of Boston's breweries were once located in Mission Hill, but three periods of Prohibition (1852–1868, 1869–1875 and 1918–1933) and the nation's transition from local breweries to national mass-produced brands took their toll on business. Many of the remaining buildings are now being converted into loft condominia.
Breweries included A.J. Houghton (1870–1918) at 37 Station Street, American Brewing Co. at 251 Heath Street(1891–1934)—now American Brewery Lofts, Union Brewing Co. on Terrace Street (1893–1911), Roxbury Brewing Co. at 31 Heath Street (1896–1899)—the building is now home to the Family Service of Greater Boston, Croft Brewing Co. (1933–1953), Burkhardt Brewing Co. (1850–1918), Alley Brewing Co. at 117 Heath Street (1886–1918) and the Highland Springs Brewery/Reuter & Co. (1867–1918) on Terrace Street—the building is often referred to as The Pickle Factory and is in planning for conversion to housing.
From 1916 through the early 1950s, Gordon College, related to the Ruggles Street Baptist Church formerly on Ruggles Street, was on Evans Way in the Fenway on the edge of Mission Hill. When Gordon moved out of the neighborhood near the Museum of Fine Arts and relocated to Wenham, Massachusetts, Wentworth Institute of Technology bought the land. The 7-story Alice Heyward Taylor Apartments were completed in 1951; since that time, they have been completely renovated.
In the late 1960s, Harvard University, through straws, thus concealing the purchases from the neighborhood, bought the wood frame and brick houses along Francis, Fenwood, St. Alban's, Kempton Streets, and part of Huntington Avenue, and announced plans to demolish the buildings. Most were replaced with the Mission Park residential complex of towers and townhomes in 1978 after neighborhood residents organized the Roxbury Tenants of Harvard Association to convince Harvard to rebuild. The tower sits on the site of the House of the Good Shepard, once a large and prominent orphanage. The gates to the complex and the brick wall along Huntington survive from this era.
Also in the 1960s the federal government proposed to extend Interstate 95 into the center of Boston and began buying property and demolishing houses along the Boston and Providence Rail Road. This area, once known as Pierpoint Village after the Pierpoint family and their mills (the earliest of which began in the 1650s), was a stop along the Boston & Providence Railroad in the 1840s, and was once a vibrant commercial area with the 749-seat Criterion Theatre, a Woolworth's, and some restaurants catering to market tastes.
In 1962, the Mission Hill public housing development had 1,024 families (all white), while the Mission Hill Extension project across the street had 580 families (of which 500 were black), and in 1967 when the Boston city government under Mayor John F. Collins (1960–1968) agreed to desegregate the developments, the projects were still 97 percent white and 98 percent black respectively.
The Interstate project was shelved by the governor in 1971 after freeway revolts. Ten years later saw the creation of the Southwest Corridor, a park system with bike and pedestrian trails that lead into the center of Boston. In November 2007, the MBTA awarded Mission Hill Housing Services rights to develop a new 10-story mixed-use building on what is known to the Boston Redevelopment Authority (now the Boston Planning and Development Agency – BPDA) as "Parcel 25", across from the Roxbury Crossing subway station.
By the early 1970s, the area was deemed dangerous and most White people and affluent Black people had moved away. The 1989 incident involving Charles Stuart further intensified this view. With property values low, many of the homes were bought by slum lords and converted into rental housing. The inexpensive rents brought many students from nearby colleges and universities, especially MassArt, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, which has a large studio building in the neighborhood. The Mission Hill Artists Collective now hosts Open Studios in the fall of each year.
As past fears faded by the mid-1990s, the area began to change as homeowners moved into newly converted condominia to take advantage of the fantastic views of the city and proximity to the Longwood Area, the MBTA and downtown Boston.
Today, the neighborhood is briskly gentrifying and diversifying in favor of a mix of new luxury condominia and lofts, triple-deckers converted to condominia, surviving student rental units, newly rebuilt public housing, and strong remnants of long-time residents. Racially, Mission Hill is one of the most diverse in the city, with a balance of white, Asian, Hispanic, and African-Americans having little conflict along race lines.
Much of the early history of Mission Hill through 1978 is covered in a 65-minute documentary video, Mission Hill and the Miracle of Boston, a widely used documentary which was directed by Richard Broadman (died 2002) of the Museum of Fine Arts and released in 1978. The film recounts the events that led to the Urban Renewal Program in Boston and its aftermath by showing how these events unfolded in Mission Hill.
Community organizations
The Tobin Community Center is located at 1481 Tremont Street, Boston, Massachusetts. This community center is for Mission Hill and other neighborhoods in the area. This center as stated on the Timothy Smith Network is for social, educational, recreational, and cultural purposes. There are thirty-eight Boston Centers for Youth & Families facilities. The Tobin Center provides programing for children, youth, adults, and families. Most of the programming provided is coed, but it requires a membership. The Tobin Community Center is open all seven days of the week. Some but not all of their programming is free, but participating in programs requires a (free) membership.
Mission Hill Main Streets (MHMS) is a non-profit organization that helps rejuvenate local businesses, residents, and community organizations. They provide professional support to businesses on operations and property upkeep. Their recently revised (2014) website lists their goals: "Revitalize the Mission Hill commercial area, Increase merchant participation in the Main Street organization and in the life of the Mission Hill community, Provide Mission Hill merchants with technical assistance and with financial and design assistance for storefront renovations, Reduce negative health impacts – noise, clutter, trash, smells – of how business is done, Continuously improve the appearance, healthfulness, safety, and functionality of the Mission Hill business districts and the Mission Hill host community, Work with schools, students, employee groups, neighborhood organizations, and the local District Courts on community services projects throughout the area." The director, Richard Rouse, a former Suffolk County sheriff, writes a monthly column in the Mission Hill Gazette about neighborhood news and the group's accomplishments. They help small businesses stay presentable and solvent in Mission Hill and support the equitable development of a stable presence in Mission Hill. They provide direct financial help to businesses for physical changes, including design and repairs. Residents can refer businesses for help in making their shops look more appealing.
The Parker Hill Branch Library of the Boston Public Library is open Monday through Saturday, providing year-round children's programs, often collaborating with the Tobin Community Center, the Mission Hill Health Movement, and Mission Hill Artists Group (displaying work by local artists).
The Mission Hill Health Movement (MHHM) works For a Healthier Hill. From 1968 to 1970, when it was founded (in July 1970), MHHM acted as the Community Health Committee of Parker Hill-Fenway Area Planning Action Committee (APAC), through the local office of the Action for Boston Community Development (ABCD), when it negotiated with the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Harvard Community Health Plan (HCHP) for neighborhood-based coverage by Harvard Community Health Plan. That agreement included the first Medicaid/Medicare HCHP eligibility with sliding scale premiums for Mission Hill residents, and a local primary care outreach/advocacy office with its neighborhood residents in meaningful staff positions. It was instrumental in founding the Fenway Community Health Center. It conducted with neighborhood staff a neighborhood-based door-to-door lead paint testing program and coordinated with the Boston Department of Health and Hospitals (DHH), later (after a series of complex mergers) the Boston Public Health Commission, to offer the first neighborhood-based free flu shots for elderly. It helped establish at Hennigan School a preschool program integrating special needs students into mainstream classes and set up for Mission Hill children the "SWISH" school-based dental care program with fluoride rinses, scheduling Mission Hill 'Swish Moms' to work with and assist Harvard Dental School staff. Current MHHM Programs include: Seasonal Farmers Markets at Roxbury Crossing subway station on the orange line, and Brigham Circle trolley station on the E green line; the Gore St Community Garden; Mission Hill Noise Study with the Boston University Community Noise Lab; Mission Hill Walks! (Walking Group); Video-What I want my Doctor to Know (Filming Spring 2021); COVID 19 response with facemasks and food support; and Annual Mission Hill Health and Wellness Fair.
Between the Parker Hill Branch Library of the Boston Public Library and Mission Church is Sheehy Park, where young people play, the annual MHHM Mission Hill Community Health, Wellness, and Fitness Fair is held in the Fall and students gather to chat and study after school.
Healthcare
World class teaching hospitals are found in the adjacent Longwood Medical Area, which is sometimes treated administratively by the City as part of the Mission Hill neighborhood. Some of their buildings have been built inside the residential portion of Mission Hill.
A community relations function of Brigham and Women's hospital supports the Mission Hill community, addressing issues of health care, employment, social programs, and services through outreach to schools, housing developments, youth-serving organizations, and other service groups in Mission Hill and elsewhere in Boston.
Residents may also find their medical home in one of the neighborhood health centers, such as the Whittier Street Health Center.
The Mission Hill Health Movement is a community-based organization addressing an array of health conditions and other issues of residents of the Mission Hill community and surrounding neighborhoods, such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, mental illness and depression, exercise and energy levels, personal and social responsibility for health, and access to health care. They sponsor the twice-weekly Mission Hill Farmers markets throughout the months of June to November, the annual community health fair (with Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences) and a summer food fair in September, and low-cost fresh produce and bread distribution, the $2 bag program, with Fair Foods of Dorchester. At the Tuesday and Thursday farmers' markets, local farmers sell their freshly picked produce. MHHM sponsors several self-help health programs, including a walking group, a Women's Health Group, and a Diabetes Self-Management Group to educate newly diagnosed and current diabetics and pre-diabetics about how to live responsibly with it, to improve overall health and ease the responsibilities of living day-to-day with chronic diabetes. In 2011, the Mission Hill Main Streets, Tobin Community Center, Mission Hill Health Movement, and Sociedad Latina sponsored the first Mission Hill healthy food festival. Longwood-based hospitals, such as Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Boston Children's Hospital, schools such as Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and the Whittier Street Health Center, tabled at this festival to field questions and distribute informative literature. The Boston Collaborative for Food & Fitness, Boston Vegetarian Society, Cooking Matters, and Sociedad Latina also offered helpful information. Each Spring, the Mission Hill Health Movement sponsors a community health fair, convening 20-40 local institutions, organizations, and neighborhood businesses during 2011, and now 66 such exhibitors in 2015, providing health information, screening tests, and health-supporting food. They also provide a "FEET FIRST" walk on Thursdays at 10 am, rain or shine, at 1534 Tremont Street, exploring the colorful and visually interesting Mission Hill neighborhood and contiguous areas, walking through the Fens, the Rose Garden, Jamaica Plain, and back. "Walks will terminate at the Brigham Circle Farmers Market from mid-June until the end of October."
Green energy
Several small and medium-sized developers, architects, and contractors have presented to the Community Alliance of Mission Hill their plans for zero carbon, zero net energy (ZNE), passive energy, or other green-oriented construction.
Visual appearance
Historically, Mission Hill Main Streets, a neighborhood affiliation of Boston Main Streets, has worked to neaten and improve the 'main streets' where small businesses operate. Business operators with cashflow restraints can apply for business mentoring, and loans and/or grants for awnings and structural improvements.
The Community Alliance of Mission Hill, is an unincorporated network of neighbors, largely property owners, who have combined to review trends and developments in Mission Hill, specifically zoning and building requests. The Mission Hill Beautification Task Force (MHB Task Force) is a CAMH sub-network focused upon cleanup and preservation, beautification, and public outreach and education and concerning well-being and the quality of life in Mission Hill.
Education
The Fenway High School is a Boston public pilot school. This school is located at 67 Alleghany St, Boston, MA 02120. It has gained national reputation and received many awards for innovation and excellence. Students and faculty teach and learn together in a diverse, respectful community.
Founded in 1983, Fenway became one of Boston’s six original pilot schools in 1994. It is devoted to providing a high-quality, personalized education to students from all over the city of Boston. There is no academic admission requirement. The school structure is based on three core principles:
intellectual challenge
personalized relationships
collaborations with outside organizations
The mission of this school as written on their website is, "to create a socially committed and morally responsible community of learners that values its students as individuals. Fenway’s goal is to encourage academic excellence and to develop intellectual habits of mind, self-esteem, and leadership skills among all students." This school is a public school.
The table above is an estimation from the American Community Survey during the years of 2007–2011.
Inside the adjacent Longwood Medical Area are the Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and educational programs run by the Harvard teaching hospitals. Also adjacent to Mission Hill/Longwood are the Colleges of the Fenway, Wentworth Institute, Northeastern University, and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts.
Newspapers
Mission Hill Gazette
Neighborhood groups
Alice Heyward Taylor Tenant Task Force (of the 165 units at Alice Heyward Taylor Apartments)
Boston Redevelopment Authority neighborhood site
Community Alliance of Mission Hill –. The Mission Hill Beautification Task Force is an ad hoc subgroup of CAMH, seeking to cultivate among the neighborhood's residents and users an ethic or ethos of fair use and responsibility, cleaning up &maintaining the progressive culture of responsibility for safe, lovely, and health-supporting surroundings and the promotion of green residences and other construction in the neighborhood.
Mission Hill Artists Collective –
Mission Hill Health Movement – sponsor of twice-weekly farmers' markets, extremely low cost fresh produce and bread distribution with ($2 bag of produce with Fair Foods of Dorchester), and an annual community health fair in Sheehy Park on Tremont Street, in mid-April
Mission Hill Main Streets –
Mission Hill Neighborhood Housing Services – MHNHS manages many multi-unit properties in Mission Hill and invites community members to review its work in its annual meeting in the Spring.
Mission Main Tenant Task Force, Smith Street
Roxbury Tenants of Harvard
Sociedad Latina, Tremont Street
Mission Hill Arts Festival
MBTA subway stops
On the Green Line E branch:
Longwood Medical Area, Brigham Circle, Fenwood Road, Mission Park, Riverway, Back of the Hill.
On the Orange Line:
Roxbury Crossing
The neighborhood is also served by MBTA bus route 39 running from Forest Hills in Jamaica Plain past Copley Square to Back Bay Station, and MBTA bus route 66 running from Dudley Square through Brookline to Harvard Square in Cambridge. The Urban Ring crosstown route passes through the far eastern corner of the neighborhood along Longwood Avenue and Huntington Avenue.
See also
Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help
City of Boston's web page regarding Mission Hill neighborhood, including four data-filled resources
District 8, Boston
Kostachuk Square
MTA
National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Boston
References
External links
The Sociedad Latina, Inc. records, 1968–2007 (bulk 1985–1999) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
The Carmen A. Pola papers, 1970–2006 (bulk 1975–2000) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
An early planning study, Fenway-Parker Hill area: its problems and potential, Boston, Massachusetts: preliminary report of the Sponsors’ Committee, is available at the MIT or Harvard libraries, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Archived papers from the development of the Charlesbank Apartments, 650 Huntington Avenue, are stored in boxes in Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) in Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ground was broken in 1960 for three 24-story multi-unit residential highrises, but redesign of two of the three buildings was forced by residents protesting the height; only Charlesbank is 24 stories high.
City of Boston, Landmarks Commission. Mission Hill Triangle Architectural Conservation District, 1985
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Historic districts in Suffolk County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Boston
Neighborhoods in Boston
Roxbury, Boston
Streetcar suburbs |
4138268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Greek%20grammar | Modern Greek grammar | The grammar of Modern Greek, as spoken in present-day Greece and Cyprus, is essentially that of Demotic Greek, but it has also assimilated certain elements of Katharevousa, the archaic, learned variety of Greek imitating Classical Greek forms, which used to be the official language of Greece through much of the 19th and 20th centuries. Modern Greek grammar has preserved many features of Ancient Greek, but has also undergone changes in a similar direction as many other modern Indo-European languages, from more synthetic to more analytic structures.
General characteristics
Syntax
The predominant word order in Greek is SVO (subject–verb–object), but word order is quite freely variable, with VSO and other orders as frequent alternatives. Within the noun phrase, adjectives precede the noun (for example, , , 'the big house'), and possessors generally follow it (for example, , , 'my house'; 'Nick's house'). If both an adjective and a possessive occur, the possessive may be placed before the noun: ⇔ , 'my big house'. Some other alternative constructions involving the opposite order of constituents are possible as a marked option (e.g. 'the big house'; 'Nick's house')
Greek is a pro-drop language, and subjects are typically not overtly expressed whenever they are inferable from context. While the word order of the major elements within the clause is fairly free, certain grammatical elements attach to the verb as clitics and form a rigidly ordered group together with it; this applies particularly to unstressed object pronouns, negation particles, the tense particle , and the subjunctive particle . Likewise, possessive pronouns are enclitic to the nouns they modify.
Morphology
Greek is a largely-synthetic (inflectional) language. Although the complexity of the inflectional system has been somewhat reduced in comparison to Ancient Greek, there is also a considerable degree of continuity in the morphological system, and Greek still has a somewhat archaic character compared with other Indo-European languages of Europe. Nouns, adjectives and verbs are each divided into several inflectional classes (declension classes and conjugation classes), which have different sets of endings. In the nominals, the ancient inflectional system is well preserved, with the exception of the loss of one case, the dative, and the restructuring of several of the inflectional classes. In the verbal system, the loss of synthetic inflectional categories is somewhat greater, and several new analytic (periphrastic) constructions have evolved instead.
Characteristics of the Balkan language area
Modern Greek shares several syntactic characteristics with its geographical neighbours, with which it forms the so-called Balkan language area (Sprachbund). Among these characteristics are:
The lack of an infinitive. In Greek, verbal complementation in contexts where English would use an infinitive is typically formed with the help of finite (subjunctive) verb forms (e.g. , , literally 'I-want that I-go', i.e. 'I want to go').
The merger of the dative and the genitive case. In Greek, indirect objects are expressed partly through genitive forms of nouns or pronouns, and partly through a periphrasis consisting of the preposition (, 'to') and the accusative.
The use of a future construction derived from the verb 'want' ( → ).
A tendency to use pre-verbal clitic object pronouns redundantly (clitic doubling), doubling an object that is also expressed elsewhere in the clause: for example, (, 'I saw it, the car", literally 'It I-saw the car').
On the other hand, one prominent feature of the Balkan language area that Greek does not share is the use of a postposed definite article. The Greek article (like the Ancient Greek one) stands before the noun.
Accent
Modern Greek has a stress accent, similar to English. The accent is notated with a stroke (΄) over the accented vowel and is called (oxeia, "acute") or (tonos, "accent") in Greek. The former term is taken from one of the accents used in polytonic orthography which officially became obsolete in 1982.
As in Ancient Greek, in Modern Greek the accent cannot be placed before the antepenultimate syllable. As a result, in many words that have the accent on their antepenultimate in their base form, the stress shifts to the next syllable in inflection forms with longer affixes. For example, (, "lesson") but and etc. In some words, the accent moves forward even without the addition of a syllable. For example, (, "human") but , and . This accentuation is inherited from Ancient Greek, where long vowels and diphthongs occupied two morae, having the same effect as the addition of a syllable.
Accent shifts can also be triggered by the addition of enclitic elements after a word. Enclitics are phonologically weak personal pronouns that form a single phonological unit together with the word they are attached to. The three-syllable rule then applies to the unit as a whole. When the previous word is accented on the antepenultimate syllable, the enclitic causes the ultimate syllable to be accented too. For example, (, "teacher") but (, "my teacher") and (, "wear ") but (, "wear it"). If two enclitic elements are added to a word, the extra accent appears on the first enclitic. For example, (, "bring it to me").
As a rule, monosyllabic words do not carry an orthographic accent, except for a few words where the accent marker is used to orthographically distinguish them from an otherwise homonymous item (e.g. (, "or", distinguished from the feminine article . Moreover, weak personal pronouns are accented in cases where they may be mistaken for enclitics. For example, (, "the dog barked at me") instead of (, "my dog barked").
Verbs
Greek verb morphology is structured around a basic 2-by-2 contrast of two aspects, namely imperfective and perfective, and two tenses, namely past and non-past (or present). The aspects are expressed by two separate verb stems, while the tenses are marked mainly by different sets of endings. Of the four possible combinations, only three can be used in indicative function: the present (i.e. imperfective non-past), the imperfect (i.e. imperfective past) and the aorist (i.e. perfective past). All four combinations can be used in subjunctive function, where they are typically preceded by the particle or by one of a set of subordinating conjunctions. There are also two imperatives, one for each aspect.
In addition to these basic forms, Greek also has several periphrastic verb constructions. All the basic forms can be combined with the future particle (historically a contraction of , 'want to'). Combined with the non-past forms, this creates an imperfective and a perfective future. Combined with the imperfective past it is used as a conditional, and with the perfective past as an inferential. There is also a perfect, which is expressed with an inflected form of the auxiliary verb ('have'). It occurs both as a past perfect (pluperfect) and as a present perfect.
Modern Greek verbs additionally have three non-finite forms. There is a form traditionally called "απαρέμφατο" (i.e. 'infinitive', literally the 'invariant form'), which is historically derived from the perfective (aorist) infinitive, but has today lost all syntactical functions typically associated with that category. It is used only to form the periphrastic perfect and pluperfect, and is always formally identical to the 3rd person singular of the perfective non-past. There is also a passive participle, typically ending in -menos (-meni, -meno), which is inflected as a regular adjective. Its use is either as a canonical adjective, or as a part of a second, alternative perfect periphrasis with transitive verbs. Finally, there is another invariant form, formed from the present tense and typically ending in -ontas, which is variably called either a participle or a gerund by modern authors. It is historically derived from an old present participle, and its sole use today is to form non-finite adjunct adverbial clauses of time or manner, roughly corresponding to an -ing participle in English.
Regular perfect periphrasis, with aparemphato ("invariant form"), for example:
(, 'I have written the cheque')
Alternative perfect periphrasis, with passive participle, for example:
(, 'I have written the cheque')
Adverbial clause with present participle/gerund form, for example:
(, 'he ran along the street singing')
The tables below exemplify the range of forms with those of one large inflectional class of verbs, the first conjugation.
First conjugation
Second conjugation
Below are the corresponding forms of two subtypes of another class, the second conjugation. Only the basic forms are shown here; the periphrastic combinations are formed as shown above. While the person-number endings are quite regular across all verbs within each of these classes, the formation of the two basic stems for each verb displays a lot of irregularity and can follow any of a large number of idiosyncratic patterns.
Augment
The use of the past tense prefix (e-), the so-called augment, shows some variation and irregularity between verb classes. In regular (demotic) verbs in standard modern Greek, the prefix is used depending on a stress rule, which specifies that each past tense verb form has its stress on the third syllable from the last (the antepenultimate); the prefix is only inserted whenever the verb would otherwise have fewer than three syllables. In these verbs, the augment always appears as . A number of frequent verbs have irregular forms involving other vowels, mostly (i-), for example, → ('want'). In addition, verbs from the learned tradition partly preserve more complex patterns inherited from ancient Greek. In learned compound verbs with adverbial prefixes such as (peri-) or (ipo-), the augment is inserted between the prefix and the verb stem (for example, → ('describe'). Where the prefix itself ends in a vowel, the vowels in this position may be subject to further assimilation rules, such as in → ('sign'). In addition, verbs whose stem begins in a vowel may also display vocalic changes instead of a syllabic augment, as in → ('hope').
Grammatical voice
Greek is one of the few modern Indo-European languages that still retain a morphological contrast between the two inherited Proto-Indo-European grammatical voices: active and mediopassive. The mediopassive has several functions:
Passive function, denoting an action that is performed on the subject by another agent (for example, 'he was killed');
Reflexive function, denoting an action performed by the subject on him-/herself (for example, 'he shaved himself');
Reciprocal function, denoting an action performed by several subjects on each other (for example, 'they love each other');
Modal function, denoting the possibility of an action (for example, 'it is edible');
Deponential function: verbs that occur only in the mediopassive and lack a corresponding active form. They often have meanings that are rendered as active in other languages: 'Ι work'; 'I sleep'; 'I accept'. There are also many verbs that have both an active and a mediopassive form but where the mediopassive has a special function that may be rendered with a separate verb in other languages: for example, active 'I raise', passive 'I get up'; active 'I strike', passive 'I am bored'.
There also two other categories of verbs, which historically correspond to the ancient contracted verbs.
There are also more formal suffixes instead of -μασταν, -σασταν: -μαστε, -σαστε. In this case the suffixes of the first person of the plural of present and imperfect are the same.
Be and have
The verbs ('be') and ('have') are irregular and defective, because they both lack the aspectual contrast. The forms of both are given below.
The first and second person plural forms ήμαστε and ήσαστε appear very rarely in the spoken language.
For both of these verbs, the older declinable participles are also sometimes used in fossilized stereotypical expressions (e.g. "έχων σωάς τας φρένας", 'of sound mind and spirit')
Nouns
The Greek nominal system displays inflection for two numbers (singular and plural), three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and four cases (nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative). As in many other Indo-European languages, the distribution of grammatical gender across nouns is largely arbitrary and need not coincide with natural sex. Case, number and gender are marked on the noun as well as on articles and adjectives modifying it. While there are four cases, there is a great degree of syncretism between case forms within most paradigms. Only one sub-group of the masculine nouns actually has four distinct forms in the four cases.
Articles
There are two articles in Modern Greek, the definite and the indefinite. They are both inflected for gender and case, and the definite article also for number. The article agrees with the noun it modifies. For plural indefiniteness, no article is used.
Definite article
The definite article is used frequently in Greek, such as before proper names and nouns used in an abstract sense. For example,
Ο Αλέξανδρος ήρθε χθες (O Alexandros irthe chthes, "Alexander came yesterday")
Η ειλικρίνεια είναι η καλύτερη πρακτική. (I eilikrineia einai i kalyteri praktiki, "Honesty is the best policy")
Indefinite article
The indefinite article is identical with the numeral one and only has singular forms. The use of the indefinite article is not dictated by rules and the speaker can use it according to the circumstances of their speech. Indefiniteness in plural nouns is expressed by the bare noun without an article, just as in English. For example,
Αγόρασα έναν υπολογιστή (Agorasa enan ypologisti, "I bought a computer")
However, the indefinite article is not used in Greek as often as in English because it specifically expresses the concept of "one". For example,
Είναι δικηγόρος (Einai dikigoros, "He is a lawyer")
Τι καλό παιδί! (Ti kalo paidi, "What a good boy!")
Declensions
Greek nouns are inflected by case and number. In addition each noun belongs to one of three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Within each of the three genders, there are several sub-groups (declension classes) with different sets of inflectional endings.
Masculine nouns
The main groups of masculine nouns have the nominative singular end in -ος [-os], -ης [-is], -ας [-as], -έας [-ˈeas]. Nouns in -os are identical to the Ancient Greek second declension, except for the final -n of the accusative singular. However, in other parts of speech that follow the same declension and where clarity is necessary, such as in pronouns, the -n is added. When the word has more than two syllables and the antepenult is accented, the accent fluctuates between the antepenult and the penult according to whether the last syllable has one of the ancient long diphthongs, -ου, -ων or -ους. Nouns in -is correspond to the ancient first declension in most cases, having the accent on the ultimate syllable in the genitive plural, and so do some nouns ending in -ίας [-ˈias]. Nouns in -as stem from the ancient third declension. They formed their nominative singular from the accusative singular and retain the original accent in genitive plural. Nouns in -eas stem from the ancient third declension and form their plural respectively.
Moreover, there are other categories and forms too that have to do with either Demotic or Katharevousa. For example, through Demotic, many nouns, especially oxytones (those that are accented on the last syllable) in -άς (-as) or -ής (-is) form their plural by adding the stem extension -άδ- (-ad-) and -ήδ- (-id-) respectively. Although this declension group is an element of Demotic, it has its roots in Ionic Greek that influenced later Koine. On the other hand, from Katharevousa, nouns such as μυς (mys, "muscle") follow the ancient declension in all cases except for the dative.
Feminine nouns
Most feminine nouns end in -η [-i], -α [-a] and -ος [-os]. Those that end in -i and many that end in -a stem from the ancient first declension and have the accent on the ultimate syllable in genitive plural. The rest of those that end in -a originate from the ancient third declension and have formed their nominative singular from the ancient accusative singular; those nouns keep the accent unchanged in genitive plural. The nouns that end in -ος (-os) are identical to the respective masculine nouns. Finally, many feminine nouns that end in -η (-i) correspond to Ancient Greek nouns in -ις (-is), which are still used as learned forms in formal contexts. Their singular forms have been adapted to the rest of the feminine nouns, while their plural forms have retained the ancient pattern in -εις (-eis). The forms of the genitive singular -εως (-eos) are also found as a stylistic variant and they are fully acceptable, and in fact are more commonly used than the old-style nominative singular form.
Neuter nouns
Most neuter nouns end either in -ο [-o] (plural: -α [-a]) or -ι [-i] (plural: -ιά [-ia]). Indeed, most of them that end in -i initially ended in -io, an ending for diminutives that many nouns acquired already since Koine Greek. As a result, the endings of the plural and of the genitive singular are reminiscent of those older forms. For example, the diminutive of the ancient Greek word παῖς (pais, "child") is παιδίον (paidion) and hence the modern noun παιδί (paidi). Other neuter nouns end in -α (-a) and -ος (-os) and their declension is similar to the ancient one. Moreover, some nouns in -ιμο (-imo), which are usually derivatives of verbs, are declined similarly to those that end in -a. Also note that most borrowings are indeclinable neuter, and can have just about any ending, such as γουίντ-σέρφινγκ "windsurfing". Finally, all neuter nouns have identical forms across the nominative, accusative and vocative.
For other neuter nouns, the ancient declension is used. For example, το φως (fos, "light") becomes του φωτός, τα φώτα and των φώτων and το οξύ (oxy, "acid") becomes του οξέος, τα οξέα and των οξέων.
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, case and number. Therefore, each adjective has a threefold declension paradigm for the three genders. Adjectives show agreement both when they are used as attributes, e.g. η όμορφη γυναίκα (i omorfi gynaika, "the beautiful woman") and when they are used as predicates e.g. η γυναίκα είναι όμορφη (i gynaika einai omorfi, "the woman is beautiful").
Most adjectives take forms in -ος (-os) in the masculine, -ο (-o) in the neuter and either -η (-i), -α (-a) or -ια (-ia) in the feminine. All those adjectives are declined similarly with the nouns that have the same endings. However they keep the accent stable where nouns change it. Adjectives with a consonant before the ending usually form the feminine with -η, those with a vowel before the ending in -α and some adjectives that end in -κός ([-ˈkos], -kos) or -χός ([-ˈxos], -chos) usually form it in -ια although the ending -η is applicable for those too.
Other classes of adjectives include those that take forms in -ης (-is) in both masculine and feminine and in -ες (-es) in neuter. They are declined similarly with the ancient declension. Those that are not accented on the ultima usually raise the accent in the neuter. Another group includes adjectives that end in -υς ([-is], -ys). Although some are declined somewhat archaically such as οξύς (oxys, "acute"), most of them are declined according to the rules of Demotic Greek and in many cases and persons they acquire other endings, such as in the case of πλατύς (platys, "wide").
The adjective πολύς (polys, "many, much") is irregular:
Comparative and superlative
Adjectives in Modern Greek can form a comparative for expressing comparisons. Similar to English, it can be formed in two ways, as a periphrastic form (as in English beautiful, more beautiful) and as a synthetic form using suffixes, as in English tall tall-er. The periphrastic comparative is formed by the particle πιο ([pço], pio, originally "more") preceding the adjective. The synthetic forms of the regular adjectives in -ος, -η and -o is created with the suffix -ότερος (-'oteros), -ότερη (-'oteri) and -ότερο (-'otero). For those adjectives that end in -ης and -ες or -υς, -εια and -υ the corresponding suffixes are -έστερος (-'esteros) etc. and -ύτερος (-'yteros) etc. respectively.
A superlative is expressed by combining the comparative, in either its periphrastic or synthetic form, with a preceding definite article. Thus, Modern Greek does not distinguish between the largest house and the larger house; both are το μεγαλύτερο σπίτι.
Besides the superlative proper, sometimes called "relative superlative", there is also an "absolute superlative" or elative, expressing the meaning "very...", for example ωραιότατος means very beautiful. Elatives are formed with the suffixes -ότατος, -ότατη and -ότατο for the regular adjectives, -έστατος etc. for those in -ης and -ύτατος for those in -υς.
Numerals
The numerals one, three and four are declined irregularly. Other numerals such as διακόσιοι (diakosioi, "two hundred"), τριακόσιοι (triakosioi, "three hundred") etc. and χίλιοι (chilioi, "thousand") are declined regularly like adjectives. Other numerals including two are not declined.
Pronouns
Greek pronouns include personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, possessive pronouns, intensive pronouns, relative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.
Personal pronouns
There are strong personal pronouns (stressed, free) and weak personal pronouns (unstressed, clitic). Nominative pronouns only have the strong form (except in some minor environments) and are used as subjects only when special emphasis is intended, since unstressed subjects recoverable from context are not overtly expressed anyway. Genitive (possessive) pronouns are used in their weak forms as pre-verbal clitics to express indirect objects (for example, του μίλησα, , 'I talked to him'), and as a post-nominal clitic to express possession (for example, οι φίλοι του, , 'his friends'). The strong genitive forms are relatively rare and used only for special emphasis (for example, αυτού οι φίλοι, , his friends'); often they are doubled by the weak forms (for example, αυτού του μίλησα, , ' him I talked to'). An alternative way of giving emphasis to a possessive pronoun is propping it up with the stressed adjective δικός (, 'own'), for example, οι δικοί του φίλοι (, 'his friends').
Accusative pronouns exist both in a weak and a strong form. The weak form in the oblique cases is used as a pre-verbal clitic (for example, τον είδα, , 'I saw him'); the strong form is used elsewhere in the clause (for example, είδα αυτόν, , 'I saw him'). The weak form in the nominative is found only in few idiomatic deictic expressions, such as να τος 'there he [is]', πού 'ν' τος; 'where is he?'. Third-person pronouns have separate forms for the three genders; those of the first and second person do not. The weak third-person forms are similar to the corresponding forms of the definite article. The strong third-person forms function simultaneously as generic demonstratives ('this, that').
The strong forms of the third person in the genitive (αυτού, αυτής, αυτών, αυτούς) have optional alternative forms extended by an additional syllable or (αυτουνού, αυτηνής, αυτωνών). In the plural, there exists the alternative accusative form αυτουνούς.
Besides αυτός as a generic demonstrative, there are also the more specific spatial demonstrative pronouns τούτος, -η, -ο (, 'this here') and εκείνος, -η, -ο (, 'that there').
It is worth noting that in some rare cases, pronouns in the genitive can either express an indirect object or a possessive, as they have the same form (μου, σου, του, ...). In the case of possible ambiguity, a diacritical accent should be written if the pronoun is an indirect object (μού, σού, τού, ...).
- Indirect object: Ο καθηγητής μού εξήγησε το μάθημα. (The teacher explained the lesson to me.)
- Possessive: Ο καθηγητής μου εξήγησε το μάθημα. (My teacher explained the lesson.)
- Both: Ο καθηγητής μου μου εξήγησε το μάθημα. (My teacher explained the lesson to me.)
The last sentence does not require diacritics, as one of the "μου" represents the possessive, and the other one represents the indirect object.
In speech, the ambiguity would be removed by a stronger emphasis of 'μου' if it is an indirect object, the possessive being unstressed anyway.
Prepositions
In Demotic Greek, prepositions normally require the accusative case: από (from), για (for), με (with), μετά (after), χωρίς (without), ως (as) and σε (to, in or at). The preposition σε, when followed by a definite article, fuses with it into forms like στο (σε + το) and στη (σε + τη). While there is only a relatively small number of simple prepositions native to Demotic, the two most basic prepositions σε and από can enter into a large number of combinations with preceding adverbs to form new compound prepositions, for example, πάνω σε (on), κάτω από (underneath), πλάι σε (beside), πάνω από (over) etc.
A few prepositions that take cases other than the accusative have been borrowed into Standard Modern Greek from the learned tradition of Katharevousa: κατά (against), υπέρ (in favor of, for), αντί (instead of). Other prepositions live on in a fossilised form in certain fixed expressions (for example, εν τω μεταξύ 'in the meantime', dative).
The preposition από (apó, 'from') is also used to express the agent in passive sentences, like English by.
Conjunctions
Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions in Greek include:
The word να () serves as a generic subordinator corresponding roughly to English to (+ infinitive) or that in sentences like προτιμώ να πάω (, 'I prefer to go', literally 'I prefer that I go') or προτιμώ να πάει ο Γιάννης (, 'I prefer that John go'). It marks the following verb as being in the subjunctive mood. Somewhat similar to the English to-infinitive its use is often associated with meanings of non-factuality, i.e. events that have not (yet) come true, that are expected, wished for etc. In this, it contrasts with ότι and πως , which correspond to English that when used with a meaning of factuality. The difference can be seen in the contrast between μας είπε να πάμε βόλτα (, 'he told us to go for a walk') vs. μας είπε πως πήγε βόλτα (, 'he told us that he went for a walk'). When used on its own with a following verb, να may express a wish or order, as in να πάει! (, 'let him go' or 'may he go'). Unlike the other subordinating conjunctions, να is always immediately followed by the verb it governs, separated from it only by any clitics that might be attached to the verb, but not by a subject or other clause-initial material.
Negation
For sentence negation, Greek has two distinct negation particles, δε(ν) ([ˈðe(n)], de(n)) and μη(ν) ([ˈmi(n)], mi(n)). Δεν is used in clauses with indicative mood, while μην is used primarily in subjunctive contexts, either after subjunctive-inducing να or as a negative replacement for να. Both particles are syntactically part of the proclitic group in front of the verb, and can be separated from the verb only by intervening clitic pronouns. The distinction between δεν and μην is a particularly archaic feature in Greek, continuing an old prohibitive negation marker inherited from Indo-European. As such, μην is often associated with the expression of a wish for an event not to come true:
Δεν του ζήτησα να έρθει. (Den tou zitisa na erthei, "I didn't ask him to come.")
Του ζήτησα να μην έρθει. (Tou zitisa na min erthei, "I asked him not to come.")
When used alone with a subjunctive verb in the second person, prohibitive μην serves as the functional equivalent to a negative imperative, which itself cannot be negated. Thus, the negation of the positive imperative τρέξε (, 'run!') is μην τρέξεις (, 'don't run!').
The particle όχι serves as the stand-alone utterance of negation ('no'), and also for negation of elliptical, verbless sentences and for contrastive negation of individual constituents:
Κάλεσα τη Μαρία, όχι τον Γιώργο. (Kalesa ti Maria, ochi' ton Giorgo, "I invited Mary, not George.")
For constituent negation, Greek employs negative concord. The negated constituent is marked with a negative-polarity item (e.g. κανένας 'any, anybody/nobody', τίποτα 'anything/nothing', πουθενά 'anywhere/nowhere'), and the verb is additionally marked with the sentence negator δεν (or μην). In verbless, elliptical contexts the negative-polarity items can also serve to express negation alone.
The negative pronoun κανείς ([kaˈnis], kaneis), i.e. nobody or anybody is declined in all three genders and three cases and can be used as the English determiner no.
Δε θέλω κανέναν εδώ. (De thelo kanenan edo, "I want nobody here.")
—Είναι κανείς εδώ; —Όχι, κανείς. (—Einai kaneis edo? —Ochi, kaneis, "'Is anyone here?' 'No, nobody.'")
Δεν έκανα κανένα λάθος. (Den ekana kanena lathos, "I have made no mistake.")
On the other hand, the negative pronoun ουδείς ([uˈðis], oudeis), from the learned tradition of Ancient Greek, is used without negative concord:
Ουδείς πείστηκε. (Oudeis peistike, "No one was convinced.")
Relative clauses
Greek has two different ways of forming relative clauses. The simpler and by far the more frequent uses the invariable relativizer που (, 'that', literally 'where'), as in: η γυναίκα που είδα χτες (, 'the woman that I saw yesterday'). When the relativized element is a subject, object or adverbial within the relative clause, then – as in English – it has no other overt expression within the relative clause apart from the relativizer. Some other types of relativized elements, however, such as possessors, are represented within the clause by a resumptive pronoun, as in: η γυναίκα που βρήκα την τσάντα της (, 'the woman whose handbag I found', literally 'the woman that I found her handbag').
The second and more formal form of relative clauses employs complex inflected relative pronouns. They are composite elements consisting of the definite article and a following pronominal element that is inflected like an adjective: ο οποίος, η οποία, το οποίο ( etc., literally 'the which'). Both elements are inflected for case, number and gender according to the grammatical properties of the relativized item within the relative clause, as in: η γυναίκα την οποία είδα χτες (, 'the woman whom I saw yesterday'); η γυναίκα της οποίας βρήκα την τσάντα (, 'the woman whose handbag I found').
Notes
References
Bibliography
Hardy, D. A. and Doyle, T. A. Greek language and people, BBC Books, 1996. .
[Greek translation of Holton, Mackridge and Philippaki-Warburton 1997]
[abridged version of Holton, Mackridge and Philippaki-Warburton 1997]
Lindstedt, J. 1999. "On the Nature of Linguistic Balkanisms". Paper read at the Eighth International Congress of the International Association of Southeast European Studies (AIESEE), Bucharest 24–28 August 1999.
Marineta, D. and Papacheimona, D., Ελληνικά Τώρα, Nostos, 1992. .
Pappageotes, G. C. and Emmanuel, P. D., Modern Greek in a Nutshell, Institute for Language Study, Montclair, N.J. 07042, Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 1958; "Vest Pocket Modern Greek", Owlets, 1990, , .
Pring, J. T. The Pocket Oxford Greek Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2000. .
Greek grammar
Grammar
Grammar |
4138470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8%20Armored%20Gun%20System | M8 Armored Gun System | The M8 Armored Gun System (AGS), sometimes known as the Buford, is an American light tank that was intended to replace the M551 Sheridan and TOW missile-armed Humvees in the 82nd Airborne Division and 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (2nd ACR) of the U.S. Army respectively.
The M8 AGS began as a private venture of FMC Corporation, called the Close Combat Vehicle Light (CCVL), in 1983. The Army began the Armored Gun System program to develop a mobile gun platform that could be airdropped. By 1992, the AGS was one of the Army's top priority acquisition programs. The service selected FMC's CCVL over proposals from three other teams. The service sought to purchase 237 AGS systems to begin fielding in 1997.
The Army canceled the M8 AGS program in 1996 over the objections of Congress and the Department of Defense, due to the service's budgetary constraints. The Sheridan was retired without a true successor. The AGS never saw service, though the 82nd Airborne sought to press the preproduction units into service in Iraq. The AGS was unsuccessfully marketed for export, and was reincarnated for several subsequent U.S. Army assault gun/light tank programs. United Defense LP proposed the AGS as the Mobile Gun System (MGS) variant of the Interim Armored Vehicle program in 2000, but lost out to the General Motors–General Dynamics' LAV III, which was type classified as the Stryker M1128 Mobile Gun System. BAE Systems offered the AGS system for the Army's XM1302 Mobile Protected Firepower requirement, but lost to the General Dynamics Griffin II—later type classified as the M10 Booker—in 2022.
Development
The U.S. Army recognized the poor performance of the M551 Sheridan light tank in the Vietnam War and began the process of retiring the vehicle in 1977. A small number were retained in active service by the 82nd Airborne Division and the National Guard. The Army designated the M3 Bradley armored reconnaissance vehicle to partially fill the Sheridan's role.
Initial efforts
In the 1980s, the Army began looking for a more capable replacement for the Sheridan. During this time, a string of Army projects to update or replace the Sheridan were begun, but all ended without the Army committing to buy. Some of its efforts around this time could be described as hopelessly intermingled.
In 1979, Army Chief of Staff General Edward C. Meyer initiated a transformation of the 9th Infantry Division that would see the light infantry division assume many of the characteristics of the heavy division through an infusion of high or emerging technology. The so-called "High Technology Light Division" would require the procurement of a Mobile Protected Gun, later called the Assault Gun System (AGS), and a Fast Attack Vehicle. The notional Mobile Protected Gun was to be armed with a kinetic gun, or possibly a missile, capable of defeating enemy armor. In any case, the service determined that it needed a more immediate solution for the AGS requirement. In 1985, the Army approved a U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) recommendation to field the TOW missile-armed Humvee in the interim. The TOW-armed Humvee proved to be an inadequate substitute for the AGS in the 9th Infantry Division as it could not fire on the move and was too lightly armored.
In 1980, the U.S. Army Infantry School's Mobile Protected Gun project analyzed anti-armor weapons systems, concluding that the Army should equip its new light infantry divisions with TOW-armed Humvees and an unspecified 6×6 lightly armored vehicle armed with a 25 mm caliber gun. This led the Secretary of Defense to direct the Army to use the LAV-25 for this purpose. In 1981, the Army joined the Marine Corps's (USMC) Mobile Protected Weapon System program, which then became known as the Mobile Protected Gun System (MPGS). However, the Army and USMC went their separate ways the following year. The Army and Marine Corps were at the same time involved in the joint LAV program. The Army developed a version of the LAV to serve as the MPGS in the 9th Infantry Division in the interim. Like the Marine version this was also armed with the 25 mm caliber gun, but included additional additional ammunition stowage in lieu of passengers. The Army planned to replace this LAV beginning in the late 1980s with the "far-term" MPGS armed with a 75 mm gun. The Army's commitment to the program wavered somewhat, which caused Congress to withhold money for the LAV. The Army withdrew from the program in December 1983.
The chassis of the Sheridan was considered to be in good working order even if its problematic 152 mm caliber gun/launcher was not. Both the Marine Corps and Army explored re-gunning the Sheridan with a conventional gun. In 1983, the Naval Surface Weapons Center mounted a 105 mm cannon to a Sheridan. One Army plan also envisioned re-gunning a few dozen Sheridan with 105 mm or 120 mm cannons, but this project was canceled in 1985. In the end the Army determined upgrading the Sheridan to meet the AGS requirement was not worth pursuing.
After the Army and Marine Corp parted ways, the project morphed into the Armored/Assault Gun System. In 1983, the Army established the AGS program. In 1985, Army Vice Chief of Staff General Maxwell Thurman approved an amended Requirement Operational Capability (ROC) for the Armored Gun System. Thurman recommended that the Army purchase 500 AGS systems. The Army Chief of Staff did not advocate for funding the program in Congress given its low priority. Senate appropriators declined the Army's request for AGS funds for FY1986. The program office was disestablished, and the ROC retracted. In May 1986, the AGS program was re-organized under the Armored Family of Vehicles Task Force (AFVTV). During one concept study for a proposed All Purpose Fire Support Platoon, the task force shortlisted four candidate vehicles for an Armored Support Platform. These were the FMC Corporation Close Combat Vehicle Light (CCVL), the Cadillac Gage Stingray, the General Motors LAV-105, and the Teledyne AGS. The task force recommended the latter.
In 1987, the Army tested a version of the LAV-25, designated as the M1047. The Army determined that these were unsuitable for LAPES, and with only a 25 mm caliber cannon, could not match the firepower of the Sheridan. Congress did not favor the M1047, though a few were deployed with the 3/73rd Armor of the 82nd Airborne Division in the Gulf War.
In August 1987, the Office of the Secretary of Defense approved the AGS program initiative for 600 vehicles. A joint Army–Marine Corps program was mooted. The ROC was approved for the second time in September. In December, the AGS program was dropped as the $800 million ($ in ) plan was considered unaffordable. Around the same time, the Army Chief of Staff issued a "promissory note" to replace the Sheridan by FY1995.
Rebooted program
In September 1989, the Armored Gun System Project Manager office was reestablished at the United States Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command and a marketing survey was distributed to industry. In March 1990, Army Chief of Staff Carl E. Vuono told the Senate Appropriations Defense Subcommittee that the Army was surveying options for acquiring about 70 tanks to replace the Sheridan. The Army formalized the AGS program in April 1990 with the validation of a new ROC.
In July 1990, the Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC) required that the Army procure the AGS off-the-shelf. In August, SASC directed the Army to halt work on Armored Systems Modernization until it could conduct a competition for an AGS. The AGS program had gained political favor by this point due in part to the back-to-back successful employment of the Sheridan in two overseas operations. In December 1989, Sheridans of the 3/73 Armor were airdropped into Panama as part of Operation Just Cause. This was the first successful employment of light armor in combat. In August 1990, Sheridans were airdropped into Saudi Arabia as the spearhead of the buildup of Operation Desert Shield. In October 1990, HASC deferred the Block III main battle tank and directed the Army to make the AGS its top priority modernization program. After having earlier tried to kill the tank, appropriators grew to appreciate the program's relatively low price tag.
In November 1990, the Defense Acquisition Board authorized the Army to proceed with development of the AGS. The Army believed that replacing the Sheridan with an off-the-shelf AGS would be less expensive and provide more capabilities than an upgraded Sheridan. It was expected to replace the Sheridan in the 3/73rd Armor and TOW missile-armed Humvees in the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (2nd ACR).
In November 1990, Congressional appropriators sought for the Army to utilize the LAV-105 for the AGS role or "show clear and convincing evidence that the LAV-105 is unable to fulfill the requirement". The Army agreed. In 1991, the Senate and House Armed Services Committees joined in directing the Army to integrate the turret and Watervliet Arsenal EX35 gun of the LAV-105 with an AGS chassis. A joint program was balked at by both services, who believed the two platforms were mismatched. Subsequently, the Marine Corps demurred and requested no further funding for the LAV-105. In any event, the proposed chimera was nixed by the Senate Appropriations Committee later that year.
The Army issued a draft request for proposals (RfP) in May 1991. The Army published the RfP in August incorporating changes as a result of feedback from industry and Congress, the latter of which had directed the Army to require the EX35 gun. Army Acquisition Executive Stephen K. Conver became concerned that the AGS program was becoming laden with unnecessary requirements that would increase costs and development time, as well as limit the number of interested contractors. In view of this, in October 1991, Conver's office conducted a review of the requirements. The Army updated its RfP later that year, with submissions due in December.
The final RfP specified two configurations of the AGS: One intended for airborne forces, and another intended for other rapid deployment light forces.
FMC Corporation submitted the Close Combat Vehicle Light to meet the AGS requirement.
Three other teams submitted proposals:
General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) and Teledyne Continental Motors submitted a version of the Teledyne tank included in the AFVTV study. GDLS's design was unconventional with the powerpack mounted in the front, and an externally mounted cannon. The crew were located in the turret basket below the hull line.
Cadillac Gage Textron submitted the Commando Stingray with the LAV-105 turret.
Team Hägglunds USA submitted a variant of the Combat Vehicle 90 with a GIAT turret. This was the only version proposed without an autoloader. Series production would take place in Canada.
Three of the vehicles proposed had autoloaders, while Hägglunds did not. Although the Army did not require that proposals be tracked or wheeled, all four proposals were tracked.
In June 1992, the Army selected the FMC proposal. FMC Ground Systems Division was awarded a $27.7 million ($ in ) contract to begin phase 1 work, including the production of six test units. The bids for this phase ranged from a high of $189 million ($ in ) for GDLS–Teledyne and a low of $92 million ($ in ) for Hägglunds. The procurement program was valued at $800 million.
The Close Combat Vehicle Light becomes the AGS
FMC began developing the Close Combat Vehicle Light as a private venture in 1983. The vehicle was designed from the outset to meet the Army's as-yet unfunded Armored Gun System requirement. FMC built two mock-ups. The first was a front-engine model utilizing a diesel engine. The second was a rear-engine model with a diesel engine and featuring more armor. In 1984, FMC validated the feasibility of pairing the 105 mm gun with a light chassis by test firing a 105 mm gun mounted on an M548. The first prototype CCVL was completed in August 1985 and debuted at the meeting of the Association of the United States Army in October. The CCVL was demonstrated at Fort Bragg in 1987. FMC subsequently ended marketing of the vehicle and disassembled the prototype.
The Army required the AGS be airdroppable from a tactical airlifter. C-130 airdrop was a desired capability, but not a required one. FMC claimed it could achieve C-130 airdroppability and so such a requirement was written in to FMC's contract. FMC made several weight-saving changes to the design, particularly the pallets, in order to meet the C-130's weight limit.
In a December 1993 report, the Defense Department Inspector General (IG) cautioned that the AGS would be too heavy for low-velocity airdrop (LVAD). The IG recommended canceling 58 systems meant for the XVIII Airborne Corps if the Army could not demonstrate LVAD from a C-130. The Pentagon concurred that no production could begin until the Army met this requirement. The IG's concerns were put to rest in October 1994, when the service successfully airdropped an AGS from a C-130 at an altitude of .
Citing cuts in the service's procurement budget, in 1993, the Army reduced its planned AGS order from 300 to 233. In 1994, the Army settled on an acquisition target of 237 vehicles. Of these, 123 would go to the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, 58 to the 82nd, and 56 to reserves and training bases. The last 169 AGS systems, to be produced from 1998 to 2002, were to be built without the weight-saving modifications of those destined for the 82nd, which was the only unit that required an airdroppable AGS system. The AGS's budget was zeroed and the production schedule slipped by one year in Congress's FY1995 budget due to program cost growth.
Six prototypes were built under the designation XM8. The first of these was rolled out at the United Defense (created by a merger of FMC and BMY) facility in San Jose, California, in April 1994, and arrived at Fort Knox, Kentucky, in April 1995. The last of these was delivered in May. United Defense provided five XM8 AGS systems to the service's Operational Test Command, which put the vehicle through five months of testing at Fort Pickett, Virginia. Another prototype underwent survivability testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
Cancelation
In 1995, the Army explored cutting the 2nd ACR, which would reduce the Army's buy to 80 AGS. These would be destined for the 82nd Airborne. In May 1995, the National Guard expressed interest in procuring the AGS for the 38th Infantry Division, 35th Infantry Division and 34th Infantry Division in order to help bridge the looming capability gap should the 2nd ACR be eliminated. This proposal was rejected by the service. Army Chief of Staff Gordon R. Sullivan, the AGS's most influential advocate at the Pentagon, retired in June 1995. In October 1995, the Army type classified the XM8 as the M8 Armored Gun System. It approved an initial production run of 26 vehicles, with an option for 42 more scheduled to begin in FY1997. A full production decision was scheduled for March 1997. Fielding to the 3/73 Armor would begin in 1999. All three squadrons of the 2nd ACR were to be fielded subsequently.
The end of the Cold War had precipitated a fall-off in U.S. military spending. The President's FY1996 budget request allotted the Department of Defense (DoD) the lowest procurement budget level since 1950. The AGS was one of several systems that did not fare well in an Army review of anti-armor weapons then under development. Responding to budget cuts anticipated in the period FY98–03, in 1996 the Army adopted a new policy: Instead of distributing small cuts throughout many projects, entire programs would be canceled. Army Chief of Staff Dennis Reimer canceled the AGS in January 1996.
Many officials felt blindsided by the Army's decision to kill the AGS. The Army's decision to cancel the AGS lacked a formal announcement, but was soon leaked to the press. This displeased some lawmakers including Senate Armed Services Committee chairman Strom Thurmond, who privately expressed irritation to Defense Secretary William J. Perry about having learned of the cancelation through media reports.
Ten Representatives signed a letter urging Perry to continue on with the program. The letter touted the program's "tremendous success" in meeting the program's objectives, and noted that the vehicle was "well within budget and on schedule." The House appropriations national security subcommittee requested that the DoD pause the cancelation of the AGS pending a Congressional review. The subcommittee said that the AGS had met its milestones and "would be a strong candidate for increased funding."
The Army belatedly sought to win Congressional and DoD support for its decision to cancel the tank. Securing the blessings of the Office of the Secretary of Defense would ensure that the service would not have to forfeit unspent FY1996 funds from the AGS program. The DoD, at least at first, affirmed its support for the program and called it "premature" for any service branch to draw any conclusions about the outyear funding environment. However, in February the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC) endorsed the Army's decision. Despite JROC's recommendation, Perry withheld his support for canceling the AGS until he could personally meet with key congressmen. Perry's office said it would review the Army's plans for the $1 billion originally earmarked for the AGS before making a decision.
The Army issued a stop-work order to United Defense in February. In May 1996, the Army Vice Chief of Staff formally announced the cancelation of the AGS. The service estimated killing the program would save the Army $1 billion. The service sought to reallocate unspent FY1996 funds from the AGS program on military pay, construction and modernization programs.
In order to help offset the loss of capability caused by the cancelation of the AGS, the Army increased its requested funding for M1A2 Abrams and M2A3 Bradley upgrades, and accelerated the development of the Javelin missile. The Army considered a variety of plans to "heavy up" the 2nd ACR. The service added heavy armor to the 2nd ACR and requested funding to purchase Apache helicopters. In the 82nd Airborne, the Army also planned to introduce the EFOGM missile and considered more widely fielding the Javelin missile. Funding for EFOGM was deleted in 1998. The Army also considered the Humvee-mounted MGM-166 LOSAT missile, another platform offering similar capabilities for the 82nd Airborne. However, this program was canceled in FY2005.
The 3/73rd Armor was inactivated over the following two years. The last Sheridans in service were vismod Sheridans used for opposing force training. These too were retired in 2004. Maintaining the Sheridan was not thought to be practical. In place of the Sheridan in the 82nd Airborne, the Army stood up an Immediate Ready Company of Bradley Fighting Vehicles and M1A1 Abrams tanks from the 3rd Infantry Division which were to be attached to the 82nd.
Milestones and schedule
A Milestone I/II review was completed in May 1992. The Engineering and Manufacturing Development contract was awarded to FMC in June 1992 for a ballistic structure, six test vehicles, and technical data. A Critical Design Review was completed in September 1993. Six pre-production prototypes underwent technical testing in FY94–95. Early User Test and Experimentation was completed in June 1995 and was highlighted by a successful LVAD of a prototype AGS.
Live fire testing and Initial Operational Test and Evaluation was scheduled to be conducted in FY96. A full-rate production decision was
scheduled for March 1997 (Milestone III).
Proposed revivals
In 1998, the Senate Armed Services Committee proposed using the M8 AGS as a surrogate vehicle to evaluate "strike force experimentation activities" in the 2nd Cavalry Regiment.
In October 1999, Army Chief of Staff Eric Shinseki laid out his vision for a lighter, more transportable force. The Army began the Interim Armored Vehicle (IAV) program to implement Shinseki's concept. United Defense LP (UDLP) proposed the AGS, as well as a version of the Mobile Tactical Vehicle Light, for the Mobile Gun System variant of the IAV in 2000. United Defense provided an AGS armored in level 1, 2 and 3 for a platform performance demonstration from December 1999 to January 2000. By then, the AGS had reached an advanced level of technological maturity, and thus UDLP said it could field its design almost two years earlier than the General Motors' LAV III proposal. The AGS lost out to the General Motors proposal, which was type classified as the Stryker M1128 Mobile Gun System. UDLP protested the award, alleging that the Army disregarded its own timeline requirements, and that the requirements had been crafted with a wheeled vehicle in mind. The General Accounting Office denied UDLP's protest in April 2001.
In March 2004, at the 82nd Airborne Division's request, the Army approved the transfer of four production vehicles from United Defense's facility in Pennsylvania to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The vehicles were intended to bolster the 82nd's 1st Squadron, 17th Cavalry, which was in need of greater firepower for an upcoming deployment to the recent war in Iraq. However, in June 2004, this plan was put on hold while the Army determined whether the Mobile Gun System (MGS) could meet the 82nd's requirements. An air-drop test of a Stryker weighted to simulate the load of the MGS was conducted in August. Around the same time, the Army identified issues with the air-worthiness of the MGS, among the heavier of the Stryker family. Still more pervasive problems persisted with the autoloader. While this decision was on hold, Congressman Robin Hayes expressed frustration that the AGS had not been fielded, and called on the DoD to act swiftly to resolve the delay. In January 2005, the Army said it had ruled out fielding the AGS, saying the system lacked spare parts that would be required to maintain the vehicle for any significant length of time. The Army also doubled down on its commitment to fielding the MGS, which it said it could begin fielding in summer 2006.
United Defense sought overseas customers without success. In 1994 United Defense partnered with Rheinmetall to market the AGS to NATO allies. Taiwan had been interested in acquiring as many as 700 of the system, which would be produced domestically. In 1994, the U.S. State Department authorized the sale of just as many to Taiwan and United Defense agreed to co-production with Hwa Fong Industries conditional on the selection of vehicle by Taiwan. In 1996, United Defense had plans to ship one AGS prototype to Taiwan. In 1996, United Defense partnered with FMC Nurol to offer the AGS to the Turkish Land Forces, which was seeking a main battle tank. By 1998, Canada, Germany, Malaysia and Singapore had expressed interest in the tank. In 1999, officials from Japan observed the AGS prior to embarking on a light tank program of their own.
In 2015, the U.S. Army articulated a requirement for a Mobile Protected Firepower system to replace the Mobile Gun System. In 2017, the Army formalized its requirements with a request for proposals. The MPF was defined as an air-transportable light tank to assist infantry brigades in forced entry operations. The Army sought to buy 504 MPF systems. Requirements called for a tracked vehicle armed with a 105 mm or 120 mm caliber cannon, which would not need to be air-droppable. BAE Systems (which bought United Defense in 2005) entered a modernized AGS into the MPF competition. In 2018, the Army selected bids from GDLS and BAE to build 12 prototypes each. BAE began delivering the prototype vehicles to the Army in December 2020, although the last of these were delivered behind schedule after testing had begun. The Army's evaluation of BAE and General Dynamics prototypes at Fort Bragg continued through August. In February 2022, BAE was eliminated from the competition due to noncompliance issues, leaving the General Dynamics Griffin as the only remaining MPF entry. In June 2022, the Army selected the Griffin as the winner of the MPF competition. The GDLS Griffin was later type classified as the M10 Booker.
Design
The AGS operational requirements were identified early in the process. In order, they were: deployability, lethality, survivability, and sustainability.
The basic hull of the AGS is made of welded 5083 aluminum alloy, with a modular armor system that allows the vehicle to be equipped according to requirements. Aluminum was chosen instead of steel in order to reduce the weight of the vehicle. The weight limit for the vehicle was driven by the requirement that it be capable of LVAD.
Protection
The CCVL hull was all-welded aluminum with bolt-on steel composite armor. Appliqué armor could also be installed by the user.
The AGS was designed with three modular armor levels:
The Level I (basic) armor package consisted of ceramic armor tiles and protected the vehicle against small-arms fire and shell splinters. It was designed for the rapid deployment role and could be airdropped from a C-130. All-up weight was .
The Level II armor package consisted of additional plates of titanium, hardened steel and expanded metal. At an all-up weight of , Level II-armored AGS could still be carried by C-130, but could not be air-dropped.
Level III armor consisted of bolt-on armor boxes, and is designed for contingency operations and provides protection against light handheld anti-tank weapons. Level III-armored AGS systems cannot be carried by C-130. All-up weight is .
The crew is protected from ammunition explosion by blowout panels on the roof and a bulkhead separating the ammunition from the crew. The ammunition compartments in the hull are also protected by blowout panels. Explosion/fire suppression is provided by a Santa Barbara Dual Spectrum system. Halon fire-suppression protects the crew compartment while a powder system is installed in the engine compartment. Unlike the CCVL, the AGS crew is equipped with Nuclear Biological Chemical (NBC) overpressure system. Per the Army's requirement, this is accomplished with ventilated face pieces. NBC-sealing of the turret is not possible in any event as the vehicle is exposed to outside air when spent shell cases are ejected and when the main gun is fired in maximum depression. NBC protection is provided by filtered air through tubing to M25/M42 masks. The Army omitted a requirement for radiation hardening from the AGS.
The CCVL had two 16-barrel Tracor MBA Advanced Smoke Launcher System smoke grenade launchers mounted on either side of the turret. This fired L8 visual or M76 infrared obscurants. The AGS had two 8-barrel smoke grenade launchers which could fire a variety of obscurants. The MPF variant has two 8-barrel M257 model firing M19 smoke grenades.
The CCVL was protected from 30 mm kinetic-energy rounds over the frontal arc. The United Defense Mobile Gun System variant included 7.62 mm integral armor protection over most of the vehicle, and 14.5 mm AP protection over the frontal 60-degree arc. BAE equipped the Mobile Protected Firepower variant of the AGS with underbody blast protection from roadside bombs.
The MPF variant integrated a BAE's Raven soft kill active protection system. This comprised wide-angle view long-wave infrared cameras, radar, and a jammer. As of 2019, BAE was working on adding medium-wave infrared sensors and a slew-to-cue system that points the turret in the direction of the incoming missile. The latter would allow the crew to more quickly identify and engage the perpetrators.
Mobility
Power is provided by a Detroit Diesel 6V-92TA 6-cylinder multifuel diesel engine developing at 2,400 rpm with JP-8 fuel, and at 2,400 rpm with DF2 diesel. This had 65 percent commonality with the eight-cylinder version fitted on the Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT). The AGS's power-to-weight ratio was greater than the American M1A1 Abrams main battle tank. The top speed is governor-limited to . The fuel capacity is , giving the AGS a projected range of at a cruising speed of . The General Electric hydromechanical HMPT-500 transmission is also used by the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. The transmission has three forward speeds and one reverse.
Mounted on two tracks, the powerpack slides out for maintenance, and can be run while it sits on the tracks at the rear of the vehicle. An auxiliary power unit was considered, but ultimately omitted from the final design to save weight. The M8's tracks are double-pin modified T150 with six inches of pitch.
The AGS torsion bar suspension is similar to that in the Abrams. The MPF's torsion bar suspension is in common with the Bradley and Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle.
Many different engines, including a gas turbine, were considered for follow-on versions of the CCVL. The Detroit Diesel engine was replaced in the Mobile Protected Firepower variant with an MTU diesel engine, this one also developing . This was mated to an Allison 3040 MX transmission.
FMC designed the CCVL with to be capable of LAPES (low-altitude parachute-extraction system) airdrop from a C-130. The Army required two variants of the AGS. One capable of the LVAD from the C-17 Globemaster III (intended for the 82nd Airborne), and a heavier variant with roll-on/roll-off capability from the C-5 Galaxy, C-17, C-141 Starlifter and C-130 Hercules. In 1990, the Army had demoted the requirement for LAPES from a required capability to a desired one. After winning the AGS contract, FMC further whittled down the weight of the AGS in order make the tank light enough for LVAD from a C-130. The AGS was initially several hundred pounds over the weight limit for LVAD from a C-130. Initially weight savings was primarily achieved by reducing the weight of the pallets. Other changes included: changing the shape of the track, substituting titanium and graphite materials for the autoloader, using titanium hatches instead of aluminum or steel and using a lighter alloy of steel and titanium for the road wheels. The Army tested three airdrops of the pallets with the simulated weight of an AGS. However as of January 1994 the Army was exploring meeting the weight requirements simply with changes to the AGS design.
Level II and III armor packages can be airdropped separately from the AGS and installed in the field in under three hours. All versions are air-transportable by C-130, C-141, C-17 and C-5 (one, two, three and five systems respectively). For LVAD, the vehicle is stripped to a weight of no more than . The vehicle height is reduced by removing or retracting the commander's cupola. Up to 10 rounds of 105 mm ammunition can be carried in ready capacity. The MPF variant retained airlift capability: one could fit on the C-130 and three on the C-17.
A 1993 TRADOC study called for modifying 53 HEMTTs as Contingency Force Recovery Vehicles to assist with recovering the AGS. In 1994, the Army began seeking an assault bridge for the AGS. The service was seeking 18 medium assault bridge vehicles, but hadn't been able to identify either an off-the-shelf solution nor funding to develop one.
The M8 can carry approximately up to a squad of nine mounted infantry on top.
The MPF variant has a combat weight of .
Firepower
The AGS is armed with the Watervliet Arsenal M35 rifled autoloading 105 mm caliber soft-recoil tank gun with an M240 7.62 mm caliber machine gun mounted coaxially.
The M35, known as the EX35 and XM35 during development, was originally designed and developed by Benét Laboratories, Watervliet Arsenal in 1983 for the Marine Corps Mobile Protected Gun Program. The M35 is about lighter than the M68 used on the M60 tank.
The M35 fires all NATO standard 105 mm ammunition in inventory. The M35 has a rate of fire of approximately 12 rounds per minute. The autoloader magazine has a ready capacity of 21 rounds. The M8 AGS holds nine more rounds in two hull storage compartments. The MPF also has 21 ready rounds and only seven rounds in hull storage.
The AGS has a laser rangefinder from the M1 Abrams, and the Computing Devices Canada Mission Management Computer System fire-control system is the same used in the Challenger 2. The nature of the gun's muzzle brake directed noise towards the tank, which could damage the crew's hearing; particularly the tank commander's. This problem was still being worked on as of 1995. Prototype versions of the AGS gun had a pepperpot muzzle brake which was anticipated would be deleted in the production version.
The gun is stabilized with a Cadillac Gage two-axis system. Gun depression and traverse is hydraulic, with a manual back up for emergencies. Depression and elevation is −10 degrees, except over a rear 60 degree arc, where it is limited to 0 degrees.
The CCVL was originally armed with Rheinmetall's soft-recoil version of the M68A1. It held 19 ready rounds, plus 24 in hull storage.
The autoloader was designed by FMC's Naval Systems Division. It is fed by a rotating 21-round magazine. The gunner selects the type of ammunition to be fired and the computer rotates the magazine to select the correct round accordingly. Automatic and single-shot modes are available. After firing, the gun returns to zero degrees elevation. The autoloader extracts the spent shell casing from the breech, then ejects the casing out of the turret through the same port used to load the autoloader. Once the autoloader has loaded the next round, the gun returns to the elevation of the last target. The autoloader will not engage if the door between the tank commander and autoloader is open. If the autoloader is disabled, provisions existed for the crew to load the AGS under armor from the gunner's position. A program requirement existed that the crew was able to do this at three rounds per minute. In practice, the crew was only able to load the tank manually at about one round per minute as of 1994.
The gunner Hughes day/night thermal sight was stabilized. The CCVL had a commander's independent thermal viewer, but this was later eliminated to save weight.
The M35 fires all NATO-standard 105 mm caliber ammunition. The AGS can defeat 75 to 80 percent of tanks it may encounter on the battlefield. The AGS has the potential to engage main battle tanks, but these more heavily armored vehicles are less likely to be the AGS's main targets. The planned targets for the AGS ranged from bunkers and other man-made structures to armored personnel carriers and light armored vehicles.
On the AGS, a Browning M2 12.7 mm (.50) caliber heavy machine gun is mounted in a fully traversable ring-style mount on the commander's hatch. Unlike in the M1A1, the M8 tank commander must expose himself through the hatch to operate the machine gun. Other possible weapons were a M240 7.62 mm caliber machine gun or an MK 19 40 mm grenade launcher. The CCVL has no commander's machine gun.
The coaxial M240 7.62 mm caliber machine gun on the CCVL has 1,600 ready rounds with 3,400 carried in reserve. On the AGS this weapon has 1,000 ready rounds and 3,500 carried in reserve. On the MPF, the coaxial 7.62 mm caliber machine gun has 1,000 ready rounds.
Human factors engineering
The AGS has an autoloader rather than a human loader. This means the AGS has a crew of three rather than four. In addition to loading the tank, a loader has other responsibilities that would need to be taken on by the three crew members and dismounted infantry.
Miscellany
The AGS has a 1553 data bus. This is not present in the CCVL. The AGS is equipped with an infantry phone.
There are separate hatches for the tank commander, gunner and driver.
The MPF variant has four blind spot cameras for situational awareness. These could see in the long infrared range, which was integrated with the Raven soft kill system, but BAE eventually planned to add sensors for the medium-wave infrared spectrum.
Comparison of tanks
Subcontractors
Subcontractors as of 1996:
Chrysler Corporation (Pentastar)
Computing Devices Canada
Detroit Diesel
General Electric Company
General Motors Corporation (Hughes Electronics)
Textron Inc.: (Cadillac Gage)
Watervliet Arsenal
Variants
Close Combat Vehicle Light
FMC began developing the Close Combat Vehicle Light as a private venture in 1983. The first prototype CCVL was completed in August 1985 and debuted at the meeting of the Association of the United States Army in October.
M8 Armored Gun System/Buford
The AGS eliminated the commander's independent thermal viewer of the CCVL. The Watervliet Arsenal M35 replaced the M68A1 gun.
Vickers/FMC Mark 5 battle tank (VFM 5)
In 1985 the British Vickers Defence Systems and FMC collaborated on a derivative of the CCVL intended for export customers. The prototype was completed in May 1986 and first publicly appeared later that year. The tank had a fourth crewmember in lieu of an autoloader. It was armed with a 105 mm low recoil force gun, and could accept a number of other 105 mm guns as well.
Line of Sight Anti-Tank (LOSAT)
In 1994, Loral Vought Systems was awarded a contract worth up to $42.5 million ($ in ) to integrate the LOSAT missile onto an AGS chassis. In lieu of the turret, a missile pod with 12 kinetic energy missiles was installed. At least one full-scale mockup of the AGS LOSAT had been constructed by 1995. Delivery of the AGS LOSAT was scheduled for 1996. After the cancelation of the AGS, the Army switched the chassis of the LOSAT to the Humvee.
M8 Enhanced Capabilities Demonstrator/Thunderbolt
A single technology demonstrator built by United Defense and demonstrated in 2003. The ECD had a hybrid electric drive instead of a diesel engine. The tracks were a rubber band type. Armament was an XM291 120 mm electrothermal-chemical smoothbore cannon fitted with an autoloader. A storage area in the rear could be used to carry up to four crew members or other equipment, such as additional ammunition.
Lightning Bolt
In August 2004, BAE conducted live fire testing of the Lightning Bolt at Camp Roberts, California. Like the ECD, the Lightning Bolt incorporated a hybrid electric drive and XM291.
Singapore design study
In 2004, United Defense and Singapore studied using the AGS to meet the country's requirement for a replacement for its AMX-13 SM1 light tanks. In addition to a Thunderbolt-derived AGS variant, United Defense submitted a number of designs that mounted the Thunderbolt AGS's 120 mm cannon/turret (and alternatively, 105 mm) on a variety of chassis. These chassis were the
Bionix IFV and the Universal Combat Vehicle Platform that the Primus self-propelled howitzer was based on.
120 Armored Gun System
BAE Systems debuted the AGS 120 in 2006. The chassis was based on the original M8 AGS but integrated the 120 mm gun and turret of the ECD/Thunderbolt.
Expeditionary Light Tank
BAE displayed this demonstrator at AUSA 2015. Improvements included rubber band tracks better sensors such as 360 degree cameras and thermal imagers.
Mobile Protected Firepower demonstrator
BAE Systems showed this vehicle at AUSA Global Force in 2019. This demonstrator integrated IMI Systems Iron Fist hard kill and BAE Raven soft kill active protection systems and Saab Barracuda camouflage netting. The tracks were Soucy composite rubber and the engine hybrid electric. Four longwave infrared cameras provided 360 degrees of view from the vehicle.
XM1302 Mobile Protected Firepower
BAE Systems entered an updated variant of the M8 in the U.S. Army XM1302 Mobile Protected Firepower program. According to BAE, the MPF variant is completely redesigned, keeping only the footprint (length, width and height). The MPF incorporates a new transmission and MTU powerpack, band composite rubber track and a new fire-control system. BAE added improved underbody armor, as well as the Iron Fist active protection system and BAE's Terra Raven soft-kill system.
Surviving examples
An XM8 used for drop-testing is outside the U.S. Army Armor & Cavalry Collection at Fort Moore awaiting restoration as of 2022.
Gallery
The Close Combat Vehicle Light at the National Museum of Military Vehicles in 2020.
BAE XM1302 MPF test vehicle 2 at the U.S. Army Armor & Cavalry Collection, Fort Moore.
See also
2S25 Sprut-SD, Russian airborne light tank
XM1202 Mounted Combat System, a U.S. Army tank, that was part of the Future Combat Systems Manned Ground Vehicles program canceled in 2011
Future Scout and Cavalry System/TRACER, a joint UK–U.S. scout vehicle canceled in 2001
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
M8 Armored Gun System at GlobalSecurity.org
Nicholas Moran reviews the BAE XM1302 MPF
Moran reviews the interior of the BAE XM1302 MPF
Light tanks of the United States
Airborne tanks
Fire support vehicles
Tanks with autoloaders
Cold War tanks of the United States
Light tanks of the Cold War
Post–Cold War light tanks
Post–Cold War tanks of the United States
Abandoned military projects of the United States
United Defense
BAE Systems land vehicles
FMC Corporation |
4139272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Sri%20Lanka | Human rights in Sri Lanka | Human rights in Sri Lanka provides for fundamental rights in the country. The Sri Lanka Constitution states that every person is entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, including the freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice. And, that every person is equal before the law.
Several human rights groups, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, as well as the British government, the United States Department of State and the European Union, have expressed concern about the state of human rights in Sri Lanka. The government of Sri Lanka and the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) as well as various other paramilitaries and marxist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) rebels are accused of violating human rights. Although Sri Lanka has not officially practiced the death penalty since 1976, there are well-documented cases of state-sponsored 'disappearances' and murders.
Background
Sri Lanka was embroiled in two JVP insurrections and a civil war for more than two decades. The repression of the second JVP revolution in the Southern Sri Lanka by government forces and paramilitaries has led to many human rights violations. Up to 60,000 people, mostly Sinhalese, including many students died as a result of this insurgency led by the factions of the Marxist JVP.
In July 1983, the darkest anti-minority pogrom in Sri Lankan history, known as the Black July riots, erupted. The riots began as a response to a deadly ambush by the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), one of the many Tamil militant groups of that time, on Sri Lankan Army soldiers, which lead to deaths of 13 soldiers. Government appointed commission's estimates put the death toll at nearly 1,000. Mostly minority Sri Lankan Tamils died or 'disappeared' during these riots. At least 150,000 Tamils fled the island. The Black July is generally seen as the start of a full-scale Sri Lankan Civil War between the Tamil militants and the government of Sri Lanka.
JVP insurrections
In 1971, an unsuccessful armed revolt was conducted by the communist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) against the Government of Ceylon under Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. The revolt began on 5 April 1971 and lasted till June 1971. The insurgents were able to capture and hold several towns and rural areas for several weeks until they were recaptured by the armed forces. An estimated 8,000–10,000 people, mostly young rebels died during this insurrection.
The 1987–89 JVP insurrection (also known as the 1989 Revolt) was the second unsuccessful armed revolt conducted by the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna against the Government of Sri Lanka under President J. R. Jayewardene. Unlike the first unsuccessful JVP insurrection of 1971, the second insurrection was not an open revolt but appeared to be a low intensity conflict that lasted from 1987 to 1989 with the JVP resorting to subversion, assassinations, raids and attacks on military and civilian targets. Both the government and its paramilitaries as well as the rebels of JVP were accused of major HR violations during this period. JVP members are accused of killing its political rivals and civilians who disobeyed their orders by beheading and shooting during these insurrections. Charred dead bodies of suspected JVP members burnt using tyre pyres were a common sight in Sri Lanka during this period. An estimated 60,000 people mostly suspected JVP members were killed during this insurrection.
Sri Lankan Civil War
Government
1980s
On April 19, 1986, Ramanujam Manikkalingam, an MIT physics graduate, was arrested by government security forces in his native country of Sri Lanka under the provisions of the Prevention of Terrorism Act. Family and friends said that he was arrested while walking home from the local post office and that he was tortured in custody.
1990s
The Eastern province of Sri Lanka was taken over by Sri Lankan Forces after heavy fighting in 1990. Even after government forces moved in the early 1990 large number of disappearances and extrajudicial execution were continued. By October 1990, 3,000 people were estimated to have been killed or to have disappeared in the Ampara district. Further Many of the disappeared people were believed to have been killed as a result of extrajudicial execution. Likewise in Batticaloa another 1,500 people were reported to have disappeared. However, the true perpetrators of the disappearances are yet to be determined, with the Sri Lankan government and the rebels both accusing each other.
2000s
The European Union also condemned Sri Lankan security forces in the year 2000 concerning human rights, after fighting displaced 12,000 civilians.
The US State Department stated that "The civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces, although some members of the security forces committed serious human right abuses".
During President Mahinda Rajapaksa's reign White vans started to be associated with abductions and disappearances both during and after the war. Most disappearances of various critics, journalist and others who had disputes with members of the Rajapaksa government as well as kidnapping for ransom has been associated with the "White vans" which were believed to be operated by Military personnel.
Sahathevan Nilakshan, also spelt Sahadevan Nilakshan a Sri Lankan Tamil student journalist and the head of the Chaalaram magazine. Sahadevan was shot dead inside his house during nighttime curfew in an area heavily guarded by the Sri Lankan Army. Sahadevan was part of a series of killing of Tamil media workers particularly those seen supporting the Tamil nationalist cause as Chaalaram magazine for which he worked was linked to the Federation of Jaffna District Students was seen supporting Tamil nationalism. It was seen as part of the intimidation of Tamil media.
Post-war
People who were previously in, or who assisted, the Tamil Tigers have alleged that the government has been continuing to torture them after the formal end of hostilities. Human Rights Watch has said that 62 cases of sexual violence have been documented since the end of the civil war, though the government says that there have only been 5. Similarly, the government asserts that these are isolated cases, while those making the allegations believe that this is a part of an organized government campaign. One specific link to a formal government program investigated by the BBC found numerous people who say they were tortured at government rehabilitation camps, run for suspected former rebels. Several of those involved have medical documentation of torture along with documentation of having attended these programmes. Two UN reports have stated that the programme does not meet international standards and that there was a possibility of torture occurring. The government claimed to the BBC that they did not agree with the claims, and asserted that those anonymous people making the reports may have been paid by the Tamil Tigers or tortured by the Tigers themselves.
Abuses by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam have repeatedly been accused of attacks on civilians during their separatist guerrilla campaign.
The US State Department reported several human rights abuses in 2005, but it specifically states that there were no confirmed reports of politically motivated killings by the government. The report states that "they [LTTE] continued to control large sections of the north and east and engaged in politically motivated killings, disappearances, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, denial of a fair public trial, arbitrary interference with privacy, denial of freedom of speech, press, of assembly and association, and the recruitment of child soldiers". The report further accused the LTTE of extrajudicial killings in the North and East.
The LTTE committed massacres in the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka. The number of civilians massacred in a single incident were as high as 144 (Anuradhapura massacre) in 1985. Some of the major attacks resulting in civilian deaths include the Kebithigollewa massacre, the Gonagala massacre (54 dead), the Dehiwala train bombing (56 dead), the Palliyagodella massacre (109 dead) and the bombing of Sri Lanka's Central Bank (102 dead). Further a Claymore antipersonnel mine attack by the LTTE on June 15, 2006 on a bus carrying 140 civilians killed 68 people including 15 children, and injured 60 others.
Tamil Tigers were also credited by FBI for the invention of suicide bra and suicide belt. Most of the targets of suicide attacks were made on civilians rather than the government forces.
Abuses by other groups
The TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP), an armed organization led by Colonel Karuna, was accused by many human rights and non-governmental organizations of recruiting children, torture, assassinations and engaging in extortion in its war against the LTTE. The TMVP was also involved in kidnappings for ransom of wealthy, predominantly Tamil, businessmen to raise money in Colombo and other towns. Some businessmen were killed because their family could not pay the ransom.
Aftermath
The legacy of alleged human rights abuses continued to affect Sri Lanka after the end of the war. For example, the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was held in Sri Lanka in 2013. The prime ministers of India, Canada, and Mauritius refused to attend due to concerns about Sri Lanka's human rights record, including "ongoing allegations of abuse of opposition politicians and journalists".
Investigations
After President Mahinda Rajapaksa was ousted from power, investigations into the disappearances were launched by the new government which revealed a secret unit within the Sri Lankan Navy that was responsible for several disappearances. In March 2015, three navy personnel and a former police officer were arrested in relation to the killing of parliamentarian Nadarajah Raviraj in 2006 and in August 2015, police also announced that they had arrested several military personnel in relation to the disappearance of journalist and cartoonist Prageeth Eknaligoda.
On 2015 October 11, Former Eastern Province Chief Minister Sivanesathurai Chandrakanthan alias Pillayan of the former paramilitary group TMVP was arrested by the Criminal Investigation Department in connection with the killing of former TNA parliamentarian Joseph Pararajasingham who was shot dead on December 25, 2005 in Batticaloa. He was allowed to be detained till 4 November for further questioning
Post-war ethnic clashes
The 2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka were religious and ethnic riots in June 2014 in south-western Sri Lanka that were sparked by the assault of a senior Buddhist monk, Ayagama Samitha, and his driver by Muslims in Dharga Town on the holy day of Poson. Muslims and their property were attacked by Sinhalese Buddhists in the towns of Aluthgama, Beruwala and Dharga Town in Kalutara District. At least four people were killed and 80 injured. Hundreds were made homeless following attacks on homes, shops, factories, mosques and a nursery. 10,000 people (8,000 Muslims and 2,000 Sinhalese) were displaced by the riots. The riots followed rallies by Bodu Bala Sena (BBS), a hard line Buddhist group. The BBS was widely blamed for inciting the riots but it has denied responsibility. The mainstream media in Sri Lanka censored news about the riots following orders from the Sri Lankan government.
Moderate Buddhist monk Watareka Vijitha, who had been critical of the BBS, was abducted and assaulted in the Bandaragama area on 19 June 2014. Vijitha had been forcibly circumcised.
Schools in the riot affected re-opened on 23 June 2014. Sporadic attacks against Muslim targets continued in the days after the riots.
LGBT rights in Sri Lanka
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Sri Lanka face legal and social challenges not faced by non-LGBT people. Article 365 of the Sri Lankan Penal Code, which dates from the time of colonial British Ceylon, criminalizes sexual acts deemed "against the order of nature". For much of the law's history, the prohibition applied to sexual acts between males; in 1995, Article 365 was amended to replace the word "males" with "persons" so that same-sex sexual activity between two consenting adult females was outlawed in addition to that between consenting adult males. Other laws that marginalize and disadvantage LGBTQI individuals are enforced against purported gender impersonation (Article 399, used against transgender people) and public indecency (Section 7, 1841 Vagrants Ordinance, used against sex workers, and anyone whose public behaviours are deemed to indicate same-sex sexual activity).
Human rights organizations have reported that police and government workers used the threat of arrest to assault, harass, and sexually and monetarily extort LGBTQI individuals. Vigilante attacks, vigilante executions, torture, forced anal examinations, and beatings are also tolerated.
Sri Lanka has not yet implemented anti-discrimination laws. It has not recognized transgender people, making it hard for them to get government cards and discrimination is also rampant.
Child marriage
In Sri Lanka, the legal marriage age is 18. However, the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act (MMDA) allows underage Muslims older than 12 to be married and does not require the bride's consent. The age can be reduced even further if a quazi allows it. The penal code also exempts Muslims from prosecution for statutory rape if the victim is married to the perpetrator and is 12 or older. Child marriage rates in Sri Lanka are at 2% by 15 and 12% by 18, lower than other South Asian nations however some marriages are unregistered and may be higher. Many Muslim girls have attempted suicide to avoid being forcefully married off and girls that oppose marriages are beaten by their families. Husbands can also get quick divorces without having to offer any explanation while the wife has to endure a long process that requires her to produce witnesses and attend hearings. The laws are administered through special sharia courts administered by quazis. Women are not allowed to be quazis and quazis routinely order women to keep quiet during proceedings, representation through lawyers are also not allowed.
Many incidents of domestic abuse, rape and murder of teenagers have been reported due to the MMDA. In one instance a girl was sent to her uncle's house by her parents due to falling in love with a boy while having an education and a visitor to the house asked the family to marry her. The girl refused and was beaten up by the family, and in desperation, she cut her arms and took several pills in a suicide attempt. After she was hospitalized her family bribed the doctors and took her to a private hospital and later married her off. Her husband regularly abused her and was paranoid of her having an affair with her former love interest. When she revealed her pregnancy he threw her to the floor taunting that he only needed her for one night. As a result, she suffered a miscarriage and the police didn't believe her story and the mosque reunited her with the husband despite her objections. Then her husband put her phone number on social media which resulted in various strangers asking her to have sex for money. As a result, her education was sabotaged and was unable to even travel outside. In 2017 another 4 month pregnant 18 year old died after her husband she married when she was 16, tied her to a chair, poured oil and set her on fire. Her husband threatened that he would hurt her other infant if she reported the abuse to the police. There have been instances of children as young as 12 being dragged from playgrounds, given wedding clothes and being forcibly married off while crying in the middle of the wedding ceremony and being forced into sex even before puberty.
Supporters of the MMDA such as the All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama, a union of male Islamic scholars claim that child marriages are rare. However, 22% of marriages registered in 2015 in Kattankudy, a Muslim majority town in Eastern Province, the woman was 17 or younger up from 14% in 2014.
Many Muslim organizations such as the Women's Action Network (WAN) and Muslim Women's Research and Action Forum have been attempting to reform or abolish the MMDA and give equal rights to women and ban child marriage. However, members of the organizations face harassment and threats from extremist Muslim organizations. Activists have expressed fears to even engage in daily tasks such as travelling and sending children to school due to regular threats.
See also
Allegations of state terrorism in Sri Lanka
List of attacks attributed to the LTTE
Military use of children in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Civil War
List of attacks attributed to the Sri Lankan military
Gender inequality in Sri Lanka
References and further reading
External links
Human Rights Organization of Sri Lanka
Home for Human Rights
Human Rights Watch
Amnesty International - Sri Lanka Human Rights Reports
Freedom of expression in Sr Lanka - IFEX
Intellectuals for Human Rights
Freedom from Torture
information relating to human rights situation in Sri Lanka
Peace and Conflict Timeline (PACT) - an interactive timeline of the Sri Lankan conflict
List of Human Rights Violations in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka mission report
Nine recommendations for improving media freedom in Sri Lanka – RSF
Media in Sri Lanka
Free Speech in Sri Lanka
Mystery surrounds the brutal killing of a Tamil journalist, Asian Tribune
Human trafficking in Sri Lanka
Law of Sri Lanka |
4139950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%20Events | January Events | The January Events () were a series of violent confrontations between the civilian population of Lithuania, supporting independence, and the Soviet Armed Forces. The events took place between 11 and 13 January 1991, after the restoration of independence by Lithuania. As a result of the Soviet military actions, 14 civilians were killed and over 140 were injured. 13 January, was the most violent day. The events were primarily centered in the capital city Vilnius, but Soviet military activity and confrontations also occurred elsewhere in the country, including Alytus, Šiauliai, Varėna and Kaunas.
January 13th is the Day of the Defenders of Freedom () in Lithuania and it is officially observed as a commemorative day.
Background
The Baltic states, including Lithuania, were forcibly annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. This move was never recognized by Western powers.
The Republic of Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990 and thereafter underwent a difficult period of emergence. During March–April 1990 the Soviet Airborne Troops (VDV) occupied buildings of the Political Education and the Higher Party School where later encamped the alternative Communist Party of Lithuania, on the CPSU platform.
The Soviet Union imposed an economic blockade between April and late June. Economic and energy shortages undermined public faith in the newly restored state. The inflation rate reached 100% and continued to increase rapidly. In January 1991 the Lithuanian government was forced to raise prices several times and was used for organization of mass protests of the so-called "Russophone population" of the country.
During the five days preceding the killings, Soviet, Polish, and other workers at Vilnius factories protested the government's consumer goods price hikes and what they saw as ethnic discrimination. According to Human Rights Watch, the Soviet government had mounted a propaganda campaign designed to further ethnic strife.
In protection of the rallied Russophone population minority, the Soviet Union sent elite armed forces and special service units.
On 8 January the conflict between Chairman of the Parliament Vytautas Landsbergis and the more pragmatic Prime Minister Kazimira Prunskienė culminated in her resignation. Prunskienė met with Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev on that day. He refused her request for assurances that military action would not be taken.
On the same day the pro-Moscow Yedinstvo movement organized a rally in front of the Supreme Council of Lithuania. Protesters tried to storm the parliament building but were driven away by unarmed security forces using water cannons. Despite a Supreme Council vote the same day to halt price increases, the scale of protests and provocations backed by Yedinstvo and the Communist Party increased. During a radio and television address, Landsbergis called upon independence supporters to gather around and protect the main governmental and infrastructural buildings.
From 8–9 January several special Soviet military units were flown to Lithuania (including the counter-terrorism Alpha Group and paratroopers of the 76th Guards Air Assault Division of the VDV based at Pskov). The official explanation was that this was needed to ensure constitutional order and the effectiveness of laws of the Lithuanian SSR and the Soviet Union.
On 10 January Gorbachev addressed the Supreme Council, demanding a restoration of the constitution of the USSR in Lithuania and the revocation of "all anti-constitutional laws". He mentioned that military intervention could be possible within days. When Lithuanian officials asked for Moscow's guarantee not to send armed troops, Gorbachev did not reply.
Timeline of events
Friday 11 January 1991
In the morning, Landsbergis and Prime Minister Albertas Šimėnas were presented with another ultimatum from the "Democratic Congress of Lithuania" demanding that they comply with Gorbachev's request by 15:00 on 11 January.
11:50 – Soviet military units seize the National Defence Department building in Vilnius.
12:00 – Soviet military units surround and seize the Press House building in Vilnius. Soldiers use live ammunition against civilians. Several people are hospitalized, some with bullet wounds.
12:15 – Soviet paratroopers seize the regional building of the National Defence Department in Alytus.
12:30 – Soviet military units seize the regional building of the National Defence Department in Šiauliai.
15:00 – In a press conference held in the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania, the head of the Ideological Division Juozas Jermalavičius announces the creation of the "National Salvation Committee of Lithuanian SSR" and that from now on it will be the only legitimate government in Lithuania.
16:40 – Minister of Foreign Affairs Algirdas Saudargas sends a diplomatic note to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union in which he expresses his concerns about Soviet army violence in Lithuania.
21:00 – Soviet military units seize a TV re-transmission center in Nemenčinė.
23:00 – Soviet military units seize the dispatcher's office of the Vilnius railway station. Railway traffic is disrupted but restored several hours later.
Saturday 12 January 1991
During an overnight session of the Supreme Council, Speaker Landsbergis announced that he had tried to call Gorbachev three times, but was unsuccessful. Deputy Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union, General Vladislav Achalov, arrived in Lithuania and took control of all military operations. People from all over Lithuania started to encircle the main strategic buildings: the Supreme Council, the Radio and Television Committee, the Vilnius TV Tower and the main telephone exchange.
00:30 – Soviet military units seize the base of the Lithuanian SSR Special Purpose Detachment of Police (OMON) in a suburb of Vilnius.
04:30 – Soviet military units unsuccessfully try to seize the Police Academy building in Vilnius.
11:20 – Armed Soviet soldiers attack a border-line post near Varėna.
14:00 – A Soviet military truck collides with a civilian vehicle in Kaunas. One person dies and three are hospitalized with serious injuries. Vilnius residents carry food to passengers in stalled trucks on strike.
22:00 – A column of Soviet military vehicles is spotted leaving a military base in Vilnius and moving towards the city centre. Employees of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania instruct special worker groups (druzhinas) to be ready "for special events."
23:00 – An unknown group of individuals who claim to be part of the National Salvation Committee, declare at the Supreme Council that it is their duty to take over Lithuania to avoid an economic meltdown and a fratricidal war.
Sunday 13 January 1991
00:00 – Another column of military vehicles (including tanks and BMPs) is spotted leaving the military base and heading toward the TV tower.
01:25 – Upon arrival in the vicinity of the TV tower, tanks start to fire blank rounds.
01:50 – Tanks and soldiers encircle the TV tower. Soldiers fire live ammunition overhead and into civilian crowds gathered around the building. Tanks drive straight through lines of people. Fourteen people are killed in the attack, most of them shot and two crushed by tanks. One Soviet Alfa unit member (Viktor Shatskikh) is killed by friendly fire. Loudspeakers on several BMPs transmit the voice of Juozas Jermalavičius: "Broliai lietuviai, nacionalistų ir separatistų vyriausybė, kuri priešpastatė save liaudžiai, nuversta. Eikite pas savo tėvus, vaikus!" ("Brother Lithuanians! The nationalist and separatist government, which confronted the people has been overthrown! Go [home] to your parents and children!")
02:00 – BMPs and tanks surround the Radio and Television Committee building. Soldiers fire live ammunition into the building, over the heads of the civilian crowds. The live television broadcast was hosted by Eglė Bučelytė and later terminated. The last pictures transmitted are of a Soviet soldier running toward the camera and switching it off.
02:30 – A small TV studio from Kaunas came on air unexpectedly. A technician of the family program that usually broadcast from Kaunas once a week was on the air, calling for anyone who could help to broadcast to the world in as many different languages as possible about the Soviet army and tanks killing unarmed people in Lithuania. Within an hour, the studio was filled with several university professors broadcasting in several languages. The studio received a threatening phone call from the Soviet army division of Kaunas (possibly the 7th Guards Airborne Division of the VDV). The second phone call from the Soviet army division followed shortly, with a commander stating that "they would not try to take over the studio so long as no misinformation is given". This was all broadcast live. The Kaunas TV station was using Juragiai and Sitkūnai transmitters as retranslators.
Following these two attacks, large crowds (20,000 during the night, more than 50,000 in the morning) of independence supporters gathered around the Supreme Council building. People started building anti-tank barricades and setting up defences inside surrounding buildings. Provisional chapels were set up inside and outside the Supreme Council building. Members of the crowd prayed, sang and shouted pro-independence slogans. Despite columns of military trucks, BMPs and tanks moving into the vicinity of the Supreme Council, Soviet military forces retreated instead of attacking.
Among the members of the barricade were two basketball players who would later play for the Lithuanian national team, Gintaras Einikis and Alvydas Pazdrazdis.
List of victims
In all, thirteen Lithuanians were killed by the Soviet army. An additional civilian died at the scene due to a heart attack, and one Soviet soldier was killed by friendly fire. All victims, except the Soviet soldier, were awarded the Order of the Cross of Vytis (the Knight) on January 15, 1991.
Loreta Asanavičiūtė (b. 1967) – the only female victim. Worked as a seamstress in a factory. Died in hospital after she fell under a tank. Noted for her shy character, she became the most famous victim.
Virginijus Druskis (b. 1969) – student at Kaunas University of Technology. Was shot in the chest.
Darius Gerbutavičius (b. 1973) – student at a vocational school. Was shot five times (legs, arms and back).
Rolandas Jankauskas (b. 1969) – student. He was hit in the face by an explosive device. His mother was a native Russian from Altai Krai.
Rimantas Juknevičius (b. 1966) – native of Marijampolė, senior at Kaunas University of Technology. He was shot.
Alvydas Kanapinskas (b. 1952) – worker at a Kėdainiai biochemical factory. He was shot.
Algimantas Petras Kavoliukas (b. 1939) – butcher at a grocery store. He was wounded by a rubber bullet on January 11, 1991, when he protested against the Soviet troops near the Press House. On January 13, he was hit by a tank. According to some witnesses, he was the first victim killed that night.
Vytautas Koncevičius (b. 1941) – shopman. Died in the hospital about a month after the attacks. Had been deported to Siberia with his family in 1945. He was shot.
Vidas Maciulevičius (b. 1966) – locksmith. Died from bullet wounds to the face, neck and spine.
Titas Masiulis (b. 1962) – Kaunas resident who was shot in the chest.
Alvydas Matulka (b. 1955) – Rokiškis resident who died from a heart attack.
Apolinaras Juozas Povilaitis (b. 1937) – metalworker at an institute. He died from bullet wounds to the heart, right lung, upper arm and thigh.
Ignas Šimulionis (b. 1973) – high school student, a friend of Gerbutavičius. Was shot in the head.
Vytautas Vaitkus (b. 1943) – plumber at a meat plant. Died from bullet wounds to the chest.
Viktor Viktorovich Shatskikh (b. 1961) – Lieutenant Group 'A' Service Office MTO 7 of the KGB. Mortally wounded by a 5.45mm bullet passing through a slit in his body armour (died from a ricochet bullet shot by a fellow soldier inside the Lithuanian National Radio and Television building). He was awarded the Order of Red Banner posthumously.
12 of the 14 victims were buried in the Antakalnis Cemetery in Vilnius. Titas Masiulis was buried in Petrašiūnai Cemetery in his native Kaunas, Rimantas Juknevičius was buried in the Marijampolė cemetery.
Aftermath
Immediately after the attacks, the Supreme Council issued a letter to the people of the Soviet Union and to the rest of the world denouncing the attacks and calling for foreign governments to recognise that the Soviet Union had committed an act of aggression against a sovereign nation. Following the first news reports from Lithuania, the government of Norway appealed to the United Nations. The government of Poland expressed their solidarity with the people of Lithuania and denounced the actions of the Soviet army.
The reaction from the United States government was somewhat muted as they were heavily preoccupied with the imminent onset of Operation Desert Storm against Iraq and worried about possible wider consequences if they were to offend the Soviets at that critical juncture. President George H. W. Bush denounced the incident, calling it "deeply disturbing" and that it "threatens to set back or perhaps even reverse the process of reform" in the Soviet Union. Bush was notably careful not to criticize Gorbachev directly, instead directing his remarks at "Soviet leaders".
After the events, Gorbachev said that Lithuanian "workers and intellectuals" complaining of anti-Soviet broadcasts had tried to talk to the Lithuanian parliament, but they were refused and beaten. Then, he said, Lithuanian "workers and intellectuals" asked the military commander in Vilnius to provide protection. Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov, Interior Minister Boris Pugo and Gorbachev all asserted that no one in Moscow gave orders to use force in Vilnius. Yazov claimed that nationalists were trying to form what he called a bourgeois dictatorship. Pugo alleged on national television that the demonstrators had opened fire first.
During the following day, meetings of support took place in many cities (Kyiv, Riga, Tallinn) and some had defensive barricades built around their government districts.
Although occupation and military raids continued for several months following the attacks, there were no large open military encounters after 13 January. Strong Western reaction and the actions of Soviet democratic forces put the President and the government of the Soviet Union in an awkward position. This influenced future Lithuanian-Russian negotiations and resulted in the signing of a treaty on 31 January.
During a visit by the official delegation of Iceland to Lithuania on 20 January Foreign Minister Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson said: "My government is seriously considering the possibility of establishing diplomatic relations with the Republic of Lithuania." Iceland kept its promise, and on 4 February 1991, just three weeks after the attacks, it recognized the Republic of Lithuania as a sovereign independent state, and diplomatic relations were established between the two nations.
These events are considered some of the main factors that led to the overwhelming victory of independence supporters in a referendum on 9 February 1991. 84.73% of registered voters voted, of which 90.47% of them voted in favour of the full and total independence of Lithuania.
Streets in the neighborhood of the TV tower were later renamed after nine victims of the attack. A street in Titas Masiulis' native Kaunas was named after him, likewise a street in Marijampolė after its native, Rimantas Juknevičius, a street in Kėdainiai after Alvydas Kanapinskas, and a street in Pelėdnagiai (near Kėdainiai) after Vytautas Koncevičius.
From the interview of Mikhail Golovatov, ex-commander of "Alpha-group": "The weapons and ammunition that were given to us, were handed over at the end of the operation, so it can be established that not a single shot was fired from our side. But at the time of the assault, our young officer Victor Shatskikh was mortally wounded in the back. As we have already seized the TV tower and went outside, we came under fire from the windows of the neighbouring houses, and leaving from there we had to hide behind the armoured vehicles."
Criminal prosecution
In 1996, two members of the Central Committee of Communist Party of the Lithuanian SSR, Mykolas Burokevičius and Juozas Jermalavičius, were given prison sentences for their involvement in the January Events. In 1999 the Vilnius District Court sentenced six former Soviet military men who participated in the events. On 11 May 2011, a soldier of the Soviet OMON Konstantin Mikhailov was sentenced to life in prison for killing customs workers and policemen in 1991 at the "Medininkai" border checkpoint with the Byelorussian SSR near the village of Medininkai (see Soviet aggression against Lithuania in 1990).
Since 1992, representatives of the Prosecutor General's Office of Lithuania requested Belarus to extradite Vladimir Uskhopchik, a former general who was in command of the Vilnius garrison in January 1991 and the editor of the newspaper Soviet Lithuania Stanislava Juonienė. Lithuania's request has been repeatedly denied.
In July 2011, diplomatic tensions rose between Austria and Lithuania when Mikhail Golovatov, an ex-KGB general who took part in the 13 January 1991 massacre, was released after being detained at the Vienna Airport. He then proceeded to fly to Russia. In response, Lithuania recalled its ambassador from Austria.
Hearings in Vilnius District Court started on 27 January 2016, with 67 individuals facing charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, battery, murder, endangering other's well-being, as well as unlawful military actions against civilians. The case consists of 801 volumes of documents, including 16 volumes of the indictment itself. The defendants included former Soviet Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov, former commander of Soviet Alpha anti-terror group Mikhail Golovatov and Vladimir Uskhopchik.
Robertas Povilaitis, a surviving son of one of the victims, requested that law enforcement authorities conduct an investigation into Gorbachev's role in the events. On 17 October 2016, Vilnius Regional Court decided to summon Gorbachev to testify as a witness. The Russian Federation refused to question Gorbachev. As no pre-trial investigation has been initiated against Gorbachev in the January 13 case, the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania Dainius Žalimas argued that it is hard to believe that the events happen without the knowledge of the President of the USSR. The role of Mikhail Gorbachev in the January events remains disputed.
In 2018 Russia's law enforcement began criminal proceedings against the Lithuanian prosecutors and judges who were investigating the case. Such Russian action was condemned by the European Parliament as "unacceptable external influence" and "politically motivated."
On 27 March 2019, Vilnius District Court found all 67 defendants guilty of war crimes or crimes against humanity. The vast majority of them were tried and sentenced in absentia. Among the high-profile defendants, former Soviet Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov was sentenced to 10 years in prison, Mikhail Golovatov to 12 years in prison and Vladimir Uskhopchik to 14 years in prison. Others were sentenced to prison terms between 4 and 12 years.
On 31 March 2021, the Lithuanian Court of Appeal announced its judgement, which only increased the time of imprisonment for the sentenced and awarded non-pecuniary damage of 10.876 million Euro to the victims. A judge, who announced the judgement, said that: "As they drove with the tanks over the people, they understood perfectly well what they were doing." Thereafter, Russia threatened to take retaliatory actions for the judgement. The European Commissioner for Justice Didier Reynders had promised that the European Union will defend Lithuanian judges who heard the January 13 case from persecution by Russia. Minister for Foreign Affairs of Lithuania Gabrielius Landsbergis said that Lithuania will appeal to Interpol to reject Russia's appeal against the persecution of Lithuanian judges who heard the January 13 case.
In 2019, Russia and Belarus refused to extradite those who are responsible for the January Events.
As of March 2021 many of the 66 defendants remain out of reach of Lithuanian justice.
Legacy
January 13th is the Day of the Defenders of Freedom () in Lithuania. It is not a public holiday, but it is officially observed as a commemorative day. It is a vividly remembered day in the Lithuanian national memory. The day has been associated with mourning and the national flags are usually raised with a black ribbon attached. In recent years, forget-me-not flower pins have become a symbol of commemoration of the events.
Recently there have been public debates whether January 13th (and the events in general) should be viewed as the day of mourning or should rather be celebrated as the day of victory. Former Lithuanian leaders Landsbergis and Dalia Grybauskaitė expressed the view that 13th January is not only the day of mourning and commemorating those who sacrificed their lives, but also the day of national victory. Other prominent public figures described January 13th as a Victory Day, including Arvydas Pocius and Valdemaras Rupšys, both of whom were volunteers defending the Parliament during the events, as well as Rimvydas Valatka, , .
Lithuania has since accused Russia of trying to spread disinformation about the January Events. The European Parliament has condemned Russia and urged to "cease the irresponsible disinformation and propaganda statements" regarding the 13 January case. EUvsDisinfo has documented several examples of disinformation in the pro-Kremlin media.
See also
Antakalnis Cemetery
Baltic Way
Black January
The Barricades (Latvia)
Autumn of Nations
Sąjūdis
April 9 tragedy
Singing Revolution
Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
Vilnius TV Tower
References
External links
www.laisve15.lt – portal dedicated to 15th anniversary of massacre.
www.lrs.lt – collection of photo, video and other testimonies.
Loreta Asanavičiūtė's Story
Russia refused to question the former president of Soviet Union
Polishchuk, M. Lithuania, be free! Recollections of a student defense squad participant in the 1991 Winter Vilnius events. Ukrayinska Pravda. 18 January 2011
1991 in Lithuania
1991 in the Soviet Union
1991 protests
Battles involving Lithuania
Battles involving the Soviet Union
Conflicts in 1991
1991 crimes in Lithuania
1991 murders in Europe
1990s murders in Lithuania
Eastern Bloc
History of Lithuania (1990–present)
History of Vilnius
January 1991 events in Europe
Mass murder in 1991
Massacres in Lithuania
Massacres in the Soviet Union
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Vytis
Remembrance days
Singing Revolution |
4140198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo%20Gonzalez%20%28astronomer%29 | Guillermo Gonzalez (astronomer) | Guillermo Gonzalez (born 1963) is an astronomer, a proponent of the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design, and a research scientist at the University of Alabama-Huntsville. He is a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, considered the hub of the intelligent design movement, and a fellow with the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design, which also promotes intelligent design.
Education, work and academics
Gonzalez obtained a BS in 1987 in physics and astronomy from University of Arizona and his Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Washington in 1993. He has done post-doctoral work at the University of Texas, Austin and the University of Washington. He has received fellowships, grants and awards from NASA, the University of Washington, Sigma Xi, and the National Science Foundation. He supports the Galactic habitable zone concept, which was coined in 1986 by L.S. Marochnik and L.M. Mukhin, who defined the zone as the region in which intelligent life could flourish. Until May 2008 he was an assistant professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Iowa State University, then taught at Grove City College, an evangelical Christian school, and since 2013 is an assistant professor at Ball State University in Muncie.
Gonzalez was a regular contributor to Facts for Faith magazine produced by Reasons To Believe, an old earth creationist group. In addition to his work for the Discovery Institute and International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, he is a researcher for the Biologic Institute, which is funded by the institute for research into intelligent design.
In 2004 he published The Privileged Planet and its accompanying video, which takes the arguments of the Rare Earth hypothesis and combines them with arguments that the Earth is in prime location for observing the universe. He then proposes that the Earth was intelligently designed. William H. Jefferys, a professor of astronomy at the University of Texas at Austin, reviewed the book writing "the little that is new in this book isn't interesting, and what is old is just old-hat creationism in a new, modern-looking astronomical costume." Co-author Jay Richards responds to such criticism with the following statement: "It has absolutely nothing to do with biological evolution. We are talking about the things that you need to produce a habitable planet, which is a prerequisite for life. It doesn't tell you anything about how life got here." A documentary based on the book was produced by the Discovery Institute.
His primary research interest is studying radial velocity and transit techniques for the detection of extrasolar planets.
Iowa State University tenure denial
Faculty statement
Two years prior to his consideration for tenure, approximately 130 members of the faculty of Iowa State University signed a statement co-authored by associate professors James Colbert and Hector Avalos and assistant professor Michael Clough opposing "all attempts to represent Intelligent Design as a scientific endeavor." Similar statements were issued by faculty at the University of Northern Iowa and at the University of Iowa. A total of approximately 400 professors signed the three petitions. No mention of Gonzalez was made in these petitions, and the professors maintained the statement "was in no way targeted specifically at Gonzalez", that Tom Ingebritsen, an associate professor in the Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, had been advocating, and teaching a course in, Intelligent Design at ISU for a number of years before Gonzales arrived, and that "[a]t that time [the] statement began to circulate, Dr. Gonzalez was not well-known as an ID advocate to most faculty even at ISU". Avalos also criticized the Discovery Institute for "combining sentences from different sections of [the statement] in order create a fragmented syntax that appears to target Gonzalez":
Two years later, an article in the local newspaper The Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier reported Gonzalez's appeal against his denial of tenure and claimed he was "the unnamed target" of the ISU petition. The article noted that "Gonzalez won't discuss the reasons for the tenure denial" but that he "noted...that he has frequently been criticized by people who don't consider intelligent design as a legitimate science." Comments from John West, the associate director of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture – at which Gonzalez was a senior fellow – blamed the failure to secure tenure directly upon Gonzalez's belief in intelligent design and compared it to a "doctrinal litmus test" typical of his native Cuba.
Denial of tenure and appeals
In April 2007 Iowa State University denied Gonzalez tenure.
On June 1, 2007, Gregory Geoffroy, president of Iowa State University, rejected Gonzalez's appeal and upheld the denial of tenure. In making this decision, Geoffroy states that he "specifically considered refereed publications, [Gonzalez's] level of success in attracting research funding and grants, the amount of telescope observing time he had been granted, the number of graduate students he had supervised, and most importantly, the overall evidence of future career promise in the field of astronomy" and that Gonzalez "simply did not show the trajectory of excellence that we expect in a candidate seeking tenure in physics and astronomy – one of our strongest academic programs." Geoffroy noted, "Over the past 10 years, four of the 12 candidates who came up for review in the physics and astronomy department were not granted tenure." Gonzalez appealed to the Iowa Board of Regents and the board affirmed the decision on February 7, 2008.
Reasons for denial
The university has issued an FAQ concerning the situation saying that "The consensus of the tenured department faculty, the department chair, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the dean of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and the executive vice president and provost was that tenure should not be granted. Based on recommendations against granting tenure and promotion at every prior level of review, and his own review of the record, President Gregory Geoffroy notified Gonzalez in April that he would not be granted tenure and promotion to associate professor." The denial of tenure for Gonzalez resulted in one of the Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns with the institute encouraging its followers to call and email Geoffroy and urge him to reverse the decision.
The Chronicle of Higher Education said of Gonzalez and the Discovery Institute's claims of discrimination "At first glance, it seems like a clear-cut case of discrimination ... But a closer look at Mr. Gonzalez's case raises some questions about his recent scholarship and whether he has lived up to his early promise." The Chronicle observed that Gonzalez had no major grants during his seven years at ISU, had published no significant research during that time and had only one graduate student finish a dissertation. The Discovery Institute misrepresents an op-ed by John Hauptman, one of Gonzalez's colleagues in the physics department. Hauptman states clearly that Gonzalez's work falls far short of what scientists know to be science, containing not one single number, not one single measurement or test of any kind. "I believe that I fully met the requirements for tenure at ISU," said Gonzalez. On May 8, 2007, Gonzalez appealed the decision.
Gonzalez's failure to obtain research funding has been cited as a factor in the decision. "Essentially, he had no research funding," said Eli Rosenberg, chairman of Gonzalez's department. "That's one of the issues." According to the Des Moines Register, "Iowa State has sponsored $22,661 in outside grant money for Gonzalez since July 2001, records show. In that same time period, Gonzalez's peers in physics and astronomy secured an average of $1.3 million by the time they were granted tenure." On February 7, 2008, his appeal to the board of regents was denied.
Discovery Institute and intelligent design campaign
The Discovery Institute launched a campaign portraying Gonzalez as a victim of discrimination by "Darwinist ideologues" for his support of intelligent design, comparing Gonzalez's denial of tenure to the claims of discrimination by Richard Sternberg, another institute affiliate, over the Sternberg peer review controversy. The institute's public relations campaign also makes the same claims of discrimination as the campaign it conducted on behalf of institute Fellow Francis J. Beckwith when he was initially denied tenure at Baylor University.
The Discovery Institute filed a request for public records and as a result, in December 2007, Des Moines Register obtained faculty email records from 2005 that included discussions of intelligent design, and made mention of the impact that Gonzalez's support for it might have on his prospects for tenure. Emails included one by John Hauptman who worried that the anti-Gonzalez sentiments were "starting to smack of a witch's hanging." Hauptman went on to vote against Gonzalez's tenure purely on the grounds that his work did not come close to being science, for example, the only numbers in his book were the page numbers. The Discovery Institute writes that the email records "demonstrate that a campaign was organized and conducted against Gonzalez by his colleagues, with the intent to deny him tenure". In a letter to the Iowa State Daily, Physics and Astronomy Professor Joerg Schmalian stated that the e-mail "discussion was prompted by our unease with the national debate on intelligent design", not the issue of tenure.
Observers such as PZ Myers have stated that the Discovery Institute's statement "relies heavily on fragmentary quotes taken from emails that they obtained through an open records inquiry", that the "entire anti-evolution movement" has a track-record of taking quotations out of context, that "the DI has not made the full text of the sources available for examination", leading to a "reluctan[ce] to accept the quotes provided at face value", and that in any case "[t]his is precisely what his colleagues are supposed to do: discuss concerns about his tenure case." A review and analysis of the list of Gonzalez's publications supplied by the Discovery Institute found that "he peaked in 1999, and the decline [in his publications] began even while he was still at the University of Washington" and that "[e]ven more pronounced than the drop in publications is the complete bottom-out in first authorships that is almost sustained throughout his entire probationary period leading up to tenure." Another academic commented:
Additionally, Gonzalez appeared in the 2008 documentary-style propaganda film Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. The American Association for the Advancement of Science describes the film as dishonest and divisive, aimed at introducing religious ideas into public school science classrooms, and the film is being used in private screenings to legislators as part of the Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign for Academic Freedom bills. Expelled portrays Gonzalez as a victim of religious discrimination and the Discovery Institute campaign asserts that his intelligent design writings should not have been considered in the review. However, Gonzales listed The Privileged Planet as part of his tenure review file. Dr. Gregory Tinkler of Iowa Citizens for Science stated that "Being a religious scientist is perfectly normal and acceptable, but scientists are supposed to be able to separate science from non-science, and good research from bad. Academic freedom protects a scientist's ability to do science, not to pass off a political or religious crusade as science."
Colleagues speak out
One of Gonzalez's colleagues, physics professor Joerg Schmalian wrote "To deny tenure to a colleague is a very painful experience. It literally causes sleepless nights to those who are forced to make a responsible decision. Faculty candidates who are being hired in our department always come with promising backgrounds and terrific accomplishments. The decision to recommend or deny tenure is then predominantly based on research performance while at Iowa State. As far as I can judge, this was no different in Gonzalez's case. What I know with certainty is that Gonzalez's views on intelligent design, with which I utterly disagree, had no bearing whatsoever on my vote on his tenure case."
Grove City College
In late 2007, Gonzalez accepted a non-tenure track position in the astronomy program of the Grove City College in Pennsylvania starting in fall semester 2008. Grove City College acquired an observatory from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania in February 2008 that will be utilized for astronomy classes as well as faculty and student research.
Ball State University
On 12 June 2013, Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana, announced it had engaged Gonzalez as an assistant professor in the department of physics and astronomy. At the time, the university was already investigating a complaint that another assistant professor in that department, Eric Hedin, had been promoting intelligent design in an honors symposium titled "The Boundaries of Science". Concerns about the teaching of religion in science courses had been raised by academics, including professor of biology Jerry Coyne, who commented on the new hire that if Gonzales "wants to talk about it in his writing and speeches, he has a right to do that. But he can't pass that stuff off in a university classroom. He doesn't have the right to get tenure working in discredited science." The university's investigation into Hedin had begun following a letter from the Freedom from Religion Foundation, whose attorney said that the university "already has a serious issue with creationism being taught as science" by Hedin, "Now they've hired another astronomy professor and creationist to teach science at their university, Gonzalez", and this pattern could damage the university's reputation as well as involving the administration in work "to ensure that proper legal, ethical, and educational boundaries are followed by Gonzalez." The Discovery institute's Evolution News and Views website published a statement Guillermo Gonzalez had issued about his new position as a faculty member:
At the end of July, Professor Jo Ann Gora as president of the university stated that science courses would not include teaching intelligent design and that Hedin would remain on the staff, but his symposium would not continue. She issued a letter to faculty and staff advising that "Intelligent design is overwhelmingly deemed by the scientific community as a religious belief and not a scientific theory" and that "Said simply, to allow intelligent design to be presented to science students as a valid scientific theory would violate the academic integrity of the course as it would fail to accurately represent the consensus of science scholars."
The Discovery Institute had meetings with Indiana Senator Dennis Kruse, chairman of the Education Committee, and three of his fellow Republican legislators. The legislators, acting on behalf of the Discovery Institute, wrote to the university to raise concerns about the decision, including the "establishment of a speech code restricting faculty speech on intelligent design" and demanding that Gora answer the question, "Does the policy forbid science professors from explaining either their support or rejection of intelligent design in answer to questions about intelligent design in class?" The Discovery Institute's vice president John G. West alleged that "one science class is covering intelligent design in order to bash it. If they allow that, it's tantamount to state endorsement of an anti-religious view."
The Discovery Institute also sought access to any emails between the university and Coyne to investigate their suspicions that a faculty member had contacted Coyne to sabotage the hiring of Gonzalez: Coyne described this as "crazy" and said "I made it clear I didn't think Guillermo Gonzalez or Eric Hedin should be fired. The question was whether religion can be taught as if it were science. Like president Gora said, it's not only wrong but illegal to represent religion as if it were science." He also commented that "The Discovery Institute is hurt because they lost, so they're trying to make trouble. This is a watershed thing, the first time the issue of intelligent design came up in a university as opposed to a high school or elementary school. Ball State was the first time they tried, and it failed."
Books
The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos Is Designed for Discovery (co-author Jay Richards), Regnery Publishing, Inc., Washington D.C., March 2004,
Observational Astronomy (co-authors D. Scott Birney, David Oesper) Cambridge University Press, 2006,
(contributor) The Case for a Creator: A Journalist Investigates Scientific Evidence That Points Toward God (2004), Zondervan,
References
External links
Guillermo Gonzalez faculty page at Ball State University
Guillermo Gonzalez, Senior Fellow from the Discovery Institute
1963 births
Living people
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Discovery Institute fellows and advisors
Intelligent design advocates
Grove City College faculty
University of Arizona alumni
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences alumni
Fellows of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design
Discovery Institute campaigns
Iowa State University faculty
Intelligent design controversies
21st-century Cuban writers |
4140416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal%20Hidage | Tribal Hidage | The Tribal Hidage is a list of thirty-five tribes that was compiled in Anglo-Saxon England some time between the 7th and 9th centuries. It includes a number of independent kingdoms and other smaller territories, and assigns a number of hides to each one. The list is headed by Mercia and consists almost exclusively of peoples who lived south of the Humber estuary and territories that surrounded the Mercian kingdom, some of which have never been satisfactorily identified by scholars. The value of 100,000 hides for Wessex is by far the largest: it has been suggested that this was a deliberate exaggeration.
The original purpose of the Tribal Hidage remains unknown: it could be a tribute list created by a king, but other purposes have been suggested. The hidage figures may be symbolic, reflecting the prestige of each territory, or they may represent an early example of book-keeping. Many historians are convinced that the Tribal Hidage originated from Mercia, which dominated southern Anglo-Saxon England until the start of the 9th century, but others have argued that the text was Northumbrian in origin.
The Tribal Hidage has been of importance to historians since the middle of the 19th century, partly because it mentions territories unrecorded in other documents. Attempts to link all the names in the list with modern places are highly speculative and resulting maps are treated with caution. Three different versions (or recensions) have survived, two of which resemble each other: one dates from the 11th century and is part of a miscellany of works; another is contained in a 17th-century Latin treatise; the third, which has survived in six mediaeval manuscripts, has omissions and spelling variations. All three versions appear to be based on the same lost manuscript: historians have been unable to establish a date for the original compilation. The Tribal Hidage has been used to construct theories about the political organisation of the Anglo-Saxons, and to give an insight into the Mercian state and its neighbours when Mercia held hegemony over them. It has been used to support theories of the origin of the listed tribes and the way in which they were systematically assessed and ruled by others. Some historians have proposed that the Tribal Hidage is not a list of peoples, but of administrative areas.
Hide assessments
The Tribal Hidage is, according to historian D. P. Kirby, "a list of total assessments in terms of hides for a number of territories south of the Humber, which has been variously dated from the mid-7th to the second half of the 8th century". Most of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy are included. Mercia, which is assigned 30,000 hides, is at the top at the list, followed by a number of small tribes to the west and north of Mercia, all of which have no more than 7000 hides listed. Other named tribes have even smaller hidages, of between 300 and 1200 hides: of these the Herefinna, Noxgaga, Hendrica and Unecungaga cannot be identified, whilst the others have been tentatively located around the south of England and in the border region between Mercia and East Anglia. Ohtgaga can be heard as Jutegaga and understood as the area settled by Jutes in and near the Meon Valley of Hampshire. The term'-gaga' is a late copyist mistranscription of the Old English '-wara' (people/ men of) the letter forms of 'w' wynn and the long-tailed 'r' being read as 'g'. A number of territories, such as the Hicca, have only been located by means of place-names evidence. The list concludes with several other kingdoms from the Heptarchy: the East Angles (who are assessed at 30,000 hides), the East Saxons (7,000 hides), Kent (15,000 hides), the South Saxons (7,000 hides) and Wessex, which is assessed at 100,000 hides.
The round figures of the hidage assessments make it unlikely they were the result of an accurate survey. The methods of assessment used probably differed according to the size of the region. The figures may be of purely symbolic significance, reflecting the status of each tribe at the time it was assessed. The totals given within the text for the figures suggest that the Tribal Hidage was perhaps used as a form of book-keeping. Frank Stenton describes the hidage figures given for the Heptarchy kingdoms as exaggerated and in the instances of Mercia and Wessex, "entirely at variance with other information".
Surviving manuscripts
A manuscript, now lost, was originally used to produce the three recensions of the Tribal Hidage, named A, B and C.
Recension A, which is the earliest and most complete, dates from the 11th century. It is included in a miscellany of works, written in Old English and Latin, with Aelfric's Latin Grammar and his homily De initio creaturæ, written in 1034, and now in the British Library. It was written by different scribes, at a date no later than 1032.
Recension B, which resembles Recension A, is contained in a 17th-century Latin treatise, Archaeologus in Modum Glossarii ad rem antiquam posteriorem, written by Henry Spelman in 1626. The tribal names are given in Old English. There are significant differences in spelling between A and B (for instance Spelman's use of the word hidas), indicating that the text he copied was not Recension A, but a different Latin text. According to Peter Featherstone, the highly edited form of the text suggests that Spelman embellished it himself.
Recension C has survived in six Latin documents, all with common omissions and spellings. Four versions, of 13th-century origin, formed part of a collection of legal texts that, according to Featherstone, "may have been intended to act as part of a record of native English custom". The other two are a century older: one is flawed and may have been a scribe's exercise, and the other was part of a set of legal texts.
Origin
Historians disagree on the date for the original compilation of the list. According to Campbell, who notes the plausibility of it being produced during the rise of Mercia, it can probably be dated to the 7th or 8th century. Other historians, such as J. Brownbill, Barbara Yorke, Frank Stenton and Cyril Roy Hart, have written that it originated from Mercia at around this time, but differ on the identity of the Mercian ruler under whom the list was compiled. Wendy Davies and Hayo Vierck have placed the document's origin more precisely at 670-690.
There is near universal agreement that the text originates from Mercia, partly because its kings held extensive power over other territories from the late 7th to the early 9th centuries, but also because the list, headed by Mercia, is almost exclusively of peoples who lived south of the river Humber. Featherstone concludes that the original material, dating from the late 7th century, was used to be included in a late 9th century document and asserts that the Mercian kingdom "was at the centre of the world mapped out by the Tribal Hidage". Frank Stenton wrote that "the Tribal Hidage was almost certainly compiled in Mercia", whilst acknowledging a lack of conclusive evidence.
In contrast to most historians, Nicholas Brooks has suggested that the list is of Northumbrian origin, which would account for the inclusion of Elmet and the absence of the Northumbrian kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. Mercia would not have been listed, as "an early mediaeval king did not impose tribute upon his own kingdom": it must have been a list produced by another kingdom, perhaps with an altogether different purpose.
N. J. Higham has argued that because the original information cannot be dated and the largest Northumbrian kingdoms are not included, it cannot be proved to be a Mercian tribute list. He notes that Elmet, never a province of Mercia, is on the list, and suggests that it was drawn up by Edwin of Northumbria in the 620s, probably originating when a Northumbrian king last exercised imperium over the Southumbrian kingdoms. According to Higham, the values assigned to each people are likely to be specific to the events of 625-626, representing contracts made between Edwin and those who recognised his overlordship, so explaining the rounded nature of the figures: 100,000 hides for the West Saxons was probably the largest number Edwin knew. According to D. P. Kirby, this theory has not been generally accepted as convincing.
Purpose
The purpose of the Tribal Hidage is unknown. Over the years different theories have been suggested for its purpose, linked with a range of dates for its creation.
The Tribal Hidage could have been a tribute list created upon the instructions of an Anglo-Saxon king such as Offa of Mercia, Wulfhere of Mercia or Edwin of Northumbria — but it may have been used for different purposes at various times during its history. Cyril Hart has described it as a tribute list created for Offa, but acknowledges that no proof exists that it was compiled during his rule. Higham notes that the syntax of the text requires that a word implying 'tribute' was omitted from each line, and argues that it was "almost certainly a tribute list". To Higham, the large size of the West Saxon hidation indicates that there was a link between the scale of tribute and any political considerations. James Campbell has argued that if the list served any practical purpose, it implies that tributes were assessed and obtained in an organised way, and notes that, "whatever it is, and whatever it means, it indicates a degree of orderliness, or coherence in the exercise of power...".
Yorke acknowledges that the purpose of the Tribal Hidage is unknown and that it may well not be, as has been commonly argued, an overlord's tribute list. She warns against assuming that the minor peoples (of 7000 hides or less) possessed any "means of defining themselves as a distinct gentes". Among these, the Isle of Wight and the South Gyrwe tribes, tiny in terms of their hidages and geographically isolated from other peoples, were among the few who possessed their own royal dynasties.
P. H. Sawyer argues that the values may have had a symbolic purpose and that they were intended to be an expression of the status of each kingdom and province. To Sawyer, the obscurity of some of the tribal names and the absence from the list of others points to an early date for the original text, which he describes as a "monument to Mercian power". The 100,000 hides assigned to Wessex may have reflected its superior status at a later date and would imply that the Tribal Hidage in its present form was written in Wessex. The very large hidage assessment for Wessex was considered to be an error by the historian J. Brownbill, but Hart maintains that the value for Wessex is correct and that it was one of several assessments designed to exact the largest possible tribute from Mercia's main rivals.
Historiography
Sir Henry Spelman was the first to publish the Tribal Hidage in his first volume of Glossarium Archaiologicum (1626) and there is also a version of the text in a book written in 1691 by Thomas Gale, but no actual discussion of the Tribal Hidage emerged until 1848, when John Mitchell Kemble's The Saxons in England was published. In 1884, Walter de Gray Birch wrote a paper for the British Archaeological Association, in which he discussed in detail the location of each of the tribes. The term Tribal Hidage was introduced by Frederic William Maitland in 1897, in his book Domesday Book and Beyond. During the following decades, articles were published by William John Corbett (1900), Hector Munro Chadwick (1905) and John Brownbill (1912 and 1925). The most important subsequent accounts of the Tribal Hidage since Corbett, according to Campbell, are by Josiah Cox Russell (1947), Hart (1971), Davies and Vierck (1974) and David Dumville (1989).
Kemble recognised the antiquity of Spelman's document and used historical texts (such as Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum) to assess its date of origin. He proposed locations for each tribe, without attempting to locate each one, and suggested that some Anglo-Saxon peoples were missing from the document. Birch, in his paper An Unpublished Manuscript of some Early Territorial Names in England, announced his discovery of what became known as Recension A, which he suggested was a 10th or 11th century copy of a lost 7th-century manuscript. He methodically compared all the publications and manuscripts of the Tribal Hidage that are available at the time and placed each tribe using both his own theories and the ideas of others, some of which (for instance when he located the Wokensætna in Woking, Surrey) are now discounted. Maitland suspected that the accepted number of acres to each hide needed to be reconsidered to account for the figures in the Tribal Hidage and used his own calculations to conclude that the figures were probably exaggerated. John Brownbill advised against using Latin versions of the document, which he described as error-prone. He determined that the Old English manuscript was written in 1032 and was a copy of an original Mercian manuscript. Chadwick attempted to allocate each tribe to one or more English shires, with the use of key passages from historical texts.
In 1971, Hart attempted a "complete reconstruction of the political geography of Saxon England at the end of the 8th century". Assuming that all the English south of the Humber are listed within the Tribal Hidage, he produced a map that divides southern England into Mercia's provinces and outlying dependencies, using evidence from river boundaries and other topographical features, place-names and historical borders.
Importance for historians
The Tribal Hidage is a valuable record for historians. It is unique in that no similar text has survived: the document is one of a very few to survive out of a great many records that were produced by the administrators of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, a "chance survivor" of many more documents, as Campbell has suggested. Hart has observed that "as a detailed record of historical topography it has no parallel in the whole of western Europe". The Tribal Hidage lists several minor kingdoms and tribes that are not recorded anywhere else and is generally agreed to be the earliest fiscal document that has survived from medieval England.
Historians have used the Tribal Hidage to provide evidence for the political organisation of Anglo-Saxon England and it has been "pressed into service by those seeking to interpret the nature and geography of kingships and of 'peoples' in pre-Viking England", according to N. J. Higham. In particular, the document has been seen as invaluable for providing evidence about the Mercian state and those peoples that were under its rule or influence.
Alex Woolf uses the concentration of tribes with very small hidages between Mercia and East Anglia as part of an argument that there were in existence "large, multi-regional provinces, some of which were surrounded by small, contested territories". Stenton positions the Middle Anglian peoples to the south-east of the Mercians. He suggests that an independent Middle Anglia once existed, seemingly consisting of twenty of the peoples that were listed in the Tribal Hidage. The expansion of Wessex in the tenth century would have caused the obliteration of the Middle Anglia's old divisions, by which time the places listed would have become mere names. Middle Anglia in the 7th century constitutes a model for the development of English administrative units during the period, according to Davies and Vierck, who demonstrate that it was created by Penda of Mercia when he made his son Peada king of the Middle Angles at the time that they were introduced to Christianity.
James Campbell refutes suggestions that the hides given for each tribe were the sum of a system of locally collected assessments and argues that a two-tier system of assessment, one for large areas such as kingdoms and a more accurate one for individual estates, may have existed. He considers the possibility that many of the tribes named in the Tribal Hidage were no more than administrative units and that some names did not originate from a tribe itself but from a place from where the people were governed, eventually coming to signify the district where the tribe itself lived. Yorke suggests that the -sætan/sæte form of several of the place-names are an indication that they were named after a feature of the local landscape. She also suggests the tribes were dependent administrative units and not independent kingdoms, some of which were created as such after the main kingdoms were stabilized.
The term Tribal Hidage may perhaps have led scholars to underestimate how the names of the tribes were used by Anglo-Saxon administrators for the purpose of labelling local regions; the names could be referring to actual peoples (whose identity was retained after they fell under Mercian domination), or administrative areas that were unconnected with the names of local peoples. Campbell suggests that the truth lies somewhere between these two possibilities. Davies and Vierck believe the smallest of the groups in the Tribal Hidage originated from populations formed into tribes after the departure of the Romans in the fifth century and suggest that these tribes might sometimes have joined forces, until large kingdoms such as Mercia emerged around the beginning of the 7th century. Scott DeGregorio has argued that the Tribal Hidage provides evidence that Anglo-Saxon governments required a system of "detailed assessment" in order to construct great earthworks such as Offa's Dyke.
The kingdom of East Anglia is recorded for the first time in the Tribal Hidage. According to Davies and Vierck, 7th century East Anglia may have consisted of a collection of regional groups, some of which retained their individual identity. Martin Carver agrees with Davies and Vierck when he describes the territory of East Anglia as having unfixed borders, stating that "political authority appears to have primarily invested in people rather than territory".
Notes
Harley MS 3271 has been digitized in full and is available online on the British Library's Digitised Manuscripts website at http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx, together with a full catalogue description of its contents.
Footnotes
Sources
Early printed texts and commentaries
Modern sources
Further reading
For a comprehensive bibliography of the Tribal Hidage, refer to Hill. D and Rumble, A. R., The Defence of Wessex, Appendix III - The Tribal Hidage: an annotated bibliography.
There is a link to an image of the mediaeval manuscript.
Texts of Anglo-Saxon England
Mercia
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms |
4140588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw%20Nation | Chickasaw Nation | The Chickasaw Nation () is a federally recognized Native American tribe with headquarters in Ada, Oklahoma, in the United States. They are an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, originally from northern Mississippi, northwestern Alabama, southwestern Kentucky, and western Tennessee. Today, the Chickasaw Nation is the 13th largest tribe in the United States.
Currently, the nation's jurisdictional territory and reservation includes about 7,648 square miles of south-central Oklahoma, including Bryan, Carter, Coal, Garvin, Grady, Jefferson, Johnston, Love, McClain, Marshall, Murray, Pontotoc, and Stephens counties.
These counties are separated into four districts, the Pontotoc, Pickens, Tishomingo, and Panola, with relatively equal populations. Their population today is estimated to be 38,000, with the majority residing in the state of Oklahoma.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, European Americans considered the Chickasaw one of the historic Five Civilized Tribes, along with the Cherokee, Choctaw, Muscogee, and Seminole nations, due to their agrarian culture and later adoption of centralized governments with written constitutions, intermarriages with white settlers, literacy, Christianity, market participation, and slave holding.
The Chickasaw language, Chikashshanompa’, belongs to the Muskogean language family. This is primarily an oral language, with no historic written component. A significant part of their culture is passed on to each generation through their oral history, consisting of intergenerational stories that speak to the tribe’s legacy and close relationship with the Choctaw. The similarities in the language of the Chickasaw and the Choctaw have prompted anthropologists to propose a number of theories regarding the origins of the Chickasaw Nation, as it continues to remain uncertain.
Clans within the Chickasaw Nation are separated into two moieties: the and the , with each clan having their own leaders. Their tradition of matrilineal descent provides the basic societal structure of the nation, with children becoming members of and under the care of their mother’s clan.
History
Origins
Mississippian cultures developed between around 800 CE along the Mississippi River and across the Eastern Woodlands with some regional variations. This was a period of increasing sociopolitical complexity, with the intensification of agriculture, settlements in larger towns or chiefdoms, and the formation of strategic alliances to facilitate communication. Organization of labor is evidenced by mounds, and the skill and craftmanship of artisans is reflected in the elaborate and intricate remains of burials. Furthermore, as chiefdoms arose within the Chickasaw Nation—and across the Southeast in general—the increased social complexity and population growth were sustained by effective and widespread farming practices.
While the origins of the Chickasaw continue to remain uncertain, anthropologists and historians have proposed several theories. One theory is that the Chickasaw were at one time a part of the Choctaw and later branched off, given their close connections linguistically and geographically. Another is that they were descendants of the pre-historic Mississippian tribes, having migrated from the West given their oral histories. According to some of their oral stories, the Chickasaw first settled in the Chickasaw Old Fields, what is currently northern Alabama today, and later re-established themselves near the Tombigbee River.
European contact, 16th–17th century
Hernando de Soto is credited as being the first European to contact the Chickasaw during his travels of 1540, and along with his army, were some of the first, and last, European explorers to come into contact with the Mississippian cultures and nations of the Southeast. He learned they were an agrarian nation with the political organization of a chiefdom governmental system, with the head chief residing in the largest and main temple mound in the chiefdom, with the remaining family lineage and commoners spreading out across the villages. Months after an uneasy truce permitting the Spanish stay in their camps for the winter and survive on the tribe's food supply, the Chickasaws planned a surprise night attack on Desoto and his men as they prepared to leave. By this, they successfully sent a defiant message to their European enemies not to return to their land. As a result, 150 years passed before the Chickasaw received another European expedition.
The next encounter the Chickasaw Nation had with European settlers was with French explorers René-Robert de La Salle and Henri de Tonti. Not long after, by the end of the 17th century, the Chickasaw Nation had established successful trade relationships with European settlers in the American Southwest. In exchange for hides and slaves, the Chickasaw obtained metal tools, guns, and other supplies from the settlers. With a population of around 3,500–4,000, the Chickasaw were smaller than their surrounding neighbors such as the Choctaw, with a population of about 20,000. However, there became increased efforts by the English and the French to establish and maintain strong alliances with the Chickasaw Nation and surrounding sovereign tribes due to power struggles in the region; effective trade routes later became the focal point of the wars fought between Great Britain and France. During the colonial period, some Chickasaw towns traded with French colonists from La Louisiane, including their settlements at Biloxi and Mobile.
18th–19th century
After the American Revolutionary War, the new state of Georgia was trying to strengthen its claim to western lands, which it said went to the Mississippi River under its colonial charter. It also wanted to satisfy a great demand by planters for land to develop, and the state government, including the governor, made deals to favor political insiders. Various development companies formed to speculate in land sales. After a scandal in the late 1780s, another developed in the 1790s. In what was referred to as the Yazoo land scandal of January 1795, the state of Georgia sold 22 million acres of its western lands to four land companies, although this territory was occupied by the Chickasaw and other tribes, and there were other European nations with some sovereignty in the area. This was the second Yazoo land sale, which generated outrage when the details were publicized. Reformers passed a state law forcing the annulment of this sale in February 1796. But the Georgia-Mississippi Company had already sold part of its holdings to the New England Mississippi Company, and it had sold portions to settlers. Conflicts arose as settlers tried to claim and develop these lands. Georgia finally ceded its claim to the U.S. in 1810, but the issues took nearly another decade to resolve.
Abraham Bishop of New Haven, Connecticut, wrote a 1797 pamphlet to address the land speculation initiated by the Georgia-Mississippi Company. Within this discussion, he wrote about the Chickasaw and their territory in what became Mississippi:
James Adair, who in 1744 resided among the Chickasaw, named their principal towns as being Shatara, Chookheereso, Hykehah, Tuskawillao, and Phalacheho. The Chickasaw sold a section of their lands with the Treaty of Tuscaloosa, resulting in the loss of what became known as the Jackson Purchase, in 1818. This area included western Kentucky and western Tennessee, both areas not heavily populated by members of the tribe. They remained in their primary homeland of northern Mississippi and northwest Alabama until the 1830s. After decades of increasing pressure by federal and state governments to cede their land, as European Americans were eager to move into their territory and had already begun to do so as squatters or under fraudulent land sales, the Chickasaw finally agreed to cede their remaining Mississippi homeland to the U.S. under the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek and relocate west of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory.
The Chickasaw removal is one of the most traumatic episodes in the history of the nation. As a result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the Chickasaw Nation was forced to move to Indian territory, suffering a significant decline in population. However, due to the negotiating skills of the Chickasaw leaders, they were led to favorable sales of their land in Mississippi. Of the Five Civilized Tribes, the Chickasaw were one of the last ones to move. In 1837, the Chickasaw and Choctaw signed the Treaty of Doaksville, by which the Chickasaw purchased the western lands of the Choctaw Nation in Indian Territory. This western area was called the Chickasaw District, and consisted of what are now Panola, Wichita, Caddo, and Perry counties.
Although originally the western boundary of the Choctaw Nation extended to the 100th meridian, virtually no Chickasaw lived west of the Cross Timbers, due to continual raiding by the Plains Indians of the southern region. The United States eventually leased the area between the 100th and 98th meridians for the use of the Plains tribes. The area was referred to as the "Leased District".
The division of the Choctaw Nation was ratified by the Choctaw–Chickasaw Treaty of 1854. The Chickasaw constitution, establishing the nation as separate from the Choctaw, was signed August 30, 1856, in their new capital of Tishomingo (now Tishomingo, Oklahoma). The first Chickasaw governor was Cyrus Harris. The nation consisted of four divisions: Tishomingo County, Pontotoc County, Pickens County, and Panola County. Law enforcement in the nation was provided by the Chickasaw Lighthorsemen. Non-Indians fell under the jurisdiction of the federal court at Fort Smith.
Following the Civil War, the United States forced the Chickasaw Nation into a new peace treaty due to their support for the Confederacy. Under the new treaty, the Chickasaw (and Choctaw) ceded the "Leased District" to the United States.
20th century to present
In 1907, when Oklahoma entered the Union as the 46th state, the role of tribal governments in Indian Territories ceased, and as a result, the Chickasaw people were then granted United States citizenship. For decades until 1971, the United States appointed representatives for the Chickasaw Nation. Douglas H. Johnston was the first man to serve in this capacity. Governor Johnston served the Chickasaw Nation from 1906 until his death in 1939 at age 83.
Though it may have seemed like the federal government finally achieved their goal of completely assimilating the Chickasaw Nation into mainstream American life, the Chickasaw people continued to practice traditional activities and gather together socially, believing that the community involvement would sustain their culture, language, core beliefs, and values. This gave rise to the movement towards which the Chickasaw would govern themselves.
During the 1960s and the civil rights movement, Native American Indian activism was on the rise. A group of Chickasaw met at Seeley Chapel, a small country church near Connerville, Oklahoma, to work toward the re-establishment of its government. With the passage of Public Law 91-495, their tribal government was recognized by the United States. In 1971, the people held their first tribal election since 1904. They elected Overton James by a landslide as governor of the Chickasaw Nation, further tightening communal support and identity.
Since the 1980s, the tribal government has focused on building an economically diverse base to generate funds that will support programs and services to Indian people.
Culture
Language
Chikashshanompa’, a traditionally oral language, is the primary and official language of the Chickasaw Nation. Over 3,000 years old, Chikashshanompa’ is part of the Muskogean language family and is very similar to the Choctaw language. There has been a great decline over the years in the number of speakers, as the language is spoken by less than two hundred people today, with the majority being Chickasaw elders. The Chickasaw language was often discouraged in students attending school (often even including tribally run schools).
In 2007, the Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma enacted and began promoting the Chickasaw Language Revitalization Program. A focus of this program is the Master Apprentice Program, which pairs a language-learning student with an individual already fluent in Chikashshanompa’ in attempts to gain conversational fluency. Other attempts at language revitalization have included establishing university language courses, creating a language learning app, and running youth language clubs.
Religion and cultural practice
At the core of Chickasaw religious beliefs and traditions is the supreme deity (), the spirit of fire and giver of life, light, and warmth. is believed to live above the clouds along with a number of other lesser deities, such as the spirits of the sky and clouds, and evil spirits.
The Chickasaw Nation follows the traditional monogamous marriage system, with the groom obtaining the blessings of the wife’s parents and following with a simple ceremony soon after. Marriage ceremonies were all arranged by women. Adultery is a misdemeanor seriously looked down upon with severe private as well as public consequences since this was thought to bring shame and dishonor to the families. As the Chickasaws practice matrilineal descent, children usually follow their mother’s house or clan name.
The Green Corn Festival is one of the largest and most important ceremonies of the Chickasaw Nation. This religious festival takes place in the latter half of summer, lasting two to eight days. It serves as a religious renewal in addition to thanksgiving, as all members of the tribe give thanks for the year’s corn harvest and pray to . Major events held during the celebration include a two-day fast, a purification ceremony, the forgiveness of minor sins, the Stomp Dance (the most well-known traditional dances of the Chickasaw), and major ball games.
Government and politics
The Chickasaw Nation is headquartered in Ada, Oklahoma. Their tribal jurisdictional area is in Bryan, Carter, Coal, Garvin, Grady, Jefferson, Johnston, Love, McClain, Marshall, Murray, Pontotoc, and Stephens counties in Oklahoma. The tribal governor is Bill Anoatubby. Anoatubby was elected governor in 1987, and at the time, the tribe had a larger spending budget than funds available. Anoatubby's effective management gradually led the tribe toward progress, as tribal operations and funding have increased exponentially. Governor Anoatubby lists another of his primary goals as meeting the needs and desires of the Chickasaw people by providing opportunities for employment, higher education, and health care services.
The Chickasaw Nation’s current three-department system of government was established with the ratification of the 1983 Chickasaw Nation Constitution. The tribal government takes the form of a democratic republic. The governor and the lieutenant governor are elected to serve four-year terms and run for political office together. The Chickasaw government also has an executive branch, legislative branch, and judicial department. In addition to electing a governor and lieutenant governor, voters also select thirteen members to make up the tribal legislature (with three-year terms), and three justices to make up the tribal supreme court. The elected officials provided for in the Constitution believe in a unified commitment, whereby government policy serves the common good of all Chickasaw citizens. This common good extends to future generations as well as today’s citizens.
The structure of the current government encourages and supports infrastructure for strong business ventures and an advanced tribal economy. The use of new technologies and dynamic business strategies in a global market are also encouraged. Revenues generated by Chickasaw Nation tribal businesses support tribal government operations, are invested in further diversification of enterprises, and fund more than 200 programs and services. These programs cover education, health care, youth, aging, housing and more, all of which directly benefit Chickasaw families, Oklahomans, and their communities. This unique system is key to the Chickasaw Nation’s efforts to pursue self-sufficiency and self-determination, ensuring the continuous enrichment and support of Indian lives.
Governor Anoatubby appointed Charles W. Blackwell as the Chickasaw Nation's first Ambassador to the United States in 1995. Blackwell had previously served as the Chickasaw delegate to the United States from 1990 to 1995. At the time of his appointment in 1995, Blackwell became the first Native American tribal ambassador to the United States government. Blackwell served in Washington as ambassador from 1995 until his death on January 3, 2013. Governor Anoatubby named Neal McCaleb ambassador-at-large in 2013, a role similar to Blackwell's.
Economy
The Chickasaw Nation operates more than 100 diversified businesses in a variety of services and industries, including manufacturing, energy, health care, media, technology, hospitality, retail and tourism. Among these are Bedré Fine Chocolate in Davis, Lazer Zone Family Fun Center and the McSwain Theatre in Ada; The Artesian Hotel in Sulphur; Chickasaw Nation Industries in Norman; Global Gaming Solutions, LLC; KADA (AM), KADA-FM, KCNP, KTLS, KXFC, and KYKC radio stations in Ada; and Treasure Valley Inn and Suites in Davis. In 1987, with funding from the U.S. federal government, the Chickasaw Nation operated just over thirty programs with the goal of developing a firm financial base. Today, the nation has more than two hundred tribally funded programs and more than sixty federally funded programs providing services in sectors such as housing, education, entertainment, employment, and healthcare.
Governor Anoatubby highly prioritizes the services available to the Chickasaw people. Two health clinics (in Tishomingo and Ardmore), as well as the Chickasaw Nation Medical Center in Ada, were established in 1987. Not long after, many additional health clinics and facilities opened, with even a convenient housing facility on the campus of the Chickasaw Nation Medical Center designed to relieve families and patients of travel and lodging costs if traveling far from home.
Increases in higher education funding and scholarships have enabled many students to pursue higher education, with funding increasing from $200,000 thirty years ago to students receiving more than $15 million in scholarships, grants, and other educational support.
The Chickasaw Nation is also contributing heavily to the tourism industry in Oklahoma. In 2010, the Chickasaw Cultural Center opened, attracting more than 200,000 visitors from around the world as well as providing hundreds of employment opportunities to local residents. In this year alone, the Chickasaw Nation also opened a Welcome Center, Artesian Hotel, Chickasaw Travel Shop, Chickasaw Conference Center and Retreat, Bedré Fine Chocolate Factory, and the Salt Creek Casino.
In 2002, the Chickasaw Nation purchased Bank2 with headquarters in Oklahoma City. It was renamed 'Chickasaw Community Bank' in January 2020. It started with $7.5 million in assets and has grown to $135 million in assets today. The Chickasaw Nation also operates many historical sites and museums, including the Chickasaw Nation Capitols and Kullihoma Grounds, as well as a number of casinos. Their casinos include Ada Gaming Center, Artesian Casino, Black Gold Casino, Border Casino, Chisholm Trail Casino, Gold Mountain Casino, Goldsby Gaming Center, Jet Stream Casino, Madill Gaming Center, Newcastle Casino, Newcastle Travel Gaming, RiverStar Casino, Riverwind Casino, Treasure Valley Casino, Texoma Casino, SaltCreek Casino, Washita Casino, and WinStar World Casino. They also own Lone Star Park in Grand Prairie, Texas, and Remington Park Casino in Oklahoma City. The estimated annual tribal economic impact in the region from all sources is more than $3.18 billion.
Notable people
Bill Anoatubby, governor of the Chickasaw Nation since 1987
Jack Brisco and Gerry Brisco, pro-wrestling tag team
Jodi Byrd, literary and political theorist
Stephanie Byers, first openly transgender Native American person elected to office in America
Edwin Carewe (1883–1940), movie actor and director
Jeff Carpenter, recording artist and co-founder of the Native American music group Injunuity
Charles David Carter, U. S. Congressman from Oklahoma
Travis Childers, U.S. Congressman from Mississippi
Helen Cole (1922–2004), mayor of Moore, state representative, state senator, daughter of Te Ata Fisher
Tom Cole, U.S. Congressman, son of Helen Cole
Adele Collins (1908–1996), visual artist
Hiawatha Estes, architect
Te Ata Fisher, storyteller and actress
Cyrus Harris, first Governor of the Chickasaw nation
John Herrington, astronaut, first enrolled Native American to travel in space
Linda Hogan, author, writer-in-residence of the Chickasaw Nation
Overton James, Governor of the Chickasaw Nation (1963–1987)
Douglas H. Johnston, Governor of Chickasaw Nation (1898–1902 and 1904–1939)
Tom Love, businessman, founder of Love's Travel Stops
Neal McCaleb, civil engineer and politician
Bryce Petty, quarterback for the Miami Dolphins
Piomingo, ally of the United States under George Washington
Graham Roland, writer and producer
Rebecca Sandefur, sociologist and winner of a MacArthur "Genius" Fellowship
Eula Pearl Carter Scott, pilot, later elected to the Chickasaw legislature, where she served three terms
Jerod Impichchaachaaha' Tate, composer and pianist
Fred Waite (1853–1895), politician representative, senator, Speaker of the House, and Attorney General of Chickasaw Nation
Estelle Chisholm Ward, educator, journalist, publisher
Kevin K. Washburn, attorney, federal government official and law professor
References
Sources
Atkinson, James R. Splendid Land, Splendid People: the Chickasaw Indians to Removal. Univ. of Alabama Press, 2004.
Green, Richard. Chickasaw Lives. Chickasaw Press, 2007.
Perdue, Theda, and Michael D. Green. The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southeast. Columbia University Press, 2012.
“Native American Spaces: Cartographic Resources at the Library of Congress: Indian Territory.” Research Guides, guides.loc.gov/native-american-spaces/cartographic-resources/indian-territory.
Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. .
Fitzgerald, David, et al. Chickasaw: Unconquered and Unconquerable. Chickasaw Press, 2006.
Swanton, John Reed. Chickasaw Society and Religion. University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
Further reading
A. G. Young and S. M. Miranda, "Cultural Identity Restoration and Purposive Website Design: A Hermeneutic Study of the Chickasaw and Klamath Tribes," 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa, HI, 2014, pp. 3358-3367, doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2014.417.
Galloway, Patricia Kay. Choctaw Genesis, 1500-1700. University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
Johnson, Jay K. “Stone Tools, Politics, and the Eighteenth-Century Chickasaw in Northeast Mississippi.” American Antiquity, vol. 62, no. 2, 1997, pp. 215–230., doi:10.2307/282507.
Johnson, Neil R.; C. Neil Kingsley (editor). The Chickasaw Rancher. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2001 (Revision of 1960 edition).
Kappler, Charles (ed.). "TREATY WITH THE CHOCTAW AND CHICKASAW, 1854". Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904. 2:652-653 (accessed December 25, 2006).
Kappler, Charles (ed.). "TREATY WITH THE CHOCTAW AND CHICKASAW, 1866". Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904. 2:918-931. (accessed December 27, 2006).
Luthey, Graydon Dean. “Chickasaw Nation v. United States: The Beginning of the End of the Indian-Law Canons in Statutory Cases and the Start of the Judicial Assault on the Trust Relationship?” American Indian Law Review, vol. 27, no. 2, 2002, p. 553., doi:10.2307/20070704.
National Geographic Society. “Southeast Native American Groups.” National Geographic Society, 4 Mar. 2020, www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/southeast-native-american-groups/.
Wright, Muriel H. "Organization of the Counties in the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations". Chronicles of Oklahoma 8:3 (September 1930) 315-334. (accessed December 26, 2006).
External links
Chickasaw Nation, official website
Chickasaw Nation Video Network - Chickasaw.TV
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Bill Anoatubby. First person interview conducted on October 18, 2010 with Bill Anoatubby, the tribal Governor of the Chickasaw Nation.
1856 establishments in Indian Territory
American Indian reservations in Oklahoma
Federally recognized tribes in the United States
Native American tribes in Oklahoma
States and territories established in 1856
Bryan County, Oklahoma
Carter County, Oklahoma
Coal County, Oklahoma
Garvin County, Oklahoma
Grady County, Oklahoma
Jefferson County, Oklahoma
Johnston County, Oklahoma
Love County, Oklahoma
McClain County, Oklahoma
Marshall County, Oklahoma
Murray County, Oklahoma
Pontotoc County, Oklahoma
Stephens County, Oklahoma |
4140740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities%20in%20Iraq | Minorities in Iraq | Minorities in Iraq include various ethnic and religious groups.
Kurds
The vast majority of Iraqi Kurds are Sunni Muslims, with Shia and Christian minorities.
Under the Kingdom of Iraq, Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani led a rebellion against the central government in Baghdad in 1945. After the failure of the uprising Barzānī and his followers fled to the Soviet Union. In the 1960s, when Iraqi Brigadier Abdul-Karim Qassem distanced himself from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, he faced growing opposition from pro-Egypt officers in the Iraqi army. When the garrison in Mosul rebelled against Qassem's policies, he allowed Barzānī to return from exile to help suppress the pro-Nasser rebels. By 1961, Barzānī and the Kurds began a full-scale rebellion.
When the Ba'ath Party took power in Iraq, the new government, in order to end the Kurdish revolt, granted the Kurds their own limited autonomy. However, for various reasons, including the pro-Iranian sympathies of some Kurds during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, the regime implemented anti-Kurdish policies and a de facto civil war broke out. From March 29, 1987 until April 23, 1989, the infamous Al-Anfal campaign, a systematic genocide of the Kurdish people in Iraq, was launched. For this, Iraq was widely condemned by the international community, but was never seriously punished for oppressive measures, including the use of chemical weapons against the Kurds, which resulted in thousands of deaths.
After the Persian Gulf War, the Kurds began another uprising against the Ba'athists and established the autonomous Kurdistan Region in northern Iraq, which was never recognized by the Iraqi government until 2005. During the same year, Turkey, fighting Kurds on its on territory, bombed Kurdish areas in Northern Iraq, claiming that bases for the terrorist Kurdistan Workers Party were located in the region. However, the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the fall of Saddam, brought renewed hope to the Kurds. The Kurds have since been working towards developing the area and pushing for democracy in the country. However, most Kurds overwhelmingly favor becoming an independent nation. "In the January 2005 Iraqi elections, 98.7 percent of Kurds voted for full independence rather than reconciliation with Iraq." Almost no other political or social group in the region is agreeable to the idea of Kurdish independence. Iraq's neighboring countries such as Turkey are particularly opposed to the movement because they fear that an independent Iraqi Kurdistan would strengthen Kurdish independence movements in their own territories.
Nouri al-Maliki was at loggerheads with the leader of ethnic Kurds, who brandished the threat of secession in a growing row over the symbolic issue of flying the Iraqi national flag at government buildings in the autonomous Kurdish north. Maliki's Arab Shi'ite-led government was locked in a dispute with the autonomous Kurdish regional government, which has banned the use of the Iraqi state flag on public buildings. The prime minister issued a blunt statement on Sunday saying: "The Iraqi flag is the only flag that should be raised over any square inch of Iraq." But Mesud Barzani, president of the Iraqi Kurdistan region, told the Kurdish parliament the national leadership were "failures" and that the Iraqi flag was a symbol of his people's past oppression by Baghdad: "If at any moment we, the Kurdish people and parliament, consider that it is in our interests to declare independence, we will do so and we will fear no one." The dispute exposes a widening rift between Arabs and Kurds, the second great threat to Iraq's survival as a state after the growing sectarian conflict between Arab Sunnis and Shi'ites.
Turkmen
The Iraqi Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in the country, after the Arabs and Kurds. They are a branch of the Turkic peoples and adhere to that heritage and identity, this is because most Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman are the descendants of the Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq from Anatolia during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman have found themselves increasingly discriminated against from the policies of successive regimes, such as the Kirkuk Massacre of 1923, 1947, 1959, and in 1979 when the Ba'ath Party discriminated against the community. Although the Turks were recognized as a constitutive entity of Iraq (alongside the Arabs and Kurds) in the constitution of 1925, the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman were later denied this status.
According to the 1957 Iraqi census the Turkmen/Turkoman had a population of 567,000, accounting for 9% of the total Iraqi population. By 2013, the Iraqi Ministry of Planning said that there were 3 million Turkmen/Turkoman, out of a population of 34.7 million, forming 8.65% of the population. The Turkmen/Turkoman minority mainly reside in northern and central Iraq, in the so-called Turkmeneli region – which is a political term used by the Turkmen/Turkoman to define the vast swath of territory in which they have historically had a dominant population. In particular, the Turkmen/Turkoman consider the capital of Turkmeneli to be Kirkuk and its boundaries also include Tal Afar, Mosul, Erbil, Mandali, and Tuz Khurmatu. According to Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield, the Turkmen/Turkoman note that the term "Turcomania" – an Anglicized version of "Turkmeneli" – appears on a map of the region published by William Guthrie in 1785, however, there is no clear reference to Turkmeneli until the end of the twentieth century. According to Khalil Osman there has been "a raft of federalist schemes" proposed by various Turkmen/Turkoman political parties.
The Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman share close cultural and linguistic ties with Turkey, particularly the Anatolian region. They are predominately Muslims, formed of a majority Sunni population (about 60%-70%) but there is also a significant number of Turkmen/Turkoman practicing the Shia branch of Islam (about 30% to 40%). Nonetheless, the Turkmen are mainly secular, having internalized the secularist interpretation practiced in the Republic of Turkey. The minority speak their own dialect of Turkish, which is often called "Turkmen". This dialect was influenced by Ottoman Turkish from 1534 onwards, but also by Persian during the brief capture of Baghdad in 1624; thereafter, in 1640, the Turkish varieties continued to be influenced by Ottoman Turkish, as well as other languages in the region, such as Arabic and Kurdish. Some linguists have suggested that the dialect spoken by Turkmen/Turkoman is similar to the South Azeri dialect used by the Turkish Yörük tribes in the Balkans and Anatolia. However, the Turkmen/Turkoman dialect is particularly close to the Turkish dialects of Diyarbakır and Urfa in south-eastern Turkey and Istanbul Turkish has long been the prestige dialect which has exerted a profound historical influence on their dialect. In addition, the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman grammar differs sharply from Irano-Turkic varieties, such as South Azeri and Afshar types. In 1997 the Turkmen/Turkoman adopted the Turkish alphabet as the formal written language and by 2005 the community leaders decided that the Turkish language would replace the Arabic script in Iraqi schools. The current prevalence of satellite television and media exposure from Turkey may have also led to the standardisation of Turkmeni towards Turkish, and the preferable language for adolescents associating with the Turkish culture.
Christians
Christianity has a presence in Iraq dating to the 1st century AD. The Christian community in Iraq is relatively small, and further dwindled due to the Iraq War to just several thousands. Most Christians in Iraq belong traditionally to Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East, and are concentrated in small cities in the Nineveh Plains, such as Alqosh, Tel Keppe, Ankawa, and Bartella.
Assyrians
The Akkadian influenced Aramaic-speaking Assyrians are the indigenous people of Iraq and descendants of those who ruled ancient Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia. More generally speaking, the Assyrians (like the Mandeans) are descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians (Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Babylon, Adiabene, Osroene and Hatra). They speak dialects of the Aramaic of the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and have their own written script. They began to convert to Christianity in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD formerly having followed the ancient Sumerian-Akkadian religion (also known as Ashurism). There are believed to be no more than 500,000 Assyrians remaining in Iraq, with a large concentration in the diaspora. They are Iraq's fourth largest ethnic group after the Arabs, the Kurds and the Iraqi Turkmen.
The Assyrian minority came under persecution during Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime. When Hussein first assumed power, the Assyrian population there numbered 2 million to 2.5 million. Many have fled to neighboring countries such as Jordan and Syria, or have emigrated to Europe and the U.S. The United Nations High Commission for Refugees reports that half a million Iraqi Christians have registered for temporary asylum in Syria. Assyrians have traditionally made good soldiers, during the Iran–Iraq War, many were recruited to the armies of both sides.
Currently, Assyrians face persecution from Kurds, as Kurdification attempts at Assyrian cities are in progress. This was after the Kurdish takeover of Assyrian towns in the Kurdistan region (such as Zakho, Ainkawa, Aqrah, etc.) and the forceful deportation and killing of Christians in that area.
The Assyrian Security force Nineveh Plain Protection Units Currently run the security in many Towns and Villages in the Nineveh Plains
Armenians
The Armenians are Orthodox Christians. Armenians have a long history of association with Mesopotamia, going back to pre-Christian times. The Armenians have historically been a thriving community in Iraq with football clubs (Nadi Armeni) and other establishments. Armenian folk music and dance is admired in Iraq. Most Iraqi Armenians live in Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra and their population is estimated at around 10,000 down from 70,000 before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Other groups
Feylis
Feylis are a distance ethnic Kurdish group who live near the Iraq-Iran border, in Wasit, Diyala, Maysan. There are also big Feyli community in Baghdad. In the mid 1970s, Iraq expelled around 40,000 Feyli's who had lived for generations near Baghdad and Khanaqin, alleging that they were Iranian nationals. However, since 2003 many Feyli kurds have returned to Iraq and been granted Iraqi citizenship.
Jews
Although historically significant, the Jewish community of Iraq today is very small in number. Almost all Iraqi Jews were transferred to Israel in the early 1950s in Operation Ezra and Nehemiah.
Mandaeans
Mandaeans, also known as Sabians (a Quranic epithet historically claimed by several religious groups) and (in Arabic) as , are one of the smallest ethno-religious groups in the world, with only about 75,000 followers worldwide. The oldest independent confirmation of Mandaean existence in the region is Kartir's inscription at Ka'ba-ye Zartosht and there is archaeological evidence that attests to the Mandaean presence in pre-Islamic Iraq. The Mandaeans were originally native speakers of Mandaic, an Eastern Aramaic language, before many switched to colloquial Iraqi Arabic.
The Iraqi Mandaean community, in the pre-1990 Gulf War period, was the most important in the world with 30,000–50,000 of the 70,000 total living in the country mainly in the area around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Mandaeans, although an ethnic and religious minority, consider themselves Iraqi and have supported the Iraqi nation patriotically. They were considered an economically successful community, and had achieved high levels in Iraqi society, and are held in high regard as silversmiths, goldsmiths, academics and poets.
Marsh Arabs
The Marsh Arabs or Ma'dãn are a group of Arabs who number 125,000 to 150,000 who live in the Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq.
Kaka'is
The Kaka'is are a small Kurdish religious group who located mainly in and around Kirkuk in northern Iraq.
Shabaks
There are about 60,000–400,000 Shabaks in Iraq. They are an ethnic and religious minority, retaining their own distinct Pre Islamic religion. They are an Indo-European (Aryan) people and speak an Indo-European language with elements of Turkish and Arabic infused. The Shabak's origin are not well-known, many notables such as Anastas Al-Karmali have argued that the Shabak People were of Kurdish origins. The Encyclopaedia of Islam's 'First Edition' from 1913-1936, states that the Shabaks are "a religious community of Kurdish origin in the wilāyet of Mawṣil."
Despite having their own language and culture unique from other groups, Kurdish authorities have attempted to Kurdify the Shabaks by occupying Shabak villages and referring to them as "Kurdish Shabaks". In 2005, two Assyrians were killed and four Shabaks were wounded by the KDP during a demonstration organized by the Democratic Shabak Coalition, a group which wants separate representation for the Shabak community.
Roma (Gypsy)
Iraq's Roma (Kawliya) ethnic minority was looked down upon as second-class citizens under Ba'ath party rule.
Ezidis
Today, there are around 650,000 Yezidis in Iraq who live in northern parts of Iraq. All speak Kurdish with the exception of the two villages Bashiqa and Bahzani, located near Mosul. Most Yezidis live in southern Kurdistan (Northern Iraq, the Sheikhan area near Mosul, the Sinjar mountains), southwestern Kurdistan (Northern Syria), northwestern Kurdistan (southeastern Turkey), as well as in Armenia, Georgia, Russia, the Ukraine, the USA, Germany and other countries of Western Europe. the majority consider themselves ethnically Kurdish, although Yazidis are religiously distinct from Iraq's predominantly Sunni Kurdish population. Yezidism has roots in a western Pre-Zoroastrian religion
Africans
The Iraqis of largely African descent live mostly around the city of Basra, having been brought to the region as slaves over one thousand years ago to work the sugarcane plantations then in existence. Although they are Muslims and Arabic-speakers, Afro-Iraqis also retain some cultural and religious traditions from their ancestral homeland. They suffer considerable discrimination due to their race, and, as a result, are restricted to working as entertainers or menial laborers. Moreover, they are often addressed by other Iraqis as 'abd, meaning "slave". In the mid-9th century, black slaves around Basra rose in a rebellion, conquering their former masters and ruling the city for 15 years before being put down by forces sent by the Caliph in Baghdad. After the fall of the Saddam Hussein regime, Afro-Iraqis have once again begun to struggle for an improvement in their condition.
Ajam (Persians)
Baháʼís
Bedouin
Circassians
Assaults on minority Groups since 2003
In August 2014, ISIL attempted ethnic cleansing against the Yezidis and Assyrians.
In total, 40 churches have been bombed since June 26, 2004.
August 10, 2009: Truck bombs kill at least 28 people in the Shabak village of Khazna, in Nineveh governorate
June 20, 2009: Truck bomb kills at least 70 people in a Turkmen village near Kirkuk
Chaldean Catholic Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho was kidnapped on February 23, 2008. Three of his companions were also murdered during the kidnapping. His body was found in March, and an Iraqi Al-Qaeda leader, Ahmed Ali Ahmed, known as Abu Omar, was sentenced to death in May for this crime.
January 9, 2008: 2 Assyrian churches bombed in Kirkuk.
January 6, 2008: 7 Assyrian churches bombed: three churches in Mosul and four in Baghdad.
August 14, 2007: Bombing of Qahtaniya and Jazeera - killed 796 people and wounded 1,562, targeting the Yazidi minority.
June 4, 2007: 2 churches attacked, Ragheed Ganni, a priest, and three men were shot dead in church.
October 2006: Orthodox priest, Boulos Iskander, kidnapped in Mosul and subsequently beheaded, and his arms and legs were cut off.
January 29, 2006: 4 churches bombed.
January 2005: Syriac Catholic Archbishop of Mosul, Basile Georges Casmoussa, kidnapped on January 17 and released.
December 7, 2004: 2 churches bombed.
November 8, 2004: 1 church bombed.
October 16, 2004: 5 churches bombed.
September 10 and 11th, 2004: 2 churches bombed.
August 1, 2004: 5 Assyrian and 1 Armenian churches bombed.
See also
Politics of Iraq
Demographics of Iraq
History of Iraq
References
External links
Still Targeted: Continued Persecution of Iraq's Minorities, Report by Minority Rights Group International
Iraqi Minorities Council
Assimilation, Exodus, Eradication: Iraq's minority communities since 2003, Report by Minority Rights Group International
The Constitution of Iraq: Religious and Ethnic Relations, Study by Minority Rights Group International
Iraq |
4140746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20Party%20System | Third Party System | The Third Party System was a period in the history of political parties in the United States from the 1850s until the 1890s, which featured profound developments in issues of American nationalism, modernization, and race. This period, the later part of which is often termed the Gilded Age, is defined by its contrast with the eras of the Second Party System and the Fourth Party System.
It was dominated by the new Republican Party, which claimed success in saving the Union, abolishing slavery and enfranchising the freedmen, while adopting many Whig-style modernization programs such as national banks, railroads, high tariffs, homesteads, social spending (such as on greater Civil War veteran pension funding), and aid to land grant colleges. While most elections from 1876 through 1892 were extremely close, the opposition Democrats won only the 1884 and 1892 presidential elections (the Democrats also won the popular vote in the 1876 and 1888 presidential elections, but lost the electoral college vote), though from 1875 to 1895 the party usually controlled the United States House of Representatives and controlled the United States Senate from 1879–1881 and 1893–1895. Some scholars emphasize that the 1876 election saw a realignment and the collapse of support for Reconstruction.
The northern and western states were largely Republican, except for the closely balanced New York, Indiana, New Jersey, and Connecticut. After 1876, the Democrats took control of the "Solid South".
Voter behavior
As with the preceding Second Party System era, the Third was characterized by intense voter interest, routinely high voter turnout, unflinching party loyalty, dependence on nominating conventions, hierarchical party organizations, and the systematic use of government jobs as patronage for party workers, known as the spoils system. Cities of 50,000 or more developed ward and citywide "bosses" who could depend on the votes of clients, especially recent immigrants. Newspapers continued to be the primary communication system, with the great majority closely linked to one party or the other.
Broad coalitions from each party
Both parties consisted of broad-based voting coalitions. Throughout the North, businessmen, shop owners, skilled craftsmen, clerks and professionals favored the Republicans, as did more modern, commercially oriented farmers. In the South, the Republicans won strong support from the freedmen (newly enfranchised African Americans), but the party was usually controlled by local whites ("scalawags") and opportunistic Yankees ("carpetbaggers"). The race issue pulled the great majority of white southerners into the Democratic Party as Redeemers.
The Democratic Party was dominated by conservative, pro-business Bourbon Democrats, who usually controlled the national convention from 1868 until their great defeat by William Jennings Bryan in 1896. The Democratic coalition was composed of traditional Democrats in the North (many of them former Copperheads). They were joined by the Redeemers in the South and by Catholic immigrants, especially Irish-Americans and German-Americans. In addition, the party attracted unskilled laborers and hard-scrabble old-stock farmers in remote areas of New England and along the Ohio River valley.
Religion: pietistic Republicans versus liturgical Democrats
Religious lines were sharply drawn. Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Scandinavian Lutherans and other pietists in the North were tightly linked to the Republicans. In sharp contrast, liturgical groups, especially the Catholics, Episcopalians, and German Lutherans, looked to the Democratic Party for protection from pietistic moralism, especially prohibition. While both parties cut across economic class structures, the Democrats were supported more heavily by its lower tiers.
Cultural issues, especially prohibition and public-funding for Catholic schools (as well as non-English schools of both Protestant and Catholic denominations) in parity with what were at the time Protestant-based, English-language public schools, became important because of the sharp religious divisions in the electorate. In the North, about 50% of the voters were pietistic Protestants who believed the government should be used to reduce social sins, such as drinking. Liturgical churches constituted over a quarter of the vote and wanted the government to stay out of personal morality issues. Prohibition debates and referendums heated up politics in most states over a period of decades, and national prohibition was finally passed in 1918 (repealed in 1932), serving as a major issue between the largely wet Democrats and the largely dry Republicans - although there was a pro-Prohibition faction within the Democratic Party and an anti-Prohibition faction within the Republican Party.
Source: Paul Kleppner, The Third Electoral System 1853–1892 (1979) p. 182
Realignment in the 1850s
The Republican Party emerged from the great political realignment of the mid-1850s. William Gienapp argues that the great realignment of the 1850s began before the Whig party demise, and was caused not by politicians but by voters at the local level. The central forces were ethno-cultural, involving tensions between pietistic Protestants versus liturgical Catholics, Lutherans and Episcopalians regarding Catholicism, prohibition, and nativism. Various prohibitionist and nativist movements emerged, especially the American Party, based originally on the secret Know Nothing lodges. It was a moralistic party that appealed to the middle-class fear of corruption—identifying that danger with Catholics, especially the recent Irish immigrants who seemed to bring crime, corruption, poverty and bossism as soon as they arrived. Anti-slavery did play a role but it was less important at first. The Know-Nothing party embodied the social forces at work, but its weak leadership was unable to solidify its organization, and the Republicans picked it apart. Nativism was so powerful that the Republicans could not avoid it, but they did minimize it and turn voter wrath against the threat that slave owners would buy up the good farm lands wherever slavery was allowed. The realignment was so powerful because it forced voters to switch parties, as typified by the rise and fall of the Know-Nothings, the rise of the Republican Party, and the splits in the Democratic Party during the transitional period of 1854-1858. The Republican Party was more driven, in terms of ideology and talent; it surpassed the hapless American Party in 1856. By 1858 the Republicans controlled majorities in every Northern state, and hence controlled the electoral votes for president in 1860.
Ideology
The ideological force driving the new party was modernization, and opposition to slavery, that anti-modern threat. By 1856 the Republicans were crusading for "Free Soil, Free Labor, Frémont and Victory." The main argument was that a 'Slave Power' had seized control of the federal government and would try to make slavery legal in the territories, and perhaps even in the northern states. That would give rich slave owners the chance to go anywhere and buy up the best land, thus undercutting the wages of free labor and destroying the foundations of civil society. The Democratic response was to countercrusade in 1856, warning that the election of Republican candidate John C. Frémont would produce civil war. The outstanding leader of the Democrats was Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas; he believed that the democratic process in each state or territory should settle the slavery question. When President James Buchanan tried to rig politics in Kansas Territory to approve slavery, Douglas broke with him, presaging the split that ruined the party in 1860. That year, northern Democrats nominated Douglas as the candidate of democracy, while the southern wing put up John Breckinridge as the upholder of the rights of property and of states' rights, which in this context meant slavery. In the South, ex-Whigs organized an ad hoc "Constitutional Union" Party, pledging to keep the nation united on the basis of the Constitution, regardless of democracy, states' rights, property or liberty. The Republicans played it safe in 1860, passing over better-known radicals in favor of a moderate border-state politician known to be an articulate advocate of liberty. Abraham Lincoln made no speeches, letting the party apparatus march the armies to the polls. Even if all three of Lincoln's opponents had formed a common ticket–quite impossible in view of their ideological differences–his 40 percent of the vote was enough to carry the North and thus win the electoral college.
Civil War
It was the measure of genius of President Lincoln not only that he won his war but that he did so by drawing upon and synthesizing the strengths of anti-slavery, free soil, democracy, and nationalism. The Confederacy abandoned all party activity, and thereby forfeited the advantages of a nationwide organization committed to support of the administration. In the Union, the Republican Party unanimously supported the war effort, finding officers, enlisted men, enlistment bonuses, aid to wives and widows, war supplies, bond purchases, and the enthusiasm that was critical to victory. The Democrats at first supported a war for Union, and in 1861 many Democratic politicians became colonels and generals. Announced by Lincoln in September 1862, the Emancipation Proclamation was designed primarily to destroy the economic base of the 'Slave Power'. It initially alienated many northern Democrats and even moderate Republicans. They were reluctant to support a war for the benefit of what they considered an inferior race. The Democrats made significant gains in the 1862 midterm elections, but the Republicans remained in control with the support of the Unionist Party. Success on the battlefield (especially the fall of Atlanta) significantly bolstered the Republicans in the election of 1864. The Democrats attempted to capitalize on negative reactions to the Emancipation, but by 1864 these had faded somewhat due to its success in undermining the South. Additionally, the Republicans made charges of treason against 'Copperheads' a successful campaign issue. Increasingly the Union Army became Republican in its makeup; probably a majority of Democrats who enlisted marched home Republican, including such key leaders as John Logan and Ben Butler.
Postbellum
The Civil War and Reconstruction issues polarized the parties until the Compromise of 1877 finally ended the political warfare. War issues resonated for a quarter century, as Republicans waved the "bloody shirt" (of dead union soldiers), and Democrats warned against non-existent "Black supremacy" in the South and plutocracy in the North. The modernizing Republicans who had founded the party in 1854 looked askance at the perceived corruption of Ulysses S. Grant and his war veterans, bolstered by the solid vote of freedmen. The dissenters formed a "Liberal Republican" Party in 1872, only to have it smashed by Grant's reelection. By the mid-1870s it was clear that Confederate nationalism was dead; all but the most ardent Republican 'Stalwarts' agreed that the southern Republican coalition of African-American freedmen, scalawags and carpetbaggers was helpless and hopeless. In 1874 the Democrats won big majorities in Congress, with economic depression a major issue. People asked how much longer the Republicans could use the Army to impose control in the South.
Rutherford Hayes became President after a highly controversial electoral count, demonstrating that the corruption of Southern politics threatened the legitimacy of the presidency itself. After Hayes removed the last federal troops in 1877, the Republican Party in the South sank into oblivion, kept alive only by the crumbs of federal patronage. It would be forty years before a Republican would win a former Confederate state in a presidential election.
Climax and collapse, 1890–1896
New issues emerged in the late 1880s, as Grover Cleveland and the Bourbon Democrats made the low tariff "for revenue only" a rallying cry for Democrats in the 1888 election, and the Republican Congress in 1890 legislated high tariffs and high spending. At the state level moralistic pietists pushed hard for prohibition, and in some states for the elimination of foreign-language schools serving German immigrants. The Bennett Law in Wisconsin produced a bruising ethnocultural battle in that state in 1890, which the Democrats won. The millions of postwar immigrants divided politically along ethnic and religious lines, with enough Germans moving into the Democratic Party to give the Democrats a national majority in 1892. Party loyalties were starting to weaken, as evidenced by the movement back and forth of the German vote and the sudden rise of the Populists. Army-style campaigns of necessity had to be supplemented by "campaigns of education", which focused more on the swing voters.
Cleveland's second term was ruined by a major depression, the Panic of 1893, which also undercut the appeal of the loosely organized Populist coalitions in the south and west. A stunning Republican triumph in 1894 nearly wiped out the Democratic Party north of the Mason–Dixon line. In the 1896 election William Jennings Bryan and the radical silverites seized control of the Democratic Party, denounced their own president, and called for a return to Jeffersonian agrarianism (see Jeffersonian democracy). Bryan, in his Cross of Gold speech, talked about workers and farmers crucified by big business, evil bankers and the gold standard. With Bryan giving from five to 35 speeches a day throughout the Midwest, straw polls showed his crusade forging a lead in the critical Midwest. Republicans William McKinley and Mark Hanna then seized control of the situation; their countercrusade was a campaign of education making lavish use of new advertising techniques. McKinley warned that Bryan's bimetallism would wreck the economy and achieve equality by making everyone poor. McKinley promised prosperity through strong economic growth based on sound money and business confidence, and an abundance of high-paying industrial jobs. Farmers would benefit by selling to a rich home market. Every racial, ethnic and religious group would prosper, and the government would never be used by one group to attack another. In particular McKinley reassured the German-Americans, alarmed on the one hand by Bryan's inflation and on the other by prohibition. McKinley's overwhelming victory combined city and farm, Northeast and Midwest, businessmen and factory workers. He carried nearly every city of 50,000 population, while Bryan swept the rural South (which was off-limits to the Republicans) and Mountain states. McKinley's victory, ratified by an even more decisive reelection in 1900, thus solidified one of the central ideologies of twentieth-century American politics, pluralism.
Campaigning changes in 1896
By campaigning tirelessly with over 500 speeches in 100 days, William Jennings Bryan seized control of the headlines in the 1896 election. It no longer mattered as much what the editorial page said—most newspapers opposed him—as long as his speeches made the front page. Financing likewise changed radically. Under the Second and Third Party Systems, parties financed their campaigns through patronage; now civil service reform was undercutting that revenue, and entirely new, outside sources of funding became critical. Mark Hanna systematically told nervous businessmen and financiers that he had a business plan to win the election, and then billed them for their share of the cost. Hanna spent $3.5 million in three months for speakers, pamphlets, posters, and rallies that all warned of doom and anarchy if Bryan should win, and offered prosperity and pluralism under William McKinley. Party loyalty itself weakened as voters were switching between parties much more often. It became respectable to declare oneself an 'independent'.
Third Parties
Throughout the nineteenth century, third parties such as the Prohibition Party, Greenback Party and the Populist Party evolved from widespread antiparty sentiment and a belief that governance should attend to the public good rather than partisan agendas. Because this position was based more on social experiences than any political ideology, nonpartisan activity was generally most effective on the local level. As third-party candidates tried to assert themselves in mainstream politics, however, they were forced to betray the antiparty foundations of the movement by allying with major partisan leaders. These alliances and the factionalism they engendered discouraged nonpartisan supporters and undermined the third-party movement by the end of the nineteenth century. Many reformers and nonpartisans subsequently lent support to the Republican Party, which promised to attend to issues important to them, such as anti-slavery or prohibition.
Fourth Party System, 1896–1932
The overwhelming Republican victory, repeated in 1900, restored business confidence, began three decades of prosperity for which the Republicans took credit, and swept away the issues and personalities of the Third Party System. The period 1896–1932 can be called the Fourth Party System. Most voting blocs continued unchanged, but others realigned themselves, giving a strong Republican dominance in the industrial Northeast, though the way was clear for the Progressive Era to impose a new way of thinking and a new agenda for politics.
Alarmed at the new rules of the game for campaign funding, the Progressives launched investigations and exposures (by the 'muckraker' journalists) into corrupt links between party bosses and business. New laws and constitutional amendments weakened the party bosses by installing primaries and directly electing senators. Theodore Roosevelt shared the growing concern with business influence on government. When William Howard Taft appeared to be too cozy with pro-business conservatives in terms of tariff and conservation issues, Roosevelt broke with his old friend and his old party. After losing the 1912 Republican nomination to Taft, he founded a new "Bull Moose" Progressive Party and ran as a third candidate. Although he outpolled Taft (who won only two states) in both the popular vote and the electoral college, the Republican split elected Woodrow Wilson and made pro-business conservatives the dominant force in the Republican Party.
See also
Party systems in the United States
American election campaigns in the 19th century
Gilded Age
History of the Democratic Party (United States)
History of the Republican Party (United States)
Political parties in the United States
References
Further reading
Bartley, Numan V. "Voters and party systems: A review of the recent literature." The History Teacher 8.3 (1975): 452-469.
Bensel, Richard Franklin. The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877–1900 (2000)
Broxmeyer, Jeffrey D. Electoral Capitalism: The Party System in New York's Gilded Age . (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2020) covers NY city and state.
Calhoun, Charles W. From Bloody Shirt to Full Dinner Pail: The Transformation of Politics and Governance in the Gilded Age (2010) excerpt and text search
Calhoun, Charles W. Minority Victory: Gilded Age Politics and the Front Porch Campaign of 1888 (2008) 243 pp.
Campbell, James E. "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004", Social Science History, Fall 2006, Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp. 359–386
Cherny, Robert. American Politics in the Gilded Age 1868–1900 (1997)
DeCanio, Samuel. "Religion and Nineteenth-Century Voting Behavior: A New Look at Some Old Data", Journal of Politics, 2007. 69: 339–350
Dinkin, Robert J. Voting and Vote-Getting in American History (2016), expanded edition of Dinkin, Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices. (Greenwood 1989)
Gienap, William E. The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (1987)
Gienap, William E. "'Politics Seem to Enter into Everything': Political Culture in the North, 1840–1860", in Gienapp et al., eds. Essays on American Antebellum Politics, 1840-1860 (1982) pp. 15–79
Hansen, Stephen L. The Making of the Third Party System: Voters and Parties in Illinois, 1850–1876. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1980. 280 pp.
Holt, Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978).
Holt, Michael F. "The Primacy of Party Reasserted." Journal of American History 1999 86(1): 151–157. in JSTOR
James, Scott C. Presidents, Parties, and the State: A Party System Perspective on Democratic Regulatory Choice, 1884–1936. (2000). 307 pp.
Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (1971)
Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885–1930", in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (University of Kansas Press, 2001) pp. 149–180; online version
Kazin, Michael. What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party (2022)excerpt
Keller, Morton. Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (1977).
Keller, Morton. America's Three Regimes: A New Political History (2007) 384 pp.
Kleppner, Paul. The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures (1979), the most important and detailed analysis of voting behavior.
Klinghard, Daniel. The Nationalization of American Political Parties, 1880–1896 (2010) excerpt and text search, political science perspective
Lynch, G. Patrick "U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century: Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered." Polity 35#1 (2002) pp. 29+. focus on 1884
McGerr, Michael. A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920 (2003)
Miller, Worth Robert. "The Lost World of Gilded Age Politics", Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era vol 1, no. 1 (January 2002): 49–67, online edition
Morgan, H. Wayne. From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 (1969)
Ostrogorski, M. Democracy and the Party System in the United States (1910) classic analysis, emphasizing party operations and corruption
Postel, Charles. The Populist Vision (2007) excerpt and text search
Potter, David. The Impending Crisis 1848–1861. (1976); Pulitzer Prize
Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt-Taft Administration (1920), 8 vols.: highly detailed narrative from 1850 to 1909 online edition
Rothbard, Murray N. The Progressive Era (2017), pp. 109–98, emphasis on popular voting online excerpt
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2008 (2011) 3 vol and 11 vol editions; detailed analysis of each election, with primary documents; online v. 1. 1789–1824; v. 2. 1824–1844; v. 3. 1848–1868; v. 4. 1872–1888; v. 5. 1892–1908; v. 6. 1912–1924; v. 7. 1928–1940; v. 8. 1944–1956; v. 9. 1960–1968; v. 10. 1972–1984; v. 11. 1988–2001
Shelden, Rachel A. "The Politics of Continuity and Change in the Long Civil War Era." Civil War History 65.4 (2019): 319-341. covers 1828 to 1900.
Silbey, Joel. The American Political Nation, 1838–1893 (1991).
Smith, Adam I. P. No Party Now: Politics in the Civil War North (2006)excerpt and text search
Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Era of Good Stealings (1993), covers corruption 1868–1877
Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000)
Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Party Games: Getting, Keeping, and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics (2003) excerpt and text search
Summers, Mark Wahlgren.The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865–1878 (1994)
Voss-Hubbard, Mark. "The 'Third Party Tradition' Reconsidered: Third Parties and American Public Life, 1830–1900." Journal of American History 1999 86(1): 121–150. in JSTOR
Primary sources
Silbey, Joel H., ed. The American party battle: election campaign pamphlets, 1828–1876 (2 vol., 1999) vol 1 online; online edition vol 2
External links
Harper's Weekly 150 cartoons on elections 1860–1912; Reconstruction topics; Chinese exclusion; plus American Political Prints from the Library of Congress, 1766-1876
Elections 1860–1912 as covered by Harper's Weekly; news, editorials, cartoons (many by Thomas Nast)
Thomas Nast cartoons strongly pro-Republican, pro-Reconstruction, anti-South, anti-Irish and anti-Catholic
more Nast cartoons
still more Nast
"Graphic Witness" caricatures in history
Gilded Age & Progressive Era Cartoons, industry, labor, politics, prohibition from Ohio State
Puck cartoons
Keppler cartoons
1892 cartoons
Photographs of prominent politicians, 1861–1922; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright
Political history of the United States
19th century in the United States |
4141146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTKA-TV | KTKA-TV | KTKA-TV (channel 49) is a television station in Topeka, Kansas, United States, affiliated with ABC and The CW Plus. It is owned by Vaughan Media, LLC, which maintains joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with Nexstar Media Group, owner of NBC affiliate KSNT (channel 27) and low-power, Class A Fox affiliate KTMJ-CD (channel 43), for the provision of certain services. The stations share studios on Northwest 25th Street (US 24), near the unincorporated community of Kiro (with a Topeka mailing address), while KTKA-TV's transmitter is located along Southwest West Union Road west of Topeka.
History
Early history
The station first signed on the air on June 20, 1983, as KLDH (for original owner Larry D. Hudson), becoming the third commercial television station in the Topeka market. Channel 49 has been an ABC affiliate since its sign-on; prior to its debut, ABC programming had been relegated in the market to off-hours clearances on CBS affiliate WIBW-TV (channel 13) and NBC affiliate KTSB (channel 27, now KSNT); WIBW had been a secondary ABC affiliate since it signed on in November 1953, with ABC network programs that the station was unable to clear airing on KTSB beginning with its sign-on in December 1967.
The inception of channel 49 made Topeka one of the last television markets in the United States to have full-time affiliations from all three networks. Most of the area, however, could receive the entire ABC schedule from KMBC-TV in Kansas City or KQTV in St. Joseph. Both KMBC-TV and KQTV decently covered Topeka over the air, and KMBC-TV continued to be available on cable in Topeka for decades until Cox Communications removed the station from its lineup on March 6, 2013, due to frequent programming blackouts from enforcement of syndication exclusivity and network non-duplication rules. Channel 49 originally operated from studio facilities located in downtown Topeka at 101 SE Monroe.
However, KLDH was plagued by technical problems during its first two years on-air, including a transmitter fire that knocked it off the air for a few weeks, as well as a total collapse of its transmitter tower due to heavy ice build-up shortly thereafter. To relay its signal to the entire market, KLDH operated translator station K58CX in Lawrence; this repeater ceased operations in 1999. In May 1986, the station was purchased out of bankruptcy by Northeast Kansas Broadcast Services (owned by Berl Brechner), who changed the call letters to the current KTKA-TV on December 7, 1987. That year, the station also signed on a second translator, K39BR in Junction City; that repeater operated until 2009.
In 1998, KTKA relocated its operations to new studio facilities located on 21st Street and Chelsea Drive in the southwestern side of the city; the following year, the station began sharing the facility with radio station KTPK (106.9 FM), which Brechner purchased through his Kansas Capital Broadcasting subsidiary in 1997.
On August 29, 2005, Northeast Kansas Broadcast Services, which had previously sold KTPK to JMJ Broadcasting Co. for $5.7 million earlier that year, sold KTKA-TV to Lawrence-based Free State Communications—an indirect subsidiary of the World Company, publisher of the Lawrence Journal-World and then-owner of Lawrence cable television provider Sunflower Broadband—for $6.2 million. Among those who considered buying KTKA included Bill Kurtis (who began his career in television journalism as a reporter for competitor WIBW-TV in the 1960s), who at the time of Northeast Kansas Broadcast Services' sale of the station, was considering purchasing a broadcast television outlet in Topeka; Kurtis, upon further consideration, decided against purchasing channel 49. On July 26, 2008, Free State Communications announced that it was putting KTKA up for sale; the company reversed course in October of that year, pulling KTKA from the sale block, unable to find any buyers.
LMA with KSNT and KTMJ-CA
On February 4, 2011, Free State Communications announced that it would sell KTKA to Los Angeles-based PBC Broadcasting for $1.5 million. As part of the deal, New Vision Television – then-owner of KSNT, and which already maintained shared services and local marketing agreements with PBC-owned stations in Youngstown, Ohio and Savannah, Georgia, would operate KTKA-TV under a local marketing agreement. Despite objections to the sale by the American Cable Association, who alleged the sale could give the virtual triopoly involving KSNT, KTKA and KTMJ-CA too much leverage in negotiations for retransmission consent agreements, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the sale on July 21, 2011. PBC officially consummated on the purchase one week later on July 28. As a result, on July 30, 2011, KTKA merged its operations with KSNT and KTMJ-CA at the two station's facilities on Northwest 25th Street.
On May 7, 2012, LIN TV Corporation announced that it would acquire the New Vision Television station group, including KSNT and KTMJ-CD, for $330.4 million and the assumption of $12 million in debt. Along with the outright ownership of KSNT and KTMJ, the agreement included the acquisition of New Vision's shared services agreement with PBC Broadcasting, giving LIN operational control of KTKA-TV. LIN and Vaughan Media (which concurrently purchased the PBC stations) also entered into a joint sales agreement to provide advertising services for KTKA. The sale of New Vision to LIN Media and KTKA's purchase by Vaughan Media was approved by the FCC on October 2, with the transaction closing on October 12, 2012.
On March 21, 2014, Media General announced that it would purchase the LIN Media stations, including KSNT, KTMJ-CD, and the SSA/JSA with KTKA-TV, in a $1.6 billion merger. The FCC approved the merger on December 12, 2014, with the deal being consummated on December 19; however as a condition of the sale's approval, Media General was originally required to terminate the joint sales agreement between KTKA-TV and KSNT within two years, due to the FCC's ban on agreements involving the sale of advertising encompassing more than 15% of a separately-owned station's airtime.
KTKA-DT3
KTKA-DT3 is the CW+-affiliated second digital subchannel of KTKA-TV, broadcasting in high definition on channel 49.3. All programming on KTKA-DT3 is received through The CW's programming feed for smaller media markets, The CW Plus, which provides a set schedule of syndicated programming acquired by The CW during time periods without network programs; however, Vaughan Media handles local advertising and promotional services for the subchannel. Its on-air branding, Northeast Kansas CW 5, is derived from the station's primary cable channel placement on Cox Communications channel 5.
History
KTKA-DT3's history traces back to the launch on September 21, 1998, of a cable-only affiliate of The WB that was originally managed and promoted by Cox Communications, alongside the launch of The WB 100+ Station Group, a national service that was created to expand coverage of The WB via primarily local origination channels managed by cable providers to smaller areas with a Nielsen Media Research market ranking above #100. The channel–which was branded on-air as "WB5", in reference to its primary cable position on Cox Communications in its Topeka service area–used the callsign "WBKS" (for "WB Kansas"), an unofficial callsign assigned by Cox as it was a cable-exclusive outlet not licensed by the Federal Communications Commission. Before the launch of "WBKS", viewers in the Topeka market received WB network programming from the network's January 1995 launch via the superstation feed of Chicago affiliate WGN-TV; residents in the far eastern portions of the market began receiving the network over-the-air through Kansas City affiliate KCWB (now CW affiliate KCWE) from its sign-on in September 1996, then from KSMO-TV when that station took over the market's WB affiliation in January 1998.
On January 24, 2006, Time Warner and CBS Corporation announced that the two companies would respectively shut down The WB and UPN to create The CW, which would feature programs from its two predecessors as well as new series that were produced specifically for the jointly-owned network. A national feed of the network, The CW Plus, was created by The CW as a replacement for The WB 100+ Station Group to allow the existing cable outlets as well as low-power analog stations and digital subchannels of major network affiliates in smaller markets that had joined The WB 100+ in the years following its launch to maintain a network affiliation. On April 10, 2006, Montecito Broadcast Group signed an affiliation agreement with The CW, allowing KSNT to serve as the network's Topeka affiliate (through The CW Plus) via its second digital subchannel. Montecito took over the operations of "WBKS" (now rebranded as "Northeast Kansas CW 5") on September 18, 2006, when The CW officially launched, providing the channel with full market coverage over-the-air.
On November 1, 2008, KSNT displaced CW programming from its 27.2 subchannel in favor of a standard-definition simulcast of Fox affiliate KTMJ-CA (which KSNT's then-owner New Vision Television acquired from Montgomery Communications earlier that year) to relay the station's programming to areas in the far northern and eastern fringes of the Topeka market that could not receive KTMJ's low-power signal; then-KTKA owners The World Company subsequently took over the operations of "Northeast Kansas CW 5", moving it to the station's third digital subchannel. By the end of 2016, KTKA-DT3 upgraded its signal resolution to 720p high definition.
Programming
KTKA-TV carries the entire ABC programming schedule; however, it airs an alternate live feed of ABC World News Tonight at 6 p.m. (opting to air a rebroadcast of KSNT's 5:00 p.m. newscast in the network newscast's recommended 5:30 p.m. timeslot), and broadcasts the network-syndicated Weekend Adventure block one hour earlier than most ABC affiliates due to the absence of a morning newscast on Saturdays. Syndicated programs broadcast on KTKA () include Jeopardy!, Rachael Ray, The Doctors, Tamron Hall, Family Feud and Judge Judy. Topeka is one of the few markets where Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune air on separate stations; Wheel airs on CBS affiliate WIBW-TV.
KTKA also airs select games from the Kansas State Wildcats football team to be broadcast on ESPN College Football on ABC.
Newscasts and local programming
KTKA-TV presently broadcasts 16 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with three hours each weekday and a half-hour each on Saturdays and Sundays); newscasts originate from sister station KSNT with all but one of them being simulcasts; KTKA airs a live newscast unique to its channel at 5:30 p.m. on weekedays. Unlike most ABC affiliates, the station does not carry newscasts on weekday middays or in the early evenings on Saturdays and Sundays.
Channel 49 established a news department when it signed on in 1983, with the debut of Newsline 49, a half-hour newscast that aired at 6:00 p.m. each weeknight and at 10:00 p.m. seven nights a week. By the mid-1990s, newscasts were added on weekday mornings and at 5:00 p.m. In September 1999, KTKA debuted The Locker Room Show, a sports highlight and discussion program that initially aired Friday nights after the late-evening newscast, focusing on high school and college athletics. This was followed by October 2001 the debut of Contacto Latino, a monthly magazine program focusing on issues pertinent to northeast Kansas' Hispanic and Latino community.
Throughout the 18-year run of KTKA's original news department (which was renamed 49 Eyewitness News in 1989, then to News Source 49 in 1995), the station's newscasts never gained much traction against WIBW-TV and KSNT, continually remaining in third place behind its established competitors. As a result of the continued viewership struggles and a decline in compensation revenue from ABC, KTKA shut down its news department on April 19, 2002, causing the layoffs of nine full-time and 17 part-time staffers; as a result of the shutdown of the original news department, KTKA-TV became one of the few Big Three affiliates that did not air any local newscasts—a group that includes fellow ABC affiliate KDNL-TV in St. Louis, CBS owned-and-operated station WWJ-TV in Detroit, and NBC affiliate WTWC-TV in Tallahassee, Florida.
The station replaced its weekday morning and 10:00 p.m. newscasts with syndicated programming, with its early-evening newscasts on weeknights being replaced by Talk of the Town, a local infotainment program—hosted by former WIBW-AM-FM radio host Betty Lou Pardue – featuring a mix of interviews, community event, sports, weather and entertainment segments. In addition, the station continued to produce short weather updates each weeknight at 5:00, 6:00 and 10:00 p.m. Due to low ratings (registering its lowest viewership by the May 2003 sweeps period with a 0 share), Talk of the Town was cancelled on July 11, 2003, resulting in the layoffs of six full-time and two part-time employees and the reassignment of two other production employees to channel 49's promotion and marketing department (the program was replaced by Extra and reruns of That 70's Show, respectively, at 5:00 and 6:00 p.m.); The Locker Room Show was also placed on hiatus before it was eventually cancelled that fall. Locally produced weather updates were dropped on July 31, 2003, when the contract of meteorologist Dave Relihan (one of the few holdovers from the former news department, who joined KTKA in July 2000 after a Shawnee County District Court judge settled a non-compete clause dispute between Relihan and his former longtime employer WIBW-TV) was not renewed. In September 2003, the station began airing local weather cut-ins on weekday evenings, which were produced by WeatherVision out of its headquarters in Jackson, Mississippi.
After being acquired by Free State Communications, the company decided to start a new news department for KTKA-TV, hiring 29 staffers and acquiring new software and hardware for the re-development of its news operations. On February 5, 2006, following ABC's telecast of Super Bowl XL and a post-game episode of Grey's Anatomy, the station restored news operations (under the brand 49 News) with the debut of a half-hour nightly late-evening newscast at 10:00 p.m.; the following day on February 6, KTKA debuted a 90-minute morning newscast (starting at 5:30 a.m. weekdays) titled Good Morning Kansas and a half-hour early-evening newscast at 6:00 p.m. on Monday through Saturday evenings. Under the ownership of The World Company, KTKA also shared news content resources with Lawrence-based sister cable news channel 6 News Lawrence. In September 2007, the station debuted a midday newscast at 11:00 a.m. weekdays. Free State heavily invested in the new news department, particularly in weather coverage, creating a large network of SkyCams throughout the Topeka market (including sites located in Lawrence, Emporia, Junction City and on the Kansas State University campus in Manhattan—the latter of which captured an EF4 tornado that hit the city on the evening of June 11, 2008), and the acquisition of a customized and modified Hummer H2 (known as the "49 StormTracker") for storm chasing.
However, the viewership struggles that arose with the original news department continued with the new operation; as a result, the station cancelled its weekday morning and midday newscasts on November 6, 2008, as part of budget cuts that resulted in the layoffs of nine employees.
As a result of the sale to PBC Broadcasting and local marketing agreement with New Vision Television, KSNT took over production of KTKA's newscasts, using existing staff from both stations. Weekday evening anchor Ben Bauman and chief meteorologist Matt Miller were among the KTKA staffers that joined the new joint operation. The station aired its final in-house newscast on July 29, 2011, with that evening's 10:00 p.m. newscast; KSNT started producing channel 49's newscasts the following day on July 30—beginning with the 6:00 p.m. newscast – under the uniform branding Kansas First News, with the two stations initially simulcasting newscasts on weekday mornings and at 6:00 and 10:00 p.m.; the early-evening newscast moved to 6:30 in September 2012 as an exclusive newscast, before moving to 5:30 p.m. in September 2012, now airing in the form of a rebroadcast of KSNT's 5:00 p.m. broadcast. At some point later on, KSNT replaced the rebroadcast with a live production. On May 4, 2013, KSNT and KTKA respectively became the second and third (and last) television stations in the Topeka market to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition.
Beginning with the 5:00 p.m. newscast on January 26, 2015, KSNT quietly dropped the Kansas First News brand, with the introduction of a new graphics package and news set, as well as a uniform logo scheme for all three stations (consisting of only the station's respective call letters and the logo of their affiliated network), with newscasts on KSNT, KTMJ and KTKA being rebranded as KSNT News.
In March 2022, KSNT introduced a new logo and revived the 27 News brand across newscasts seen on both KSNT and KTKA. Newscasts continued to use the previous graphics and music from the KSNT News brand at the time.
Notable former on-air staff
Tim Joyce – meteorologist (now at KCPQ in Seattle, and KRCW-TV in Portland, Oregon)
In popular culture
A shotgun-wielding Annie Wilkes chases a KTKA TV news reporter and cameraman away from her home in Stephen King's 1987 novel Misery. At the time King wrote the book, KTKA, which he placed in Grand Junction, Colorado, did not exist.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
KTKA-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 49, at 12:01 a.m. on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 48. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 49. In mid-2010, the station relocated its digital signal to its former analog allocation on UHF channel 49.
See also
Channel 5 branded TV stations in the United States
Channel 16 digital TV stations in the United States
Channel 49 virtual TV stations in the United States
References
External links
KTKA-DT3 website – The CW 5
ABC network affiliates
Dabl affiliates
The CW affiliates
Antenna TV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1983
Television stations in Topeka, Kansas
Nexstar Media Group
1983 establishments in Kansas |
4141439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary%20movement%20for%20Indian%20independence | Revolutionary movement for Indian independence | The Revolutionary movement for Indian Independence was part of the Indian independence movement comprising the actions of violent underground revolutionary factions. Groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall into this category, as opposed to the generally peaceful civil disobedience movement spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi.
The revolutionary groups were mainly concentrated in Bengal, Bombay, Bihar, the United Provinces and Punjab. More groups were scattered across India.
Beginnings
Apart from a few stray incidents, the armed rebellion against the British rulers was not organised before the beginning of the 20th century. The revolutionary philosophies and movement made their presence felt during 1905 partition of Bengal. Arguably, the initial steps to organise the revolutionaries were taken by Aurobindo Ghosh, his brother Barin Ghosh, Bhupendranath Datta, Lal Bal Pal and Subodh Chandra Mullick, when they formed the Jugantar party in April 1906. Jugantar was created as an inner circle of the Anushilan Samiti, which was already present in Bengal, mainly as a fitness club.
Andaman Island
Communist Consolidation
Communist Consolidation was an organization formed in Cellular Jail and was founded by Hare Krishna Konar with other 39 intimate in the jail this organization was formed after the freedom fighters started studying about Communism, Socialism and Marxism and in 1937 the political prisoners and the members of the Communist Consolidation of Cellular Jail started feeling that the atmosphere for a World War II and they though before the war starts they should get back to mainland country to be with their people and take an active part in the upheaval that was imminent, so the prisoners started hunger strike against the British government and this hunger strike was led by the founder of Communist Consolidation Hare Krishna Konar, some notable strikers were Batukeshwar Dutt (associated with Bhagat Singh), Sachindra Nath Sanyal(founder of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association), Ganesh Ghosh(member of Chittagong armoury raid) and many others.
Andhra Pradesh
Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy (died 22 February 1847) was the son of a former Indian Telugu polygar who was at the heart of a rebellion in 1846, when 5000 peasants rose up against the British East India Company (EIC) in Kurnool district, Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh. They were protesting changes to the traditional agrarian system the British introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century to the traditional agrarian system. Those changes, which included the introduction of the ryotwari system and other attempts to maximize revenue, impacted lower-status cultivators by depleting their crops and leaving them impoverished.
Bengal
Anushilan Samiti
Established by Pramathanath Mitra, it became one of the most organised revolutionary associations, especially in eastern Bengal, where the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti had several branches and carried out major activities. Jugantar was initially formed by an inner circle of the Kolkata Anushilan Samiti, like the Palmach of Haganah. In the 1920s, the Kolkata faction supported Gandhi in the Non-Cooperation Movement and many of the leaders held high posts in Congress. The Anushilan Samati had over five hundred branches. Indians living in America and Canada had established the Ghadar Party.
Jugantar
Barin Ghosh was the main leader. Along with 21 revolutionaries including Bagha Jatin, he started to collect arms and explosives and manufactured bombs. The headquarters of Jugantar was located at 93/a Bowbazar Street, Kolkata.
Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training. One of them, Hemchandra Kanungo, obtained his training in Paris. After returning to Kolkata he set up a combined religious school and bomb factory at a garden house in the Maniktala suburb of Calcutta. However, the attempted murder of district Judge Kingsford of Muzaffarpur by Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki on 30 April 1908 initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries.
Bagha Jatin was one of the top leaders in Jugantar. He was arrested, along with several other leaders, in connection with the Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case. They were tried for treason, the charge being that they had incited various regiments of the army against the ruler.
Jugantar, along with other revolutionary groups, aided by Indians abroad, planned an armed revolt against the British rulers during the First World War. This plan largely depended on the clandestine landing of German arms and ammunitions in the Indian coast. This plan came to be known as the Indo-German Plot. However, the planned revolt did not materialise.
After the First World War Jugantar supported Gandhi in the Non-Cooperation Movement and many of their leaders were in the Congress. Still, the group continued its revolutionary activities, a notable event being the Chittagong armoury raid.
Benoy Basu, Badal Gupta and Dinesh Gupta, who are noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the Writers' Building in the Dalhousie Square in Kolkata, were Jugantar members.
Uttar Pradesh
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was established in October 1924 in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad, Yogendra Shukla and Sachindranath Sanyal. The aim of the party was to organise armed revolution to end the colonial rule and establish a Federal Republic of the United States of India. The Kakori train robbery was a notable act of this group. The Kakori case led to the hanging of Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Rajendra Lahiri. The Kakori case was a major setback for the group. However, the group was soon reorganised under the leadership of Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan Vohra and Sukhdev on 8 and 9 September 1928– and the group was now christened Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
In Lahore on 17 December 1928, Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated Saunders, a police official involved in deadly lathi-charge on Lala Lajpat Rai. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb inside the Central Legislative Assembly. The Assembly Bomb Case trial followed. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru were hanged on 23 March 1931.
Maharashtra
Abhinav Bharat Secret Society
The Abhinav Bharat Society (Young India Society) was a secret society founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother Ganesh Damodar Savarkar
in 1904. Initially founded at Nasik as "Mitra Mela" when Vinayak Savarkar was still a student of Fergusson College at Pune, the society grew to include several hundred revolutionaries and political activists with branches in various parts of India, extending to London after Savarkar went to study law. It carried out a few assassinations of British officials, after which the Savarkar brothers were convicted and imprisoned. The society was formally disbanded in 1952.
Savarkar's revolutionary propaganda led to the assassination of Lt. Col. William Curzon-Wyllie, the political aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India, by Madanlal Dhingra on the evening of 1 July 1909, at a meeting of Indian students in the Imperial Institute in London. Dhingra was arrested and later tried and executed. A. M. T. Jackson, the district magistrate of Nasik, was assassinated in India by Anant Laxman Kanhare in 1909 in the historic "Nasik Conspiracy Case".
The investigation into the Jackson assassination revealed the existence of the Abhinav Bharat Society and the role of the Savarkar brothers in leading it. Vinayak Savarkar was found to have dispatched twenty Browning pistols to India, one of which was used in the Jackson assassination. He was charged in the Jackson murder and sentenced to "transportation" for life. Savarkar was imprisoned in the Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands in 1910.
Kotwal Dasta
Veer Bhai Kotwal alias Veer Bhai Kotwal during Quit India Movement formed group of underground mercenaries called "Kotwal Dasta", a parallel government in the Karjat taluka of Thane district. They were about 50 in numbers including farmers and voluntary school teachers. They decided to cut down the electric pylons supplying electricity to Mumbai city. From September 1942 through November 1942 they felled 11 pylons, paralyzing the industries and railways.
South India
The uprising against the British was evidenced at Halagali (Mudhol taluk of Bagalkot district). The prince of Mudhol, Ghorpade, had accepted British overlordship. But the Bedas (hunters), a martial community, were seething with dissatisfaction under the new dispensation. The British proclaimed the Disarming Act of 1857 whereby men possessing firearms had to register them and secure a license before 10 November 1857. Babaji Nimbalkar, a soldier thrown out of job from Satara Court, had advised these people not to lose their hereditary right to own arms.
One of the leaders of the Bedas, Jadgia, was invited by the administrator at Mudhol and was persuaded to secure a license on 11 November, though Jadgia had not asked for it. The administrator's expectation that others would follow Jadgia was belied. So he sent his agents to Halagali on 15 and 20 November and again on 21. But the entreaties of the agents did not succeed, and the agents sent on 21 November were attacked by Jadgia and Baalya, another leader, and they were forced to return. Another agent sent on 25 November was not allowed to enter the village.
Meanwhile, the Bedas and other armed men from the neighbouring villages of Mantur, Boodni, and Alagundi assembled at Halagali. The administrator reported the matter to Major Malcolm, the Commander at the nearby army headquarters, who sent Col. Seton Karr to Halagali on 29 November.
The insurgents, numbering 500, did not allow the British to enter Halagali. There was a fight during the night. On 30 November, Major Malcolm came with 29th Regiment from Bagalkot. They set fire to the village and many insurgents died, including Babaji Nimbalkar. The British, who had a bigger army and better arms, arrested 290 insurgents; and of those 29 were tried and 11 were hanged at Mudhol on 11 December, and six others, including Jadagia and Baalya, were hanged at Halagali on 14 December 1857. No prince or jagirdar was involved in this uprising, but it was the common soldiers.
Violent revolutionary activities never took firm root in South India. The only violent act attributed to the revolutionaries was the assassination of the Collector of Tirunelveli (Tinnevelly). On 17 June 1911, the Collector of Tirunelveli, Robert Ashe, was killed by Vanchinathan, who subsequently committed suicide, which was the only instance of political assassination by a revolutionary in South India.
Outside India
India House
The India House was an informal Indian nationalist organization that existed in London between 1905 and 1910. Initially begun by Shyamji Krishna Varma as a residence in Highgate, North London, for Indian students to promote nationalist views and work, the house became a centre for intellectual political activities, and rapidly developed into a meeting ground for radical nationalists among Indian students in Britain at the time, and of the most prominent centers for revolutionary Indian nationalism outside India. The Indian Sociologist, published by the house, was a noted platform for anti-colonial work and was banned in India as "seditious literature".
The India House was the beginning of a number of noted Indian revolutionaries and nationalists, most famously V. D. Savarkar, as well as others of the like of V.N. Chatterjee, Lala Har Dayal, V. V. S. Iyer, The house came to the attention of Scotland Yard's work against Indian seditionists, as well as the focus of work for the nascent Indian Political Intelligence Office. India House ceased to be a potent organisation after its liquidation in the wake of the assassination of William Hutt Curzon Wyllie by an India House member named Madan Lal Dhingra. This event marked the beginnings of the London Police's crackdown on the activities of the house and a number of its activists and patrons, including Shyamji Krishna Varma and Bhikaiji Cama moved to Europe to carry on works in support of Indian nationalism. Some Indian students, including Har Dayal, moved to the United States. The network that the House founded was key in the nationalist revolutionary conspiracy in India during World War I.
Gadar Party
Gadar party was a predominantly Sikh organization that started operating abroad in 1913 "with the view to do-away with the British rule in India". The party collaborated with revolutionaries inside India and helped them get arms and ammunition. Lala Hardayal was a prominent leader of the party and promoter of the Gadar newspaper. The Komagata Maru incident in 1914 inspired several thousand Indians residing in the USA to sell their businesses and rush home to participate in the anti-British activities in India. The party had active members in India, Mexico, Japan, China, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Malaya, Indo-China and Eastern and Southern Africa. During World War I, it was among the chief participants of the Hindu–German Conspiracy.
Berlin Committee
The "Berlin committee for Indian independence" was established in 1915 by Virendra Nath Chattopadhya, including Bhupendra Nath Dutt & Lala Hardayal under "Zimmerman plan" with the full backing of German foreign office.
Their goal was mainly to achieve the following four objectives:
Mobilize Indian revolutionaries abroad.
Incite rebellion among Indian troops stationed. abroad.
Send volunteers and arms to India.
Even to Organized an armed invasion of British India to gain India's independence.
Chronology
Pre World War I
Alipore bomb conspiracy case and Action and Arms finding
Several leaders of the Jugantar party including Hare Krishna Konar were arrested for connection with Jugantar party in 1932 and depoted to Cellular Jail for 6 years and there he founded Communist Consolidation one of the revolutionary group of India Independence. Several others were also depoted to the Andaman Cellular Jail for doing Indian independence movement.
Howrah gang case
Most of the eminent Jugantar leaders including Bagha Jatin alias Jatindra Nath Mukherjee who were not arrested earlier, were arrested in 1910, in connection with the murder of Shamsul Alam. Thanks to Bagha Jatin's new policy of a decentralised federated action, most of the accused were released in 1911.
Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case
The Delhi Conspiracy case, also known as the Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy, hatched in 1912, planned to assassinate the then Viceroy of India, Lord Hardinge, on the occasion of transferring the capital of British India from Calcutta to New Delhi. Involving revolutionary underground in Bengal and headed by Rash Behari Bose along with Sachin Sanyal, the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912 when a home-made bomb was thrown into the Viceroys's Howdah when the ceremonial procession moved through the Chandni Chowk suburb of Delhi. The Viceroy escaped with his injuries, along with Lady Hardinge, although the Mahout was killed.
In the aftermath of the event, efforts were made to destroy the Bengali and Punjabi revolutionary underground, which came under intense pressure for sometime. Rash Behari successfully evaded capture for nearly three years, becoming actively involved in the Ghadar conspiracy before it was uncovered, and fleeing to Japan in 1916.
The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy Trial. Although Basanta Kumar Biswas was convicted of having thrown the bomb and executed, along with Amir Chand and Avadh Behari for their roles in the conspiracy, the true identity of the person who threw the bomb is not known to this day.
World War I
Indo-German Joint Movement
The Indo-German movement, also referred to as the Hindu–German Conspiracy or the Ghadar movement (or Ghadr conspiracy), was formulated during World War I between Indian Nationalists in India, the United States and Germany, the Irish Republicans, and the German Foreign office to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against The Raj with German support between 1914 and 1917, during World War I. The most famous amongst a number of plots planned to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian mutiny in February 1915, in the British Indian Army from Punjab to Singapore, to overthrow The Raj in the Indian subcontinent. This conspiracy was ultimately thwarted at the last moment as British intelligence successfully infiltrated the Ghadarite movement and arrested key figures. The failed Singapore mutiny remains a famous part of this plot while mutinies in other smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.
World War I began with an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards the United Kingdom from within the mainstream political leadership, contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt. India contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. However, Bengal and Punjab remained hotbeds of anti-colonial activities. Terrorism in Bengal, increasingly closely linked with the unrest in Punjab, was significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration. With outlines of German links with the Indian revolutionary movement already in place as early as 1912, the main conspiracy was formulated between the Ghadar Party in the United States, the Berlin Committee in Germany, Indian revolutionary underground in India, Sinn Féin and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco at the beginning of World War I. A number of failed attempts were made at mutiny, among them the February mutiny plan and the Singapore Mutiny. This movement was suppressed by means of a massive international counter-intelligence operation and draconian political acts (including the Defence of India Act 1915) that lasted nearly ten years. Other notable events that formed a part of the conspiracy include the Annie Larsen arms plot, the Mission to Kabul that also attempted to rally Afghanistan against British India. The Mutiny of the Connaught Rangers in India, as well as by some accounts, the Black Tom explosion in 1916 are also considered minor events linked to the conspiracy.
The Indo-Irish-German alliance and the conspiracy were the target of a worldwide intelligence effort by the British intelligence agencies which was ultimately successful in preventing further attempts and plans, and in the aftermath of the Annie Larsen affair, successfully directed the American intelligence agencies to arrest key figures at the time she entered World War I in 1917. The conspiracy led to the Lahore conspiracy case in India and the Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial in the USA, of which the latter at the time was one of the longest and most expensive trials in that country.
Largely subdued and suppressed by the end of the war, the movement posed a significant threat to British India during World War I and its aftermath, and was a major factor guiding The Raj's India policy.
Tehrek e Reshmi Rumal
During the war, the Pan-Islamist movement also attempted to overthrow the Raj, and came to form a close liaison with the Indo-German Conspiracy. Out of the Deobandi movement arose the Tehrek-e-Reshmi Rumal. The Deobandi leaders attempted to begin a pan-Islamic insurrection in British India during World War I by seeking support from Ottoman Turkey, Imperial Germany, Afghanistan. The plot was uncovered by Punjab CID with the capture of letters from Ubaidullah Sindhi, one of the Deobandi leaders then in Afghanistan, to Mahmud al Hasan another leader then in Persia. The letters were written in Silk cloth, hence the name of the Silk Letter Conspiracy.
Between the wars
Chittagong armoury raid
Surya Sen led Indian revolutionaries to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces and to cut all communication lines in Chittagong on 18 April 1930. After successfully completing the raid, revolutionaries establish Provincial National Government of India, after this in deadly clash with Government troops in Jalalabad Hill, revolutionaries scattered themselves in small groups. and Some revolutionaries were soon killed or arrested in a gun-fight with the police. Scores of Government officials, policeman were also killed. Pritilata Waddedar led the attack on European club in Chittagong in 1932. Surya Sen was arrested in 1933 and was hanged on 12 January 1934.
Central Assembly Bomb Case (1929)
Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the assembly house along with leaflets stating their revolutionary philosophy – 'to make the deaf hear'. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged and several others faced the verdict of imprisonment. Batukeshwar Dutt outlived all his comrades and died in July 1965 in Delhi. All of them cremated in Ferozpur (Punjab, India).
Baikuntha Shukla, the great nationalist was hanged for murdering Phanindrananth Ghosh who had become a government approver which led to the hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru. He was a nephew of Yogendra Shukla. Baikunth Shukla was also initiated into the independence struggle at a young age taking an active part in the 'Salt Satyagraha' of 1930. He was associated with revolutionary organisations like the Hindustan Seva Dal and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. The execution of the great Indian revolutionaries Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev in 1931 as a result of their trial in the 'Lahore conspiracy case' was an event that shook the entire country. Phanindra Nath Ghosh, hitherto a key member of the Revolutionary Party had treacherously betrayed the cause by turning an approver, giving evidence, which led to the execution. Baikunth was commissioned to plan the execution of Ghosh as an act of ideological vendetta which he carried out successfully on 9 November 1932. He was arrested and tried for the killing. Baikunth was convicted and hanged in Gaya Central Jail on 14 May 1934. He was only 28 years old.
On 27 February 1931, Chandrasekar Azad died in a shootout when cornered by the police.
It is unclear of the eventual fate of the Association, but the common understanding is that it disbanded with the death of Chandrashekar Azad and the hanging of its popular activists: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.
Dalhousie Square Bomb Case
A bomb was thrown on the Calcutta Police Commissioner, Charles Tegart on 25 August 1930.
Kakori train robbery
Chandrasekhar Azad, Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee, Ashfaqullah Khan, Banwari Lal and their accomplices participated in the robbery of treasury money that was being transported by train. The looting took place between Kakori station and Alamnagar, within of Lucknow on 9 August 1925. Police started an intense man-hunt and arrested a large number of revolutionaries and tried them in the Kakori case. Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Rajendra Lahiri were hanged, four others were sent to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair, Andaman for life and seventeen others were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment.
World War II and aftermath
The scenario changed with the years. The British were thinking to quit India and religious politics came into play. The basic political background of revolutionary ideas seemed to evolve in a new direction. The organised revolutionary movements can be said to have nearly ceased by 1936, apart from some stray sparks, like the killing of Sir Michael O'Dwyer, generally held responsible for the Amritsar Massacre, on 13 March 1940, by Udham Singh in London.
During the Quit India Movement of 1942, several other activities took place in different parts of India. However, those were discrete occurrences and hardly any large scale planned terrorism took place that could shake the British administration. Meanwhile, Subhas Chandra Bose was heading Indian National Army outside India and was working with Japanese Empire to move the army towards India. In 1945, Bose died in a plane crash after INA surrendered.
India was independent on 15 August 1947.
Many revolutionaries participated in mainstream politics and joined political parties like the Congress and, especially, the communist parties and took part in the parliamentary democracy that was India. On the other hand, many past revolutionaries, being released from captivity, led the lives of common men.
Notable revolutionaries
See also
Provisional Government of India
References
Sources
Further reading
Ghosh, Durba. Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919-1947 (Cambridge University Press, 2017.)
Maclean, Kama. A Revolutionary History of Interwar India: Violence, Image, Voice and Text (Oxford University Press, 2015.)
External links
Revolutionaries in Cellular Jail, Andaman
List of Revolutionaries in Cellular Jail, Andaman
Resistance to the British Empire
Indian independence movement
History of social movements
Decolonization
British India
Politics of India
Political movements in India |
4141514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%20grammar | Bulgarian grammar | Bulgarian grammar is the grammar of the Bulgarian language. Bulgarian is a South Slavic language that evolved from Old Church Slavonic—the written norm for the Slavic languages in the Middle Ages which derived from Proto-Slavic.
Bulgarian is also a part of the Balkan sprachbund, which also includes Greek, Macedonian, Romanian, Albanian and the Torlakian dialect of Serbian. It shares with them several grammatical innovations that set it apart from most other Slavic languages, even other South Slavic languages. Among these are a sharp reduction in noun inflections—Bulgarian has lost the noun cases but has developed a definite article, which is suffixed at the end of words. In its verbal system, Bulgarian is set apart from most Slavic languages by the loss of the infinitive, the preservation of most of the complexities of the older conjugation system (including the opposition between aorist and imperfect) and the development of a complex evidential system to distinguish between witnessed and several kinds of non-witnessed information.
Nouns
Bulgarian nouns have the categories grammatical gender, number (including count form), definiteness and vocative form.
Gender
A noun has one of three specific grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, neuter).
Number
A noun has two numbers (singular and plural), plus a numerical plural form. The plural is formed by adding to or replacing the singular ending, most commonly in the following ways:
With cardinal numbers and some adverbs, masculine nouns use a separate numerical plural form бройна множествена форма (broyna mnozhestvena forma). It is a vestige of the grammatical dual number, which disappeared from the language in the Middle Ages. The numerical form is used in the masculine whenever there is a precise amount of something, regardless of the actual number, e.g. –
стол (stol "chair") → много столове (mnogo stolove "many chairs", general plural) → два стола / десет стола (dva stola / deset stola "two chairs / ten chairs", numerical plural).
Definiteness
Definiteness is expressed by a definite article which is postfixed to the noun:
The definite article comes after plural ending:
Vocative form
Vocative form is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed.
for family members – e.g. майка → майко (majka → majko "mother")
for masculine names – e.g. Петър → Петре (Petar → Petre)
in social descriptors – e.g. приятел → приятелю (prijatel → prijatelju "friend"), учител → учителю (učitel → učitelju "teacher")
From the first decades of the 20th century, there is a tendency to avoid vocative forms. This is true for many personal names, as the use of feminine name forms in -[ь/й]o and of the potential vocative forms of foreign names has come to be considered rude or rustic. Thus, Любомире means 'hey, Lyubomir', while the corresponding feminine forms Елено ('hey, Elena'), Маргарито ('hey, Margarita') are today seen as rude or unceremonious, and declining foreign names as in *Джоне ('hey, John') or *Саймъне ('hey, Simon') is considered humorous.
The tendency to avoid vocative forms for foreign names does not apply to names from Classical Antiquity, with the source languages having the vocative case as well: cf. Цезаре' ('O Caesar'), Перикле ('O Pericles'), Зевсе ('O Zeus'), etc.
Vocative is still in full and regular use for general nouns such as господине (gospodine "mister"), госпожице (gospožice "miss"), госпожо (gospožo "Mrs"), бабо (babo "grandma"), майко (majko "mother"), сине (sine "son").
Remnants of grammatical cases
Old Bulgarian had an extensive system of declension which included seven grammatical cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, locative, instrumental and vocative; of these, only what used to be nominative and vocative cases survives in modern Bulgarian. Though Bulgarian has lost its old declensional system, pronouns still have grammatical case; also, some nouns in indirect cases became fossilized and were reanalyzed as other parts of speech.
Remnants of grammatical cases in pronouns
Personal pronouns still have different subject, direct object and indirect object forms.
The set of pronouns in italic is obsolete and is nowadays substituted by на + long direct object pronouns: на мен/на мене, на теб/на тебе, на него, на нея, на него, на нас, на вас, на тях.
Interrogative, indefinite, negative, relative and universal pronouns have different subject and object forms, but only if some conditions are met:
they are different only for masculine singular pronouns;
only if pronoun refers to a male human being: e.g. човекът, с когото говоря 'the man that I'm talking to'; note that когото can be replaced with който in spoken language; but e.g. столът, на който седя 'the chair that I'm sitting on'.
only if the pronoun is used alone, not attributively.
Otherwise, the subject and object pronouns are the same. The complete declension is summed up in the table below:
*These sets of pronouns are falling out of use, especially in spoken language. Instead of object forms, the subject ones tend to be used in more instances, e.g. на кой is used instead of на кого and кой instead of кого and so on.
Single-word indirect object pronouns are obsolete.
Definite article
The grammarians who standardised the Bulgarian literary language introduced the subject definite article (пълен член) -ът/-ят and the object definite article (кратък член) -a/-я. This distinction was artificial and did not occur in any Bulgarian dialect of the time. The subject definite article is used with definite masculine singular nouns which are the subject of a sentence, otherwise the object definite article is used.
e.g. стол (stol "a chair") → столът (stolat "the chair", subject) → под стола (pod stola "under the chair", object).
Formerly inflected nouns as other parts of speech
Remnants of the accusative case
Adverbs: сутрин, вечер, зимъс, днес, нощес, есенес, пролетес, лятос, вред.
Remnants of the dative case
Adverbs and prepositions:
Remnants of the genitive case
Adverbs: снощи, отстрани, довечера, отръки, допъти.
Remnants of the instrumental case
Adverbs and prepositions: нощем ( "during the night", from нощ ( "night"); сбогом (sbogom "farewell" – lit. "with God", from с + бог s + bog); бегом (begom "while running" from бяг ( – running), посредством, пешком, пълзешком, силом, денем, кръгом, гърбом, редом, тихом, мигом, ребром, цифром, числом, словом.
Remnants of the locative case
Adverbs and prepositions: горе, отгоре, долу, отдолу, зиме, лете, утре, вкратце, есени, пролети, върху, срещу, между.
Adjectives
A Bulgarian adjective agrees in gender, number and definiteness with the noun it is appended to and is put usually before it. The comparative and the superlative form are formed with the (hyphenated) prefixes по- and най- respectively.
Pronouns
Nicolova distinguishes the following types of Bulgarian pronouns:
personal;
reflexive;
possessive;
reflexive possessive;
demonstrative;
universal;
interrogative;
relative;
negative;
indefinite.
Verbs
Word order
Although Bulgarian has almost no noun cases its word order is rather free. It is even freer than the word order of some languages that have cases, for example German. This is due to the agreement between the subject and the verb of a sentence. So in Bulgarian the sentence "I saw Lyubomir" can be expressed thus:
Видях Любомир.
saw-1pSg Lyubomir
Любомир (го) видях.
Lyubomir (him) saw-1pSg
It is clear that the subject is "аз" ("I") (it has been dropped), because the verb "видях" is in the first person singular.
Other examples – Lyubomir greeted the girls:
Любомир поздрави момичетата.
Lyubomir greeted-3pSg girls-the.
Момичетата (ги) поздрави Любомир.
Girls-the (them) greeted-3pSg Lyubomir.
Любомир момичетата поздрави.
Lyubomir girls-the greeted-3pSg.
Момичетата Любомир (ги) поздрави.
Girls-the Lyubomir (them) greeted-3pSg.
Поздрави Любомир момичетата.
Greeted-3pSg Lyubomir girls-the.
Поздрави (ги) момичетата Любомир.
Greeted-3pSg (them) girls-the Lyubomir.
Theoretically all permutations are possible but the last one sounds rather odd.
The girls greeted Lyubomir:
Момичетата поздравиха Любомир.
Girls-the greeted-3pPl Lyubomir.
Любомир (го) поздравиха момичетата.
Lyubomir (him) greeted-3pPl girls-the.
Момичетата Любомир поздравиха.
Girls-the Lyubomir greeted-3pPl.
Любомир момичетата (го) поздравиха.
Lyubomir girls-the (him) greeted-3pPl.
Поздравиха момичетата Любомир.
Greeted-3pPl girls-the Lyubomir.
Поздравиха (го) Любомир момичетата.
Greeted-3pPl (him) Lyubomir girls-the.
The clitic doubling (го/ги) is obligatory only when the subject and the object are both in third person, and they are either both singular or both plural, but when the meaning is clear from the context it can be omitted. Examples:
Любомир го поздрави Мария.
Lyubomir him greeted-3pSg Maria.
Maria greeted Lyubomir.
Мария я поздрави Любомир.
Maria her greeted-3pSg Lyubomir.
Lyubomir greeted Maria.
but
Ролите озвучиха артистите...
Roles-the sound-screened-3pPl artists-the...
The artists...(their names) sound-screened the roles. (They made the soundtrack for the film.)
In the compound tenses, when a participle is used, and when the subject and the object are of different gender or number, the clitic doubling can also be left out. So the first two of the above examples can be expressed in a compound tense thus:
Любомир (го) е поздравила Мария.
Lyubomir (him) has greeted-3pSgFem Maria.
Maria has greeted Lyubomir.
Мария (я) е поздравил Любомир.
Maria (her) has greeted-3pSgMasc Lyubomir.
Lyubomir has greeted Maria.
The above two examples sound a bit odd without the doubling, unless it is a case of topicalization and special stress is put on the first word.
Syntax
Bulgarian employs clitic doubling, mostly for emphatic purposes. For example, the following constructions are common in colloquial Bulgarian:
(lit. "I gave it the present to Maria.")
(lit. "I gave her it the present to Maria.")
The phenomenon is practically obligatory in the spoken language in the case of inversion signalling information structure (in writing, clitic doubling may be skipped in such instances, with a somewhat bookish effect):
(lit. "The present [to her] it I-gave to Maria.")
(lit. "To Maria to her [it] I-gave the present.")
Sometimes, the doubling signals syntactic relations, thus:
(lit. "Petar and Lyubomir them ate the wolves.")
Transl.: "Petar and Lyubomir were eaten by the wolves".
This is contrasted with:
(lit. "Petar and Lyubomir ate the wolves")
Transl.: "Petar and Lyubomir ate the wolves".
In this case, clitic doubling can be a colloquial alternative of the more formal or bookish passive voice, which would be constructed as follows:
(lit. "Petar and Lyubomir were eaten by the wolves.")
Clitic doubling is also fully obligatory, both in the spoken and in the written norm, in clauses including several special expressions that use the short accusative and dative pronouns such as "" (I feel like playing), студено ми е (I am cold), and боли ме ръката (my arm hurts):
(lit. "To me to me it-feels-like-sleeping, and to Lyubomir to him it-feels-like-playing")
Transl.: "I feel like sleeping, and Lyubomir feels like playing."
(lit. "To us to us it-is cold, and to you-plur. to you-plur. it-is warm")
Transl.: "We are cold, and you are warm."
(lit. Lyubomir him aches the throat, and me me aches the head)
Transl.: Lyubomir has sore throat, and I have a headache.
Except the above examples, clitic doubling is considered inappropriate in a formal context.
Other features
Questions
Questions in Bulgarian which do not use a question word (such as who? what? etc.) are formed with the particle ли after the verb; a subject is not necessary, as the verbal conjugation suggests who is performing the action:
– 'you are coming'; – 'are you coming?'
While the particle generally goes after the verb, it can go after a noun or adjective if a contrast is needed:
– 'are you coming with us?';
– 'are you coming with us'?
A verb is not always necessary, e.g. when presenting a choice:
– 'him?'; – 'the yellow one?'
Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding to a question word, thus forming a "double interrogative" –
– 'Who?'; – 'I wonder who(?)'
The same construction +не ('no') is an emphasized positive –
– 'Who was there?' – – 'Nearly everyone!' (lit. 'I wonder who wasn't there')
Significant verbs
Съм
The verb – 'to be' is also used as an auxiliary for forming the perfect, the passive and the conditional:
past tense – – 'I have hit'
passive – – 'I am hit'
past passive – – 'I was hit'
conditional – – 'I would hit'
Two alternate forms of exist:
– interchangeable with съм in most tenses and moods, but never in the present indicative – e.g. ('I want to be'), ('I will be here'); in the imperative, only бъда is used – ('be here');
– slightly archaic, imperfective form of бъда – e.g. Биваше заплашен. ('he used to get threats'); in contemporary usage, it is mostly used in the negative to mean "ought not", e.g. Не бива да пушиш. ('you shouldn't smoke').
Ще
The impersonal verb (lit. 'it wants') is used to for forming the (positive) future tense:
отивам – 'I am going'
ще отивам – 'I will be going'
The negative future is formed with the invariable construction (see below):
няма да отивам – 'I will not be going'
The past tense of this verb – щях is conjugated to form the past conditional ('would have' – again, with да, since it is irrealis):
щях да отида – 'I would have gone;' щеше да отидеш 'you would have gone'
Имам and нямам
The verbs ('to have') and ('to not have'):
the third person singular of these two can be used impersonally to mean 'there is/there are' or 'there isn't/aren't any,' e.g.
Има време. ('there is still time' – compare Spanish hay);
Няма никого. ('there is no one there').
The impersonal form няма is used in the negative future – (see ще above).
used on its own can mean simply 'I won't' – a simple refusal to a suggestion or instruction.
Conjunctions and particles
But
In Bulgarian, there are several conjunctions all translating into English as "but", which are all used in distinct situations. They are (), (), (), (), and () (and () – "however", identical in use to ).
While there is some overlapping between their uses, in many cases they are specific. For example, is used for a choice – Не това, ами това. () – "not this one, but that one" (compare Spanish ), while ама () is often used to provide extra information or an opinion – Казах го, ама сгреших. () – "I said it, but I was wrong". Meanwhile, а () provides contrast between two situations, and in some sentences can even be translated as "although", "while" or even "and" – Аз работя, а той блее. () – "I'm working, and he's daydreaming".
Very often, different words can be used to alter the emphasis of a sentence – e.g. while and both mean "I smoke, but I shouldn't", the first sounds more like a statement of fact ("...but I mustn't"), while the second feels more like a judgement ("...but I oughtn't"). Similarly, and both mean "I don't want to, but he does", however the first emphasizes the fact that he wants to, while the second emphasizes the wanting rather than the person.
is interesting in that, while it feels archaic, it is often used in poetry and frequently in children's stories, since it has quite a moral/ominous feel to it.
Some common expressions use these words, and some can be used alone as interjections:
(lit. "yes, but no") – means "you're wrong to think so".
can be tagged onto a sentence to express surprise: – "he's sleeping!"
– "you don't say!", "really!"
Vocative particles
Bulgarian has several abstract particles which are used to strengthen a statement. These have no precise translation in English. The particles are strictly informal and can even be considered rude by some people and in some situations. They are mostly used at the end of questions or instructions.
() – the most common particle. It can be used to strengthen a statement or, sometimes, to indicate derision of an opinion, aided by the tone of voice. (Originally purely masculine, it can now be used towards both men and women.)
– tell me (insistence); – is that so? (derisive); – you don't say!.
( – expresses urgency, sometimes pleading.
– come on, get up!
() (feminine only) – originally simply the feminine counterpart of , but today perceived as rude and derisive (compare the similar evolution of the vocative forms of feminine names).
(, masculine), (, feminine) – similar to and , but archaic. Although informal, can sometimes be heard being used by older people.
Modal particles
These are "tagged" on to the beginning or end of a sentence to express the mood of the speaker in relation to the situation. They are mostly interrogative or slightly imperative in nature. There is no change in the grammatical mood when these are used (although they may be expressed through different grammatical moods in other languages).
() – is a universal affirmative tag, like "isn't it"/"won't you", etc. (it is invariable, like the French ). It can be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, and does not always require a verb:
– you are coming, aren't you?; – didn't they want to?; – that one, right?;
it can express quite complex thoughts through simple constructions – – "I thought you weren't going to!" or "I thought there weren't any!" (depending on context – the verb presents general negation/lacking, see "nyama", above).
() – expresses uncertainty (if in the middle of a clause, can be translated as "whether") – e.g. – "do you think he will come?"
() – presents disbelief ~"don't tell me that..." – e.g. – "don't tell me you want to!". It is slightly archaic, but still in use. Can be used on its own as an interjection –
() – expresses hope – – "he will come"; – "I hope he comes" (compare Spanish ). Grammatically, is entirely separate from the verb – "to hope".
() – means "let('s)" – e.g. – "let him come"; when used in the first person, it expresses extreme politeness: – "let us go" (in colloquial situations, , below, is used instead).
, as an interjection, can also be used to express judgement or even schadenfreude – – "he deserves it!".
Intentional particles
These express intent or desire, perhaps even pleading. They can be seen as a sort of cohortative side to the language. (Since they can be used by themselves, they could even be considered as verbs in their own right.) They are also highly informal.
() – "come on", "let's"
e.g. – "faster!"
() – "let me" – exclusively when asking someone else for something. It can even be used on its own as a request or instruction (depending on the tone used), indicating that the speaker wants to partake in or try whatever the listener is doing.
– let me see; or – "let me.../give me..."
() (plural ) – can be used to issue a negative instruction – e.g. – "don't come" ( + subjunctive). In some dialects, the construction ( + preterite) is used instead. As an interjection – – "don't!" (See section on imperative mood).
These particles can be combined with the vocative particles for greater effect, e.g. (let me see), or even exclusively in combinations with them, with no other elements, e.g. (come on!); (I told you not to!).
Pronouns of quality
Bulgarian has several pronouns of quality which have no direct parallels in English – kakav (what sort of); takuv (this sort of); onakuv (that sort of – colloq.); nyakakav (some sort of); nikakav (no sort of); vsyakakav (every sort of); and the relative pronoun kakavto (the sort of ... that ... ). The adjective ednakuv ("the same") derives from the same radical.
Example phrases include:
kakav chovek?! – "what person?!"; kakav chovek e toy? – what sort of person is he?
ne poznavam takuv – "I don't know any (people like that)" (lit. "I don't know this sort of (person)")
nyakakvi hora – lit. "some type of people", but the understood meaning is "a bunch of people I don't know"
vsyakakvi hora – "all sorts of people"
kakav iskash? – "which type do you want?"; nikakav! – "I don't want any!"/"none!"
An interesting phenomenon is that these can be strung along one after another in quite long constructions, e.g.
An extreme, albeit colloquial, example with almost no intrinsic lexical meaning – yet which is meaningful to the Bulgarian ear – would be:
"kakva e taya takava edna nyakakva nikakva?!"
inferred translation – "what kind of no-good person is she?"
literal translation: "what kind of – is – this one here (she) – this sort of – one – some sort of – no sort of"
—Note: the subject of the sentence is simply the pronoun "taya" (lit. "this one here"; colloq. "she").
Another interesting phenomenon that is observed in colloquial speech is the use of takova (neuter of takyv) not only as a substitute for an adjective, but also as a substitute for a verb. In that case the base form takova is used as the third person singular in the present indicative and all other forms are formed by analogy to other verbs in the language. Sometimes the "verb" may even acquire a derivational prefix that changes its meaning. Examples:
takovah ti shapkata – I did something to your hat (perhaps: I took your hat)
takovah si ochilata – I did something to my glasses (perhaps: I lost my glasses)
takovah se – I did something to myself (perhaps: I hurt myself)
Another use of takova in colloquial speech is the word takovata, which can be used as a substitution for a noun, but also, if the speaker doesn't remember or is not sure how to say something, they might say takovata and then pause to think about it:
i posle toy takovata... – and then he [no translation] ...
izyadoh ti takovata – I ate something of yours (perhaps: I ate your dessert). Here the word takovata is used as a substitution for a noun.
Miscellaneous
The commonly cited phenomenon of Bulgarian people shaking their head for "yes" and nodding for "no" is true, but it is important to note that the shaking and nodding are not identical to the Western gestures. The "nod" for no is actually an upward movement of the head rather than a downward one, while the shaking of the head for yes is not completely horizontal, but also has a slight "wavy" aspect to it. This makes the Bulgarian gestures for yes and no compatible with the Western ones, and allows one to use either system unambiguously.
A dental click (similar to the English "tsk") also means "no" (informal), as does ъ-ъ (the only occurrence in Bulgarian of the glottal stop). The two are often said with the upward 'nod'.
The head-shaking gesture used to signify "no" in Western Europe may also be used interrogatively, with the meaning of "what is it?" or "what's wrong?".
Bulgarian has an extensive vocabulary covering family relationships. The biggest range of words is for uncles and aunts, e.g. chicho (your father's brother), vuicho (your mother's brother), svako (your aunt's husband); an even larger number of synonyms for these three exists in the various dialects of Bulgarian, including kaleko, lelincho, tetin, etc. The words do not only refer to the closest members of the family (such as brat – brother, but batko/bate – older brother, sestra – sister, but kaka – older sister), but extend to its furthest reaches, e.g. badzhanak from Turkish bacanak (the relationship of the husbands of two sisters to each other) and etarva (the relationships of two brothers' wives to each other). For all in-laws, there are specific names, e.g. a woman's husband's brother is her dever and her husband's sister is her zalva. In the traditional rural extended family before 1900, there existed separate subcategories for different brothers-in-law/sisters-in-law of a woman with regard to their age relative to hers, e.g. instead of simply a dever there could be a braino (older), a draginko (younger), or an ubavenkyo (who is still a child).
As with many Slavic languages, the double negative in Bulgarian is grammatically correct, while some forms of it, when used instead of a single negative form, are grammatically incorrect. The following are literal translations of grammatically correct Bulgarian sentences that utilize a double or multiple negation: "Никой никъде никога нищо не е направил." (multiple negation without the use of a compound double negative form, i.e. using a listing of several successive single negation words) – "Nobody never nowhere nothing did not do." (translated as "nobody has ever done anything, anywhere"); "Никога не съм бил там." (double negation without the use of a compound double negative form, i.e. using a listing of several successive single negation words) – I never did not go there ("[I] have never been there"); Никога никакви чувства не съм имал! – I never no feelings had not have! (I have never had any feelings!). The same applies for Macedonian.
Numerals
In Bulgarian, the numerals 1 and 2 are inflected for gender.
Furthermore, cardinal numerals take special endings when:
referring to men (2–6 and 10) – add "-ma"
e.g. 2 chairs – dva stola; 2 brothers – dvama bratya
referring to an approximate number (10–100 and, rarely, 7–9) – add "-ina"
e.g. dvadeset dushi – 20 people; dvadesetina dushi – about 20 people
they are used as common nouns – add the feminine "-ka/-tsa"
Notes:
In Bulgarian, numerals can be used directly before uncountable nouns – e.g. vodа "water" → edna voda "a glass of water" (the quantifier 'glass of' is inferred from the context – comp. English 'a beer''').
The word edni can be translated as "some" – e.g. edni tzigari "some cigarettes" (comp. Spanish unos/unas).
When counting, the neuter numbers are taken – edno, dve, tri....
Fractions are the same as the ordinal numbers, and are done in the feminine 1/5 – edna peta, 2/5 – dve peti, etc.
The words for men can be used by themselves, without a noun following – e.g. simply "vidyah dvama" – I saw two men, or even colloquially "edni dvama..." – these two men...
Irregularly, "sedmina" and "osmina" can be used (archaically, poetically) to also mean "7/8 men" rather than "around 7/8".
The smaller denomination of the Bulgarian currency – the stotìnka (pl. stotìnki)'' literally mean "hundredths" (diminutive); 100 stotinki = 1 lev.
Notes
References
External links
Bulgarian Wiktionary
Notes on the Grammar of the Bulgarian language – 1844 – Smyrna (now Izmir) – Elias Riggs |
4141563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive%20analytics | Predictive analytics | Predictive analytics is a form of business analytics applying machine learning to generate a predictive model for certain business applications. As such, it encompasses a variety of statistical techniques from predictive modeling and machine learning that analyze current and historical facts to make predictions about future or otherwise unknown events. It represents a major subset of machine learning applications; in some contexts, it is synonymous with machine learning.
In business, predictive models exploit patterns found in historical and transactional data to identify risks and opportunities. Models capture relationships among many factors to allow assessment of risk or potential associated with a particular set of conditions, guiding decision-making for candidate transactions.
The defining functional effect of these technical approaches is that predictive analytics provides a predictive score (probability) for each individual (customer, employee, healthcare patient, product SKU, vehicle, component, machine, or other organizational unit) in order to determine, inform, or influence organizational processes that pertain across large numbers of individuals, such as in marketing, credit risk assessment, fraud detection, manufacturing, healthcare, and government operations including law enforcement.
Definition
Predictive analytics is a set of business intelligence (BI) technologies that uncovers relationships and patterns within large volumes of data that can be used to predict behavior and events. Unlike other BI technologies, predictive analytics is forward-looking, using past events to anticipate the future. Predictive analytics statistical techniques include data modeling, machine learning, AI, deep learning algorithms and data mining. Often the unknown event of interest is in the future, but predictive analytics can be applied to any type of unknown whether it be in the past, present or future. For example, identifying suspects after a crime has been committed, or credit card fraud as it occurs. The core of predictive analytics relies on capturing relationships between explanatory variables and the predicted variables from past occurrences, and exploiting them to predict the unknown outcome. It is important to note, however, that the accuracy and usability of results will depend greatly on the level of data analysis and the quality of assumptions.
Predictive analytics is often defined as predicting at a more detailed level of granularity, i.e., generating predictive scores (probabilities) for each individual organizational element. This distinguishes it from forecasting. For example, "Predictive analytics—Technology that learns from experience (data) to predict the future behavior of individuals in order to drive better decisions." In future industrial systems, the value of predictive analytics will be to predict and prevent potential issues to achieve near-zero break-down and further be integrated into prescriptive analytics for decision optimization.
Analytical techniques
The approaches and techniques used to conduct predictive analytics can broadly be grouped into regression techniques and machine learning techniques.
Machine Learning
Machine learning can be defined as the ability of a machine to learn and then mimic human behavior that requires intelligence. This is accomplished through artificial intelligence, algorithms, and models.
Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA)
ARIMA models are a common example of time series models. These models use autoregression, which means the model can be fitted with a regression software that will use machine learning to do most of the regression analysis and smoothing. ARIMA models are known to have no overall trend, but instead have a variation around the average that has a constant amplitude, resulting in statistically similar time patterns. Through this, variables are analyzed and data is filtered in order to better understand and predict future values.
One example of an ARIMA method is exponential smoothing models. Exponential smoothing takes into account the difference in importance between older and newer data sets, as the more recent data is more accurate and valuable in predicting future values. In order to accomplish this, exponents are utilized to give newer data sets a larger weight in the calculations than the older sets.
Time series models
Time series models are a subset of machine learning that utilize time series in order to understand and forecast data using past values. A time series is the sequence of a variable's value over equally spaced periods, such as years or quarters in business applications. To accomplish this, the data must be smoothed, or the random variance of the data must be removed in order to reveal trends in the data. There are multiple ways to accomplish this.
Moving average
Single moving average methods utilize smaller and smaller numbered sets of past data to decrease error that is associated with taking a single average, making it a more accurate average than it would be to take the average of the entire data set.
Centered moving average methods utilize the data found in the single moving average methods by taking an average of the median-numbered data set. However, as the median-numbered data set is difficult to calculate with even-numbered data sets, this method works better with odd-numbered data sets than even.
Predictive modeling
Predictive Modeling is a statistical technique used to predict future behavior. It utilizes predictive models to analyze a relationship between a specific unit in a given sample and one or more features of the unit. The objective of these models is to assess the possibility that a unit in another sample will display the same pattern. Predictive model solutions can be considered a type of data mining technology. The models can analyze both historical and current data and generate a model in order to predict potential future outcomes.
Regardless of the methodology used, in general, the process of creating predictive models involves the same steps. First, it is necessary to determine the project objectives and desired outcomes and translate these into predictive analytic objectives and tasks. Then, analyze the source data to determine the most appropriate data and model building approach (models are only as useful as the applicable data used to build them). Select and transform the data in order to create models. Create and test models in order to evaluate if they are valid and will be able to meet project goals and metrics. Apply the model's results to appropriate business processes (identifying patterns in the data doesn't necessarily mean a business will understand how to take advantage or capitalize on it). Afterward, manage and maintain models in order to standardize and improve performance (demand will increase for model management in order to meet new compliance regulations).
Regression analysis
Generally, regression analysis uses structural data along with the past values of independent variables and the relationship between them and the dependent variable to form predictions.
Linear regression
In linear regression, a plot is constructed with the previous values of the dependent variable plotted on the Y-axis and the independent variable that is being analyzed plotted on the X-axis. A regression line is then constructed by a statistical program representing the relationship between the independent and dependent variables which can be used to predict values of the dependent variable based only on the independent variable. With the regression line, the program also shows a slope intercept equation for the line which includes an addition for the error term of the regression, where the higher the value of the error term the less precise the regression model is. In order to decrease the value of the error term, other independent variables are introduced to the model, and similar analyses are performed on these independent variables.
Applications
Analytical Review and Conditional Expectations in Auditing
An important aspect of auditing includes analytical review. In analytical review, the reasonableness of reported account balances being investigated is determined. Auditors accomplish this process through predictive modeling to form predictions called conditional expectations of the balances being audited using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) methods and general regression analysis methods, specifically through the Statistical Technique for Analytical Review (STAR) methods.
The ARIMA method for analytical review uses time-series analysis on past audited balances in order to create the conditional expectations. These conditional expectations are then compared to the actual balances reported on the audited account in order to determine how close the reported balances are to the expectations. If the reported balances are close to the expectations, the accounts are not audited further. If the reported balances are very different from the expectations, there is a higher possibility of a material accounting error and a further audit is conducted.
Regression analysis methods are deployed in a similar way, except the regression model used assumes the availability of only one independent variable. The materiality of the independent variable contributing to the audited account balances are determined using past account balances along with present structural data. Materiality is the importance of an independent variable in its relationship to the dependent variable. In this case, the dependent variable is the account balance. Through this the most important independent variable is used in order to create the conditional expectation and, similar to the ARIMA method, the conditional expectation is then compared to the account balance reported and a decision is made based on the closeness of the two balances.
The STAR methods operate using regression analysis, and fall into two methods. The first is the STAR monthly balance approach, and the conditional expectations made and regression analysis used are both tied to one month being audited. The other method is the STAR annual balance approach, which happens on a larger scale by basing the conditional expectations and regression analysis on one year being audited. Besides the difference in the time being audited, both methods operate the same, by comparing expected and reported balances to determine which accounts to further investigate.
Business Value
As we move into a world of technological advances where more and more data is created and stored digitally, businesses are looking for ways to take advantage of this opportunity and use this information to help generate profits. Predictive analytics can be used and is capable of providing many benefits to a wide range of businesses, including asset management firms, insurance companies, communication companies, and many other firms. In a study conducted by IDC Analyze the Future, Dan Vasset and Henry D. Morris explain how an asset management firm used predictive analytics to develop a better marketing campaign. They went from a mass marketing approach to a customer-centric approach, where instead of sending the same offer to each customer, they would personalize each offer based on their customer. Predictive analytics was used to predict the likelihood that a possible customer would accept a personalized offer. Due to the marketing campaign and predictive analytics, the firm's acceptance rate skyrocketed, with three times the number of people accepting their personalized offers.
Technological advances in predictive analytics have increased its value to firms. One technological advancement is more powerful computers, and with this predictive analytics has become able to create forecasts on large data sets much faster. With the increased computing power also comes more data and applications, meaning a wider array of inputs to use with predictive analytics. Another technological advance includes a more user-friendly interface, allowing a smaller barrier of entry and less extensive training required for employees to utilize the software and applications effectively. Due to these advancements, many more corporations are adopting predictive analytics and seeing the benefits in employee efficiency and effectiveness, as well as profits.
Cash-flow Prediction
ARIMA univariate and multivariate models can be used in forecasting a company's future cash flows, with its equations and calculations based on the past values of certain factors contributing to cash flows. Using time-series analysis, the values of these factors can be analyzed and extrapolated to predict the future cash flows for a company. For the univariate models, past values of cash flows are the only factor used in the prediction. Meanwhile the multivariate models use multiple factors related to accrual data, such as operating income before depreciation.
Another model used in predicting cash-flows was developed in 1998 and is known as the Dechow, Kothari, and Watts model, or DKW (1998). DKW (1998) uses regression analysis in order to determine the relationship between multiple variables and cash flows. Through this method, the model found that cash-flow changes and accruals are negatively related, specifically through current earnings, and using this relationship predicts the cash flows for the next period. The DKW (1998) model derives this relationship through the relationships of accruals and cash flows to accounts payable and receivable, along with inventory.
Child protection
Some child welfare agencies have started using predictive analytics to flag high risk cases. For example, in Hillsborough County, Florida, the child welfare agency's use of a predictive modeling tool has prevented abuse-related child deaths in the target population.
Predicting outcomes of legal decisions
The predicting of the outcome of juridical decisions can be done by AI programs. These programs can be used as assistive tools for professions in this industry.
Portfolio, product or economy-level prediction
Often the focus of analysis is not the consumer but the product, portfolio, firm, industry or even the economy. For example, a retailer might be interested in predicting store-level demand for inventory management purposes. Or the Federal Reserve Board might be interested in predicting the unemployment rate for the next year. These types of problems can be addressed by predictive analytics using time series techniques (see below). They can also be addressed via machine learning approaches which transform the original time series into a feature vector space, where the learning algorithm finds patterns that have predictive power.
Underwriting
Many businesses have to account for risk exposure due to their different services and determine the costs needed to cover the risk. Predictive analytics can help underwrite these quantities by predicting the chances of illness, default, bankruptcy, etc. Predictive analytics can streamline the process of customer acquisition by predicting the future risk behavior of a customer using application level data. Predictive analytics in the form of credit scores have reduced the amount of time it takes for loan approvals, especially in the mortgage market. Proper predictive analytics can lead to proper pricing decisions, which can help mitigate future risk of default. Predictive analytics can be used to mitigate moral hazard and prevent accidents from occurring.
Policing
Police agencies are now utilizing proactive strategies for crime prevention. Predictive analytics, which utilizes statistical tools to forecast crime patterns, provides new ways for police agencies to mobilize resources and reduce levels of crime. With this predictive analytics of crime data, the police can better allocate the limited resources and manpower to prevent more crimes from happening. Directed patrol or problem-solving can be employed to protect crime hot spots, which exhibit crime densities much higher than the average in a city.
Sports
Several firms have emerged specializing in predictive analytics in the field of professional sports for both teams and individuals. While predicting human behavior creates a wide variance due to many factors that can change after predictions are made, including injuries, officiating, coaches decisions, weather, and more, the use of predictive analytics to project long term trends and performance is useful. Much of the field was started by the Moneyball concept of Billy Beane near the turn of the century, and now most professional sports teams employ their own analytics departments.
See also
Actuarial science
Artificial intelligence in healthcare
Analytical procedures (finance auditing)
Big data
Computational sociology
Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
Decision management
Disease surveillance
Learning analytics
Odds algorithm
Pattern recognition
Predictive inference
Predictive policing
Social media analytics
References
Further reading
Financial crime prevention
Statistical analysis
Business intelligence
Actuarial science
analytics
Types of analytics
Management cybernetics |
4141819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%201986 | List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 1986 | This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 1986.
1–100
The Monmouth (Communities) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/4 ??
Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I 1986/4
Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) Order 1986 S.I 1986/5
Housing Revenue Account Rate Fund Contribution Limits (Scotland) Order 1986 S.I 1986/7
The Blaby (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/14
The Welwyn Hatfield (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/15
The Thanet (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/19
The Three Rivers (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/20
Local Government Superannuation Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/24
Textile Products (Indications of Fibre Content) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/26
Statutory Sick Pay Up-rating Order 1986 S.I. 1986/67
The Salisbury (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/72
101–200
The Malvern Hills (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/112
The Taunton Deane (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/113
Police Cadets (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/121
The Durham (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/122
The Middlesbrough (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/123
Rate Support Grant (Scotland) (No. 4) Order 1985 S.I. 1986/140
Merchant Shipping (Medical Stores) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/144
General Medical Council (Registration (Fees) Regulations) Order of Council 1986 S.I. 1986/149
Local Government Reorganisation (Compensation) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/151
The Warwick (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/160
The Vale of White Horse (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/161
Local Authorities' Traffic Orders (Exemptions for Disabled Persons) (England and Wales) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/178
The Hinckley and Bosworth (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/186
201–300
The Clydebank District and Bearsden and Milngavie District (Whitehill Farm) Boundaries Amendment Order 1986 S.I. 1986/209 (S. 12)
The Strathkelvin District and Bearsden and Milngavie District (Dougalston) Boundaries Amendment Order 1986 S.I. 1986/210 (S. 13)
The Borough of Thamesdown (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/237
The North Devon (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/248
Legal Advice and Assistance (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/254
The Borough of Halton (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/280
The Durham (District Boundaries) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/281
The South Staffordshire (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/284
Merchant Shipping (Indemnification of Shipowners) (Amendment) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/296
301–400
Certification Officer (Amendment of Fees) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/302
The Milton Keynes (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/308
Block Grant (Education Adjustments) (Wales) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/314
The Surrey (District Boundaries) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/321
Merchant Shipping (Light Dues) (Amendment) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/334
Seeds (National Lists of Varieties) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/338
Plant Breeders' Rights (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/339
Rate Limitation (Designation of Authorities) (Exemption) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/344
The Cherwell (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/352
Local Government Superannuation (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/380
Housing Support Grant (Scotland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/388
Health and Safety (Miscellaneous Fees) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/392
General Betting Duty Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/400
401–500
Pilotage Commission Provision of Funds Scheme 1986 (Confirmation) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/402
Civil Aviation (Navigation Services Charges) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/403
General Betting Duty Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1986 S.I. 1986/404
Misuse of Drugs (Licence Fees) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/416
Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1984 (Continuance) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/417
Local Land Charges (Amendment) Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/424
National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/432
Town and Country Planning (Local Government Reorganisation) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/443
Insurance (Fees) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/446
High Court of Justiciary Fees Amendment Order 1986 S.I. 1986/449
Court of Session etc. Fees Amendment Order 1986 S.I. 1986/450
National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Amendment Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/459
The Dairy Produce Quotas Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/470
Income Tax (Building Societies) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/482
The Social Security (Unemployment, Sickness and Invalidity Benefit) Amendment Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/484
501–600
Education (Grants for Training of Teachers and Community Education Workers) (Scotland) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/510
The Borough of Blaenau Gwent (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/526
The Borough of Brecknock (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/533
The Borough of Lliw Valley (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/535
The District of Monmouth (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/556
Remuneration of Teachers (Primary and Secondary Education) (Amendment) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/559
The Wokingham (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/570
Police (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/576
Patents (Fees) Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/583
The Milton Keynes (Parishes) (No. 2) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/591
Naval, Military and Air Forces etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions Amendment Order 1986 S.I. 1986/592
Education and Libraries (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/594
Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/595
Transfer of Functions (Arts, Libraries and National Heritage) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/600
601–700
The South Holland (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/602
Industrial Assurance (Fees) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/608
Friendly Societies (Fees) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/620
Industrial and Provident Societies (Credit Unions) (Amendment of Fees) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/622
The Borough of Torfaen (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/645
Ionising Radiations (Fees for Approvals) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/669
Legal Advice and Assistance (Scotland) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/673
Legal Aid (Scotland) (Fees in Criminal Proceedings) Amendment Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/674
Merchant Shipping (Fishing Vessels) (Radios) (Fees) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/680
Legal Aid (Scotland) (Fees in Civil Proceedings) Amendment Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/681
Public Record Office (Fees) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/697
701–800
Milk (Special Designation) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/723
Commission on Disposals of Land (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/767 (N.I. 5)
Third Country Fishing (Enforcement) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/779
801–900
The Local Government (Records) Order 1986 S.I 1986/803
Superannuation (Children's Pensions) (Earnings Limit) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/814
Measuring Instruments (EEC Pattern Approval Requirements) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/831
Merchant Shipping (Fees) (Amendment No. 1) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/837
National Assistance (Charges for Accommodation) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/861
901–1000
Excise Duties (Small Non-Commercial Consignments) Relief Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/938
Value Added Tax (Small Non-Commercial Consignments) Relief Order 1986 S.I. 1986/939
Judicial Pensions (Preservation of Benefits) (Amendment No. 2) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/946
Rampton Hospital Board (Establishment and Constitution) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/963
National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/975
Act of Sederunt (Fees of Solicitors in the Sheriff Court) 1986 S.I. 1986/978
1001–1100
Public Service Vehicles (Traffic Regulation Conditions) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1030
Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1032
Business Names (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1033
Companies Consolidation (Consequential Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1035
Measuring Instruments (EEC Initial Verification Requirements) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1043
Occupational Pension Schemes (Disclosure of Information) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1046
National Assistance (Charges for Accommodation) (Scotland) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1050
The Borough of Llanelli (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1063
Merchant Shipping (Life-Saving Appliances) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1066
Merchant Shipping (Chemical Tankers) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1068
Merchant Shipping (Gas Carriers) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1073
Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1078
1101–1200
Pensions Increase (Review) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1116
Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1117
Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1118
Family Income Supplements (Computation) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1120
Supreme Court Funds (Amendment) Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/1142
Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1978 (Continuance) (No. 2) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1146
Legal Aid (Scotland) (Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1154
Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1159
Judgments Enforcement (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1166 (N.I. 11)
Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1167 (N.I. 12)
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 63) Order 1986 S.I 1986/1193
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 69) Order 1986 S.I 1986/1199
1201–1300
Crown Roads (Royal Parks) (Application of Road Traffic Enactments) (Amendment) Order 1986 S.I 1986/1224
Merchant Shipping (Fire Protection) (Non-United Kingdom) (Non-SOLAS) Rules 1986 S.I 1986/1248
Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1986 S.I 1986/1290
Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) Order 1986 S.I 1986/1296
1301–1400
Housing (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1301 (N.I. 13)
Social Need (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1302 (N.I. 14)
Trade Marks and Service Marks (Relevant Countries) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1303
The Forest Heath (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1308
Trade Marks and Service Marks Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/1319
Education (Bursaries for Teacher Training) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1324
Transport Act 1982 (Commencement No. 6) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1326
Fixed Penalty (Procedure) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1330
Costs in Criminal Cases (General) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1335
Teachers (Colleges of Education) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1353
Legal Aid (Scotland) (General) Amendment Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1358
Legal Advice and Assistance (Scotland) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1359
The Ceredigion (Communities) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1364
Police Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1379
Police Pensions (Lump Sum Payments to Widows) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1380
1401–1500
Trade Marks and Service Marks (Fees) Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/1447
Community Drivers' Hours and Recording Equipment (Exemptions and Supplementary Provisions) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1456
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 80) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1464
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 81) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1465
The Preston (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1470
1501–1600
Home Purchase Assistance (Price-limits) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1511
Milk Quota (Calculation of Standard Quota) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1530
Land Registration (Delivery of Applications) Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/1534
Land Registration (Official Searches) Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/1536
Civil Aviation Authority (Economic Regulation of Airports) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1544
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 83) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1578
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 89) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1584
The North West Leicestershire (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1594
1601–1700
Milk (Community Outgoers Scheme) (England and Wales) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1611
Milk (Community Outgoers' Scheme) (Scotland) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1613
The Shropshire (District Boundaries) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1619
Saithe (Channel, Western Waters and Bay of Biscay) (Prohibition of Fishing) (Revocation) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1620
Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Wales) (No. 2) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1681
Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (England) (No. 2) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1689
1701–1800
Banking Act 1979 (Exempt Transactions) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1712
Combined Probation Areas Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1713
Export of Sheep (Prohibition) (No. 2) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1734
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 94) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1741
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 99) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1746
1801–1900
The Castlemartin RAC Range Bylaws 1986 S.I. 1986/1834
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 100) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1839
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 102) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1841
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 103) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1842
British Council and Commonwealth Institute Superannuation Act 1986 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1860
Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1883 (N.I. 15)
Road Races (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1887 (N.I. 17)
Social Security (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1888 (N.I. 18)
1901–2000
The Lancashire (District Boundaries) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1909
The Borough of Taunton Deane (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1912
Insolvency (Scotland) Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/1915
Insolvency Act 1985 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1924
Merchant Shipping (Certification of Marine Engineer Officers and Licensing of Marine Engine Operators) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1935
Sole (Irish Sea and Sole Bank) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1936
Road Traffic (Carriage of Dangerous Substances in Packages etc.) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1951
The District of South Pembrokeshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1963
The District of Ceredigion (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1964
Social Security Act 1986 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1959
Statutory Maternity Pay (General) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/1960
Rate Support Grant (Scotland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/1965
2001–2100
Broadmoor Hospital Board (Establishment and Constitution) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2004
Moss Side and Park Lane Hospitals Board (Establishment and Constitution) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2006
The Carmarthen (Communities) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2008
The Montgomeryshire (Communities) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2009
Extradition (Internationally Protected Persons) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2013
Financial Provisions (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2021
Health and Personal Social Services (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2023
Rates (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2024
Reciprocal Enforcement of Foreign Judgments (Canada) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2027
Insolvency Fees Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2030
The Epping Forest (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2045
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 107) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2051
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 108) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2052
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 111) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2055
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 113) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2057
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 114) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2058
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 115) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2059
Sole (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2060
Cod (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) (Revocation) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2075
The Dinefwr (Communities) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2077
The Oldham (Parish of Crompton) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2196
The Broxtowe (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2197
2101–2200
Supreme Court Funds (Amendment No. 2) Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/2115
Herring (Firth of Clyde) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2122
Crown Court (Amendment) Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/2151
Building Societies (General Charge and Fees) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/2155
Building Societies Act 1986 (Rules and Miscellaneous Transitional Provisions) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2168
Social Fund Maternity and Funeral Expenses (Claims and Payments) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/2172
Social Fund Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/2173
Assured Tenancies (Prescribed Amount) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2180
Housing (Right to Buy) (Service Charges) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2195
Oldham (Parish of Crompton) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2196
2201–2300
Education (No. 2) Act 1986 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2203
Local Elections (Principal Areas) Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/2214
Local Elections (Parishes and Communities) Rules 1986 S.I. 1986/2215
Social Security (Adjudication) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/2218
House of Commons Disqualification Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2219
Foreign Compensation (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) (Registration and Determination of Claims) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2222
Enterprise Ulster (Continuation of Functions) (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2228 (N.I. 23)
Health and Personal Social Services and Public Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2229 (N.I. 24)
Recreation and Youth Service (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2232 (N.I. 25)
Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (No. 10) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2248
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 116) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2272
The Hertfordshire (District Boundaries) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2278
The Essex (District Boundaries) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2279
The Tynedale (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2280
Rules of the Supreme Court (Amendment No. 3) S.I. 1986/2289
Control of Pollution (Anti-Fouling Paints) (Amendment) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/2300
2301–2400
(A453) North East of Birmingham-Nottingham Trunk Road The Birmingham-Nottingham Route (A42 Ashby-de-la-Zouch to Kegworth Section) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2320
The Fylde (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2335
The Pendle (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2347
The Uttlesford (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2348
The Dover (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2349
The West Derbyshire (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2350
The Maidstone (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2351
The Maldon (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2352
The Cotswold (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2353
The West Devon (Parishes) Order 1986 S.I. 1986/2354
2401–2500
2501–2600
2601–2700
Community Drivers' Hours and Recording Equipment (Exemptions and Supplementary Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 1986 S.I. 1986/2669
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments |
4141823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%202002 | List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 2002 | This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom made in 2002.
1–100
The Landfill Tax (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1)
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) Regulations (SI 2002/2)
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/8)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Part V Exemption: Relevant Employers) Order (SI 2002/9)
Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) Order (SI 2002/10)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/14)
The Retained Organs Commission (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/34)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment (England) Regulations (SI 2002/35)
The Social Security Pensions (Low Earnings Threshold) Order (SI 2002/36)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Norfolk) (City of Norwich) Order (SI 2002/37)
The Primary Care Trusts (Membership, Procedure and Administration Arrangements) Amendment (No. 3) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/38)
The EC Competition Law (Articles 84 and 85) Enforcement (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/42)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Assessment Arrangements for English, Welsh, Mathematics and Science) (Key Stage 1) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/45)
The Education (Individual Pupils' Achievements) (Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/46)
The Poultry Meat, Farmed Game Bird Meat and Rabbit Meat (Hygiene and Inspection) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/47)
The District of West Oxfordshire (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/48)
The District of South Oxfordshire (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/49)
The Dual-Use Items (Export Control) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/50)
The Fostering Services Regulations (SI 2002/57)
The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/63)
The Oldham Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/64)
The Warrington Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/65)
The Halton Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/66)
The Knowsley Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/67)
The Rochdale Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/68)
The Bury Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/69)
The St Helens Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/70)
The South Cambridgeshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/71)
The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (Commencement) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/74)
The A58 Trunk Road (Halifax to M62 Motorway, Chain Bar) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/75)
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/76)
The Closure of Prisons (H.M. Prison Haslar) Order (SI 2002/77)
The Closure of Prisons (H.M. Young Offender Institution Dover) Order (SI 2002/78)
The Social Fund Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/79)
The Peak District National Park Authority (Restriction of Agricultural Operations) Order (SI 2002/80)
The Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (Professional Conduct) (Amendment) Rules 2002 Approval Order (SI 2002/82)
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/85)
The Waltham Forest Housing Action Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/86)
The Electricity (Connection Charges) Regulations (SI 2002/93)
The Cattle Database (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/94)
The Cattle (Identification of Older Animals) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/95)
101–200
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/105)
The Education (School Day and School Year) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/107)
The Merger Report (Interbrew SA and Bass PLC) (Interim Provision) (Revocation) Order (SI 2002/108)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 2002/03) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/110)
The Al-Qa'ida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order (SI 2002/111)
The Al-Qa'ida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order (SI 2002/112)
The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/115)
The Planning and Compensation Act 1991 (Amendment of Schedule 18) (England) Order (SI 2002/116)
The Social Security Fraud Act 2001 (Commencement No. 3) Order (SI 2002/117)
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat, Meat Preparations and Meat Products) Regulations (SI 2002/118)
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/119)
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/120)
The Education (Budget Statements) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/122)
The Postal Services Act 2000 (Determination of Turnover for Penalties) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/125)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area And Special Parking Area) (City Of Southampton) Order (SI 2002/126)
The Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 (Firearms Consultative Committee) Order (SI 2002/127)
The Milk Marketing Board (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/128)
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat, Meat Preparations and Meat Products) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/129)
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/130)
The Financing of Maintained Schools (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/136)
The Scarborough, Whitby and Ryedale Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/137)
The Middlesbrough Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/138)
The Sunderland Teaching Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/139)
The Langbaurgh Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/140)
The Sedgefield Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/141)
The Easington Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/142)
The North Kirklees Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/143)
The Calderdale Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/144)
The Derwentside Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/145)
The Gateshead Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/146)
The Durham Dales Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/147)
The Durham and Chester-le-Street Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/148)
The Craven, Harrogate and Rural District Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/149)
The Darlington Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/150)
The Financial Assistance For Industry (Increase of Limit) Order (SI 2002/151)
The Education (Special Educational Needs) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/152)
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement No. 13) Order (SI 2002/153)
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/155)
The Special Educational Needs Code of Practice (Appointed Day) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/156)
The Special Educational Needs (Provision of Information by Local Education Authorities) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/157)
The South Tyneside Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/166)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 2001 (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/173)
The Education (Student Support) Regulations 2001 (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/174)
The Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/180)
The Public Service Vehicles (Registration of Local Services) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2 (SI 2002/182)
The Food and Animal Feedingstuffs (Products of Animal Origin from China) (Control) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/183)
The Local Authorities (Mayoral Elections) (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/185)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/186)
The County of Herefordshire District Council (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/187)
The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/192)
The Justices of the Peace (Size and Chairmanship of Bench) Rules (SI 2002/193)
The Magistrates' Courts (Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982) (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/194)
The Education (Student Support) Regulations (SI 2002/195)
The Postal Services Act 2000 (Modification of Section 7) Order (SI 2002/200)
201–300
The Royal Marines Terms of Service (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/201)
The Animal Gatherings (Interim Measures) (England) Order (SI 2002/202)
The Food and Animal Feedingstuffs (Products of Animal Origin from China) (Control) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/203)
The Income Tax (Exemption of Minor Benefits) Regulations (SI 2002/205)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/206)
The A40 London to Fishguard Trunk Road (M40 Junction 8 to A44 Wolvercote Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/207)
The Social Security (Attendance Allowance and Disability Living Allowance) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/208)
The A41 London to Birkenhead Trunk Road (Buckinghamshire) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/215)
The A423 Maidenhead to Oxford Trunk Road (A34 Hinksey Hill Interchange to A4142 Heyford Hill Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/216)
The A44 London to Aberystwyth Trunk Road (A34 Peartree Roundabout to A40 Wolvercote Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/217)
Fur Farming (Compensation Scheme) (England) Order (SI 2002/221)
The Supreme Court Fees (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/222)
The County Court Fees (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/223)
The Elections (Policy Development Grants Scheme) Order (SI 2002/224)
The Statutory Maternity Pay (Compensation of Employers) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/225)
The Forestry (Felling of Trees) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/226)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/227)
The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (Commencement No. 3) Order (SI 2002/228)
The Courts-Martial (Royal Air Force) (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/229)
The Courts-Martial (Army) (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/230)
The Courts-Martial (Royal Navy) (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/231)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 2001 (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations (SI 2002/232)
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) Regulations (SI 2002/233)
The Medicines (Codification Amendments Etc.) Regulations (SI 2002/236)
The Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/237)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/238)
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (England) Order (SI 2002/240)
The Pigs (Records, Identification and Movement) (Interim Measures) (England) Order (SI 2002/241)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (England) Order (SI 2002/242)
The Broomfield Agricultural College (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/243)
The Mackworth College (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/244)
The Derby Tertiary College-Wilmorton (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/245)
The East Yorkshire College of Further Education, Bridlington (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/246)
The Patents and Plant Variety Rights (Compulsory Licensing) Regulations (SI 2002/247)
The European Communities (Designation) Order (SI 2002/248)
The Pitcairn Court of Appeal Order 2000 (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/249)
The Territorial Sea Act 1987 (Jersey) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/250)
The Al-Qa'ida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/251)
The Education (Chief Inspector of Schools in England) Order (SI 2002/252)
The Nursing and Midwifery Order (SI 2002/253)
The Health Professions Order (SI 2002/254)
The Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Enforcement of Overseas Forfeiture Orders) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/255)
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Designated Countries and Territories) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/256)
The Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (Designated Countries and Territories) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/257)
The Al-Qa'ida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) (Channel Islands) Order (SI 2002/258)
The Al-Qa'ida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) (Isle of Man) Order (SI 2002/259)
The Education (Chief Inspector of Education and Training in Wales) Order (SI 2002/260)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) Order (SI 2002/261)
The Summer Time Order (SI 2002/262)
The Carriage by Air Acts (Implementation of the Montreal Convention 1999) Order (SI 2002/263)
The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/264)
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Modification) Order (SI 2002/265)
The Al-Qa'ida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/266)
The Greater London Authority (Allocation of Grants for Precept Calculations) Regulations (SI 2002/267)
The Marketing Authorisations for Veterinary Medicinal Products (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/269)
The Hill Farm Allowance Regulations (SI 2002/271)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Quota and Third Country Fishing Measures) Order (SI 2002/272)
The Cattle (Identification of Older Animals) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/273)
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/274)
The Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/275)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Cumbria) (District of South Lakeland) Order (SI 2002/276)
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Commencement No. 4) and Transitional Provisions Order (SI 2002/279)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/280)
The Pigs (Records, Identification and Movement) (Interim Measures) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/281)
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (Application to Environmentally Hazardous Substances) Regulations (SI 2002/282)
The Animal Gatherings (Interim Measures) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/283)
The Diseases of Fish (Control) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/284)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (East Hayling Light Railway Vehicles) Exemption Order (SI 2002/285)
The Plant Health (Forestry) (Great Britain) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/295)
The Treatment of Spruce Bark (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/296)
301–400
The Industrial Training Levy (Engineering Construction Board) Order (SI 2002/302)
The Industrial Training Levy (Construction Board) Order (SI 2002/303)
The Cattle Database (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/304)
The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Plans and Reviews Amendment and Specified Dates Order (SI 2002/305)
The Whitehaven Harbour Commissioners (Constitution) Harbour Revision Order (SI 2002/306)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/307)
The Pennine Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Bury Health Care National Health Service Trust, the Rochdale Healthcare National Health Service Trust, the Oldham National Health Service Trust and the North Manchester Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/308)
The A41 Trunk Road (Staffordshire and Telford & Wrekin) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/309)
The Yarmouth (Isle of Wight) Harbour Revision Order (SI 2002/311)
The Chiropractors Act 1994 (Commencement No. 6) Order (SI 2002/312)
The Travel Restriction Order (Prescribed Removal Powers) Order (SI 2002/313)
The Export of Goods (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) (Control) (Revocation) Order (SI 2002/315)
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Supply and Sale of Equipment) (Penalties and Licences) (Revocation) Regulations (SI 2002/316)
The Companies (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/317)
The Electronic Signatures Regulations (SI 2002/318)
The Care Homes (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/324)
Private and Voluntary Health Care (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/325)
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Fees) Regulations (SI 2002/326)
The Children's Homes (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/327)
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/328)
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/329)
The Sweeteners in Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/330)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Rural Rate Relief) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/331)
The Notification of Marketing of Food for Particular Nutritional Uses (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/333)
The Food (Star Anise from Third Countries) (Emergency Control) (England) Order (SI 2002/334)
The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/335)
The Assured Tenancies and Agricultural Occupancies (Forms) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/337)
The Income Support (General) (Standard Interest Rate Amendment) (No.2) Regulations (SI 2002/338)
The Relevant Authorities (Standards Committee) (Dispensations) Regulations (SI 2002/339)
The A49 Trunk Road in Shropshire (A49/A5 Preston Roundabout to A49/A41 Prees Heath Roundabout and A49/A41 Chester Road Roundabout to the County of Cheshire Border) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/340)
The A41 Trunk Road Shropshire (Telford & Wrekin Border to the County of Cheshire Border) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/341)
The A41 Trunk Road in Shropshire (A41/M54 Roundabout to the Telford & Wrekin Border) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/342)
The M25 Motorway (Heathrow Terminal 5 Access) (No1) Connecting Roads Scheme (SI 2002/343)
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions) Order (SI 2002/344)
The Armed Forces Act 2001 (Commencement No. 2) Order (SI 2002/345)
The National Ports Council Pension Scheme (Excess Statutory Surplus) Order (SI 2002/346)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/355)
The South Huddersfield Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/356)
The Hambleton and Richmondshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/357)
The Huddersfield Central Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/358)
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Continuance of Part VII) Order (SI 2002/365)
The Bitton Railway Order (SI 2002/366)
The Deregulation (Disposals of Dwelling-houses by Local Authorities) Order (SI 2002/367)
The Limited Partnerships (Unrestricted Size) No. 4 Regulations (SI 2002/376)
The Financing of Maintained Schools (England) Regulations (SI 2002/377)
The School Budget Shares (Prescribed Purposes) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/378)
The Sweeteners in Food (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/379)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Minimum Funding Requirement and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/380)
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement No. 14) Order (SI 2002/381)
The Social Security Amendment (Residential Care and Nursing Homes) Regulations (SI 2002/398)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telekom Malaysia (UK) Limited) Order (SI 2002/399)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (France Telecom Network Services—UK Ltd) Order (SI 2002/400)
401–500
The Food (Star Anise from Third Countries) (Emergency Control) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/402)
The Social Security Fraud Act 2001 (Commencement No. 4) Order (SI 2002/403)
The Education (Amount to Follow Permanently Excluded Pupil) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/408)
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/410)
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/411)
The Chester Guided Busway Order (SI 2002/412)
The Police Act 1997 (Commencement No. 9) Order (SI 2002/413)
The Registered Parties (Non-constituent and Non-affiliated Organisations) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/414)
The European Union Extradition Regulations (SI 2002/419)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Milton Keynes) Order (SI 2002/421)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Poole) Order (SI 2002/422)
The Education Development Plans (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/423)
The Litter (Fixed Penalty) (England) Order (SI 2002/424)
The Dog Fouling (Fixed Penalty) (England) Order (SI 2002/425)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Conservation Measures) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/426)
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Bankruptcy) Regulations (SI 2002/427)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/428)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/430)
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No.2) (Revocation) Regulations (SI 2002/431)
The School Organisation Proposals by the National Council for Education and Training for Wales Regulations (SI 2002/432)
The A64 Trunk Road (Musham Bank Roundabout to Queen Margaret's Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/434)
The Education (QCA Levy) Regulations (SI 2002/435)
The Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (Commencement No. 11) Order (SI 2002/437)
The Education Standards Grants (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/438)
The Civil Procedure (Modification of Enactments) Order (SI 2002/439)
The Building (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/440)
The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (Exceptions) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/441)
The Velindre National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/442)
The Overseas Insurers (Tax Representatives) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/443)
The Life Assurance and Other Policies (Keeping of Information and Duties of Insurers) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/444)
The Contracting Out (Functions in relation to Apsley House) Order (SI 2002/445)
The Police Act 1997 (Enhanced Criminal Record Certificates) (Protection of Vulnerable Adults) Regulations (SI 2002/446)
The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (Commencement No. 13) Order (SI 2002/447)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance and Approved Investments) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/451)
Town and Country Planning (Costs of Inquiries etc.) (Standard Daily Amount) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/452)
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/453)
The Whole of Government Accounts (Designation of Bodies) Order (SI 2002/454)
The Personal Portfolio Bonds (Tax) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/455)
The Value Added Tax (Equipment in Lifeboats) Order (SI 2002/456)
The Dairy Produce Quotas Regulations (SI 2002/457)
The Dairy Produce Quotas (General Provisions) Regulations (SI 2002/458)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Winding Up Notices and Reports etc.) Regulations (SI 2002/459)
The Deregulation (Bingo and Other Gaming) Order (SI 2002/460)
The Control of Noise (Codes of Practice for Construction and Open Sites) (England) Order (SI 2002/461)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/467)
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (No. 3) (Revocation) Regulations (SI 2002/468)
The Social Fund Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/470)
The Asylum Support (Interim Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/471)
The Asylum Support (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/472)
The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (Fees) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/473)
The Gas (Standards of Performance) Regulations (SI 2002/475)
The Electricity (Standards of Performance) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/476)
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation Order (SI 2002/479)
The Social Security (Loss of Benefit) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/486)
The Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/487)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/488)
The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions Of Fitness, Equipment, Use And Certification) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/489)
The Social Security (Loss of Benefit) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/490)
The Social Security (Incapacity) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/491)
The Social Security (Guardian's Allowances) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/492)
The Deregulation (Restaurant Licensing Hours) Order (SI 2002/493)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/498)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Child Care Charges) Regulations (SI 2002/499)
The Osteopaths Act 1993 (Commencement No. 7) Order (SI 2002/500)
501–600
The Excise Goods (Accompanying Documents) Regulations (SI 2002/501)
The Companies (Competent Authority) (Fees) Regulations (SI 2002/502)
The Limited Liability Partnerships (Competent Authority) (Fees) Regulations (SI 2002/503)
The Merchant Shipping (Light Dues) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/504)
The Electoral Commission (Limit on Public Awareness Expenditure) Order (SI 2002/505)
The Hallmarking (International Convention) Order (SI 2002/506)
The Teacher Training Agency (Additional Functions) (England) Order (SI 2002/507)
The Education (Teacher Training Bursaries) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/508)
The Education (Bursaries for School Teacher Training) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/509)
The Education Standards Fund (England) Regulations (SI 2002/510)
The Measuring Instruments (EEC Requirements) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/511)
The Social Security Revaluation of Earnings Factors Order (SI 2002/519)
The Service Subsidy Agreements (Tendering) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/520)
The Local Authorities (Conduct of Referendums) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/521)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) Order (SI 2002/522)
The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Indicators and Performance Standards Order (SI 2002/523)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Northern Ireland) Regulations (SI 2002/524)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/525)
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/526)
The Tax Credits (Claims and Payments and Miscellaneous Amendments) (Northern Ireland) Regulations (SI 2002/527)
The Environmental Protection (Controls on Ozone-Depleting Substances) Regulations (SI 2002/528)
The Patents (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/529)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/530)
The Environmental Protection (Waste Recycling Payments) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/531)
The Redundancy Payments (Continuity of Employment in Local Government, etc.) (Modification) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/532)
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Commencement No. 5) Order (SI 2002/533)
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Central Police Training and Development Authority) (Transitional Provisions) Order (SI 2002/534)
The Education (Budget Statements) (England)Regulations (SI 2002/535)
The Education (Outturn Statements) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/536)
The International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/537)
The Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) (Approval of Fitters and Workshops) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/538)
The International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/539)
The Medicines for Human Use and Medical Devices (Fees and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/542)
The National Health Service (England) (Pilot Schemes: Miscellaneous Provisions and Consequential Amendments) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/543)
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/544)
The National Health Service (Functions of Health Authorities) (England) (Support of Provision of Services and Appraisal) Regulations (SI 2002/545)
Children Act (Miscellaneous Amendments) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/546)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/547)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/548)
The Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Amendment Order (SI 2002/549)
The Welfare Food (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/550)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) and (General Medical Services) (No. 2) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/551)
The National Care Standards Commission (Inspection of Schools and Colleges) Regulations (SI 2002/552)
The Health Authorities (Establishment and Abolition) (England) Order (SI 2002/553)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/554)
The Primary Care Trusts (Functions) (England) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/555)
The Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (England) Regulations (SI 2002/556)
The Primary Care Trusts (Membership, Procedure and Administration Arrangements) Amendment (No. 2) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/557)
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/558)
The Ashworth Hospital Authority (Abolition) Order (SI 2002/559)
The North West Anglia Health Care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/560)
The National Health Service Pension Scheme (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/561)
The East Berkshire Community Health National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/562)
The South Staffordshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/563)
The Rochdale Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/564)
The South and West Devon Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/565)
The St Helens and Knowsley Community Health National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/566)
The Wiltshire and Swindon Health Care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/567)
The Doncaster Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/568)
The Sandwell Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/569)
The Hillingdon Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/570)
The Croydon Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/571)
The Kensington & Chelsea and Westminster Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/572)
The Brent & Harrow Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/573)
The South Essex Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/574)
The Rotherham Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/575)
The Worcestershire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/576)
The North Mersey Community National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/577)
The North and East Devon Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/578)
The Oldham National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/579)
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/580)
The Oxfordshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/581)
The Cheshire Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/582)
The Community Health Care Service (North Derbyshire) National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/583)
The CommuniCare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/584)
The Cambridgeshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/585)
The North Essex Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/586)
The Southampton and South West Hampshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/587)
The Warwickshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/588)
The Shropshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/589)
The North Manchester Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/590)
The North Sefton and West Lancashire Community National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/591)
The North Derbyshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/592)
The North Cumbria Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/593)
The Norfolk Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/594)
The Liverpool Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/595)
The Leicestershire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/596)
The Hertfordshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/597)
The East Lancashire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/598)
The Bury Health Care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/599)
The Birmingham Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/600)
601–700
The National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/601)
The Food (Star Anise from Third Countries) (Emergency Control) (England) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/602)
The National Care Standards Commission (Director of Private and Voluntary Health Care) Regulations (SI 2002/603)
The Riverside Community Health Care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/604)
The Ealing, Hammersmith & Hounslow Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/605)
The North Warwickshire National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/606)
The Birmingham Specialist Community Health National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/607)
The Shropshire's Community & Mental Health Services National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/608)
The Essex Rivers Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/609)
The National Health Service Pension Scheme (Additional Voluntary Contributions) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/610)
London Service Permits (Appeals) Regulations (SI 2002/614)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Temporary Modifications to Code D) Order (SI 2002/615)
The South Birmingham Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/616)
The Central Cheshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/617)
The Medical Devices Regulations (SI 2002/618)
The Gloucestershire Royal National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/619)
The East Gloucestershire National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/620)
The Gloucestershire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/621)
The Croydon and Surrey Downs Community National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/622)
The Harrow and Hillingdon Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/623)
The Southampton Community Health Services National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/624)
The Somerset Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/625)
The South Warwickshire Combined Care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/626)
The Rotherham Priority Health Services National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/627)
The Portsmouth Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/628)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 11) Order (SI 2002/629)
The Tameside & Glossop Community and Priority Services National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/630)
The Barnsley Community and Priority Services National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/631)
The Taunton and Somerset National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/632)
The Warrington Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/633)
The North Warwickshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/634)
Disqualification from Caring for Children (England) Regulations (SI 2002/635)
The Redbridge and Waltham Forest Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/636)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) (England and Wales) Order (SI 2002/637)
The Awards For All (England) Joint Scheme (Authorisation) Order (SI 2002/638)
The Lotteries (Gaming Board Fees) Order (SI 2002/639)
The Gaming (Bingo) Act (Fees) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/640)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Television Licence Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/641)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) (England and Wales and Scotland) Order (SI 2002/642)
The Transport Tribunal (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/643)
The Damages for Bereavement (Variation of Sum) (England and Wales) Order (SI 2002/644)
The Damages for Bereavement (Variation of Sum) (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/645)
The Common Agricultural Policy Support Schemes (Appeals) Regulations (SI 2002/646)
The Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Lifespan Health Care Cambridge National Health Service Trust and the North West Anglia Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/647)
The Social Security (Disability Living Allowance) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/648)
The Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase Order (SI 2002/649)
The Blaenau Gwent and Caerphilly (Tredegar and Rhymney) Order (SI 2002/651)
The Neath Port Talbot and Swansea (Trebanos and Clydach) Order (SI 2002/652)
The Scottish Water (Transfer of Functions, etc.) (Tax Provisions) Order (SI 2002/653)
The Rhondda Cynon Taff and Vale of Glamorgan (Llanharry, Pont-y-clun, Penllyn, Welsh St Donats and Pendoylan) Order (SI 2002/654)
The Health and Safety (Fees) Regulations (SI 2002/655)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South West Trains Class 458 Vehicles) Exemption Order (SI 2002/656)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Cairngorm Funicular Railway) Exemption Order (SI 2002/657)
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement No. 8 and Transitional Provisions) Order (SI 2002/658)
The Relocation Grants (Form of Application) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/666)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/667)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order (SI 2002/668)
The Social Security (Work-focused Interviews for Lone Parents) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/670)
The Pensions (Polish Forces) Scheme (Extension) Order (SI 2002/671)
The Personal Injuries (Civilians) Amendment Scheme (SI 2002/672)
The Travel Concessions (Eligibility) Act 2002 (Commencement) (England) Order (SI 2002/673)
The Waste Management Licensing (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/674)
The Fisheries and Aquaculture Structures (Grants) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/675)
The Lobsters and Crawfish (Prohibition of Fishing and Landing) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/676)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Satellite Monitoring Measures) (Wales) Order 2000 Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/677)
The Local Government Best Value (Exclusion of Non-commercial Considerations) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/678)
The Education (Capital Grants) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/679)
The Income Tax (Employments and Electronic Communications) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations (SI 2002/680)
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Contracting-out) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/681)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/682)
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Dependency) (Permitted Earnings Limits) Order (SI 2002/683)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations (SI 2002/684)
The Social Security (Hospital In-Patients) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/685)
The Companies (Disqualification Orders) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/689)
The Limited Liability Partnerships (Forms) Regulations (SI 2002/690)
The Companies (Forms) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/691)
The Trade Marks (International Registration) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/692)
The Police Authorities (Best Value) Performance Indicators Order (SI 2002/694)
The Police (Secretary of State's Objectives) Order (SI 2002/695)
The Feedingstuffs (Zootechnical Products) (Amendment) (England, Scotland and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/696)
The Medicated Feedingstuffs (Amendment) (England, Scotland and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/697)
The Pensions Increase (Review) Order (SI 2002/699)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Indexation of Earnings Cap) Order (SI 2002/700)
701–800
The Inheritance Tax (Indexation) Order (SI 2002/701)
The Capital Gains Tax (Annual Exempt Amount) Order (SI 2002/702)
The Social Security Contributions (Intermediaries) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/703)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Permission and Applications) (Credit Unions etc.) Order (SI 2002/704)
The Social Security Contributions (Intermediaries) (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/705)
The Income Tax (Cash Equivalents of Car Fuel Benefits) Order (SI 2002/706)
The Income Tax (Indexation) Order (SI 2002/707)
The Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (Professional Conduct) (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2002 Approval Order (SI 2002/708)
The Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/709)
The Legal Aid in Family Proceedings (Remuneration) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/710)
The Civil Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/711)
The Criminal Defence Service (General) (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/712)
The Criminal Defence Service (Recovery of Defence Costs Orders) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/713)
The Criminal Defence Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/714)
The Local Authorities (Access to Meetings and Documents) (Period of Notice) (England) Order (SI 2002/715)
The Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Access to Information) (England) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/716)
The Workmen's Compensation (Supplementation) (Amendment) Scheme (SI 2002/718)
The ABRO Trading Fund Order (SI 2002/719)
The Disability Discrimination Code of Practice (Goods, Facilities, Services and Premises) (Appointed Day) Order (SI 2002/720)
The Disability Discrimination Code of Practice (Goods, Facilities, Services and Premises) Revocation Order 2 (SI 2002/No.)
The Swindon Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/722)
The Kennet and North Wiltshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/723)
The Ellesmere Port and Neston Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/724)
The Cheshire West Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/725)
The Eastern Cheshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/726)
The Poole Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/727)
The Birkenhead and Wallasey Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/728)
The Southampton East Healthcare Primary Care Trust (Establishment) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/729)
The Rushmoor and Hart Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) Order (SI 2002/730)
The North and East Devon Partnership National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/731)
The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/732)
The Air Navigation (General) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/733)
The Gas (Standards of Performance) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/741)
The Electricity (Standards of Performance) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/742)
The Audit Commission (Borrowing Limit) Order (SI 2002/743)
The Nitrate Sensitive Areas (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/744)
The Vehicle Excise Duty (Immobilisation, Removal and Disposal of Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/745)
The Removal and Disposal of Vehicles (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/746)
The Education (Bursaries for School Teacher Training) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/756)
The Local Government (Best Value Performance Indicators) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/757)
The Warm Homes and Energy Conservation Act 2000 (Commencement) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/758)
The Aggregates Levy (General) Regulations (SI 2002/761)
The Value Added Tax (Health and Welfare) Order (SI 2002/762)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/763)
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (England) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/764)
The Electronic Money (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/765)
The Police (Promotion) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/767)
The Town and Country Planning (Fees for Applications and Deemed Applications) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/768)
The Local Government (Early Termination of Employment) (Discretionary Compensation) (England and Wales) (Miscellaneous) Regulations (SI 2002/769)
The Lands Tribunal (Fees) (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/770)
The Child Support (Northern Ireland Reciprocal Arrangements) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/771)
The Food (Figs, Hazelnuts and Pistachios from Turkey) (Emergency Control) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/773)
The Food (Peanuts from China) (Emergency Control) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/774)
The General Optical Council (Registration and Enrolment (Amendment) Rules) Order of Council (SI 2002/775)
The National Criminal Intelligence Service (Secretary of State's Objectives) Order (SI 2002/778)
The National Crime Squad (Secretary of State's Objectives) Order (SI 2002/779)
The A21 Trunk Road (A2100 Junction Improvement John's Cross) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/780)
The A21 Trunk Road (A2100 Junction Improvement John's Cross) Order (SI 2002/781)
The Asylum Support (Repeal) Order (SI 2002/782)
The Local Authorities Executive Arrangements (Functions and Responsibilities) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/783)
The Advisory Committee for Wales (Environment Agency) Abolition Order (SI 2002/784)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 2002/2003) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/785)
The Hemp (Third Country Imports) Regulations (SI 2002/787)
The Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders (Designation of Reciprocating Countries) Order (SI 2002/788)
The Maintenance Orders (Facilities for Enforcement) (Revocation) Order (SI 2002/789)
The Sea Fisheries (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/790)
The Adjacent Waters Boundaries (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/791)
The Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions Amendment Order (SI 2002/792)
The International Criminal Court (Immunities and Privileges) Order (SI 2002/793)
The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/794)
The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment No. 2) Order (SI 2002/795)
The Criminal Injuries Compensation (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/796)
The Abolition of the Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work Order (SI 2002/797)
The Air Navigation (Environmental Standards) Order (SI 2002/798)
The Telecommunication Services (Channel Islands) Order (SI 2002/799)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/800)
801–900
The Scottish Administration (Offices) Order (SI 2002/801)
The Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Discharge of Functions) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/802)
The Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Modification of Enactments and Further Provisions) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/803)
The Local Authorities (Executive and Alternative Arrangements) (Modification of Enactments and Other Provisions) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/808)
The Finance Act 2001, section 16, (Appointed Day) Order (SI 2002/809)
The Local Authorities (Alternative Arrangements) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/810)
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (Wales) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/811)
The Child Minding and Day Care (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/812)
The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/813)
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/814)
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/815)
The Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults and Care Standards Tribunal Regulations (SI 2002/816)
The Social Security Administration Act 1992 (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/817)
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (Commencement No. 15) Order (SI 2002/818)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Miscellaneous) Regulations (SI 2002/819)
The Food (Peanuts from China) (Emergency Control) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/820)
The Food (Figs, Hazelnuts and Pistachios from Turkey) (Emergency Control) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/821)
The International Criminal Court Act 2001 (Enforcement of Fines, Forfeiture and Reparation Orders) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/822)
The Electricity (Exemption from the Requirement for a Generation Licence) (England and Wales) Order (SI 2002/823)
The Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Animal Health) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/824)
The Immigration (Transit Visa) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/825)
The Zimbabwe (Freezing of Funds, other Financial Assets or Economic Resources) Regulations (SI 2002/826)
The General Osteopathic Council (Election of Members and Chairman of Council) Rules Order of Council (SI 2002/827)
The Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (Amendment) (England) Order (SI 2002/828)
The Tax Credits Up-rating Order (SI 2002/829)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating and National Insurance Funds Payments) Order (SI 2002/830)
The Royal Mint Trading Fund (Extension and Variation) Order (SI 2002/831)
The Court of Protection (Enduring Powers of Attorney) (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/832)
The Court of Protection (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/833)
The National Assembly for Wales (Representation of the People) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/834)
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Bankruptcy) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/836)
The Disabled Facilities Grants and Home Repair Assistance (Maximum Amounts) (Amendment) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/837)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) Order (SI 2002/838)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 13) (England) Order (SI 2002/839)
The Education (School Performance Targets) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/840)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/841)
The Social Security Benefit (Computation of Earnings) (Child Care Charges) Regulations (SI 2002/842)
The TSE (England) Regulations (SI 2002/843)
The Bail (Electronic Monitoring of Requirements) (Responsible Officer) Order (SI 2002/844)
The Local Authority Remands (Electronic Monitoring of Conditions) (Responsible Officer) Order (SI 2002/845)
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement No. 8 and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/846)
The Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/847)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services Supplementary List) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/848)
The European Specialist Medical Qualifications Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/849)
The Northumberland Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/850)
The Mid-Sussex National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/851)
The Wakefield Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/852)
The West Sussex Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/853)
The East Gloucestershire National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) No. 2 Order (SI 2002/854)
The Walsall Community Health National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/855)
The Surrey and Sussex Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/856)
The Tameside and Glossop Community and Priority Services National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) No. 2 Order (SI 2002/857)
The Parkside National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) No. 2 Order (SI 2002/858)
The Parkside National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/859)
The Buckinghamshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) No. 2 Order (SI 2002/861)
The Buckinghamshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) No. 3 Order (SI 2002/862)
The Buckinghamshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) No. 4 Order (SI 2002/863)
The Gloucestershire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) No. 2 Order (SI 2002/864)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Establishments and Agencies) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/865)
The Bradford Community Health National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/866)
The Sussex Weald and Downs National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/867)
The Zimbabwe (Sale, Supply, Export and Shipment of Equipment) (Penalties and Licences) Regulations (SI 2002/868)
The Sunderland Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/869)
The Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/870)
The Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) No. 2 Order (SI 2002/871)
The Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/872)
The South West London Community National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/873)
The Lifespan Health Care Cambridge National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/874)
The West Kent Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/875)
The East Kent Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/876)
The South West London Community National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) No. 2 Order (SI 2002/877)
The Invicta Community Care National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/878)
The Thames Gateway National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/879)
The Health Professions Order 2001 (Consequential Amendments) Order (SI 2002/880)
The Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001 (Consequential Amendments) Order (SI 2002/881)
The Rabies (Importation of Dogs, Cats and Other Mammals) (Amendment) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/882)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance and Approved Investments) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/885)
The Local Government (Whole Authority Analyses and Improvement Plans) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/886)
The Abortion (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/887)
The National Health Service (Local Pharmaceutical Services and Pharmaceutical Services) Regulations (SI 2002/888)
The Meat (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/889)
The Contaminants in Food (England) Regulations (SI 2002/890)
The Lincolnshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order (SI 2002/891)
The Feeding Stuffs (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/892)
The Wandsworth Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/893)
The Walsall Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/894)
The North Somerset Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/895)
The Disqualification from Caring for Children (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/896)
The Dairy Produce Quotas (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/897)
The A5 London to Holyhead Trunk Road (Sketchley Meadow Junction Improvement) Order (SI 2002/898)
901–1000
The Regulatory Reform (Voluntary Aided Schools Liabilities and Funding) (England) Order (SI 2002/906)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (England) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/907)
The Companies (Particulars of Usual Residential Address) (Confidentiality Orders) Regulations (SI 2002/912)
The Limited Liability Partnerships (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/913)
The Renewables Obligation Order (SI 2002/914)
The Limited Liability Partnerships (Particulars of Usual Residential Address) (Confidentiality Orders) Regulations (SI 2002/915)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/916)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/917)
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/918)
The Registration of Social Care and Independent Health Care (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/919)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 8 (Wales) and Transitional, Savings and Consequential Provisions) Order (SI 2002/920)
The Registration of Social Care and Independent Healthcare (Fees) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/921)
The Council for Professions Supplementary to Medicine (Transfer of Staff and Property etc.) Order (SI 2002/922)
The Nursing and Midwifery (Transfer of Staff and Property etc.) Order (SI 2002/923)
The Plant Health (Forestry) (Great Britain) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/927)
Contracting Out (Local Education Authority Functions) (England) Order (SI 2002/928)
The Food (Jelly Confectionery) (Emergency Control) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/931)
The Medicines (Products Other Than Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Amendment Order (SI 2002/933)
The Rowley Regis and Tipton Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/938)
The Eastern Birmingham Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/939)
The Coventry Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/940)
The Shropshire County Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/941)
The South Warwickshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/942)
The Telford and Wrekin Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/943)
The Rugby Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/944)
The Redditch and Bromsgrove Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/945)
The Cannock Chase Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/946)
The South Worcestershire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/947)
The Wolverhampton City Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/948)
The Oldbury and Smethwick Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/949)
The South Western Staffordshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/950)
The East Staffordshire Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/951)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/956)
The Wednesbury and West Bromwich Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/957)
The Heart of Birmingham Teaching Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/958)
The North Birmingham Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/959)
The Medway Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/960)
The Local Authorities (Elected Mayor and Mayor's Assistant) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/975)
The Northampton Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/980)
The Eastbourne Downs Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/981)
The East Elmbridge and Mid Surrey Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/982)
The Canterbury and Coastal Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/983)
The North Surrey Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/984)
The Horsham and Chanctonbury Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/985)
The Guildford and Waverley Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/986)
The Western Sussex Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/987)
The East Surrey Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/988)
The Adur, Arun and Worthing Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/989)
The East Kent Coastal Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/990)
The Brighton and Hove City Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/991)
The Ashford Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/992)
The Swale Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/993)
The Crawley Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/994)
The Woking Area Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/995)
The Sussex Downs and Weald Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/996)
The Northamptonshire Heartlands Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/997)
The Shepway Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/998)
The Lambeth Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/999)
The Camden Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1000)
1001–1100
The Lewisham Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1001)
The Islington Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1002)
The Southwark Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1003)
The Kensington and Chelsea Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1004)
The Brent Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1005)
The Westminster Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1006)
The Croydon Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1007)
The Teddington, Twickenham and Hamptons Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment and Change of Name Order (SI 2002/1008)
The Nelson and West Merton Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment and Change of Name Order (SI 2002/1009)
The Harrow Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1010)
The Pet Travel Scheme (Pilot Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1011)
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement No. 9 and Transitional Provisions) Order (SI 2002/1014)
The Bus Service Operators Grant (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1015)
Travel Concessions (Eligible Services) Order (SI 2002/1016)
The A303 Trunk Road (Folly Bottom Junction) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1029)
The A303 Trunk Road (Folly Bottom Junction Improvement Slip Roads) Order (SI 2002/1030)
The Borough of South Ribble (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1031)
The District of Craven (Ribble Banks Parish Council) (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/1032)
The District of East Riding (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1033)
The Borough of Milton Keynes (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1034)
The District of Forest of Dean (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1035)
The District of Babergh (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1036)
The Insolvency Act 1986 (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1037)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (Wales) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1038)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1039)
The A282 Trunk Road (Dartford–Thurrock Crossing Charging Scheme) Order (SI 2002/1040)
The Warrant Enforcement Staff Pensions Order (SI 2002/1043)
The Greater London Authority (Declaration of Acceptance of Office) Order (SI 2002/1044)
The Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Modification of Enactments) (England) Order (SI 2002/1057)
The A57 Trunk Road (A57/M60/M67 Denton Roundabout to Manchester City Boundary) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1058)
The Regulatory Reform (Golden Jubilee Licensing) Order (SI 2002/1062)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) Order (SI 2002/1063)
The Heathrow Express Railway Extension Order (SI 2002/1064)
The Piccadilly Line (Heathrow T5 Extension) Order (SI 2002/1065)
The Docklands Light Railway (Silvertown and London City Airport Extension) Order (SI 2002/1066)
The Plant Health (England) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1067)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Visual Recording of Interviews) (Certain Police Areas) Order (SI 2002/1069)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Fibernet UK Limited) Order (SI 2002/1070)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Eurocall Limited) Order (SI 2002/1071)
The Vehicle Excise Duty (Designation of Small Islands) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1072)
The National Health Service (Clinical Negligence Scheme) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/1073)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1074)
The Geneva Conventions (Amendment) Act (Overseas Territories) Order (SI 2002/1076)
The Overseas Territories (Zimbabwe) (Restrictive Measures) Order (SI 2002/1077)
The Air Navigation (Jersey) (Amendment No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1078)
The Education (Inspectors of Education and Training in Wales) Order (SI 2002/1079)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1080)
The Waste Management Licensing (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1087)
The Food (Jelly Confectionery) (Emergency Control) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1090)
The Housing (Right to Acquire) (Discount) Order (SI 2002/1091)
The Radioactive Material (Road Transport) (Definition of Radioactive Material) Order (SI 2002/1092)
The Radioactive Material (Road Transport) Regulations (SI 2002/1093)
The Government of Further Education Corporations (Revocation) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1094)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 8) Order (SI 2002/1095)
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Commencement No. 6) Order (SI 2002/1097)
The Value Added Tax (Increase of Registration Limits) Order (SI 2002/1098)
The Value Added Tax (Consideration for Fuel Provided for Private Use) Order (SI 2002/1099)
The Value Added Tax (Reduced Rate) Order (SI 2002/1100)
1101–1200
The Value Added Tax (Construction of Buildings) Order (SI 2002/1101)
The Value Added Tax (Buildings and Land) Order (SI 2002/1102)
The Electricity and Gas (Determination of Turnover for Penalties) Order (SI 2002/1111)
The South Stoke Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1112)
The North Stoke Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1113)
The Burntwood, Lichfield and Tamworth Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1114)
The Rushmoor and Hart Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) No. 2 Order (SI 2002/1115)
The Central Derby Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1116)
The Tameside and Glossop Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1117)
The Torbay Primary Care Trust and the Teignbridge Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1118)
The Eastleigh and Test Valley South Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1119)
The Fareham and Gosport Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1120)
The Fenland Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1121)
The Northumberland Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1122)
The Maidstone and Malling Primary Care Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1123)
The Health Professions Order 2001 (Transitional Provisions) Order (SI 2002/1124)
The Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001 (Transitional Provisions) Order (SI 2002/1125)
The Bridgend (Cynffig, Cornelly and Pyle Communities) (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/1129)
The Gaming Clubs (Bankers' Games) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1130)
The Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Animal Health) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1131)
The Social Security (Claims and Information) (Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit) Regulations (SI 2002/1132)
The Bootle and Litherland Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1133)
The Devon County Council (Barnstaple Downstream Bridge) Scheme 2000 Confirmation Instrument (SI 2002/1134)
The Magistrates' Courts (Extradition) (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/1135)
The Education (Birmingham College of Food, Tourism and Creative Studies) (Transfer to the Higher Education Sector) Order (SI 2002/1136)
The Education (Bursaries for School Teacher Training) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1137)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1142)
The Football Spectators (World Cup Control Period) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1143)
The Personal Protective Equipment Regulations (SI 2002/1144)
The Immigration Appeals (Family Visitor) Regulations (SI 2002/1147)
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement No. 9) Order (SI 2002/1149)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Modifications to Code C and Code D) (Certain Police Areas) Order (SI 2002/1150)
The Atomic Energy Authority (Special Constables) Order (SI 2002/1151)
The Climate Change Levy (General) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1152)
The Railways (Interoperability) (High-Speed) Regulations (SI 2002/1166)
The Health Act 1999 (Commencement No. 12) Order (SI 2002/1167)
The A6 Trunk Road (Derby to Stockport) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1168)
The Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (Amendment) Rules Approval Order (SI 2002/1169)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 8) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1170)
The Education (Governors' Annual Reports) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1171)
The Education (School Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1172)
The Value Added Tax (Transport) Order (SI 2002/1173)
The Bovines and Bovine Products (Trade) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1174)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 9) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1175)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Extension of Meaning of Social Care Worker) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1176)
The Radioactive Substances (Natural Gas) Exemption Order (SI 2002/1177)
The A45 Trunk Road (Weedon Road, Upton To The M45/A45 Roundabout, Dunchurch) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1178)
The A38 Trunk Road (Worcestershire/Gloucestershire) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1179)
The A452 Trunk Road (B5011 Ogley Road Junction To The A4041 Queslett Road East/B4138 Thornhill Road Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1180)
The A523 Trunk Road (Calton Moor to Cheshire Border) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1181)
The A516 Trunk Road (West of Derby) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1182)
The A523 Trunk Road (County of Cheshire) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1183)
The A523 Trunk Road (Metropolitan Borough of Stockport) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1184)
The A61 Trunk Road (Alfreton to Sheffield) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1185)
The A52 Trunk Road (Derby to Calton Moor) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1186)
The Education Development Plans (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1187)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Middleton Railway Drewry Car) Exemption Order (SI 2002/1188)
1201–1300
The Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/1204)
The A57 Trunk Road (M1 to A1) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1205)
The A606 Trunk Road (A52 to A46) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1206)
The A614 Trunk Road (Leapool to Ollerton and Blyth to Bawtry) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1207)
The A15 Trunk Road (North of Lincoln to North Lincolnshire Border) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1208)
The A15 Trunk Road (South of M180) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1209)
The A16 Trunk Road (Stamford to North East Lincolnshire) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1210)
The A17 Trunk Road (Newark-on-Trent to King's Lynn) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1211)
The A46 Trunk Road (North of Lincoln) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1212)
The A34 Trunk Road (Newtown, Great Wyrley, Staffordshire To The Southern Boundary Of The A34/A500 Queensway Roundabout, Staffordshire) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1213)
The A5011 Trunk Road (Linley Road) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1214)
The A449 Trunk Road (A5 Gailey Roundabout to the A34 Queensway, Stafford) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1215)
The Social Security Fraud Act 2001 (Commencement No. 5) Order (SI 2002/1222)
The Town and Country Planning (Major Infrastructure Project Inquiries Procedure) (England) Rules (SI 2002/1223)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1227)
The Cornwall Healthcare National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1234)
The Lincolnshire South West Primary Care Trust Change of Name Order (SI 2002/1235)
The Insolvency Act 1986 (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1240)
The Immigration (Swiss Free Movement of Persons) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/1241)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Administration Orders Relating to Insurers) Order (SI 2002/1242)
The Blackpool, Fylde and Wyre Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Blackpool, Wyre and Fylde Community Health Services National Health Service Trust and the Blackpool Victoria Hospital National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1243)
The Cheshire and Wirral Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Wirral and West Cheshire Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1244)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 12) (England) Order (SI 2002/1245)
The National Care Standards Commission (Children's Rights Director) Regulations (SI 2002/1250)
The Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/1251)
The British Overseas Territories Act 2002 (Commencement) Order (SI 2002/1252)
The TSE (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1253)
The General Chiropractic Council (Election of Members and Chairman of Council) Rules Order (SI 2002/1263)
The Water Industry (Scotland) Act 2002 (Directions in the Interests of National Security) Order (SI 2002/1264)
The Beer and Excise Warehousing (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1265)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Visual Recording of Interviews) Order (SI 2002/1266)
The Pressure Equipment (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1267)
The Coast Protection (Notices) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1278)
The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (Commencement No. 4) Order (SI 2002/1279)
The Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1280)
The Security of Pathogens and Toxins (Exceptions to Dangerous Substances) Regulations (SI 2002/1281)
The Police Authorities (Selection Panel) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1282)
The Rotherham Priority Health Services National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1293)
The Barnsley Community and Priority Services National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1294)
The Doncaster Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1295)
The Southern Derbyshire Mental Health National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order and the Community Health Care Service (North Derbyshire) National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1296)
The Sheffield Children's Hospital National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1297)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Prescription of Offices, Ranks and Positions) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1298)
The Plant Health (Phytophthora ramorum) (England) Order (SI 2002/1299)
1301–1400
The Insolvency (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/1307)
The Insolvent Partnerships (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1308)
The Administration of Insolvent Estates of Deceased Persons (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1309)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion and Miscellaneous Amendments) Order (SI 2002/1310)
The National Health Service (Compensation for Premature Retirement) Regulations (SI 2002/1311)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 9) Order (SI 2002/1312)
The South West Yorkshire Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Wakefield and Pontefract Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1313)
The A596 Trunk Road (Calva Brow Junction, Workington) Order (SI 2002/1315)
The Education (Student Support) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1318)
The Bradford District Care Trust (Establishment) and the Bradford Community Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1322)
The National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1323)
The South of Tyne and Wearside Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Priority Healthcare Wearside National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1324)
The Primary Care Trusts (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1325)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment (No. 3) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1326)
The Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Trafford Depot) Order (SI 2002/1327)
The Animal Gatherings (Interim Measures) (England) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1328)
The Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1329)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations (SI 2002/1330)
The Education (QCA Levy) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1331)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/1333)
The Tax Credits (Prescribed Period of Awards) Regulations (SI 2002/1334)
The Wiltshire and Swindon Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1335)
The National Health Service Trusts (Originating Capital) Order (SI 2002/1336)
The West Kent National Health Service and Social Care Trust (Establishment) and the Thames Gateway National Health Service Trust and Invicta Community Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1337)
The Bournewood Community and Mental Health National Health Service Trust Change of Name Order (SI 2002/1338)
The Tax Credits (Prescribed Period of Awards) (Northern Ireland) Regulations (SI 2002/1339)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Regulations (SI 2002/1340)
The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Pinderfields and Pontefract Hospitals National Health Service Trust and the Dewsbury Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1341)
The Northallerton Health Services National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1342)
The Judicial Pensions (Pensions Appeal Tribunals) Order (SI 2002/1347)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (England) (Amendment No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1348)
The Sheep and Goat Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1349)
The Plant Health (Phytophthora ramorum) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1350)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hampshire) (District of Hart) Order (SI 2002/1351)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hampshire) (Borough of Rushmoor) Order (SI 2002/1352)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Liverpool) Order (SI 2002/1353)
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (Revocation) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1354)
The Offshore Chemicals Regulations (SI 2002/1355)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1356)
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1357)
The Animal Gatherings (Interim Measures) (Wales) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1358)
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1359)
The Worcestershire Community and Mental Health National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1360)
The Brent, Kensington, Chelsea and Westminster Mental Health National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1361)
The West Sussex Health and Social Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Worthing Priority National Health Service Trust and Sussex Weald and Downs National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1362)
The Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Mid Sussex National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1363)
The Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the City Hospital National Health Service Trust and Sandwell Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1364)
The Police (Retention and Disposal of Items Seized) Regulations (SI 2002/1372)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (AT&T Global Network Services (UK) B.V.) Order (SI 2002/1376)
The Education (Listed Bodies) (England) Order (SI 2002/1377)
The Tax Credits (Decisions and Appeals) (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1378)
The Social Security and Child Support (Decisions and Appeals) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/1379)
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Disclosure of Information) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/1383)
The East Lancashire (Heywood Extension) Light Railway Order (SI 2002/1384)
The Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Decisions, Documents and Meetings) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1385)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1386)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1387)
The North Stoke Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1392)
The South Stoke Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1393)
The School Teacher Appraisal (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1394)
The A39 Trunk Road (Devon/Cornwall County Boundary to Indian Queens Cornwall) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1395)
The School Government (Terms of Reference) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1396)
The Secretaries of State for Education and Skills and for Work and Pensions Order (SI 2002/1397)
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1398)
The Dentists Act 1984 (Dental Auxiliaries) Order (SI 2002/1399)
The Education (School Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1400)
1401–1500
The School Governors' Annual Reports (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1401)
The Brinsbury College (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1402)
The Primary Care Trusts (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1405)
The Social Security (Attendance Allowance and Disability Living Allowance) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1406)
The Gaming Clubs (Bankers' Games) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1407)
The International Development Act 2002 (Commencement) Order (SI 2002/1408)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) (Taxes) Order (SI 2002/1409)
The Lotteries (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order (SI 2002/1410)
The Income Support (General) and Jobseeker's Allowance Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/1411)
The Goods Vehicles (Community Authorisations) (Modification of the Road Traffic (Foreign Vehicles) Act 1972) Regulations (SI 2002/1415)
The TSE (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1416)
The Tax Credit (New Category of Child Care Provider) Regulations (SI 2002/1417)
The Free Zone (Port of Tilbury) Designation Order (SI 2002/1418)
The Deregulation (Correction of Birth and Death Entries in Registers or Other Records) Order (SI 2002/1419)
The Bridgend (Cynffig, Cornelly and Pyle Communities)(Electoral Changes)(Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1432)
The Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1433)
The Education (Teachers' Qualifications and Health Standards) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1434)
The Race Relations Act 1976 (General Statutory Duty: Code of Practice) Order (SI 2002/1435)
The Protection of Children Act 1999 (Commencement No. 3) Order (SI 2002/1436)
The Leicestershire and Rutland Healthcare National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1437)
The Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations (SI 2002/1438)
Commission Areas (West Mercia) Order (SI 2002/1440)
The Welsh Language Schemes (Public Bodies) Order (SI 2002/1441)
The Regulatory Reform (Carer's Allowance) Order (SI 2002/1457)
The Disability Discrimination (Educational Institutions) (Alteration of Leasehold Premises) Regulations (SI 2002/1458)
The Disability Discrimination (Designation of Educational Institutions) Order (SI 2002/1459)
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1460)
The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (Rate of Levy) Order (SI 2002/1461)
The Hydrocarbon Oil (Industrial Reliefs) Regulations (SI 2002/1471)
The Animal By-Products (Identification) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1472)
The Merchant Shipping (Safety of Navigation) Regulations (SI 2002/1473)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1474)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1475)
The Meat (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1476)
The Plant Health (Forestry) (Phytophthora ramorum) (Great Britain) Order (SI 2002/1478)
The Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 (Schedule 3 Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1479)
The Stakeholder Pension Schemes (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1480)
The Office of Communications Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) Order (SI 2002/1483)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Dorset) (District of Purbeck) Order (SI 2002/1484)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Dorset) (District of East Dorset) Order (SI 2002/1485)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Dorset) (District of West Dorset) Order (SI 2002/1486)
The Street Works (Reinstatement) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1487)
The Gas (Connection Charges) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1488)
The St. Helens and Knowsley Community Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1489)
The South Buckinghamshire National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1490)
The South Tees Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1491)
The Community Healthcare Bolton National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1492)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 14 (England) and Transitional, Savings and Amendment Provisions) Order (SI 2002/1493)
The Camden and Islington Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1494)
The Eastbourne and County National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1495)
The Cheshire Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1496)
The North Mersey Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1497)
The South Essex Mental Health and Community Care National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1498)
The Chester and Halton Community National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1499)
The CommuniCare National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1500)
1501–1600
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Provisions) (Credit Unions) Order (SI 2002/1501)
The Value Added Tax (Cars) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1502)
The Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1503)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Dorset) (District of North Dorset) Order (SI 2002/1504)
The National Care Standards Commission (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1505)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) (Amendment) (No. 2) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1506)
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1554)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) Order (SI 2002/1555)
The Education (School Day and School Year) (Amendment) (No. 2) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1556)
The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (Commencement No. 5) Order (SI 2002/1558)
The Landfill (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1559)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Companhia Portuguesa Radio Marconi SA) Order (SI 2002/1560)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (United Networks Limited) Order (SI 2002/1561)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (T-Systems Limited) Order (SI 2002/1562)
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1563)
The Merchant Shipping (Diving Safety) Regulations (SI 2002/1587)
The Lincolnshire (Coroners' Districts) Order (SI 2002/1588)
The Social Security Amendment (Students and Income-related Benefits) Regulations (SI 2002/1589)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Exemption) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1590)
The Regulatory Reform (Vaccine Damage Payments Act 1979) Order (SI 2002/1592)
The Driving Licences (Exchangeable Licences) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1593)
The A46 Trunk Road (Ashchurch Station Bridge) Order (SI 2002/1594)
The A46 Trunk Road (Ashchurch Station Bridge) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1595)
The Income Tax (Benefits in Kind) (Exemption for Employment Costs resulting from Disability) Regulations (SI 2002/1596)
The European Communities (Recognition of Qualifications and Experience) (Third General System) Regulations 2 (SI 2002/1597)
The Charities (Exception From Registration) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1598)
1601–1700
The Food and Animal Feedingstuffs (Products of Animal Origin from China) (Emergency Control) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1614)
The Leeds Community and Mental Health Services Teaching National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order (SI 2002/1615)
The National Health Service (Primary Care) Act 1997 (Commencement No. 8) Order (SI 2002/1616)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South Central Class 375/3 Vehicles) Exemption Order (SI 2002/1617)
The Consular Fees Act 1980 (Fees) Order (SI 2002/1618)
The Animal By-Products (Identification) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1619)
The Criminal Defence Service (Representation Order Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1620)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of North Yorkshire) (Borough of Harrogate) Order (SI 2002/1621)
The General Dental Council (Constitution) Order (SI 2002/1625)
The Exempt Charities Order (SI 2002/1626)
The Consular Fees Order (SI 2002/1627)
The Air Navigation (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1628)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Modifications of Schedule 5) Order (SI 2002/1629)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) Order (SI 2002/1630)
The Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1646)
The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (Commencement No. 3) Order (SI 2002/1647)
The Electoral Fraud (Northern Ireland) Act 2002 (Commencement) Order (SI 2002/1648)
The Non-Road Mobile Machinery (Emission of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1649)
The Merchant Shipping (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/1650)
The M4 Motorway (Hillingdon and Hounslow) (Speed Limits) Regulations (SI 2002/1651)
The Education (Recognised Bodies) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1661)
The European Union Extradition (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1662)
Further Education Teachers' Qualifications (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1663)
The Education (Listed Bodies) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1667)
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) Order (SI 2002/1668)
The Boroughs of Halton, Thurrock and Warrington (Changes to Years of Elections) Order (SI 2002/1670)
The Dental Auxiliaries (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1671)
The M4 Motorway (London Borough of Hounslow) (Bus Lane) Order 1998 (Variation) Order (SI 2002/1672)
The Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 (Commencement No. 5) Order (SI 2002/1673)
The Late Payment of Commercial Debts Regulations (SI 2002/1674)
The Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Rate of Interest) (No. 3) Order (SI 2002/1675)
The Horticultural Development Council (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1676)
The Plant Breeders' Rights (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1677)
The A361 Trunk Road (M5 Motorway Junction 27 to Portmore Roundabout Devon) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1678)
The A39 Trunk Road (Portmore Roundabout to the Devon/Cornwall County Boundary) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/1679)
The Education (Pupil Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1680)
The Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes Order (SI 2002/1686)
The Magistrates' Courts (Special Measures Directions) Rules (SI 2002/1687)
The Crown Court (Special Measures Directions and Directions Prohibiting Cross-examination) Rules (SI 2002/1688)
The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations (SI 2002/1689)
The Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Lifespan Health Care Cambridge National Health Service Trust and the North West Anglia Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1690)
The State Pension Credit Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) Order (SI 2002/1691)
The Coventry Primary Care Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/1692)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Interception of Communications: Code of Practice) Order (SI 2002/1693)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Isle of Wight Railway LCDR No. 2515 Vehicle) Exemption Order (SI 2002/1694)
The Teesside Tertiary College (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1695)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 4) Regulations (SI 2002/1696)
The Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments No. 3) (Northern Ireland) Regulations (SI 2002/1697)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1698)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Virgin West Coast Class 390 Vehicles) Exemption Order (SI 2002/1699)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) Regulations (SI 2002/1700)
1701–1800
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Joint Claims) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/1701)
The Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1702)
The Social Security (Jobcentre Plus Interviews) Regulations (SI 2002/1703)
The Access to the Countryside (Provisional and Conclusive Maps) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1710)
Vehicular Access Across Common and Other Land (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1711)
The North Derbyshire Tertiary College (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/1714)
The Leasehold Reform (Notices) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1715)
The Immigration Services Tribunal (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/1716)
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/1717)
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement No. 8) Order (SI 2002/1718)
The Local Government Act 2000 (Model Code of Conduct) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1719)
The Education (Grants in respect of Voluntary Aided Schools) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1720)
The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (Commencement No. 4) Order (SI 2002/1721)
The Local Government Commission for England (Winding-up) Order (SI 2002/1723)
The Public Service Vehicles (Conduct of Drivers, Inspectors, Conductors and Passengers) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1724)
The Food (Figs, Hazelnuts and Pistachios from Turkey) (Emergency Control) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1726)
The Tax Credits Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) Order (SI 2002/1727)
The Food (Peanuts from China) (Emergency Control) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1728)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1729)
The Environmental Protection (Restriction on Use of Lead Shot) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1730)
The Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Excepted Transfers and Excepted Terminations) Regulations (SI 2002/1731)
The Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Excepted Settlements) Regulations (SI 2002/1732)
The Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Excepted Estates) Regulations (SI 2002/1733)
The Magistrates' Courts (Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders) (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/1734)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1735)
The Homelessness Act 2002 (Commencement) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1736)
The Education Standards Fund (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1738)
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Commencement No. 7) Order (SI 2002/1739)
The Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) Order (SI 2002/1754)
The Football Spectators (Seating) Order (SI 2002/1755)
The Police (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1758)
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1759)
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1760)
The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) Order (SI 2002/1761)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (South West Trains Class 458 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1762)
The Social Security Amendment (Intercalating Students) Regulations (SI 2002/1763)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (England) (Amendment No. 3) Order (SI 2002/1764)
The Animal Gatherings (Interim Measures) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1765)
The Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1766)
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1767)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 2 (SI 2002/1768)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Designated Rural Areas and Designated Regions) (England) Order (SI 2002/1769)
The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1770)
The Wildlife and Countryside (Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Appeals) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1772)
The Hydrocarbon Oil (Marking) Regulations (SI 2002/1773)
The Electronic Commerce Directive (Financial Services and Markets) Regulations (SI 2002/1775)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1776)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Commencement of Mortgage Regulation) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1777)
The Companies (Summary Financial Statement) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/1780)
The District of Wycombe (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/1781)
The Borough of Bournemouth (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/1783)
The District of Chiltern (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/1784)
The District of South Bucks (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/1785)
The Borough of Torbay (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/1786)
The Borough of Luton (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/1787)
The District of Aylesbury Vale (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/1788)
The Social Security (Electronic Communications) (Child Benefit) Order (SI 2002/1789)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 15 (England) and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1790)
The South Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance and Paramedic Service National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order (SI 2002/1791)
The State Pension Credit Regulations (SI 2002/1792)
The Countryside Access (Appeals Procedures) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1794)
The Control of Noise (Codes of Practice for Construction and Open Sites) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1795)
The Countryside Access (Provisional and Conclusive Maps) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1796)
The Feeding Stuffs (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1797)
The Food and Animal Feedingstuffs (Products of Animal Origin from China) (Emergency Control) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1798)
The Homelessness Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) (England) Order 2 (SI 2002/1799)
1801–1900
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Amendment) (No. 3) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1804)
The Plant Health (Amendment) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1805)
The Tir Mynydd (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1806)
The Parliamentary Pensions (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1807)
The Road Traffic (Vehicle Emissions) (Fixed Penalty) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1808)
The Staffordshire County Council Trent and Mersey Canal Bridge Scheme 2001 Confirmation Instrument (SI 2002/1809)
The Staffordshire County Council (Trent and Mersey Canal) Temporary Bridge Scheme 2001 Confirmation Instrument (SI 2002/1810)
The Food for Particular Nutritional Uses (Addition of Substances for Specific Nutritional Purposes) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1817)
The Capital Allowances (Energy-saving Plant and Machinery) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1818)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 3) Order (SI 2002/1819)
The Army, Air Force and Naval Discipline Acts (Continuation) Order (SI 2002/1820)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) Order (SI 2002/1821)
The Anti-terrorism (Financial and Other Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order (SI 2002/1822)
The Extradition (Overseas Territories) Order (SI 2002/1823)
The Extradition (Overseas Territories) (Hong Kong) Order (SI 2002/1824)
The Extradition (Overseas Territories) (Application to Hong Kong) Order (SI 2002/1825)
The International Maritime Organisation (Immunities and Privileges) Order (SI 2002/1826)
The Specialized Agencies of the United Nations (Immunities and Privileges) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1827)
The United Nations and International Court of Justice (Immunities and Privileges) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1828)
The European Convention on Extradition (Armenia and Georgia) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1829)
The European Convention on Extradition (Fiscal Offences) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1830)
The Extradition (Terrorist Bombings) Order (SI 2002/1831)
The Immigration (Entry Otherwise than by Sea or Air) Order (SI 2002/1832)
The Companies (Disqualification Orders) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1834)
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1835)
The Local Access Forums (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1836)
The Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Amount of Penalty) Order (SI 2002/1837)
The Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Form of Penalty Notice) Regulations (SI 2002/1838)
The Education Maintenance Allowance (Pilot Areas) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1841)
The Court of Appeal (Appeals from Proscribed Organisations Appeal Commission) Rules (SI 2002/1843)
Court of Appeal (Appeals from Pathogens Access Appeal Commission) Rules (SI 2002/1844)
The Pathogens Access Appeal Commission (Procedure) Rules (SI 2002/1845)
The Local Government Pensions Scheme (Management and Investment of Funds) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1852)
The Child Support (Temporary Compensation Payment Scheme) (Modification and Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1854)
The Children (Leaving Care) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1855)
Local Education Authority (Post-Compulsory Education Awards)(Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1856)
The Education (Assembly Learning Grant Scheme) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1857)
The Protection of Wrecks (Designation) Order (SI 2002/1858)
The Income-Related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment Order (SI 2002/1859)
The Regulatory Reform (Housing Assistance) (England and Wales) Order (SI 2002/1860)
The Offshore Installations (Emergency Pollution Control) Regulations (SI 2002/1861)
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement No. 10) Order (SI 2002/1862)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Modifications to Code C and Code D) (Certain Police Areas) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1863)
The Wiltshire County Council (Semington Aqueduct) Scheme 2000 Confirmation Instrument (SI 2002/1868)
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1870)
The Representation of the People (England and Wales)(Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1871)
Representation of the People (Scotland) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1872)
Representation of the People (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1873)
The Insider Dealing (Securities and Regulated Markets) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1874)
The Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Amendment) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1875)
The Town and Country Planning (Fees for Applications and Deemed Applications) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1876)
The Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (Amendment) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1877)
The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1878)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1879)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1880)
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1881)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services Supplementary List) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1882)
National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1883)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Approved Investments) (Amendment) (No. 2) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1884)
The Shellfish (Specification of Crustaceans) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1885)
The Contaminants in Food (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1886)
The Parliamentary Pensions (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1887)
The Contracting Out (Functions of Local Authorities: Income-Related Benefits) Order (SI 2002/1888)
The Companies (Disclosure of Information) (Designated Authorities) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/1889)
The Agricultural or Forestry Tractors and Tractor Components (Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1890)
The Agricultural or Forestry Tractors (Emission of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants) Regulations (SI 2002/1891)
The Ecclesiastical Judges, Legal Officers and Others (Fees) Order (SI 2002/1892)
The Legal Officers (Annual Fees) Order (SI 2002/1893)
The Parochial Fees Order (SI 2002/1894)
The Local Authorities (Allowances for Members of County and County Borough Councils and National Park Authorities) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/1895)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1896)
The Undersized Spider Crabs (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1897)
The Welfare of Farmed Animals (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1898)
1901–2000
The Gaming Clubs (Multiple Bingo) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1901)
The Gaming Clubs (Charges) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1902)
The Cinematograph (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1903)
The Gaming Act (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order (SI 2002/1904)
The Gaming (Bingo) Act (Variation of Monetary Limit) Order (SI 2002/1909)
The Gaming Clubs (Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1910)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Public Fixed Wireless Access Licences) Regulations (SI 2002/1911)
The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1, Savings and Transitional Provisions) (England) Order (SI 2002/1912)
The Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) Order (SI 2002/1913)
The Vehicles (Crime) Act 2001 (Commencement No. 3) Order (SI 2002/1914)
The Child Support Appeals (Jurisdiction of Courts) Order (SI 2002/1915)
The Motor Salvage Operators Regulations (SI 2002/1916)
The Motor Salvage Operators (Specified Offences) Order (SI 2002/1917)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 3) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/1919)
The Abolition of the NHS Tribunal (Consequential Provisions) Regulations (SI 2002/1920)
The Family Health Services Appeal Authority (Procedure) (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/1921)
The Food (Control of Irradiation) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1922)
The Contaminants in Food (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1923)
The Hemp (Third Country Imports) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1924)
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (England)Order (SI 2002/1925)
The Finance Act 2002, section 5(6), (Appointed Date) Order (SI 2002/1926)
The Aggregates Levy (Northern Ireland Tax Credit) Regulations (SI 2002/1927)
The Biodiesel and Bioblend Regulations (SI 2002/1928)
The Aggregates Levy (Registration and Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1929)
The Betting, Gaming and Lotteries Act 1963 (Schedule 4) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1930)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Maintenance of Interception Capability) Order (SI 2002/1931)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Covert Human Intelligence Sources: Code of Practice) Order (SI 2002/1932)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Covert Surveillance: Code of Practice) Order (SI 2002/1933)
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1934)
The Value Added Tax (Acquisitions) Relief Order (SI 2002/1935)
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Thames Tunnel Approach) Order (SI 2002/1943)
The Court of Protection (Enduring Powers of Attorney) (Amendment No. 2) Rules (SI 2002/1944)
The Schedule 7 to the Terrorism Act 2000 (Information) Order (SI 2002/1945)
The Merseyrail Electrics Network Order (SI 2002/1946)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Severn Trent Retail Services Limited) Order (SI 2002/1947)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (VTL (UK) Limited) Order (SI 2002/1948)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Tweedwind Limited) Order (SI 2002/1949)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1950)
The Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre Trading Fund (Variation) Order (SI 2002/1951)
The Local Authorities (Scheme for Elections of Specified Councils) (England) Order (SI 2002/1962)
The Controlled Foreign Companies (Excluded Countries) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1963)
The Northern Ireland Assembly (Elections) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/1964)
The Transport and Works (Applications and Objections Procedure) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/1965)
The Relief for Community Amateur Sports Clubs (Designation) Order (SI 2002/1966)
The Corporation Tax (Finance Leasing of Intangible Assets) Regulations (SI 2002/1967)
The Income Tax (Prescribed Deposit-takers) Order (SI 2002/1968)
The Exchange Gains and Losses (Transitional Provisions and Savings) Regulations (SI 2002/1969)
The Exchange Gains and Losses (Bringing into Account Gains or Losses) Regulations (SI 2002/1970)
The European Single Currency (Taxes) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1971)
The Open-ended Investment Companies (Tax) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1973)
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/1974)
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Extension of Exceptions relating to Recognised Exchanges) Regulations (SI 2002/1975)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1979)
Disability Discrimination (Services and Premises) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1980)
Disability Discrimination (Prescribed Periods for Accessibility Strategies and Plans for Schools) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1981)
Education (Non-Maintained Special Schools) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1982)
The Education (Middle School) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1983)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/1984)
The Special Educational Needs and Disability Tribunal (General Provisions and Disability Claims Procedure) Regulations (SI 2002/1985)
The Directors' Remuneration Report Regulations (SI 2002/1986)
The Employment Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1)Order (SI 2002/1989)
The Insolvency Act 1986 (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/1990)
The Wear Valley Railway Order (SI 2002/1997)
The Wye Navigation Order (SI 2002/1998)
The National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/1999)
The Falmouth & Truro Port Health Authority (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2000)
2001–2100
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) (England) Order (SI 2002/2001)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1)Order (SI 2002/2002)
Education (London Residuary Body) (Property Transfer) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2003)
The Education (Grants) (Music, Ballet and Choir Schools) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2004)
The Working Tax Credit (Entitlement and Maximum Rate) Regulations (SI 2002/2005)
The Tax Credits (Definition and Calculation of Income) Regulations (SI 2002/2006)
The Child Tax Credit Regulations (SI 2002/2007)
The Tax Credits (Income Thresholds and Determination of Rates) Regulations (SI 2002/2008)
The Immigration Services Commissioner (Registration Fee) Order (SI 2002/2011)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Nottingham) Order (SI 2002/2012)
The Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations (SI 2002/2013)
The Tax Credits (Claims and Notifications) Regulations (SI 2002/2014)
The Electronic Commerce Directive (Financial Services and Markets) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2015)
The National Health Service (Local Pharmaceutical Services and Pharmaceutical Services) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2016)
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2017)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2018)
The Social Security Amendment (Personal Allowances for Children and Young Persons) Regulations (SI 2002/2019)
The Social Security Amendment (Carer Premium) Regulations (SI 2002/2020)
The Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2021)
The Bus Service Operators Grant (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2022)
The Travel Concessions (Eligible Services) Order (SI 2002/2023)
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/2024)
The Lancashire Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Chorley and South Ribble National Health Service Trust and Preston Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/2025)
The Dual-Use Items (Export Control) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2033)
The Fixed-term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations (SI 2002/2034)
The Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2035)
The European Communities (Recognition of Qualifications and Experience) (Third General System) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2036)
The Appointment of Queen's Counsel Fees Order (SI 2002/2037)
The Education (National Curriculum) (Exceptions at Key Stage 4) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2048)
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Commencement No. 7) Order (SI 2002/2050)
The Homelessness (Priority Need for Accommodation) (England) Order (SI 2002/2051)
The Derelict Land Clearance Area (Combe Down Stone Mines, Bath) Order (SI 2002/2053)
The Antarctic (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2054)
The Merchant Shipping (Medical Examination) Regulations (SI 2002/2055)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/2058)
The Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2059)
The Animal Gatherings (Interim Measures) (Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2060)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (Wales) (Amendment No. 3) Order (SI 2002/2061)
The Financing of Maintained Schools (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2062)
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Consolidation) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2063)
The Education (Grants etc.) (Dance and Drama) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2064)
The National Care Standards Commission (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2070)
Education (Special Educational Needs) (City Colleges) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2071)
Education (Special Educational Needs) (Approval of Independent Schools) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2072)
The East Lancashire Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Blackburn, Hyndburn and Ribble Valley Health Care National Health Service Trust and Burnley Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/2073)
Education (Teacher Student Loans) (Repayment etc.) Regulations (SI 2002/2086)
Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2087)
The Education (Student Support)(Amendment)(No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2088)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2089)
The Service Subsidy Agreements (Tendering) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2090)
The Street Works (Recovery of Costs) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2091)
The Street Works (Inspection Fees) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2092)
The Stakeholder Pension Schemes (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2098)
The Packaging, Labelling and Carriage of Radioactive Material by Rail Regulations (SI 2002/2099)
2101–2200
The Environmental Protection (Restriction on Use of Lead Shot) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2102)
The School Teachers' Remuneration Order (SI 2002/2103)
The Education (Grants for Disabled Postgraduate Students) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2104)
The Education (School Performance Targets) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2105)
The Community Health Councils (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2106)
The A1041 Trunk Road (540m South of Abbotts Road to 240m Southwest of The Centre of Carlton New Bridge) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/2107)
The A65 Trunk Road (Thorlby Roundabout to North Yorkshire/City of Bradford Boundary) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/2108)
The Education Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions etc.) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2113)
The Schools Forums (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2114)
The Prison (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/2116)
The Young Offender Institution (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/2117)
The Local Authorities (Companies) (Amendment) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/2118)
The Hamilton Oxford Schools Partnership Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2123)
The Greenwich-Time to Succeed Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2124)
The Merchant Shipping (Hours of Work) Regulations (SI 2002/2125)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/2126)
The Environmental Impact Assessment (Uncultivated Land and Semi-Natural Areas) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2127)
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Cessation of Effect of Section 76) Order (SI 2002/2141)
The Greater London Magistrates' Courts Authority (Pensions) Order (SI 2002/2143)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2151)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (England) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2152)
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (England) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2153)
The Pigs (Records, Identification and Movement)(Interim Measures) (England) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2154)
The Travel Documents (Fees) (Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/2155)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) (Amendment) (Electronic Commerce Directive) Order (SI 2002/2157)
The Tax Credits (Claims) (Transitional Provision) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2158)
The Child Minding and Day Care (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2171)
The Working Tax Credit (Payment by Employers) Regulations (SI 2002/2172)
The Tax Credits (Payments by the Board) Regulations (SI 2002/2173)
The Health and Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/2174)
The Offshore Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/2175)
The Notification of New Substances (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2176)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Essex) (Borough of Brentwood) Order (SI 2002/2183)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Essex) (Borough of Chelmsford) Order (SI 2002/2184)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Essex) (District of Epping Forest) Order (SI 2002/2185)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Essex) (Borough of Colchester) Order (SI 2002/2186)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hampshire) (Borough of Basingstoke and Deane) Order (SI 2002/2187)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Bury) Order (SI 2002/2188)
The Velindre National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2199)
The Football (Disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002 (Commencement) Order (SI 2002/2200)
2201–2300
The Fishing Vessels (Safety of 15–24 Metre Vessels) Regulations (SI 2002/2201)
The National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) Order (SI 2002/2202)
The Social Security Amendment (Students and Income-related Benefits) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2207)
The Education (Governors' Annual Reports) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2214)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 16) (England) Order (SI 2002/2215)
The Disability Discrimination Codes of Practice (Education) (Appointed Day) Order (SI 2002/2216)
The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (Commencement No. 5) Order (SI 2002/2217)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2223)
The Income Tax (Sub-contractors in the Construction Industry) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2225)
The Long Residential Tenancies (Principal Forms) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2227)
The Public Trustee (Fees) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2232)
The Witham, Braintree and Halstead Care Trust (Establishment) Order (SI 2002/2233)
The Borough of Thurrock (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2234)
The Borough of Medway (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2235)
The City of Plymouth (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2236)
The Borough of Warrington (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2237)
The District of East Dorset (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2238)
The District of North Dorset (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2239)
The Borough of Blackpool (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2240)
The Borough of Christchurch (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2241)
The Borough of Halton (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2242)
The District of West Berkshire (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2243)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2244)
The State Pension Credit Act (Commencement No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2248)
The Employment Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2256)
The Lancashire (Coroners' Districts) Order (SI 2002/2257)
The Town and Country Planning (Fees for Applications and Deemed Applications) (Amendment No. 2) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2258)
The Housing (Scotland) Act 2001 (Housing Support Services Information) Order (SI 2002/2264)
The Tonnage Tax (Training Requirement) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2265)
The Origin of Goods (Petroleum Products) (Revocation) Regulations (SI 2002/2266)
The Trade Union Ballots and Elections (Independent Scrutineer Qualifications) Order 1993 (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2267)
The Recognition and Derecognition Ballots (Qualified Persons) Order 2000 (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2268)
The Birmingham and the Black Country Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2269)
The County Durham and Tees Valley Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2270)
The Greater Manchester Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2271)
The Leicestershire, Northamptonshire and Rutland Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2272)
The North Central London Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2273)
The North West London Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2274)
The Northumberland, Tyne & Wear Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2275)
The South East London Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2276)
The South West Peninsula Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2277)
The Thames Valley Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2278)
The Trent Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2279)
The West Yorkshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2280)
The Avon, Gloucestershire and Wiltshire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2281)
The Cumbria and Lancashire Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2282)
The Surrey and Sussex Health Authority (Transfer of Trust Property) Order (SI 2002/2283)
The Mobile Telephones (Re-programming) Act 2002 (Commencement) Order (SI 2002/2294)
The Food (Peanuts from China) (Emergency Control) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2295)
The Food (Figs, Hazelnuts and Pistachios from Turkey) (Emergency Control) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2296)
The Protection of Water Against Agricultural Nitrate Pollution (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2297)
The Local Authorities (Companies) (Amendment) (England) Order (SI 2002/2298)
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2299)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (England) (No. 2) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2300)
2301–2400
The Education Action Forum (Proceedings) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2301)
The Sheep and Goats Identification and Movement (Interim Measures) (Wales) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2302)
The Pigs (Records, Identification and Movement) (Interim Measures) (Wales) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2303)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (Wales) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2304)
The Police Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) Order (SI 2002/2306)
The Gaming Duty (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2310)
The Social Security (Incapacity) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2311)
The Attestation of Constables (Welsh Language) Order (SI 2002/2312)
The Police (Property) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2313)
The Social Security Amendment (Employment Programme) Regulations (SI 2002/2314)
The Beef Labelling (Enforcement) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2315)
The Education Act 2002 (Modification of Provisions) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2316)
The Housing Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/2322)
The Social Fund (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/2323)
The Homelessness Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) (England) Order (SI 2002/2324)
The Bovines and Bovine Products (Trade) (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2325)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Department of Trade and Industry Investigations) Order (SI 2002/2326)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Member-nominated Trustees and Directors) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/2327)
The Food (Peanuts from China) (Emergency Control) (England) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2350)
The Food (Figs, Hazelnuts and Pistachios from Turkey) (Emergency Control) (England) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2351)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/2352)
The National Health Service (Miscellaneous Dental Charges Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/2353)
The Lottery Duty (Instant Chances) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2354)
The Lottery Duty (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2355)
The Bovines and Bovine Products (Trade) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2357)
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 10) (England) Order (SI 2002/2363)
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2364)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/2366)
The Housing (Scotland) Act 2001 (Accommodation for Asylum-Seekers) Order (SI 2002/2367)
The Borough of Weymouth and Portland (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2368)
The City of Cambridge (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2369)
The District of West Dorset (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2370)
The Borough of Bracknell Forest (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2371)
The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2372)
The Borough of Telford and Wrekin (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2373)
The District of South Cambridgeshire (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2374)
The National Health Service (Functions of Strategic Health Authorities and Primary Care Trusts and Administration Arrangements) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2375)
The Council for the Regulation of Health Care Professionals (Appointment etc.) Regulations (SI 2002/2376)
The Vehicles (Crime) Act 2001 (Commencement No. 4) Order (SI 2002/2377)
The Driving Licences (Exchangeable Licences) Order (SI 2002/2379)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2380)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) (SI 2002/2381)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2382)
The Eastbourne and County National Health Service Trust Change of Name and (Establishment) Amendment Order (No. 2) (SI 2002/2397)
The Strand Road, Preston Railway Order (SI 2002/2398)
2401–2500
The Coroners' Records (Fees for Copies) Rules (SI 2002/2401)
The Income-related Benefits and Jobseeker's Allowance (Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2402)
The M60 Motorway (Junction 25) (Speed Limit) Regulations (SI 2002/2403)
The African Development Fund (Additional Subscriptions) Order (SI 2002/2404)
The Caribbean Development Bank (Further Payments) Order (SI 2002/2405)
The Controlled Foreign Companies (Excluded Countries) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2406)
The Buckinghamshire Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the South Buckinghamshire National Health Service Trust and Stoke Mandeville Hospital National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/2419)
The County Durham and Darlington Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the North Durham Health Care National Health Service Trust and South Durham Health Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order (SI 2002/2420)
The Aerodromes (Designation) (Facilities for Consultation) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2421)
The A595 Trunk Road (Lillyhall to A66 Chapel Brow) Order (SI 2002/2422)
The A6 Trunk Road (Levens Slip Road) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/2423)
The A590 Trunk Road (Levens Slip Road) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/2424)
The A69 Trunk Road (M6 to Carlisle City Boundary) (Detrunking) Order (SI 2002/2425)
Road Vehicles (Testing) (Disclosure of Information) (Great Britain) Regulations (SI 2002/2426)
The National Heritage (Territorial Waters Adjacent to England) Order (SI 2002/2427)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2 and Savings and Transitional Provisions) Order (SI 2002/2439)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Essex) (Borough of Brentwood) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2440)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments and Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2441)
The Social Security Amendment (Personal Injury Payments) Regulations (SI 2002/2442)
Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) Regulations (SI 2002/2443)
The General Dental Council (Election of Members) Rules Order of Council (SI 2002/2463)
The General Dental Council (President of the Council) Rules Order of Council (SI 2002/2464)
The Education (Nursery Education and Early Years Development) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2466)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 2)Order (SI 2002/2467)
The Metropolitan Police Authority (Civil Staff Pensions) Order (SI 2002/2468)
The National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Supplementary, Consequential etc. Provisions) Regulations (SI 2002/2469)
The Brightlingsea Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order (SI 2002/2476)
The National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2478)
The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation)(Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2479)
The Disease Control (Interim Measures) (Wales) (No. 2) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2480)
The Social Security Amendment (Carer's Allowance) Regulations (SI 2002/2497)
The Statistics of Trade (Customs and Excise) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2498)
2501–2600
Teacher Training Agency (Additional Functions) (No. 2) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2513)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Cumbria) (District of Eden) Order (SI 2002/2520)
The Irish Registers of Government Stock (Closure and Transfer) Order (SI 2002/2521)
The Longley Park Sixth Form College (Incorporation) Order (SI 2002/2522)
The Longley Park Sixth Form College (Government) Regulations (SI 2002/2523)
The Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/2524)
The Police Authorities (Three-year Strategy Plans) Regulations (SI 2002/2526)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Visual Recording of Interviews) (Certain Police Areas) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2527)
The Pollution Prevention and Control (Designation of Council Directives on Large Combustion Plants, Incineration of Waste and National Emission Ceilings) Order (SI 2002/2528)
The Police (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2529)
The Zimbabwe (Freezing of Funds, other Financial Assets or Economic Resources) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2530)
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2531)
The National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Commencement) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/2532)
The Atomic Energy (Americium) Order (SI 2002/2533)
The Minibus and Other Section 19 Permit Buses (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2534)
The Public Service Vehicles (Operators' Licences) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2535)
The Public Service Vehicles (Registration of Local Services) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England and Wales)Regulations (SI 2002/2536)
The Community Bus (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2537)
The Immigration (Short-term Holding Facilities) Regulations (SI 2002/2538)
The Land Registration Rules (SI 2002/2539)
The National Health Service (Out of Hours Medical Services) and National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/2548)
The Education (Pupil Referral Units) (Appeals Against Permanent Exclusion) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2550)
Medicines (Products for Animal Use—Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2569)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2570)
The General Medical Council (Fitness to Practise Committees) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council (SI 2002/2572)
The Plant Health (Phytophthora ramorum) (England) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2573)
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Suspension of Devolved Government) Order (SI 2002/2574)
The Veterinary Surgery (Rectal Ultrasound Scanning of Bovines) Order (SI 2002/2584)
The Lymington Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order (SI 2002/2586)
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Modification) Order (SI 2002/2587)
The Plant Health (Forestry) ("Phytophthora ramorum") (Great Britain) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2589)
The Driving Licences (Designation of Relevant External Law) Order (SI 2002/2590)
The District of Penwith (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2593)
The District of Carrick (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2594)
The District of Fenland (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2595)
The District of East Cambridgeshire (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2596)
The District of Harborough (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2597)
The District of North West Leicestershire (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2598)
The Borough of Melton (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2599)
The Borough of Slough (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2600)
2601–2700
The District of Caradon (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2602)
The District of North Cornwall (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2603)
The District of Kerrier (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2604)
The Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (Additional Designations) (England) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2614)
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/2615)
The National Health Service Trusts (Miscellaneous Dissolutions) Order (SI 2002/2616)
The Basildon and Thurrock General Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order (SI 2002/2617)
The Felixstowe Dock and Railway Harbour Revision Order (SI 2002/2618)
The Asylum Support (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2619)
The National Health Service Litigation Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order (SI 2002/2621)
The Children Act 1989 and the Care Standards Act 2000 (Miscellaneous Regulations) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2622)
The Freedom of Information (Additional Public Authorities) Order (SI 2002/2623)
The Local Authorities (Goods and Services) (Public Bodies) (England) (No. 3) Order (SI 2002/2624)
The Transfer of Functions (Transport, Local Government and the Regions) Order (SI 2002/2626)
The Overseas Territories (Zimbabwe) (Restrictive Measures) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2627)
The Somalia (United Nations Sanctions) Order (SI 2002/2628)
The Somalia (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) Order (SI 2002/2629)
The Somalia (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order (SI 2002/2630)
The Somalia (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order (SI 2002/2631)
The Education (Inspectors of Education and Training in Wales) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2632)
The Transfer of Functions (Civil Defence) Order (SI 2002/2633)
The Consular Fees (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2634)
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2635)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Cross-Border Public Authorities) (Adaptation of Functions etc.) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2636)
The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2637)
The Pitcairn (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2638)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/2639)
The Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2640)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2641)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Econet Satellite Services Limited) Order (SI 2002/2657)
The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Gamma Telecommunications Limited) Order (SI 2002/2658)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments and Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/2660)
The Venture Capital Trust (Exchange of Shares and Securities) Regulations (SI 2002/2661)
The Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations (SI 2002/2665)
The Treasure (Designation) Order (SI 2002/2666)
Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations (SI 2002/2675)
The Control of Lead at Work Regulations (SI 2002/2676)
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (SI 2002/2677)
The Town and Country Planning (Enforcement Notices and Appeals) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2682)
The Town and Country Planning (Enforcement) (Written Representations Procedure) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2683)
The Town and Country Planning (Enforcement) (Hearings Procedure) (England) Rules (SI 2002/2684)
The Town and Country Planning (Enforcement) (Determination by Inspectors) (Inquiries Procedure) (England) Rules (SI 2002/2685)
The Town and Country Planning (Enforcement) (Inquiries Procedure) (England) Rules (SI 2002/2686)
The Road Vehicles (Display of Registration Marks) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2687)
The Large Combustion Plants (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2688)
The Social Security (Paternity and Adoption) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/2689)
The Social Security, Statutory Maternity Pay and Statutory Sick Pay (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (SI 2002/2690)
The Excise Duties (Personal Reliefs) (Revocation) Order (SI 2002/2691)
The Excise Goods, Beer and Tobacco Products (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2692)
The Channel Tunnel (Alcoholic Liquor and Tobacco Products) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2693)
2701–2800
The Railways (Heathrow Express) (Exemptions) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2703)
The General Chiropractic Council (Registration of Chiropractors with Foreign Qualifications) Rules Order of Council (SI 2002/2704)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Dorset) (Borough of Weymouth and Portland) Order (SI 2002/2705)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Fourth Motor Insurance Directive) Regulations (SI 2002/2706)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Variation of Threshold Conditions) Order (SI 2002/2707)
The Insolvent Partnerships (Amendment) (No. 2)Order (SI 2002/2708)
The Insolvency (Scotland) Amendment Rules (SI 2002/2709)
The Insolvency Practitioners (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2710)
The Insolvency Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions) Order (SI 2002/2711)
The Insolvency (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules (SI 2002/2712)
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2713)
The Information Tribunal (Enforcement Appeals) (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/2722)
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2723)
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2724)
The Dart Harbour and Navigation Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order (SI 2002/2730)
The Immigration and Asylum Appeals (One-Stop Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2731)
The Plant Protection Products (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2733)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) Regulations (SI 2002/2742)
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2743)
The Insolvency Practitioners (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2748)
The Copyright, etc. and Trade Marks (Offences and Enforcement) Act 2002 (Commencement) Order (SI 2002/2749)
The Police Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) Order (SI 2002/2750)
The A1 Trunk Road (Stannington Grade Separated Junction) Order (SI 2002/2757)
The Immigration (Transit Visa) (Amendment No. 2)Order (SI 2002/2758)
The National Health Service Act 1977 and National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2759)
Education (London Residuary Body) (Property Transfer) (Amendment No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2760)
The Olive Oil (Marketing Standards) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2761)
The Plant Health ("Phytophthora ramorum") (Wales) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2762)
The Financing of Maintained Schools (England) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2763)
The Hackney Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2764)
The North East Derbyshire Coalfields Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2765)
The Southend Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2766)
The Telford and Wrekin Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2767)
The Dudley Partnership for Achievement Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2768)
The Widening Horizons–North Islington Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2769)
The East Manchester Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2770)
The Wythenshawe Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2771)
The New Horizons Kent–Somerset Virtual Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2772)
The Wednesbury Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2773)
The Hastings and St Leonards Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2774)
The Heart of Slough Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/2775)
The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations (SI 2002/2776)
The Removal and Disposal of Vehicles (Amendment)(No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2777)
The Goods Vehicles (Licensing of Operators) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2778)
The Scottish Parliament (Elections etc.) Order (SI 2002/2779)
The Magistrates' Courts (Sex Offender Orders) Rules (SI 2002/2782)
The Crown Court (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/2783)
The Magistrates' Courts (Anti-Social Behaviour Orders) Rules (SI 2002/2784)
The Criminal Defence Service (General) (No. 2) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2785)
The Air Navigation (Dangerous Goods) Regulations (SI 2002/2786)
The Special Educational Needs Tribunal (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2787)
The Paternity and Adoption Leave Regulations (SI 2002/2788)
The Maternity and Parental Leave (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2789)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2798)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Forms and Particulars) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2799)
The Relocation Grants (Forms of Application) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2800)
2801–2900
The Town and Country Planning (Costs of Inquiries etc.) (Standard Daily Amount) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2801)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services Supplementary List) (Wales) (Amendment), the National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 3), the National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 3) and the National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2802)
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) Order (SI 2002/2811)
The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2812)
The Value Added Tax (Drugs, Medicines, Aids for the Handicapped and Charities Etc.) Order (SI 2002/2813)
The Education (Assembly Learning Grant Scheme) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2814)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Commencement No. 11) Order (SI 2002/2815)
The Carriers' Liability (Clandestine Entrants) (Level of Penalty: Code of Practice) Order (SI 2002/2816)
The Carriers' Liability Regulations (SI 2002/2817)
The Statutory Paternity Pay and Statutory Adoption Pay(Weekly Rates) Regulations (SI 2002/2818)
The Statutory Paternity Pay and Statutory Adoption Pay (National Health Service Employees) Regulations (SI 2002/2819)
The Statutory Paternity Pay and Statutory Adoption Pay (Administration) Regulations (SI 2002/2820)
The Statutory Paternity Pay and Statutory Adoption Pay (Persons Abroad and Mariners) Regulations (SI 2002/2821)
The Statutory Paternity Pay and Statutory Adoption Pay (General) Regulations (SI 2002/2822)
The Social Security Benefit (Computation of Earnings) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2823)
The Freedom of Information (Excluded Welsh Authorities) Order (SI 2002/2832)
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2833)
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2834)
The Local Elections (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2835)
The Employment (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/2836)
The Maximum Number of Judges Order (SI 2002/2837)
The Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders (Hague Convention Countries) (Variation) Order (SI 2002/2838)
The Recovery Abroad of Maintenance (Convention Countries) Order (SI 2002/2839)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 4) Order (SI 2002/2840)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) Order (SI 2002/2841)
The Architects' Qualifications (EC Recognition) Order (SI 2002/2842)
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Modification of Enactments) Order (SI 2002/2843)
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Designated Countries and Territories) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2844)
The Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Enforcement of Overseas Forfeiture Orders) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2845)
The Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (Designated Countries and Territories) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2846)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Lithuania) Order (SI 2002/2847)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (The United States of America) Order (SI 2002/2848)
The Capital Gains Tax (Gilt-edged Securities) Order (SI 2002/2849)
The Pet Travel Scheme (Pilot Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2850)
The Value Added Tax Tribunals (Amendment) Rules (SI 2002/2851)
The Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2859)
The TSE (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2860)
The National Health Service (Local Pharmaceutical Services Etc.) Regulations (SI 2002/2861)
The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 (Commencement) Order (SI 2002/2865)
The Employment Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order (SI 2002/2866)
The Financing of Maintained Schools (England) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/2868)
The Shrimp Fishing Nets Order (SI 2002/2870)
The Building (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2871)
The Building (Approved Inspectors etc.) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2872)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Summerlee Tramcar No. 392) Exemption Order (SI 2002/2873)
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/2874)
The Poultry Breeding Flocks, Hatcheries and Animal By-Products (Fees) (England) Order (SI 2002/2875)
The Borough of Blackburn with Darwen and the City of Peterborough (Changes to Years of Elections) Order (SI 2002/2876)
The Local Authorities (Discretionary Expenditure Limits) (England) Order (SI 2002/2878)
The Abortion (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2879)
The Local Authorities (Operation of Different Executive or Alternative Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2880)
The District of Blaby (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2882)
The District of Chichester (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2883)
The Borough of Worthing (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2884)
The District of Arun (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2885)
The Borough of Charnwood (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2886)
The Borough of Poole (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2887)
The Borough of Hinckley and Bosworth (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2888)
The Borough of Oadby and Wigston (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2889)
The District of Horsham (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2890)
The District of Mid Sussex (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2891)
The Borough of Reading (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2892)
The Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2893)
The Companies (Fees) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2894)
The Limited Liability Partnerships (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2895)
The Education (Determination of Admission Arrangements) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2896)
The Education (School Information) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2897)
The Education (Variation of Admission Arrangements) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2898)
The Education (Admissions Appeals Arrangements) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2899)
The Education (Admission Forums) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2900)
2901–3000
The Education (Objection to Admission Arrangements) (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2901)
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Amendment) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2902)
The Education (Co-ordination of Admission Arrangements) (Primary Schools) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2903)
The Education (Co-ordination of Admission Arrangements) (Secondary Schools) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2904)
The Data Protection (Processing of Sensitive Personal Data) (Elected Representatives) Order (SI 2002/2905)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/2918)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations (SI 2002/2924)
The Social Security Benefit (Computation of Earnings) (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Regulations (SI 2002/2925)
The Tax Credits (Appeals) Regulations (SI 2002/2926)
The Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2927)
The European Economic Interest Grouping (Fees) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2928)
The Social Security (Contributions)(Amendment No. 5) Regulations (SI 2002/2929)
The Income Tax (Indexation) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2930)
The Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988, Section 349B(3) Order (SI 2002/2931)
The National Health Service Act 1977 and National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 (Amendment) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/2932)
The Release of Short-Term Prisoners on Licence (Amendment of Requisite Period) Order (SI 2002/2933)
The European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) (Second General System) Regulations (SI 2002/2934)
The Children Act 1989 and the Care Standards Act 2000 (Miscellaneous Regulations) (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2935)
The M11 Motorway (Junction 8) (Speed Limit) Regulations (SI 2002/2936)
The Education (Teachers' Qualifications and Health Standards) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2938)
The Food for Particular Nutritional Uses (Addition of Substances for Specific Nutritional Purposes) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2939)
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2940)
The Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Discharge of Functions) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2941)
The Community Design (Fees) Regulations (SI 2002/2942)
The Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order (SI 2002/2951)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3 and Savings and Transitional Provisions) Order (SI 2002/2952)
The Education Act 2002 (Modification of Provisions) (No. 2) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/2953)
The City of Plymouth (Scheme for Elections) Order (SI 2002/2954)
The Office of Communications Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2) Order (SI 2002/2955)
The Office of Communications (Membership) Order (SI 2002/2956)
The Vehicles (Crime) Act 2001 (Commencement No. 5) Order (SI 2002/2957)
The Employment Tribunals (Enforcement of Orders in Other Jurisdictions) (Scotland) Regulations (SI 2002/2972)
The Functions of Traffic Wardens (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2975)
The General Commissioners and Special Commissioners (Jurisdiction and Procedure) (Amendment)Regulations (SI 2002/2976)
The Vehicles Crime (Registration of Registration Plate Suppliers) (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2977)
The School Companies Regulations (SI 2002/2978)
The Notification of Installations Handling Hazardous Substances (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2979)
The Waste Incineration (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/2980)
The Public Service Vehicles Accessibility (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/2981)
The District of Epping Forest (Electoral Changes)(Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2982)
The District of Waveney (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2983)
The District of Huntingdonshire (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2984)
The District of Wyre Forest (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2985)
The Borough of Redditch (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2986)
The District of Wychavon (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2987)
The City of Leicester (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2988)
The District of Wokingham (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2989)
The Borough of Crawley (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2990)
The District of Adur (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/2991)
The Borough of Burnley (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/2992)
The Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/2995)
The North Derbyshire Tertiary College (Designated Staff) Order (SI 2002/2996)
The Crown Court (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules (SI 2002/2997)
The Magistrates' Courts (Detention and Forfeiture of Cash) Rules (SI 2002/2998)
3001–3100
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Croydon Tramlink Class CR4000 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/3001)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (C2C Class 357/0 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/3002)
The Education (Funding for Teacher Training) Designation (No. 3) Order (SI 2002/3003)
The Severn Bridges Tolls Order (SI 2002/3004)
The Education (Bursaries for School Teacher Training) (England) (Revocation) Regulations (SI 2002/3005)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Information Powers) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3006)
The Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health (Functions) Regulations (SI 2002/3007)
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/3008)
The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/3010)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3011)
The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1, Savings and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/3012)
The Arrangements for Placement of Children (General) and the Review of Children's Cases (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3013)
The Travel Concessions (Eligibility) Act 2002 (Commencement) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/3014)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1 and Savings) Order (SI 2002/3015)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Recovery of Cash in Summary Proceedings: Minimum Amount) Order (SI 2002/3016)
The Quality Partnership Schemes (Existing Facilities) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3017)
The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment No. 3) Order (SI 2002/3018)
The State Pension Credit (Consequential, Transitional and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations (SI 2002/3019)
The School Crossing Patrol Sign (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3020)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3021)
The Medicines (Pharmacies) (Applications for Registration and Fees) Amendment Regulations (SI 2002/3024)
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Part V Exemption: Relevant Employers) Order (SI 2002/3025)
The Forest Reproductive Material (Great Britain) Regulations (SI 2002/3026)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations (SI 2002/3027)
The Finance Act 2002, section 22, (Appointed Day) Order (SI 2002/3028)
The Road User Charging (Enforcement of Charging Scheme Penalty Charges) (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3029)
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Commencement No. 8) Order (SI 2002/3032)
The Civil Legal Aid (General) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/3033)
The Tax Credits (Administrative Arrangements) Regulations (SI 2002/3036)
The Port of Larne (Pilotage Functions) Order (SI 2002/3037)
The Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health (Membership and Procedure) Regulations (SI 2002/3038)
The Counter Fraud and Security Management Service (Establishment and Constitution) Order (SI 2002/3039)
The Counter Fraud and Security Management Service Regulations (SI 2002/3040)
The Tobacco Products (Manufacture, Presentation and Sale) (Safety) Regulations (SI 2002/3041)
The Other Fuel Substitutes (Rates of Excise Duty etc.) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/3042)
The Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3043)
The Animal Health Act 2002 (Commencement) Order (SI 2002/3044)
The Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations (SI 2002/3045)
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3046)
The Statutory Payment Schemes (Electronic Communications) Regulations (SI 2002/3047)
The Local Authority (Overview and Scrutiny Committees Health Scrutiny Functions) Regulations (SI 2002/3048)
The Police (Retention and Disposal of Motor Vehicles) Regulations (SI 2002/3049)
The Postal Services (EC Directive) Regulations (SI 2002/3050)
The European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3051)
The Contracting Out (Functions in Relation to Applications for Patents) Order (SI 2002/3052)
The National Assembly for Wales (Returning Officers' Charges) Order (SI 2002/3053)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3054)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Commencement No. 2) Order (SI 2002/3055)
The Finance Act 2002, section 6, (Appointed Day) Order (SI 2002/3056)
The Hydrocarbon Oil (Registered Dealers in Controlled Oil) Regulations (SI 2002/3057)
The Teachers’ Pensions (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3058)
The Education (Student Support) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/3059)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/3060)
The European Communities (Rights against Insurers) Regulations (SI 2002/3061)
The Potato Industry Development Council (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/3062)
Langley Junior School (Change to School Session Times) Order (SI 2002/3063)
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3072)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Statutory Powers of Stop and Search) Order (SI 2002/3075)
The Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Fees) Order (SI 2002/3076)
The Withholding and Withdrawal of Support (Travel Assistance and Temporary Accommodation) Regulations (SI 2002/3078)
The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3080)
The Companies (Principal Business Activities) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3081)
The Measuring Instruments (EC Requirements) (Electrical Energy Meters) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3082)
The Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 (Certain Qualifying Judicial Offices) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/3083)
The Hertfordshire (Coroners' Districts) Order (SI 2002/3084)
The Camborne, Pool and Redruth Success Zone Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3085)
The Peterlee Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3086)
The Easington and Seaham Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3087)
The Dingle Granby Toxteth Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3088)
The Sunderland Building Our Future Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3089)
The Learning Together East Cleveland Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3090)
The Wolverhampton Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3091)
The North Gillingham Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3092)
The Community Learning Partnership Barrow-in-Furness Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3093)
The Leigh Park Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3094)
The Ashington Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3095)
The Breaking the Cycle Bridgewater Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3096)
The Rainbow Education Action Zone in Stoke-on-Trent (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3097)
The Bolton Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3098)
The Coventry Millennium Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3099)
The Downham and Bellingham Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3100)
3101–3200
The Epicentre LEAP Ellesmere Port Cheshire Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3101)
The Clacton and Harwich Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3102)
The Challenge for Corby Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3103)
The Action for Learning Partnership, Bedford Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3104)
The Withernsea and Southern Holderness Rural Achievement Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3105)
The Speke Garston Excellent Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3106)
The South Bradford Community Learning Partnership Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3107)
The Gloucester Education Achievement Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3108)
The Wakefield Community Learning Partnership Education Action Zone (Extension) Order (SI 2002/3109)
The Asylum Support (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/3110)
The Race Relations Act 1976 (General Statutory Duty: Code Of Practice) (Scotland) Order (SI 2002/3111)
Education (Information About Individual Pupils) (England) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3112)
The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions (SI 2002/3113)
The Homelessness Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) (England) Order (SI 2002/3114)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Cash Searches: Code of Practice) Order (SI 2002/3115)
The Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/3116)
The Air Quality Limit Values (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3117)
The National Emission Ceilings Regulations (SI 2002/3118)
The Tax Credits (Notice of Appeal) Regulations (SI 2002/3119)
The Social Security Contributions (Decisions and Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3120)
The Service Departments Registers (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/3122)
The Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variations) Order (SI 2002/3123)
The National Lottery (Licence Fees) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/3124)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Commencement No. 1) Order (SI 2002/3125)
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Prescribed Documents) Order (SI 2002/3126)
The Mersey Docks and Harbour Company (Langton River Berth) Harbour Revision Order (SI 2002/3127)
The Working Time (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3128)
The Electricity (Approval of Pattern or Construction and Installation and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3129)
The Gas (Calculation of Thermal Energy) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3130)
The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/3131)
The Merchant Shipping (Confirmation of Legislation) (Bermuda) Order (SI 2002/3132)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Enforcement in different parts of the United Kingdom) Order (SI 2002/3133)
The General Dental Council (Constitution) Amendment Order (SI 2002/3134)
The Medical Act 1983 (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/3135)
The General Medical Council (Constitution) Order (SI 2002/3136)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income)(Taiwan) Order (SI 2002/3137)
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income)(South Africa) Order (SI 2002/3138)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Agreement on Trade, Development and Co-operation between the European Community and its Member States and the Republic of South Africa) Order (SI 2002/3139)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) Order (SI 2002/3145)
Welsh Administration Ombudsman (Jurisdiction) Order (SI 2002/3146)
The Merchant Shipping (Revocation) (Bermuda) Order (SI 2002/3147)
The Trade Marks Act 1994 (Isle of Man) (Amendment) Order (SI 2002/3148)
The Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/3149)
The Company Directors Disqualification (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/3150)
The Fur Farming (Prohibition) (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/3151)
The Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/3152)
The Environment (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/3153)
The Housing Support Services (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/3154)
The Harbours (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2002/3155)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No. 2) Order (SI 2002/3156)
The Kava-kava in Food (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3157)
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/3158)
The Organic Products (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3159)
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3160)
The Inspection of Boarding Schools and Colleges (Powers and Fees)(Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3161)
The Police (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/3162)
The Kava-kava in Food (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3169)
The Medicines for Human Use (Kava-kava) (Prohibition) Order (SI 2002/3170)
The Beet Seed (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3171)
The Fodder Plant Seed (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3172)
The Cereal Seed (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3173)
The Oil and Fibre Plant Seed (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3174)
The Vegetable Seed (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3175)
The Seed (Registration, Licensing and Enforcement) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3176)
The School Companies (Private Finance Initiative Companies) Regulations (SI 2002/3177)
The Education (Pupil Exclusions and Appeals) (Maintained Schools) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3178)
The Education (Pupil Exclusions and Appeals) (Pupil Referral Units) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3179)
The Special Constables (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3180)
The Street Works (Inspection Fees) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3181)
The Air Quality (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3182)
The Air Quality Limit Values (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3183)
The Education Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3184)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/3185)
The Rating Lists (Valuation Date) (Wales) Order (SI 2002/3186)
The Leasehold Reform (Notices) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3187)
The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3188)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) and (General Medical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations (SI 2002/3189)
The National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3) Order (SI 2002/3190)
The Tax Credits (Appeals) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/3196)
The State Pension Credit (Consequential, Transitional and Miscellaneous Provisions) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/3197)
The Plant Varieties and Seeds Tribunal (Amendment) (England and Wales) Rules (SI 2002/3198)
The LEA Budget, Schools Budget and Individual Schools Budget (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3199)
The Education (Student Support) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/3200)
3201–3300
The Preston (Parishes) Order (SI 2002/3201)
The Police Pensions (Pension Sharing) Regulations (SI 2002/3202)
The Regulatory Reform (Removal of 20 Member Limit in Partnerships etc.) Order (SI 2002/3203)
The Supply of Beer (Tied Estate) (Revocation) Order (SI 2002/3204)
The Regulatory Reform (Special Occasions Licensing) Order (SI 2002/3205)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (Amendment) (No 4) Regulations (SI 2002/3206)
The Flexible Working (Procedural Requirements) Regulations (SI 2002/3207)
The Leasehold Reform (Collective Enfranchisement) (Counter-notices) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3208)
The Leasehold Reform (Notices) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3209)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment No. 2) (England) Order (SI 2002/3210)
The National Care Standards Commission (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations (SI 2002/3211)
Nurses Agencies Regulations (SI 2002/3212)
The Residential Family Centres Regulations (SI 2002/3213)
The Domiciliary Care Agencies Regulations (SI 2002/3214)
The Protection of Animals (Anaesthetics) Amendment Order (SI 2002/3215)
The Street Works (Records) (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3217)
The District of South Norfolk (Electoral Changes)Order (SI 2002/3218)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 2) Rules (SI 2002/3219)
The Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order (SI 2002/3220)
The District of Breckland (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3221)
The City of Norwich (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3222)
The Borough of Blackburn with Darwen (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3223)
The District of Malvern Hills (Electoral Changes)Order (SI 2002/3224)
The City of Worcester (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3225)
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/3226)
The Borough of King's Lynn and West Norfolk (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3227)
The Borough of Great Yarmouth (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3228)
The Movement of Animals (Restrictions) (England) Order (SI 2002/3229)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (Wales) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations (SI 2002/3230)
The Animal By–Products (Identification) (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations (SI 2002/3231)
The Electricity (Connection Charges) (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2002/3232)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Solicitors' Practising Certificates) Order (SI 2002/3235)
The Flexible Working (Eligibility, Complaints and Remedies) Regulations (SI 2002/3236)
The Social Security Commissioners (Procedure) (Tax Credits Appeals) Regulations (SI 2002/3237)
The Gloucestershire County Council (Two Mile Bend Bridge) Scheme 2001 Confirmation Instrument (SI 2002/3238)
The Gloucestershire County Council (Castle Meads Bridge) Scheme 2001 Confirmation Instrument (SI 2002/3239)
The Allocation of Housing (England) Regulations (SI 2002/3264)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Worcestershire) (City of Worcester) Order (SI 2002/3265)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Sunderland) Order (SI 2002/3266)
The New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 (Commencement No. 7) (England) Order (SI 2002/3267)
The Gloucester Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order (SI 2002/3268)
The Port of Ipswich (Transfer of Undertaking) Harbour Revision Order (SI 2002/3269)
The Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire (Clynderwen, Cilymaenllwyd and Henllanfallteg) Order (SI 2002/3270)
The Newport (Caerleon and Malpas) Order (SI 2002/3271)
The Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire (St Dogmaels) Order (SI 2002/3272)
The Cardiff and Vale of Glamorgan (Michaelston and Grangetown) Order (SI 2002/3273)
The County of Gwynedd (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3274)
The County of Monmouthshire (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3275)
The County Borough of Newport (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3276)
The County Borough of The Vale of Glamorgan (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3277)
The County of Ceredigion (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3278)
The County Borough of Torfaen (Electoral Changes) Order (SI 2002/3279)
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
References
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments |
4141835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%202005 | List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 2005 | This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 2005.
1–100
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Gibraltar) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1)
The Education (Co-ordination of Admission Arrangements) (Primary Schools) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2)
The Social Security (Incapacity Benefit Work-focused Interviews) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3)
The St Bernadette's Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 4)
The Education (Student Support) (No. 2) Regulations 2002 (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 5)
The Retained Organs Commission (Abolition) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 6)
The Asylum Seekers (Reception Conditions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 7)
The East Midlands Parkway Station (Land Acquisition) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 8)
The Asylum Support (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 11)
The Charges for Inspections and Controls (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 12)
The Information Tribunal (National Security Appeals) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 13)
The Information Tribunal (Enforcement Appeals) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 14)
The Immigration (Procedure for Marriage) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 15)
The Gas Act 1986 (Exemption) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 16)
The Incidental Catches of Cetaceans in Fisheries (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 17)
The European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) (First General System) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 18)
The National Health Service (Travel Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 26)
The Motor Vehicles (Wearing of Seat Belts) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 27)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services Contracts) (Personal Medical Services Agreements) and (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 28)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments and Payments on account, Overpayments and Recovery) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 34)
The Education (Information About Individual Pupils) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 35 (W.2))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwybodaeth am Ddisgyblion Unigol) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 35 (Cy.2))
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Additional Functions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 36 (W.3))
Gorchymyn Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Swyddogaethau Ychwanegol) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 36 (Cy.3))
The Supply of Extended Warranties on Domestic Electrical Goods Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 37)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (No. 5) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 38 (C.1))
The John Wesley School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 39)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Transitional provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 40)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Personal licences) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 41)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Premises licences and club premises certificates) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 42)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Licensing authority's register) (other information) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 43)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Hearings) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 44)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment Scheme (Set-aside) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 45 (W.4))
Rheoliadau Cynllun Taliad Sengl y Polisi Amaethyddol Cyffredin (Neilltir) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 45 (Cy.4))
The Extradition Act 2003 (Parties to International Conventions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 46)
The Immigration (European Economic Area) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 47)
The Social Security Pensions (Home Responsibilities) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 48)
The South-west Territorial Waters (Prohibition of Pair Trawling) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 49)
The Blood Safety and Quality Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 50)
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 51)
The Education (Student Support) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 52)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993) (Consequential Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 53)
The Gender Recognition Act 2004 (Commencement) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 54 (C.2))
The Regulatory Reform (Unsolicited Goods and Services Act 1971) (Directory Entries and Demands for Payment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 55)
The Transport for London (Consequential Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 56)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Collective Investment Schemes) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 57)
The Education (School Attendance Targets)(England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 58)
The Water Industry (Charges) (Vulnerable Groups) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 59)
The A7 Trunk Road (Carlisle City Boundary to The Scottish Border) (De-Trunking) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 60)
The Tax Credits (Provision of Information) (Function Relating to Employment and Training) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 66)
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Additional Functions) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 68 (W.6))
Gorchymyn Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Swyddogaethau Ychwanegol) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 68 (Cy.6))
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Functions) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 69 (W.7))
Rheoliadau Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Swyddogaethau) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 69 (Cy.7))
The Plant Health (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 70 (W.8))
Gorchymyn Iechyd Planhigion (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 70 (Cy.8))
The Public Audit (Wales) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 71 (W.9) (C.3))
Gorchymyn Deddf Archwilio Cyhoeddus (Cymru) 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 1) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 71 (Cy.9) (C.3))
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Winding Up, Deficiency on Winding Up and Transfer Values) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 72)
The A1 Trunk Road (Northumberland and Tyne and Wear, Various Locations and Detrunking) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 73)
The Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Pollution) (Drilling Rigs and Other Platforms) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 74)
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement of Quality Contracts Schemes) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 75)
The A30 Trunk Road (Bodmin to Indian Queens Improvement and Slip Roads) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 76)
The A30 Trunk Road (Bodmin to Indian Queens Improvement and Slip Roads) (Detrunking) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 77)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Hearings) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 78)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Fees) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 79)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Transitional conversions fees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 80)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Stockport) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 81)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Consequential Amendment of Enactments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 82)
The Finance Act 2003, Section 66 (Prescribed Persons) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 83)
The Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Amendment) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 84)
The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 85)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Heathrow Express Class 360/2) Exemption Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 86)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 92)
The Tax Credits (Approval of Child Care Providers) Scheme 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 93)
The Tynemouth College and North Tyneside College (Dissolution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 94)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan District of Leeds) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 95)
101–200
Armed Forces (Pensions and Compensation) Act 2004 (Commencement No 1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 116 (C.4))
The Fees for Assessment of Active Substances (Third Stage Review) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 117)
The Day Care (Application to Schools) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 118 (W.10))
Rheoliadau Gofal Dydd (Eu Cymhwyso i Ysgolion) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 118 (Cy.10))
The Merseytram (Liverpool City Centre to Kirkby) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 120)
The Health Protection Agency Act 2004 (Commencement) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 121 (C.5))
The Finance Act 2004, Section 141 (Appointed Day) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 123 (C. 6))
The Reservoirs (Panels of Civil Engineers) (Application and Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 143)
Registration of Political Parties (Prohibited Words and Expressions) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 147)
The Unsolicited Goods and Services Act 1971 (Electronic Commerce) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 148)
The Representation of the People (Variation of Limits of Candidates' Election Expenses) (City of London) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 153)
The Hill Farm Allowance Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 154)
The Registration of Marriages (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 155)
The Local Authorities' Plans and Strategies (Disapplication) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 157)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 166)
The County of Cambridgeshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 167)
The County of Cornwall (Electoral Changes) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 168)
The County of Buckinghamshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 169)
The County of Lancashire (Electoral Changes) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 170)
The County of Leicestershire (Electoral Changes) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 171)
The County of North Yorkshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 172)
The County of Norfolk (Electoral Changes) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 173)
The County of Worcestershire (Electoral Changes) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 174)
The County of West Sussex (Electoral Changes) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 175)
The County of Durham (Electoral Changes) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 176)
The Leasehold Houses (Notice of Insurance Cover) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 177)
The Police (Promotion) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 178)
The Hammersmith Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 179)
The Council Tax (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 181 (W.14))
Rheoliadau'r Dreth Gyngor (Newid Rhestrau ac Apelau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 181 (Cy.14))
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 182 (W.15))
Rheoliadau Deunyddiau ac Eitemau Plastig mewn Cysylltiad â Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 182 (Cy.15))
The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Counsel in Family Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 184)
The Controlled Foreign Companies (Excluded Countries) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 185)
The Controlled Foreign Companies (Excluded Countries) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 186)
The Transfrontier Shipment of Waste (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 187)
The Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 190)
The Child Trust Funds (Non-tax Appeals) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 191)
The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No.5 and Saving and Transitional Provision) (Amendment) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 193 (C. 7))
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Sheffield) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 194)
201–300
The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No.4 and Savings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 204 (C.8))
The Town and Country Planning (Timetable for Decisions) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 205)
Town and Country Planning (Temporary Stop Notice)(England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 206)
The Social Security and Child Support Commissioners (Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 207)
The Food (Pistachios from Iran) (Emergency Control) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 208)
The Poultry Meat, Farmed Game Bird Meat and Rabbit Meat (Hygiene and Inspection) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 209)
The Sexual Offences Act 2003 (Prescribed Police Stations) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 210)
The A66 Trunk Road (Long Newton Grade Separated Junction Slip Roads) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 211)
The Local Authorities (Contracting Out of BID Levy Billing, Collection and Enforcement Functions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 215)
The Social Security Revaluation of Earnings Factors Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 216)
The Social Security Pensions (Low Earnings Threshold) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 217)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Integrated Administration and Control System) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 218)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 219)
The Foreign Satellite Service Proscription Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 220)
The Greater London Authority (Allocation of Grants for Precept Calculations) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 221)
The Copyright (Certification of Licensing Scheme for Educational Recording of Broadcasts) (Educational Recording Agency Limited) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 222)
The Copyright (Educational Establishments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 223)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Amendments to Schedule 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 224)
The Asylum and Immigration Tribunal (Judicial Titles) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 227)
The Anthrax Prevention Order 1971 etc. (Revocation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 228)
The Family Proceedings Courts (Children Act 1989) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 229)
The Asylum and Immigration Tribunal (Procedure) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 230 (L.1))
The Horse Passports (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 231 (W.21))
Rheoliadau Pasbortau Ceffylau (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 231 (Cy.21))
The Export Control (Iraq and Ivory Coast) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 232)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hampshire) (Borough of Havant) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 233)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Designated Activities) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 234)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Duration of Licence) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 235)
The Rent Officers (Housing Benefit Functions) (Local Housing Allowance) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 236)
The Private Security Industry (Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 237)
The Housing Benefit (General) (Local Housing Allowance) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 238)
The A120 Trunk Road (Stansted to Marks Tey) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 239)
The Institute of Trade Mark Attorneys Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 240)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 241)
The Ivory Coast (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 242)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 243 (C.9))
The Child Abduction and Custody (Falkland Islands) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 244)
The Pensions Appeal Tribunals (Posthumous Appeals) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 245)
The Commonwealth Countries and Ireland (Immunities and Privileges) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 246)
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 247)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Repeal and Revocation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 248)
The Parliamentary Commissioner Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 249)
The Parliamentary Constituencies (Scotland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 250 (S. 1))
The Health Service Commissioner for England (Special Health Authorities) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 251)
The Transfer of Functions (Children, Young People and Families) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 252)
The Ivory Coast (United Nations Sanctions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 253)
The Trial of the Pyx (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 254)
The Pensions (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 255 (N.I. 1))
The Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 256 (W.22))
Rheoliadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Hysbysiadau Galw am Dalu) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 256 (Cy.22))
The Food (Pistachios from Iran) (Emergency Control) (Wales) (No.2) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 257 (W.23))
Rheoliadau Bwyd (Cnau Pistasio o Iran) (Rheolaeth Frys) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 257 (Cy.23))
The National Health Service (Performers Lists) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 258 (W.24))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Rhestri Cyflawnwyr) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 258 (Cy.24))
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 259 (W.25))
Rheoliadau Ychwanegion Bwyd Amrywiol (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 259 (Cy.25))
The End-of-Life Vehicles (Producer Responsibility) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 263)
The Family Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 264)
The European Communities (Jurisdiction and Judgments in Matrimonial and Parental Responsibility Matters) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 265)
The Non-Contentious Probate Fees (Indian Ocean Tsunami) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 266 (L. 2))
The Disqualification from Working with Children (Scotland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 267)
The Water and Sewerage Undertakers (Inset Appointments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 268)
The Representation of the People (Variation of Limits of Candidates' Election Expenses) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 269)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion and Promotion of Collective Investment Schemes) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 270)
The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 271)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Disclosure of Information by Prescribed Persons) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 272)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 273)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Service of Notices) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 274)
The Pensions Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2, Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 275 (C.10))
The Capital Gains Tax (Gilt-edged Securities) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 276)
The Pension Protection Fund (Partially Guaranteed Schemes) (Modification) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 277)
The Potatoes Originating in the Netherlands (Revocation) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 278)
The Dutch Potatoes (Notification) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 279)
The Gas Act 1986 (Exemption) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 280)
The Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 281)
The Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 (Disapplication of Part IV for Northern Ireland Parties, etc.) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 299)
301–400
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 324)
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 325)
The Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 326 (C.11))
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Virgin West Coast Class 390) Exemption Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 329)
The Asylum (Designated States) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 330)
The and Wisbech Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 332)
The Legal Officers (Annual Fees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 336)
The Social Security, Child Support and Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 337)
The Pension Protection Fund (Limit on Borrowing) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 339)
The General Commissioners (Jurisdiction and Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 340)
The Special Commissioners (Jurisdiction and Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 341)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 343)
The Water Act 2003 (Commencement No. 3) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 344 (C.12))
The Education (Budget Statements) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 345)
The Education (Information as to Provision of Education) (England)(Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 346)
The Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 347)
The Immigration Services Commissioner (Designated Professional Body) (Fees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 348)
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Continuance of Part VII) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 350)
The Public Trustee (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 351)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 352 (L. 3))
The Wireless Telegraphy (Automotive Short Range Radar) (Exemption) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 353)
The Airport Byelaws (Designation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 354)
The Restriction on Agreements (Manufacturers and Importers of Motor Cars) (Revocation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 355)
The Armed Forces (Pensions and Compensation) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 356 (C.13))
The Licensing Act 2003 (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 357)
The Statutory Maternity Pay (General) and the Statutory Paternity Pay and Statutory Adoption Pay (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 358)
The Salmonella in Laying Flocks (Survey Powers) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 359)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 360 (W.29))
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Designated Activities) (Revocation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 361)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Commencement No. 8) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 362 (C. 14))
The Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 363 (W.30))
Rheoliadau Diogelwch Bwyd (Hylendid Bwyd yn Gyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 363 (Cy.30))
The Contaminants in Food (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 364 (W.31))
Rheoliadau Halogion mewn Bwyd (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 364 (Cy.31))
The Extradition Act 2003 (Amendment to Designations) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 365)
The National Health Service (General Medical Services Contracts) (Prescription of Drugs Etc.) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 366 (W.32))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Contractau Gwasanaethau Meddygol Cyffredinol) (Rhagnodi Cyffuriau Etc.) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 366 (Cy.32))
The Town and Country Planning (Blight Provisions) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 367 (W.33))
Gorchymyn Cynllunio Gwlad a Thref (Darpariaethau Malltod) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 367 (Cy.33))
The Accounts and Audit (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 368 (W.34))
Rheoliadau Cyfrifon ac Archwilio (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 368 (Cy.34))
The Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 369)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Thurrock) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 370)
The Town and Country Planning (Costs of Inquiries etc.) (Standard Daily Amount) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 371 (W.35))
Rheoliadau Cynllunio Gwlad a Thref (Costau Ymchwiliadau etc.) (Swm Dyddiol Safonol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 371 (Cy.35))
The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 (Commencement No.4) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 372 (C. 15))
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No.7) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 373 (C.16))
The Awards for All (England) Joint Scheme (Authorisation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 374)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 21) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 375 (W.36) (C.17))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 21) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 375 (Cy.36) (C.17))
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Coventry) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 378)
The Diseases of Animals (Fees for the Testing of Disinfectants) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 379)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Market Abuse) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 381)
The Investment Recommendation (Media) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 382)
The Child Trust Funds (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 383)
The Criminal Procedure Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 384 (L.4))
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (References to Financial Investigators) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 386)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Torbay) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 387)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Surrey) (Borough of Epsom and Ewell) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 388)
The Adoption Agencies Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 389)
The Tractor etc. (EC Type-Approval) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 390)
The Electricity (Fuel Mix Disclosure) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 391)
The Adoptions with a Foreign Element Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 392)
The Sea Fishing (Restriction on Days at Sea) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 393)
The Children Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 394 (C.18))
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Croydon Tramlink Class CR4000 Vehicles) Exemption (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 395)
The Central Sussex College (Incorporation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 396)
The Central Sussex College (Government) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 397)
The Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 398)
The General Medical Council (Registration (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations) Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 399)
The General Medical Council (Registration Appeals Panels Procedure) Rules Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 400)
401–500
The General Medical Council (Fraud or Error in relation to Registration) Rules Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 401)
The General Medical Council (Constitution of Panels and Investigation Committee) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 402)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Surrey) (Borough of Spelthorne) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 403)
The Production of Bovine Collagen Intended for Human Consumption in the United Kingdom (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 404)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hertfordshire) (Borough of Broxbourne) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 405)
The Town and Country Planning (Blight Provisions) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 406)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (England) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 407)
The Health Protection Agency Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 408)
The Finance Act 1993, Section 86(2), (Single Payment Scheme) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 409)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Prescribed Forms) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 410)
The Castle Vale Housing Action Trust (Dissolution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 411)
The Family Proceedings (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 412 (L. 5))
The Family Proceedings Courts (Children Act 1989) (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 413 (L.6))
The Pneumoconiosis etc. (Workers' Compensation) (Payment of Claims) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 414)
The Environmental Protection (Waste Recycling Payments) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 415)
The Council Tax (Prescribed Classes of Dwellings) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 416)
The Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 (Amnesty Period) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 418)
The Local Authorities (Discretionary Expenditure Limits) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 419)
The Coroners (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 420)
The New Forest National Park Authority (Establishment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 421)
The Central Rating List (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 422 (W.40))
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 6) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 423 (W.41) (C.19))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cefn Gwlad a Hawliau Tramwy 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 6) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 423 (Cy.41) (C.19))
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Healthcare Inspections) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 424 (W.42))
Rheoliadau Deddf Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol (Iechyd Cymunedol a Safonau) 2003 (Arolygiadau Gofal Iechyd) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 424 (Cy.42))
The Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003 (Exercise of Functions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 425)
The Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 426 (W.43))
Gorchymyn Ardaloedd Rheoli Mwg (Lleoedd Tân Esempt) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 426 (Cy.43))
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 427 (W.44))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd am Gyffuriau a Chyfarpar) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 427 (Cy.44))
The Isle of Axholme Internal Drainage Board Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 428)
The Broads and Norfolk Rivers Internal Drainage Boards Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 429)
The Lower Severn Internal Drainage Board Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 430)
The Parrett Internal Drainage Board Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 431)
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 432)
The Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Membership, Committee and Procedure) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 433)
The Education Development Plans (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 434 (W.45))
Rheoliadau Cynlluniau Datblygu Addysg (Cymru) (Diwygio 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 434 (Cy.45))
The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 435)
The University Hospital of North Staffordshire National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 436)
The Armed Forces Early Departure Payments Scheme Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 437)
The Armed Forces Pension Scheme Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 438)
The Armed Forces and Reserve Forces (Compensation Scheme) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 439)
The Community Trade Mark (Designation of Community Trade Mark Courts) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 440)
The Pension Protection Fund (Multi-employer Schemes) (Modification) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 441)
The Energy Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 442 (C.20))
The Trade in Goods (Control) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 443)
The Surrey Hampshire Borders National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 444)
The Trade in Controlled Goods (Embargoed Destinations) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 445)
The Courts-Martial Appeal (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 446 (L. 7))
The Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 447 (C. 21))
The Gangmasters (Licensing Authority) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 448)
The Pension Protection Fund (Hybrid Schemes) (Modification) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 449)
The Information Tribunal (Enforcement Appeals) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 450)
The West Hertfordshire Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 451)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hertfordshire) (Borough of Stevenage) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 452)
The Social Security (Deferral of Retirement Pensions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 453)
The Social Security (Graduated Retirement Benefit) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 454)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 455)
The Sunderland Teaching Primary Care Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 456)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Commencement) (No. 6) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 457 (C.22 ))
The Smoke Flavourings (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 464)
The Dairy Produce Quotas Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 465)
The Dairy Produce Quotas (General Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 466)
The Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Social Work) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 467)
The Export of Goods, Transfer of Technology and Provision of Technical Assistance (Control) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 468)
The Social Security (Retirement Pensions etc.) (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 469)
The Police Authorities (Best Value) Performance Indicators Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 470)
The Public Record Office (Fees) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 471)
The Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 472 (L.8))
The Civil Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 473 (L.9))
The Damages (Government and Health Service Bodies) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 474)
The Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 475)
The Traffic Management (Strategic Roads in Greater London) Designation Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 476)
The Water Industry (Determination of Turnover for Penalties) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 477)
The Surrey and Borders Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the North West Surrey Mental Health National Health Service Partnership Trust, the Surrey Hampshire Borders National Health Service Trust and the Surrey Oaklands National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 478)
The Bedfordshire and Luton Community National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 479)
The National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services Supplementary List) and (General Ophthalmic Services Amendment and Consequential Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 480)
The Day Care and Child Minding (Inspections) (Prescribed Matters) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 482)
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 483)
The Fines Collection (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 484)
The Register of Fines (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 485)
The Whole of Government Accounts (Designation of Bodies) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 486)
The Collection of Fines (Pilot Schemes) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 487)
The Electricity (Class Exemptions from the Requirement for a Licence) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 488)
The Legal Services Ombudsman (Jurisdiction) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 489)
The Electricity Act 1989 (Uniform Prices in the North of Scotland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 490)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Relevant Registers of Social Workers) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 491)
The Immigration (Passenger Transit Visa) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 492)
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 497)
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 498)
The Health and Social Care Information Centre (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 499)
The Health and Social Care Information Centre Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 500)
501–600
The Special Health Authorities Abolition Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 502)
The National Health Service Litigation Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 503)
The National Patient Safety Agency (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 504)
The Insolvency (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 512)
The General Medical Services and Personal Medical Services Transitional and Consequential Provisions (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 518)
The Colours in Food (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 519)
The Children (Allocation of Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 520)
The Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 521)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 522)
The Insolvency Practitioners and Insolvency Services Account (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 523)
The Insolvency Practitioners Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 524)
The Health Protection Agency Act 2004 (National Radiological Protection Board and Health Protection Agency Special Health Authority (Yr Asiantaeth Diogelu Iechyd)) (Consequential Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 525)
The LEA Budget, Schools Budget and Individual Schools Budget (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 526)
The Insolvency (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 527)
The Energy Act 2004 (Assistance for Areas with High Distribution Costs) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 528)
The Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 535)
The Dairy Produce Quotas (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 537 (W.47))
Rheoliadau Cwotâu Cynnyrch Llaeth (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 537 (Cy.47))
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 539)
The Insolvency Proceedings (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 544)
The Justices' Clerks Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 545 (L.10))
The Industrial Training Levy (Construction Board) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 546)
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No. 9, Savings, Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 547 (C.23))
The Welsh Local Flood Defence Scheme 1996 (Revocation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 548)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Communications and Light Railways) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 549)
The Public Audit (Wales) Act 2004 (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities of the Audit Commission for Local Authorities and the National Health Service in England and Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 550)
The Central Rating List (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 551)
The Public Audit (Wales) Act 2004 (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities of the Comptroller and Auditor General) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 552)
The Justices of the Peace (Size and Chairmanship of Bench) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 553)
The Local Justice Areas Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 554)
The Contracting-out, Protected Rights and Safeguarded Rights (Transfer Payment) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 555)
The TSE (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 556)
The Feeding Stuffs (Establishments and Intermediaries) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 557)
The Public Audit (Wales) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 558 (W.48) (C.24))
Gorchymyn Deddf Archwilio Cyhoeddus (Cymru) 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 2 a Darpariaethau Trosiannol ac Arbedion) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 558 (Cy.48) (C.24))
The Family Proceedings (Amendment No. 3) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 559 (L. 11))
The Asylum and Immigration Tribunal (Fast Track Procedure) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 560 (L. 12))
The Asylum and Immigration (Fast Track Time Limits) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 561 (L. 13))
The Courts Act 2003 (Continuing Provision of Court-houses) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 562)
The Discharge of Fines by Unpaid Work (Pilot Schemes) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 563)
The Justices of the Peace (Training and Appraisal) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 564)
The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 565 (C.25))
The Gaming Act 1968 (Variation of Fees) (England and Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 566)
The Gaming Act 1968 (Variation of Fees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 567)
The Lotteries (Gaming Board Fees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 568)
The Asylum and Immigration Tribunal (Procedure) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 569 (L.14))
The Gaming (Bingo) Act 1985 (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 570)
The Community Legal Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 571)
The Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 572)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 573)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 574)
The Commission for Social Care Inspection (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 575)
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 576)
The Stakeholder Pension Schemes (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 577)
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) and (Travel Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 578)
The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 579 (C.26))
The Merchant Shipping (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 580)
The Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Amount of Penalty) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 581)
The Immigration (Application Fees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 582)
The Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 583 (W.49))
Gorchymyn Clefydau Anifeiliaid (Diheintyddion a Gymeradwywyd) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 583 (Cy.49))
The Police Authorities (Lay Justices Selection Panel) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 584)
The Family Proceedings Courts (Children Act 1989) (Amendment No 3) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 585)
The Salmonella in Laying Flocks (Survey Powers) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 586 (W.50))
Rheoliadau Salmonela mewn Heidiau Dodwy (Pwerau Arolygu) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 586 (Cy.50))
The High Court and County Courts Jurisdiction (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 587 (L.15))
The Court Security Officers (Designation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 588)
The Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 589)
The Pension Protection Fund (Entry Rules) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 590)
The Civil Legal Aid (General)(Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 591)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Exemption) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 592)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 593)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Stakeholder Products) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 594)
The Asylum Support (Interim Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 595)
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement No. 14) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 596 (C. 27 ))
The Register of Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 597)
The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Indicators and Performance Standards (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 598)
The Pension Protection Fund (Eligible Schemes) Appointed Day Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 599 (C.28))
The Pension Protection Fund (Reviewable Matters) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 600)
601–700
The Borough of Stockton-on-Tees (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 601)
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Revisions to Code C) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 602)
Community Health Councils (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 603 (W.51))
Rheoliadau Cynghorau Iechyd Cymuned (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 603 (Cy.51))
The National Health Service Liabilities Schemes Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 604)
The Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Reviewed Case Referral) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 605)
The Communications (Television Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 606)
The National Assembly for Wales (Conduct of Litigation and Exercise of Rights of Audience) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 607)
The Transformational Grants Joint Scheme (Authorisation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 608)
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 609)
The Pension Protection Fund (Appointment of Ordinary Members) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 616)
The Courts Act 2003 (Consequential Provisions) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 617)
The Environmental Stewardship (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 621)
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (General Levy) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 626)
The Immigration Employment Document (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 627)
The Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Form of Penalty Notice) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 630)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection) (Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 631)
The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 632)
The Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Dependency) (Permitted Earnings Limits) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 633)
The Regulatory Reform (Joint Nature Conservation Committee) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 634)
The Gender Recognition (Disclosure of Information) (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 635)
The Social Security (Intensive Activity Period 50 to 59 Pilot) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 636)
The Social Security (Intensive Activity Period 50 to 59 Pilot)(No.2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 637)
Gender Recognition (Application Fees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 638)
The Road Transport (Working Time) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 639)
The National Care Standards Commission (Commission for Social Care Inspection) (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) (Adoption Agencies) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 640)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 641)
The Collection of Fines (Pilot Schemes) (Amendment No 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 642)
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Sentencing) (Transitory Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 643)
The Energy Act 2004 (Nuclear Decommissioning) (Exempt Activities and Further Conditions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 644)
The Finance Act 2003, Section 66 (Prescribed Transactions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 645)
The Finance Act 2002, Schedule 26, Parts 2 and 9 (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 646)
The Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 647)
The Criminal Justice (Sentencing) (Licence Conditions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 648)
The Transfer of Employment (Pension Protection) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 649)
The Pension Protection Fund (Maladministration) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 650)
The British Nationality (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 651)
The Pension Protection Fund (Reviewable Ill Health Pensions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 652)
The Travel Documents (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 653)
The Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 654)
The Personal Injuries (Civilians) (Amendment) Scheme 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 655)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 656 (L.16))
House of Commons Members' Fund Resolution 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 657)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Material Day for List Alterations) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 658)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 659)
The Armed Forces (Pensions and Compensation) Act 2004 (Transitional Provision) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 660)
The National Health Service (Pension Scheme and Injury Benefits) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 661)
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 662 (W.52))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Asesu Adnoddau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 662 (Cy.52))
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 663 (W.53))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Symiau at Anghenion Personol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 663 (Cy.53))
The Local Government (Best Value Performance Indicators) (Wales) (Revocation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 664 (W.54))
Gorchymyn Llywodraeth Leol (Dangosyddion Perfformiad Gwerth Gorau) (Cymru) (Dirymu) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 664 (Cy.54))
The Local Government (Best Value Performance Indicators) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 665 (W.55))
Gorchymyn Llywodraeth Leol (Dangosyddion Perfformiad Gwerth Gorau) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 665 (Cy.55))
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 666 (W.56))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion sy'n Dod o Anifeiliaid (Mewnforion Trydydd Gwledydd) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 666 (Cy.56))
The Court of Protection (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 667)
The Court of Protection (Enduring Powers of Attorney) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 668)
The Pension Protection Fund (Review and Reconsideration of Reviewable Matters) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 669)
The Pension Protection Fund (Compensation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 670)
The Immigration (European Economic Area)(Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 671)
The Pension Protection Fund (Valuation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 672)
The Detention Centre (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 673)
The Pension Protection Fund (Provision of Information) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 674)
The Pension Protection Fund (Statement of Investment Principles) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 675)
The Health and Safety (Fees) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 676)
The Education (Grants etc.) (Dance and Drama) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 677)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Employer Debt) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 678)
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Retrial for Serious Offences) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 679)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Variation of Threshold Conditions) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 680)
The Tax Credits Up-rating Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 681)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance Up-rating Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 682)
The Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance Up-rating (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 683)
The Companies Act 1985 (Power to Enter and Remain on Premises: Procedural) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 684)
The Pensions Regulator (Freezing Orders and Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 686)
The Patents (Translations) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 687)
The Welfare Food (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 688)
The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling)(Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 689)
The Pensions Regulator Tribunal Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 690)
The Adoption Support Services Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 691)
The Reporting Standards (Specified Body) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 692)
The Local Authorities (Categorisation) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 694)
The Pensions Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3, Transitional Provisions and Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 695 (C.29))
The Community Designs (Designation of Community Design Courts) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 696)
The Accounting Standards (Prescribed Body) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 697)
The Pensions Increase (Civil Service Injury Benefits Scheme) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 698)
The Companies (Defective Accounts) (Authorised Person) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 699)
The Children Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 700 (W.59) (C.30))
Gorchymyn Deddf Plant 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 2) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 700 (Cy.59) (C.30))
701–800
The Council Tax (Situation and Valuation of Dwellings) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 701 (W.60))
The Council Tax (Reductions for Disabilities and Transitional Arrangements) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 702 (W.61))
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Independent Trustee) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 703)
The Personal and Occupational Pension Schemes (Indexation and Disclosure of Information) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 704)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Modification of Pension Protection Provisions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 705)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Winding up etc.) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 706)
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements and Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 708)
The Pensions Appeal Tribunals (England and Wales) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 709 (L. 17))
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No. 5) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 710 (C.31))
The High Hedges (Appeals) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 711)
The Charities (National Trust) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 712)
The Certification Officer (Amendment of Fees) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 713)
The Local Authorities (Functions and Responsibilities) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 714)
The Supervision of Accounts and Reports (Prescribed Body) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 715)
The Income Tax (Indexation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 716)
The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 717)
The Inheritance Tax (Indexation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 718)
The Guardian's Allowance Up-rating Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 719)
The Retirement Benefit Schemes (Indexation of Earnings Cap) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 720)
The Capital Gains Tax (Annual Exempt Amount) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 721)
The Value Added Tax (Consideration for Fuel Provided for Private Use) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 722)
The Retirement Benefits Schemes (Increase in Permitted Maximum in Transitional Cases) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 723)
The Charge to Income Tax by Reference to Enjoyment of Property Previously Owned Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 724)
The Landfill Tax (Site Restoration, Quarries and Pet Cemeteries) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 725)
The Value Added Tax (Reduced Rate) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 726)
The Value Added Tax (Increase of Registration Limits) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 727)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 728)
The Statutory Maternity Pay (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 729)
The Work at Height Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 735)
The Asylum Support (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 738)
The Public Audit (Wales) Act 2004 (Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 757 (W.62))
Gorchymyn Deddf Archwilio Cyhoeddus (Cymru) 2004 (Diwygiadau Canlyniadol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 757 (Cy.62))
The Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 758 (W.63))
The Landfill Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 759)
The Fire and Rescue Services (National Framework) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 760 (W.64))
Gorchymyn y Gwasanaethau Tân ac Achub (Fframwaith Cenedlaethol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 760 (Cy.64))
The Public Audit (Wales) Act 2004 (Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 761 (W.65))
Rheoliadau Deddf Archwilio Cyhoeddus (Cymru) 2004 (Diwygiadau Canlyniadol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 761 (Cy.65))
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 762)
The Transport for London (Reserved Services) (Croydon Tramlink and Docklands Light Railway) Exception Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 763)
The Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 764)
The Medicines for Human Use (Prescribing) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 765)
The Medicines (Pharmacy and General Sale—Exemption) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 766)
The Higher Education Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 767 (C. 32))
The Medicines for Human Use (Marketing Authorisations Etc.) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 768)
The Working Tax Credit (Entitlement and Maximum Rate) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 769)
The Section 318C Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 770)
The Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Prescribed Forms and Procedures) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 771)
The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (Commencement No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 772 (C. 33))
The Tax Credits Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 773)
The Children Act 2004 (Amendment of Miscellaneous Regulations) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 774 (W.64))
Rheoliadau Deddf Plant 2004 (Diwygio Rheoliadau Amrywiol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 774 (Cy.64))
The Contaminants in Food (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 775)
The Tax Credits Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 776)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 777)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 778)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hertfordshire) (District of Welwyn Hatfield) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 779)
The Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officers' Charges) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 780)
The Pensions Regulator Tribunal (Legal Assistance Scheme) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 781)
The Pensions Regulator Tribunal (Legal Assistance Scheme – Costs) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 782)
The Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 785)
801–900
The Social Security (Inherited SERPS) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 811)
The Pension Protection Fund (PPF Ombudsman) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 824)
The Pension Protection Fund (Pension Compensation Cap) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 825)
The Income Tax (Incentive Payments for Voluntary Electronic Communication of PAYE Returns) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 826)
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 827 (C. 34))
The Tax Credits Notification of Changes of Circumstances (Civil Partnership) (Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 828)
The Crime Prevention (Designated Areas) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 829)
The Equipment and Protective Systems Intended for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 830)
The Supply of Machinery (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 831)
The Workmen's Compensation (Supplementation) (Amendment) Scheme 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 832)
The Damages (Variation of Periodical Payments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 841)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Levies) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 842)
The Town and Country Planning (Fees for Applications and Deemed Applications) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 843)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Electronic Communications) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 844)
The Education (Amendments to Regulations Requiring the Publication of Pupil Performance Information) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 845)
The Social Security (Graduated Retirement Benefit) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 846)
The Children Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 847 (C.35))
The Opticians Act 1989 (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 848)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 849 (S. 2))
The European Communities (Designation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 850)
The Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 851)
The Copyright and Performances (Application to Other Countries) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 852)
The Copyright (Gibraltar) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 853)
The Chemical Weapons (Overseas Territories) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 854)
The Communications (Jersey) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 855)
The Communications (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 856)
The Public Processions (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 857 (N.I. 2))
The Pensions Increase (Review) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 858)
The Reserve Forces (Call-out and Recall) (Financial Assistance) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 859)
The Budget (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 860 (N.I. 3))
The District Policing Partnerships (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 861 (N.I. 4))
Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1962 (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 862)
The Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1962 (Amendment No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 863)
The Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1962 (Amendment No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 864)
The Scotland Act 1998 (Modifications of Schedule 5) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 865 (S. 3))
The Scotland Act 1998 (Modifications of Schedule 5) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 866 (S. 4))
The Recreation Grounds (Revocation of Parish Council Byelaws) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 867)
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Modification) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 868)
The Prison (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 869)
The Social Security Commissioners (Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 870)
The Regulatory Reform (Trading Stamps) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 871)
The Employment Relations Act 2004 (Commencement No.3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 872 (C.36))
The Education (Variation of Admission Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 873)
The Gender Recognition (Approved Countries and Territories) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 874)
The Education (Head Teachers' Qualifications) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 875)
The Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004 (Commencement) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 876 (C.37))
The Energy Act 2004 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 877 (C. 38))
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating and National Insurance Funds Payments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 878)
The Insolvency Act 1986 (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 879)
The Landfill Allowances and Trading Scheme (England)(Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 880)
The Merchant Shipping (Accident Reporting and Investigation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 881)
The European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) (Second General System) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 882)
The Waste Management Licensing (England and Wales) (Amendment and Related Provisions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 883)
The Energy Act 2004 (Designation of Companies and Designated Date) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 884)
The Education (Free School Lunches) (State Pension Credit) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 885)
The Courts Act 2003 (Consequential Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 886)
The Parliamentary Pension (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 887)
The Disclosure of Adoption Information (Post-Commencement Adoptions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 888)
The Corporation Tax (Instalment Payments) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 889)
The Adoption Information and Intermediary Services (Pre-Commencement Adoptions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 890)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Contracting-out) (Amount Required for Restoring State Scheme Rights) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 891)
The Teacher Training Agency (Additional Functions) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 892)
The National Health Service (Primary Medical Services) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 893)
The Hazardous Waste (England and Wales)Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 894)
The List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 895)
The General Medical Council (Legal Assessors) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 896)
The Young Offender Institution (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 897)
The Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 898)
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 899)
The Pensions Regulator (Notifiable Events) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 900)
901–1000
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Code of Conduct) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 901)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Service of Prosecution Evidence) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 902)
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Procedural Rules) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 903)
The Public Order (Prescribed Forms) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 904)
The Public Processions (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (Guidelines) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 905)
The Plant Health (Import Inspection Fees) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 906)
The Child Trust Funds (Appeals) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 907)
The Regulatory Reform (Prison Officers) (Industrial Action) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 908)
The Child Trust Funds (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 909)
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No. 10) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 910 (C. 39))
The Courts Act 2003 (Transitional Provisions, Savings and Consequential Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 911)
The Gender Recognition Register Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 912)
The Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 (Audit of Public Bodies) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 913)
The Crime Prevention (Designated Areas) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 914)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating) Consequential Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 915)
The Gender Recognition (Disclosure of Information) (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 916)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 8) (Designation of the Consumers' Association) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 917)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Cross Compliance) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 918)
The Human Tissue Act 2004 (Commencement No.1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 919 (C.40))
The Water Supply (Fluoridation Indemnities) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 920)
The Water Fluoridation (Consultation) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 921)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Carrying on Regulated Activities by Way of Business) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 922)
The Open-Ended Investment Companies (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 923)
The Adopted Children and Adoption Contact Registers Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 924)
The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 925)
The Renewables Obligation Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 926)
The Midland Metro (Wednesbury to Brierley Hill and Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 927)
The Export and Import of Dangerous Chemicals Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 928)
The Local Authorities (Functions and Responsibilities) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 929)
The Immigration and Asylum (Provision of Accommodation to Failed Asylum-Seekers) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 930)
The Pensions Regulator (Contribution Notices and Restoration Orders) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 931)
The Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 (Commencement No.4) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 932 (C. 41))
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No.8 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 950 (C.42))
The Criminal Justice (Sentencing) (Programme and Electronic Monitoring Requirements) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 963)
The Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) (Specified Area) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 964)
The Pensions Appeal Commissioners (Procedure) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 965)
The Community Legal Service (Asylum and Immigration Appeals) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 966)
The Water Act 2003 (Commencement No. 4, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 968 (C.43 ))
The Civil Aviation (Denied Boarding, Compensation and Assistance) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 975)
The Exclusion Order (Monitoring of Offenders) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 979)
The Electronic Monitoring (Responsible Officers) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 984)
Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (Code of Practice) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 985)
The Criminal Justice (Sentencing) (Curfew Condition) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 986)
The Polehampton Church of England Junior School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 987)
The All Saints College (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 988)
The Statutory Maternity Pay (General) and Statutory Sick Pay (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 989)
The Child Trust Funds (Appeals) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 990)
The Non-Domestic Rating (Chargeable Amounts) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 991)
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Pension Liberation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 992)
The Occupational Pension Schemes and Pension Protection Fund (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 993)
1001–1100
The Companies Act 1985 (Operating and Financial Review and Directors' Report etc.) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1011)
The Courts Act 2003 (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1012)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1013 (W.67))
The Education (Residential Trips) (Prescribed Tax Credits) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1014)
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1015)
The Asylum (Designated States) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1016)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Prescribed Forms) (Revocation) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1017)
The Public Audit (Wales) Act 2004 (Relaxation of Restriction on Disclosure) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1018)
The Electricity (Standards of Performance) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1019)
The Pensions Appeal Tribunals (Armed Forces and Reserve Forces Compensation Scheme) (Rights of Appeal) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1029)
The Social Security Commissioners (Procedure) (Child Trust Funds) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1031)
The Education (Review of Staffing Structure) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1032)
The Feedingstuffs (Zootechnical Products) and Medicated Feedingstuffs (Amendment) (England, Scotlandand Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1033)
The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads Act 1988 (Alteration of Constitution of the Broads Authority) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1067)
The Disability Discrimination (Educational Institutions) (Alteration of Leasehold Premises) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1070)
The Human Rights Act 1998 (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1071)
The Regulatory Reform (National Health Service Charitable and Non-Charitable Trust Accounts and Audit) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1074)
The Manufacture and Storage of Explosives Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1082)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Communications Data) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1083)
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Directed Surveillance and Covert Human Intelligence Sources) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1084)
The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1085)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1086)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1087)
The Control of Major Accident Hazards (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1088)
The Civil Aviation (Insurance) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1089)
The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1090)
The Income Tax (Professional Fees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1091)
The Merchant Shipping (Amendments to Reporting Requirements) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1092)
The Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1093)
The Medicines (Advisory Bodies) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1094)
The Railways (Penalty Fares) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1095)
The Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004 (Isles of Scilly) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1096)
The Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1097)
The Blood Safety and Quality (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1098)
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1099)
The National Health Service (Standing Advisory Committees) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1100)
1101–1200
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1101)
The New Opportunities Fund (Specification of Initiative) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1102)
The Contracting Out (Functions in Relation to Cultural Objects) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1103)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1104 (C.44))
The Parliamentary Elections (Welsh Forms) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1105)
The Tax Credits Act 2002 (Commencement No. 4, Transitional Provisions and Savings) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1106 (C. 45))
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Designated Activities) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1107)
The Pensions Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4 and Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1108 (C. 46))
The Special Guardianship Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1109)
The Rules of the Air (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1110)
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1112 (C.47))
The Crawley College and Haywards Heath College (Dissolution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1113)
The Energy-Saving Items Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1114)
The Chelsea and Westminster Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Trust Funds: Appointment of Trustees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1115)
The Higher Education (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1116 (N.I. 5))
The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1117 (N.I. 6))
The Armed Forces Act 1996 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1119 (C.48 ))
The Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1120 (C.49))
The Disability Discrimination (Providers of Services) (Adjustment of Premises) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1121)
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1122 (C.50))
The Medicines for Human Use (Fees Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1124)
The Employment Zones (Allocation to Contractors) Pilot Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1125)
The Commissioners for Revenue and Customs Act 2005 (Commencement) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1126 (C. 51))
The Extradition Act 2003 (Part 3 Designation) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1127)
The Bail (Amendment) Act 1993 (Prescription of Prosecuting Authorities) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1129)
The Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003 (Designation of Prosecuting Authorities) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1130)
The Orders for the Delivery of Documents (Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1131)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax (Administration) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1132)
The Revenue and Customs (Inspections) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1133)
The Horserace Betting and Olympic Lottery Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1134 (C. 52))
The Gas (Standards of Performance) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1135)
The Gas (Standards of Performance) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1136)
The Margate Pier (Turner Centre) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1137)
The Judicial Committee (Devolution Issues) Rules (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1138)
The Judicial Committee (General Appellate Jurisdiction) Rules (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1139)
The Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) (Tachograph Card Fees) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1140)
The Langstone (Pilotage) Harbour Revision Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1141)
The A21 Trunk Road (Lamberhurst Bypass) (24 Hours Clearway) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1142)
The A21 Trunk Road (Lamberhurst) (Derestriction) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1143)
The A428 Trunk Road (Caxton Gibbet to Cambourne Improvement) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1149)
The A428 Trunk Road (Caxton Gibbet to Cambourne Improvement) (Detrunking) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1150)
The A428 Trunk Road (Cambourne to Hardwick Improvement and Slip Roads) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1151)
The A428 Trunk Road (Cambourne to Hardwick Improvement) (Detrunking) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1152)
The Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1153 (W.70) (C.53))
Gorchymyn Deddf Gofalwyr (Cyfleoedd Cyfartal) 2004 (Cychwyn) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1153 (Cy.70) (C.53))
The Countryside Access (Appeals Procedures) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1154 (W.71))
Rheoliadau Mynediad i Gefn Gwlad (Gweithdrefnau Apelau) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1154 (Cy.71))
The Marketing of Fruit Plant Material (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1155 (W.72))
Rheoliadau Marchnata Deunyddiau Planhigion Ffrwythau (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1155 (Cy.72))
The Sweeteners in Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1156 (W.73))
Rheoliadau Melysyddion mewn Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1156 (Cy.73))
The Air Quality Limit Values (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1157 (W.74))
Rheoliadau Gwerthoedd Terfyn Ansawdd Aer (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1157 (Cy.74))
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1158 (W.75))
Rheoliadau Anifeiliaid a Chynhyrchion Anifeiliaid (Mewnforio ac Allforio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1158 (Cy.75))
The Immigration (Leave to Enter and Remain) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1159)
The Parliamentary Elections (Returning Officer's Charges) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1160)
The Potatoes Originating in the Netherlands (Revocation) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1161 (W.76))
Rheoliadau Tatws sy'n Tarddu o'r Iseldiroedd (Dirymu) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1161 (Cy.76))
The Potatoes Originating in the Netherlands (Notification) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1162 (W.77))
Gorchymyn Tatws sy'n Tarddu o'r Iseldiroedd (Hysbysu) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1162 (Cy.77))
The Telford Railfreight Terminal (Donnington) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1163)
The Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1195)
1201–1300
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Commencement No. 8) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1206 (W.78) (C.54))
Gorchymyn Deddf Mabwysiadu a Phlant 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 8) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1206 (Cy.78) (C.54))
The Fodder Plant Seed (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1207 (W.79))
The School Lunches (Prescribed Requirement) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1208 (W.80))
Gorchymyn Ciniawau Ysgol (Gofyniad Rhagnodedig) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1208 (Cy.80))
The Food with Added Phytosterols or Phytostanols (Labelling) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1224 (W.82))
Rheoliadau Bwyd â Ffytosterolau neu Ffytostanolau Ychwanegol (Labelu) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1224 (Cy.82))
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No.4) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1225 (W.83) (C.55))
Gorchymyn Deddf Ymddygiad Gwrthgymdeithasol 2003 (Cychwyn Rhif 4) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1225 (Cy.83) (C.55))
The Secure Tenancies (Notices) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1226 (W.84))
Rheoliadau Tenantiaethau Diogel (Hysbysiadau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1226 (Cy.84))
The Head Teachers' Qualifications and Registration (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1227 (W.85))
Rheoliadau Cymwysterau a Chofrestru Prifathrawon (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1227 (Cy.85))
The Demoted Tenancies (Review of Decisions) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1228 (W.86))
Rheoliadau Tenantiaethau Isradd (Adolygu Penderfyniadau) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1228 (Cy.86))
The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No.3 and Consequential and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1229 (W.87) (C.56))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cynllunio a Phrynu Gorfodol 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 3 a Darpariaethau Canlyniadol a Throsiannol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1229 (Cy.87) (C.56))
The Bishop Justus C of E School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1230)
The Holy Trinity Catholic Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1231)
The Hertsmere Jewish High School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1232)
The St Benedict's Catholic VA Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1233)
The Sudan (United Nations Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1258)
The Sudan (United Nations Measures) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1259)
The Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1260)
The Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Taxes on Income) (Jersey) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1261)
The Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Taxes on Income) (Guernsey) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1262)
The Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Taxes on Income) (Isle of Man) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1263)
The Feed (Corn Gluten Feed and Brewers Grains) (Emergency Control) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1265)
The A11 Trunk Road (Attleborough Bypass Improvement) Slip Roads Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1266)
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1267 (C. 57))
The St Luke's CEC Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1268)
The Tir Mynydd (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1269 (W. 89))
Rheoliadau Tir Mynydd (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1269 (Cy.89))
The Countryside Access (Means of Access, Appeals etc.) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1270 (W.90))
Rheoliadau Mynediad i Gefn Gwlad (Dull Mynediad, Apelau etc.) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1270 (Cy.90))
The A21 Trunk Road (School Hill and Spray Hill, Lamberhurst) (Restricted Road) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1300)
1301–1400
The M40 Motorway Junction 4 (Handy Cross) Connecting Road Scheme 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1301)
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (Application to Environmentally Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1308)
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1309 (W.91))
Rheoliadau Labelu Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1309 (Cy.91))
The Poultry Meat, Farmed Game Bird Meat and Rabbit Meat (Hygiene and Inspection) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1310 (W.92))
Rheoliadau Cig Dofednod, Cig Adar Hela wedi'i Ffermio a Chig Cwningod (Hylendid ac Archwilio) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1310 (Cy.92))
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1311 (W.93))
Rheoliadau Ychwanegion Bwyd Amrywiol (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1311 (Cy.93))
The Business Improvement Districts (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1312 (W.94))
Rheoliadau Ardaloedd Gwella Busnes (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1312 (Cy.94))
The Adoption Agencies (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1313 (W.95))
Rheoliadau Asiantaethau Mabwysiadu (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1313 (Cy.95))
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 7) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1314 (W.96) (C.58))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cefn Gwlad a Hawliau Tramwy 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 7) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1314 (Cy.96) (C.58))
The Feed (Corn Gluten Feed and Brewers Grains) (Emergency Control) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1323 (W.97))
The Education (Student Support) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1341)
The Smoke Flavourings (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1350 (W.98))
Rheoliadau Cyflasynnau Mwg (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1350 (Cy.98))
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1351 (W.99))
Gorchymyn Tai (Hawl i Brynu) (Blaenoriaeth Arwystlon) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1351 (Cy.99))
The Rights of Re-entry and Forfeiture (Prescribed Sum and Period) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1352 (W.100))
Rheoliadau Hawliau Ailfynediad a Fforffediad (Swm a Chyfnod Rhagnodedig) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1352 (Cy.100))
The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (Commencement No. 3 and Saving and Transitional Provision) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1353 (W.101) (C.59))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cyfunddaliad a Diwygio Cyfraith Lesddaliad 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 3 ac Arbediad a Darpariaeth Drosiannol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1353 (Cy.101) (C.59))
The Leasehold Houses (Notice of Insurance Cover) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1354 (W.102))
Rheoliadau Tai Lesddaliad (Hysbysiad o Warchodaeth Yswiriant) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1354 (Cy.102))
The Landlord and Tenant (Notice of Rent) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1355 (W.103))
Rheoliadau Landlord a Thenant (Hysbysu o Rent) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1355 (Cy.103))
The Leasehold Valuation Tribunals (Procedure) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1356 (W.104))
Rheoliadau Tribiwnlysoedd Prisio Lesddaliadau (Gweithdrefn) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1356 (Cy.104))
The Service Charges (Consultation Requirements) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1357 (W.105))
Rheoliadau Taliadau Gwasanaeth (Gofynion Ymgynghori ) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1357 (Cy.105))
The Emmaus Catholic & CoE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1367)
The St. Herbert's CE VA Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1371)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1378)
The Displaced Persons (Temporary Protection) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1379)
The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (Rate of Levy) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1380)
The Education (Listed Bodies) (England) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1382)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1383)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1384)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1385)
The Education (Outturn Statements) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1386)
The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (Approved National Allocation Plan) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1387)
The Unfitness to Stand Trial and Insanity (Royal Air Force) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1388)
The Unfitness to Stand Trial and Insanity (Royal Navy) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1389)
The Unfitness to Stand Trial and Insanity (Army) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1390)
The A6514 Trunk Road (A52 to A60) (Detrunking) Order 2003 (Revocation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1391)
The TSE (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1392 (W.106))
Rheoliadau TSE (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1392 (Cy.106))
The Feeding Stuffs (Establishments and Intermediaries) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1393 (W.107))
Rheoliadau Bwydydd Anifeiliaid (Sefydliadau a Chyfryngwyr) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1393 (Cy.107))
The National Curriculum (Key Stage 3 Assessment Arrangements) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1394 (W.108))
Gorchymyn y Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol (Trefniadau Asesu Cyfnod Allweddol 3) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1394 (Cy.108))
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 6 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1395 (W.109) (C.60))
Gorchymyn Deddf Addysg 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 6 a Darpariaethau Trosiannol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1395 (Cy.109) (C.60))
The National Curriculum Assessment Arrangements (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1396 (W.110))
Rheoliadau Trefniadau Asesu y Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol (Diwygiadau Amrywiol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1396 (Cy.110))
The Production of Bovine Collagen Intended for Human Consumption in the United Kingdom (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1397 (W.111))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchu Colagen Buchol y Bwriedir i Bobl ei Fwyta yn y Deyrnas Unedig (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1397 (Cy.111))
The Education (Admission Appeals Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1398 (W.112))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Trefniadau Apelau Derbyn) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1398 (Cy.112))
The Environmental Impact Assessment (Land Drainage Improvement Works) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1399)
The Calshot Oyster Fishery Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1400)
1401–1500
The Textile Products (Indications of Fibre Content) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1401)
The Stanswood Bay Oyster Fishery Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1402)
The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1403)
The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Heathrow Express Class 360/2) Exemption (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1404)
The Environmental Impact Assessment (Uncultivated Land and Semi-natural Areas) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1430)
The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1431 (C. 61))
The Inquiries Act 2005 (Commencement) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1432 (C.62))
The Prospectus Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1433)
The Ship and Port Facility (Security) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1434)
The Plant Protection Products Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1435)
The Pensions Act 2004 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1436 (C.63))
The Education (Pupil Information) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1437)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Hartlepool) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1438)
The Police Pensions (Part-time Service) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1439)
The Pension Protection Fund (Pension Protection Levies Consultation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1440)
The Reporting of Prices of Milk Products (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1441)
The Food (Chilli, Chilli Products, Curcuma and Palm Oil) (Emergency Control) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1442)
The Railways Act 2005 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1444 (C.64))
The National Health Service Litigation Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1445)
The NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1446)
The NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1447)
The Pollution Prevention and Control (Public Participation)(England and Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1448)
The Tonnage Tax (Further Opportunity for Election) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1449)
The Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No.3) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1451 (C.65))
The Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1452 (N.I. 7))
The Drainage (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1453 (N.I. 8))
The Company Directors Disqualification (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1454 (N.I. 9))
The Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1455 (N.I. 10))
The G8 Gleneagles (Immunities and Privileges) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1456)
The Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Taxes on Income) (Virgin Islands) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1457)
The Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Taxes on Income) (Aruba) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1458)
The Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Taxes on Income) (Montserrat) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1459)
The Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Taxes on Income) (Netherlands Antilles) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1460)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (United Nations Sanctions) (Overseas Territories) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1461)
The Sudan (United Nations Measures) (Channel Islands) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1462)
The Sudan (United Nations Measures) (Isle of Man) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1463)
The European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production (Amendment) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1464)
The Consular Fees Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1465)
The Montserrat Reporting of Savings Income Information Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1466)
The Scottish Administration (Offices) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1467)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (United Nations Sanctions) (Channel Islands) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1468)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (United Nations Sanctions) (Isle of Man) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1469)
The Dockyard Port of Portsmouth Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1470)
The Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions (Amendment) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1471)
The Opticians Act 1989 (Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1472)
The General Optical Council (Continuing Education and Training Rules) Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1473)
The General Optical Council (Committee Constitution Rules) Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1474)
The General Optical Council (Fitness to Practise Rules) Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1475)
The General Optical Council (Injury or Disease of the Eye and Contact Lens (Qualifications)) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1476)
The General Optical Council (Registration Appeals Rules) Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1477)
The General Optical Council (Registration Rules) Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1478)
The Recovery of Taxes etc. Due in Other Member States (Amendment of Section 134 of the Finance Act 2002) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1479)
The Tonnage Tax (Exception of Financial Year 2005) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1480)
The Contact Lens (Specification) and Miscellaneous Amendments Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1481)
1501–1600
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1501)
The Medicines for Human Use (Prescribing) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1507)
The School Governance (Contracts) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1508)
The Residential Property Tribunal (Right to Buy Determinations) Procedure (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1509)
The National Assembly for Wales (Social Services Explanations) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1510 (W.114))
Rheoliadau Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru (Esboniadau ynghylch Gwasanaethau Cymdeithasol) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1510 (Cy.114))
Education (Disapplication of the National Curriculum at Key Stage 1) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1511 (W.115))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Datgymhwyso'r Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol yng Nghyfnod Allweddol 1) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1511 (Cy.115))
The Adoption Support Services (Local Authorities) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1512 (W.116))
Rheoliadau Gwasanaethau Cymorth Mabwysiadu (Awdurdodau Lleol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1512 (Cy.116))
The Special Guardianship (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1513 (W.117))
Rheoliadau Gwarcheidiaeth Arbennig (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1513 (Cy.117))
The Adoption Support Agencies (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1514 (W.118))
Rheoliadau Asiantaethau Cymorth Mabwysiadu (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1514 (Cy.118))
The Re-use of Public Sector Information Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1515)
The Insolvent Partnerships (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1516)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (United Nations Measures) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1517)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1518)
The Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variations) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1519)
The Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1520)
The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Commencement No. 1, Transitional and Transitory Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1521 (C. 66))
The Royal Parks (Regulation of Specified Parks) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1522)
The Finance Act 1995 (Denatured Alcohol) (Appointed Day and Savings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1523 (C. 67))
The Denatured Alcohol Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1524)
The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2001 (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1525)
Burma (Financial Sanctions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1526)
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (Financial Sanctions Against Indictees) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1527)
The Waste Management Licensing (England and Wales)(Amendment and Related Provisions)(No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1528)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1529)
The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1530)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Promotion of Collective Investment Schemes) (Exemptions) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1532)
The Children (Private Arrangements for Fostering) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1533)
The Standing Civilian Courts (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1534)
The Courts-Martial (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1535)
The Summary Appeal Courts (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1536)
The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Designated Area) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1537)
The Lloyd's Sourcebook (Amendment of the Finance Act 1993 and the Finance Act 1994) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1538)
The Reporting of Savings Income Information (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1539)
The Food (Chilli, Chilli Products, Curcuma and Palm Oil) (Emergency Control) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1540 (W.119 ))
The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1541)
The Education (London Residuary Body) (Property Transfer) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1542)
The Social Security (Shared Additional Pension) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1551)
The North Northamptonshire Joint Committee Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1552)
The A40 Trunk Road (M5 Motorway Junction 11 to the Gloucestershire/Oxfordshire County Boundary) (Detrunking) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1574)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Automotive Short Range Radar) (Exemption) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1585)
The Pilgrim Church of England Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1586)
1601–1700
The Our Lady of Walsingham Catholic Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1604)
The Registration of Fish Buyers and Sellers and Designation of Fish Auction Sites Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1605)
The Road Traffic Act 1988 (Retention and Disposal of Seized Motor Vehicles) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1606)
The Yorkshire Regional Flood Defence Committee Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1607)
The St Francis of Assisi RC Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1608)
The St John's Church of England First and Middle School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1609)
The Pension Protection Fund (Payments to meet Investment Costs) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1610)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Public Health Laboratory Service Board) (Consequential Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1622)
The Great Clacton Church of England Voluntary Aided Junior School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1623)
The St Nicholas CofE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1624)
The Health Professions Council (Practice Committees and Registration) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1625)
The Colours in Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1628 (W.122))
Rheoliadau Lliwiau mewn Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1628 (Cy.122))
The Contaminants in Food (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1629 (W.123))
Rheoliadau Halogion mewn Bwyd (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1629 (Cy.123))
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1630 (W.124))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd a Thaliadau Optegol) a (Gwasanaethau Offthalmig Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1630 (Cy.124))
The Stamp Duty (Consequential Amendment of Enactments) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1634)
The Home Loss Payments (Prescribed Amounts)(England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1635)
The Water Supply Licence (Application) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1638)
The Personal Injuries (Civilians) (Amendment) (No.2) Scheme 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1639)
The Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1640)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1641)
The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No.1643)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Administration Orders Relating to Insurers) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1644)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Surrey) (Borough of Woking) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1645)
The Electricity and Gas Appeals (Designation and Exclusion) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1646)
The Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1647 (W.128))
Rheoliadau Deunyddiau ac Eitemau mewn Cysylltiad â Bwyd (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1647 (Cy.128))
The Education (Listed Bodies) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1648 (W.129))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cyrff sy'n Cael eu Rhestru) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1648 (Cy.129))
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) (No. 2) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1649 (W.130))
Rheoliadau Deunyddiau ac Eitemau Plastig mewn Cysylltiad â Bwyd (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1649 (Cy.130))
The Drugs Act 2005 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1650 (C. 68))
The Misuse of Drugs (Designation) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1652)
The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1653)
The Nuclear Industries Security (Fees) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1654)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1656)
The Surrey and Borders Partnership National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1669)
The Traffic Signs (Amendment) Regulations and General Directions 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1670)
The M42 (Junctions 3A to 7) (Actively Managed Hard Shoulder and Variable Speed Limits) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1671)
The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency Trading Fund (Variation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1672)
The List of Wastes (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1673)
The Control of Trade in Endangered Species (Enforcement) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1674)
The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1675 (C.69))
The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1676 (C.70))
The Export Control (Democratic Republic of Congo) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1677)
1701–1800
The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1705 (C.71))
The Kent Institute of Art and Design Higher Education Corporation (Dissolution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1708)
The Recovery of Duties and Taxes Etc. Due in Other Member States (Corresponding UK Claims, Procedure and Supplementary) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1709)
The Medicines (Provision of False or Misleading Information and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1710)
The Restriction on the Preparation of Adoption Reports Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1711)
The Suitability of Adopters Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1712)
The Finance Act 2003, sections 189 and 190, (Appointed Day) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1713 (C.72))
The Climate Change Levy (Combined Heat and Power Stations) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1714)
The Climate Change Levy (Fuel Use and Recycling Processes) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1715)
The Climate Change Levy (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1716)
The Scallop Fishing (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1717 (W.132))
Gorchymyn Pysgota am Gregyn Bylchog (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1717 (Cy.132))
The Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1718)
The Housing Benefit (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1719)
The Pensions Act 2004 (Commencement No. 6, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1720 (C.73))
The Street Works (Sharing of Costs of Works) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1721 (W.133))
Rheoliadau Gwaith Stryd (Rhannu Costau Gwaith) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1721 (Cy.133))
The Individual Learning Accounts Wales (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1722 (W.134))
Rheoliadau Cyfrifon Dysgu Unigol Cymru (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1722 (Cy.134))
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1723 (W.135))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Treuliau Teithio a Pheidio â Chodi Tâl) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1723 (Cy.135))
The Value Added Tax (Disclosure of Avoidance Schemes) (Designations) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1724)
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1725)
The Energy Information (Household Air Conditioners) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1726)
The Gaming Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1727)
The Waste Management Licensing (England and Wales)(Amendment and Related Provisions)(No. 3) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1728)
The Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions)(England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1729 (C.74))
The School Governance (Constitution, Federations and New Schools) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1730)
The Education (Change of Category of Maintained Schools) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1731)
The Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure Equipment (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1732)
The Airports Licensing (Liquor) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1733)
The Housing (Right to Buy)(Information to Secure Tenants)(England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1735)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Prescribed Forms) (Amendment) (England) (No.2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1736)
The Railways (Rail Passengers' Council and Rail Passengers' Committees) (Exemptions) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1737)
The Railways Act 2005 (Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1738)
The Coventry City Council and the North West Federation of Schools (International General Certificate of Secondary Education) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1739)
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Consolidation) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1740)
The Employment Zones (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1744)
The Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1748)
The Football Spectators (Seating) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1751)
The Land Registration (Proper Office) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1765)
The Land Registration (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1766)
The NHSU Abolition Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1781)
The Community Interest Company Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1788)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Responsible Authorities) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1789)
The Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 (Consequential Modifications) (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1790 (S.5))
The Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1791 (S.6))
The Education (Leeds College of Music) (Transfer to the Higher Education Sector) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1792)
The Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment No.3) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1793)
The Midland Metro (Birmingham City Centre Extension, etc.) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1794)
1801–1900
The Education (School Organisation Proposals) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1801)
The Civil Legal Aid (General)(Amendment No.2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1802)
The General Product Safety Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1803)
The Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1805)
The Hazardous Waste (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1806 (W.138))
Rheoliadau Gwastraff Peryglus (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1806 (Cy.138))
The Social Security (Students and Income-related Benefits) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1807)
The Home Loss Payments (Prescribed Amounts) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1808 (W.139))
Rheoliadau Taliadau Colli Cartref (Symiau Rhagnodedig) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1808 (Cy.139))
The Highways (Schools) (Special Extinguishment and Special Diversion Orders) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1809 (W.140))
Rheoliadau Priffyrdd (Ysgolion) (Gorchmynion Dileu Arbennig a Gwyro Arbennig) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1809 (Cy.140))
The Street Works (Recovery of Costs) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1810 (W.141))
Rheoliadau Gwaith Stryd (Adennill Costau) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1810 (Cy.141))
The Fees for Assessment of Active Substances (Fourth Stage Review) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1811)
Street Works (Records) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1812 (W.142))
Rheoliadau Gwaith Stryd (Cofnodion) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1812 (Cy.142))
The Education (Nursery Education and Early Years Development and Childcare Plans) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1813 (W.143))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Addysg Feithrin a Chynlluniau Datblygu Blynyddoedd Cynnar a Gofal Plant) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1813 (Cy.143))
The Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1814 (W.144) (C.75))
Gorchymyn Deddf Tai 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 1) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1814 (Cy.144) (C.75))
The Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1815)
The Social Housing Ombudsman (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1816 (W.145))
Rheoliadau Ombwdsmon Tai Cymdeithasol (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1816 (Cy.145))
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 10 and Saving Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1817 (C.76))
The Education (Induction Arrangements for School Teachers) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1818 (W.146))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Trefniadau Ymsefydlu ar gyfer Athrawon Ysgol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1818 (Cy.146))
The Independent Review of Determinations (Adoption) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1819 (W.147))
Rheoliadau Adolygu Dyfarniadau'n Annibynnol (Mabwysiadu) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1819 (Cy.147))
The List of Wastes (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1820 (W.148))
Rheoliadau'r Rhestr Wastraffoedd (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1820 (Cy.148))
The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1821 (C. 77))
The Olympic Lotteries (Declaration that London is to host the 2012 Olympic Games) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1830)
The Horserace Betting and Olympic Lottery Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1831 (C.78))
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1832)
The Higher Education Act 2004 (Commencement No.2 and Transitional Provision) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1833 (W.149) (C.79))
Gorchymyn Deddf Addysg Uwch 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 2 a Darpariaeth Drosiannol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1833 (Cy.149) (C.79))
The Fees in Higher Education Institutions (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1860 (W.152))
Rheoliadau Ffioedd mewn Sefydliadau Addysg Uwch (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1860 (Cy.152))
The St Leonard's (CofE) Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1861)
The St Mary's & St John's C of E Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1862)
The Ruth Lunzer Lubavitch Jewish Girls Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1863)
The Bishops' College (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1864)
The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1865)
The Transport for London (Waterloo Station) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1866)
The Derbyshire County Council (Erewash Canal Bridge) Scheme 2003 Confirmation Instrument 2005 (S.I. 2005No 1867)
The Stamp Duty Land Tax Avoidance Schemes (Prescribed Descriptions of Arrangements) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1868)
The Tax Avoidance Schemes (Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1869)
The International Organisations Act 2005 (Commencement) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1870 (C.80))
The Employment Appeal Tribunal (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1871)
The Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (Fees) Rules Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1872)
1901–2000
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1901 (C.81))
The Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1902)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1903)
The Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1904)
The Drought Plan Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1905)
The Regulatory Reform (Execution of Deeds and Documents) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1906)
The Pension Protection Fund (Tax) (2005–06) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1907)
The Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1908)
The Railways Act 2005 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1909 (C.82))
The Education (Review of Staffing Structure) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1910 (W.153))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Adolygu Strwythur Staffio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1910 (Cy.153))
The Public Audit (Wales) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1911 (W.154) (C.83))
Gorchymyn Deddf Archwilio Cyhoeddus (Cymru) 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 3) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1911 (Cy.154) (C.83))
The Genetically Modified Organisms (Transboundary Movement) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1912 (W.155))
Rheoliadau Organeddau a Addaswyd yn Enetig (Eu Symud ar draws Ffin) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1912 (Cy.155))
The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1913 (W.156))
Rheoliadau Organeddau a Addaswyd yn Enetig (Eu Gollwng yn Fwriadol) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1913 (Cy.156))
The Genetically Modified Organisms (Traceability and Labelling) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1914 (W.157))
Rheoliadau Organeddau a Addaswyd yn Enetig (Eu Holrhain a'u Labelu) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1914 (Cy.157))
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Wales) (Amendment)(No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1915 (W.158))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd am Gyffuriau a Chyfarpar) (Cymru) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 1915 (Cy.158))
The Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Oil Pollution) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1916)
The Housing (Right of First Refusal) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1917)
The Greater Manchester (Leigh Busway) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1918)
The Merchant Shipping (Medical Examination) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1919)
The Honey (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1920)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Equal Treatment) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1923)
The European Parliament (United Kingdom Representatives) Pensions (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1924)
The Diseases of Poultry Declaratory (Infected Area) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1957)
The National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1958)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1959)
The Local Authorities (Armorial Bearings) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1960)
The Unauthorised Encampments (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1961 (N.I. 11))
The Budget (No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1962 (N.I. 12))
The Colleges of Education (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1963 (N.I. 13))
The Traffic Management (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1964 (N.I. 14))
The Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1965 (N.I. 15))
The Firearms (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1966 (N.I. 16))
The Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1967 (N.I. 17))
The Local Government (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1968 (N.I. 18))
The Local Elections (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1969)
The Air Navigation Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1970)
The European Communities (Designation) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1971)
The Children Act 2004 (Children's Services) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1972)
The Children Act 2004 (Joint Area Reviews) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1973)
The Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1974)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1975)
The Family Proceedings (Amendment No 4) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1976 (L. 18 ))
The Family Proceedings Courts (Miscellaneous Amendments) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1977 (L. 19))
The Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates) (Hydrocarbon Oils etc.) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1978)
The Excise Duties (Road Fuel Gas) (Reliefs) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1979)
The Air Navigation (General) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1980)
The Land Charges (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1981)
The Land Registration (Amendment) (No 2) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1982)
The Age-Related Payments Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1983)
The Bank Accounts Directive (Miscellaneous Banks) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1984)
The Insurance Accounts Directive (Miscellaneous Insurance Undertakings) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1985)
The Financial Assistance Scheme Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1986)
The Partnerships and Unlimited Companies (Accounts) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1987)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1988)
The Limited Liability Partnerships (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1989)
The Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Extension of Exceptions relating to Recognised Exchanges) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1990)
The Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1991 (C. 84))
The Railways (Accident Investigation and Reporting) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1992)
The Value Added Tax (Refund of Tax to Museums and Galleries) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1993)
The Financial Assistance Scheme (Internal Review) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1994)
The Housing (Right to Buy)(Designated Rural Areas and Designated Regions) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1995)
The Registration of Civil Partnerships (Fees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1996)
The Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1997)
The Insurers (Reorganisation and Winding Up) (Lloyd's) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1998)
The M275 and M27 Motorway (Speed Limit) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 1999)
The Civil Partnership (Amendments to Registration Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2000)
2001–2100
The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Nickel) (Safety) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2001)
The Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2002)
The Environmental Stewardship (England) and Organic Products (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2003)
The Local Government Pension Scheme and Management and Investment of Funds (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2004)
The Friendly Societies (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2005)
The Community Legal Service (Cost Protection) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2006)
The Finance Act 2002, Section 117 (Day Appointed for Cessation of Effect) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2007(C.85))
The Community Legal Service (Scope) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2008)
The Value Added Tax (Disclosure of Avoidance Schemes)(Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2009)
The Finance (No. 2) Act 2005, section 6, (Appointed Day and Savings Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2010 (C.88 ))
The Dentists Act 1984 (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2011)
The Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Disregard and Bringing into Account of Profits and Losses) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2012)
The Exchange Gains and Losses (Bringing into Account Gains or Losses) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2013)
The Friendly Societies (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2014)
The Veterinary Surgery (Testing for Tuberculosis in Bovines) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2015)
The Parochial Fees Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2016)
The Partnerships (Restrictions on Contributions to a Trade) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2017)
The Legal Officers (Annual Fees) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2018)
The National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2019)
The Ecclesiastical Judges, Legal Officers and Others (Fees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2020)
The Army, Air Force and Naval Discipline Acts (Continuation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2021)
The Clergy Discipline Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2022)
The Pension Protection Fund (PPF Ombudsman) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2023)
The Pension Protection Fund (Reference of Reviewable Matters to the PPF Ombudsman) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2024)
The Pension Protection Fund (Investigation by PPF Ombudsman of Complaints of Maladministration) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2025)
The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2026 (C. 86))
The Access to the Countryside (Correction of Provisional and Conclusive Maps) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2027)
The National Health Service Appointments Commission (Establishment and Constitution) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2028)
The Education (Penalty Notices) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2029)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2030)
The Council Tax Limitation (England) (Maximum Amounts) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2032)
The Water Supply Licence (Modification of Standard Conditions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2033)
The Education Act 2005 (Commencement No.1 and Savings and Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2034(C.87))
The Water Act 2003 (Consequential and Supplementary Provisions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2035)
The Extradition Act 2003 (Amendment to Designations) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2036)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2037)
The Education (School Inspection) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2038)
The Education (Pupil Referral Units) (Application of Enactments) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2039)
The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (Commencement No.3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2040 (C.89))
The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (Contingency Planning) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2042)
The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (Amendment of List of Responders) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2043)
The St Benedict's Catholic Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2044)
The Income Tax (Construction Industry Scheme) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2045)
The Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Modification) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2046)
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (Immunities and Privileges) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2047)
The Hull and East Riding Community Health National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2048)
The Civil Partnership (Contracted-out Occupational and Appropriate Personal Pension Schemes) (Surviving Civil Partners) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2050)
The Discretionary Housing Payments (Grants) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2052)
The Civil Partnership (Pensions and Benefit Payments) (Consequential, etc. Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2053)
The Remand in Custody (Effect of Concurrent and Consecutive Sentences of Imprisonment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2054)
The Offshore Petroleum Activities (Oil Pollution Prevention and Control) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2055)
The Enrolment of Deeds (Change of Name) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2056 (L. 20 ))
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2057)
The Wanstead High School (Change to School Session Times) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2058)
The Food Hygiene (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2059)
The Fire (Scotland) Act 2005 (Consequential Provisions and Modifications) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2060 (S. 7 ))
The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency Trading Fund (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2061)
The Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 2005 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2077 (S. 8))
The Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 (Consequential Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2078 (S.9 ))
The A419 Trunk Road (Commonhead Junction Improvement and Slip Roads) (Detrunking) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No 2079)
The A419 Trunk Road (Commonhead Junction Improvement and Slip Roads) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No 2080)
The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No.5 and Savings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2081 (C.90 ))
The Finance Act 2002, Schedule 26, Parts 2 and 9 (Amendment No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2082)
The Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2083)
The Education (Student Support) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2084)
The Town and Country Planning (Isles of Scilly) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2085)
The Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (Amendment) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2087)
The Southern Water Services Limited (Weir Wood Reservoir) (Drought) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2088)
The Industrial Training Levy (Engineering Construction Board) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2089)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2090 (C.91))
The Licensing Act 2003 (Second appointed day) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2091)
The Railways (Convention on International Carriage by Rail) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2092)
2101–2200
The Consular Fees Act 1980 (Fees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2112)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2113)
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Amendments to Subordinate Legislation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2114)
The Town and Country Planning (Major Infrastructure Project Inquiries Procedure) (England) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2115)
The Diseases of Poultry Declaratory (Infected Area) (England) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2116)
The Private Security Industry (Licences) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2118)
The Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2119)
The General and Specialist Medical Practice (Education, Training and Qualifications) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2120)
The Local Authorities (Elected Mayors) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2121)
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No.8 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2005 (Supplementary Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2122)
The Southern Water Services Limited (Weir Wood Reservoir) (Drought) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2141)
The Children and Young People's Plan (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2149)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Buckinghamshire) (District of Chiltern) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2151)
The Education (School Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2152)
The Pension Protection Fund (Entry Rules) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2153)
The Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2154)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Stockton-on-Tees) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2155)
The Transport for London (Rickmansworth Station) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2156)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Winding Up) (Modification for Multi-employer Schemes and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2159)
The Income-related Benefits (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2183)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Fraud Compensation Payments and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2184)
The Railways Act 1993 (Determination of Turnover) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2185)
The Pensions Regulator (Financial Support Directions etc.) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2188)
The Financial Assistance Scheme (Provision of Information and Administration of Payments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2189)
The Teachers' Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2198)
The Tax Credit (Payment by Employers, etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2200)
2201–2300
The Income Tax (Car Benefits) (Reduction of Value of Appropriate Percentage) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2209)
The Friendly Societies (Accounts and Related Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2210)
The Friendly Societies Act 1992 (International Accounting Standards and Other Accounting Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2211)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2212)
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2213 (C.92))
The River Tyne (Tunnels) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2222)
The Drugs Act 2005 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2223 (C. 93))
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Employer Debt etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2224)
The Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2231)
The Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2240)
The Working Time Regulations 1998 (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2241)
The Electricity (Exemption from the Requirement for a Generation Licence) (England and Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2242)
The Company Auditors (Recognition Orders) (Application Fees) and the Companies Act 1989 (Recognised Supervisory Bodies) (Periodical Fees) (Revocation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2243)
The A500 Trunk Road in Cheshire (Basford-Hough-Shavington Bypass to M6 Junction 16) (Detrunking) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2249)
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (Election Scheme) Rules Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2250)
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Designated Activities) (No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2251)
The Railways Act 2005 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2252 (C. 94))
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Commencement) (No. 7) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2278 (C.95))
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Savings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2279)
The Companies Act 1985 (Investment Companies and Accounting and Audit Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2280)
The Companies (Summary Financial Statement) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2281)
The Companies (Revision of Defective Accounts and Report) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2282)
The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2284 (C. 96))
The Diseases of Poultry Declaratory (Infected Area) (Merger of Zones) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2285)
The Merchant Shipping (Bridge Visibility) (Small Passenger Ships) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2286)
The Transport (Guided Systems)(England)(Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2290)
The Cardiff to Glan Conwy Trunk Road (A470) (Blaenau Ffestiniog to Cancoed Improvement) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2291 (W.170))
Gorchymyn Cefnffordd Caerdydd i Lan Conwy (A470) (Gwelliant Blaenau Ffestiniog i Gancoed) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2291 (Cy.170))
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No.3) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2292 (L.21))
The Social Security (Tax Credits) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2294)
The Tonnage Tax (Training Requirement) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2295)
The Day Care and Child Minding (Disqualification) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2296)
The Day Care and Child Minding (Suitability) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2297)
The Children Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4 and Savings) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2298 (C.97))
The Nursery Education (Inspection) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2299)
The Day Care and Child Minding (Inspection) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2300)
2301–2400
The Day Care and Child Minding (Registration Fees) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2301)
The Day Care and Child Minding (Functions of Local Authorities: Information, Advice and Training) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2302)
The Day Care and Child Minding (National Standards) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2303)
The Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2304)
The Conditional Fee Agreements (Revocation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2305)
The Access to Justice (Membership Organisation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2306)
The Companies Act 1989 (Delegation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2337)
The Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2338)
The Community Design Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2339)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Bodies Designated to make Super-complaints) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2340)
The Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2341)
The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2342)
The Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2343)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2344)
The Goods Vehicles (Licensing of Operators) (Fees) (Amendment) (Regulations) 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2345)
The Public Service Vehicles (Operators' Licences) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2346)
The Animal By-Products Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2347)
The Community Bus (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2353)
The Minibus and Other Section 19 Permit Buses (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2354)
The Public Service Vehicles (Registration of Local Services) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2355)
The Finance Act 2004, Section 18 (Appointed Day) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2356 (C.98))
The Highcliffe St Mark Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2357)
The Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Prescribed Forms and Procedures) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2358)
The Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2359)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Trust and Retirement Benefits Exemption) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2360)
The General and Specialist Medical Practice (Education, Training and Qualifications) Transitional Provisions Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2361)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Suffolk) (Borough of Ipswich) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2362)
The Diseases of Poultry Declaratory (Infected Area) (Merger of Zones) (Revocation) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2363)
The Compromise Agreements (Description of Person) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2364)
The Specified Body (Consumer Claims) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2365)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Personal licence: relevant offences) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2366)
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2399 (C. 99))
The Accession (Immigration and Worker Registration) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2400)
2401–2500
The Pension Schemes (Categories) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2401)
The Collection of Fines (Pilot Schemes) (Amendment No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2410)
The Children Act 2004 (Designation of NHS Direct) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2411)
The Immigration (Eligibility for Assistance) (Scotland and Northern Ireland) (Revocation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2412)
The Medical Act 1983 (Approved Medical Practices and Conditions of Residence) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2413)
The NHS Business Services Authority (Awdurdod Gwasanaethau Busnes y GIG) (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2414)
The NHS Business Services Authority (Awdurdod Gwasanaethau Busnes y GIG) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2415)
The Local Authorities (Categorisation) (England) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2416)
The Companies (Disclosure of Auditor Remuneration) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2417)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 8 Community Infringements Specified UK Laws) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2418)
The Employment Relations Act 2004 (Commencement No.4 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2419 (C.100))
The Employment Code of Practice (Industrial Action Ballots and Notice to Employers) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2420)
The Employment Code of Practice (Access and Unfair Practices during Recognition and Derecognition Ballots) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2421)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 5) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2422)
The Capital Allowances (Environmentally Beneficial Plant and Machinery) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2423)
The Capital Allowances (Energy-saving Plant and Machinery) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2424)
The Gambling Act 2005 (Commencement No.1) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2425 (C.101))
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Administration and Audited Accounts) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2426)
The Chelsea and Westminster Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2427)
The Social Security (Incapacity) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2446)
The Pensions Act 2004 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2447 (C.102))
The Child Minding and Day Care (Applications for Registration) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2448)
The Education (School Performance Targets) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2449)
The Education (Local Education Authority Performance Targets) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2450)
The Biocidal Products (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2451)
The Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2454)
The Gambling Act 2005 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2455 (C.103))
The International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2456)
The International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2457)
The Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) (Approval of Fitters and Workshops) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2458)
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No 9) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2459 (C.104))
The Road Vehicles (Payment of Duty by Credit Card) (Prescribed Fee) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2460)
The Public Rights of Way (Register of Applications under section 53(5) of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2461)
The Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2462)
The Crime Prevention (Designated Areas) (No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2463)
The Public Interest Disclosure (Prescribed Persons)(Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2464)
The Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2465)
The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2466)
The Employment Equality (Sex Discrimination) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2467)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Bodies Designated to make Super-complaints) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2468)
The Detergents Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2469)
The Millennium Commission (Reduction in Membership) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2470)
The Patents Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2471 (C.105))
The Ramsey Internal Drainage Board Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2477)
The Energy Administration Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2483)
The Patents (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2496)
2501–2600
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No.3) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2502)
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2505 (C.106))
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Transitional and Consequential Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2506)
The River Deben Internal Drainage Board Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2512)
The Plant Health (Forestry) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2517)
The Liverpool Housing Action Trust (Dissolution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2518)
The NHS Blood and Transplant (Gwaed a Thrawsblaniadau'r GIG) (Establishment and Constitution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2529)
The Plant Health (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2530)
The NHS Blood and Transplant (Gwaed a Thrawsblaniadau'r GIG) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2531)
The National Blood Authority and United Kingdom Transplant (Abolition) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2532)
The Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 (Specified Organisations) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2558)
The Road Vehicles Lighting (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2559)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use)(Amendment)( No.2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2560)
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2561)
The Personal Equity Plan (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2562)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 6 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2570 (C.107))
The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2571)
The Thurrock Development Corporation (Planning Functions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2572)
2601–2700
The Great Yarmouth Outer Harbour Revision Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2601)
The Great Yarmouth Outer Harbour (No. 2) Revision Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2602)
The National Health Service Estate Management and Health Building Agency Trading Fund (Revocation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2603)
The Social Security (Incapacity Benefit Work-focused Interviews) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2604)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2605 (W.180))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adnewyddu Tai (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2605 (Cy.180))
The Criminal Defence Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2621)
The Costs in Criminal Cases (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2622)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Control Measures) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2624)
The Criminal Procedure Rule Committee (Amendment of Constitution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2625)
The Official Feed and Food Controls (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2626)
Torbay Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2627)
The Railways (Provision etc. of Railway Facilities) (Exemptions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2628)
The Tryptophan in Food (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2630)
The Human Tissue Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2632 (C. 108))
The TSE (England) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2633)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2669)
The Restriction On Conduct (Specialist Advertising Services) (Revocation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2670)
The Beet Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2671)
The Cereal Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2672)
The Fodder Plant Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2673)
The Oil and Fibre Plant Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2674)
The Vegetable Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2675)
The Seed (Registration, Licensing and Enforcement) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2676)
The Social Security (Deferral of Retirement Pensions, Shared Additional Pension and Graduated Retirement Benefit) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2677)
The Housing (Right of First Refusal) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2680 (W.186))
Rheoliadau Tai (Hawl Cynnig Cyntaf) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2680 (Cy.186))
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Information to Secure Tenants) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2681 (W.187))
Gorchymyn Tai (Hawl i Brynu) (Gwybodaeth i Denantiaid Diogel) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2681 (Cy.187))
The High-activity Sealed Radioactive Sources and Orphan Sources Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2686)
The Social Security (Care Homes and Independent Hospitals) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2687)
The Access to Information (Post-Commencement Adoptions) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2689 (W.189))
Rheoliadau Mynediad i Wybodaeth (Mabwysiadu Ôl-gychwyn) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2689 (Cy.189))
The Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2690)
The Income Tax (Pay as You Earn) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2691)
The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (Code of Practice) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2692)
The Civil Aviation (Investigation of Military Air Accidents at Civil Aerodromes) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2693)
2701–2800
The Adoption Information and Intermediary Services (Pre-Commencement Adoptions) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2701 (W.190))
Rheoliadau Gwybodaeth Mabwysiadu a Gwasanaethau Cyfryngol (Mabwysiadau Cyn-gychwyn) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2701 (Cy.190))
The Police (Retention and Disposal of Motor Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2702)
The Disability Discrimination (Questions and Replies) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2703)
The Consumer Protection (Code of Practice for Traders on Price Indications) Approval Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2705)
The District of Stroud (Parishes and Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2706)
The Borough of Wigan (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2707)
The City of Nottingham (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2709)
The District of Craven (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2710)
The Borough of Oldham (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2711)
The Civil Procedure (Modification of Crown Proceedings Act 1947) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2712)
The Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2713)
The Water Act 2003 (Commencement No. 5, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2714 (C. 109))
The Charges for Inspections and Controls (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2715)
The Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2716)
The Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2717)
The Office of Communications (Membership) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2718)
The Bovine Products (Restriction on Placing on the Market) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2719)
The Adoption Support Agencies (England) and Adoption Agencies (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2720)
The London Thames Gateway Development Corporation (Planning Functions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2721)
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4 and Consequential, Transitional and Savings Provisions) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2722 (W.193) (C.110))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cynllunio a Phrynu Gorfodol 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 4 a Darpariaethau Canlyniadol a Throsiannol a Darpariaethau Arbed) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2722 (Cy.193) (C.110))
The Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2724)
The North Somerset Internal Drainage Board Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2725)
The Plant Breeders' Rights (Discontinuation of Prior Use Exemption) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2726)
The Social Security (Work-focused Interviews) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2727)
The Pensions Ombudsman (Disclosure of Information) (Amendment of Specified Persons) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2743)
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No. 11 and Transitional Provision) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2744 (C.111))
The Veterinary Medicines Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2745)
The Companies (Welsh Language Forms) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2746)
Rheoliadau (Ffurflenni Cymraeg) Cwmnïau (Diwygiad) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2746)
The Companies (Forms) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2747)
The Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2748)
Solicitors (Compensation for Inadequate Professional Services) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2749)
The Medicines (Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products for Human Use) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2750)
The Supply of Relevant Veterinary Medicinal Products Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2751)
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 10) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2752 (C. 112))
Medicines (Homoeopathic Medicinal Products for Human Use) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2753)
The Medicines (Advisory Bodies) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2754)
The Bus Lane Contraventions (Approved Local Authorities) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2755)
The Bus Lanes (Approved Devices) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2756)
The Bus Lane Contraventions (Penalty Charges, Adjudication and Enforcement) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2757)
The Tribunals and Inquiries (Bus Lane Adjudicators) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2758)
The Medicines (Marketing Authorisations Etc.) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2759)
Civil Partnership (Registration Abroad and Certificates) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2761)
The Consular Fees (Civil Partnership) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2762)
The Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2763)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2764)
The Social Security (Reciprocal Agreements) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2765)
The European Communities (Designation) (No.3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2766)
The Volatile Organic Compounds in Paints, Varnishes and Vehicle Refinishing Products Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2773)
The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2774 (C113))
The Gaming Machines (Maximum Prizes) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2775)
The Gaming Act 1968 (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2776)
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 10) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2782 (C. 114))
The Criminal Defence Service (Recovery of Defence Costs Orders) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2783)
The Criminal Defence Service (General) (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2784)
The British Nationality (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2785)
The Leicestershire County Council (Ashby de la Zouch Canal Extension) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2786)
The Medicines (Advertising Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2787)
The Medicines (Advisory Bodies) (Terms of Office of Members) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2788)
The Medicines for Human Use (Manufacturing, Wholesale Dealing and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2789)
The Donations to Charity by Individuals (Appropriate Declarations) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2790)
The Herbal Medicines Advisory Committee Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2791)
The Human Tissue Act 2004 (Commencement No.3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2792 (C.115))
The Family Procedure (Adoption) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2795 (L. 22))
The Justices' Clerks (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2796 (L.23))
The Children (Allocation of Proceedings) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2797 (L. 24))
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Mandatory Life Sentences: Appeals in Transitional Cases) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2798)
The Public Services Ombudsman (Wales) Act 2005 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2800 (W.199) (C.116))
Gorchymyn Deddf Ombwdsmon Gwasanaethau Cyhoeddus (Cymru) 2005 (Cychwyn Rhif 1 a Darpariaethau Trosiannol ac Arbedion) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2800 (Cy.199) (C.116))
2801–2900
The Courts Act 2003 (Revocations, Savings and Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2804)
The Parental Responsibility Agreement (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2808)
The Railways Act 2005 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2812 (C.117))
The Disclosure of Vehicle Insurance Information Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2833)
The Police (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2834)
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2835 (W.200))
Rheoliadau Labelu Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2835 (Cy.200))
The Southwark London Borough Council (Prescribed Alteration) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2836)
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2837 (W.201))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Lleoedd a Gynorthwyir) (Mân Dreuliau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2837 (Cy.201))
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2838 (W.202))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Lleoedd a Gynorthwyir) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2838 (Cy.202))
The Town and Country Planning (Local Development Plan) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2839 (W.203))
Rheoliadau Cynllunio Gwlad a Thref (Cynlluniau Datblygu Lleol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2839 (Cy.203))
The Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease (Contingency Planning) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2840 (W.204))
Gorchymyn Ffliw Adar a Chlefyd Newcastle (Cynllunio Wrth Gefn) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2840 (Cy.204))
The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No.6, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2847 (C.118))
The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2848 (C. 119))
The Armed Forces Act 2001 (Commencement No.5) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2861 (C.120))
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2862 (C. 121))
The Social Landlords (Additional Purposes or Objects) (Amendment) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2863)
The Misuse of Drugs and the Misuse of Drugs (Supply to Addicts) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2864)
The Council Tax (Exempt Dwellings) (Amendment) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2865)
The Council Tax (Civil Partners) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2866)
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2867)
The Royal Parks (Establishment of Eligibility for Transfer and Termination of Employment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2868)
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Prescribed Forms) (Amendment) (England) (No. 3) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2876)
The Civil Partnership (Pensions, Social Security and Child Support) (Consequential, etc. Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2877)
The Social Security (Civil Partnership) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2878)
The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2892)
The Pension Protection Fund (Insolvent Partnerships) (Amendment of Insolvency Events) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2893)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No.4) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2894)
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2895)
The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 (Commencement No.2, Transitional Provisions and Savings) (England and Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2896 (C.122))
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Commencement No. 10 Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2897 (C.123 ))
The Blood Safety and Quality (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2898)
The Exemption From Income Tax For Certain Interest and Royalty Payments (Amendment to Section 97(1) of the Finance Act 2004 and Section 757(2) of the Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2899)
The Waste (Household Waste Duty of Care) (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2900)
2901–3000
The Disability Discrimination (Service Providers and Public Authorities Carrying Out Functions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2901)
The TSE (Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2902 (W.205))
Rheoliadau TSE (Cymru) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2902 (Cy.205))
The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (Amendment) and National Emissions Inventory Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2903)
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2904)
The Railway Heritage Scheme Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2905)
The Protected Rights (Transfer Payment) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2906)
Reporting of Prices of Milk Products (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2907 (W.206))
Rheoliadau Adrodd ar Brisiau Cynhyrchion Llaeth (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2907 (Cy.206))
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Designated Rural Areas and Designated Regions) (England) (No 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2908)
The Medical Devices (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2909)
The Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 7) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2910 (W.207) (C.124))
Gorchymyn Deddf Addysg 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 7) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2910 (Cy.207) (C.124))
The Annual Parents' Meeting (Exemptions) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2911 (W.208))
Rheoliadau Cyfarfod Blynyddol Rhieni (Esemptiadau) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2911 (Cy.208))
The New Maintained Schools (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2912 (W.209))
Rheoliadau Ysgolion a Gynhelir Newydd (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2912 (Cy.209))
The Education Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2913 (W.210))
Rheoliadau Deddf Addysg 2002 (Darpariaethau Trosiannol a Diwygiadau Canlyniadol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2913 (Cy.210))
The Government of Maintained Schools (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2914 (W.211))
Rheoliadau Llywodraethu Ysgolion a Gynhelir (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2914 (Cy.211))
The Governor Allowances (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2915 (W.212))
Rheoliadau Lwfansau Llywodraethwyr (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2915 (Cy.212))
The Change of Category of Maintained Schools (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2916 (W.213))
Rheoliadau Newid Categori Ysgolion a Gynhelir (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2916 (Cy.213))
The Immigration (Procedure for Formation of Civil Partnerships) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2917)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Permitted Temporary Activities) (Notices) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2918)
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Tax Credits, etc.) (Consequential Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2919)
The Dissolution etc. (Pensions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2920)
The Family Proceedings (Civil Partnership: Staying of Proceedings) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2921 (L. 25))
The Family Proceedings (Amendment) (No. 5) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2922 (L. 26))
The Civil Courts (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2923)
The Family Law Act 1996 (Part IV)(Allocation of Proceedings)(Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2924)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (No. 8) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2925 (C.125))
The National Health Service (Primary Care) Act 1997 (Commencement No.10) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2926 (C. 126))
The Salmonella in Broiler Flocks (Survey Powers) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2927)
The A2 Trunk Road (Pepperhill to Cobham and Slip Roads) Supplementary Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No 2928)
The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 (Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2929 (W.214))
Gorchymyn Deddf y Gwasanaethau Tân ac Achub 2004 (Diwygiadau Canlyniadol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 2929 (Cy.214))
The Magistrates' Courts (Miscellaneous Amendments) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2930 (L.27))
The Cattewater Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2932)
The A2 Trunk Road (Pepperhill to Cobham and Slip Roads) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No 2933)
The A2 Trunk Road (Pepperhill to Cobham) (Detrunking) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No 2934)
The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2935)
The Local Justice Areas (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2949)
The Education (Listed Bodies) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2956)
The Education (Recognised Bodies) (England) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2957)
The Energy Act 2004 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2965 (C. 127))
The Disability Discrimination (Public Authorities)(Statutory Duties) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2966)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2967)
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (England) (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2969)
The Medicines for Human Use (Fees Amendments)(No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2979)
The Firefighters' Pension Scheme (Amendment) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2980)
The Vehicles Crime (Registration of Registration Plate Suppliers) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2981)
The Meat (Official Controls Charges) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2983)
The Avian Influenza (Preventive Measures in Zoos) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2984 (W.218))
The Avian Influenza (Preventive Measures) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2985 (W.219))
The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification)(Amendment)(No. 3) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2986)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No.3) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2987)
The Public Service Vehicles Accessibility (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2988)
The Avian Influenza (Preventive Measures) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2989)
The Avian Influenza (Preventive Measures in Zoos) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2990)
The Fishery Products (Official Controls Charges) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2991)
The Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (England and Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2992)
The Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 2993)
3001–3100
The Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Amendment of Section 57) (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3026)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Amendment of the Gaming Act 1968) (Transfer of Gaming Machine Permits) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3027)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Amendment of the Lotteries and Amusements Act 1976) (Transfer of Amusements With Prizes Permits) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3028)
The Civil Partnership (Miscellaneous and Consequential Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3029)
The Social Security (Inherited SERPS) (Amendments relating to Civil Partnership) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3030)
The Personal Injuries (Civilians) (Amendment) (No.3) Scheme 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3031)
The War Pensions Committees (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3032)
The War Pensions (Mercantile Marine) (Amendment) Scheme 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3033)
The London — Fishguard Trunk Road (A40) (Combined Footpath/Cycleway, Windyhall, Fishguard) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3034 (W.222))
Gorchymyn Cefnffordd Llundain — Abergwaun (A40) (Troetffordd/Ffordd Feiciau Gyfun, Windyhall, Abergwaun) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3034 (Cy.222))
The Vegetable Seed (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3035 (W.223))
The Cereal Seed (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3036 (W.224))
The Beet Seed (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3037 (W.225))
The Seed (Registration, Licensing and Enforcement) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3038 (W.226))
National Health Service (Appointment of Consultants) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3039 (W.227))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Penodi Ymgynghorwyr) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3039 (Cy.227))
The Pensions (Polish Forces) Scheme (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3040)
The Electricity (Exemption from the Requirement for a Generation Licence) (Scotland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3041 (S.10))
The Civil Partnership (Treatment of Overseas Relationships) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3042)
The North-West, Severn-Trent and Welsh Regional Flood Defence Committees (Boundaries Alteration) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3047)
The Licensing Act 2003 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3048)
The Railways Infrastructure (Access and Management) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3049)
The Railway (Licensing of Railway Undertakings) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3050)
The Bovine Products (Restriction on Placing on the Market) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3051 (W.228))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion Buchol (Cyfyngu ar eu Rhoi ar y Farchnad) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3051 (Cy.228))
The Honey (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3052 (W.229))
Rheoliadau Mêl (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3052 (Cy.229))
The Drugs Act 2005 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3053(C. 128))
The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (Commencement No. 15) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3054 (C. 129))
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3055 (C. 130 ))
The Licensing Act 2003 (Commencement No. 7 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3056 (C.131))
The Weights and Measures (Miscellaneous Foods) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3057)
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3058 (C. 132))
The Social Fund Maternity and Funeral Expenses (General) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3061)
The Bovine Products (Restriction on Placing on the Market) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3068)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Civil Partnership) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3069)
The Vaccine Damage Payments (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3070)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Disclosure of Confidential Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3071)
The National Health Service (Pension Scheme, Injury Benefits, Additional Voluntary Contributions and Compensation for Premature Retirement) (Civil Partnership) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3074)
The Water Supply (Exceptions from Supply System Prohibitions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3075)
The Water Supply Licence (New Customer Exception) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3076)
The Water Supply Licence (Prescribed Water Fittings Requirements) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3077)
The Social Security (Retirement Pensions and Graduated Retirement Benefit) (Widowers and Civil Partnership) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3078)
The North Area College (Dissolution) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3097)
The Films (Exclusivity Agreements) (Revocation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3098)
The Sheep and Goats (Records, Identification and Movement) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3100)
3101–3200
The Education (Information About Individual Pupils) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3101)
The Haringey London Borough Council (Temporary Governing Body) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3102)
The Monopolies and Restrictive Practices (Dental Goods), (Imported Hardwood and Softwood Timber) and (Estate Agents) (Revocation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3103)
The Civil Partnership (Supplementary Provisions relating to the Recognition of Overseas Dissolutions, Annulments or Legal Separations) (England and Wales and Northern Ireland) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3104)
The Docklands Light Railway (Capacity Enhancement) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3105)
The National Police Records (Recordable Offences) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3106)
The Armed Forces (Pensions and Compensation) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3107 (C.133))
The Education (Free School Lunches) (State Pension Credit) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3110 (W.230))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Ciniawau Ysgol am Ddim) (Credyd Pensiwn y Wladwriaeth) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3110 (Cy.230))
The Tryptophan in Food (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3111 (W.231))
Rheoliadau Tryptoffan mewn Bwyd (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3111 (Cy.231))
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Commencement No. 11)(Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3112 (W.232) (C.134))
Gorchymyn Deddf Mabwysiadu a Phlant 2002 (Cychwyn Rhif 11)(Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3112 (Cy.232) (C.134))
The Local Authority (Non-agency Adoptions) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3113 (W.233))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Mabwysiadau heb fod drwy Asiantaeth) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3113 (Cy.233))
Local Authorities (Prescribed Fees) (Adoptions with a Foreign Element) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3114 (W.234))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Ffioedd Rhagnodedig) (Mabwysiadu gydag Elfen Dramor) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3114 (Cy.234))
The Local Authority Adoption Service (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3115 (W.235))
Rheoliadau Gwasanaeth Mabwysiadu Awdurdodau Lleol (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3115 (Cy.235))
The Enduring Powers of Attorney (Prescribed Form) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3116)
The Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3117)
The Reserve Forces (Provision of Information by Persons Liable to be Recalled) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3118)
The Blackpool Airport Licensing (Liquor) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3119)
The Enduring Powers of Attorney (Welsh Language Prescribed Form) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3125)
The Court of Protection (Enduring Powers of Attorney) (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3126)
The Immigration (Provision of Physical Data) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3127)
The Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3128)
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Overseas Relationships and Consequential, etc. Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3129)
The Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 6) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3130)
The Social Security Contributions (Intermediaries) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3131)
The Social Security Contributions (Intermediaries) (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3132)
The Social Security (Categorisation of Earners) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3133)
The Social Security (Categorisation of Earners) (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3134)
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Overseas Relationships) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3135)
The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Commencement No.3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3136(C.135))
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Relationships Arising Through Civil Partnership) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3137)
The Forensic Science Service Trading Fund (Revocation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3138)
The East Somerset Railway Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3143)
The Renewable Energy Zone (Designation of Area) (Scottish Ministers) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3153)
The Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3156)
The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Civil Partnership) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3164)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use)(Amendment)(No. 4) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3165)
The Collection of Fines (Pilot Schemes) (Amendment No. 4) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3166)
The Registration of Civil Partnerships (Fees) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3167)
The Marriages and Civil Partnerships (Approved Premises) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3168)
The Road Vehicles Lighting (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3169)
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use)(Amendment)(No. 5) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3170)
The Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3171)
The Water Services etc. (Scotland) Act 2005 (Consequential Provisions and Modifications) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3172)
The Birmingham City Council (Selly Oak New Road Tunnel) Scheme 2004 Confirmation Instrument 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3173)
The Reporting of Suspicious Civil Partnerships Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3174)
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3175 (C.136))
The Civil Partnership (Registration Provisions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3176)
The Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3177)
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3178)
The Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Enforcement of Overseas Forfeiture Orders) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3179)
The Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Enforcement of Overseas Forfeiture Orders) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3180)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (External Requests and Orders) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3181)
The Consular Fees (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3182)
The Overseas Territories (Zimbabwe) (Restrictive Measures) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3183)
The Navy and Marines (Property of Deceased) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3184)
The Naval Medical Compassionate Fund (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3185)
The Service Departments Registers (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3186)
The Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3187)
The Civil Partnership (Armed Forces) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3188)
The Ulster Defence Regiment (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3189)
The Disability Discrimination (Transport Vehicles) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3190)
The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3196 (C.137))
The Plant Protection Products (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3197)
The Consular Fees Act 1980 (Fees) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3198)
The Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3199)
The School Councils (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3200 (W.236))
Rheoliadau Cynghorau Ysgol (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3200 (Cy.236))
3201–3300
The Clergy Discipline Appeal Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3201)
The Payments to the Churches Conservation Trust Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3202)
The Cash Ratio Deposits (Eligible Liabilities) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3203)
The Sports Grounds and Sporting Events (Designation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3204)
The State Pension Credit (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3205)
The West Suffolk Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3206)
The Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3207)
The Housing Health and Safety Rating System (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3208)
The Disability Discrimination (Prescribed Times and Periods for Accessibility Strategies and Plans for Schools) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3221)
The Electronic Commerce Directive (Adoption and Children Act 2002) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3222)
The Litter (Fixed Penalty Notices) Order 1991 and the Dog Fouling (Fixed Penalties) Order 1996 (Revocation) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3223)
The Travel Concessions (Extension of Entitlement) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3224)
The Wales Tourist Board (Transfer of Functions to the National Assembly for Wales and Abolition) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3225 (W.237))
Gorchymyn Bwrdd Croeso Cymru (Trosglwyddo Swyddogaethau i Gynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru a Diddymu'r Bwrdd) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3225 (Cy.237))
The Welsh Development Agency (Transfer of Functions to the National Assembly for Wales and Abolition) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3226 (W.238))
Gorchymyn Awdurdod Datblygu Cymru (Trosglwyddo Swyddogaethau i Gynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru a Diddymu) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3226 (Cy.238))
The Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3227)
The Firefighters' Pension Scheme (Civil Partnership Amendments) (England And Scotland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3228)
The Tax and Civil Partnership Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3229)
The Tax and Civil Partnership (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3230)
The Transport for London (Woodside Park Substation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3231)
The Transport for London (High Barnet Substation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3232)
The New Opportunities Fund (Specification of Initiatives) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3235)
The Food Labelling (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3236 (W.241))
Rheoliadau Labelu Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3236 (Cy.241))
The Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3237 (W.242) (C.138))
Gorchymyn Deddf Tai 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3237 (Cy.242) (C.138))
The National Council for Education and Training for Wales (Transfer of Functions to the National Assembly for Wales and Abolition) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3238 (W.243))
Gorchymyn Cyngor Cenedlaethol Cymru dros Addysg a Hyfforddiant (Trosglwyddo Swyddogaethau i Gynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru a Diddymu'r Cyngor) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3238 (Cy.243))
The Qualifications, Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales (Transfer of Functions to the National Assembly for Wales and Abolition) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3239 (W.244))
Gorchymyn Awdurdod Cymwysterau, Cwricwlwm ac Asesu Cymru (Trosglwyddo Swyddogaethau i Gynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru a Diddymu'r Awdurdod) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3239 (Cy.244))
The Veterinary Surgeons (Examination of Commonwealth and Foreign Candidates) Regulations Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3240)
The Contaminants in Food (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3251)
The Removal and Disposal of Vehicles (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3252 (W.245))
Rheoliadau Symud Ymaith a Gwaredu Cerbydau (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3252 (Cy.245))
The Official Feed and Food Controls (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3254 (W.247))
Rheoliadau Rheolaethau Swyddogol ar Fwyd Anifeiliaid a Bwyd (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3254 (Cy.247))
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3255 (C. 139))
The Financial Assistance Scheme (Modifications and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3256)
The Export Control (Uzbekistan) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3257)
The Disability Discrimination (Private Clubs etc.) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3258)
The Medicines (Pharmacies) (Applications for Registration and Fees) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3259)
The Railways (Accident Investigation and Reporting) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3261)
The Healthy Start Scheme and Welfare Food (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3262)
The Financial Assistance Scheme (Appeals) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3273)
The Parks for People (England) Joint Scheme (Authorisation) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3274)
The Family Procedure (Modification of Enactments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3275)
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (Destination of Appeals) (Family Proceedings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3276 (L.28))
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3277)
The Feed (Hygiene and Enforcement) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3280)
The Feeding Stuffs (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3281)
The Civil Partnership (Treatment of Overseas Relationships No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3284)
The Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (Wales) (No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3285 (W.249) (C.140))
Gorchymyn Cychwyn Deddf Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol (Iechyd Cymunedol a Safonau) 2003 (Rhif 3) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3285 (Cy.249) (C.140))
The Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3286)
The Education (Recognised Bodies) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3287 (W.250))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Cyrff sy'n Cael eu Cydnabod)(Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3287 (Cy.250))
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment No. 2) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3288 (W.251))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Asesu Adnoddau) (Diwygio Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3288 (Cy.251))
The General Insurance Reserves (Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3289)
The Value Added Tax (Input Tax) (Reimbursement by Employers of Employees' Business Use of Road Fuel) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3290)
The Value Added Tax (Input Tax) (Person Supplied) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3291)
The Food Hygiene (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3292 (W.252))
Rheoliadau Hylendid Bwyd (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3292 (Cy.252))
The Adoption Information and Intermediary Services (Pre-Commencement Adoptions) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3293 (W.253))
Rheoliadau Gwybodaeth Mabwysiadu a Gwasanaethau Cyfryngol (Mabwysiadu Cyn-gychwyn) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3293 (Cy.253))
The Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No.5) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3294)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hampshire) (District of New Forest) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3295)
The Bovine Products (Restriction on Placing on the Market) (Wales) (No.2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3296 (W.254))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion Buchol (Cyfyngu ar eu Rhoi ar y Farchnad) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3296 (Cy.254))
The Fishery Products (Official Controls Charges) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3297 (W.255))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion Pysgodfeydd (Taliadau Rheolaethau Swyddogol) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3297 (Cy.255))
The Civil Partnership (House of Commons Members' Fund) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3298)
The Schools Forums (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3299)
The Cowley St.Laurence CE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3300)
3301–3400
The Herdley Bank Church of England Aided First School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3301)
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Consequential Amendments to Subordinate Legislation) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3302 (W.256))
Gorchymyn Deddf Partneriaeth Sifil 2004 (Diwygiadau Canlyniadol i Is-ddeddfwriaeth) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3302 (Cy.256))
The St Peter's Catholic Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3303)
The Trinity, St Peter's CE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3304)
The Asylum (Designated States) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3306)
The Approval of Code of Management Practice (Private Retirement Housing) (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3307)
The Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3308)
The Education (Teacher Student Loans) (Repayment etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3309)
The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3310)
The Revenue and Customs (Complaints and Misconduct) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3311)
The Yesodey Hatorah School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3313)
The Vine Inter-Church Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3314)
The National Health Service (Primary Medical Services) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3315)
The Hydrocarbon Oil Duties (Reliefs for Electricity Generation) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3320)
The Social Security (Electronic Communications) (Miscellaneous Benefits) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3321)
The Education (Head Teachers' Qualifications) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3322)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3323)
The Medicines for Human Use (Prescribing) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3324)
The Civil Partnership (Judicial Pensions and Church Pensions, etc.) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3325)
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3326)
The Income Tax (Indexation) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3327)
The Value Added Tax (Betting, Gaming and Lotteries) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3328)
The Value Added Tax (Reduced Rate) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3329)
The Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates) (Hydrocarbon Oils etc.) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3330)
The Pensions Act 2004 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3331 (C. 141))
The Independent Review of Determinations (Adoption) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3332)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3333)
The Civil Partnership (Jurisdiction and Recognition of Judgments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3334)
The Retention of Communications Data (Further Extension of Initial Period) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3335)
The Civil Partnership (Family Proceedings and Housing Consequential Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3336)
The Finance (No. 2) Act 2005, Section 45, (Appointed Day) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3337 (C.142))
The Lloyd's Underwriters (Tax) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3338)
The Local Authority Adoption Service (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3339)
The Disability Discrimination Code of Practice (Public Authorities) (Duty to Promote Equality) (Appointed Day) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3340)
The Voluntary Adoption Agencies (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3341)
The Education (School Organisation Proposals) (Amendment) (No 2) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3342)
The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Responsible Authorities) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3343)
The Firearms (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3344)
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3345 (W.259))
Rheoliadau Cyfraniadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3345 (Cy.259))
The Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3346)
The Competition Act 1998 (Public Transport Ticketing Schemes Block Exemption) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3347)
The Personal Equity Plan (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3348)
The Child Trust Funds (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3349)
The Individual Savings Account (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3350)
The Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variation) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3351)
The Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3352)
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (Fees) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3353)
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (Education, Registration and Registration Appeals) (Amendment) Rules Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3354)
The Biofuel (Labelling) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3355)
The Air Navigation (Dangerous Goods) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3356)
The Non-Contentious Probate Fees (London Terrorist Bombings) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3359)
The Social Security (Hospital In-Patients) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3360)
The National Health Service (General Dental Services Contracts) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3361)
The Feeding Stuffs (Application to Zootechnical Additives etc.) (Scotland) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No.3362(S.11))
The Children Act 2004 (Commencement No. 5) (Wales) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3363 (C.260) (W.143))
Gorchymyn Deddf Plant 2004 (Cychwyn Rhif 5) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3363 (C.260) (Cy.143))
The Valuation Tribunals (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3364 (W.261))
Rheoliadau Tribiwnlysoedd Prisio (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3364 (Cy.261))
The Representations Procedure (Children) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3365 (W.262))
Rheoliadau Gweithdrefn Sylwadau (Plant) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3365 (Cy.262))
The Social Services Complaints Procedure (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3366 (W.263))
Rheoliadau Gweithdrefn Gwynion y Gwasanaethau Cymdeithasol (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3366 (Cy.263))
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Cross Compliance) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3367 (W.264))
Rheoliadau Cynllun Taliad Sengl a Chynlluniau Cymorth y Polisi Amaethyddol Cyffredin (Trawsgydymffurfio) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3367 (Cy.264))
The Feed (Hygiene and Enforcement) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3368 (W.265))
Rheoliadau Bwyd Anifeiliaid (Hylendid a Gorfodi) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3368 (Cy.265))
The Meat (Official Controls) (Charges) (Wales) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3370 (W.267))
Rheoliadau Cig (Rheolaethau Swyddogol) (Ffioedd) (Cymru) 2005 (S.I. 2005 Rhif 3370 (Cy.267))
The Statistics of Trade (Customs and Excise) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3371)
The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3372)
The National Health Service (Personal Dental Services Agreements) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3373)
The Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Disregard and Bringing into Account of Profits and Losses) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3374)
The Overseas Life Insurance Companies (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3375)
The Research and Development Tax Relief (Definition of Small or Medium-Sized Enterprise) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3376)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Scheme Funding) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3377)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Investment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3378)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Internal Controls) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3379)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Regulatory Own Funds) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3380)
The Occupational Pension Schemes (Cross-border Activities) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3381)
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Legal Expenses in Civil Recovery Proceedings) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3382)
The Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Change of Accounting Practice) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3383)
The Avian Influenza (Preventive Measures) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3384 (W.268))
The Avian Influenza (Preventive Measures in Zoos) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3385 (W.269))
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (No. 4) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3386)
The Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) (No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3388)
The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Powers of Arrest) (Consequential Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3389)
The Local Authority (Adoption) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3390)
The Income-related Benefits (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3391)
The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3392)
The East Sussex County Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3393)
The Avian Influenza (Preventive Measures) (No 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3394)
The Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3395 (W.271))
The Victims of Violent Intentional Crime (Arrangements for Compensation) (European Communities) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3396)
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 9 (England) and Transitional and Savings Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3397)
3401–3500
The Bus Lane Contraventions (Approved Local Authorities) (England) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3406)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Surrey) (Borough of Elmbridge) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3407)
The Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Exchange Gains and Losses using Fair Value Accounting) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3422)
The Legal Aid (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3423 (N.I. 19))
The Employment (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3424 (N.I. 20))
The European Court of Human Rights (Immunities and Privileges) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3425)
The European Forest Institute (Legal Capacities) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3426)
The Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3427)
The Health Service Commissioner for England (Special Health Authorities) (No.2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3428)
The Transfer of Functions (Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3429)
The Parliamentary Commissioner (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3430)
The European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (WIPO Copyright Treaty and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3431)
The Lebanon and Syria (United Nations Measures) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3432)
The Cattle Compensation (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3433)
The Individual Ascertainment of Value (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3434)
The General Dental Services and Personal Dental Services Transitional Provisions Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3435)
The Education (Grants etc.) (Dance and Drama) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3436)
The Prison (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3437)
The Young Offender Institution (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3438)
The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3439 (C. 144))
The Finance Act 2002, Schedule 26 (Parts 2 and 9) (Amendment No. 3) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3440)
The Inheritance Tax (Double Charges Relief) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3441)
The Companies Act 1985 (Operating and Financial Review) (Repeal) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3442)
The Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3443 (L.29))
The Magistrates' Courts Fees Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3444 (L.30))
The Civil Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3445 (L. 31))
The Tuberculosis (England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3446)
The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Designated Sites) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3447)
The Registered Pension Schemes (Relief at Source) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3448)
The Registered Pension Schemes (Prescribed Interest Rates for Authorised Employer Loans) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3449)
The Registered Pension Schemes (Minimum Contributions) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3450)
The Registered Pension Schemes (Prescribed Schemes and Occupations) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3451)
The Registered Pension Schemes (Discharge of Liabilities under Sections 267 and 268 of the Finance Act 2004) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3452)
The Employer-Financed Retirement Benefits Schemes (Provision of Information) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3453)
The Registered Pension Schemes (Accounting and Assessment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3454)
The Registered Pension Schemes and Employer-Financed Retirement Benefits Schemes (Information) (Prescribed Descriptions of Persons) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3455)
The Registered Pension Schemes (Audited Accounts) (Specified Persons) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3456)
The Taxes Management Act 1970 (Modifications to Schedule 3 for Pension Scheme Appeals) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3457)
The Registered Pension Schemes (Restriction of Employers' Relief) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3458)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Cross-compliance) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3459)
The Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment Scheme (Set-aside) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3460)
The Severn Bridges Tolls Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3461)
The Children Act 2004 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3464 (C.145))
The Insurance Companies (Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3465)
The Jobseeker's Allowance (Jobseeker Mandatory Activity) Pilot Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3466)
The Radioactive Contaminated Land (Enabling Powers) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3467)
The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3468)
The Communications Act 2003 (Maximum Penalty and Disclosure of Information) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3469)
The Parliamentary Elections (Welsh Forms) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3470)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Radio Frequency Identification Equipment) (Exemption) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3471)
The Hydrocarbon Oil (Registered Remote Markers) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3472)
The Farm Woodland Premium Schemes (Amendment) (England) Scheme 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3473)
The Income Tax (Building Societies) (Dividends and Interest) (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3474)
The Animal Health Act 1981 (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3475)
The Social Security (Payments on account, Overpayments and Recovery) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3476)
The National Health Service (Dental Charges) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3477)
The Armed Forces Proceedings (Costs) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3478)
The Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No.4) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3479)
The Plant Health (Export Certification) (England) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3480)
The Wireless Telegraphy (Inspection and Restrictions on Use of Exempt Stations and Apparatus) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3481)
The Adoption and Children (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3482)
The Courts-Martial (Army) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3483)
The Courts-Martial (Royal Navy) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3484)
The Courts-Martial (Royal Air Force) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3485)
The Summary Appeal Court (Army) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3486)
The Summary Appeal Court (Navy) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3487)
The Summary Appeal Court (Air Force) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3488)
The Derbyshire (Coroners' Districts) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3489)
The National Health Service (Performers Lists) Amendment Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3491)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of West Sussex) (District of Horsham) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3492)
The Morecambe Bay Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3493)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of West Sussex) (District of Mid Sussex) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3494)
The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitory Provision) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3495 (C. 146))
The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3496)
3501–3600
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3503)
The Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3504)
The Education (Chief Inspector of Schools in England) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3505)
The Port of London Authority (Constitution) Harbour Revision Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3514)
The Civil Procedure (Amendment No.4) Rules 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3515 (L. 32))
The A3 Trunk Road (Thursley Junction) (One Way Traffic) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3516)
The Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) Regulations Order of Council 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3517)
The Courts Act 2003 (Commencement No. 12 and Transitional Provision) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3518 (C.147))
The Older Cattle (Disposal) (England) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3522)
The Cambridgeshire Guided Busway Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3523)
The Insolvency Practitioners and Insolvency Services Account (Fees) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3524)
The Noise Emission in the Environment by Equipment for Use Outdoors (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3525)
The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (International Immunities and Privileges, Companies and Adoption) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3542)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Hertfordshire) (Borough of Hertsmere) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3543)
The Enterprise Act 2002 (Merger Fees) (Amendment) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3558)
The Freedom of Information (Additional Public Authorities) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3593)
The Freedom of Information (Removal of References to Public Authorities) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3594)
The Register of Judgments, Orders and Fines Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3595)
3601–3700
The North Level Internal Drainage Board Order 2005 (S.I. 2005 No. 3601)
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments |
4141841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%202006 | List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 2006 | This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 2006.
1–100
Public Contracts Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/5)
Utilities Contracts Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/6)
M6 Motorway (Junction 36, Town Head Bridge Parapet Upgrade) (Temporary Restriction of Traffic) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/7)
Food Hygiene (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/14)
Official Feed and Food Controls (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2005/15)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Consultation by Employers) (Modification for Multi-employer Schemes) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/16)
Community Drivers' Hours and Working Time (Road Tankers) (Temporary Exception) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/17)
Performances (Moral Rights, etc.) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/18)
Non-Road Mobile Machinery (Emission of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/29)
Education (Information About Individual Pupils) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/30)
Food Hygiene (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/31)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Early Leavers: Cash Transfer Sums and Contribution Refunds) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/33)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Transfer Values etc.) (Coal Staff and Mineworkers' Schemes) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/34)
Copyright (Certification of Licensing Scheme for Educational Recording of Broadcasts and Cable Programmes) (Educational Recording Agency Limited) (Revocation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/35)
Tir Cynnal (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/41)
Public Rights of Way (Registers) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/42)
Financial Markets and Insolvency (Settlement Finality) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/50)
Higher Education Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/51)
Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/54)
Armed Forces Redundancy Scheme Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/55)
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (References to Financial Investigators) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/57)
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Designated Professional Bodies) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/58)
Climate Change Agreements (Energy–intensive Installations) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/59)
Climate Change Agreements (Eligible Facilities) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/60)
Stratford-on-Avon (Parishes) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/61)
Older Cattle (Disposal) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/62)
Historic Buildings Council for Wales (Abolition) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/63)
Ancient Monuments Board for Wales (Abolition) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/64)
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/68)
Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Access to Information) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/69)
Relevant Authorities (Standards Committee) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/87)
Local Government (Access to Information) (Variation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/88.)
Merchant Shipping (Training and Certification and Minimum Standards of Safety Communications) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/89)
Local Safeguarding Children Boards Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/90)
Transport for London (Best Value) (Contracting Out of Investment and Highway Functions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/91)
Cremation (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/92)
Working Time (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/99)
Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Delegation under section 43) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/100)
101–200
Lloyd's Underwriters (Scottish Limited Partnerships) (Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/111)
Lloyd's Underwriters (Conversion to Limited Liability Underwriting) (Tax) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/112)
Feeding Stuffs and the Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/113)
Feeding Stuffs (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/116)
Education (Student Support) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/119)
Dairy Produce Quotas (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/120)
Police Act 1996 (Local Policing Summaries) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/122)
Waste (Household Waste Duty of Care) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/123)
Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/124)
Education (School Performance and Unauthorised Absence Targets) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/125)
Assembly Learning Grants and Loans (Higher Education) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/126)
Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/127)
Education (Admission of Looked After Children) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/128)
Registered Pension Schemes (Relevant Annuities) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/129)
Registered Pension Schemes (Uprating Percentages for Defined Benefits Arrangements and Enhanced Protection Limits) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/130)
Registered Pension Schemes (Enhanced Lifetime Allowance) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/131)
Armed Forces and Reserve Forces (Compensation Scheme) (Excluded Benefits for Tax Purposes) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/132)
Registered Pension Schemes (Co-ownership of Living Accommodation) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/133)
Registered Pension Schemes (Authorised Payments) (Transfers to the Pension Protection Fund) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/134)
Registered Pension Schemes (Meaning of Pension Commencement Lump Sum) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/135)
Pension Benefits (Insurance Company Liable as Scheme Administrator) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/136)
Registered Pension Schemes (Authorised Member Payments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/137)
Pension Schemes (Reduction in Pension Rates) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/138)
Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Extension of Exceptions relating to Recognised Exchanges) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/139)
Tuberculosis (England) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/140)
Education (Supply of Student Support Information to Governing Bodies) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/141)
Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/142)
Duty Stamps (Amendment of paragraph 1(3) of Schedule 2A to the Alcoholic Liquor Duties Act 1979) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/144)
Personal Pension Schemes (Appropriate Schemes) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/147)
Cattle Compensation (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/168)
Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Reductions from Payments) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/169)
Boiler (Efficiency) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/170)
Plant Health (Import Inspection Fees) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/171)
Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 8) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/172)
Education Act 2002 (Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/173)
Education (Determination of Admission Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/174)
New School (Admissions) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/175)
Education (Objections to Admission Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/176)
Education (Variation of Admission Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/177)
Approval of Codes of Management Practice (Residential Property) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/178)
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/179)
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Control of Vaccination) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/180)
National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services Supplementary List) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment and Consequential Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/181)
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/182)
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Control of Vaccination) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/183)
Taxation of Chargeable Gains (Gilt-edged Securities) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/184)
Functions of Primary Care Trusts (Dental Public Health) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/185)
Child Trust Funds (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/199)
Doncaster and South Humber Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/200)
201–300
Finance Act 2004 (Duty Stamps) (Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/201)
Duty Stamps Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/202)
Child Benefit and Guardian's Allowance (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/203)
Guardian's Allowance (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/204)
Pension Schemes (Categories of Country and Requirements for Overseas Pension Schemes and Recognised Overseas Pension Schemes) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/206)
Pensions Schemes (Application of UK Provisions to Relevant Non-UK Schemes) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/207)
Pension Schemes (Information Requirements — Qualifying Overseas Pension Schemes, Qualifying Recognised Overseas Pensions Schemes and Corresponding Relief) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/208)
Registered Pension Schemes (Authorised Payments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/209)
Employer-Financed Retirement Benefits (Excluded Benefits for Tax Purposes) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/210)
Registered Pension Schemes (Surrender of Relevant Excess) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/211)
Pension Schemes (Relevant Migrant Members) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/212)
Housing Benefit Regulations 2006 S.I. 2006/213)
Housing Benefit (Persons who have attained the qualifying age for state pension credit) Regulations 2006 S.I. 2006/214)
Council Tax Benefit Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/215)
Council Tax Benefit (Persons who have attained the qualifying age for state pension credit) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/216)
Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Consequential Provisions) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/217)
Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/218)
Disability Discrimination Code of Practice (Public Authorities) (Duty to Promote Equality, Scotland) (Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/219)
Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/220)
Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/221)
Child Tax Credit (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/222)
Child Benefit (General) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/223)
Sustainable and Secure Buildings Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/224)
Hill Farm Allowance Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/225)
Periodic Review of Mineral Planning Permissions (Conygar Quarry) Order 2006 (S.I. 206/226)
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Temporary Modifications) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/227)
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/228)
Armed Forces Act 2001 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/235)
Non-Domestic Rating and Council Tax (Electronic Communications) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/237)
Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/239)
Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/241)
Charities and Trustee Investment (Scotland) Act 2005 (Consequential Provisions and Modifications) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/242)
Income Tax (Pay As You Earn) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/243)
Community Drivers' Hours and Working Time (Road Tankers) (Temporary Exception) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/244)
District of Broadland (Whole Council Elections) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/245)
Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/246)
Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/247)
Joint Waste Disposal Authorities (Levies) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/248)
Local Authorities (Indemnities for Members and Officers) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/249)
Special Health Authorities (Summarised Accounts) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/250)
Community Benefit Societies (Restriction on Use of Assets) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/264)
Friendly and Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1968 (Audit Exemption) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/265)
Railways Act 2005 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/266)
Export Control (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/300)
301–400
Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/301)
Crime Prevention (Designated Areas) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/302)
Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/303)
Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/304)
Health Service Commissioner for England (Special Health Authorities) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/305)
Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/306)
European Communities (Definition of Treaties)(Cooperation Agreement between the European Community and its Member States and the Swiss Confederation to Combat Fraud) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/307)
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 and Money Laundering Regulations 2003 (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/308)
Commonwealth Countries and Ireland (Immunities and Privileges) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/309)
Uzbekistan (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/310)
Lebanon and Syria (United Nations Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/311)
Disability Discrimination (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/312)
Safety of Sports Grounds (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/313)
Industrial and Provident Societies (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/314)
Patents (Convention Countries) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/315)
Copyright and Performances (Application to Other Countries) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/316)
Designs (Convention Countries) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/317)
Tonnage Tax (Exception of Financial Year 2006) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/333)
Industrial Training Levy (Construction Board) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/334)
Industrial Training Levy (Engineering Construction Board) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/335)
Health and Safety (Fees) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/336)
Pensions Act 2004 (Funding Defined Benefits) Appointed Day Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/337)
Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Award) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/338)
Wireless Telegraphy (Spectrum Trading) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/339)
Wireless Telegraphy (Register) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/340)
Wireless Telegraphy (Limitation of Number of Concurrent Spectrum Access Licences) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/341)
Bee Diseases and Pests Control (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/342)
Pensions Act 2004 (PPF Payments and FAS Payments) (Consequential Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/343)
Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/344)
Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (Wales) (No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/345)
Artist's Resale Right Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/346)
Pension Protection Fund (Pension Compensation Cap) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/347)
Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Consultation by Employers and Miscellaneous Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/349)
Greater London Authority (Allocation of Grants for Precept Calculations) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/351)
Family Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/352)
Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/353)
Enterprise Act 2002 (Enforcement Undertakings) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/354)
Enterprise Act 2002 (Enforcement Undertakings and Orders) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/355)
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/356)
Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/357)
National Health Service (Primary Medical Services) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/358)
National Health Service (Functions of Strategic Health Authorities and Primary Care Trusts and Administration Arrangements) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/359)
General Medical Services Transitional and Consequential Provisions (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/360)
Public Benefit Corporation (Register of Members) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/361)
Public Services Ombudsman (Wales) Act 2005 (Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/362)
Public Services Ombudsman for Wales (Jurisdiction and Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/363)
Registered Pension Schemes (Modification of the Rules of Existing Schemes) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/364)
Registered Pension Schemes (Unauthorised Payments by Existing Schemes) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/365)
Birmingham Children's Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/366)
Housing (Empty Dwelling Management Orders) (Prescribed Exceptions and Requirements) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/367)
Housing (Management Orders and Empty Dwelling Management Orders) (Supplemental Provisions) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/368)
Housing (Interim Management Orders) (Prescribed Circumstances) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/369)
Selective Licensing of Houses (Specified Exemptions) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/370)
Licensing of Houses in Multiple Occupation (Prescribed Descriptions) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/371)
Management of Houses in Multiple Occupation (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/372)
Licensing and Management of Houses in Multiple Occupation and Other Houses (Miscellaneous Provisions) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/373)
Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional and Transitory Provisions and Savings) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/378)
Criminal Defence Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/389)
Local Elections (Principal Areas and Parishes and Communities) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/390)
Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 (Addition of Qualifying Judicial Offices) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/391)
Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Commencement No. 10) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/392)
Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No. 6) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/393)
Tuberculosis (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/394)
Medicines (Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products for Human Use) (Consequential Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/395)
National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (Increase of Endowment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/396)
Railways (Interoperability) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/397)
Manchester City Council (Mancunian Way) Special Road Scheme 1968 Variation Scheme 2005 Confirmation Instrument 2006 (S.I. 2006/398)
Greater Manchester County Council (Carrington, Spur, Trafford) (Special Roads) Scheme 1984 Revocation Scheme 2005 Confirmation Instrument 2006 (S.I. 2006/399)
Immigration Services Commissioner (Designated Professional Body) (Fees) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/400)
401–500
Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/401)
Human Tissue Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/404 )
Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/405)
Education (Designated Institutions in Further Education) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/408)
Workers' Educational Association (Designated Institution in Further Education) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/409)
Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Approved Contractor Scheme) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/425)
Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Designated Activities) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/426)
Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Duration of Licence) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/427)
Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Exemption) (Aviation Security) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/428)
Consistent Financial Reporting (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/437)
Management of Health and Safety at Work (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/438)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Republic of Ireland Schemes Exemption (Revocation) and Tax Exempt Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments)) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/467)
School Finance (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/468)
National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/479)
Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 (Amnesty Period) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/480)
Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 14) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/481)
Student Fees (Qualifying Courses and Persons) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/482)
Education (Fees and Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/483)
Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Subordinate Provisions Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/484)
Contaminants in Food (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/485)
Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health (Membership and Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/486)
Functions of Local Health Boards (Dental Public Health) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/487)
General Dental Services and Personal Dental Services Transitional Provisions (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/488)
National Health Service (Personal Dental Services Agreements) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/489)
National Health Service (General Dental Services Contracts) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/490)
National Health Service (Dental Charges) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/491)
Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/492)
Immigration (Passenger Transit Visa) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/493)
Medicines for Human Use and Medical Devices (Fees Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/494)
Central Rating List (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/495)
Social Security Revaluation of Earnings Factors Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/496)
Taxation of Judicial Pensions (Consequential Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/497)
Registered Pension Schemes (Block Transfers) (Permitted Membership Period) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/498)
Registered Pension Schemes (Transfer of Sums and Assets) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/499)
Social Security Pensions (Low Earnings Threshold) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/500)
501–600
Fines Collection Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/501)
Collection of Fines (Pilot Scheme) and Discharge of Fines by Unpaid Work (Pilot Schemes) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/502)
Isle of Wight (Parishes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/503)
Kettering (Parishes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/504)
Bradford (Parishes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/505)
Fish Labelling (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/506)
Student Fees (Inflation Index) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/507)
Education (Budget Statements) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/511)
Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 (Continuance in force of sections 1 to 9) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/512)
Information and Consultation of Employees (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/514)
Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (Fees) Rules Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/515)
Social Security (Deferral of Retirement Pensions etc.) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/516)
Commission for Social Care Inspection (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/517)
Hill Farm Allowance (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/518)
Seed Potatoes (Fees) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/519)
Transition from Primary to Secondary School (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/520)
Local Authorities (Capital Finance and Accounting) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/521)
Enterprise Act 2002 (Water Services Regulation Authority) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/522)
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts (Amendment) and Water Act 2003 (Transitional Provision) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/523)
Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/524)
Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/525)
Stratford-on-Avon (Parishes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/526)
Social Security (Incapacity Benefit Work-focused Interviews) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/536)
Highways Act 1980 (Gating Orders) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/537)
Human Tissue Act 2004 (Powers of Entry and Search: Supply of Information) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/538)
Private and Voluntary Health Care (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/539)
NCIS and NCS (Abolition) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/540)
Gaming Act 1968 (Variation of Fees) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/541)
Lotteries (Gambling Commission Fees) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/542)
Gaming Act 1968 (Variation of Fees) (England and Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/543)
Gloucestershire (Coroners' Districts) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/544)
Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/551)
National Health Service (Local Pharmaceutical Services etc.) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/552)
Local Government (Best Value) Performance Indicators and Performance Standards (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/553)
Port of Ipswich Harbour Revision Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/554)
Isle College (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/555)
Railways Act 2005 (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/556)
Health and Safety (Enforcing Authority for Railways and Other Guided Transport Systems) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/557)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Fraud Compensation Levy) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/558)
Income-related Benefits (Subsidy to Authorities) Amendment (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/559)
Pensions Act 2004 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/560)
Insolvency Proceedings (Fees) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/561)
General Dental Services, Personal Dental Services and Abolition of the Dental Practice Board Transitional and Consequential Provisions Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/562)
National Health Service (General Dental Services Contracts and Personal Dental Services Agreements) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/563)
Accounts and Audit (Amendment)(England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/564)
Awards for All (England) Joint Scheme (Authorisation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/565)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Pension Protection Levies) (Transitional Period and Modification for Multi-employer Schemes) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/566)
Registered Pension Schemes (Provision of Information) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/567)
Registered Pension Schemes (Prescribed Manner of Determining Amount of Annuities) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/568)
Registered Pension Schemes (Splitting of Schemes) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/569)
Registered Pension Schemes and Overseas Pension Schemes (Electronic Communication of Returns and Information) Regulations 2006 570)
Registered Pension Schemes (Authorised Member Payments) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/571)
Taxation of Pension Schemes (Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/572)
Pension Schemes (Transfers, Reorganisations and Winding Up) (Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/573)
Registered Pension Schemes (Authorised Surplus Payments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/574)
Pension Protection Fund (Tax) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/575)
Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/576)
Warehousekeepers and Owners of Warehoused Goods (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/577)
National Care Standards Commission (Commission for Social Care Inspection) (Fees) (Adoption Agencies, Adoption Support Agencies and Local Authority Fostering Functions) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/578)
A404 Trunk Road (Maidenhead Thicket to Handy Cross) (Closure of Layby) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/579)
Pension Protection Fund (General and Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/580)
Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Authority (Increase in Number of Members) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/582)
Social Housing (Grants to Bodies other than Registered Social Landlords) (Additional Purposes) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/583)
Private Hire Vehicles (London) (Transitional and Saving Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/584)
Dartford – Thurrock Crossing (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/585)
Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/586)
Value Added Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/587)
Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/588)
Healthy Start Scheme and Welfare Food (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/589)
Official Feed and Food Controls (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/590)
Licensing Act 2003 (Consequential Amendment)(Non-Domestic Rating)(Public Houses in England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/591)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Bracknell Forest) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/592)
Bus Lane Contraventions (Approved Local Authorities) (England) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/593)
Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Consequential and Supplementary Amendments to Secondary Legislation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/594)
Pension Protection Fund (Provision of Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/595)
Functions of Primary Care Trusts and Strategic Health Authorities and the NHS Business Services Authority (Awdurdod Gwasanaethau Busnes y GIG) (Primary Dental Services) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/596)
Pension Protection Fund (Valuation of the Assets and Liabilities of the Pension Protection Fund) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/597)
Railways (Access to Training Services) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/598)
Railways and Other Guided Transport Systems (Safety) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/599)
National Health Service (Pension Scheme, Injury Benefits and Additional Voluntary Contributions) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/600)
601–700
Air Navigation (General) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/601)
Elections (Policy Development Grants Scheme) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/602)
Measuring Instruments (EEC Requirements) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/604)
Competition Act 1998 (Public Policy Exclusion) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/605)
Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/606)
Transfer of Functions (Office of Her Majesty's Paymaster General) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/607)
European Communities (Designation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/608)
Scotland Act 1998 (Modifications of Schedule 5) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/609)
Ivory Coast (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/610)
Rates (Capital Values, etc.) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/611)
Stormont Estate (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/612)
Budget (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/613)
Registered Pension Schemes (Authorised Payments — Arrears of Pension) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/614)
Local Government (Improvement Plans) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/615)
West Northamptonshire Development Corporation (Planning Functions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/616)
Feeding Stuffs and the Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/617)
Environmental Impact Assessment (Land Drainage Improvement Works) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/618)
Communications (Television Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/619)
Police Authorities (Best Value) Performance Indicators (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/620)
Government of Further Education Corporations (Revocation) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/621)
Insolvent Partnerships (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/622)
Driving Standards Agency Trading Fund (Maximum Borrowing) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/623)
Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating and National Insurance Funds Payments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/624)
Building and Approved Inspectors (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/625)
Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Victims' Code of Practice) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/629)
Race Relations Code of Practice relating to Employment (Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/630)
Gambling Act 2005 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/631)
NHS Business Services Authority (Awdurdod Gwasanaethau Busnes y GIG) (Establishment and Constitution) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/632)
NHS Business Services Authority (Awdurdod Gwasanaethau Busnes y GIG) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/633)
NHS Pensions Agency (Asiantaeth Pensiynau'r GIG) Abolition Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/634)
Special Health Authorities Abolition Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/635)
Gambling Act 2005 (Licensing Authority Policy Statement)(England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/636)
Gambling Act 2005 (Licensing Authority Policy Statement) (First Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/637)
Pneumoconiosis, Byssinosis and Miscellaneous Diseases Benefit (Amendment) Scheme 2006 (S.I. 2006/638)
Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/639)
NHS Blood and Transplant (Gwaed a Thrawsblaniadau'r GIG) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/640)
Water Resources (Abstraction and Impounding) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/641)
Films (Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/642)
Films (Definition of "British Film") Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/643)
Housing Benefit (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/644)
Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/645)
Housing (Approval of Codes of Management Practice) (Student Accommodation) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/646)
Houses in Multiple Occupation (Specified Educational Establishments) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/647)
Plant Breeders' Rights (Naming and Fees) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/648)
Merchant Shipping (Light Dues) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/649)
Homelessness (Suitability of Accommodation) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/650)
Joint Waste Disposal Authorities (Recycling Payments) (Disapplication) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/651)
The Building and Approved Inspectors (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/652)
Court of Protection (Amendment) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/653)
National Lottery etc. Act 1993 (Amendment of Section 23) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/654)
Olympic Lotteries (Payments out of Fund) Regulations 2006 655)
Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/656)
Nuclear Reactors (Environmental Impact Assessment for Decommissioning) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/657)
Gangmasters Licensing (Exclusions) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/658)
Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/659)
Gangmasters (Licensing Conditions) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/660)
Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2005 (Notices in the Interests of National Security) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/661)
Gangmasters (Appeals) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/662)
Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Dependency) (Permitted Earnings Limits) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/663)
Pension Protection Fund (Risk-based Pension Protection Levy) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/672)
Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase Order 2006 673Occupational Pension Schemes (Trustees' Knowledge and Understanding) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/673)
National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements and Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/674)
National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) and (Travel Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/675)
Judicial Discipline (Prescribed Procedures) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/676)
Discipline of Coroners (Designation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/677)
Judicial Appointments and Discipline (Modification of Offices) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/678)
Permitted Persons (Designation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/679)
Lord Chancellor (Transfer of Functions and Supplementary Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/680)
Pension Protection Fund (Reviewable Matters and Review and Reconsideration of Reviewable Matters) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/685)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Trustees' Knowledge and Understanding) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/686)
Social Security (Provisions relating to Qualifying Young Persons) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/692)
701–800
Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/712)
Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/713)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Member-nominated Trustees and Directors) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/714)
Magistrates' Courts Fees (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/715)
Gateshead (Parish) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/716)
Armed Forces Pension Scheme etc. (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/717)
Social Security (Young Persons) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/718)
Civil Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/719)
Asylum Support (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/733)
Insolvency (Scotland) Amendment Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/734)
Insolvency (Scotland) Amendment Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/735)
Teachers' Pensions (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/736)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/737)
Workmen's Compensation (Supplementation) (Amendment) Scheme 2006 (S.I. 2006/738)
Family Proceedings Fees (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/739)
Police Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/740)
Pensions Increase (Review) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/741)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Levy Ceiling) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/742)
Environmental Protection (Waste Recycling Payments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/743)
Taxation of Pension Schemes (Consequential Amendments of Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes Legislation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/744)
Taxation of Pension Schemes (Consequential Amendments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/745)
Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax (Definition of Unit Trust Scheme and Open-ended Investment Company) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/746)
Judicial Pensions (Additional Voluntary Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/747)
Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/748)
Judicial Pensions (Contributions) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/749)
Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records) (Registration) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/750)
Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 12) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/751)
Representation of the People (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/752)
Animals and Animal Products (Examination for Residues and Maximum Residue Limits) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/755)
Charges for Inspections and Controls (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/756)
Social Security (Incapacity for Work) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/757)
Gender Recognition (Application Fees) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/758)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Modification of Schemes) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/759)
Patents, Trade Marks and Designs (Address For Service and Time Limits, etc.) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/760)
Football Spectators (Prescription) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/761)
Dairy Produce Quotas (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/762)
Trade Marks (International Registration) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/763)
Revenue Support Grant (Specified Bodies) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/764)
Personal Injuries (Civilians) (Amendment) Scheme 2006 (S.I. 2006/765)
Tax Credits (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/766)
Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/767)
Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 (Commencement No. 1 and Savings) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/768)
Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/769)
Statutory Nuisances (Insects) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/770)
Statutory Nuisance (Appeals) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/771)
Energy Administration (Scotland) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/772)
Broads (2006) Internal Drainage Board Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/773)
Witham Third District Internal Drainage District (Alteration of Boundaries) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/774)
Surrey and Borders Partnership National Health Service Trust (Originating Capital) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/775)
Stamp Duty Land Tax (Administration) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/776)
Income Tax (Pay As You Earn, etc.), (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/777)
Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/778)
Controls on Dogs (Non-application to Designated Land) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/779)
Regulatory Reform (Forestry) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/780)
Statutory Nuisances (Artificial Lighting) (Designation of Relevant Sports) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/781)
Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Nottingham City Hospital National Health Service Trust and the Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, University Hospital National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/782)
Environmental Offences (Fixed Penalties) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/783)
Petroleum Licensing (Exploration and Production) (Seaward and Landward Areas) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/784)
Buckinghamshire Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/785)
Sussex Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the East Sussex County Healthcare National Health Service Trust and the West Sussex Health and Social Care National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/786)
Oxfordshire Mental Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/787)
Great Western Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the Avon Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust, the Gloucestershire Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust and the Wiltshire Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/788)
Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 (Commencement No. 1, Transitional and Savings Provisions) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/795)
Dog Control Orders (Procedures) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/798)
Statutory Sick Pay (General) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/799)
801–900
Pensions Increase (Armed Forces Pension Schemes and Conservation Board) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/801)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Payments to Employer) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/802)
Severn-Trent Regional Flood Defence Committee Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/803)
North West Regional Flood Defence Committee Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/804)
Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Designated Activities) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/824)
Kent and Medway National Health Service and Social Care Partnership Trust (Establishment) and the West Kent National Health Service and Social Care Trust and the East Kent National Health Service and Social Care Partnership Trust (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/825)
General Drainage Charges (Anglian Region) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/826)
Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the County Durham and Darlington Priority Services National Health Service Trust and the Tees and North East Yorkshire National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/827)
Northumberland, Tyne and Wear National Health Service Trust (Establishment) and the South of Tyne and Wearside Mental Health National Health Service Trust, the Northgate and Prudhoe National Health Service Trust and the Newcastle, North Tyneside and Northumberland Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/828)
Pneumoconiosis etc. (Workers' Compensation) (Payment of Claims) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/829)
Residential Property Tribunal (Fees) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/830)
Residential Property Tribunal Procedure (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/831)
Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/832)
Representation of the People (Scotland) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/834)
Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No. 4) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/835)
Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (No. 3 and No. 8) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/836)
Children (Prescribed Orders – Northern Ireland, Guernsey and Isle of Man) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/837)
Archbishop Courtenay Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/838)
Westminster Church of England Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/839)
Unity College (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/840)
Trinity CoE VC Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/841)
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4 and Consequential, Transitional and Savings Provisions) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/842)
Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Disregard and Bringing into Account of Profits and Losses) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/843)
Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) (No. 4) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/844)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Surrey) (Borough of Surrey Heath) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/851)
Salmonella in Broiler Flocks (Survey Powers) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/864)
Landfill Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/865)
Brucellosis (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/866)
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/867)
Value Added Tax (Consideration for Fuel Provided for Private Use) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/868)
Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) (Amendment) (No.2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/869)
Children Act 2004 (Commencement No. 7) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/870)
Capital Gains Tax (Annual Exempt Amount) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/871)
Income Tax (Indexation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/872)
Staffing of Maintained Schools (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/873)
Value Added Tax (Cars) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/874)
Stamp Duty Land Tax (Amendment to the Finance Act 2003) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/875)
Value Added Tax (Increase of Registration Limits) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/876)
Single Education Plan (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/877)
Care Standards Act 2000 and the Children Act 1989 (Abolition of Fees) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/878)
Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 9 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/879)
Lands Tribunal (Amendment) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/880)
Income Tax (Exempt Amounts for Childcare Vouchers and for Employer Contracted Childcare) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/882)
Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/883)
National Assembly for Wales (Representation of the People) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/884)
Children Act 2004 (Commencement No. 6) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/885)
Local Authorities (Functions and Responsibilities) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/886)
Disability Discrimination (Premises) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/887)
901–1000
Social Security (Working Neighbourhoods) Miscellaneous Amendments Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/909)
Energy-Saving Items Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/912)
National Health Service (Miscellaneous Amendments Relating to Independent Prescribing) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/913)
Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/914)
Medicines for Human Use (Prescribing) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/915)
European Parliamentary (United Kingdom Representatives) Pensions (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/919)
Parliamentary Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/920)
Charities (Cheadle Royal Hospital, Manchester) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/921)
A5092 Trunk Road (Between A595 and A590) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/922)
A595 Trunk Road (Calder Bridge to A5092 at Grizebeck) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/923)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Cross-border Activities) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/925)
Children Act 2004 (Commencement No. 8) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/927)
Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/928)
Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/929)
Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/930)
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/931)
Police (Injury Benefit) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/932)
Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Gatwick Express Class 458 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/933)
Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No. 23) (England and Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/934)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Levies) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/935)
Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Disregard and Bringing into Account of Profits and Losses) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/936)
Waste Management (England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/937)
Children (Private Arrangements for Fostering) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/940)
Functions of Local Health Boards and the NHS Business Services Authority (Awdurdod Gwasanaethau Busnes y GIG) (Primary Dental Services) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/941)
Community Health Council (Establishment of Carmarthenshire Community Health Council, Transfer of Functions and Abolition of Llanelli/Dinefwr and Carmarthen/Dinefwr Community Health Councils) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/942)
National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/943)
Local Authorities (Capital Finance and Accounting) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/944)
National Health Service (Performers Lists) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/945)
General Dental Services and Personal Dental Services Transitional and Consequential Provisions (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/946)
National Health Service (General Dental Services Contracts and Personal Dental Services Agreements) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/947)
Town and Country Planning (Fees for Applications and Deemed Applications) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/948)
Public Services Ombudsman for Wales (Standards Investigations) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/949)
Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/950)
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No.2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/952)
Education (Student Support) (European Institutions) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/953)
Climate Change Levy (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/954)
Education (Student Support) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/955)
Guardian's Allowance Up-rating (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/956)
Guardian's Allowance Up-rating Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/957)
Transport and Works (Assessment of Environmental Effects) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/958)
Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/959)
Special Health Authorities (Audit) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/960)
Social Fund (Application for Review) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/961)
Employment Zones (Allocation to Contractors) Pilot Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/962)
Tax Credits Up-rating Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/963)
Authorised Investment Funds (Tax) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/964)
Child Benefit (Rates) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/965)
Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/966)
Health Professions Wales Abolition Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/978)
Local Government (Best Value Authorities) (Power to Trade) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/979)
Welsh Regional Flood Defence Committee (Composition) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/980)
Unit Trust Schemes and Offshore Funds (Non-qualifying Investments Test) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/981)
Finance (No. 2) Act 2005, Section 17(1), (Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/982)
Information Sharing Index (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/983)
Water Act 2003 (Commencement No. 6, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/984)
Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/985)
Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/986)
Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Application and Modification of Certain Enactments to Designated Staff of SOCA) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/987)
Football Spectators (2006 World Cup Control Period) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/988)
Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/989)
Access to the Countryside (Exclusions and Restrictions) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/990)
Environmental Stewardship (England) and Countryside Stewardship (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/991)
Town and Country Planning (Fees for Applications and Deemed Applications) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/994)
Employment Zones (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1000)
1001–1100
Courts Act 2003 (Consequential Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1001)
Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 (Commencement No. 2, Transitional Provisions and Savings) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1002)
Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1003)
Renewables Obligation Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1004)
Disability Discrimination (Guidance on the Definition of Disability) Appointed Day Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1005)
Community Order (Review by Specified Courts in Liverpool and Salford) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1006)
Disability Discrimination (Guidance on the Definition of Disability) Revocation Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1007)
Grants to the Churches Conservation Trust Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1008)
Social Security (Reduced Rates of Class 1 Contributions, Rebates and Minimum Contributions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1009)
Railway Safety Levy Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1010)
Public Services Ombudsman (Wales) Act 2005 (Consequential Amendments to the Local Government Pension Scheme Regulations 1997 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1011)
Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Modification) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1012)
Terrorism Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1013)
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1014)
Nurses and Midwives (Parts of and Entries in the Register) Amendment Order of Council 2006 1015)
Lord Chancellor (Transfer of Functions and Supplementary Provisions) (No.2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1016)
Social Security (Persons from Abroad) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1026)
Community Trade Mark Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1027)
Intellectual Property (Enforcement, etc.) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1028)
Trade Marks and Designs (Address For Service) (Amendment) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/1029)
Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1030)
Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 S.I. 2006/1031)
Communications Act 2003 (Maximum Penalty for Persistent Misuse of Network or Service) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1032)
Education (Information as to Provision of Education) (England)(Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1033)
Guardian's Allowance Up-rating Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1034)
Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1035)
Sheep and Goats (Records, Identification and Movement) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1036)
Gambling Act 2005 (Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1038)
Copyright (Gibraltar) Revocation Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1039)
Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1040)
Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Electoral Regions (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1041)
Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (Suspension of Custody Officer Certificate) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1050)
National Assistance (Assessment of Resources and Sums for Personal Requirements) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1051)
Town and Country Planning (Fees for Applications and Deemed Applications) (Amendment No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1052)
Tuberculosis (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1053)
Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act 2003 (Consequential Provisions and Modifications) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1054)
Management of Offenders etc. (Scotland) Act 2005 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1055)
Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005 (Consequential Modifications) (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1056)
Railways and Other Guided Transport Systems (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1057)
Beer, Cider and Perry, Spirits, and Wine and Made-wine (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1058)
Dog Control Orders (Prescribed Offences and Penalties, etc.) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1059)
Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provisions and Savings)(England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1060)
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No. 8 and Saving) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1061)
Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1062)
Planning (Applications for Planning Permission, Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1063)
Bridgend (Brackla and Coity Higher) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1064)
National Health Service (Travel Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1065)
National Savings Bank (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1066)
School Staffing (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1067)
Education (Pupil Referral Units) (Application of Enactments) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1068)
Social Security (PPF Payments and FAS Payments) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1069)
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Money Laundering: Exceptions to Overseas Conduct Defence) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1070)
International Development Association (Fourteenth Replenishment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1071)
Nobel School (Change to School Session Times) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1072)
Education (Modification of Enactments Relating to Employment) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1073)
International Organisations (Immunities and Privileges) Miscellaneous Provisions Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1075)
Introductory Tenancies (Review of Decisions to Extend a Trial Period) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1077)
Monkseaton Community High School (Governing Body Procedures) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1078)
Trade Marks (International Registration)(Amendment No.2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1080)
Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (Codes of Practice) (Temporary Modification to Code D) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1081)
Equality Act 2006 (Commencement No.1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1082)
Fire and Rescue Services (National Framework) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1084)
Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Commencement No. 6 and Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1085)
Air Navigation (Dangerous Goods) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1092)
Allocation of Housing and Homelessness (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1093)
Disability Discrimination Code of Practice (Supplement to Part 3 Code of Practice) (Provision and Use of Transport Vehicles) (Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1094)
M6 Motorway (Carlisle to Guards Mill Section) and Connecting Roads Scheme 2006 (S.I. 2006/1095)
A74 Trunk Road (Carlisle to Guards Mill Section) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1096)
1101–1200
Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005 and the Prohibition of Smoking in Certain Premises (Scotland) Regulations 2006 (Consequential Provisions) (Scotland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1115)
Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Reviews of Sentencing) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1116)
Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) (Fitting Date) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1117)
London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1118)
Olympics and Paralympics Association Rights (Appointment of Proprietors) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1119)
Paralympics Association Right (Paralympic Symbol) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1120)
Civil Partnership Act 2004 (Relationships Arising Through Civil Partnership) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1121)
Associated British Ports (Hull) Harbour Revision Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1135)
Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1152)
Transport Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) (Scotland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1157)
Seed Potatoes (Fees) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1160)
Seed Potatoes (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1161)
Income Tax (Pension Funds Pooling Schemes) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1162)
Child Tax Credit (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1163)
Education (Change of Category of Maintained Schools) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1164)
Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 11 and Savings) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1172)
Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1176)
Restricted Byways (Application and Consequential Amendment of Provisions) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1177)
Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) (No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1178)
Ceramic Articles in Contact with Food (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1179)
Investment Trusts and Venture Capital Trusts (Definition of Capital Profits, Gains or Losses) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1182)
Takeovers Directive (Interim Implementation) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1183)
People's College, Nottingham (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1184)
M6 Toll (Speed Limit) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1185)
Avian Influenza and Influenza of Avian Origin in Mammals (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1197)
Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1198)
Nursing and Midwifery Council (Practice Committees) (Constitution) Rules Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1199)
Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1200)
1201–1300
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1226)
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1228)
Registered Designs Act 1949 and Patents Act 1977 (Electronic Communications) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1229)
Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) (Bunkers Convention) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1244)
Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1248)
Lebanon and Syria (United Nations Measures) (Isle of Man) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1249)
Lebanon and Syria (United Nations Measures) (Channel Islands) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1250)
Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1251)
Planning Reform (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1252)
Local Government (Boundaries) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1253)
Fire and Rescue Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1254)
Measuring Instruments (Automatic Discontinuous Totalisers) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1255)
Measuring Instruments (Automatic Rail-weighbridges) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1256)
Measuring Instruments (Automatic Catchweighers) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1257)
Measuring Instruments (Automatic Gravimetric Filling Instruments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1258)
Measuring Instruments (Beltweighers) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1259)
Human Tissue Act 2004 (Ethical Approval, Exceptions from Licensing and Supply of Information about Transplants) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1260)
Plant Breeders' Rights (Discontinuation of Prior Use Exemption) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1261)
Education (School Day and School Year) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1262)
Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1263)
Measuring Instruments (Capacity Serving Measures) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1264)
Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) (Supplementary Fund Protocol) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1265)
Measuring Instruments (Liquid Fuel and Lubricants) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1266)
Measuring Instruments (Material Measures of Length) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1267)
Measuring Instruments (Cold-water Meters) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1268)
Measuring Instruments (Liquid Fuel delivered from Road Tankers) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1269)
Measuring Instruments (Non-Prescribed Instruments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1270)
Insolvency (Amendment) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/1272)
Consumer Credit (Exempt Agreements) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1273)
Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1274)
Local Authorities (Standing Orders) (Wales) Regulations 2006 1275)
Credit Unions (Maximum Interest Rate on Loans) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1276)
Education (Parenting Orders) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1277)
Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (Commencement No. 5) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1278)
Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 8 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1279)
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No. 9 and Consequential Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1281)
Town and Country Planning (Application of Subordinate Legislation to the Crown) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1282)
Planning (Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas and Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1283)
Planning (National Security Directions and Appointed Representatives) (England) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/1284)
A63 Trunk Road (East of Peckfield Bar to Boot & Shoe) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1285)
Protection of Water Against Agricultural Nitrate Pollution (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1289)
Animal By-Products (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1293)
Allocation of Housing and Homelessness (Eligibility) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1294)
Plant Protection Products (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1295)
1301–1400
Sea Fishing (Restriction on Days at Sea) (Monitoring, Inspection and Surveillance) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1327)
Terrorism Act 2000 (Revised Code of Practice for the Identification of Persons by Police Officers) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1330)
Export Control Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1331)
Land Registration Fee Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1332)
Sutton and East Surrey Water plc (Non-Essential Use) Drought Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1333)
Environmental Offences (Use of Fixed Penalty Receipts) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1334)
Education (National Curriculum for Wales) Disapplication of Science at Key Stage 4) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1335)
Education Act 2002 (Commencement No. 10 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1336)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Contracting-out) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1337)
Education Act 2005 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1338)
Fish Labelling (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1339)
Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1340)
General Teaching Council for Wales (Additional Functions) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1341)
Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) (No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1342)
General Teaching Council for Wales (Functions) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1343)
Plant Health ("Phytophthora ramorum") (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1344)
A249 Trunk Road (Iwade Bypass to Queenborough Improvement) (Prohibition of Left and Right Hand Turns) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1345)
A249 Trunk Road (Iwade Bypass to Queenborough Improvement) (50 Miles per Hour Speed Limit) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1346)
A249 Trunk Road (Iwade Bypass to Queenborough Improvement) (Prohibition of Certain Classes of Traffic and Pedestrians) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1347)
Fuel-testing Pilot Projects (Biogas Project) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1348)
Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1349)
Home-Grown Cereals Authority (Rate of Levy) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1357)
Insurance Companies (Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1358)
Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 (Commencement No. 2) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1361)
Radioactive Contaminated Land (Modification of Enactments) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1379)
Contaminated Land (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1380)
Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Isles of Scilly) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1381)
Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1382)
Pensions Act 2004 (Codes of Practice) (Early Leavers, Late Payment of Contributions and Trustee Knowledge and Understanding) Appointed Day Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1383)
Civil Aviation (Safety of Third-Country Aircraft) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1384)
National Health Service (Performers Lists) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1385)
Town and Country Planning (Miscellaneous Amendments and Modifications relating to Crown Land) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1386)
Planning (National Security Directions and Appointed Representatives) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1387)
Planning (Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas and Hazardous Substances) (Amendments relating to Crown Land) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1388)
National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1389)
British Citizenship (Designated Service) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1390)
Wireless Telegraphy (Pre-Consolidation Amendments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1391)
Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) (No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1392)
Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1393)
Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1394)
1401–1500
Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1401)
Social Security (Income Support and Jobseeker's Allowance) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1402)
Transport (Wales) Act 2006 (Commencement) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1403)
Borough of Corby (Electoral Changes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1404)
District of North Kesteven (Electoral Changes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1405)
Police (Complaints and Misconduct) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1406)
National Health Service (Pre-consolidation Amendments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1407)
Strategic Health Authorities (Establishment and Abolition) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1408)
A1 Trunk Road (A1(M), A614 and B6045 Junction Improvement Blyth) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1417)
Doncaster By-Pass Special Road Scheme 1957 (Variation) Scheme 2006 (S.I. 2006/1418)
A1 Trunk Road (A1(M), A614 and B6045 Junction Improvement Blyth) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1419)
Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Prescribed Forms and Procedures) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1421)
Southern Water Services (Sussex North and Sussex Coast) (Non-Essential Use) Drought Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1422)
The Southern Water Services (Kent Medway, Kent Thanet and Sussex Hastings) (Non-Essential Use) Drought Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1423)
Mid Kent Water (Non-Essential Use) Drought Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1424)
Armed Forces and Reserve Forces (Compensation Scheme) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1438)
Identity Cards Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1439)
General Dental Council (Professions Complementary to Dentistry) Regulations Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1440)
Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001 (Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1441)
Police (Promotion) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1442)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Derby) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1445)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1446)
Bus Lane Contraventions (Approved Local Authorities) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1447)
Strategic Health Authorities (Establishment and Abolition) (England) Amendment Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1448)
Electromagnetic Compatibility (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1449)
Misuse of Drugs (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1450)
A550 and A5117 Trunk Roads (Improvement between M56 and A548) and Connecting Roads Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1451)
Exempt Charities Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1452)
Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Taxes on Income) (Gibraltar) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1453)
Sudan (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1454)
Naval, Military and Air Forces Etc. (Disablement and Death) Service Pensions (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1455)
Family Law Act 1986 (Dependent Territories) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1456)
Parliamentary Corporate Bodies (Crown Immunities etc.) (Amendment) Order 2006 1457)
National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1458)
Private Tenancies (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1459)
Education (Chief Inspector of Schools in England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1460)
European Communities (Designation) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1461)
Wormley Recreation Ground (Revocation of Parish Council Byelaws) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1462)
Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1463)
Contaminants in Food (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1464)
Registered Pension Schemes (Authorised Reductions) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1465* Transport and Works (Applications and Objections Procedure) (England and Wales) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/1466)
Police (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1467)
Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) (No. 5) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1468)
Planning (Application to the Houses of Parliament) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1469)
Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) (No. 6) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1470)
Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England) Regulations 2006 1471)
Value Added Tax (Reduced Rate) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1472)
Packaging (Essential Requirements) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1492)
Care Standards Act 2000 (Establishments and Agencies) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1493)
Registration of Fish Buyers and Sellers and Designation of Fish Auction Sites (Wales) Regulations 2006 1495)
British Nationality (Proof of Paternity) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1496)
Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1497)
Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 11) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1498)
Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (England and Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1499)
Radioactive Substances (Testing Instruments) (England and Wales) Exemption Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1500)
1501–1600
National Health Service (Primary Medical Services and Pharmaceutical Services) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1501)
Home Information Pack Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1503)
Education (Individual Pupil Information) (Prescribed Persons) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1505)
Specified Animal Pathogens (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1506)
Education (Change of Category of Maintained Schools) (Amendment) (No.2) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1507)
Consumer Credit Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1508)
Local Government (Assistants for Political Groups) (Remuneration) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1509)
Ozone Depleting Substances (Qualifications) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1510)
Salmonella in Broiler Flocks (Survey Powers) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1511)
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Compensation (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1512)
Sheep and Goats Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) Compensation (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1513)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Kingston upon Hull) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1515)
Bus Lane Contraventions (Approved Local Authorities) (England) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1516)
Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1517)
Port of Blyth (Battleship Wharf Railway) Order 2006 1518)
Electricity and Gas Appeals (Modification of Time Limits) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1519)
Child Support (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1520)
Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1521)
Social Security (Categorisation of Earners) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1530)
Social Security (Categorisation of Earners) (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1531)
Street Works (Inspection Fees) (Wales) Regulations 2006 1532)
Designation of Schools Having a Religious Character (Independent Schools) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1533)
Food Hygiene (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1534)
Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions and Savings) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1535)
Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1536)
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1537)
Cattle Identification (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1538)
Cattle Database (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1539)
Eggs (Marketing Standards) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1540)
Children (Allocation of Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1541)
The Civil Courts (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1542)
Tax Avoidance Schemes (Prescribed Descriptions of Arrangements) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1543)
Tax Avoidance Schemes (Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1544)
A419 Trunk Road (Blunsdon Bypass and Slip Roads) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1545)
A419 Trunk Road (Blunsdon Bypass and Slip Roads) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1546)
Natural History Museum (Authorised Repositories) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1547)
Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Prescribed Forms and Procedures) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1548)
Sea Fishing (Marking and Identification of Passive Fishing Gear and Beam Trawls) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1549)
National Health Service (General Ophthalmic Services etc.) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1550)
The Judicial Appointments and Discipline (Modification of Offices) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1551)
1601–1700
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Taxis) (Carrying of Guide Dogs etc.) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1616)
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Private Hire Vehicles) (Carriage of Guide Dogs etc.) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1617)
National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1618)
East of England Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1619)
East Midlands Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1620)
North East Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1621)
North West Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1622)
South East Coast Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1623)
South Central Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1624)
South Western Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1625)
West Midlands Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1626)
Yorkshire Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1627)
London Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1628)
Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Amendment of Section 61(1)) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1629)
General Chiropractic Council (Professional Conduct Committee and Health Committee) Amendment Rules Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1630)
Motor Vehicles (Type Approval and Approval Marks) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1638)
Partnerships (Restrictions on Contributions to a Trade) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1639)
Lord Chancellor (Transfer of Functions and Supplementary Provisions) (No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1640)
Residential Property Tribunal Procedure (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1641)
Residential Property Tribunal (Fees) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1642)
Plant Health (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1643)
Companies (Disclosure of Information) (Designated Authorities) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1644)
The Home Loss Payments (Prescribed Amounts) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1658)
Human Tissue Act 2004 (Persons who Lack Capacity to Consent and Transplants) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1659)
Higher Education Act 2004 (Commencement No.2 and Transitional Provision) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1660)
Football Spectators (Seating) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1661)
Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1662)
General Dental Council (Fitness to Practise) Rules Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1663)
General Dental Council (Appointments Committee and Appointment of Members of Committees) Rules Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1664)
General Dental Council (Constitution of Committees) Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1665)
General Dental Council (Constitution) Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1666)
General Dental Council (Professions Complementary to Dentistry) (Dental Hygienists and Dental Therapists) Regulations Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1667)
General Dental Council (Registration Appeals) Rules Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1668)
General Dental Council (Professions Complementary to Dentistry) (Qualifications and Supervision of Dental Work) Rules Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1669)
General Dental Council (Professions Complementary to Dentistry) (Business of Dentistry) Rules Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1670)
Dentists Act 1984 (Amendment) Order 2005 Transitional Provisions Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1671)
Firefighters' Pension (Wales) Scheme (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1672)
Education (Designated Institutions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1674)
Cereal Seed (England) and Fodder Plant Seed (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1678)
Measuring Instruments (Active Electrical Energy Meters) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1679)
Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 Commencement (No. 9) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1680)
Local Authority Social Services Complaints (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1681)
Work and Families Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1682)
Value Added Tax (Place of Supply of Services) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1683)
Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/1689)
Pension Protection Fund (Pension Sharing) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1690)
Contracting Out (Functions Relating to Child Support) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1692)
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Supplementary Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1693)
Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1694)
Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1695)
Export Control (Security and Para-military Goods) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1696)
A1 Trunk Road (A57 and A614 Junction Improvement Apleyhead) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1697)
A1 Trunk Road (A57 and A614 Junction Improvement Apleyhead) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1698)
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Recovery of Cash in Summary Proceedings: Minimum Amount) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1699)
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4 and Consequential, Transitional and Savings Provisions) (Wales) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1700)
1701–1800
Plant Health (Export Certification) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1701)
Housing Health and Safety Rating System (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1702)
Private and Voluntary Health Care and Miscellaneous (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1703)
Ceramic Articles in Contact with Food (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1704)
Local Safeguarding Children Boards (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1705)
Housing (Interim Management Orders) (Prescribed Circumstances) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1706)
Houses in Multiple Occupation (Specified Educational Establishments) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1707)
Housing (Approval of Codes of Management Practice) (Student Accommodation) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1709)
Bee Diseases and Pests Control (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1710)
Licensing of Houses in Multiple Occupation (Prescribed Descriptions) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1712)
Management of Houses in Multiple Occupation (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1713)
Education (School Inspection) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1714)
Licensing and Management of Houses in Multiple Occupation and Other Houses (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1715)
Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1716)
Tir Gofal (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1717)
European Qualifications (Professions Complementary to Dentistry) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1718)
Technical Assistance Control Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1719)
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Amendment) (Further and Higher Education) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1721)
Enterprise Act 2002 (Disqualification from Office: General) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1722)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Winding up Procedure Requirement) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1733)
Private and Voluntary Health Care (England) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1734)
Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1735)
Traffic Management Act 2004 (Commencement No.1) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1736)
Collection of Fines (Final Scheme) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1737)
Children Act 1989 Representations Procedure (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1738)
Widnes and Runcorn Sixth Form College (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1739)
Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Trust Funds: Appointment of Trustees) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1741)
Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1742)
Immigration (Provision of Physical Data) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1743)
Education (Designated Institutions) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1744)
Education (Student Support) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1745)
Wimbledon School of Art Higher Education Corporation (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1746)
Suffolk (Coroners' Districts) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1747)
Revenue and Customs (Complaints and Misconduct) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1748)
National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1749)
Value Added Tax (Lifeboats) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1750)
Education (Pupil Registration) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1751)
Social Security (Students and Income-related Benefits) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1752)
Borough of Eastbourne (Whole Council Elections) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1753)
Josiah Mason Sixth Form College, Erdington, Birmingham (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1754)
Mobile Homes Act 1983 (Amendment of Schedule 1) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1755)
Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1756)
Horses (Zootechnical Standards) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1757)
Gambling Act 2005 (Transitional Provisions) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1758)
Education (Outturn Statements) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1760)
Avian Influenza (Vaccination) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1761)
Avian Influenza and Influenza of Avian Origin in Mammals (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1762)
Education (Student Support) (European Institutions) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1785)
Courts-Martial (Prosecution Appeals) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1786)
Tobacco Products and Excise Goods (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1787)
Courts-Martial (Prosecution Appeals) (Supplementary Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1788)
Home Loss Payments (Prescribed Amounts) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1789)
Local Health Boards (Establishment) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1790)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area)(County Borough of Conwy) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1791)
National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1792)
Value Added Tax (Refund of Tax) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1793)
Assembly Learning Grants (European Institutions) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1794)
Education (Fees and Awards) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1795)
Sea Fishing (Northern Hake Stock) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1796)
1801–1900
Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Designated Activities) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1804)
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Gibraltar) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1805)
Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Award) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1806)
Wireless Telegraphy (Spectrum Trading) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1807)
Wireless Telegraphy (Register) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1808)
Wireless Telegraphy (Limitation of Number of Spectrum Access Licences) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1809)
Firefighters' Pension Scheme (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1810)
Firefighters' Compensation Scheme (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1811)
Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1812)
Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1813)
Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Amendments to Schedule 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1831)
Mental Capacity Act 2005 (Independent Mental Capacity Advocates) (General) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1832)
Design Right (Semiconductor Topographies) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1833)
Free Zone Designations (Amendments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1834)
Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No. 13 and Transitional Provision) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1835)
Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (Scotland) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1836)
National Health Service (Dental Charges) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1837)
Inquiry Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/1838)
Local Justice Areas (No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1839)
Export of Radioactive Sources (Control) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1846)
Civil Procedure Act 1997 (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1847)
Climate Change Agreements (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1848)
Standards Committees (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1849)
Contaminants in Food (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1850)
Kava-kava in Food (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1851)
Fire and Rescue Services (Charging) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1852)
Assembly Learning Grants and Loans (Higher Education) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1863)
Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1869)
Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Commencement) (No. 8) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1871)
Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Directed Surveillance and Covert Human Intelligence Sources) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1874)
Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Communications Data) (Additional Functions and Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1878)
Plant Health (Import Inspection Fees) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1879)
Motor Vehicles (Wearing of Seat Belts) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1892)
St John the Baptist Roman Catholic Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1893)
Lowick Church of England Voluntary Controlled First School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1894)
St Georges VA Church Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1895)
Hucknall National Church of England (VA) Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1896)
Holy Trinity Rosehill (VA) CE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1898)
Great and Little Preston Voluntary Controlled Church of England Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1899)
Blessed Trinity RC College (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1900)
1901–2000
Churchfields, The Village School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1901)
Saint Cecilia's, Wandsworth Church of England School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1902)
Bidston Church of England Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1903)
Amesbury Church of England Voluntary Controlled Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1904)
Belford St Mary's Church of England Voluntary Aided Middle School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1905)
Tauheedul Islam Girls High School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1906)
International Criminal Court (Immunities and Privileges) (No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1907)
International Criminal Court (Immunities and Privileges) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1908)
Belarus (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1909)
Army, Air Force and Naval Discipline Acts (Continuation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1910)
Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1911)
Consular Fees (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1912)
Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1913)
Medical Act 1983 (Amendment) and Miscellaneous Amendments Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1914)
Education (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1915)
Budget (No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1916)
Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985 (Jersey) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1917)
Postal Services (Jersey) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1918)
Proscribed Organisations (Name Changes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1919)
Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No.2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1920)
Films Co-Production Agreements (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1921)
European Organization for Nuclear Research (Privileges and Immunities) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1922)
United Nations (International Tribunals) (Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1923)
Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Japan) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1924)
Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Botswana) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1925)
Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1926)
Transfer of Functions (Statutory Instruments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1927)
Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1928)
Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults and Care Standards Tribunal (Review of Disqualification Orders) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1929)
Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults and Care Standards Tribunal (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1930)
Climate Change Agreements (Eligible Facilities) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1931)
Divorce etc. (Pension Protection Fund) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1932)
Transport Act 2000 (Commencement No. 12) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1933)
Dissolution etc. (Pension Protection Fund) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1934)
Railways (Substitute Road Services) (Exemptions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1935)
Terrorism Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1936)
Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) (Tachograph Card) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1937)
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Code of Practice C and Code of Practice H) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1938)
Church of England (Legal Aid) (Amendment) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/1939)
Legal Officers (Annual Fees) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1940)
Care of Cathedrals Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/1941)
Parochial Fees Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1942)
Ecclesiastical Judges, Legal Officers and Others (Fees) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1943)
Recovery of Health Services Charges (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1944)
Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1945)
Water and Sewerage Services (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1946)
Work and Families (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1947)
Housing (Right to Buy)(Designated Rural Areas and Designated Region) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1948)
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No.3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1949)
Derelict Land Clearance Area (Briar's Lane, Hatfield) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1950)
Railways Act 2005 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1951)
Medicines for Human Use (National Rules for Homoeopathic Products) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1952)
Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1953)
Transport and Works (Model Clauses for Railways and Tramways) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1954)
A249 Trunk Road (Iwade Bypass to Queenborough Improvement) (Derestriction) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1955)
A249 Trunk Road (Iwade Bypass to Queenborough Improvement) (24 Hours Clearway) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1956)
Registered Pension Schemes (Extension of Migrant Member Relief) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1957)
Pensions Schemes (Taxable Property Provisions) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1958)
Investment-regulated Pension Schemes (Exception of Tangible Moveable Property) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1959)
Pensions Schemes (Application of UK Provisions to Relevant Non-UK Schemes)(Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1960)
Registered Pension Schemes (Provision of Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1961)
Taxation of Pension Schemes (Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1962)
Taxation of Pension Schemes (Consequential Amendments) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1963)
Energy Act 2004 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1964)
Parliamentary Pensions (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1965)
Disability Discrimination Code of Practice (Goods, Facilities, Services and Premises) (Revocation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1966)
Disability Discrimination Code of Practice (Services, Public Functions, Private Clubs and Premises) (Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1967)
Social Landlords (Permissible Additional Purposes) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1968)
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1969)
Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Annual Community and Third Country Fishing Measures) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1970)
Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) (No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1971)
Electoral Administration Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1972)
Regulatory Reform (Registered Designs) Order 2006 (S.I. 20061974)
Registered Designs Rules 2006 (S.I. 20061975)
General Lighthouse Authorities (Beacons: Automatic Identification System) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1977)
Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates)(Hydrocarbon Oils etc.) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1979)
Excise Duties (Road Fuel Gas) (Reliefs) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1980)
Social Security (Lebanon) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1981)
Health Professions (Parts of and Entries in the Register) (Amendment) Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/1996)
Human Tissue Act 2004 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/1997)
Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1998)
Gaming Duty (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1999)
Gas Act 1986 (Exemption from the Requirement for an Interconnector Licence) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2000)
2001–2100
National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2001)
Electricity Act 1989 (Exemption from the Requirement for an Interconnector Licence) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2002)
Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2003)
Taxation of Pension Schemes (Transitional Provisions) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2004)
Central Leeds Learning Federation (Change to School Session Times) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2005)
Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 (Commencement No. 3) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2006)
Allocation of Housing and Homelessness (Eligibility) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2007)
Local Government Pension Scheme (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2008)
Education (Student Loans) (Repayment) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2009)
Electricity (Prepayment Meter) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2010)
Gas (Prepayment Meter) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2011)
Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Consequential Amendment to Statutory Adoption Pay) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2012)
Blood Safety and Quality (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2013)
Maternity and Parental Leave etc. and the Paternity and Adoption Leave (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2014)
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Application to the Armed Forces) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2015)
Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2016)
Hovercraft (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2053)
Merchant Shipping (Fees) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2055)
European Cooperative Society (Involvement of Employees) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2059)
Electricity (Offshore Generating Stations) (Applications for Consent) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2064)
Export Control (Liberia) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2065)
Vaccine Damage Payments (Specified Disease) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2066)
Data Protection (Processing of Sensitive Personal Data) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2068)
Primary Care Trusts (Establishment and Dissolution) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2072)
Medway Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2073)
Middlesbrough Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2074)
Environmental Stewardship (England) and Organic Products (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2075)
City and Hackney Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2076)
Primary Care Trusts Establishment Orders (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2077)
European Cooperative Society Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2078)
Family Proceedings (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/2080)
Day Care and Child Minding (Registration Fees) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2081)
Quiet Lanes and Home Zones (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2082)
Traffic Signs (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2083)
National Health Service (Complaints) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2084)
2101–2200
Medicines for Human Use (Fees Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2125)
Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2126)
Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2128)
Education Act 2005 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2129)
Radio Multiplex Services (Required Percentage of Digital Capacity) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2130)
Television Licensable Content Services Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2131)
Northern Ireland Act 2000 (Modification) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2132)
Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2133)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Wiltshire) (Districts of Kennet and North Wiltshire) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2134)
Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Appeals under Section 74) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2135)
Drugs Act 2005 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2136)
Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Relevant Authorities and Relevant Persons) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2137)
Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Intervention Orders) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2138)
Education (New Secondary School Proposals) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2139)
Waveney, Lower Yare, and Lothingland Internal Drainage Board Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2140)
Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Excepted Estates) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2141)
Central Leeds Learning Federation (Change to School Session Times) (Revocation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2142)
Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (Exceptions) (Amendment) (England and Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2143)
Social Security (Adult Learning Option) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2144)
Commons (Severance of Rights) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2145)
Finance Act 2006, section 18, (Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2149)
Measuring Instruments (Exhaust Gas Analysers) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2164)
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Revisions to Code A) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2165)
Specified Diseases (Notification and Slaughter) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2166)
Dover Harbour Revision Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2167)
Immigration (Notices) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2168)
Human Tissue Act 2004 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2169)
Immigration (Continuation of Leave) (Notices) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2170)
National Health Service (Travel Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2171)
A1 Trunk Road (B1174 Junction Improvement Gonerby Moor) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2172)
A1 Trunk Road (B1174 Junction Improvement Gonerby Moor) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2173)
National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2177)
Misuse of Drugs (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2178)
A595 Grizebeck to Chapel Brow Trunk Road (Parton to Lillyhall Improvement) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2179)
A595 Grizebeck to Chapel Brow Trunk Road (Parton to Lillyhall Improvement) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2180)
Police Act 1997 (Criminal Records ) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2181)
Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Commencement No. 9 and Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2182)
Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Provision and Use of Work Equipment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2183)
Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2184)
Olympic Delivery Authority (Planning Functions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2185)
London Thames Gateway Development Corporation (Planning Functions) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2186)
Value Added Tax (Treatment of Transactions and Special Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2187)
Transport for London (Sloane Square House) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2188)
Education (Pupil Exclusions and Appeals) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2189)
Transport Security (Electronic Communications) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2190)
Pig Carcase (Grading) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2192)
Education (Disqualification Provisions: Bankruptcy and Mental Health) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2198)
2201–2300
Animal Gatherings (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2211)
Hadley Learning Community (School Governance) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2212)
Motor Vehicles (Wearing of Seat Belts by Children in Front Seats) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2213)
Teachers' Pensions (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2214)
School Crossing Patrol Sign (England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2215)
Teachers (Compensation for Redundancy and Premature Retirement) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2216)
Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2226)
Town and Country Planning (Determination of Appeals by Appointed Persons) (Prescribed Classes) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2227)
European Communities (Recognition of Qualifications and Experience) (Third General System) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2228)
Tonnage Tax (Training Requirement) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2229)
A27 Trunk Road (Southerham to Beddingham Improvements) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2230)
Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2231)
Work and Families Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2232)
Capital Allowances (Energy-saving Plant and Machinery) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2233)
Measuring Equipment (Liquid Fuel and Lubricants) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2234)
Capital Allowances (Environmentally Beneficial Plant and Machinery) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2235)
Statutory Paternity Pay and Statutory Adoption Pay (General) and the Statutory Paternity Pay and Statutory Adoption Pay (Weekly Rates) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2236)
Specified Diseases (Notification and Slaughter) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2237)
Environmental Noise (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2238)
A550 Trunk Road (Improvement between Deeside Park and Ledsham) (Detrunking) Order 1994 (Revocation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2261)
M56 Motorway (Hapsford to Lea-by-Backford Section) and Connecting Roads Scheme 1976 (Partial Revocation) Scheme 2006 (S.I. 2006/2262)
Electoral Administration Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2268)
A38 Trunk Road (Dobwalls Bypass) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2269)
A38 Trunk Road (Dobwalls Bypass) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2270)
Export Control (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2271)
Pensions Act 2004 (Commencement No. 10 and Saving Provision) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2272)
Mobile Homes (Written Statement) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2275)
Police (Minimum Age for Appointment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2278)
Houses in Multiple Occupation (Specified Educational Establishments) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2280)
Charges for Residues Surveillance Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2285)
Food (Emergency Control) (Revocation) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2289)
Proscribed Organisations Appeal Commission (Human Rights Act 1998 Proceedings) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/2290)
England Rural Development Programme (Closure of Project-Based Schemes) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2298)
Proscribed Organisations (Applications for Deproscription etc.) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2299)
2301–2400
Measuring Instruments (Taximeters) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2304)
Plant Health (England) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2307)
Armed Forces Act 2001 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2309)
Borough of Poole (Poole Harbour Opening Bridges) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2310)
Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2311)
Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2312)
Non-Domestic Rating (Small Business Rate Relief) (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2313)
Seed (England) (Amendments for Tests and Trials etc.) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2314)
Local Justice Areas (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2315)
Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2316)
Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2317)
Council Tax (Exempt Dwellings) (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2318)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Surrey) (District of Tandridge) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2319)
Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 2320)
African Development Fund (Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2321)
International Development Association (Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2323)
Asian Development Bank (Eighth Replenishment of the Asian Development Fund) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2324)
Caribbean Development Bank (Sixth Replenishment of the Unified Special Development Fund) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2325)
Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (Application to the Armed Forces) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2326)
African Development Bank (Tenth Replenishment of the African Development Fund) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2327)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Warwickshire) (Borough of Rugby) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2356)
Environmental Impact Assessment (Agriculture) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2362)
Community Legal Service (Financial) (Amendment No.2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2363)
Community Legal Service (Funding) (Counsel in Family Proceedings) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2364)
Community Legal Service (Funding) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2366)
Finance Act 2006 (Tobacco Products Duty: Evasion) (Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2367)
Tobacco Products (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2368)
Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 etc. (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2369)
Cadishead Primary School (Change to School Session Times) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2370)
Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 (Commencement No. 9) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2372)
Gangmasters (Licensing Conditions) (No. 2) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/2373)
Caravan Sites Act 1968 and Social Landlords (Permissible Additional Purposes) (England) Order 2006 (Definition of Caravan) (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2374)
Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2375)
Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement No. 14) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2376)
Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 3) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2377)
Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 4) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2378)
Statutory Maternity Pay, Social Security (Maternity Allowance) and Social Security (Overlapping Benefits) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2379)
Appointments Commission Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2380)
Education (Nutritional Standards for School Lunches) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2381)
Student Fees (Amounts) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2382)
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2383)
Terrorism Act 2000 (Business in the Regulated Sector) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2384)
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Business in the Regulated Sector) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2385)
Medicines (Advisory Board on the Registration of Homoeopathic Products) Amendment Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2386)
Collective Redundancies (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2387)
Electricity from Non-Fossil Fuel Sources Arrangements (England and Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2388)
Working Time (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2389)
National Health Service (Clinical Negligence Scheme) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2390)
Agricultural or Forestry Tractors (Emission of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2393)
2401–2500
Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2405)
Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2406)
Veterinary Medicines Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2407)
Employment Equality (Age) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2408)
Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2409)
Registered Designs (Fees) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/2424)
Race Relations Act 1976 (General Statutory Duty) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2470)
Race Relations Act 1976 (Statutory Duties) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2471)
EC Fertilisers (England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2486)
Criminal Defence Service (General) (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2490)
Criminal Defence Service Act 2006 (Commencement) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2491)
Criminal Defence Service (Financial Eligibility) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2492)
Criminal Defence Service (Representation Orders and Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2493)
Criminal Defence Service (Representation Orders: Appeals etc.) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2494)
Education (National Curriculum) (Exceptions at Key Stage 4) (Revocation and Savings) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2495)
M4 Motorway (Theale to Winnersh Section) Connecting Roads Scheme 1968 (Variation) Scheme 2006 (S.I. 2006/2496)
Tandridge (Parishes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2499)
2501–2600
Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council North Shore Development (North Shore Footbridge) Scheme 2006 Confirmation Instrument 2006 (S.I. 2006/2503)
Commons Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1, Transitional Provisions and Savings) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2504)
Persons Subject to Immigration Control (Housing Authority Accommodation and Homelessness) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2521)
Environmental Impact Assessment (Agriculture) (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2522)
Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2523)
Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2524)
Refugee or Person in Need of International Protection (Qualification) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2525)
Solihull Primary Care Trust (Change of Name) (Establishment) Amendment Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2526)
Allocation of Housing and Homelessness (Miscellaneous Provisions) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2527)
Social Security (Persons from Abroad) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2528)
Social Security Act 1998 (Prescribed Benefits) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2529)
Forest Reproductive Material (Great Britain) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2530)
Cambridgeshire County Council (Construction of Cambridge Riverside Foot/Cycle Bridge) Scheme 2006 Confirmation Instrument 2006 (S.I. 2006/2531)
Tractor etc. (EC Type-Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2533)
Protection of Wrecks (Designation) (England) (No. 7) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2535)
Docklands Light Railway (Silvertown and London City Airport Extension) (Exemptions etc.) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2536)
Isle of Wight National Health Service Primary Care Trust (Establishment) and Isle of Wight Healthcare National Health Service Trust and Isle of Wight Primary Care Trust (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2537)
Medway Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment (Consequential Amendments on Variation of Area) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2538)
Middlesbrough Primary Care Trust (Establishment) Amendment (Consequential Amendments on Variation of Area) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2539)
Social Security Act 1998 (Commencement Nos. 9 and 11) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2540)
Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2541)
Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (England) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2563)
Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) and Motor Vehicles (Type Approval for Goods Vehicles) (Great Britain) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2565)
2601–2700
Education (Information About Individual Pupils) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2601)
Identity Cards Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2602)
Health Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2603)
Humber Sea Terminal (Phase III) Harbour Revision Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2604)
Horses (Zootechnical Standards) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2607)
Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2616)
Registered Designs (Fees) (No. 2) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/2617)
District of North Shropshire (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2618)
Borough of Tunbridge Wells (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2619)
Borough of Waverley (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2620)
Measuring Instruments (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2625)
Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2626)
Channel Tunnel (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2627)
Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2628)
Environmental Noise (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2629)
National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2630)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2631)
Bus Lane Contraventions (Approved Local Authorities) (England) (Amendment) (No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2632)
Criminal Procedure (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/2636)
Allocation of Housing (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2645)
Homelessness (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2646)
Measuring Instruments (Gas Meters) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2647)
Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2655)
European Convention on Cinematographic Co-production Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2656)
Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2657)
Education (Inspectors of Schools in England) (No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2658)
Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Modification) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2659)
Education (Inspectors of Education and Training in Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2660)
Education (School Teacher Performance Management) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2661)
Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Commencement No. 6) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2662)
Gaming Act 1968 (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2663)
Local Probation Boards (Appointment and Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2664)
Airports Slot Allocation Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2665)
Measuring Instruments (EEC Requirements) (Fees) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2679)
Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2680)
Lebanon (Technical Assistance, Financing and Financial Assistance) (Penalties and Licences) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2681)
Burma (Sale, Supply, Export, Technical Assistance, Financing and Financial Assistance) (Penalties and Licences) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2682)
Export Control (Lebanon, etc.) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2683)
Child Trust Funds (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2684)
Value Added Tax (Betting, Gaming and Lotteries) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2685)
Value Added Tax (Gaming Machines) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2686)
Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (England) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2687)
Northern Ireland (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2006 (Commencement No.1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2688)
Tax Credits (Claims and Notifications) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2689)
Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2690)
Special Trustees for the Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, University Hospital National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2691)
Pension Protection Fund (Levy Ceiling) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2692)
Air Passenger Duty (Rate) (Qualifying Territories) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2693)
Plant Health (Wood Packaging Material Marking) (Forestry) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2695)
Plant Health (Forestry) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2696)
Plant Health (Fees) (Forestry) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2697)
Paying Agency (National Assembly for Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2698)
Commissioner for Older People (Wales) Act 2006 (Commencement) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2699)
Insurance Premium Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2700)
2701–2800
Avian Influenza (Preventive Measures) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2701)
Avian Influenza and Influenza of Avian Origin in Mammals (England) (No.2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2702)
Avian Influenza (Vaccination) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2703)
Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) (England) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2704)
Meat (Official Controls Charges) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2705)
Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2739)
Equine Infectious Anaemia (Compensation) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2740)
Companies Act 1985 (Small Companies' Accounts and Audit) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2782)
A69 Carlisle to Newcastle Trunk Road (Haydon Bridge Bypass) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2783)
A69 Carlisle to Newcastle Trunk Road (Haydon Bridge Bypass) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2784)
Wireless Telegraphy (Licensing Procedures) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2785)
Wireless Telegraphy (Limitation of Number of Licences) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2786)
Curd Cheese (Restriction on Placing on the Market) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2787)
Asylum and Immigration Tribunal (Procedure) (Amendment) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/2788)
Asylum and Immigration Tribunal (Fast Track Procedure) (Amendment) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/2789)
Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Authority (Combination Scheme) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2790)
National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2791)
Curd Cheese (Restriction on Placing on the Market) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2792)
Broadcasting Digital Terrestrial Sound (Technical Service) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2793)
Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No.4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2794)
Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2796)
Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 (Commencement No. 2, Transitional Provisions and Savings) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2797)
Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Satellite Monitoring Measures) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2798)
Fishing Boats (Satellite-Tracking Devices) (Wales) Scheme 2006 (S.I. 2006/2799)
Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Form and Particulars) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2800)
2801–2900
Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2801)
Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2802)
Avian Influenza (Preventive Measures) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2803)
Youth and Community Work Education and Training (Inspection) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2804)
Regulatory Reform (Agricultural Tenancies) (England and Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2805)
Medicines (Administration of Radioactive Substances) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2806)
Medicines for Human Use (Administration and Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2807)
Feeding Stuffs (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2808)
Registration of Births and Deaths (Electronic Communications and Electronic Storage) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2809)
Mental Capacity Act 2005 (Appropriate Body) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2810)
Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2811)
Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2813)
Mental Capacity Act 2005 (Commencement No.1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2814)
Nuclear Industries Security (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2815)
Motor Vehicles (EC Type Approval) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2816)
Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Commencement) (No. 10) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2817)
Healthy Start Scheme and Welfare Food (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2818)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Shropshire) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2819)
Bus Lane Contraventions (Approved Local Authorities) (England) (Amendment) (No. 5) Order 2006 2820)
Salmonella in Turkey Flocks and Slaughter Pigs (Survey Powers) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2821)
Housing (Management Orders and Empty Dwelling Management Orders) (Supplemental Provisions) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2822)
Housing (Empty Dwelling Management Orders) (Prescribed Exceptions and Requirements) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2823)
Selective Licensing of Houses (Specified Exemptions) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2824)
Selective Licensing of Houses (Additional Conditions) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2825)
Traffic Management Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2826)
Registration of Births and Deaths (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2827)
Supply Of Student Support Information To Governing Bodies (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2828)
Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 5) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2829)
Food (Emergency Control) (Revocation) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2830)
Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Cross Compliance) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 2831)
Plant Health (Import Inspection Fees) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2832)
Ordnance Survey Trading Fund (Maximum Borrowing) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2835)
Closures Guidance (Railway Services in England and Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2836)
Closures Guidance (Railway Services in Scotland and England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2837)
Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2838)
Social Security (Graduated Retirement Benefit) (Consequential Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2839)
Community Care, Services for Carers and Children's Services (Direct Payments) (Wales) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2840)
Products of Animal Origin (Third Country Imports) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2841)
A1 Trunk Road (A57, A638 and B1164 Junction Improvement Markham Moor) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2861)
A1 Trunk Road (A57, A638 and B1164 Junction Improvement Markham Moor) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2862)
Real Estate Investment Trusts (Breach of Conditions) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2864)
Real Estate Investment Trusts (Financial Statements of Group Real Estate Investment Trusts) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2865)
Real Estate Investment Trusts (Joint Ventures) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2866)
Real Estate Investment Trusts (Assessment and Recovery of Tax) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2867)
Mental Capacity Act 2005 (Independent Mental Capacity Advocates) (Expansion of Role) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2883)
Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Commencement No. 12) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2885)
Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Application to Courts-Martial) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2886)
Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Application to the Courts-Martial Appeal Court) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2887)
Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Application to Standing Civilian Courts) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2888)
Courts-Martial (Royal Navy, Army and Royal Air Force) (Evidence) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/2889)
Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Application to Service Courts) (Evidence) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2890)
Standing Civilian Courts (Evidence) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/2891)
Pensions Appeal Tribunals (Armed Forces and Reserve Forces Compensation Scheme) (Rights of Appeal) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2892)
Pensions Appeal Tribunals (Additional Rights of Appeal) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2893)
Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2894)
Education Act 2002 (Commencement No.9 and Savings) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2895)
Education (School Performance Information) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2896)
Social Security (National Insurance Numbers) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2897)
Asylum and Immigration Tribunal (Fast Track Procedure) (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/2898)
Immigration (Leave to Remain) (Prescribed Forms and Procedures) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2899)
2901–3000
General Optical Council (Continuing Education and Training) (Amendment No. 2) Rules Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/2901)
Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2902)
Fishery Products (Official Controls Charges) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2904)
Docklands Light Railway (Stratford International Extension) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2905)
Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2906)
Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2907)
Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Juxtaposed Controls) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2908)
Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 9 Restrictions on Disclosure of Information) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2909)
Representation of the People (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2910)
Railways Act 2005 (Commencement No. 7, Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2911)
M53 Motorway (Bidston Moss Viaduct) (50 Miles per Hour Speed Limit) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2912)
Scotland Act 1998 (River Tweed) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2913)
Local Government (Early Termination of Employment) (Discretionary Compensation) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2914)
National Lottery Distributors Dissolution Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2915)
Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2916)
Royal Marines Terms of Service Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2917)
Royal Navy Terms of Service (Ratings) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2918)
National Health Service (Pension Scheme and Compensation for Premature Retirement) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2919)
Civil Courts (Amendment No.2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2920)
Rice Products (Restriction on First Placing on the Market) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2921)
Pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels in Crops, Food and Feeding Stuffs) (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2922)
Rice Products (Restriction on First Placing on the Market) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2923)
Social Security (Contributions) (Amendment No. 6) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2924)
Railways (Abolition of the Strategic Rail Authority) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2925)
Avian Influenza and Influenza of Avian Origin in Mammals (Wales) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2927)
Seed Potatoes (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2929)
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (Public Authorities) (Statutory Duties) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2930)
Employment Equality (Age) (Amendment No.2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2931)
Avian Influenza (Vaccination) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2932)
Plant Protection Products (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2933)
Street Works (Reinstatement) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 2934)
Motor Cycles Etc. (EC Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2935)
Lincolnshire County Council Car Dyke Crossing Bridge Scheme 2004 Confirmation Instrument 2006 (S.I. 2006/2936)
Pensions Act 2004 (Disclosure of Restricted Information) (Amendment of Specified Persons) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2937)
Bradford Cathedral Community College (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2938)
Christ College, Cheltenham (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2939)
Crawley Down Village CE School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2940)
Farnsfield St Michael's Church of England Primary (Voluntary Aided) School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2941)
Five Lanes CofE VC Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2942)
Hope Hamilton CE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2943)
Immanuel CofE Community College (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2944)
Leatherhead Trinity Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2945)
Orchard Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2946)
Our Lady of Walsingham Catholic Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2947)
Sacred Heart RC Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2948)
St Benedict's Catholic Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2949)
Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Pollution by Sewage and Garbage) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2950)
Transfer of Functions (Third Sector, Communities and Equality) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2951)
Al-Qaida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2952)
Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2953)
Rates (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2954)
Electricity Consents (Planning) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2955)
St Anne's RC Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2956)
Smoking (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2957)
North Korea (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2958)
Outer Space Act 1986 (Bermuda) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2959)
St Peter's Church of England Junior and Infant School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2960)
Seed Potatoes (Fees) (Wales) (No 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2961)
Gambling Act 2005 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2964)
Review of Polling Districts and Polling Places (Parliamentary Elections) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2965)
Northern Ireland (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2006 (Commencement No.2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2966)
Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2967)
Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit (Electronic Communications) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2968)
Rice Products (Restriction on First Placing on the Market) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2969)
Shire Oak CofE Primary School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2971)
Encouraging Electoral Participation (Reimbursement of Expenses) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2972)
Absent Voting (Transitional Provisions) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2973)
Political Donations and Regulated Transactions (Anonymous Electors) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2974)
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Markets in Financial Instruments) (Modification of Powers) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2975)
St Teresa of Liseaux Catholic Infant School (Designation as having a Religious Character) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2977)
Electricity Act 1989 (Exemption from the Requirement for a Generation Licence) (England and Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2978)
Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2979)
Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2980)
Specified Animal Pathogens (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2981)
Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2982)
Introductory Tenancies (Review of Decisions to Extend a Trial Period) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2983)
Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2984)
National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2985)
Children (Secure Accommodation) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2986)
Sheep and Goats (Records, Identification and Movement) (England) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2987)
Radioactive Contaminated Land (Modification of Enactments) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2988)
Contaminated Land (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2989)
Education and Inspections Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1 and Saving Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2990)
Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2991)
Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2992)
Regional Transport Planning (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2993)
Wireless Telegraphy (Exemption) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2994)
3001–3100
Compensation Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3005)
Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3009)
Trade Marks (Amendment) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/3039)
Employment Rights (Increase of Limits) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3045)
A3 Trunk Road (Hindhead) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3076)
A3 Trunk Road (Hindhead) Slip Roads Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3077)
A3 Trunk Road (Hindhead) Detrunking Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3078)
Pensions Act 2004 (Codes of Practice) (Member-nominated Trustees and Directors and Internal Controls) Appointed Day Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3079)
Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3086)
National Health Service (Clinical Negligence Scheme) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3087)
Social Security (Incapacity Benefit Work-focused Interviews) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3088)
Petroleum Revenue Tax (Nomination Scheme for Disposals and Appropriations) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3089)
Consumer Credit (Enforcement, Default and Termination Notices) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3094)
Enterprise Act 2002 (Enforcement Undertakings) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3095)
Local Authorities (Categorisation) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3096)
Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3097)
Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3098)
Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3099)
Independent Review of Determinations (Adoption) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3100)
3101–3200
Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment Scheme (Set-aside) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3101)
Local Government (Best Value Authorities) (Power to Trade) (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3102)
Inspection of the Careers and Related Services (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3103)
Single European Sky (Functions of the National Supervisory Authority) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3104)
Occupational Pension Schemes (Levy Ceiling — Earnings Percentage Increase) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3105)
Environmental Impact Assessment (Forestry) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3106)
Banks (Former Authorised Institutions) (Insolvency) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3107)
Healthy Start Scheme (Description of Healthy Start Food) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3108)
Borough of Kettering (Electoral Changes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3109)
City of Lincoln (Electoral Changes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3110)
District of South Northamptonshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3111)
District of North Hertfordshire (Electoral Changes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3112)
Food for Particular Nutritional Uses (Addition of Substances for Specific Nutritional Purposes) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3116)
Network Rail (Thameslink 2000) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3117)
Luton Dunstable Translink Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3118)
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 (Commencement No.4 and Consequential, Transitional and Savings Provisions) (Wales) (Amendment No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3119)
Feed (Specified Undesirable Substances) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3120)
Education (Recognised Awards) (Richmond The American International University in London) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3121)
Teachers' Pensions etc. (Reform Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3122)
National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3123)
Water Resources (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3124)
Health Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3125)
A449 and A456 Trunk Roads (Kidderminster, Blakedown and Hagley Bypass and Slip Roads) Order 1996 (Revocation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3126)
Civil Procedure (Amendment No.2) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/3132)
Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Commencement No. 12) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3144)
Immigration (Certificate of Entitlement to Right of Abode in the United Kingdom) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3145)
Transformational Grants Joint Scheme (Revocation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3146)
Newfield School (Change to School Session Times) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3147)
Controlled Drugs (Supervision of Management and Use) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3148)
Education (Local Education Authority Performance Targets) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3150)
Education (School Performance Targets) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3151)
War Pensions Committees (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3152)
Education (Student Support) (European Institutions) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3156)
Customs and Excise Duties (Travellers' Allowances and Personal Reliefs) (New Member States) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3157)
Relief for Legacies Imported from Third Countries (Application) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3158)
Excise Duty Points (Etc.)(New Member States)(Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3159)
Newark and Sherwood College (Dissolution) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3160)
A1 Trunk Road (B1081 Junction Improvement Carpenter's Lodge) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3163)
A1 Trunk Road (B1081 Junction Improvement Carpenter's Lodge) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3164)
National Park Authorities (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3165)
Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3166)
Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3167)
Safety of Sports Grounds (Designation) (No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3168)
Radioactive Substances (Emergency Exemption) (England and Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3169)
Taxation of Chargeable Gains (Gilt-edged Securities) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3170)
Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) (No. 2) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3171)
Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3188)
Disability Rights Commission Act 1999 (Commencement No.3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3189)
Housing (Assessment of Accommodation Needs) (Meaning of Gypsies and Travellers) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3190)
Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No. 6)(England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3191)
Individual Savings Account (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3194)
Child Trust Funds (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3195)
School Staffing (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3197)
Further Education (Providers of Education) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3199)
Fraud Act 2006 (Commencement) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3200)
3201–3300
National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3201)
Big Lottery Fund (Prescribed Expenditure) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3202)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Leicester) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3211)
Bus Lane Contraventions (Approved Local Authorities) (England) (Amendment) (No. 6) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3212)
European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) (Second General System) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3214)
Asylum (Designated States) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3215)
Statistics of Trade (Customs and Excise) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3216)
Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No.14 and Transitional Provision) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3217)
Group Relief for Overseas Losses (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts for Non-resident Insurance Companies) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3218)
Gambling Act 2005 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3220)
Capital Requirements Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3221)
Real Estate Investment Trusts (Assessment and Recovery of Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3222)
Merchant Shipping (Inland Waterway and Limited Coastal Operations) (Boatmasters' Qualifications and Hours of Work) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3223)
Merchant Shipping (Local Passenger Vessels) (Crew) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3224)
Merchant Shipping (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3225)
Education (Pupil Referral Units) (Application of Enactments) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3226)
Town and Country Planning (Costs of Independent Examinations) (Standard Daily Amount) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3227)
Excise Duties (Road Fuel Gas) (Reliefs) (Revocation) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3234)
Excise Duties (Surcharges or Rebates) (Hydrocarbon Oils etc.) (Revocation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3235)
Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Disregard and Bringing into Account of Profits and Losses) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3236)
Stamp Duty Land Tax (Variation of the Finance Act 2003) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3237)
Loan Relationships and Derivative Contracts (Change of Accounting Practice) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3238)
Authorised Investment Funds (Tax) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3239)
Finance Act 2004, Section 77(1) and (7), (Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3240)
Income Tax (Indexation) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3241)
Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (England) (No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3242)
Armed Forces (Entry, Search and Seizure) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3243)
Armed Forces (Entry, Search and Seizure) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3244)
Severn Bridges Tolls Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3246)
Avian Influenza (H5N1 in Poultry) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3247)
Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3248)
Avian Influenza (H5N1 in Wild Birds) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3249)
Cereal Seed (Wales) and Fodder Plant Seed (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3250)
Care Standards Act 2000 and the Children Act 1989 (Regulatory Reform and Complaints) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3251)
Registration of Political Parties (Prohibited Words and Expressions) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3252)
Common Agricultural Policy Single Payment and Support Schemes (Cross-compliance) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3254)
Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Practitioners (Registration) (Amendment) Regulations Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/3255)
Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 9 and Saving) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3257)
Scotland Act 1998 (Transfer of Functions to the Scottish Ministers etc.) (No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3258)
Compensation Act 2006 (Contribution for Mesothelioma Claims) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3259)
Welfare of Animals (Transport) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3260)
Registered Pension Schemes (Enhanced Lifetime Allowance) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3261)
Lloyd's Underwriters (Double Taxation Relief) (Corporate Members) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3262)
Northern Ireland (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3263)
Medicines (Pharmacies) (Applications for Registration and Fees) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3264)
Finance Act 2006, Section 53(2) (Films and Sound Recordings: Power to alter Dates) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3265)
Gambling Act 2005 (Definition of Small-scale Operator) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3266)
Gambling (Personal Licences) (Modification of Part 5 of the Gambling Act 2005) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3267)
Finance Act 2002, Schedule 26, (Parts 2 and 9) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3269)
Insurance Companies (Corporation Tax Acts) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3270)
Overseas Life Insurance Companies Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3271)
Gambling Act 2005 (Commencement No. 6 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3272)
Lloyd's Sourcebook (Finance Act 1993 and Finance Act 1994) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3273)
Social Security (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 5) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3274)
Asylum (Designated States) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3275)
Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Community Recording Equipment Regulation) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3276)
Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3277)
Representation of the People (Combination of Polls) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 3278)
Wear Valley (Parishes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3279)
Torbay (Parish) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3280)
Films (Certification) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3281)
Structural Funds (National Assembly for Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3282)
Mutual Assistance Provisions Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3283)
Gambling (Operating Licence and Single-Machine Permit Fees) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3284)
Gambling (Personal Licence Fees) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3285)
Reporting of Savings Income Information (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3286)
Gambling Appeals Tribunal Fees Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3287)
Exemption from Income Tax for Certain Interest and Royalty Payments (Amendment of Section 757(2) of the Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3288)
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3289)
Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (Exceptions) (Amendment No. 2) (England and Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3290)
Capital Gains Tax (Definition of Permanent Interest Bearing Share) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3291)
Value Added Tax (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3292)
Gambling Appeals Tribunal Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/3293)
Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3294)
Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3295)
Taxation of Securitisation Companies Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3296)
Textile Products (Indications of Fibre Content) (Amendment and Consolidation of Schedules of Textile Names and Allowances) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3297)
Textile Products (Determination of Composition) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3298)
A1 Trunk Road (Bramham to Wetherby Upgrading)(River Wharfe Bridge) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3300)
3301–3400
A1 (Motorway) (Bramham Crossroads to Kirk Deighton Junction and Connecting Roads) Scheme 2006 (S.I. 2006/3301)
A1 Trunk Road (Bramham to Wetherby Upgrading) (Detrunking) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3302)
Civil Aviation (Provision of Information to Passengers) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3303)
Local Elections (Principal Areas) (England and Wales) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/3304)
Local Elections (Parishes and Communities) (England and Wales) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/3305)
National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3306)
Avian Influenza (H5N1 in Poultry) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3309)
Avian Influenza (H5N1 in Wild Birds) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3310)
Controls on Dangerous Substances and Preparations Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3311)
Petroleum Revenue Tax (Attribution of Blended Crude Oil) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3312)
Oil Taxation (Market Value of Oil) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3313)
Flexible Working (Eligibility, Complaints and Remedies) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3314)
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (Waste Management Licensing) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3315)
Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3316)
Accession (Immigration and Worker Authorisation) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3317)
Building and Approved Inspectors (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3318)
Compensation (Regulated Claims Management Services) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3319)
Town and Country Planning (Regional Spatial Strategies) (Examinations in Public) (Remuneration and Allowances) (England) (Revocation) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3320)
Compensation (Specification of Benefits) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3321)
Compensation (Claims Management Services) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3322)
Wireless Telegraphy (Jersey) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3324)
Wireless Telegraphy (Guernsey) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3325)
United Nations (International Tribunals) (Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3326)
North Korea (United Nations Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3327)
Parliamentary Commissioner Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3328)
European Communities (Designation) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3329)
Local Authorities (Armorial Bearings) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3330)
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3331)
Health Service Commissioner for England (Special Health Authorities) (Revocation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3332)
Association of Law Costs Draftsmen Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3333)
National Assembly for Wales (Transfer of Functions) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3334)
National Assembly for Wales (Disqualification) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3335)
Water and Sewerage Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3336)
Housing (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3337)
Scotland Act 1998 (Agency Arrangements) (Specification) (No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3338)
Local Government Act 2003 (Commencement No. 1 and Savings) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3339)
Allocation of Housing and Homelessness (Eligibility) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3340)
Social Security (Bulgaria and Romania) Amendment Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3341)
Agricultural Subsidies and Grants Schemes (Appeals) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3342)
Rural Development Programmes (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3343)
Fishery Products (Official Controls Charges) (Wales) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3344)
Non-Domestic Rating (Small Business Relief) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3345)
Education (Special Educational Needs) (England) (Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3346)
Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3347)
Childcare Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3360)
Gambling Act 2005 (Commencement No. 6 and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3361)
Legal Services Ombudsman (Jurisdiction) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3362)
Enterprise Act 2002 (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3363)
Police and Justice Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1, Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3364)
Police and Justice Act 2006 (Supplementary and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3365)
National Health Service (Dental Charges) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3366)
Olive Oil (Marketing Standards) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3367)
Smoke-free (Premises and Enforcement) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3368)
Tax Credits Act 2002 (Commencement and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3369)
Financial Assistance Scheme (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3370)
Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 8 Notice to OFT of Intended Prosecution Specified Enactments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3371)
Enterprise Act 2002 (Part 8 Notice to OFT of Intended Prosecution Specified Enactments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3372)
National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3373)
Superannuation (Admission to Schedule 1 to the Superannuation Act 1972) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3374)
M4 Motorway (Junction 30 (Pentwyn) Slip Roads) (Trunking) Scheme 2006 (S.I. 2006/3383)
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (Amendment No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3384)
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (EEA Passport Rights) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3385)
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Recognition Requirements for Investment Exchanges and Clearing Houses) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3386)
Insurance Companies (Corporation Tax Acts) (Amendment No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3387)
Personal Injuries (NHS Charges) (General) and Road Traffic (NHS Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3388)
Group Relief for Overseas Losses (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts for Non-resident Insurance Companies) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3389)
Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3390)
Gambling Act 2005 (Relevant Offences) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3391)
Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices and Discretionary Relief) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3392)
Asylum (First List of Safe Countries) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3393)
Non-Domestic Rating (Chargeable Amounts) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3394)
Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3395)
Council Tax (Discount Disregards) (Amendment) (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3396)
Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (Commencement) (No. 11) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3397)
Personal Injuries (NHS Charges) (Reviews and Appeals) and Road Traffic (NHS Charges) (Reviews and Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3398)
Finance Act 2006, Section 53(1) (Films and Sound Recordings) (Appointed Day) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3399)
Education and Inspections Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3400)
3401–3500
Assistants to Justices' Clerks Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3405)
Service Voters' Registration Period Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3406)
Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006 (Consequential Provisions) (England and Wales) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3407)
Education (Aptitude for Particular Subjects) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3408)
Education (Infant Class Sizes) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3409)
Private Security Industry (Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3410)
Private Security Industry Act 2001 (Duration of Licence) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3411)
Electoral Administration Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2, Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3412)
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Disclosure of Confidential Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3413)
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Appointed Representatives) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3414)
Police Pensions Regulations S.I. 2006/3415)
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3416)
Bradford (Parishes) (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3417)
Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3418)
Bus Lane Contraventions (Approved Local Authorities) (England) (Amendment) (No. 8) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3419)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (City of Wolverhampton) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3420)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Borough of Warrington) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3421)
Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No.15) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3422)
Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Commencement No. 7 and Transitional Provision) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3423)
Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3424)
Bus Lane Contraventions (Approved Local Authorities) (England) (Amendment) (No. 7) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3425)
Hydrocarbon Oil Duties (Sulphur–free Diesel) (Hydrogenation of Biomass) (Reliefs) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3426)
Stamp Duty Land Tax (Electronic Communications) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3427)
Companies Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1, Transitional Provisions and Savings) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3428)
Companies (Registrar, Languages and Trading Disclosures) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3429)
Films (Definition of "British Film") (No. 2) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3430)
Firefighters' Pension Scheme (England) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3432)
Civil Procedure (Amendment No.3) Rules 2006 (S.I. 2006/3435)
Police (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3449)
King's Lynn and West Norfolk (Parishes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3450)
Extradition Act 2003 (Amendment to Designations) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3451)
Animals and Animal Products (Import and Export) (Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3452)
A65 Trunk Road (Gargrave Bypass) Order 1990, as varied by the A65 Trunk Road (Gargrave Bypass) Order 1990 Amendment and New Trunk Road Order 1993 (Revocation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3465)
A65 Trunk Road (Hellifield and Long Preston Bypass and Slip Roads) Order 1993 (Revocation) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3466)
Castle Point (Parish) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3467)
Wealden (Parishes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3468)
Hinckley and Bosworth (Parish) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3469)
Rugby (Parishes) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3470)
Network Rail (West Coast Main Line) (Stowe Hill) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3471)
Official Controls (Animals, Feed and Food) (England) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3472)
Mental Capacity Act 2005 (Commencement No.1) (Amendment) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3473)
Mental Capacity Act 2005 (Appropriate Body) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/3475)
3501–3600
General Osteopathic Council (Continuing Professional Development) Rules Order of Council 2006 (S.I. 2006/3511)
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments |
4142071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra%20Metropolitan%20District | Accra Metropolitan District | The Accra Metropolitan District is one of the 254 Metropolitan, Municipal and Districts in Ghana, and among the 26 such districts in the Greater Accra Region with a population of 284,124 as of 2021. As of March 2018, it spans an area of approximately and encompasses the Ablekuma South, Ashiedu Keteke, and Okaikoi South sub-metropolitan district councils.
The district was established by the Local Government Act of 1993 (Act 462) and Legislative Instrument 1615. The local authority of the district, the Accra Metropolitan Assembly, is currently headed by Mohammed Adjei Sowah, who was appointed by the President of the Republic of Ghana in 2017 as the Metropolitan Chief Executive and serves as the political head of the district and mayor of the City of Accra.
Since 1961, the district has been coterminous with the City of Accra, which also serves as its capital. Today, the Accra Metropolitan District is one of the 10 districts that make up the Accra Metropolitan Area, an area that serves as the capital of Ghana.
Administratively, the district is one of the 21 local authority districts of the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, which include Ga South Municipal District, Ga Central Municipal District, Ga West Municipal District, Ga East Municipal District, Ga North Municipal District, Weija Gbawe Municipal District, La Dade Kotopon Municipal District, Ledzokuku Municipal District, Krowor Municipal District, Okaikwei North Municipal District, Ablekuma North Municipal District, Ablekuma West Municipal District, Ayawaso East Municipal District, Ayawaso North Municipal District, Ayawaso West Municipal District, Adentan Municipal District, Tema Metropolitan District, Tema West Municipal District, Ashaiman Municipal District, La Nkwantanang Madina Municipal District, and Kpone Katamanso Municipal District.
Administrative Chronology
Since 1988, it was originally created as a metropolitan district assembly. However over the years, many former sub-metropolitan district councils had elevated into independent municipal district assemblies:
29 February 2008: the far eastern part of the district was split off to create Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal District (capital: Teshie-Nungua); which was split off into two new municipal districts on 15 March 2018: Ledzokuku Municipal District (capital: Teshie-Nungua) and Krowor Municipal District (capital: Nungua)
28 June 2012: the eastern part of the district was split off to create La Dade Kotopon Municipal District (capital)
15 March 2018: six parts of the district was split off to create the following: Ablekuma North Municipal District, Ablekuma West Municipal District, Ayawaso East Municipal District, Ayawaso North Municipal District, Ayawaso West Municipal District and Okaikwei North Municipal District
19 February 2019: three parts of the district was split off to create the following: Ablekuma Central Municipal District, Ayawaso Central Municipal District and Korle-Klottey Municipal District
History
Since its establishment, the Accra Metropolitan District has gone through numerous changes with respect to jurisdictional boundaries and number of sub-metropolitan district councils.
Under the local government arrangements when the Accra city council was created in 1953, six area councils were established namely Ablekuma, Ashiedu Keteke, Ayawaso, Okaikoi, Osu Klotey and Kpeshie (which comprised Teshie, Nungua and La). This system operated until 18 March 1989 when Accra was elevated to metropolitan district status and the area councils became sub-metropolitan district councils under Legislative Instrument 1500 of the new Local Government System (PNDCL 207) Act 462.
In 2003, part of the first schedule of the Accra Metropolitan Legislative Instrument of 1995 (LI 161) was amended and replaced with Legislative Instrument 1722 of 2003 which led to the creation of 7 more sub-metropolitan districts out of the existing six. The Kpeshie sub-metropolitan district was split into the Nungua, Teshie and La sub-metropolitan districts; the Ablekuma sub-metropolitan district was split into the Ablekuma North, Ablekuma Central, and Ablekuma South sub-metropolitan districts; the Ayawaso sub-metropolitan district was split into the Ayawaso Central, Ayawaso East, and Ayawaso West sub-metropolitan districts; and the Okaikoi sub-metropolitan district was split into the Okaikoi North and Okaikoi South sub-metropolitan districts. This intervention was informed by the need to break up the metropolitan district into smaller sectors to facilitate good governance.
In 2007, to promote efficiency in the administrative machinery and also meet the ever pressing demands for amenities and essential services, the Teshie and Nungua sub-metropolitan districts were merged and upgraded to municipal Status in 2007 as the Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal District under Legislative Instrument 1865. Later, in 2012, the La sub-metropolitan district was carved out of the Accra Metropolitan District to form the La Dade-Kotopon Municipal District under Legislative Instrument 2038,
In November 2017, the government laid before Parliament Legislative Instruments (LI) which elevated the Ablekuma North sub-metropolitan district to municipal status as the Ablekuma North Municipal Assembly, and carved out the western part of the Ablekuma South sub-metropolitan district to form the Ablekuma West Municipal Assembly. Additionally, the Ayawaso West, Ayawaso East, and part of the Ayawaso Central sub-metropolitan districts were carved out of the Accra Metropolitan Assembly to form the Ayawaso North, Ayawaso East and Ayawaso West Municipal Assemblies. The Okaikoi North sub-metropolitan district was also elevated to municipal status as the Okaikoi North Municipal Assembly.
Administrative Area
The Accra Metropolitan district covers a total land area of . It is bounded to the north by the Ayawaso West Municipal district and Okaikoi North Municipal district, to the west by the Ablekuma West Municipal district and Ablekuma North Municipal district, and to the east by the Ayawaso East Municipal district and the La Dade Kotopon Municipal district. The Gulf of Guinea serves as the southern border.
Sub-Metropolitan Districts
Ablekuma South Sub-Metropolitan District
The Ablekuma South sub-metropolitan district covers a total land area of approximately . It shares boundaries with the Ablekuma West Municipal District to the west, Ablekuma Central sub-metropolitan district to the north, and Ashiedu Keteke sub-metropolitan district to the east.
Some of the communities within the sub-metropolitan district include:
Korle Gonno
Korle-Bu
Chorkor
Mamprobi
New Mamprobi
Ashiedu Keteke Sub-Metropolitan District
The Ashiedu Keteke sub-metropolitan district covers a total land area of approximately . It is bounded to the north by Ablekuma Central sub-metropolitan district, to the west by Ablekuma South sub-metropolitan district, to the east by Osu Klottey sub-metropolitan district, and to the south by the Gulf of Guinea. The sub-metropolitan district houses the Central Business District (CBD) and as such the hub of major commercial activities within the City of Accra.
The 2010 population and housing census estimated the population of the sub-metropolitan district at 117,525 with 13,732 houses and 34,964 households. Using the Greater Accra Growth Rate of 3.1%, it is estimated that the 2018 population stands at 143,768.
Some of the communities within the sub-metropolitan district include:
Jamestown
Usshertown
Tudu
Okaishie
Central Business District
Okaikoi South Sub-Metropolitan District
The Okaikoi South sub-metropolitan district shares boundaries with Okaikoi North Municipal District to the North, Osu Klottey sub-metropolitan district to the South, Ablekuma Central sub-metropolitan district to the West, and Ayawaso Central sub-metropolitan district to the East.
The 2010 population and housing census estimated the population of the sub-metropolitan district at 121,718 with 13,378 houses and 34,800 households. Using the Greater Accra Growth Rate of 3.1%, it is estimated that the 2018 population stands at 148,897.
Some of the communities within the sub-metropolitan district include:
Bubuashie
Kaneshie
North Kaneshie
Awudome
Avenor
Electoral Areas
The Accra Metropolitan Assembly is made up of 20 electoral areas covering three constituencies.
Ablekuma South Constituency
The Ablekuma South constituency falls within the Ablekuma South sub-metropolitan district and includes five (5) electoral areas:
Korle Gonno
Korlebu
Chorkor
Mamprobi
New Mamprobi
Odododiodioo Constituency
The Odododiodioo constituency falls within the Ashiedu Keteke sub-metropolitan district and includes seven (7) electoral areas:
Ngleshie
Mudor
Kinka
Nmlitsagonno
Amamomo
Korle Wonkon
Korle Dudor
Okaikoi South Constituency
The Okaikoi South constituency falls within the Okaikoi South sub-metropolitan district and includes eight (8) electoral areas:
Awudome
Goten
Kaatsean
Mukose
Bubuashie
Bubui
Avenor
Kaneshie
Demographics
At the 2010 census, there were 1,665,086 people residing in the district. Out of the total population, about 47% were migrants (born elsewhere in the Greater Accra Region or other regions in Ghana or outside Ghana), with people born in the Eastern Region but resident in the district constituting 27.8% of the migrant population.
The total number of households in the district stood at 501,903 households, out of which 450,794 households lived in the 149,789 houses within the district The average household size in the district is 3.7 persons per household and the population per house is estimated at 11.1, indicating that compound houses are the most common type of dwelling (67.7%) within the district.
38.4% of the population were under the age of 19, 12.4% between 20 and 24, 11.5% between 25 and 29, 21.5% between 30 and 44, 12.2% between 45 and 64, and 4% age 65 and over. For every 100 females, there were about 93 males.
Governance
The Accra Metropolitan district is administered by the Accra Metropolitan Assembly, which is the political and administrative authority for the City of Accra. Structurally, the Accra Metropolitan Assembly is made up of the General Assembly at the apex and six (6) sub-metropolitan district councils representing each of the six sub-metropolitan districts, which are subordinate bodies of the Assembly performing functions assigned or delegated to them by the Assembly.
The General Assembly, whose meetings are presided over by the Presiding Member, is composed of 21 elected members, 14 government appointees, 3 Members of Parliament, and the Metropolitan Chief Executive (mayor), who also chairs the Executive Committee. The General Assembly meetings are presided over by the Presiding Member.
Assembly Members
Administrative Structure
The Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA) has sixteen (16) statutory departments, some of which are state entities decentralized and incorporated into the Local Assembly structure, and report directly to the Metropolitan Coordinating Director (MCD) and ultimately to the Metropolitan Chief Executive. Some of these departments oversee other functional units.
Central Administration
The Central Administration department is headed by the Metropolitan Coordinating Director (MCD) and is responsible for ensuring the implementation of governmental policies, projects and programmes at the MMDAs level. The department guides policy formulation, planning and decision-making at the Assembly.
This department includes the following units: Public Relations, Human Resources, Development Planning, Procurement and Logistics, Security, Transport, Management Information Systems, Information Service, Protocol.
Finance Department
The Finance department leads in the management and use of financial resources to achieve value for money. It directs and controls financial management in line with public sector accounting principles thereby safeguarding of the Assembly's assets.
Public Health Department
The Public Health department provides strategic and administrative leadership for the management of policies and programs related to environmental sanitation. The department also promotes and protects public health and safety through collaboration innovation and strategic standard enforcement.
Physical Planning Department
The physical planning department manages the activities of the Department of Town and Country Planning and the Departments of Parks and Gardens.
The department's responsibilities include to:
Advise the District Assembly on national policies on physical planning, land use and development
Coordinate activities and projects of departments and other agencies including non-governmental organizations to ensure compliance with planning standards
Assist in preparations of physical plans as a guide for the formulation of development policies, decisions and to design projects within the Assembly
Advise on setting out approved plans for future development of land at the district level
Advise on the conditions for the construction of public and private buildings and structures and assist to provide the layout for buildings for improved housing layout and settlements
Ensure the prohibition of the construction of new buildings unless building plans submitted have been approved by the Assembly
Advise and facilitate the demolishing of dilapidated buildings and recovery of incurred cost in connection with the demolishing
Advise the Assembly on the siting of billboards and masts, and ensure compliance with the decisions of the Assembly
Advise on the acquisition of land property in the public interest, and undertake street naming, numbering of houses and related issues.
Works Department
The Department of Works is a merger of the Public works Department, Department of Feeder Roads, Water & Sanitation Units, Department of Rural Housing, and the Works Unit of the Assembly.
Among the responsibilities of this department are to:
Facilitate the implementation of policies on works and report to the Assembly, and provide advice on matters relating to Works in the Assembly.
Facilitate the construction, repair and maintenance of public roads including feeder roads, and drains along any streets in the major settlements
Encourage and facilitate the maintenance of public buildings and facilities
Assist to build, equip, close and maintain markets and prohibit the erection of stores in places other than the markets
Assist to inspect projects undertaken by the District Assembly with the relevant departments of the Assembly
Advise the Assembly on the prohibition of digging of burrow pits and other evacuations in the sinking of wells
Assist to maintain public buildings made up of offices, residential accommodations and ancillary structures
Advise and encourage owners of building structures to remove dilapidated structures in any public place; paint, distemper, white wash or color wash the outside of any building forming part of the premises; and tidy up the premises and remove any derelict vehicles or objects which constitute nuisance
Provide technical advice for the machinery and structural layout of building plans to facilitate escape from fire, rescue operation and fire management
Urban Roads Department
The Urban Roads department collects data for planning and development of road infrastructure in the district, assists with the evaluation of road designs by consultants, and ensures that funds from road fund and other sources are used for the designated roads in line with approved standards.
Waste Management Department
The Waste Management department is responsible for the provision of facilities, infrastructure Services and programs for effective and efficient waste management for the improvement in environmental sanitation, the protection of the environment and the promotion of public health.
As part of ensuring proper hygiene, the department supervises the cleansing of drains, streets, markets, car parks and weeding of road sides and open spaces as well as inspection and maintenance of sanitary facilities.
Education, Youth and Sports Department
The Education, Youth and Sport department primarily assists in the formulation and implementation of policies on education in the Assembly within the framework of national policies and guidelines. It also has an advisory role in the Assembly on matters related to pre-school, primary schools, and junior high schools in the district.
Budget and Rating Department
The Budget and Rating department provides technical leadership in the preparation and management of the budget in the Service. The department advises the Assembly on cost implications and financial decisions in the LGS, and coordinates the preparation of budgets, participates in the preparation of procurement plan and assists in fee-fixing resolutions.
Social Welfare and Community Development Department
The Social Welfare and Community Development department coordinates and promotes social development programs and policies to improve the welfare of people and communities. The department also plans, initiates and coordinates community-based projects, day care centers and services for the rehabilitation of the physically challenged.
Disaster Management and Prevention Department
The Disaster Management and Prevention department assists the planning and implementation of programs to prevent and/or mitigate disaster in the district. As part of its preventive role, the department assists and facilitates education and training of volunteers to fight fires and organizes public disaster education campaigns.
Food and Agriculture Department
The Food and Agriculture department provides leadership for the development of agriculture and sustainability of the agro-environment. The department promotes policies, strategies and appropriate agricultural technologies necessary to improve agribusiness, agro-processing and crop/animal/ fish production.
Legal Department
The Legal department facilitates the drawing up of rules and regulations to guide the activities of the Assembly as well as the interpretation of rules, laws and regulations to enhance the conduct of the Assembly's business.
Climate
The Accra Metropolitan district features a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) that borders on a hot semi-arid climate (BSh). The average annual rainfall is about 730 mm, which falls primarily during Ghana's two rainy seasons. The chief rainy season begins in April and ends in mid-July, whilst a weaker second rainy season occurs in October. Rain usually falls in short intensive storms and causes local flooding in which drainage channels are obstructed.
Very little variation in temperature occurs throughout the year. The mean monthly temperature ranges from in August (the coolest) to in March (the hottest), with an annual average of . The "cooler" months tend to be more humid than the warmer months. As a result, during the warmer months and particularly during the windy harmattan season, the city experiences a breezy "dry heat" that feels less warm than the "cooler" but more humid rainy season.
As a coastal city, Accra is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise, with population growth putting increasing pressure on the coastal areas. Drainage infrastructure is particularly at risk, which has profound implications for people's livelihoods, especially in informal settlements. Inadequate planning regulation and law enforcement, as well as perceived corruption in government processes, lack of communication across government departments and lack of concern or government co-ordination with respect to building codes are major impediments to progressing the development of Accra's drainage infrastructure, according to the Climate & Development Knowledge Network.
As Accra is close to the equator, the daylight hours are practically uniform during the year. Relative humidity is generally high, varying from 65% in the midafternoon to 95% at night. The predominant wind direction in Accra is from the WSW to NNE sectors. Wind speeds normally range between 8 and 16 km/h. High wind gusts occur with thunderstorms, which generally pass in squalls along the coast.
The maximum wind speed record in Accra is 107.4 km/h (58 knots). Strong winds associated with thunderstorm activity often cause damage to property by removing roofing material. Several areas of Accra experience microclimatic effects. Low-profile drainage basins with a north-south orientation are not as well ventilated as those oriented east-west.
Air is often trapped in pockets over the city, and an insulation effect can give rise to a local increase in air temperature of several degrees. This occurs most notably in the Accra Newtown sports complex areas.
References
Accra
Districts of Greater Accra Region |
4143400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests%20of%201968 | Protests of 1968 | The protests of 1968 comprised a worldwide escalation of social conflicts, which were predominantly characterized by the rise of left-wing politics, anti-war sentiment, civil rights urgency, youth counterculture within the silent and baby boomer generations, and popular rebellions against state militaries and bureaucracies.
In the United States, the protests marked a turning point for the Civil Rights Movement, which produced revolutionary movements like the Black Panther Party. In reaction to the Tet Offensive, protests also sparked a broad movement in opposition to the Vietnam War all over the United States as well as in London, Paris, Berlin and Rome. Mass movements grew in the United States but also elsewhere. In most Western European countries, the protest movement was dominated by students.
The most prominent manifestation was the May 1968 protests in France, in which students linked up with wildcat strikes of up to ten million workers, and for a few days, the movement seemed capable of overthrowing the government. In many other countries, struggles against dictatorships, political tensions and authoritarian rule were also marked by protests in 1968, such as the beginning of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, the Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico City, and the escalation of guerrilla warfare against the military dictatorship in Brazil.
In the countries of Eastern Europe under communist parties, there were protests against lack of freedom of speech and violation of other civil rights by the communist bureaucratic and military elites. In Central and Eastern Europe, there were widespread protests that escalated, particularly in the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia, in Warsaw, Poland, and in Yugoslavia.
Background
Multiple factors created the protests in 1968. Many were in response to perceived injustice by governments—in the USA, against the Johnson administration—and were in opposition to the draft, and the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War.
Post-war world
After World War II, much of the world experienced an unusual surge in births, creating a large age demographic. These babies were born during a time of peace and prosperity for most countries. This was the first generation to see televisions arrive in homes. Television had a profound effect on this generation in two ways. First, it gave them a common perspective from which to view the world. The children growing up in this era shared not only the news and programs that they watched on television, they also got glimpses of each other's worlds. Secondly, television allowed them to experience major public events. Public education was becoming more widely attended, creating another shared experience. Chain stores and franchised restaurants were bringing shared shopping and dining experiences to people in different parts of the world.
The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cold War was another shared experience of this generation. The knowledge that a nuclear attack could end their life at any moment was reinforced with classroom "duck and cover" bomb drills creating an omnipresent atmosphere of fear. As they became older, the anti-war, civil rights, peace, and feminist movement for women's equality were becoming forces in much of the world.
Social movements
The Eastern Bloc had already seen several mass protests in the decades following World War II, including the Hungarian Revolution, the uprising in East Germany and several labor strikes in Poland, especially important ones in Poznań in 1956.
Waves of social movements throughout the 1960s began to shape the values of the generation who were students during 1968. In America, the civil rights movement was at its peak, but was also at its most violent, such as the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4 by a white supremacist. In Northern Ireland, religious division paved the way for a decades-long violent conflict between Irish republicans and Irish unionists. Italy and France were in the midst of a socialist movement. The New Left political movement was causing political upheavals in many European and South American countries. In China, the Cultural Revolution had reached its peak. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict had already started, the British anti-war movement had remained strong and African independence movements had continued to grow in number. In Poland in March 1968, student demonstrations at Warsaw University broke out when the government banned the performance of a play by Adam Mickiewicz (Dziady, written in 1824) at the Polish Theatre in Warsaw, on the grounds that it contained "anti-Soviet references". It became known as the March 1968 events.
The women's liberation movement caused generations of females to question the global status quo of unequal empowerment of women, and the post-war baby boomer generation came to reassess and redefine their priorities about marriage and motherhood. The peace movement made them question authority more than ever before. By the time they started college, the majority of young people identified with an anti-establishment culture, which became the impetus for the wave of rebellion and re-imagination that swept through campuses and throughout the world. College students of 1968 embraced progressive, liberal politics. Their progressive leanings and skepticism of authority were a significant impetus to the global protests of 1968.
Dramatic events of the year in the Soviet Bloc revealed that the radical leftist movement was ambivalent about its relationship to communism. The 2–3 June 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, were the first mass protest in the country after the Second World War. The authorities suppressed the protest, while President Josip Broz Tito had the protests gradually cease by giving in to some of the students’ demands. Protests also broke out in other capitals of Yugoslav republics—Sarajevo, Zagreb, and Ljubljana—but they were smaller and shorter than in Belgrade.
In 1968, Czechoslovakia underwent a process known as the Prague Spring. In the August 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakian citizens responded to the attack on their sovereignty with passive resistance. Soviet troops were frustrated as street signs were painted over, their water supplies mysteriously shut off, and buildings decorated with flowers, flags, and slogans like, "An elephant cannot swallow a hedgehog." Passers-by painted swastikas on the sides of Soviet tanks. Road signs in the country-side were over-painted to read, in Russian script, "Москва" (Moscow), as hints for the Soviet troops to leave the country.
On 25 August 1968 eight Russian citizens staged a demonstration on Moscow's Red Square to protest the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. After about five minutes, the demonstrators were beaten up and transferred to a police station. Seven of them received harsh sentences up to several years in prison.
Protests
The protests that raged throughout 1968 included a large number of workers, students, and poor people facing increasingly violent state repression all around the world. Liberation from state repression itself was the most common current in all protests listed below. These refracted into a variety of social causes that reverberated with each other: in the United States alone, for example, protests for civil rights, against nuclear weapons and in opposition to the Vietnam War, and for women's liberation all came together during this year. Television, so influential in forming the political identity of this generation, became the tool of choice for the revolutionaries. They fought their battles not just on streets and college campuses, but also on the television screen with media coverage.
As the waves of protests of the 1960s intensified to a new high in 1968, repressive governments through widespread police crack downs, shootings, executions and even massacres marked social conflicts in Mexico, Brazil, Spain, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and China. In West Berlin, Rome, London, Paris, Italy, many American cities, and Argentina, labor unions and students played major roles and also suffered political repression.
Mass movements
The environmental movement can trace its beginnings back to the protests of 1968. The environmental movement evolved from the anti-nuclear movement. France was particularly involved in environmental concerns. In 1968, the French Federation of Nature Protection Societies and the French branch of Friends of the Earth were formed and the French scientific community organized Survivre et Vivre (Survive and Live). The Club of Rome was formed in 1968. The Nordic countries were at the forefront of environmentalism. In Sweden, students protested against hydroelectric plans. In Denmark and the Netherlands, environmental action groups protested about pollution and other environmental issues. The Northern Ireland civil rights movement began to start, but resulted in the conflict now known as The Troubles.
In January, police used clubs on 400 anti-war/anti-Vietnam protesters outside of a dinner for U.S. Secretary of State Rusk. In February, students from Harvard, Radcliffe, and Boston University held a four-day hunger strike to protest the Vietnam war. Ten thousand West Berlin students held a sit-in against American involvement in Vietnam. People in Canada protested the Vietnam War by mailing 5,000 copies of the paperback, Manual for Draft Age Immigrants to Canada to the United States. On March 6, five hundred New York University (NYU) students demonstrated against Dow Chemical because the company was the principal manufacturer of napalm, used by the U.S. military in Vietnam. On March 17, an anti-war demonstration in Grosvenor Square, London, ended with 86 people injured and 200 demonstrators arrested. Japanese students protested the presence of the American military in Japan because of the Vietnam War. In March, British students (opposing the Vietnam War), physically attacked the British Defense Secretary, the Secretary of State for Education and the Home Secretary. In August, the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago was disrupted by five days of street demonstrations by thousands of protesters. Chicago's mayor, Richard J. Daley, escalated the riots with excessive police presence and by ordering up the National Guard and the army to suppress the protests. On September 7, the women's liberation movement gained international recognition when it demonstrated at the annual Miss America beauty pageant. The protest and its disruption of the pageant gave the issue of equal rights for women significant attention and signaled the beginning of the end of "beauty pageants" as any sort of aspiration for young females., and 'square' themed content in general.
Brazil
On March 28, the Military Police of Brazil killed high school student Edson Luís de Lima Souto at a protest for cheaper meals at a restaurant for low-income students. The aftermath of his death generated one of the first major protests against the military dictatorship in Brazil and incited a national wave of anti-dictatorship student demonstrations throughout the year.
Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union
In what became known as Prague Spring, Czechoslovakia's first secretary Alexander Dubček began a period of reform, which gave way to outright civil protest, only ending when the USSR invaded the country in August. On August 25, anti-war protesters gathered in Red Square only to be dispersed. It was titled the 1968 Red Square demonstration.
France
The French May protests started with student protests over university reform and escalated into a month-long protest. The trade unions joined the protest resulting in a general strike.
Italy
On March 1, a clash known as the Battle of Valle Giulia took place between students and police in the faculty of architecture in the Sapienza University of Rome. In March, Italian students closed the University of Rome for 12 days during an anti-war protest.
Japan
Protests in Japan, organized by socialist student group Zengakuren, were held against the Vietnam War starting January 17, coinciding with the visit of the USS Enterprise to Sasebo. In May, violent student protests erupted at multiple Japanese universities, having started earlier in the year from disputes between faculty and students for more student rights and lower tuition fees. Students occupied buildings and clashed with staff, holding "trials" in public.
Mexico
Mexican university students mobilized to protest Mexican government authoritarianism and sought broad political and cultural changes in Mexico. The entire summer leading up to the opening of the 1968 Mexico City Olympics had a series of escalating conflicts between Mexican students with a broad base of non-student supporters and the police. Mexican president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz saw the massive and largely peaceful demonstrations as a threat to Mexico's image on the world stage and to his government's ability to maintain order. On October 2, after a summer of protests against the Mexican government and the occupation of the central campus of the National Autonomous University (UNAM) by the army, a student demonstration in Tlatelolco Plaza in Mexico City ended with police, paratroopers and paramilitary units firing on students, killing and wounding an undetermined number of people. The suppression of the Mexican mobilization ended with the October 2 massacre and the Olympic games opened without further demonstrations, but the Olympics themselves were a focus of other political issues. The admittance of the South African team brought the issue of Apartheid to the 1968 Summer Olympics. After more than 40 teams threatened to boycott, the committee reconsidered and again banned the South African team. The Olympics were targeted as a high profile venue to bring the Black Movement into public view. At a televised medal ceremony, black U.S. track stars John Carlos and Tommie Smith each raised one black-gloved hand in the black power salute, and the U.S. Olympic Committee sent them home immediately, albeit only after the International Olympic Community threatened to send the entire track team home if the USOC did not.
Pakistan
In November 1968, mass student movement erupted in Pakistan against the military dictatorship of Ayub Khan. The movement was later joined by workers, lawyers, white-collar employees, prostitutes, and other social layers. Unprecedented class solidarity was displayed and the prejudices of religion, sex, ethnicity, race, nationality, clan or tribe evaporated in the red heat of revolutionary struggle. In 1968 at the height of the movement against him, young protesters in Karachi and Lahore began describing him as a dog (Ayub Khan Kutta!). Troops opened fire, killing dozens and injuring hundreds of students and workers. In March 1969, Ayub Khan resigned and handed power to Army chief Yahya Khan.
Poland
On January 30, 300 student protesters from the University of Warsaw and the National Theater School were beaten with clubs by state arranged anti-protestors. On March 8, the 1968 Polish political crisis began with students from the University of Warsaw who marched for student rights and were beaten with clubs. The next day over two thousand students marched in protest of the police involvement on campus and were clubbed and arrested again. By March 11, the general public had joined the protest in violent confrontations with students and police in the streets. The government fought a propaganda campaign against the protestors, labeling them Zionists. The twenty days of protest ended when the state closed all of the universities and arrested more than a thousand students. Most Polish Jews left the country to avoid persecution by the government.
South Africa
In South Africa, the (white-only) University of Cape Town (UCT) Council's decision to rescind Archie Mafeje's (black) offer for a senior lecturer position due to pressure from the Apartheid government has angered students and led to protests on 15 August 1968 followed by a nine days sit-in at UCT administration building. Protesters faced intimidation from the government, anti-protestors and fellow Afrikaans students from other universities. The police swiftly squashed support for the sit-in. In the aftermath, Mafeje left the country and did not return until 2000.
Spain
Compared to other countries, the repercussions of 1968 were much smaller in Spain, mostly being protests and strikes repressed by Franco's regime. Workers were joined by students at the University of Madrid to protest the involvement of police in demonstrations against dictator Francisco Franco's regime, demanding democracy, trade unions and worker rights, and education reform. In April, Spanish students protested against the actions of the Franco regime in sanctioning a mass for Adolf Hitler. At the beginning of spring the University of Madrid was closed for thirty-eight days due to student demonstrations.
Sweden
On May 3 activists protested the participation of two apartheid nations, Rhodesia and South Africa's, in the international tennis competition held in Båstad, Sweden. The protest was among the most violent between Swedish police and demonstrators during the 1960s, resulting in a dialogue between the Swedish Government and organizers to curb the escalation of violence. The match was later played in secrecy, with Sweden winning 4-1.
At Stockholm University leftist students occupied their Student Union Building at Holländargatan from May 24–27 to send a political message to the government. Inspired by the protests in France earlier that month, the Stockholm protests were calmer than those in Paris. In reaction to the protests, right-wing students organized Borgerliga Studenter, or "Bourgeois Students", whose leaders included future prime ministers Carl Bildt and Fredrik Reinfeldt. The Student Union building would later be absorbed by the Stockholm School of Economics.
Tunisia
In Tunisia, a wave of student-led demonstrations and street protests in front of campuses began in March in inspiration of protests in Poland and the 1968 protests in Egypt. Student protests, however, were quelled by police and the movement was crushed; in the short-lived period there were peaceful protests and demonstrations for one week.
United Kingdom
A series of art school occupations quickly spread throughout the UK during May and July 1968. The occupation at Hornsey College of Art (now Middlesex University) remains an emblematic event in the modern history of British universities. Cambridge students were involved in the Garden House riot on 13 February 1970.
Northern Ireland
On 24 August 1968, the Northern Ireland civil rights movement held its first civil rights march, from Coalisland to Dungannon. Many more marches were held over the following year. Loyalists (especially members of the UPV) attacked some of the marches and held counter-demonstrations in a bid to get the marches banned. Because of the lack of police reaction to the attacks, nationalists saw the RUC, almost wholly Protestant, as backing the loyalists and allowing the attacks to occur. On 5 October 1968, a civil rights march in Derry was banned by the Northern Ireland government. When marchers defied the ban, RUC officers surrounded the marchers and beat them indiscriminately and without provocation. More than 100 people were injured, including a number of nationalist politicians. The incident was filmed by television news crews and shown around the world. It caused outrage among Catholics and nationalists, sparking two days of rioting in Derry between nationalists and the RUC. A few days later, a student civil rights group – People's Democracy – was formed in Belfast. In late November, O'Neill promised the civil rights movement some concessions, but these were seen as too little by nationalists and too much by loyalists.
These protests started turning violent, and a year later, the 1969 Northern Ireland Riots marked the beginning of The Troubles, a sectarian conflict that would divide Northern Ireland for roughly 30 years.
United States
In the United States, the Civil Rights Movement had turned away from the south and toward the cities in the north and west with the issues of open housing and the Black Consciousness Movement. The civil rights movement unified and gained international recognition with the emergence of the Black Power and Black Panthers organizations. The Orangeburg massacre on February 8, 1968, a civil rights protest in Orangeburg, South Carolina, turned deadly with the death of three college students. In March, students in North Carolina organized a sit-in at a local lunch counter that spread to 15 cities. In March, students from all five public high schools in East L.A. walked out of their classes protesting against unequal conditions in Los Angeles Unified School District high schools. Over the next several days, they inspired similar walkouts at fifteen other schools. On April 4, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. sparked violent protests in more than 100 American cities, notably Louisville, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. On April 23, students at Columbia University protested and alleged the university had racist policies; three school officials were taken hostage for 24 hours. This was just one of a number of Columbia University protests of 1968. The August 1968 Democratic National Convention became the venue for huge demonstrations against the Vietnam War and the Johnson Administration. It culminated in a riot, seen as part of television coverage of the convention, when Chicago police waded into crowds in front of the convention center and beat protesters as well as assaulted media figures in the building. At the 1968 Mexico City Olympics during a televised medal ceremony, track stars John Carlos and Tommie Smith each raised gloved fists in solidarity with black power.
West Germany
The German student movements were largely a reaction against the perceived authoritarianism and hypocrisy of the West German government and other Western governments, particularly in relation to the poor living conditions of students. Students in 108 German universities protested to get recognition of East Germany, the removal of government officials with Nazi pasts and for the rights of students. In February, protests by professors at the German University of Bonn demanded the resignation of the university's president because of his involvement in the building of concentration camps during the war.
Yugoslavia
Other protests
In October, the Rodney Riots in Kingston, Jamaica, were inspired when the Jamaican government of Hugh Shearer banned Guyanese university lecturer Dr. Walter Rodney from returning to his teaching position at the University of the West Indies. Rodney, a historian of Africa, had been active in the Black power movement, and had been sharply critical of the middle class in many Caribbean countries. Rodney was an avowed socialist who worked with the poor of Jamaica in an attempt to raise their political and cultural consciousness.
See also
1967 Long Hot Summer
1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity
1968 Miami riot
1968 uprising in Senegal (occurred in same year)
1969 Cordobazo (which occurred the next year in Argentina)
1969 Hot Autumn (which occurred the next year in Italy)
American Power and the New Mandarins, book by Noam Chomsky
Axel Springer AG
Catonsville Nine
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Counterculture of the 1960s
Feminism in France
Fluxus
Give Peace a Chance
Glenville Shootout
Happening
Hippies
Arab Spring
Revolutions of 1848
Revolutions of 1989
Situationist International
Stonewall riots (which occurred the next year)
Summer of love
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
Yippies
Citations
General references
External links
1968 in Europe
1968 in Italy
NPR Echoes of 1968
BBC Radio 4 - 1968: Myth or Reality?
1968 Special Report, The Guardian
Everyone to the Barricades - Europe 1968—Sean O'Hagen, The Guardian
Timeline of 1968, International Socialism, Spring 2008
1968 In Italy: Revolution or Cold Civil War
European protestmusic in 1968 - the birth of European identities in music
De 1968 au mouvement Occupy,Mappingthepresent.org
An archive containing photographs of 1968/1969 protests in the San Francisco area
Conflicts in 1968
Counterculture of the 1960s
1968
1968 in international relations
1968 in politics
Sexual revolution
Revolutionary waves |
4143506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy-Prime | Superboy-Prime | Superboy-Prime (Clark Kent, born Kal-El), also known as Superman-Prime or simply Prime, is a DC Comics superhero turned supervillain and an alternate version of Superman. The character first appeared in DC Comics Presents #87 (November 1985) and was created by Elliot S. Maggin and Curt Swan (based upon the original Superboy character by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster).
Superboy-Prime is from a parallel Earth called Earth-Prime, devoid of any superheroes, or even superhumans. There, Superman and the other comic superheroes were fictional characters, and when Clark Kent's Kryptonian powers emerge at age 15, Superboy-Prime becomes that Earth's only superhero. The Earth-Prime universe was erased during Crisis on Infinite Earths (April 1985-March 1986), and Superboy-Prime ended up in a "paradise" dimension where, during that time, he found himself unable to let go of his former life and destiny as Earth's greatest hero.
Over time, his convictions and morals become twisted and warped, and he came to believe that Earth-Prime was the only proper Earth and that Superboy-Prime was the only one worthy of the Superboy mantle. Prime firmly believes that being Superman is his calling despite the fact that he has become a psychotic, murderous, and even sadistic villain. His overwhelming strength, speed, unpredictability, and ruthlessness make him one of the most dangerous foes in the DC Universe.
The name "Superman-Prime" was first used by Grant Morrison in DC One Million (1998) for the mainstream Superman in the 853rd century (he is essentially the same Superman from the All-Star Superman storyline). Earth-Prime's Superboy first refers to himself as "Superboy-Prime" in Infinite Crisis #2 (January 2006).
Fictional character biography
Crisis on Infinite Earths
Superboy-Prime is from the universe known as Earth-Prime, in which the DC heroes are fictional comic book characters. He is the adopted son of Jerry and Naomi Kent. Naomi wanted to name their infant son Clark, after her maiden name, but Jerry, knowing he will also be named like Superman, a fictional comic book character, initially refused, but finally gave in. What the Kents do not know is that the baby, found abandoned in a forest, is actually a young Kal-El, who has been teleported to Earth by his father Jor-El moments before the planet Krypton was destroyed when its red sun went supernova. His parents were unable to escape that way due to a member of the Kryptonian council bursting into the room and using the device, although it is unknown what happened to him.
Young Clark lives the first fifteen years of his life as a normal boy. However, one night, as he attends a Halloween party dressed in a Superboy costume, the passage of Halley's Comet overhead triggers his Kryptonian powers. At the same time, the Earth-One Superman finds his way to Earth-Prime and the two Supermen meet. Superboy-Prime uses his powers to stop a tidal wave.
Superboy-Prime is drawn into the Crisis on Infinite Earths after his universe is consumed in the light of the Anti-Monitor. Although the loss of everything he knows causes him anguish, he finds peace in knowing that he fights the good fight alongside other heroes. During the final battle against the Anti-Monitor, Kal-L, the Earth-Two Superman, orders him to escape with Alexander Luthor, Jr. and the other heroes. Fearing that Kal-L will die in battle and knowing the new Earth is not his true home, Superboy-Prime joins Kal-L in the fight against the Anti-Monitor.
After the destruction of the Anti-Monitor by Kal-L, Superboy-Prime joins Alexander Luthor, Jr., of Earth-Three, Kal-L, and his wife Lois Lane in a "paradise dimension". In that dimension, Superboy-Prime secludes himself from the others, using crystals to replay events from his life on Earth-Prime. Superboy-Prime becomes frustrated and angry. He tries to reach out to Kal-L, whose attention is focused on Lois's failing health. Alexander comes to believe that the reason behind Lois's failing health is the paradise dimension itself, and he persuades Superboy-Prime to help him return to reality by showing Superboy-Prime the negative aspects of the post-Crisis Earth. Superboy-Prime hesitates until he overhears Kal-L say, "I wish this world would let him grow up. He'll never be Superman here". Finally, Alexander shows him the deaths of his parents and girlfriend in a car accident on the post-Crisis Earth.
Altering reality
Furious, Superboy-Prime pounded on the barrier of reality. This assault caused ripples that overlapped parallel timelines (Hypertime), which was used as an explanation for character changes, errors, and retcons in DC continuity. These changes included:
The post-Crisis retcon of Jason Todd's origin and his resurrection.
Superman's multiple origins, including The Man of Steel and Superman: Birthright, combining.
The Doom Patrol's rebooting as new characters, including Elasti-Girl.
Donna Troy's multiple origins after the first Crisis.
Various incarnations of Hawkman.
The different incarnations of the Legion of Super-Heroes since the first Crisis.
Countdown to Infinite Crisis
Eventually, Alexander reveals to Superboy-Prime that his powers are returning, and the two combine forces to break through the barrier wall. Together, they set into motion the events that culminate in Infinite Crisis:
Alexander takes control of Batman's Brother Eye satellite, which allows him to control the OMACs and access Checkmate's files on Earth's metahumans, identifying which of them had origins in other realities.
After rearranging countless other planets, Superboy-Prime pushes the planet Rann into Thanagar's orbit, destroying Thanagar's ecosystem, sparking the Rann-Thanagar War. His efforts shift the center of the universe away from Oa.
Alexander poses as Lex Luthor and forms a new Secret Society of Super Villains, using them to kidnap various people from the former Earths to use as beacons to bring back other worlds.
Alexander recruits the Psycho-Pirate to place Eclipso's Black Diamond in Jean Loring's cell at Arkham Asylum. As Eclipso, Loring seduces the Spectre and convinces him to destroy all magic. His actions create a raw form of magic that Alexander uses to power his tuning fork device, the Multiverse Tower.
Superboy-Prime destroys the JLA Watchtower and abducts Martian Manhunter.
Infinite Crisis
The Superman of Earth-Two breaks open a portal to the DC Universe, and the four residents of the paradise dimension return, making themselves known to Power Girl and Batman. When introduced to Power Girl, he calls himself Superboy-Prime for the first time. Kal-L tells Power Girl: "When the universe was reborn, Earth-One became the primary world. The scraps of the remaining worlds were folded into it. But I finally realized—we saved the wrong Earth". Superboy-Prime is jealous of Conner Kent, the modern Superboy, believing him to be living the life he himself ought to have had while not fighting for it. He also believes the Earth's heroes act more like villains. Superboy-Prime confronts Superboy, telling him that he (Superboy-Prime) is the only Superboy the Earth needs. Superboy-Prime brutally attacks Conner, but not before Conner activates his Titans homing signal. The Teen Titans, the Doom Patrol, and the Justice Society of America arrive to help Conner. After accidentally killing Pantha with a deadly punch, Superboy-Prime is left shocked and horrified while the heroes try to contain Superboy-Prime, who kills (Wildebeest and Bushido) or wounds (tore Risk's arm off and badly beats most of the rest) several others.
Left with no other options, Jay Garrick, Wally West, and Bart Allen drive Superboy-Prime into the Speed Force, banish him to a parallel world and imprison him in a facility bathed in artificial red sunlight, where he remains for four years.
Hours later, an older Bart Allen, dressed in his grandfather's costume, emerges from the Speed Force and tells the heroine Doctor Light to warn the other heroes that Superboy-Prime has escaped. During a battle between Alexander Luthor and the heroes freed from his tower, Superboy-Prime appears, wearing a power suit modeled after the Anti-Monitor's armor, which constantly feeds him yellow solar energy and boosts his power levels. During the battle, Black Adam discovers that magic has little effect against Superboy-Prime. Superboy-Prime knocks Adam away from the tower, and his opponent is transported to Earth-S. Superboy-Prime insists that Luthor reinstate Earth Prime as the only existing Earth. After Superboy-Prime attempts to kill Wonder Girl (Cassie Sandsmark), an enraged Conner Kent attacks him. Conner and Superboy-Prime's battle sends them both headlong into Alexander Luthor's vibrational tuning fork with the effects causing the machine to explode and resulting in the alternate Earths merging into one. Conner dies from injuries sustained during the explosion, leaving the rest of the superheroes devastated.
Alexander and Superboy-Prime join the Battle of Metropolis and quarrel about their contingency plan. Since their tower has been destroyed, Alexander is prepared to settle for taking over New Earth instead of creating a perfect Earth. Upon hearing of the new plan, Superboy-Prime refuses to help him, as he believes New Earth to be hopelessly inferior.
When Batman, Wonder Woman, Kal-El, and Kal-L arrive to save Metropolis, Kal-L confronts Alex about his role in the destruction. Meanwhile, Superboy-Prime is attacked by Bart Allen, who has been left outraged by Conner's death. Superboy-Prime escapes Bart and flies toward the planet Oa, intending to destroy it and spark another Big Bang which would recreate the universe with himself as the sole hero. Although the majority of the Earth's heroes are in pursuit, Superboy-Prime eludes capture.
Superboy-Prime is slowed down by a thick wall of pure willpower generated by the Green Lantern Corps. Breaking through, he battles 32 Green Lanterns, killing them. The two Supermen arrive and fly Superboy-Prime through Rao, the red sun of Krypton. The heat melts away Superboy-Prime's armor and severely weakens all three Kryptonians, who then crash on Mogo. Superboy-Prime beats Kal-L to death, but is then attacked by Kal-El. Superboy-Prime claims that he is better than Kal-El and that his Krypton was superior to Kal-El's. Kal-El responds, "It's not about where you were born. Or what powers you have. Or what you wear on your chest. It's about what you do... It's about action." Although nearly powerless, Kal-El knocks Superboy-Prime out before collapsing himself, but members of the Green Lantern Corps manage to save Kal-El.
Superboy-Prime is taken into the custody of the Guardians of the Universe, who place him in a quantum containment field, surrounded by a red Sun-Eater and guarded by 50 Green Lanterns. While inside his cell, he carves the Superman symbol into his chest, vowing to escape.
Sinestro Corps
A year later, Superboy-Prime sits naked in his cell and is watched over by a special cadre of Green Lanterns, including Guy Gardner, when the Guardians of the Universe discuss whether they should question him.
When the Sinestro Corps attack Oa, Superboy-Prime is released from his imprisonment and joins them. He becomes one of the Anti-Monitor's heralds, and he wears the uniform of the Sinestro Corps along with a variant of the power suit he wore during Infinite Crisis. Calling himself Superman-Prime (in part due to the legal disputes over the Superboy name), he arrives on Earth and battles a large group of heroes while flashing back on his life so far. He reveals that he did not believe Sinestro when he said that the Multiverse has been restored, and has only gone along with the Anti-Monitor's plans so that he may one day get revenge on him for the destruction of Earth Prime. Superman, Power Girl, and Supergirl arrive and stop him, only to have him escape as the sun rises, restoring his powers. Afterwards, Superman-Prime brutally battles Ion (Sodam Yat) throughout the state of New York. Superman-Prime gets the upper hand over Yat by exposing him to lead, and defeats him. When the Anti-Monitor is wounded by the Guardians and the destruction of War World, Superman-Prime impatiently flies through his chest and throws him into space, then battles both the Sinestro Corps and Green Lantern Corps, until a Guardian willingly sacrifices himself to destroy Superman-Prime. However, instead of dying, Prime is infused with Oan energy and warped back into the multiverse.
Countdown to Final Crisis
In Countdown to Final Crisis, following the conclusion of the Sinestro Corps War, Superman-Prime is shown wearing a costume similar to the black suit worn by Superman shortly after his resurrection and has discovered the existence of the new Multiverse, traversing it in the hopes of finding Earth Prime. He arrives on Earth-15 and attacks that world's Lex Luthor, blaming him for Alexander Luthor's failure to make the universe "perfect". He promptly kills that world's heroes and destroys the planet.
He then flies to his new base of operations in the Source Wall where he had been torturing Mister Mxyzptlk into helping him recreate Earth Prime. It is revealed that Superman-Prime is 19 years old. According to Mxyzptlk, his growth is the temporary side effect of his cells absorbing vast Oan energy from his last "encounter". Mxyzptlk escapes with the help of another prisoner, Annataz Arataz, an alternate version of Zatanna from Earth-3. Annataz is killed when Superman-Prime grows angry and gives up on using magic to achieve his goals.
He appears on the Monitors' satellite headquarters and threatens Solomon to help him find Earth Prime. Solomon tells him that if he releases Forerunner, he will show Prime what he wants; Prime does so. Solomon then tells Prime that Earth-51 is his perfect Earth, and it is in ruins due to the fighting between Monarch's Army, the Earth-51 heroes, and the Challengers. Prime leaves the satellite, intending to confront Monarch. Superman-Prime fights with Monarch, finding out that this is an enemy who is on his level despite his boosted powers from the Guardian. The two seem evenly matched until Prime becomes slightly injured after Monarch exposes part of his suit and releases some of his massive contained energies. In a fit of rage, Superman-Prime redoubles his attack on Monarch and rips open the chestplate of Monarch's containment armor, resulting in a huge explosion of quantum energy that seems to destroy the entire universe of Earth-51.
Legion of 3 Worlds
Shortly after the events of Geoff Johns' Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes storyline, the Time Trapper finds Superboy-Prime lost in time. He decides to use him to destroy the Legion and sends him to the 31st century, where he crashes in a farm outside of Smallville.
He appears much younger than he did when he was last seen in Countdown to Final Crisis, having used up the power he had absorbed from the dying Guardian. He encounters the elderly couple who own the farm, and they refer to him as Superboy, which enrages him. After being shot, he kills the farming couple, makes his way into Smallville, and visits the Superman Museum, where he discovers that he is regarded as merely a footnote in Superman's history, and ultimately has no impact on history. This sends him into a tantrum, in which he wrecks the museum and kills security guards and police officers. In the middle of his tantrum, the museum tour guide (a holographic recreation of Jimmy Olsen) tells Prime of the Legion of Super-Villains.
He learns that the evil Legion followed a code of evil, inspired by a dark being whose "name was never spoken". Prime, resolved to be a villain with more of an impact than any other enemy of Superman, sets out for the prison planet of Takron-Galtos, and frees Lightning Lord, Saturn Queen, and Cosmic King. Unlike most denizens of the 31st century, they all recognize Prime and seem overjoyed to see him. The dialogue seems to imply that Prime was the dark being whose example the villains follow.
After freeing the prisoners, Prime burns a huge S shield into the prison planet, determined to turn the shield from a symbol of hope into a symbol of terror. Learning of the prison break, the Legion of Super-Heroes call Superman from the 21st century. Superman, and the historical records, implies that no one from New Earth is aware of what happened to Prime after the Sinestro Corps War.
Superman and Brainiac 5 decide to bring in two other versions of the Legion to combat Prime and the new Legion of Super-Villains, with Superman convinced the only way to neutralize the threat of Prime is to redeem him.
Superboy-Prime led his Legion of Super-Villains to Sorcerer's World, where he recruits Mordru and kills Rond Vidar (the last Green Lantern) before heading to Earth.
During the war between the Legions of Super-Heroes and the Legion of Super-Villains, Prime battles several opponents with whom he has a history. First, the immortal Sodam Yat (the last Guardian of the Universe) is persuaded to end his self-imposed retirement on Oa to battle Superboy-Prime. Then Bart Allen returns from the Speed Force, wearing the Kid Flash uniform that he had not worn since fighting Prime in Infinite Crisis. Soon after, Conner Kent (Superboy) enters the battle, his corpse dug up by Starman in the present and placed in a Kryptonian restoration chamber for the past 1000 years. The resurrections of Kid Flash and Superboy are part of a master contingency plan devised long before by Brainiac 5, who was forewarned of Superboy-Prime by one of Dream Girl's prophecies.
During the battle, Prime kills two Legionnaires whose abilities manage to hurt him: Sun Boy of Earth Prime's "Threeboot Legion", who uses red solar powers; and Element Lad of Earth Prime, who managed to turn the ground around Prime into green kryptonite of the Earth Prime universe.
During the battle, Superman, Lightning Lad, Cosmic Boy, and Saturn Girl are brought to the end of time by the Time Trapper, who then attacks them. During the fight, the Trapper is revealed to be an aged Superboy-Prime. The elder Superboy-Prime states that he became an anomaly that could not be killed after being shunted into the multiverse by the Guardians of the Universe and became the sole survivor of all creation.
Back on Earth, Conner quickly begins gaining the upper-hand against Prime. Using his heat-vision, Conner manages to create a deep wound across the S-shield that Prime had carved into his chest. Meanwhile, at the end of time, the same wound appears on Time Trapper's chest. Realizing that Time Trapper's past is directly connected to his future, Saturn Girl uses the Time Trapper's time portals to recruit every Legion across the multiverse, who fight and defeat the Time Trapper. Superman and the three Legion founders transport him to the 31st Century, where the Trapper faces his younger self. Superboy-Prime and Trapper start bickering which culminates with their mutual destruction after Prime attacks Time Trapper, creating a paradox.
The paradox created by Prime attacking himself returns him to Earth-Prime. To his dismay, his girlfriend and family have read Infinite Crisis, Sinestro Corps War, Countdown to Final Crisis, and Legion of 3 Worlds, and are now terrified of him. Prime lives in his parents' basement, who support him out of fear for what he might do to them. He spends his days collecting comic books and trolling the DC Comics message boards, remarking that the DCU will never be rid of him and that he "always survives." Despite the physical depletion of his powers, his eyes begin glowing red again.
Blackest Night
Superboy-Prime continues to live his secluded life, unknowingly but constantly monitored by the prime universe Brainiac 5, still compulsively reading every comic book and message board post pertaining to the DC multiverse. The extended cool-off period forced on him has left Clark more regretful, aware of his reputation as a joke character in the eyes of the people of Earth-Prime. Upon reading Adventure Comics #4, and the online solicitations for the two-part storyline possibly dealing with his death, he embarks with his fearful parents on a wild goose chase, hoping to find a comic book store willing to sell him a copy of the fifth issue. However, since the fifth issue is not yet on the shelves, the events unfold exactly as Clark already read them, with Alexander Luthor, multiversal-hopping Black Lantern, bestowing to him all of his powers in order to bring him to a higher emotional state. Upon calling forth Superboy's victims, he teasingly reveals to him his impending death in Adventure Comics #5. Unable to damage the Black Lanterns, Superboy-Prime flies to the DC Comics building in New York and attempts to take revenge on the writers he believes made him the way he is. Before he can do so, Alexander teleports him to his basement, and begins destroying his comic collection.
Superboy-Prime then accepts the hopelessness of his situation, and willingly puts on a black ring, which wills him to "die". However, the ring, reacting to his mixed emotions, switches between the powers of the emotional spectrum, resulting in a mixed-light burst that eradicates the Black Lanterns and the ring itself. Lying on the floor, he becomes overcome by the emotions forced by the ring and devastated that "they" have turned him into a monster and made it so he cannot ever have a "happy ending." Laurie enters the basement, sporting a broken arm. She comforts Prime, telling him that "they" heard him, and that they sent her to tell him that they are sorry for what they did to him, and are going to leave him alone—"they" previously mentioned as being the writers at DC Comics. As they embrace, a Black Lantern ring is shown on Laurie's hand that detects the hope within Prime's heart.
Legion of Doom
During a battle with the Teen Titans, a young villain named Headcase opens up a wormhole that accidentally transports Superboy-Prime back to New Earth. Enraged by his separation from Laurie, Superboy-Prime vows to destroy the Teen Titans and find a possible way to return home. He subsequently assembles a cadre of young supervillains consisting of Headcase, Zookeeper, Indigo, Sun Girl, Persuader (Elise Kimble) and a new Inertia, each of whom have a personal grudge against the Teen Titans. Superboy-Prime also brings three clones of Superboy (formed from the remains of Match), and he uses them to assist in the attack on the Titans. Superboy-Prime and his team attempt to destroy Titans Tower, but are met by the large group of former Teen Titans. Superboy-Prime is brought down by the combined might of the reserve Teen Titans, and then Superboy and Supergirl imprison him within the Source Wall. What becomes of him following the paradox and subsequent reboot of the multiverse caused by Barry Allen is left unknown
DC Rebirth
In the 2016 initiative DC Rebirth, Doctor Sivana and Mister Mind head to the Monsterlands' Dungeon of Eternity to free the Monster Society of Evil. As King Kid fights the Shazam Family, Doctor Sivana and Mister Mind find that Superboy-Prime is trapped inside a small prison cell when he states to Mister Mind that he can hear what the villain is saying. Superboy-Prime even states that he has plans for Billy Batson when he gets out. After Mister Mind has Doctor Sivana stab his magic eye with a magic dagger, Superboy-Prime senses that the Monster Society of Evil are being freed, demanding that Mister Mind releases him as well. When Dummy arrives, displeased that he was left behind after swimming all the way to the Dungeon of Eternity, Superboy-Prime states to Dummy that he can get him out in exchange for removing the little red sun outside of his prison. Dummy does so and is double-crossed by Superboy-Prime, who uses his heat beams on Dummy. Superboy-Prime then begins his plans to go after Billy Batson. As a Mister Mind-controlled C.C. Batson has Shazam cast the spell to unite the Seven Magiclands, Superboy-Prime is shown wandering the Monsterlands, asking the readers if they know how to get out. Superboy-Prime crashes the fight between the Shazam Family and the Monster Society of Evil, using his fists to impale Scapegoat. Shazam punches Mister Mind's talkbox enough to emit magical energy that knocks out the Monster Society of Evil, which Superboy-Prime also feels. When Shazam starts to work to undo Mister Mind's spell, Superboy-Prime interferes and defeats the Shazam Family until only Shazam remains standing. Free of the spell that affected him, Black Adam joins the fight and asks for Shazam to cast the spell while he buys him some time. As magic can still hurt Superboy-Prime, both Shazam and Black Adam shout "Shazam", causing lightning strikes to knock out Superboy-Prime. Superboy-Prime is handed over to the Justice League, as the Shazam Family don't know what else to do with him.
Dark Knights: Death Metal
In the pages of Dark Nights: Death Metal, Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman travel back to the times of the three great crises to stop Perpetua's attempts to manipulate those events. Wonder Woman encounters a victorious Superboy-Prime in an alternate version of Infinite Crisis. He taunts Wonder Woman that Perpetua has already changed the outcome of these events. Prime has created his perfect universe based on the comic books of his youth, reasoning that it is the only way to preserve good in Perpetua's new multiverse, notably he has created a Superman to protect this world rather than act as Superman himself.<ref>Dark Nights: Death Metal: Trinity Crisis #1. DC Comics.</ref> Although the Anti-Monitor and Darkseid nearly unmake Batman and Superman in the other Crises, Wonder Woman is able to talk with Superboy-Prime about his resentment of the heroes for becoming darker than he remembers from his childhood, imploring him to accept that change is constant, and that in the end there's room for all universes. Superboy-Prime shatters the Crisis worlds (saving Batman and Superman in the process) and directs all energy to Wally West. His change proves apparently pointless as the Darkest Knight had already rigged the Mobius Chair so it would always direct the power to himself, allowing him to remake the Multiverse in his own image.
Prime awaits the final battle with the Darkest Knight's "Last 52" multiverse alongside the other heroes and villains. He stands alone on the battlefield, rejected by the Superman Family and their rogues gallery, and reflects on his life and the loss of everyone and everything he cared about, and how he was never able to be a hero. Depressed and nihilistic after the multiple cosmic reboots and retcons he has witnessed, he hurls himself into the fight with an army of alternate Supermen. As he strikes one, he has a vision of that Superman's world changing to reflect Superboy-Prime's own desires. Realising that he is able to tap into Darkest Knight's energy and once again possesses the ability to reshape reality with his blows, he flies away from the battle to confront the Darkest Knight. He proves equal to the Darkest Knight, despite the other's immense power. Superboy-Prime plans to steal Darkest Knight's power, destroy what remains of reality and the people who hate him, and create his own perfect world. However, the arrival of Krypto, the only one who showed him any kindness, causes him to stay his hand. The Darkest Knight offers him a world of his own, where he can be the beloved and accepted hero he always wanted to be alongside the characters he loved as a child, if he joins the Darkest Knight's forces. Prime rejects him, and strikes the Darkest Knight with all his power, creating a massive explosion, killing him and injuring the Darkest Knight. He falls from the sky dead as some of the Last 52 worlds vanish, his sacrifice unnoticed by anyone but Krypto. Clark suddenly finds himself in his bedroom, reading Dark Knights: Death Metal: The Secret Origin #1, looking at his own dead body on the page. Laurie arrives to ask him out to lunch. As they walk down the street, Clark realises that although the world has changed from what he remembers, he knows he is really home. A child chases a ball into the street into the path of a car, Clark runs in after them and lifts the car above his head.
Powers and abilities
Kryptonian powers
Superboy-Prime has all the basic abilities of a Kryptonian except at a much higher level when compared to most adult Kryptonians, especially Superman, with exposure to yellow sunlight: superhuman strength, speed, senses, healing, endurance, superbreath, frost breath, flight, X-ray vision, telescopic vision, microscopic vision, heat vision, and invulnerability.
Power suit
While imprisoned by the Flashes in the speed force (where the Flash draws his power from), Superboy-Prime builds a power suit based on the one worn by the Anti-Monitor. The suit collects and feeds him yellow solar energy to maintain his power levels even when exposed to a red sun; in his first appearance, he was shown to shrug off the effects of artificial, localized red sun radiation, but he was not exposed to an actual red sun. Although he claims to have made it himself, Bart Allen remembers him stealing it following his escape. It is destroyed when the two Supermen fly Superboy-Prime through Krypton's red sun. After his escape from Oa, Superboy-Prime is given a new power suit built by the Sinestro Corps and reveals that he created the original after seeing how the Anti-Monitor's armor acted as a giant energy collector. It was destroyed during the assault on Earth. In Legion of 3 Worlds, Superboy-Prime dons his original armor once more, taking it from a statue in the Superman museum. During the Blackest Night, the Black Lantern Alexander Luthor provides Superboy-Prime with a copy of his original armor. It was ripped off by the aforementioned Black Lanterns.
Weaknesses
Whereas most versions of Superman have a weakness to magic, Superboy-Prime has a greater resistance to it; he was able to easily fight off Black Adam during their initial encounter, and was only defeated by Shazam and Black Adam in the DC Rebirth when both of them attacked him by saying their word simultaneously, striking him with far more magical force than even he could cope with. Additionally, most versions are affected by kryptonite; however, kryptonite from one universe does not affect Kryptonians from other universes. The Krypton of Earth Prime's universe—unlike other versions of the planet—was completely absorbed by its sun, rather than being destroyed and ejecting fragments from the explosion which would have created kryptonite, so, for some time, it seemed that no kryptonite that could affect Superboy-Prime existed. During his battles with the three Legions, however, the "Threeboot" Element Lad is able to transmute the ground around Superboy-Prime into a form of kryptonite that does hurt him. It is revealed that threeboot Element Lad is from Earth-Prime's future.
Superboy-Prime loses his powers when exposed to a red sun, as do other versions of Superman. In his first appearance, he is shown to resist the effects of red sun radiation; however, this radiation was artificial. Every time Prime has been depowered, it has taken an actual red sun, and not merely localized red sun radiation. Kal-El and Kal-L defeat Superboy-Prime by flying him directly through Krypton's red sun Rao, destroying his armor and diminishing their powers in the process. Afterward, the Green Lantern Corps imprison him inside a "junior" Red Sun-Eater, which similarly depowers him. Also, unlike most versions of Superman who can store yellow solar energy to extend the use of their powers, Prime requires constant exposure to yellow sunlight to maintain his; otherwise, he will depower almost instantly.
His reaction to psionics has not been fully explored, although Martian Manhunter is shown to be able to read his mind. Saturn Girl's attempts to attack him psionically seem to have little effect. When Nightshade attacks Superboy-Prime with darkness, he shows a deep achluophobia brought about most likely from the darkness blocking his access to yellow sunlight.
Superboy-Prime has a fear of the Flash Family, due in large part to them pushing Superboy-Prime into the Speed Force, where they imprison him under red sunlight to depower him for several years until he breaks out. He reveals his continued fear of them when, during the Sinestro Corps War, he is confronted by Wally West and Jay Garrick, admitting with a stutter "I d-don't like Speedsters!" This fear is again on display in Legion of 3 Worlds, when he lapses into a fearful stutter while recounting his battle with the Flashes during Infinite Crisis. Upon learning of the Legion's attempts to bring Bart back, Prime goes into a panic, going so far as to fly through his own Legion's forces as to attempt to stop Bart from returning; yelling and stuttering, even whimpering to himself in fear as he does so. Upon realizing that he is too late, Prime even screams in fear upon seeing the returned Kid Flash racing towards him.
Massive amounts of quantum energy have been shown to injure Superboy-Prime as well, as seen in his battle with Monarch.
Personality
According to Infinite Crisis writer Geoff Johns, "Superboy-Prime's really frustrated with what his life has turned into and, unfortunately, that frustration is going to be taken out on the world". He also mentioned that "He's been wanting to show the world what he can do, because he barely had a chance to be Superboy. He was Superboy a little bit before Crisis on Infinite Earths and then—BOOM!—his world was wiped out and that was it".
After the publication of Infinite Crisis #5, Johns said at the Wizard World LA convention: "That took me a long time to break, because I thought Superboy-Prime needed to view the world so narrow. You can see how his world view is so narrow and so black and white and realistically that is not going to work anymore". Originally, Superboy-Prime started out coming into Crisis as corrupted and evil, but the take on the character did not work for Johns. "I said to Dan I think Prime does it by accident and is horrified. That panel where's he is looking at his hands and goes 'I didn't mean to do it', that for me is the entire story for Superboy-Prime. He didn't mean to do this stuff. What is worse... making a mistake and fessing up to it or doing something bad and saying 'You made me do it?'. Superboy-Prime is a very simplistic character who has become very complex".
When asked if Superboy-Prime was irredeemable or not, Johns replied "I think it's a split. You saw his reaction when he did what he did in Infinite Crisis, but at that same time, he's walked over that line. Does he think he can walk back? Should he? Does this universe even matter to him anymore? Is it the fact that now that he's got a big dent on his car, another one won't matter? If he's already on that path, is he going to continue on it, or is he going to really try and work and go back?"
Alternate versions
In Dark Multiverse: Infinite Crisis, after Ted Kord takes over Checkmate when he kills Maxwell Lord, he manages to subvert most of Alexander Luthor's plans before confronting Luthor and Prime directly. After Alexander Luthor confirms Ted's belief that he has been manipulating events and denounces Prime as an idiot he manipulated into helping him, Luthor kills the Earth-2 Superman and Lois when he tries to kill Prime with a specially designed kryptonite weapon, only for Prime to kill him. Kord convinces Prime to act as his enforcer as he tries to establish himself as Earth's new discreet 'ruler', using Brother Eye's insight to track and eliminate metahuman threats, but when Prime defies his orders to bring in the Teen Titans unharmed, Kord infects Prime with the OMAC nanites to turn him into part of Kord's new OMAC enforcers.
See also
Superman: Secret Identity
List of Superman enemies
Ultraa
Alternate versions of Superman
Multiverse (DC Comics)
Brightburn'', a 2019 superhero horror film with a similar topic
References
External links
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.
Alternative versions of Superman
Characters created by Curt Swan
Comics characters introduced in 1985
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
DC Comics extraterrestrial supervillains
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics orphans
Fictional characters displaced in time
Fictional characters from parallel universes
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional characters with X-ray vision
Fictional characters with air or wind abilities
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional sole survivors
Fictional torturers
Infinite Crisis
Kryptonians
Superboy
Superman characters |
4143738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Year%20of%20Astronomy | International Year of Astronomy | The International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009) was a year-long celebration of astronomy that took place in 2009 to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the first recorded astronomical observations with a telescope by Galileo Galilei and the publication of Johannes Kepler's Astronomia nova in the 17th century. The Year was declared by the 62nd General Assembly of the United Nations. A global scheme, laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), was also endorsed by UNESCO, the UN body responsible for educational, scientific, and cultural matters.
The IAU coordinated the International Year of Astronomy in 2009. This initiative was an opportunity for the citizens of Earth to gain a deeper insight into astronomy's role in enriching all human cultures. Moreover, served as a platform for informing the public about the latest astronomical discoveries while emphasizing the essential role of astronomy in science education. IYA2009 was sponsored by Celestron and Thales Alenia Space.
Significance of 1609
On 25 September 1608, Hans Lippershey, a spectacle-maker from Middelburg, traveled to The Hague, the then capital of the Netherlands, to demonstrate to the Dutch government a new device he was trying to patent: a telescope. Although Hans was not awarded the patent, Galileo heard of this story and decided to use the "Dutch perspective glass" and point it towards the heavens.
In 1609, Galileo Galilei first turned one of his telescopes to the night sky and made astounding discoveries that changed mankind's conception of the world: mountains and craters on the Moon, a plethora of stars invisible to the naked eye, and moons around Jupiter. Astronomical observatories around the world promised to reveal how planets and stars are formed, how galaxies assemble and evolve, and what the structure and shape of our Universe actually are.
In the same year, Johannes Kepler published his work Astronomia nova, in which he described the fundamental laws of planetary motions.
However Galileo was not the first to observe the Moon through a telescope and make a drawing of it. Thomas Harriot observed and detailed the Moon some months before Galileo. "It's all about publicity. Galileo was extremely good at irritating people and also using creative writing to communicate what he was learning in a way that made people think," says Pamela Gay in an interview with Skepticality in 2009.
Intended purpose
Vision
The vision of IYA2009 was to help people rediscover their place in the Universe through the sky, and thereby engage a personal sense of wonder and discovery. IYA2009 activities took place locally, nationally, regionally and internationally. National Nodes were formed in each country to prepare activities for 2009. These nodes established collaborations between professional and amateur astronomers, science centres and science communicators. More than 100 countries were involved, and well over 140 participated eventually. To help coordinate this huge global programme and to provide an important resource for the participating countries, the IAU established a central Secretariat and the IYA2009 website as the principal IYA2009 resource for public, professionals and media alike.
Aims
Astronomy, perhaps the oldest science in history, has played an important role in most, if not all, cultures over the ages. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 (IYA2009) was intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy, but in science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.
The IYA2009 marked the monumental leap forward that followed Galileo's first use of the telescope for astronomical observations, and portrays astronomy as a peaceful global scientific endeavour that unites amateur and professional astronomers in an international and multicultural family that works together to find answers to some of the most fundamental questions that humankind has ever asked. The aim of the Year was to stimulate worldwide interest in astronomy and science under the central theme "The Universe, Yours to Discover."
Several committees were formed to oversee the vast majority of IYA2009 activities ("sidewalk astronomy" events in planetariums and public observatories), which spun local, regional and national levels. These committees were collaborations between professional and amateur astronomers, science centres and science communicators. Individual countries were undertaking their own initiatives as well as assessing their own national needs, while the IAU acted as the event's coordinator and catalyst on a global scale. The IAU plan was to liaise with, and involve, as many as possible of the ongoing outreach and education efforts throughout the world, including those organized by amateur astronomers.
Goals
The major goals of IYA2009 were to:
Increase scientific awareness;
Promote widespread access to new knowledge and observing experiences;
Empower astronomical communities in developing countries;
Support and improve formal and informal science education;
Provide a modern image of science and scientists;
Facilitate new networks and strengthen existing ones;
Improve the gender-balanced representation of scientists at all levels and promote greater involvement by underrepresented minorities in scientific and engineering careers;
Facilitate the preservation and protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage of dark skies in places such as urban oases, national parks and astronomical sites.
As part of the scheme, IYA2009 helped less-well-established organizations from the developing world to become involved with larger organizations and deliver their contributions, linked via a huge global network. This initiative also aimed at reaching economically disadvantaged children across the globe and enhancing their understanding of the world.
The Secretariat
The central hub of the IAU activities for the IYA2009 was the IYA2009 Secretariat. This was established to coordinate activities during the planning, execution and evaluation of the Year. The Secretariat was based in the European Southern Observatory headquarters in the town of Garching near Munich, Germany. The Secretariat was to liaise continuously with the National Nodes, Task Groups, Partners and Organizational Associates, the media and the general public to ensure the progress of the IYA2009 at all levels. The Secretariat and the website were the major coordination and resource centers for all the participating countries, but particularly for those developing countries that lack the national resources to mount major events alone.
Cornerstone projects
The International Year of Astronomy 2009 was supported by eleven Cornerstone projects. These are global programs of activities centered on specific themes and are some of the projects that helped to achieve IYA2009's main goals; whether it is the support and promotion of women in astronomy, the preservation of dark-sky sites around the world or educating and explaining the workings of the Universe to millions, the eleven Cornerstones were the key elements in the success of IYA2009.
100 Hours of Astronomy
100 Hours of Astronomy (100HA) is a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009 and was part of the scheduled global activities of the International Year of Astronomy 2009. The main goal of 100HA was to have as many people throughout the world as possible looking through a telescope just as Galileo did for the first time 400 years ago. The event included special webcasts, students and teachers activities, a schedule of events at science centers, planetariums and science museums as well as 24 hours of sidewalk astronomy, which allowed the opportunity for public observing sessions to as many people as possible.
Galileoscope
The Galileoscope was a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009, where the program was to share a personal experience of practical astronomical observations with as many people as possible across the world. It was collaborating with the US IYA2009 National Node to develop a simple, accessible, easy-to-assemble and easy-to-use telescope that can be distributed by the millions. In theory, every participant in an IYA2009 event should be able to take home one of these little telescopes, enabling them to observe with an instrument similar to Galileo's one.
Cosmic Diary
The Cosmic Diary, a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April, was not about the science of astronomy, but about what it is like to be an astronomer. Professionals were to blog in texts and images about their life, families, friends, hobbies and interests, as well as their work, latest research findings and the challenges they face. The bloggers represented a vibrant cross-section of working astronomers from all around the world. They wrote in many different languages, from five continents. They have also written feature article "explanations" about their specialist fields, which were highlighted in the website. NASA, ESA and ESO all had sub-blogs as part of the Cosmic Diary Cornerstone.
The Portal to the Universe
The Portal to the Universe (PTTU) was a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009, to provide a global, one-stop portal for online astronomy contents, serving as an index, aggregator and a social-networking site for astronomy content providers, laypeople, press, educators, decision-makers and scientists. PTTU was to feature news, image, event and video aggregation; a comprehensive directory of observatories, facilities, astronomical societies, amateur astronomy societies, space artists, science communication universities; and Web 2.0 collaborative tools, such as the ranking of different services according to popularity, to promote interaction within the astronomy multimedia community. In addition, a range of "widgets" (small applications) were to be developed to tap into existing "live data". Modern technology and the standardisation of metadata made it possible to tie all the suppliers of such information together with a single, semi-automatically updating portal.
She Is an Astronomer
Promoting gender equality and empowering women is one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. She Is an Astronomer was a worldwide astronomy event that ran 2–5 April 2009, to promote gender equality in astronomy (and science in general), tackling bias issues by providing a web platform where information and links about gender balance and related resources are collected.
The aim of the project was to provide neutral, informative and accessible information to female professional and amateur astronomers, students, and those who are interested in the gender equality problem in science. Providing this information was intended to help increase the interest of young girls in studying and pursuing a career in astronomy.
Another objective of the project was to build and maintain an Internet-based, easy-to-handle forum and database, where people regardless of geographical location could read about the subject, ask questions and find answers. There was also to be the option to discuss astronomy-sector-specific problems, such as observing times and family duties.
Dark Skies Awareness
Dark Skies Awareness was a worldwide astronomy event that ran from 2 to 5 April 2009. The IAU collaborated with the U.S. National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO), representatives of the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA), the Starlight Initiative, and other national and international partners in dark-sky and environmental education on several related themes.
The focus was on three main citizen-scientist programs to measure local levels of light pollution. These programs were to take the form of "star hunts" or "star counts", providing people with a fun and direct way to acquire heightened awareness about light pollution through firsthand observations of the night sky. Together, the three programs were to cover the entire International Year of Astronomy 2009, namely GLOBE at Night (in March), the Great World Wide Star Count (in October) and How Many Stars (January, February, April through September, November and December).
UNESCO and the IAU were working together to implement a research and education collaboration as part of UNESCO's thematic initiative, Astronomy and World Heritage as a worldwide astronomy event that also ran 2–5 April 2009. The main objective was to establish a link between science and culture on the basis of research aimed at acknowledging the cultural and scientific values of properties connected with astronomy. This programme provides an opportunity to identify properties related to astronomy located around the world, to preserve their memory and save them from progressive deterioration. Support from the international community is needed to implement this activity and to promote the recognition of astronomical knowledge through the nomination of sites that celebrate important achievements in science.
Galileo Teacher Training Program
The Galileo Teacher Training Program (GTTP): the International Year of Astronomy 2009 provided an opportunity to engage the formal education community in the excitement of astronomical discovery as a vehicle for improving the teaching of science in classrooms around the world. To help training teachers in effective astronomy communication and to sustain the legacy of IYA2009, the IAU – in collaboration with the National Nodes and leaders in the field such as the Global Hands-On Universe project, the US National Optical Astronomy Observatory and the Astronomical Society of the Pacific – embarked on a unique global effort to empower teachers by developing the Galileo Teacher Training Program (GTTP).
The GTTP goal was to create a worldwide network of certified "Galileo Ambassadors" by 2012. These Ambassadors were to train "Galileo Master Teachers" in the effective use and transfer of astronomy education tools and resources into classroom science curricula. The Galileo Teachers were to be equipped to train other teachers in these methodologies, leveraging the work begun during IYA2009 in classrooms everywhere. Through workshops, online training tools and basic education kits, the products and techniques developed by this program could be adapted to reach locations with few resources of their own, as well as computer-connected areas that could take advantage of access to robotic optical and radio telescopes, webcams, astronomy exercises, cross-disciplinary resources, image processing and digital universes (web and desktop planetariums). Among GTTP partners, the Global Hands-On Universe project was a leader.
Universe Awareness
Universe Awareness (UNAWE) was a worldwide astronomy event that also ran during 2–5 April 2009, as an international program to introduce very young children in under-privileged environments to the scale and beauty of the Universe. Universe Awareness noted the multicultural origins of modern astronomy in an effort to broaden children's minds, awaken their curiosity in science and stimulate global citizenship and tolerance. Using the sky and children's natural fascination with it as common ground, UNAWE was to create an international awareness of their place in the Universe and their place on Earth.
From Earth to the Universe
The Cornerstone project From Earth to the Universe (FETTU) is a worldwide public science event that began in June 2008, and still ongoing through 2011. This project has endeavored to bring astronomy images and their science to a wider audience in non-traditional informal learning venues. In placing these astronomy exhibitions in public parks, metro stations, art centers, hospitals, shopping malls and other accessible locations, it has been hoped that individuals who might normally ignore or even dislike astronomy, or science in general, will be engaged.
Developing Astronomy Globally
The Developing Astronomy Globally was a worldwide astronomy event that ran during 2–5 April 2009, as a Cornerstone project to acknowledge that astronomy needs to be developed in three key areas: professionally (universities and research); publicly (communication, media, and amateur groups) and educationally (schools and informal education structures). The focus was to be on regions that do not already have strong astronomical communities. The implementation was to be centred on training, development and networking in each of these three key areas.
This Cornerstone was using the momentum of IYA2009 to help establish and enhance regional structures and networks that work on the development of astronomy around the world. These networks were to support the current and future development work of the IAU and other programmes, plus ensure that developing regions could benefit from IYA2009 and the work of the other Cornerstone projects. It was to also address the question of the contribution of astronomy to development.
Galilean Nights
The Galilean Nights was a worldwide astronomy event that also ran 2–5 April 2009, as a project to involve both amateur and professional astronomers around the globe, taking to the streets their telescopes and pointing them as Galileo did 400 years ago. The sources of interest were Jupiter and its moons, the Sun, the Moon and many others celestial marvels. The event was scheduled to take place on 22–24 October 2009. Astronomers were to share their knowledge and enthusiasm for space by encouraging as many people as possible to look through a telescope at planetary neighbours.
See also
International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin
International Astronomical Union (IAU)
History of the telescope
365 Days of Astronomy
400 Years of the Telescope (documentary)
Galileoscope
Global Hands-On Universe
National Astronomy Week (NAW)
StarPeace Project
The World At Night (TWAN)
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4143949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20U | Haplogroup U | Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found widely distributed across Northern and Eastern Europe, Central, Western and South Asia, as well as North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Canary Islands.
Origins
Haplogroup U descends from the haplogroup R mtDNA branch of the phylogenetic tree. The defining mutations (A11467G, A12308G, G12372A) are estimated to have arisen between 43,000 and 50,000 years ago, in the early Upper Paleolithic (around 46,530 ± 3,290 years before present, with a 95% confidence interval per Behar et al., 2012).
Ancient DNA classified as belonging to the U* mitochondrial haplogroup has been recovered from human skeletal remains found in Western Siberia, which have been dated to c. 45,000 years ago. The mitogenome (33-fold coverage) of the Peştera Muierii 1 individual (PM1) from Romania (35 ky cal BP) has been identified as the basal haplogroup U6* not previously found in any ancient or present-day humans.
Haplogroup U has been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt and Afalou prehistoric sites. Among the Taforalt individuals, around 13% of the observed haplotypes belonged to various U subclades, including U4a2b (1/24; 4%), U4c1 (1/24; 4%), and U6d3 (1/24; 4%). A further 41% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup U or haplogroup H. Among the Afalou individuals, 44% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup U or haplogroup H (3/9; 33%).
Haplogroup U has also been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, dated to the 1st millennium BC, 13 of the 90 mummies bearing haplgroup U (U carriers all of the late period) and various subclades of it, U, U1,U3,U5,U6,U7 and U8. and in a separate study, DNA extracted from a tooth the mummified head of a much older mummy of about 4,000 years ago Djehutynakht of the very end of the 11th or early 12th Dynasty who belonged to belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U5b2b5 (with no exact matches found in a modern population of U5 carriers) from a 2018 article by Odile Loreille et. al
Additionally, haplogroup U has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with these specimens found to belong to the U6b1a (4/7; 57%) and U6b (1/7; 14%) subclades.
Distribution
Haplogroup U is found in 15% of Indian caste and 8% of Indian tribal populations.
Haplogroup U is found in approximately 11% of native Europeans and is held as the oldest maternal haplogroup found in that region. In a 2013 study, all but one of the ancient modern human sequences from Europe belonged to maternal haplogroup U, thus confirming previous findings that haplogroup U was the dominant type of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Europe before the spread of agriculture into Europe and the presence and the spread of the Indo-Europeans in Western Europe.
Haplogroup U has various subclades numbered U1 to U9. Haplogroup K is a subclade of U8. The old age has led to a wide distribution of the descendant subgroups across Western Eurasia, North Africa, and South Asia. Some subclades of haplogroup U have a more specific geographic range.
Subclades
Subclades are labelled U1–U9; Haplogroup K is a subclade of U8.
Van Oven and Kayser (2009) proposed subclades "U2'3'4'7'8" and "U4'9". Behar et al. (2012) amended this by grouping "U4'9" as subordinate to "U2'3'4'7'8" for a new intermediate subclade "U2'3'4'7'8'9".
Haplogroup U
Basal U was found in the 26,000 years old remains of Ancient North Eurasian, Mal'ta boy (MA1).
Haplogroup U1
The U1 subclades are: U1a (with deep-subclades U1a1, U1a1a, U1a1a1, U1a1b) and U1b.
Haplogroup U1 estimated to have arisen between 26,000 and 37,000 years ago. It is found at very low frequency throughout Europe. It is more often observed in eastern Europe, Anatolia and the Near East. It is also found at low frequencies in India. U1 is found in the Svanetia region of Georgia at 4.2%. Subclade U1a is found from India to Europe, but is extremely rare among the northern and Atlantic fringes of Europe including the British Isles and Scandinavia. In India, U1a has been found in the Kerala region. U1b has a similar spread but is rarer than U1a. A variety of subclade U1b1 with the mutations G14070A! and A3426G is found in Ashkenazi Jews. Subclades U1a and U1b appear in equal frequency in eastern Europe.
The rare U1 clade is also found among Algerians in Oran (0.83%-1.08%) and the Reguibat tribe of the Sahrawi (0.93%).
The U1a1a subclade has been observed in an ancient individual excavated at the Kellis 2 cemetery in the Dakleh Oasis, located in the southwestern desert of Egypt. 21 of the Kellis burials have been radiocarbon-dated to around 80-445 AD, a timeframe within the Romano-Christian period. Haplogroup U1 has also been found among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800).
DNA analysis of excavated remains now located at ruins of the Church of St. Augustine in Goa, India have also revealed the unique mtDNA subclade U1b. This sublineage is absent in India, but present in Georgia and surrounding regions. Since the genetic analysis corroborates archaeological and literary evidence, it is believed that the excavated remains belong to Ketevan the Martyr, queen of Georgia.
Haplogroup U5
The age of U5 is estimated at between 25,000 and 35,000 years old, roughly corresponding to the Gravettian culture. Approximately 11% of Europeans (10% of European-Americans) have some variant of haplogroup U5.
U5 was the predominant mtDNA of mesolithic Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG).
U5 has been found in human remains dating from the Mesolithic in England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, France and Spain. Neolithic skeletons (~7,000 years old) that were excavated from the Avellaner cave in Catalonia, northeastern Spain included a specimen carrying haplogroup U5.
Haplogroup U5 and its subclades U5a and U5b today form the highest population concentrations in the far north, among Sami, Finns, and Estonians. However, it is spread widely at lower levels throughout Europe. This distribution, and the age of the haplogroup, indicate individuals belonging to this clade were part of the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe around 10,000 years ago.
The modern Basques and Cantabrians possess almost exclusively U5b lineages (U5b1f, U5b1c1, U5b2).
Additionally, haplogroup U5 is found in small frequencies and at much lower diversity in the Near East and parts of northern Africa (areas with sizable U6 concentrations), suggesting back-migration of people from Europe toward the south.
Mitochondrial haplogroup U5a has also been associated with HIV infected individuals displaying accelerated progression to AIDS and death.
U5 was the main haplogroup of mesolithic European hunter gatherers. U haplogroups were present at 83% in European hunter gatherers before influx of Middle Eastern farmer and steppe Indo-European ancestry decreased its frequency to less than 21%.
U5
U5a arose around 17,000 and 27,000 years ago
U5a1 arose between 14,000 and 20,000 years ago. Found in an Etruscan individual (700-600 B.C.) from southern Etruria, Italy.
U5a1a arose between 8,000 and 16,000 years ago
U5a1a1 arose between 3,000 and 11,000 years ago
U5a1a1a arose less than 6,000 years ago
U5a1a1b arose around between 600 and 6,000 years ago
U5a1a1c
U5a1a1d arose less than 4,300 years ago
U5a1a2 arose between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago
U5a1a2a arose less than 5,400 years ago
U5a1a2a1 arose less than 3,400 years ago
U5a1b arose between 6,000 and 11,000 years ago
U5a1b1 arose between 5,000 and 9,000 years ago
U5a1b1a arose between 2,500 and 7,500
U5a1b1a1 less than 4,000 years ago
U5a1b1b arose less than 8,000 years ago
U5a1b1c arose between 3,000 and 7,000 years ago
U5a1b1c1 arose less than 5,000 years ago
U5a1b1c2 arose less than 5,000 years ago
U5a1b1d
U5a1b1e
U5a1b2
U5a1b3
U5a1c
U5a1c1
U5a1c2
U5a1d arose around 19000 years ago
U5a1d1
U5a1d2
U5a1d2a
U5a1e
U5a1f
U5a2 arose around 14000 years ago
U5a2a arose around 6000 years ago. It has been found in an ancient Mesolithic sample (6000-5000 cal BCE) from the Cave of Santimamiñe in the Basque Country, Spain.
U5a2b arose around 8000 years ago
U5a2c arose around 13000 years ago
U5a2d Found at the Mesolithic Huseby Klev site in western Sweden.
U5a2e
U5b arose between 19,000 and 26,000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 150 7768 14182 ( + U5 polymorphisms). Found among Siwa Berbers of the Siwa Oasis.
U5b1 arose between 11,000 and 20,000 years ago.
U5b1a
U5b1b: has been found in Saami of Scandinavia, Finnish and the Berbers of North Africa, which were found to share an extremely young branch, aged merely ~9,000 years. U5b1b was also found in Fulbe and Papel people in Guinea-Bissau and Yakuts people of northeastern Siberia. It arose around 11000 years ago.
U5b1b1
U5b1b1b A principal element in the maternal western eurasian lineages in Puerto Rico, matching with samples from Senegambia and northern Cameroon indicating its presence as a product of early colonization and enslavement of Senegambians.
U5b1c arose about 13,000 years ago.
U5b1d
U5b1e arose about 6600 years ago. U5b1e is mainly seen in central Europe among Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians and southern Russians.
U5b1g
U5b2 arose between 17,000 and 23,000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 1721 13637( + U5b polymorphisms). The clade has been found in remains dating from prehistoric times in Europe, such as the subclade U5b2c1 of La Braña man (found at the La Braña site in Spain). U5b2 is rare among French Basques (2.5%) and more frequent in the Spanish Basques.
U5b2a between 12,000 and 19,000 years ago, prevalent in Central Europe.
U5b2a1 between 9,000 and 18,000 years ago
U5b2a2 between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago,
U5b2a3 between 3,000 and 14,000 years ago
U5b2a4 between 1,000 and 10,000 years ago
U5b2a5 less than 2,600 years ago
U5b2a6 less than 12,000 years ago.
U5b2b between 12,000 and 17,000 years ago. The clade was notably linked to Neve, who, at the time of her discovery, was the oldest identified female infant burial in Europe, carbon-dated to around 10,000 years ago.
U5b2c between 7,000 and 18,000 years ago.
U5b2c1 less than 8,000 years ago. Found in a Phoenician individual from a Carthage tomb in Byrsa Hill, Tunisia.
U5b3: The subclade likely originates in the Italian peninsula; it is at its highest distribution in southwestern Europe, peaking amongst Sardinians (3.84%), followed by Balearic people (1.56%) and northern mainland Portuguese (1.09%). According to another study, U5b3 occurs at a frequency of 2.53% amongst Majorcans and 0.96% amongst Sephardi Chuetas.
U5b3b: this subclade is likely similarly western Mediterranean/Ibero-Italic in origin but spread to parts of northwestern and middle Europe through Roman expansion, with samples found in Crete (Greece), Spain, Central Italy, England, the German Palatinate, and Bohemia.
Haplogroup U6
Haplogroup U6 was dated to between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago by Behar et al. (2012).
Basal U6* was found in a Romanian specimen of ancient DNA (Peștera Muierilor) dated to 35,000 years ago. Hervella et al. (2016) take this find as evidence for Paleolithic back-migration of Homo sapiens from Eurasia into Africa. The discovery of basal U6* in ancient DNA contributed to setting back the estimated age of U6 to around 46,000 years ago.
Usually U6 genetic history is envisioned as a migration from southwest Asia through North Africa. This hypothesis is based on the general origin of haplogroup U sub-clades in Southwest Asia, which is also the center of the geographical distribution of U sub-clades: Europe, India, Central Asia, East Africa and North Africa. Two possible scenarios for the first U6 haplotype (bearing mutations 3348 and 16172) can be advanced: i) these mutations aroused in the founder region but did not leave any genetic legacy in current human populations there; ii) they originated probably somewhere in North Africa, after the arrival of the U6 founder haplotype. Within North Africa U6 is only significantly frequent at its western edge (as well as in South-western Europe). More importantly, all the most basal branches are virtually restricted to that region (U6b, U6c and U6d), what could indicate its western origin. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded the major sub-clade U6a, which shows a richness of sub-clades in Northwest Africa although a few of derivative branches also include sequences from East African and the Middle Eastern populations (e.g. U6a2).
Haplogroup U6 is common (with a prevalence of around 10%) in Northwest Africa (with a maximum of 29% in an Algerian Mozabites) and the Canary Islands (18% on average with a peak frequency of 50.1% in La Gomera). It is also found in the Iberian peninsula, where it has the highest diversity (10 out of 19 sublineages are only found in this region and not in Africa), Northeast Africa and occasionally in other locations. U6 is also found at low frequencies in the Chad Basin, including the rare Canarian branch. This suggests that the ancient U6 clade bearers may have inhabited or passed through the Chad Basin on their way westward toward the Canary Islands.
U6 is thought to have entered North Africa from the Near East around 30,000 years ago. It has been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt prehistoric site. In spite of the highest diversity of Iberian U6, Maca-Meyer argues for a Near East origin of this clade based on the highest diversity of subclade U6a in that region, where it would have arrived from West Asia, with the Iberian incidence primarily representing migration from the Maghreb and not persistence of a European root population.
According to Hernández et al. 2015 "the estimated entrance of the North African U6 lineages into Iberia at 10 ky correlates well with other L African clades, indicating that U6 and some L lineages moved together from Africa to Iberia in the Early Holocene."
U6 has four main subclades:
U6a: subclade is the most widespread, stretching from the Canary Islands and Iberian Peninsula to the Horn of Africa and Near East. The subhaplogroup has its highest diversity in Northeast Africa. Ancient DNA analysis of Iberomaurusian skeletal remains at the Taforalt site in Morocco, which have been dated to the Later Stone Age between 15,100 and 13,900 ybp, observed the U6a subclade among most of the fossils (6/7; ~86%). Fossils at the Early Neolithic site of Ifri n'Amr or Moussa in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, have also been found to carry the U6a subhaplogroup. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Northwest African genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. U6a's estimated age is 24-27,500 BP. It has one major subclade:
U6a1: similar distribution to U6a parent clade; found particularly among Copts (27.6%) and Beja (10.4%). Estimated age: 15-20,000 BP.
U6b: shows a more patched and western distribution. In the Iberian peninsula, U6b is more frequent in the north, whereas U6a is more common in the south. It has also been found at low frequencies in Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Nigeria. Estimated age: 8,500-24,500 BP. It has one subclade:
U6b1: found only in the Canary Islands and in the Iberian peninsula. Estimated age: c. 6000 BP.
U6c: only found in Morocco and Canary Islands. Estimated age: 6,000-17,500 BP.
U6d: most closely related to U6b. Localized in the Maghreb, with a presence in Europe. It arose between 10,000 and 13,000 BP.
U6a, U6b and U6d share a common basal mutation (16219) that is not present in U6c, whereas U6c has 11 unique mutations. U6b and U6d share a mutation (16311) not shared by U6a, which has three unique mutations.
U2'3'4'7'8'9
Subclades U2, U3, U4, U7, U8 and U9 are now thought to be monophyletic, its common ancestor
"U2'3'4'7'8'9" defined by mutation A1811G, arising between about 42,000 and 48,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012).
Within U2'3'4'7'8'9, U4 and U9 may be monophyletic, as "U4'9" (mutations T195C!, G499A, T5999C) arising between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012).
U2'3'4'7'8'9 was found in the remains of two 32,000 years old Ancient North Siberians (ANS) from the Yana RHS Site on river Yana.
Haplogroup U2
Haplogroup U2 is most common in South Asia but is also found in low frequency in Central and West Asia, as well as in Europe as U2e (the European variety of U2 is named U2e). The overall frequency of U2 in South Asia is largely accounted for by the group U2i in India whereas haplogroup U2e, common in Europe, is rare; given that these lineages diverged approximately 50,000-years-ago, these data have been interpreted as indicating very low maternal-line gene-flow between South Asia and Europe throughout this period. Approximately one half of the U mtDNAs in India belong to the Indian-specific branches of haplogroup U2 (U2i: U2a, U2b and U2c). Haplogroup U2b2 has been found in the remains of a 4500 year old female excavated from the Rakhigarhi site of Indus Valley civilisation, in present day state of Haryana, India. While U2 is typically found in India, it is also present in the Nogais, descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes, who formed the Nogai Horde. Both U2 and U4 are found in the Ket and Nganasan peoples, the indigenous inhabitants of the Yenisei River basin and the Taymyr Peninsula.
The U2 subclades are: U2a, U2b, U2c, U2d, and U2e. With the India-specific subclades U2a, U2b, and U2c collectively referred to as U2i, the Eurasian haplogroup U2d appears to be a sister clade with the Indian haplogroup U2c, while U2e is considered a European-specific subclade but also found in South India.
Haplogroup U2 has been found in the remains of a 37,000 and 30,000-year-old hunter-gatherer from the Kostyonki, Voronezh Oblast in Central-South European Russia., in 4800 to 4000-year-old human remains from a Beaker culture site of the Late Neolithic in Kromsdorf Germany, and in 2,000-year-old human remains from Bøgebjerggård in Southern Denmark. However, haplogroup U2 is rare in present-day Scandinavians. The remains of a 2,000-year-old West Eurasian male of haplogroup U2e1 was found in the Xiongnu Cemetery of Northeast Mongolia.
Haplogroup U3
Haplogroup U3 falls into two subclades:: U3a and U3b.
Coalescence age for U3a is estimated as 18,000 to 26,000-years-ago while the coalescence age for U3b is estimated as 18,000 to 24,000-years-ago. U3a is found in Europe, the Near East, the Caucasus and North Africa. The almost-entirely European distributed subclade, U3a1, dated at 4000 to 7000-years-ago, suggests a relatively recent (late Holocene or later) expansion of these lineages in Europe. There is a minor U3c subclade (derived from U3a), represented by a single Azeri mtDNA from the Caucasus. U3b is widespread across the Middle East and the Caucasus, and it is found especially in Iran, Iraq and Yemen, with a minor European subclade, U3b1b, dated at 2000 to 3000-years-ago. Haplogroup U3 is defined by the HVR1 transition A16343G. It is found at low levels throughout Europe (about 1% of the population), the Near East (about 2.5% of the population), and Central Asia (about 1% of the population). U3 is present in the Svan population from the Svaneti region (about 4.2% of the population) and among Lithuanian Romani, Polish Romani, and Spanish Romani populations (36-56%) consistent with a common migration route from India then out-of-the Balkans for the Lithuanian, Polish, and Spanish Roma.
The U3 clade is also found among Mozabite Berbers (10.59%), as well as Egyptians in the El-Hayez (2.9%) and Gurna oases (2.9%), and Algerians in Oran (1.08%-1.25%). The rare U3a subclade occurs among the Tuareg inhabiting Niger (3.23%) and among Somalis (1.6%).
Haplogroup U3 has been found in some of the 6400-year-old remains (U3a) discovered in the caves at Wadi El-Makkukh near Jericho associated with the Chalcolithic period. Haplogroup U3 was already present in the West Eurasian gene pool around 6,000-years-ago and probably also its subclade U3a as well.
Haplogroup U4
Haplogroup U4 has its origin between 21,000 and 14,000 years ago. Its distribution is associated
with the population bottleneck due to the Last Glacial Maximum.
U4 has been found in ancient DNA, and it is relatively rare in modern populations, although it is found in substantial ratios in certain indigenous populations of Northern Asia and Northern Europe, being associated with the remnants of ancient European hunting-gatherers preserved in the indigenous populations of Siberia. U4 is found in the endangered Nganasan people of the Taymyr Peninsula, in the Mansi (16.3%), and in the Ket people (28.9%) of the Yenisei River. It is found in Europe with highest concentrations in Scandinavia and the Baltic states. and is found in the Sami population of the Scandinavian peninsula (although, U5b has a higher representation).
U4 is also preserved in the Kalash people (current population size 3,700) a unique tribe among the Indo-Aryan peoples of Pakistan where U4 (subclade U4a1) attains its highest frequency of 34%.
The U4 subclades are: U4a, U4b, U4c, and U4d.
Haplogroup U4 is associated with ancient European hunter-gatherers and has been found in 7,200 to 6,000-year-old remains of the Pitted Ware culture in Gotland Sweden and in 4,400 to 3,800-year-old remains from the Damsbo site of the Danish Beaker culture. Remains identified as subclade U4a2 are associated with the Corded Ware culture, which flourished 5200 to 4300 years ago in Eastern and Central Europe and encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the Volga River in the east to the Rhine in the west. Mitochondrial DNA recovered from 3,500 to 3,300-year-old remains at the Bredtoftegård site in Denmark associated with the Nordic Bronze Age include haplogroup U4 with 16179T in its HVR1 indicative of subclade U4c1. 2 out of 9 1700-year-old remains in the extreme southwest of Ivanovo Region were U4c1.
Haplogroup U7
Haplogroup U7 is considered a West Eurasian–specific mtDNA haplogroup, believed to have originated in the Black Sea area approximately 30,000 years ago. In modern populations, U7 occurs at low frequency in the Caucasus, the western Siberian tribes, West Asia (about 4% in the Near East, while peaking with 10% in Iranians), South Asia (about 12% in Gujarat, the westernmost state of India, while for the whole of India its frequency stays around 2%, and 5% in Pakistan), and the Vedda people of Sri Lanka where it reaches it highest frequency of 13.33% (subclade U7a). One third of the West Eurasian-specific mtDNAs found in India are in haplogroups U7, R2 and W. It is speculated that large-scale immigration carried these mitochondrial haplogroups into India.
The U7 subclades are U7a (with deep-subclades U7a1, U7a2, U7a2a, U7a2b) and U7b.
Genetic analysis of individuals associated with the Late Hallstatt culture from Baden-Württemberg Germany considered to be examples of Iron Age "princely burials" included haplogroup U7. Haplogroup U7 was reported to have been found in 1200-year-old human remains (dating to around 834), in a woman believed to be from a royal clan who was buried with the Viking Oseberg Ship in Norway. Haplogroup U7 was found in 1000-year-old human remains (dating to around AD 1000-1250) in a Christian cemetery is Kongemarken Denmark. However, U7 is rare among present-day ethnic Scandinavians.
The U7a subclade is especially common among Saudis, constituting around 30% of maternal lineages in the Eastern Province.
Haplogroup U8
Haplogroup U8a: The Basques have the most ancestral phylogeny in Europe for the mitochondrial haplogroup U8a. This is a rare subgroup of U8, placing the Basque origin of this lineage in the Upper Palaeolithic. The lack of U8a lineages in Africa suggests that their ancestors may have originated from West Asia.
Haplogroup U8b: This clade has been found in Italy and Jordan.
Haplogroup U8b'K: This clade may be synonymous with Haplogroup K and Haplogroup UK.
The haplogroup U8b's most common subclade is haplogroup K, which is estimated to date to between 30,000 and 22,000 years ago. Haplogroup K makes up a sizeable fraction of European and West Asian mtDNA lineages. It is now known it is actually a subclade of haplogroup U8b'K, and is believed to have first arisen in northeastern Italy. Haplogroup UK shows some evidence of being highly protective against AIDS progression.
Haplogroup U9
Haplogroup U9 is a rare clade in mtDNA phylogeny, characterized only recently in a few populations of Pakistan (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Its presence in Ethiopia and Yemen, together with some Indian-specific M lineages in the Yemeni sample, points to gene flow along the coast of the Arabian Sea. Haplogroups U9 and U4 share two common mutations at the root of their phylogeny. It is interesting that, in Pakistan, U9 occurs frequently only among the so-called Makrani population. In this particular population, lineages specific to parts of Eastern Africa occur as frequently as 39%, which suggests that U9 lineages in Pakistan may have an African origin (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Regardless of which coast of the Arabian Sea may have been the origin of U9, its Ethiopian–southern Arabian–Indus Basin distribution hints that the subclade's diversification from U4 may have occurred in regions far away from the current area of the highest diversity and frequency of haplogroup U4—East Europe and western Siberia.
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
The Seven Daughters of Eve
References
Further reading
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup U
Danish Demes Regional DNA Project: mtDNA Haplogroup U
Spread of Haplogroup U, from National Geographic
U |
4144059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20of%20the%20Friends%20of%20the%20Blacks | Society of the Friends of the Blacks | The Society of the Friends of the Blacks (Société des amis des Noirs or Amis des noirs) was a French abolitionist society founded by Jacques Pierre Brissot and Étienne Clavière and directly inspired by the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in London in 1787. The society's aim was to abolish both the institution of slavery in the France's overseas colonies and French involvement in the Atlantic slave trade.
The society was founded in Paris on 19 February 1788, and remained active until autumn 1791. Clavière was elected as their first president. The secretary Brissot frequently received advice from British abolitionist Thomas Clarkson, who led the abolitionist movement in Great Britain. At the beginning of 1789, the Society had 141 members and helt 81 sessions in total. During the three-year period that it remained active, the society published abolitionist literature and frequently addressed its concerns on a substantive political level in the Constituent Assembly. It no longer existed for at least three years.
In February 1794, the National Convention passed the Law of 4 February 1794, which effectively abolished slavery and the slave trade and gave the formerly enslaved equal rights. This decision was reversed by the Law of 20 May 1802 under Napoleon, who moved to reinstate slavery in the French colonial empire, and unsuccessfully tried to regain control of Saint-Domingue, where a slave rebellion was underway.
Brissot's archive passed to his son in 1793, and were purchased in 1829 by Francis de Montrol, who used them to edit the "Memoirs" of Brissot. A part was acquired in 1982 by the National Archives of France, the rest by private collectors.
Several articles and monographs have explored the question of how influential the Society was in bringing about the abolition of slavery. Historians disagree about its influence, with some crediting the Amis des Noirs as instrumental in abolition, to others who say the Society was nothing more than a "société de pensée" (philosophical society).
History
The economy of France was dependent upon revenues from the colonies, which were slave societies based largely on production of sugar from cane plantations. The French economy thrived due to the lucrative triangle trade. Demand for sugar was high in Europe. Conditions on the sugar plantations on the islands of Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and Martinique, in the Caribbean, were so harsh that slave mortality was very high. This required steady importing of new slaves from Africa. In La Louisiane, in the southern United States, slavery was also the basis of the economy in the New Orleans and Mobile regions. Southern Louisiana had numerous sugar plantations.
Figures indicate that slave-trade activity alone during the years leading up to the French Revolution resulted in some profit percentages exceeding 100 percent. In 1784, for example, the outfitter Chaurands realized a profit of 110 percent through the use of a single ship, the Brune. In 1789, one outfitter reached 120 per cent profit on his voyages.
Jacques Pierre Brissot organized the Société des amis des Noirs in February 1788. A follower of the Philosophes, Brissot's anti-slavery efforts were also due to his exposure to humanitarian activities on both sides of the Atlantic. In the United States, where he visited Philadelphia's constitutional convention following the American Revolution, he became absorbed by [Thomas Jefferson]'s humanitarian ideals as expressed in the Declaration of Independence. In England, Thomas Clarkson invited Brissot to attend a meeting of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. So enthused was Brissot that shortly thereafter he founded an abolitionist society in Paris. Its objectives were to suppress the slave trade and, at a later date, to attain equal rights for free persons of color. This was a class, generally in the French colonies, of persons of mixed French and African ancestry, generally born to French colonial fathers and mothers of African descent (some of whom were also of mixed-race.) The French-born or French Creoles extended them some rights, although not full equality to those of "pure" French descent.
The Amis advocated freedom in the French colonies, arguing that the ideas of the Revolution should extend to the colonies. The French concept of did not include the liberation of slaves, because the National Assembly argued that such abolition would be detrimental to the economy. The Amis des Noirs pushed for the abolition of slavery, although Clarkson recommended they reduce their demands to abolish the Atlantic slave trade (which Great Britain and the United States did in 1808.)
Activities
Abolitionist literature
Brissot decided at the outset that he would publish written works to influence the public and politicians. and this he did in profusion. The Society published French translations of British abolitionist literature, and also works written by Brissot ("Mémoire sur les Noirs de l'Amerique septentrionale"), written in the midst of the French Revolution. It also published work by other members of the Amis des Noirs, such as Étienne Clavière ("De la France et des Etats-Unis" – co-written with Brissot) and Condorcet ("Réflexions sur l'esclavage des negres"). Members gave lectures to other societies as well, such as the Amis de l'humanité, and the Société des Amis de la Constitution.<ref>La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) '8, p. 173.</ref> It was a reflection of not only the "Philosophe upbringing" of the Society members, but also of their efforts to be active participants in the moulding of the revolutionary government.
La Société des Amis des Noirs was most active distributing its anti-slavery literature in and around Paris, due to the lack of a stable and reliable communications network, particularly as the French Revolution proceeded. The Society did make attempts to convey its message to those living outside Paris. For instance, in 1791, the society gained assistance from its Jacobin friends: "The Friends of the Blacks had several meetings with their friends in Jacobin clubs in provincial cities and sent to every city government a lengthy pamphlet exposing the injustices done to people of color."
Political activities
The political activities of the Friends of the Blacks included addresses to the National Assembly, for instance, speeches promoting the abolition of the slave trade were made in February and April 1790. Another address was delivered a few months later.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 7, p. 245. Four months later, a discourse was presented concerning the violence in Saint Domingue, which had broken out in a struggle for rights by free people of color and slaves.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 8, p. 90. In July 1791, Clavière addressed the National Assembly's commercial interests, discussing trade relations between France and its colonies.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 9, p. 1.
The Society also directly appealed to government individuals such as Antoine Barnave, a member of the Committee on Colonies, and Jacques Necker, France's Controller-General of Finance. Although Necker acknowledged that slavery was inhumane, he would not sanction emancipation in French colonies unless the practice of slavery and the slave trade were halted simultaneously in every country. He believed that this was needed to maintain the existing economic balance among nations. In a 1789 letter the Society urged Necker to form a committee similar to the one in England, and expressed hopes that the actions of the English parliament might have a positive effect on the Estates-General.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 7, p. 53. Other Society addresses denounced individuals in the colonies. One such incident occurred in 1791, when the Amis des Noirs responded to criticism written by pro-slaver Arthur Dillon, Député de la Martinique,La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 8, p. 173. and owner of a large plantation.
In 1789, the royal government had requested petitions of grievances from all parts of the country. During the election of representatives to the Estates-General, Condorcet asked for a demand for abolition of the slave trade to be included in these cahiers de doléances. Out of the 600 cahiers assembled, fewer than 50 called for an end to the slave trade and slavery.
Society member Abbé Grégoire recommended in the fall of 1789 that two deputies to the Assembly be chosen from the population of free people of color. This was accepted by the Committee on Verification of Credentials in the National Assembly. Gregoire's was unable to present his proposal to the National Assembly because every time he rose to speak, he was shouted down by the colonists (usually planters) in the Assembly. In March 1790, Grégoire questioned the article on voting rights in the National Assembly, urging that free men of colour be given the franchise. The colonial deputies persuaded the National Assembly to close discussion of the matter. During that same month Barnave, a pro-slavery advocate, delivered his report on maintaining the slave trade. When Mirabeau, a member of the Society, advanced to the rostrum to protest, he was drowned out by cries of the opposition.
Focusing on the rights of free men of colour, abbé Grégoire and Jerome Pétion warned the Assembly on 15 May 1791 that if these people were not given their rights, violence would ensue in the colonies. Because of the increasing conflict in the colonies, as well as the growing influence of free men of colour with some deputies, Barnave felt that the members of the Society could not be ignored: "We can't win against the influence of the Friends of the Blacks."
On 15 May the Assembly decreed that all men of colour would be granted equal rights if they were born of free parents. Further legislation passed on 4 April 1792 (with influence from La Société des Amis des Noirs), stated that every free man of colour now enjoyed equal rights.
Opposition from pro-slavery groups
The Committee on Colonies
The Committee on Colonies was formed in March 1790 to deal with escalating problems arising from slavery unrest in the colonies. Its resolution of the problem leaned heavily in favour of the colonists, and its membership generally had little sympathy for conditions of slaves. The members of the committee included colonial landowners (who were usually slaveholders), other slave owners, lawyers and merchants, and all were advocates of French commercial interests. The final report of the Committee did not alleviate any of the problems relating to slavery. It stressed that it did not wish to interfere in the commercial interests of the colonies: "The National Assembly declares that it had not intended to innovate in any branch of commerce direct or indirect of France with its colonies..."
A group of National Assembly deputies who were either colonists or slave trade merchants lobbied the French chambers of commerce and city governments to maintain the slave trade and slavery, proclaiming that economic disaster would result from its abolition. The deputies argued their point so effectively that members of La Société des Amis des Noirs feared abolition would cause chaos. One such pro-slavery group was composed of the lobbyists for the French chambers of commerce, who designated themselves as the "Deputies Extraordinary of Manufactures and Commerce." Their main efforts focused on influencing the Committee on Agriculture and Commerce to maintain slavery and the slave trade. Since revenue from the colonies was collected mainly from the sale of slaves and crops, the committee was investigating the economic ramifications should this source of income cease to exist. Historian Quinney wrote in 1970 that Barnave's non-committal report to the National Assembly resulted from him learning that the Committee on Agriculture and Commerce "had already decided to advise the National Assembly to retain the trade and slavery."
Massiac Club
A pro-slavery organization called the Massiac Club, headquartered in Paris, was composed of colonial planters living in Paris and throughout France. The club had its main headquarters in Paris, with chapters located in the provinces. Realizing that success was related to political influence, the club proceeded to systematically contact government officials.
The Massiac members opposed any type of abolition legislation, and communicated with each colonial deputy to ensure that pro-slavery interests were maintained. Mirabeau stated that when he attempted to sway the deputies in favour of abolition, every official he spoke to had already been approached by a member of the Massiac club. The Massiac group published and distributed literature, responding in toto to practically every idea the Amis des Noirs had put forward.
In a leaflet distributed to members of the Comité de Commerce de l'Assemblée Nationale, the Massiac accused the Amis des Noirs of being involved in subversive activity. The Massiac Club published a handbill that said the abolitionists were not truly humanitarian philanthropists, but rather an organization attempting to subvert social order. They claimed the Amis des Noirs should be viewed as counter-revolutionaries, and pro-British. The pro-slavers also distributed leaflets specifically denouncing individuals: Brissot, Grégoire and Pétion. They supported the slave trade in debates held in district assemblies within Paris, and attempted to influence voting in these districts when the question of the slave trade was introduced.
Criticisms
Organisational failings
Historians have concluded that the Society was virtually impotent due to its organization, strategy, and membership criteria. In terms of organization, Quinney refers to the group's ineffective operations, stating that the government, which contained pro-slavery elements, had a nationwide propaganda network, while the Society was mainly Paris-based. Resnick concurs when he states: "Both leadership and membership at large were drawn heavily from the Paris area, with no established network of regional filiations."
In addition, they held meetings irregularly, without full membership present. Even in 1789, Thomas Clarkson commented upon the poor attendance at the meetings. The lack of organization and continuity was shown by the departure of Brissot in June 1789 for the United States to meet abolitionists, although he had organized the Society's first meeting in February 1789. He did not become active in the Society until the spring of 1790, when he again became the Society's president. The Society required presidents to serve only three months; they shared responsibility, but the short tenure hindered continuity of effort within the organization.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 6, pp. 27–28. The Society decided that a "General Assembly" would be elected from within. This body would not only represent the Society and make the rules, but would also hold exclusive voting rights in the election of the officials.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 6, p. 26. Hence, from the organization's inception, rank and file membership were excluded from participating in the Society's operations.
Elitist membership policies
Analysis of the membership list of the Society reveals a predominance of elite individuals. Although they possessed great influence, they had most of their power in Paris. There was a lack of popular participation, which reflected the structure of government and society. The founding members of the Society included such notables as Brissot, Condorcet, Lafayette, La Rochefoucauld, and Clavière. The Society began with a handful of abolitionists, increased to ninety-five by 1789, and would swell to a maximum of 141 associates in later years.
Of the 141 members, twenty-five percent were government employees, twenty-nine percent were nobility, and thirty-eight were professionals; the total of elitist membership made up 92% of all members. Cohen observed: "It [the Society]... concentrated on having important, well-connected members, rather than large members ... The members [were] drawn from the French social elite ..."
The Society restricted members to those who could pay dues and be recommended by four other men. There were different fee scales: two Louis per year for those who lived in Paris, and 24 livres per year for those living in the provinces.La Révolution française et l'abolition de l'esclavage (1968) 6, pp. 19–20. The membership practices of La Société des Amis des Noirs both hampered its attempt at increasing in size, and affected its ability to become a credible and effective entity.
Relationship to English abolitionists
Perroud states that Brissot's trip to London in November 1787 prompted him to form an identical chapter in France. The English society had been formed only a few months earlier, in May 1787. A group of abolitionist friends in Paris discussed how the London society encouraged others to join its cause, and noted that France and England had a commonality with respect to abolishing slavery.
The Society translated and published English anti-slavery literature. Brissot, shortly after founding the Society, wrote to Quaker James Philips, an original member of the English abolitionist society. Brissot stated his intention for the Amis des Noirs to translate and publish English anti-slavery works for distribution to the French public.
Many French citizens believed that the Society was an offshoot of the British abolitionist movement, and some suspected the British were paying them to promote their cause. This resulted in a loss of credibility in the eyes of the French public. Britain and France had historically been antagonistic towards each other for decades. Britain had defeated France in the Seven Years' War and taken over much of its territory in North America. Influences from Britain were seen as "dealing with the enemy." This view extended to encompass the activities of the Society. The perception that it was a vehicle for British infiltration into French matters overshadowed its intentions.
Outcome
The Society was rendered inactive by the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution, begun as a slave rebellion, as well as by the major crisis of the First French Republic (with the start of the French Revolutionary Wars). It remained active until 1793, publishing its calls in papers such as Patriote français, L'Analyse des papiers anglais, Le Courrier de Provence, and La chronique de Paris.
On 4 February 1794 (16 Pluviôse an II), approximately a year after the demise of the Amis des Noirs, the National Convention passed the Emancipation Declaration, abolishing slavery: [The National Convention declares that slavery of Negroes in all the Colonies is abolished; consequently it decrees that all men, without distinction of color, domiciled in the colonies are French citizens, and shall enjoy all the rights guaranteed by the Constitution. The public safety committee was charged with regularly reporting on measures taken to ensure implementation of this Decree].
Notable membersListe des membres de la Société des Amis des Noirs'' till 11 June 1790.
Jacques Pierre Brissot
Jean-Louis Carra
Thomas Clarkson
Étienne Clavière
J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur
Marquis de Condorcet
Henri Grégoire
brothers Lameth
François-Xavier Lanthenas
Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne
Jean-Baptiste-Joseph de Lubersac
Samuel de Missy
Marquis de La Fayette
Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
Julien Raimond
Dominique de La Rochefoucauld
William Short (American ambassador)
It is unlikely Robespierre joined the society between June 1790 and September 1791. He quarreled with Pétion, the Lameths and Brissot in 1792 and they became his enemies. He sent Brissot to the scaffold in November 1793; Saint-George was imprisoned in December 1793. De Gouges, Clavière, de Loménie, Condorcet and Pétion all committed suicide.
Notes
References
Primary sources
The following list of letters, addresses, and minutes were obtained from a collection of pamphlets entitled
Secondary sources
(this book contains protocols of the society and can only ordered from UNESCO; content in French)
External links
Society of the Friends of Blacks, "Address to the National Assembly in Favor of the Abolition of the Slave Trade" (5 February 1790)
Société des Amis des Noirs (France). Adresse à l'Assemblée nationale, pour l'abolition de la traite des Noirs, février 1790
Société des Amis des Noirs (France ). Adresse de la Société des Amis des Noirs, à l'Assemblée nationale, à toutes les villes, Paris, Mars 1791
Société des Amis des Noirs (France). La Société des Amis des Noirs à Arthur Dillon, député de la Martinique à l'Assemblée, mars, 1791
Société des Amis des Noirs (France). Réflexions sur le Code Noir, et dénonciation d'un crime affreux commis à Saint-Domingue, Paris. Imprimerie du Patriote françois, 1790
La Société des Amis des Noirs : quels regards sur les Africains ?, Manioc video, 2013
Groups of the French Revolution
1788 in France
1789 events of the French Revolution
1790 events of the French Revolution
1791 events of the French Revolution
1792 events of the French Revolution
1793 events of the French Revolution
Abolitionist organizations
Political organizations based in France
Organizations established in 1788
1793 disestablishments
Abolitionism in France
1788 establishments in France
Causes of the French Revolution |
4144156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20golf | History of golf | The origins of golf are unclear and much debated. However, it is generally accepted that modern golf developed in Scotland from the Middle Ages onwards. The game did not find international popularity until the late 19th century, when it spread into the rest of the United Kingdom and then to the British Empire and the United States.
Origins
Netherlandish precursors
A golf-like game is, apocryphally, recorded as taking place on February 26, 1297, in Loenen aan de Vecht, where the Dutch played a game with a stick and leather ball. The winner was whoever hit the ball with the fewest strokes into a target several hundred yards away. Some scholars argue that this game of putting a small ball in a hole in the ground using golf clubs was also played in 17th-century Netherlands and that this predates the game in Scotland.
There are also other reports of earlier accounts of a golf-like game from continental Europe.
In the 1261, Middle Dutch manuscript of the Flemish poet Jacob van Maerlant's Boeck Merlijn mention is made of a ball game "mit ener coluen" (with a colf/kolf [club]). This is the earliest known mention in the Dutch language of the game of colf/kolf as played in the Low Countries.
In 1360, the council of Brussels banned the game of colf: "wie metlven tsolt es om twintich scell' oft op hare overste cleet" (he who plays at colf pays a fine of 20 shillings or his overcoat will be confiscated).
In 1387, the regent of the county of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut, Albrecht of Bavaria, sealed a charter for the city of Brielle, in which it was forbidden to play any game for money. One of the exceptions to this ordinance was "den bal mitter colven te slaen buten der veste" (to play the ball with a club outside the town walls). Two years later, in 1389, the regent Albrecht offered the citizens of Haarlem a field called "De Baen" (the course) to be used exclusively for playing games – especially colf – because these were too dangerous within the city walls.
A game similar to modern day golf features in a book of hours from 1540, which has, on the basis of this association, acquired the name of the Golf Book. It was illustrated by a Flemish artist called Simon Bening.
In 1571, the book, "Biblia dat is, de gantsche Heylighe Schrift, grondelic ende trouwclick verduydtschet", describes the game of "Kolf" played with a "bat" and "sach".
In 1597, the crew of Willem Barentsz played "colf" during their stay at Nova Zembla, as recorded by Gerrit de Veer in his diary:
In December 1650, the settlers of Fort Orange (near present-day Albany, New York) played the first recorded round of kolf (golf) in America. The Dutch settlers played kolf year round. During the spring, summer and fall it was played in fields. In the winter it was played on ice with the same rules. Then on December 10, 1659, the ruler passed an ordinance against playing golf in the streets of the same city.
Early golf in Scotland
The modern game of golf is generally considered to be a Scottish invention. A spokesman for The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, one of the oldest Scottish golf organisations, said "Stick and ball games have been around for many centuries, but golf as we know it today, played over 18 holes, clearly originated in Scotland." The word golf, or in Scots gowf [gʌuf], is usually thought to be a Scots alteration of Dutch "colf" or "colve" meaning "stick, "club", "bat", itself related to the Proto-Germanic language *kulth- as found in Old Norse kolfr meaning "bell clapper", and the German Kolben meaning "mace or club". The Dutch term Kolven refers to a related sport where the lowest number of strokes needed to hit a ball with a mallet into a hole determines the winner; according to the "Le grand dictionnaire françois-flamen" printed 1643 is stated the Dutch term to Flemish: "Kolf, zest Kolve; Kolfdrager, Sergeant; Kolf, Kolp, Goulfe."
The first documented mention of golf in Scotland appears in a 1457 Act of the Scottish Parliament, an edict issued by King James II of Scotland prohibiting the playing of the games of gowf and futball as these were a distraction from archery practice for military purposes. Bans were again imposed in Acts of 1471 and 1491, with golf being described as "an unprofitable sport". Golf was banned again by parliament under King James IV of Scotland, but golf clubs and balls were bought for him in 1502 when he was visiting Perth, and on subsequent occasions when he was in St Andrews and Edinburgh.
Mary, Queen of Scots played, and she was accused of playing "pell-mell and golf" at Seton Palace after her husband Lord Darnley was murdered in 1567, when she ought to have been in solemn mourning. George Buchanan wrote that she had been following her "usual amusements in the adjoining fields that were plainly not adapted to women".
An entry in the Town Council Minutes of Edinburgh for 19 April 1592 includes golf in a list of pursuits to be avoided on the Sabbath. On 13 February 1593 the Duke of Lennox and Sir James Sandilands decided to go down to Leith to play golf. On the way they met members of the Graham family who were feuding with Sandilands, and fought with pistols instead.
The account book of lawyer Sir John Foulis of Ravelston records that he played golf at Musselburgh Links on 2 March 1672, and this has been accepted as proving that The Old Links, Musselburgh, is the oldest playing golf course in the world. There is also a story that Mary, Queen of Scots played there in 1567.
James VII of Scotland, while still Duke of Albany, was said to have played the first international golf contest in 1681 when he participated in a game against two English courtiers as part of a bet over rights to claim the game for Scotland or England. His teammate was said to be one John Paterson, who received as payment, enough money to build a mansion on the area of Edinburgh now known as Golfers Land.
Instructions, golf club rules and competitions
The earliest known instructions for playing golf have been found in the diary of Thomas Kincaid, a medical student who played on the course at Bruntsfield Links, near Edinburgh University, and at Leith Links. His notes include his views on an early handicap system. In his entry for 20 January 1687 he noted how "After dinner I went out to the Golve", and described his Golf stroke:
The oldest surviving rules of golf were written in 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, later renamed The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, which played at Leith Links. Their "Articles and Laws in Playing at Golf, now preserved in the National Library of Scotland, became known as the Leith Rules and the document supports the club's claim to be the oldest golf club, though an almanac published about a century later is the first record of a rival claim that The Royal Burgess Golfing Society had been set up in 1735. The instructions in the Leith Rules formed the basis for all subsequent codes, for example requiring that "Your Tee must be upon the ground" and "You are not to change the Ball which you strike off the Tee".
The 1744 competition for the Gentlemen Golfers' Competition for the Silver Club, a trophy in the form of a silver golf club provided as sponsorship by Edinburgh Town Council, was won by surgeon John Rattray, who was required to attach to the trophy a silver ball engraved with his name, beginning a long tradition. Rattray joined the Jacobite Rising of 1745 and as a result was imprisoned in Inverness, but was saved from being hanged by the pleading of his fellow golfer Duncan Forbes of Culloden, Lord President of the Court of Session. Rattray was released in 1747, and won the Silver Club three times in total.
Spread
Early excursions
In 1603, James VI of Scotland succeeded to the throne of England. His son, the Prince of Wales and his courtiers played golf at Blackheath, London, from which the Royal Blackheath Golf Club traces its origins. There is evidence that Scottish soldiers, expatriates and immigrants took the game to British colonies and elsewhere during the 18th and early 19th centuries. In the early 1770s, the first golf course in Africa was built on Bunce Island in Sierra Leone by British slave traders. The Royal Calcutta Golf Club (1829), the Mauritius Gymkhana Club (1844) and the club at Pau (1856) in south western France are notable reminders of these excursions and are the oldest golf clubs outside of the British Isles. The Pau Golf Club is the oldest in continental Europe. However, it was not until the late 19th century that Golf became more widely popular outside of its Scottish home.
The late 19th-century boom
In the 1850s, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert built Balmoral Castle in the Scottish Highlands.
The railways came to St Andrews in 1852. By the 1860s, there were fast and regular services from London to Edinburgh. The royal enthusiasm for Scotland, the much improved transport links and the writings of Sir Walter Scott caused a boom for tourism in Scotland and a wider interest in Scottish history and culture outside of the country. This period also coincided with the development of the Gutty; a golf ball made of Gutta Percha which was cheaper to mass-produce, more durable and more consistent in quality and performance than the feather-filled leather balls used previously. Golf began to spread across the rest of the British Isles. In 1864, the golf course at the resort of Westward Ho! became the first new club in England since Blackheath, and the following year London Scottish Golf Club was founded on Wimbledon Common. In 1880 England had 12 courses, rising to 50 in 1887 and over 1000 by 1914. The game in England had progressed sufficiently by 1890 to produce its first English-born Open Champion, John Ball. The game also spread further across the empire. By the 1880s, golf clubs had been established in Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa. Singapore followed in 1891. Courses were also established in several continental European resorts for the benefit of British visitors.
United States
17th-century America: In December 1650, near Fort Orange (modern city of Albany, New York), a group of four men were playing Kolf in pairs for points. On July 22, 1657, several men were cited and warned not to play Kolf on Sundays. On December 10, 1659, an ordinance was issued to prevent playing Kolf in the streets of Albany due to too many windows being broken.
Evidence of early golf in what is now the United States includes a 1739 record for a shipment of golf equipment to a William Wallace in Charleston, South Carolina, an advertisement published in the Royal Gazette of New York City in 1779 for golf clubs and balls, and the establishment of the South Carolina Golf Club in 1787 in Charleston. However, as in England, it was not until the late 19th century that golf started to become firmly established.
Several clubs established in the 1880s can make claim to be the oldest extant in the country, but what is not disputed is that as a result of two competing "National Amateur Championships" being played in 1894, delegates from the Newport Country Club, Bob Bobbin's Golf Club, Yonkers, New York, The Country Club, Chicago Golf Club, and Shinnecock Hills Golf Club met in New York City what was to become the United States Golf Association (USGA). By 1910 there were 267 clubs.
During the Roaring Twenties the game expanded greatly in popularity and by 1932 there were over 1,100 golf clubs affiliated to the USGA. In 1922, Walter Hagen became the first native born American to win the British Open Championship. The expansion of the game was halted by the Great Depression and World War II, but continued in the post war years. By 1980 there were over 5,908 USGA affiliated clubs. That figure grew to over 10,600 by 2013. Starting in the 1920s, and growing through the 1990s, many residential golf course communities have been built.
Japan
After the Meiji restoration of 1868 Japan made a concerted effort to modernise its economy and industry on western lines. Japanese came to Europe and America to establish trade links and study and acquire the latest developments in business, science and technology, and westerners came to Japan to help establish schools, factories, shipyards and banks.
In 1903 a group of British expatriates established the first golf club in Japan, at Kobe. In 1913 the Tokyo Golf club at Komazawa was established for and by native Japanese who had encountered golf in the United States, but it was moved to Asaka in Saitama prefecture in 1932. In 1921, Japan established the first golf course in Korea at Hyochang Park, which then contained the tombs of Korean royalty. The game was played around the tombs. In 1924 the Japan Golf Association was established by the seven clubs then in existence. During the 1920s and early 1930s several new courses were built, however the Great Depression and increasing anti-Western sentiment limited the growth of the game. By the time of the Japanese attacks against the USA and British Empire in 1941 there were 23 courses. During the subsequent war most of the courses were requisitioned for military use or returned to agricultural production.
In the postwar period, Japan's golf courses came under the control of the occupying forces. It was not until 1952 that courses started to be returned to Japanese control. By 1956 there were 72 courses and in 1957 Torakichi Nakamura and Koichi Ono won the Canada Cup (now World Cup) in Japan, an event that is often cited as igniting the post-war golf boom. Between 1960 and 1964 the number of golf courses in Japan increased from 195 to 424. By the early 1970s there were over 1,000 courses. The 1987 Resort Law that reduced protection on agricultural land and forest preserves created a further boom in course construction and by 2009 there were over 2,400 courses. The popularity of golf in Japan also caused many golf resorts to be created across the Pacific Rim. The environmental effect of these recent golf booms is seen as a cause for concern by many.
Tibet
Hugh Edward Richardson introduced golf to Tibet, although he noted that the ball "tended to travel 'rather too far in the thin air'."
Golf course evolution
Golf courses have not always had eighteen holes. The St Andrews Links occupy a narrow strip of land along the sea. As early as the 15th century, golfers at St Andrews established a trench through the undulating terrain, playing to holes whose locations were dictated by topography. The course that emerged featured eleven holes, laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property. One played the holes out, turned around, and played the holes in, for a total of 22 holes. In 1764, several of the holes were deemed too short, and were therefore combined. The number of holes was thereby reduced from 11 to 9, so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes. Due to the status of St Andrews as the golfing capital, all other courses followed suit and the 18-hole course remains the standard to the present day.
Equipment development
The evolution of golf can be explained by the development of the equipment used to play the game. Some of the most notable advancements in the game of golf have come from the development of the golf ball. The golf ball took on many different forms before the 1930s when the United States Golf Association (USGA) set standards for weight and size. These standards were later followed by a USGA regulation stating that the initial velocity of any golf ball cannot exceed . Since this time, the golf ball has continued to develop and impact the way the game is played.
Another notable factor in the evolution of golf has been the development of golf clubs. The earliest golf clubs were made of wood that was readily available in the area. Over the years, hickory developed into the standard wood used for shafts and American persimmon became the choice of wood for the club head due to its hardness and strength. As the golf ball developed and became more durable with the introduction of the "gutty" around 1850, the club head was also allowed to develop, and a variety of iron headed clubs entered the game. The introduction of steel shafts began in the late 1890s, but their adoption by the governing bodies of golf was slow. In the early 1970s, shaft technology shifted again with the use of graphite for its lightweight and strength characteristics. The first metal "wood" was developed in the early 1980s, and metal eventually completely replaced wood due to its strength and versatility. The latest golf club technology employs the use of graphite shafts and lightweight titanium heads, which allows the club head to be made much larger than previously possible. The strength of these modern materials also allows the face of the club to be much thinner, which increases the spring-like effect of the club face on the ball, theoretically increasing the distance the ball travels. In 2003 the USGA and R&A began limiting the spring-like effect, also known as the coefficient of restitution (COR) to 0.83 and the maximum club head size to in an attempt to maintain the challenge of the game.
Etymology
The word golf was first mentioned in writing in 1457 on a Scottish statute on forbidden games as gouf, possibly derived from the Scots word goulf (variously spelled) meaning "to strike or cuff". This word may, in turn, be derived from the Dutch word kolf, meaning "bat" or "club", and the Dutch sport of the same name.
The Dutch term Kolf and the Flemish term Kolven refers to a related sport where the lowest number of strokes needed to hit a ball with a mallet into a hole determines the winner; according to the "Le grand dictionnaire ftançois-flamen printed 1643 is stated the Dutch term to Flemish: "Kolf, zest Kolve; Kolfdrager, Sergeant; Kolf, Kolp, Goulfe."
There is a persistent urban legend claiming that the term derives from an acronym "Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden". This is a false etymology, as acronyms being used as words is a fairly modern phenomenon, making the expression a backronym.
J. R. R. Tolkien, a professional philologist, nodded to the derivation from the Dutch word for club in his 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit. There he mentions (tongue-in-cheek) that the game of golf was invented when a club-wielding hobbit knocked the head off a goblin named Golfimbul, and the head sailed through the air and landed in a rabbit hole.
Museums
The history of golf is preserved and represented at several golf museums around the world, notably the R&A World Golf Museum in the town of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland, which is the home of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, and the United States Golf Association Museum, located alongside the United States Golf Association headquarters in Far Hills, New Jersey.
The World Golf Hall of Fame in St. Augustine, Florida, also presents a history of the sport, as does the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame in Oakville, Ontario, and the American Golf Hall of Fame in Foxburg, Pennsylvania, at the Foxburg Country Club.
Museums for individual players include the Jack Nicklaus Museum in Columbus, Ohio, and rooms in the USGA Museum for Bobby Jones, Arnold Palmer, and Ben Hogan.
See also
Timeline of golf history (1353–1850)
Timeline of golf history (1851–1945)
Timeline of golf history (1945–1999)
Timeline of golf (2000–present)
R&A World Golf Museum
References |
4144550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic%20Satanism | Theistic Satanism | Theistic Satanism, otherwise referred to as religious Satanism, spiritual Satanism, or traditional Satanism, is an umbrella term for religious groups that consider Satan, the Devil, to objectively exist as a deity, supernatural entity, or spiritual being worthy of worship or reverence, whom individuals may contact and convene with, in contrast to the atheistic archetype, metaphor, or symbol found in LaVeyan Satanism. Organizations who uphold theistic Satanist beliefs most often have few adherents, are loosely affiliated or constitute themselves as independent groups and cabals, which have largely self-marginalized. Another prominent characteristic of theistic Satanism is the use of various types of magic. Most theistic Satanist groups exist in relatively new models and ideologies, many of which are independent of the Abrahamic religions.
Overview
Since the first half of the 1990s, the internet has increased the visibility, communication, and spread of different currents and beliefs among Satanists and has led to more conflicting and diverse groups, but Satanism has always been a heterogeneous, pluralistic, decentralized religious movement and "cultic milieu". Religion academics, scholars of new religious movements, and sociologists of religion focused on Satanism have sought to study it by categorizing its currents according to whether they are esoteric/theistic or rationalist/atheistic, and they referred to the practice of working with a literal Satan as theistic or "traditional" Satanism. It is generally a prerequisite to being considered a theistic Satanist that the believer accepts a theological and metaphysical canon which involves one or more gods that are either considered to be Satan in the strictest, Abrahamic sense (the Judeo-Christian-Islamic conception of the Devil), or a conception of Satan that incorporates "adversarial" gods from other religions (usually pre-Christian polytheistic religions), such as Ahriman or Enki. Despite the number of self-professed theistic Satanists constantly increasing since the 1990s, they are considered by most scholars of religion to be a minority group within Satanism.
Many theistic Satanists believe that their own individualized concepts are based on pieces of all of these diverse conceptions of Satan, according to their inclinations and sources of spiritual guidance, rather than only believing in one suggested interpretation. Some may choose to live out the myths and stereotypes, but Christianity is not always the primary frame of reference for theistic Satanists. Their religion may be based on Gnosticism, Hermeticism, Neo-Paganism, left-hand path, black magic, ceremonial magic, Crowleyan magick, Western esotericism, and occult traditions. Theistic Satanists who base their faith on Christian ideas about Satan are referred to as Diabolists, although they are also referred to as "reverse Christians" by other Satanists, often in a pejorative fashion. However, those labelled by some as "reverse Christians" may see their concept of Satan as undiluted or unsanitized. They worship a stricter interpretation of Satan: that of the Satan featured in the Christian Bible. Peter H. Gilmore, current leader of the atheistic Church of Satan, considers "Devil-worship" to be a Christian heresy, that is, a divergent form of Christianity. The diversity of individual beliefs within theistic Satanism, while being a cause for intense debates within the religion, is also often seen as a reflection of Satan, who encourages individualism. A survey found most self-identified Satanists were located in the United States and Denmark.
Recent and contemporary theistic Satanism
Currents
The diversity of beliefs amongst Satanists, and the theistic nature of some Satanists, was seen in a survey in 1995. Some spoke of seeing Satan not as someone dangerous to those who seek or worship him, but as someone that could be approached as a friend. Some refer to him as Father, though some other theistic Satanists consider that to be confused or excessively subservient. Satan is also portrayed as a father to his daughter, Sin, by the 17th-century English poet John Milton in Paradise Lost.
Our Lady of Endor Coven
The first recognized esoteric, non-LaVeyan Satanist organization was the Ophite Cultus Satanas, which claimed to have been founded in 1948 by Herbert Arthur Sloane and therefore to allegedly precede the foundation of Anton LaVey's Church of Satan. Their doctrine relies on a Gnostic conception of Satan as the liberating serpent and bestower of knowledge to humankind opposed to the malevolent demiurge or creator god, mainly inspired by the Gnostic dualistic cosmology of the Ophites, Hans Jonas' study on the history of Gnosticism, and the writings of Margaret Murray on the witch-cult hypothesis. "Our Lady of Endor" seems to have been the only existing coven of this Satanist organization, which was disbanded shortly after the death of its founder during the 1980s.
Temple of Set and Setianism
Some scholars equate the veneration of the Egyptian god Set by the Temple of Set to theistic Satanism. However, other scholars do not consider them as theistic Satanists, and the affiliates to the Temple of Set themselves do not identify as such. The doctrine of the Temple of Set, an occult initiatory order founded in 1975 by Michael Aquino as a splinter group from LaVey's Church of Satan, heavily relies on the writings of Aleister Crowley with elements borrowed from ceremonial magic, the left-hand path, Western esotericism, and mysticism. They believe that the Egyptian deity Set is the real Prince of Darkness behind the name "Satan", of whom the Judeo-Christian-Islamic conception of the Devil is just a caricature. Their practices primarily center on self-development. Within the Temple of Set, the Black Flame of Set is the individual's god-like core which is a kindred spirit to Set, and which they seek to develop. In theistic Satanism, the Black Flame is knowledge which was given to humanity by Satan, who is a being independent of the Satanist himself, and which he can dispense to the Satanist who seeks knowledge. Religion scholar Kennet Granholm regards the Temple of Set as an occult organization that should not be labelled "Satanist" anymore, since it has cut all ties with the Satanic milieu and today entirely belongs to the left-hand path tradition.
First Church of Satan
The First Church of Satan (FCoS), another splinter group that separated from LaVey's Church of Satan during the 1970s, attempts to rediscover the teachings of Aleister Crowley and believe that Anton LaVey actually was a magus in the early days of the Church of Satan but gradually renounced his powers, became isolated and embittered. Furthermore, the First Church of Satan strongly criticizes the current Church of Satan as a pale shadow of its former self, and they strive to "maintain a Satanic organization that is not hostile or manipulative toward its own members".
Order of Nine Angles
The Order of Nine Angles (ONA) originally was a Wiccan organization founded during the 1960s, and became a theistic Satanist organization once the leadership was taken over in 1974 by David Myatt (previously known under the pseudonym of Anton Long), a former bodyguard and supporter of the British Neo-Nazi leader Colin Jordan. In 1998, Myatt converted to radical Islam while continuing to lead the Order of Nine Angles; later on, he repudiated the Islamic religion in 2010 and publicly declared to have renounced all forms of extremism. The Order of Nine Angles identify as theistic Satanists and affirm to practice "traditional Satanism". However, the doctrine of the Order of Nine Angles is complex and multifaceted. Sociologist of religion Massimo Introvigne defined it as "a synthesis of three different currents: hermetic, pagan, and Satanist", whereas the medievalist and professor of Religious studies Connell Monette dismissed the Satanic features of the ONA as "cosmetic" and contended that "its core mythos and cosmology are genuinely hermetic". According to the scholar of Western esotericism Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, "the ONA celebrated the dark, destructive side of life through anti-Christian, elitist, and Social Darwinist doctrines", together with the organization's implicit ties to Neo-Nazism and the appraisal of National Socialism. The Order of Nine Angles believe that the seven planets and their satellites are connected to the "Dark Gods", while Satan is considered to be one of two "actual entities", the other one being Baphomet, with the former conceived as male and the latter as female. The organization became controversial and was mentioned in the press and books because of their promotion of human sacrifice. Since the 2010s, the political ideology and religious worldview of the Order of Nine Angles have increasingly influenced militant neo-fascist and Neo-Nazi insurgent groups associated with right-wing extremist and White supremacist international networks, most notably the Iron March forum.
Michael W. Ford
In Luciferianism, Michael W. Ford, author and black metal musician, abandoned the Order of Nine Angles in 1998, criticizing it for its Neo-Nazi ideology, and founded his own autonomous Satanist organizations in the same year: the Order of Phosphorus and the Black Order of the Dragon; in the following years, he founded the Church of Adversarial Light in 2007, and the Greater Church of Lucifer (GCOL) in 2013. In 2015, Ford announced that the Order of Phosphorus would be integrated into the Greater Church of Lucifer, which welcomes both theistic and rationalistic Satanists, as well as Neo-Pagans and various followers of diverse occult spiritualities. Ford presents both a theistic and atheistic approach to Luciferianism, and his ideas are enunciated in a wide compendium of publications, although they are difficult to situate into a single, cohesive belief system; the Wisdom of Eosphoros (2015) is considered the Greater Church of Lucifer's official statement and the core of its Luciferian philosophy. Theistic Luciferianism is considered an individualistic, personal spirituality which is established via initiation and validation of the Adversarial philosophy. Luciferians, if theistic, do not accept the submission of 'worship' yet rather a unique and subjective type of Apotheosis via the energies of perceived deities, spirits and demons.
Joy of Satan
Joy of Satan Ministries (JoS), a website founded in the early 2000s by Maxine Dietrich (pseudonym of Andrea Herrington), wife of the American National Socialist Movement's co-founder and former leader Clifford Herrington, combines theistic Satanism with Neo-Nazism, racial anti-Semitism, anti-Judaic, anti-Christian sentiment and Gnostic Paganism, as well as Nordic aliens, UFO conspiracy theories and anti-Semitic conspiracy theories. Joy of Satan advocates "spiritual Satanism" and believes Satan to be a sentient and powerful extraterrestrial being, although not a supernatural god. The Satanic practices promoted by Joy of Satan involve meditation, telepathic contacts with demons, rituals, and sex magic. In 2004, following the exposure of Andrea Herrington among Joy of Satan's members as the wife of Neo-Nazi leader Clifford Herrington and her ties with the National Socialist Movement, many adherents abandoned Joy of Satan and formed their own autonomous Satanist or Neo-Pagan organizations, such as the House of Enlightenment, Enki's Black Temple, the Siaion, the Knowledge of Satan Group, and the Temple of The Ancients. According to Introvigne (2016), "most are by now defunct, while Joy of Satan continues its existence, although with a reduced number of members". In July 2006, after the exposure of Herrington's wife's Satanic website within the National Socialist Movement, Andrea and Clifford Herrington were both kicked out of the National Socialist Movement; following the Herrington scandal, Bill White, the then-National Socialist Movement's spokesman, also quit alongside many others. According to Introvigne (2016), "its ideas on extraterrestrials, meditation, and telepathic contacts with demons became, however, popular in a larger milieu of non-LaVeyan "spiritual" or "theistic" Satanism". According to the scholar of Religious studies and researcher of New religious movements Jesper Aagaard Petersen's survey on the Satanic milieu'''s proliferation on the internet (2014), "the only sites with some popularity are the Church of Satan and (somewhat paradoxically) Joy of Satan's page base on the angelfire network, and they are still very far from Scientology or YouTube. Most of these sites are decidedly fringe."
Satanic Reds
A group with a totally different ideology to the previous ones is the Satanic Reds, an occult organization with a Marxist-Communist political orientation founded by Tani Jantsang in 1997. Their doctrine is largely based on the writings of H. P. Lovecraft mixed with elements of Central Asian folklore and the advocacy of social welfare; the group became notable mainly for their online activism and usage of communist symbols merged with Satanist ones. However, the Satanic Reds claim to belong to the left-hand path but do not identify as theistic Satanists in the manner of believing in Satan as a god with a personality, since they conceive it as Sat and Tan, "Being and Becoming", similarly to the fictional deity of chaos Nyarlathotep from Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. The religious practices of the Satanic Reds comprise occult rituals and a form of baptism, and the organization advocates a "renewed New Deal", a moderate social program of reforms inspired by Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Misanthropic Luciferian Order
One other group is the Temple of the Black Light, formerly known as the Misanthropic Luciferian Order prior to 2007. The group espouses a philosophy known as "Chaosophy". Chaosophy asserts that the world that mankind lives in, and the universe that it lives in, all exist within the realm known as Cosmos. Cosmos is made of three spatial dimensions and one linear time dimension. Cosmos rarely ever changes and is a materialistic realm. Another realm that exists is known as Chaos. Chaos exists outside of the Cosmos and is made of infinite dimensions and unlike the Cosmos, it is always changing. Members of the TotBL believe that the realm of Chaos is ruled over by 11 dark gods, the highest of them being Satan, and all of said gods are considered manifestations of a higher being. This higher being is known as Azerate, the Dragon Mother, and is all of the 11 gods united as one. The TotBL believes that Azerate will resurrect one day and destroy the Cosmos and let Chaos consume everything. The group has been connected to the Swedish black/death metal band Dissection, particularly its front man Jon Nödtveidt. Nödtveidt was introduced to the group "at an early stage". The lyrics on the band's third album, Reinkaos, are all about beliefs of the Temple of the Black Light. Nödtveidt committed suicide in 2006.
Other groups and currents
Some groups are mistaken by scholars for theistic Satanists, such as the First Church of Satan. However, the founder of the FCoS, John Allee, considers what he calls "devil-worship" to often be a symptom of psychosis. Other groups such as the 600 Club, are accepting of all types of Satanists, as are the Synagogue of Satan, which aims for the ultimate destruction of religions, paradoxically including itself, and encourages not self-indulgence, but self-expression balanced by social responsibility.
Relation to other theologies
Theistic Luciferian groups are particularly inspired by Lucifer (from the Latin for ‘bearer of light’), who they may or may not equate with Satan. While some theologians believe the Son of the Dawn, Lucifer, and other names were actually used to refer to contemporary political figures, such as a Babylonian King, rather than a single spiritual entity (although on the surface the Bible explicitly refers to the King of Tyrus), those that believe it refers to Satan infer that by implication it also applies to the fall of Satan. Satan is also identified by the Joy of Satan with the Sumerian god Enki and the Yazidi angel Melek Taus; however, Introvigne (2016) himself remarks that their theistic Satanist interpretation of Enki derives from the writings of Zecharia Sitchin while the one about Melek Taus partially derives from the writings of Anton LaVey.
Values in theistic Satanism
Seeking knowledge is seen by some theistic Satanists as being important to Satan, due to Satan being equated with the serpent in Genesis, which encouraged humans to partake of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. Some perceive Satan as Éliphas Lévi's conception of Baphomet – a half-human and half-animal hermaphroditic bestower of knowledge (gnosis). Some Satanic groups, such as Luciferians, also seek to gain greater gnosis. Some of such Satanists, such as the former Ophite Cultus Satanas, equate Yahweh with the demiurge of Gnosticism, and Satan with the transcendent being beyond.
Self-development is important to theistic Satanists. This is due to the Satanists' idea of Satan, who is seen to encourage individuality and freedom of thought, and the quest to raise one's self up despite resistance, through means such as magic and initiative. They believe Satan wants a more equal relationship with his followers than the Abrahamic god does with his. From a theistic Satanist perspective, the Abrahamic religions (chiefly Christianity) do not define "good" or "evil" in terms of benefit or harm to humanity, but rather on the submission to or rebellion against God. Some Satanists seek to remove any means by which they are controlled or repressed by others and forced to follow the herd, and reject non-governmental authoritarianism.
As Satan in the Old Testament tests people, theistic Satanists may believe that Satan sends them tests in life to develop them as individuals. They value taking responsibility for oneself. Despite the emphasis on self-development, some theistic Satanists believe that there is a will of Satan for the world and for their own lives. They may promise to help bring about the will of Satan, and seek to gain insight about it through prayer, study, or magic. In the Bible, a being called "the god of this world" is mentioned in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians , which Christians typically equate with Satan. Some Satanists therefore think that Satan can help them meet their worldly needs and desires if they pray or work magic. They would also have to do what they could in everyday life to achieve their goals, however.
Theistic Satanists may try not to project an image that reflects negatively on their religion as a whole and reinforces stereotypes, such as promoting Nazism, abuse, or crime. However, some groups, such as the Order of Nine Angles, criticize the emphasis on promoting a good image for Satanism; the ONA described LaVeyan Satanism as "weak, deluded and American form of 'sham-Satanic groups, the poseurs'", and ONA member Stephen Brown claimed that "the Temple of Set seems intent only on creating a 'good public impression', with promoting an 'image'". The order emphasises that its way "is and is meant to be dangerous" and "[g]enuine Satanists are dangerous people to know; associating with them is a risk". Similarly, the Temple of the Black Light has criticized the Church of Satan, and has stated that the Temple of Set is "trying to make Setianism and the ruler of darkness, Set, into something accepted and harmless, this way attempting to become a 'big' religion, accepted and acknowledged by the rest of the Judaeo-Christian society". The TotBL rejects Christianity, Judaism, and Islam as "the opposite of everything that strengthens the spirit, and is only good for killing what little that is beautiful, noble, and honorable in this filthy world".
There is argument among Satanists over animal sacrifice, with most groups seeing it as both unnecessary and putting Satanism in a bad light, and distancing themselves from the few groups that practice it, such as the Temple of the Black Light.
Theistic Satanism often involves a religious commitment, rather than being simply an occult practice based on dabbling or transient enjoyment of the rituals and magic involved. Practitioners may choose to perform a self-dedication rite, although there are arguments over whether it is best to do this at the beginning of their time as a theistic Satanist, or once they have been practicing for some time.
Historical mentions of Satanism
The age of accusations
In the history of Christianity, the worship of Satan was a frequent accusation used since the Middle Ages. The first ones formally accused to be Devil-worshippers were the Albigensians, a Gnostic Christian movement considered to be heretical and persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church; the charge was formulated during the Catholic Inquisition by the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), convoked by Pope Innocent III. The charge of Devil-worship has also been made against groups or individuals regarded with suspicion, such as the Knights Templar or minority religions. In the case of the trials of the Knights Templar (1307), the Templars' writings mentioned the term Baphomet, which was an Old French corruption of the name "Mahomet" (the prophet of the people who the Templars fought against), and that Baphomet was falsely portrayed as a demon by the people who accused the Templars. During the Reformation Era, Counter-Reformation, and European wars of religion, the charge of Devil-worship was used against people charged in the witch trials in early modern Europe and other witch-hunts. The most notorious cases were those of two German Inquisitors and Dominican priests under the patronage of Pope Innocent VIII: Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, authors of the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), in the Holy Roman Empire, along with the Salem witch trials that occurred during the 17th-century Puritan colonization of North America.
It is not known to what extent accusations of groups worshiping Satan in the time of the witch trials identified people who did consider themselves Satanists, rather than being the result of religious superstition or mass hysteria, or charges made against individuals suffering from mental illness. Confessions are unreliable, particularly as they were usually obtained under torture. However, scholar Jeffrey Burton Russell, Professor Emeritus of the University of California at Santa Barbara, has made extensive arguments in his book Witchcraft in the Middle Ages that not all witch trial records can be dismissed and that there is in fact evidence linking witchcraft to Gnostic Christian heretical movements, particularly the antinomian sects. Russell comes to this conclusion after having studied the source documents themselves. Individuals involved in the Affair of the Poisons were accused of Satanism and witchcraft.
Historically, Satanist was a pejorative term for those with opinions that differed from predominant religious or moral beliefs. Paul Tuitean believes the idea of acts of "reverse Christianity" was created by the Inquisition, but George Bataille believes that inversions of Christian rituals such as the Mass may have existed prior to the descriptions of them which were obtained through the witchcraft trials.
Grimoire Satanism
In the 1700s, various kinds of popular "Satanic" literature began to be produced in France, including some well-known grimoires with instructions for making a pact with the Devil. Most notable are the Grimorium Verum and The Grand Grimoire. The Marquis de Sade describes defiling crucifixes and other holy objects, and in his novel Justine he gives a fictional account of the Black Mass, although Ronald Hayman has said Sade's need for blasphemy was an emotional reaction and rebellion from which Sade
moved on, seeking to develop a more reasoned atheistic philosophy.
In the 19th century, Éliphas Lévi published his French books of the occult, and in 1855 produced his well-known drawing of the Baphomet which continues to be used by some Satanists today. That Baphomet drawing is the basis of the sigil of Baphomet, which was first adopted by the non-theistic Satanist group called the Church of Satan.
Finally, in 1891, Joris-Karl Huysmans published his Satanic novel, Là-bas, which included a detailed description of a Black Mass which he may have known firsthand was being performed in Paris at the time, or the account may have been based on the masses carried out by Étienne Guibourg, rather than by Huysmans attending himself. Quotations from Huysmans' Black Mass are also used in some Satanic rituals to this day, since it is one of the few sources that purports to describe the words used in a Black Mass. The type of Satanism described in Là-bas suggests that prayers are said to the Devil, hosts are stolen from the Catholic Church, and sexual acts are combined with Roman Catholic altar objects and rituals, to produce a variety of Satanism which exalts Satan and degrades the god of Christianity by inverting Roman Catholic rites. George Bataille claims that Huysman's description of the Black Mass is "indisputably authentic". Not all theistic Satanists today routinely perform the Black Mass, possibly because the Mass is not a part of modern evangelical Christianity in Protestant-majority countries, and so not such an unintentional influence on Satanist practices in those countries.
Organized Satanism
The earliest verifiable theistic Satanist group was a small group called the Ophite Cultus Satanas, which was created in Ohio in 1948. The Ophite Cultus Satanas was inspired by the ancient Ophite sect of Gnosticism, and the Horned God of Wicca. The group was dependent upon its founder and leader, and therefore dissolved after his death in 1975.
Michael Aquino published a rare 1970 text of a Church of Satan Black Mass, the Missa Solemnis, in his book The Church of Satan, and Anton LaVey included a different Church of Satan Black Mass, the Messe Noire, in his 1972 book The Satanic Rituals. LaVey's books on Satanism, which began in the 1960s, were for a long time the few available which advertised themselves as being Satanic, although others detailed the history of witchcraft and Satanism, such as The Black Arts by Richard Cavendish published in 1967 and the classic French work Satanism and Witchcraft, by Jules Michelet. Anton LaVey specifically denounced "devil-worshippers" and the idea of praying to Satan.
Although non-theistic LaVeyan Satanism had been popular since the publication of The Satanic Bible in 1969, theistic Satanism did not start to gain any popularity until the emergence of the Order of Nine Angles in western England, and its publication of The Black Book of Satan in 1984. The next theistic Satanist group to be created was the Misanthropic Luciferian Order, which was created in Sweden in 1995. The MLO incorporated elements from the Order of Nine Angles, the Illuminates of Thanateros, and Qliphothic Qabalah.
The Dakhma of Angra Mainyu (Church of Ahriman), founded in 2012, is a theistic Satanist organization led by Adam Daniels. Its worship includes celebrations of a Black Mass that involve desecration of consecrated hosts that are used in Christian celebrations of Holy Communion. The Church of Ahriman performs rituals that involve the desecration of Christian statuary of the Virgin Mary using menstrual blood (which they refer to as "The Consumption of Mary"), as well as desecration of religious texts such as the Qur'an. The Dakhma of Angra Mainyu performs Satanic exorcisms, an inversion of Christian exorcisms.
Satan
Satan is a sinful entity depicted as the embodiment of evil in the Abrahamic religions. In Judaism, Satan is seen as an agent subservient to God, typically regarded as a metaphor for the yetzer hara, or "evil inclination." In Christianity and Islam, he is usually seen as a fallen angel or jinn who has rebelled against God, who nevertheless allows him temporary power over the fallen world and a host of demons.
Devil in Christianity
A large percentage of theistic Satanists worship Satan conceived as the Devil in the Christian religion. In Christianity, the Devil, also known as Satan or Lucifer, is the personification of evil and author of sin, who rebelled against God in an attempt to become equal to God himself. He is depicted as a fallen angel, who was expelled from Heaven at the beginning of time, before God created the material world, and is in constant opposition to God.
The Devil is described and depicted as being perfect in beauty. He was so enamored with his own beauty and self, that he became vain, and so prideful that he corrupted himself and began to desire the same honor and glory that belonged to God. Eventually he rebelled and tried to overthrow God, and as a result was cast out of heaven.
Symbolism
Since the 19th century, various small religious groups have emerged that identify as Satanists or use Satanic iconography. The Satanist groups that appeared after the 1960s are widely diverse, but two major trends are theistic Satanism and atheistic Satanism. Theistic Satanists venerate Satan as worthy of worship, viewing him not as omnipotent but rather as a patriarch. In contrast, atheistic Satanists regard Satan as a symbol of certain human traits.
As well as using Satan as a center symbol, Baphomet, a deity allegedly worshipped by the Knights Templar, also has its symbolism in Satanism. The symbolism of Satan and Baphomet being symbolised solitary has its usage from claims that Freemasonry worshipped both Satan and Baphomet, as well as Lucifer, in their rituals. In some depictions the devil is depicted, like Baphomet, as a goat, therefore the goat and goat's head are significant symbols throughout Satanism. The inverted pentagram is also a significant symbol used for Satanism, sometimes depicted with the goat's head of Baphomet within it, which originated from the Church of Satan. The pentagram is also used as the logo for The Satanic Temple, which also featured a goat's head and the head of Baphomet. In most recent and modern times the "inverted cross" is used and seen as an anti-Christian and satanic symbol, used similarly in the way of the inverted pentagram. Starting with the 1960s, several TV productions and movie franchises featured the Cross of Saint Peter as a symbol representing the Antichrist and Satan making it one of the most popular satanic symbols today.
Personal theistic Satanism
The American serial killer Richard Ramirez claimed that he was a (theistic) Satanist; during his 1980s killing spree he left an inverted pentagram at the scene of each murder and at his trial called out "Hail Satan!" Ramirez made various references to Satan during his legal proceedings; he notably drew a pentagram on his palm at his trial. Ramirez stated during his death row interview he believed in a "malevolent being" and that Satan's "description eludes" him. Ramirez also enjoyed frequently degrading and humiliating his victims, especially those who survived his attacks or whom he explicitly decided not to kill, by forcing them to profess that they loved Satan, or telling them to "swear on Satan" if there were no more valuables left in their homes he had broken into and burglarized.
Modern-day public image of Satanism and moral panics
As a moral panic between the 1980s and the 1990s in the United States and Canada, there were multiple allegations of sexual abuse and/or ritual sacrifice of children or non-consenting adults in the context of Satanic rituals in what has come to be known as the Satanic Panic.
Allegations included the existence of a worldwide Satanic conspiracy formed by large networks of organized Satanists involved in criminal activities such as murder, child pornography, sexual exploitation of children, and human trafficking for prostitution. In the United States, the Kern County child abuse cases, McMartin preschool trial, and the West Memphis cases were widely reported. One case took place in Jordan, Minnesota, in which children made allegations of the manufacture of child pornography, ritualistic animal sacrifice, coprophagia, urophagia, and infanticide, at which point the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was alerted. Twenty-four adults were arrested and charged with acts of sexual abuse, child pornography, and other crimes claimed to be related to Satanic ritual abuse; three went to trial, two were acquitted, and one was convicted. Supreme Court Justice Scalia noted in a discussion of the case that "[t]here is no doubt that some sexual abuse took place in Jordan; but there is no reason to believe it was as widespread as charged", and cited the repeated, coercive techniques used by the investigators as damaging to the investigation.
These notorious cases were launched after children were repeatedly and coercively interrogated by social workers, resulting in false allegations of child sexual abuse. No evidence was ever found to support any of the allegations of an organized Satanist conspiracy or Satanic ritual abuses, but in some cases the Satanic Panic resulted in wrongful prosecutions.
See also
Azazel
Chaos magic
Contemporary Religious Satanism
Aleister Crowley
Deal with the Devil
Demonology
Discordianism
Dystheism
Dualistic cosmology
Folk religion
Freemasonry
LaVeyan Satanism
Luciferianism
Misotheism
Palladists
Problem of evil
Problem of Hell
Satanic panic
Satanic ritual abuse
Taxil hoax
Thelema
Western esotericism
Wicca
Worship of angels
Joy of Satan
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Ellis, Bill, Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000)
Hertenstein, Mike; Jon Trott, Selling Satan: The Evangelical Media and the Mike Warnke Scandal (Chicago: Cornerstone Press, 1993)
Medway, Gareth J.; The Lure of the Sinister: The Unnatural History of Satanism (New York and London: New York University Press, 2001)
Michelet, Jules, A. R. Allinson. Satanism and Witchcraft: The Classic Study of Medieval Superstition (1992), Barnes & Noble, 9780806500591
Palermo, George B.; Michele C. Del Re: Satanism: Psychiatric and Legal Views (American Series in Behavioral Science and Law). Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd (November 1999)
Richardson, James T.; Joel Best; David G. Bromley, The Satanism Scare'' (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991)
Luciferianism
New religious movements
Satanism
he:כת השטן |
4144612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosnovka | Sosnovka | Sosnovka () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.
Modern localities
Altai Krai
As of 2012, six rural localities in Altai Krai bear this name:
Sosnovka, Charyshsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Mayaksky Selsoviet of Charyshsky District;
Sosnovka, Krasnogorsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Ust-Kazhinsky Selsoviet of Krasnogorsky District;
Sosnovka, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Bobrovsky Selsoviet of Pervomaysky District;
Sosnovka, Sovetsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Shulginsky Selsoviet of Sovetsky District;
Sosnovka, Tyumentsevsky District, Altai Krai, a settlement in Berezovsky Selsoviet of Tyumentsevsky District;
Sosnovka, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Zarinsky District;
Amur Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Amur Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Amur Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Rural Settlement of Seryshevsky District
Arkhangelsk Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Arkhangelsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Konoshsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a settlement in Glubokovsky Selsoviet of Konoshsky District
Sosnovka, Pinezhsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a settlement in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Pinezhsky District
Sosnovka, Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a settlement in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Plesetsky District
Republic of Bashkortostan
As of 2012, ten rural localities in the Republic of Bashkortostan bear this name:
Sosnovka, Aurgazinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Meselinsky Selsoviet of Aurgazinsky District
Sosnovka, Bakalinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Bakalinsky Selsoviet of Bakalinsky District
Sosnovka, Baymaksky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Zilairsky Selsoviet of Baymaksky District
Sosnovka, Belokataysky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Atarshinsky Selsoviet of Belokataysky District
Sosnovka, Beloretsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Beloretsky District
Sosnovka, Bizhbulyaksky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Kosh-Yelginsky Selsoviet of Bizhbulyaksky District
Sosnovka, Kaltasinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a selo in Novokilbakhtinsky Selsoviet of Kaltasinsky District
Sosnovka, Mechetlinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Alegazovsky Selsoviet of Mechetlinsky District
Sosnovka, Mishkinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Bolshesukhoyazovsky Selsoviet of Mishkinsky District
Sosnovka, Zilairsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Berdyashsky Selsoviet of Zilairsky District
Bryansk Oblast
As of 2012, five rural localities in Bryansk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Dubrovsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a village in Seshchinsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Dubrovsky District;
Sosnovka, Dyatkovsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a village in Bolshezhukovsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Dyatkovsky District;
Sosnovka, Klintsovsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a selo in Korzhovogolubovsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Klintsovsky District;
Sosnovka, Trubchevsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a village in Seletsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Trubchevsky District;
Sosnovka, Vygonichsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Vygonichsky District;
Republic of Buryatia
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Republic of Buryatia bears this name:
Sosnovka, Republic of Buryatia, a selo in Selendumsky Selsoviet of Selenginsky District
Chelyabinsk Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Chelyabinsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Bredinsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a selo in Rymniksky Selsoviet of Bredinsky District
Sosnovka, Kunashaksky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a village in Burinsky Selsoviet of Kunashaksky District
Sosnovka, Uvelsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a village in Polovinsky Selsoviet of Uvelsky District
Sosnovka, Central District of Chelyabinsk, a village
Chuvash Republic
As of 2012, three inhabited localities in the Chuvash Republic bear this name:
Urban localities
Sosnovka, Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, an urban-type settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the city of republic significance of Cheboksary
Rural localities
Sosnovka, Ibresinsky District, Chuvash Republic, a village in Shirtanskoye Rural Settlement of Ibresinsky District
Sosnovka, Morgaushsky District, Chuvash Republic, a village in Alexandrovskoye Rural Settlement of Morgaushsky District
Irkutsk Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Irkutsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Chunsky District, Irkutsk Oblast, a settlement in Chunsky District
Sosnovka, Usolsky District, Irkutsk Oblast, a selo in Usolsky District
Ivanovo Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Ivanovo Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Ivanovo Oblast, a village in Lezhnevsky District
Kaliningrad Oblast
As of 2012, seven rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Bagrationovsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Pogranichny Rural Okrug of Bagrationovsky District
Sosnovka, Khrabrovsky Rural Okrug, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Khrabrovsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District
Sosnovka, Lugovskoy Rural Okrug, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Lugovskoy Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District
Sosnovka, Chistoprudnensky Rural Okrug, Nesterovsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Chistoprudnensky Rural Okrug of Nesterovsky District
Sosnovka, Ilyushinsky Rural Okrug, Nesterovsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Ilyushinsky Rural Okrug of Nesterovsky District
Sosnovka, Polessky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Saransky Rural Okrug of Polessky District
Sosnovka, Pravdinsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Domnovsky Rural Okrug of Pravdinsky District
Kaluga Oblast
As of 2012, five rural localities in Kaluga Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Babyninsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Babyninsky District
Sosnovka, Meshchovsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Meshchovsky District
Sosnovka, Sukhinichsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Sukhinichsky District
Sosnovka, Yukhnovsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Yukhnovsky District
Sosnovka, Zhizdrinsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Zhizdrinsky District
Kamchatka Krai
As of 2012, one rural locality in Kamchatka Krai bears this name:
Sosnovka, Kamchatka Krai, a selo in Yelizovsky District
Republic of Karelia
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Republic of Karelia bears this name:
Sosnovka, Republic of Karelia, a selo in Medvezhyegorsky District
Kemerovo Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Kemerovo Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Guryevsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Sosnovskaya Rural Territory of Guryevsky District;
Sosnovka, Kemerovsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Arsentyevskaya Rural Territory of Kemerovsky District;
Sosnovka, Novokuznetsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a selo in Sosnovskaya Rural Territory of Novokuznetsky District;
Khabarovsk Krai
As of 2012, one rural locality in Khabarovsk Krai bears this name:
Sosnovka, Khabarovsk Krai, a selo in Khabarovsky District
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
As of 2012, one rural locality in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug bears this name:
Sosnovka, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a settlement in Beloyarsky District
Kirov Oblast
As of 2012, seven inhabited localities in Kirov Oblast bear this name:
Urban localities
Sosnovka, Vyatskopolyansky District, Kirov Oblast, a town in Vyatskopolyansky District;
Rural localities
Sosnovka, Nagorsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Nagorsky Rural Okrug of Nagorsky District;
Sosnovka, Sovetsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Zashizhemsky Rural Okrug of Sovetsky District;
Sosnovka, Svechinsky District, Kirov Oblast, a settlement in Yumsky Rural Okrug of Svechinsky District;
Sosnovka, Uninsky District, Kirov Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Rural Okrug of Uninsky District;
Sosnovka, Urzhumsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Bolsheroysky Rural Okrug of Urzhumsky District;
Sosnovka, Yaransky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Znamensky Rural Okrug of Yaransky District;
Kostroma Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Kostroma Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Makaryevsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Ust-Neyskoye Settlement of Makaryevsky District;
Sosnovka, Mezhevskoy District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Georgiyevskoye Settlement of Mezhevskoy District;
Sosnovka, Oktyabrsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Pokrovskoye Settlement of Oktyabrsky District;
Sosnovka, Vokhomsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Belkovskoye Settlement of Vokhomsky District;
Krasnoyarsk Krai
As of 2012, four rural localities in Krasnoyarsk Krai bear this name:
Sosnovka, Birilyussky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a village in Matalassky Selsoviet of Birilyussky District
Sosnovka, Mansky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a village in Shalinsky Selsoviet of Mansky District
Sosnovka, Nizhneingashsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Pokanayevka Work Settlement in Nizhneingashsky District
Sosnovka, Uzhursky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a village in Kulunsky Selsoviet of Uzhursky District
Kurgan Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Kurgan Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Kargapolsky District, Kurgan Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Kargapolsky District;
Sosnovka, Kurtamyshsky District, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Kamyshinsky Selsoviet of Kurtamyshsky District;
Sosnovka, Vargashinsky District, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Verkhnesuyersky Selsoviet of Vargashinsky District;
Kursk Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Kursk Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Kursk Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Gorshechensky District
Leningrad Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Leningrad Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Slantsevsky District, Leningrad Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Slantsevskoye Settlement Municipal Formation in Slantsevsky District;
Sosnovka, Tikhvinsky District, Leningrad Oblast, a village in Gankovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Tikhvinsky District;
Mari El Republic
As of 2012, three rural localities in the Mari El Republic bear this name:
Sosnovka, Gornomariysky District, Mari El Republic, a village in Mikryakovsky Rural Okrug of Gornomariysky District
Sosnovka, Novotoryalsky District, Mari El Republic, a village in Pektubayevsky Rural Okrug of Novotoryalsky District
Sosnovka, Zvenigovsky District, Mari El Republic, a village in Krasnoyarsky Rural Okrug of Zvenigovsky District
Republic of Mordovia
As of 2012, four rural localities in the Republic of Mordovia bear this name:
Sosnovka, Atyuryevsky District, Republic of Mordovia, a village in Mordovsko-Kozlovsky Selsoviet of Atyuryevsky District
Sosnovka, Ichalkovsky District, Republic of Mordovia, a settlement in Tarkhanovsky Selsoviet of Ichalkovsky District
Sosnovka, Temnikovsky District, Republic of Mordovia, a village in Russko-Karayevsky Selsoviet of Temnikovsky District
Sosnovka, Zubovo-Polyansky District, Republic of Mordovia, a settlement in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Zubovo-Polyansky District
Moscow Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Moscow Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Lyuberetsky District, Moscow Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Kraskovo Suburban Settlement in Lyuberetsky District
Sosnovka, Ozyorsky District, Moscow Oblast, a selo in Klishinskoye Rural Settlement of Ozyorsky District
Murmansk Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Murmansk Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Murmansk Oblast, a selo in Lovozersky District
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
As of 2012, sixteen rural localities in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Bor, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Redkinsky Selsoviet under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of oblast significance of Bor
Sosnovka, Shakhunya, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Luzhaysky Selsoviet under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of oblast significance of Shakhunya
Sosnovka, Steksovsky Selsoviet, Ardatovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo in Steksovsky Selsoviet of Ardatovsky District
Sosnovka, Ardatov, Ardatovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo under the administrative jurisdiction of Ardatov Work Settlement in Ardatovsky District
Sosnovka, Bolshemurashkinsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Grigorovsky Selsoviet of Bolshemurashkinsky District
Sosnovka, Gorodetsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Smirkinsky Selsoviet of Gorodetsky District
Sosnovka, Solovyevsky Selsoviet, Knyagininsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Solovyevsky Selsoviet of Knyagininsky District
Sosnovka, Vozrozhdensky Selsoviet, Knyagininsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Vozrozhdensky Selsoviet of Knyagininsky District
Sosnovka, Pavlovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of district significance of Gorbatov in Pavlovsky District
Sosnovka, Sergachsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo in Andreyevsky Selsoviet of Sergachsky District
Sosnovka, Sharangsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a settlement in Rozhentsovsky Selsoviet of Sharangsky District
Sosnovka, Spassky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Vazyansky Selsoviet of Spassky District
Sosnovka, Urensky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of district significance of Uren in Urensky District
Sosnovka, Vadsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Lopatinsky Selsoviet of Vadsky District
Sosnovka, Vetluzhsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Turansky Selsoviet of Vetluzhsky District
Sosnovka, Voskresensky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Bogorodsky Selsoviet of Voskresensky District
Novgorod Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Novgorod Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Novgorodsky District, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Novoselitskoye Settlement of Novgorodsky District
Sosnovka, Soletsky District, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Dubrovskoye Settlement of Soletsky District
Novosibirsk Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Novosibirsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Iskitimsky District, Novosibirsk Oblast, a selo in Iskitimsky District
Sosnovka, Novosibirsky District, Novosibirsk Oblast, a settlement in Novosibirsky District
Omsk Oblast
As of 2012, five rural localities in Omsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Azovsky Nemetsky natsionalny District, Omsk Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Rural Okrug of Azovsky Nemetsky National District
Sosnovka, Gorkovsky District, Omsk Oblast, a village in Georgiyevsky Rural Okrug of Gorkovsky District
Sosnovka, Isilkulsky District, Omsk Oblast, a village in Pervotarovsky Rural Okrug of Isilkulsky District
Sosnovka, Kormilovsky District, Omsk Oblast, a village in Nekrasovsky Rural Okrug of Kormilovsky District
Sosnovka, Tavrichesky District, Omsk Oblast, a village in Priirtyshsky Rural Okrug of Tavrichesky District
Orenburg Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Orenburg Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Asekeyevsky District, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Chkalovsky Selsoviet of Asekeyevsky District
Sosnovka, Kvarkensky District, Orenburg Oblast, a selo in Urtazymsky Selsoviet of Kvarkensky District
Oryol Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Oryol Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Oryol Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Livensky District
Penza Oblast
As of 2012, eight rural localities in Penza Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Bashmakovsky District, Penza Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Bashmakovsky District
Sosnovka, Bekovsky District, Penza Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Bekovsky District
Sosnovka, Bessonovsky District, Penza Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Bessonovsky District
Sosnovka, Kuznetsky District, Penza Oblast, a selo in Komarovsky Selsoviet of Kuznetsky District
Sosnovka, Lopatinsky District, Penza Oblast, a selo in Chardymsky Selsoviet of Lopatinsky District
Sosnovka, Narovchatsky District, Penza Oblast, a village in Bolshekirdyashevsky Selsoviet of Narovchatsky District
Sosnovka, Penzensky District, Penza Oblast, a village in Krasnopolsky Selsoviet of Penzensky District
Sosnovka, Sosnovoborsky District, Penza Oblast, a village in Shugurovsky Selsoviet of Sosnovoborsky District
Perm Krai
As of 2012, eight rural localities in Perm Krai bear this name:
Sosnovka, Asovskoye Rural Settlement, Beryozovsky District, Perm Krai, a village in Beryozovsky District
Sosnovka, Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement, Beryozovsky District, Perm Krai, a selo in Beryozovsky District
Sosnovka, Karagaysky District, Perm Krai, a village in Karagaysky District
Sosnovka, Kosinsky District, Perm Krai, a settlement in Kosinsky District
Sosnovka, Oktyabrsky District, Perm Krai, a village in Oktyabrsky District
Sosnovka, Ordinsky District, Perm Krai, a selo in Ordinsky District
Sosnovka, Uinsky District, Perm Krai, a village in Uinsky District
Sosnovka, Yelovsky District, Perm Krai, a village in Yelovsky District
Primorsky Krai
As of 2012, one rural locality in Primorsky Krai bears this name:
Sosnovka, Primorsky Krai, a selo in Spassky District
Pskov Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Pskov Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Loknyansky District, Pskov Oblast, a village in Loknyansky District
Sosnovka, Opochetsky District, Pskov Oblast, a village in Opochetsky District
Sosnovka, Strugo-Krasnensky District, Pskov Oblast, a village in Strugo-Krasnensky District
Sosnovka, Velikoluksky District, Pskov Oblast, a village in Velikoluksky District
Ryazan Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Ryazan Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Kasimovsky District, Ryazan Oblast, a settlement in Novoderevensky Rural Okrug of Kasimovsky District
Sosnovka, Korablinsky District, Ryazan Oblast, a village in Kipchakovsky Rural Okrug of Korablinsky District
Sakha Republic
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Sakha Republic bears this name:
Sosnovka, Sakha Republic, a selo under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Vilyuysk in Vilyuysky District
Sakhalin Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Sakhalin Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Sakhalin Oblast, a selo in Dolinsky District
Samara Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Samara Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Bezenchuksky District, Samara Oblast, a settlement in Bezenchuksky District
Sosnovka, Pokhvistnevsky District, Samara Oblast, a selo in Pokhvistnevsky District
Sosnovka, Stavropolsky District, Samara Oblast, a selo in Stavropolsky District
Sosnovka, Yelkhovsky District, Samara Oblast, a village in Yelkhovsky District
Saratov Oblast
As of 2012, five rural localities in Saratov Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Atkarsky District, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Atkarsky District
Sosnovka, Baltaysky District, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Baltaysky District
Sosnovka, Krasnoarmeysky District, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Krasnoarmeysky District
Sosnovka, Marksovsky District, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Marksovsky District
Sosnovka, Saratovsky District, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Saratovsky District
Smolensk Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Smolensk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Desnogorsk Urban Okrug, Smolensk Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Desnogorsk Urban Okrug
Sosnovka, Vyazemsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Tumanovskoye Rural Settlement of Vyazemsky District
Sosnovka, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Mazovskoye Rural Settlement of Yelninsky District
Sverdlovsk Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Sverdlovsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Karpinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Karpinsk
Sosnovka, Irbitsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a village in Irbitsky District
Sosnovka, Nevyansky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a village in Nevyansky District
Sosnovka, Talitsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement in Talitsky District
Tambov Oblast
As of 2012, three inhabited localities in Tambov Oblast bear this name:
Urban localities
Sosnovka, Sosnovsky District, Tambov Oblast, a work settlement in Sosnovsky Settlement Council in Sosnovsky District
Rural localities
Sosnovka, Kirsanovsky District, Tambov Oblast, a settlement in Maryinsky Selsoviet of Kirsanovsky District
Sosnovka, Mordovsky District, Tambov Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Mordovsky District
Republic of Tatarstan
As of 2012, eight rural localities in the Republic of Tatarstan bear this name:
Sosnovka, Aksubayevsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a settlement in Aksubayevsky District
Sosnovka, Aksubayevsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Aksubayevsky District
Sosnovka, Almetyevsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a settlement in Almetyevsky District
Sosnovka, Bugulminsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Bugulminsky District
Sosnovka, Cheremshansky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Cheremshansky District
Sosnovka, Kaybitsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Kaybitsky District
Sosnovka, Nurlatsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Nurlatsky District
Sosnovka, Vysokogorsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a selo in Vysokogorsky District
Tomsk Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Tomsk Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Tomsk Oblast, a selo in Kargasoksky District
Tula Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Tula Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Aleksinsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Bunyrevsky Rural Okrug of Aleksinsky District
Sosnovka, Chernsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Krestovskaya Rural Administration of Chernsky District
Sosnovka, Venyovsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Mordvessky Rural Okrug of Venyovsky District
Tuva Republic
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Tuva Republic bears this name:
Sosnovka, Tuva Republic, a selo in Durgen Sumon (rural settlement) of Tandinsky District
Tver Oblast
As of 2012, eight rural localities in Tver Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Firovsky District, Tver Oblast, a settlement in Velikooktyabrskoye Rural Settlement of Firovsky District
Sosnovka, Kalyazinsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Starobislovskoye Rural Settlement of Kalyazinsky District
Sosnovka, Likhoslavlsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Tolmachevskoye Rural Settlement of Likhoslavlsky District
Sosnovka, Maksatikhinsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Zarechenskoye Rural Settlement of Maksatikhinsky District
Sosnovka, Rzhevsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Khoroshevo Rural Settlement of Rzhevsky District
Sosnovka, Selizharovsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Dmitrovskoye Rural Settlement of Selizharovsky District
Sosnovka, Sonkovsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Gorskoye Rural Settlement of Sonkovsky District
Sosnovka, Torzhoksky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Sukromlenskoye Rural Settlement of Torzhoksky District
Tyumen Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Tyumen Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Nizhnetavdinsky District, Tyumen Oblast, a village in Cherepanovsky Rural Okrug of Nizhnetavdinsky District
Sosnovka, Uporovsky District, Tyumen Oblast, a village in Nizhnemanaysky Rural Okrug of Uporovsky District
Sosnovka, Yalutorovsky District, Tyumen Oblast, a village in Pamyatninsky Rural Okrug of Yalutorovsky District
Sosnovka, Zavodoukovsky District, Tyumen Oblast, a selo in Zavodoukovsky District
Udmurt Republic
As of 2012, five rural localities in the Udmurt Republic bear this name:
Sosnovka, Alnashsky District, Udmurt Republic, a village in Azamatovsky Selsoviet of Alnashsky District
Sosnovka, Balezinsky District, Udmurt Republic, a village in Kirshonsky Selsoviet of Balezinsky District
Sosnovka, Malopurginsky District, Udmurt Republic, a village in Ilyinsky Selsoviet of Malopurginsky District
Sosnovka, Sharkansky District, Udmurt Republic, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Sharkansky District
Sosnovka, Yarsky District, Udmurt Republic, a village in Yelovsky Selsoviet of Yarsky District
Ulyanovsk Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Ulyanovsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Karsunsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Rural Okrug of Karsunsky District
Sosnovka, Maynsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a selo under the administrative jurisdiction of Ignatovsky Settlement Okrug in Maynsky District
Sosnovka, Nikolayevsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a village in Dubrovsky Rural Okrug of Nikolayevsky District
Sosnovka, Terengulsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a selo in Belogorsky Rural Okrug of Terengulsky District
Vladimir Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Vladimir Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Kameshkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Kameshkovsky District
Sosnovka, Vyaznikovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Vyaznikovsky District
Volgograd Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Volgograd Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Kotovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, a selo in Burluksky Selsoviet of Kotovsky District
Sosnovka, Rudnyansky District, Volgograd Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Rudnyansky District
Vologda Oblast
As of 2012, six rural localities in Vologda Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Babushkinsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Podbolotny Selsoviet of Babushkinsky District
Sosnovka, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, a settlement in Korotovsky Selsoviet of Cherepovetsky District
Sosnovka, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, a settlement in Baranovsky Selsoviet of Kaduysky District
Sosnovka, Kharovsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Kharovsky Selsoviet of Kharovsky District
Sosnovka, Sheksninsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Yershovsky Selsoviet of Sheksninsky District
Sosnovka, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, a settlement in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Vologodsky District
Voronezh Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Voronezh Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Voronezh Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Ertil Urban Settlement in Ertilsky District
Yaroslavl Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Yaroslavl Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Borisoglebsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Vysokovsky Rural Okrug of Borisoglebsky District
Sosnovka, Danilovsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Danilovsky Rural Okrug of Danilovsky District
Sosnovka, Kolkinsky Rural Okrug, Pervomaysky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Kolkinsky Rural Okrug of Pervomaysky District
Sosnovka, Kozsky Rural Okrug, Pervomaysky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Kozsky Rural Okrug of Pervomaysky District
Zabaykalsky Krai
As of 2012, one rural locality in Zabaykalsky Krai bears this name:
Sosnovka, Zabaykalsky Krai, a selo in Khiloksky District
Alternative names
Sosnovka, alternative name of Zelenaya Roshcha, a village in Maslinsky Selsoviet of Mishkinsky District in Kurgan Oblast;
Sosnovka, alternative name of Sosnovo, a village in Izvarskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Volosovsky District in Leningrad Oblast;
Sosnovka, alternative name of Lesnoy, a settlement in Panovsky Selsoviet of Rebrikhinsky District in Altai Krai;
See also
Sosnówka (disambiguation)
Sosnivka (Sosnovka) |
4144616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Montenegrin%20independence%20referendum | 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum | An independence referendum was held in Montenegro on 21 May 2006. It was approved by 55.5% of voters, narrowly passing the 55% threshold. By 23 May preliminary referendum results were recognized by all five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, suggesting widespread international recognition if Montenegro were to become formally independent. On 31 May the referendum commission officially confirmed the results of the referendum, verifying that 55.5% of the population of Montenegrin voters had voted in favor of independence. Because voters met the controversial threshold requirement of 55% approval, the referendum was incorporated into a declaration of independence during a special parliamentary session on 31 May. The Assembly of the Republic of Montenegro made a formal Declaration of Independence on Saturday 3 June.
In response to the announcement, the government of Serbia declared itself the legal and political successor of Serbia and Montenegro, and that the government and parliament of Serbia itself would soon adopt a new constitution. The United States, China, Russia, and the institutions of the European Union all expressed their intentions to respect the referendum's results.
Constitutional background
The process of secession was regulated by the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro adopted on 4 February 2003 by both Councils of the Federal Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in accordance to the 2002 Belgrade Agreement between the governments of the two constitutive republics of the state then known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Montenegro and Serbia. Article 60 of the constitution required that a minimum of three years pass after its ratification before one of the member states could declare independence. The same article specified the referendum as necessary for this move. However, this constitution allowed member states to define their own referendum laws.
It is also specified that the member state which secedes forfeits any rights to political and legal continuity of the federation. This means that the seceding state (in this case the Republic of Montenegro) had to apply for membership to all major international institutions, such as the United Nations and be recognized by the international community, and that the remaining state (in this case the Republic of Serbia) became the full successor to the state union. No state objected to recognizing a newly formed state prior to the referendum. If Serbia had declared independence instead of Montenegro, Montenegro would have been the legal successor state.
Legal procedure
According to the Montenegrin Constitution, state status could not be changed without a referendum proposed by the President to the Parliament. The Law on the Referendum on State Legal Status was first submitted by President Filip Vujanović, and it was unanimously passed by the Montenegrin Parliament on 2 March 2006. In addition to formulating the official question to be printed on the referendum ballot, the law also included a three-year moratorium on a repeat referendum, such that if the referendum results had rejected independence, another one could have been legally held in 2009.
The Referendum Bill obliged the Parliament, which introduced the referendum, to respect its outcome. It had to declare the official results within 15 days following the voting day, and act upon them within 60 days. The dissolution of Parliament was required upon the passage of any bill proposing constitutional changes to the status of the state, and a new Parliament was required to convene within ninety days. For such changes to be enacted, the new Parliament was required to support the bill with a two-thirds majority.
The newly independent country of Serbia, which is the successor state to the state union of Serbia and Montenegro, while favoring a loose federation, stated publicly that it would respect the outcome of the referendum, and not interfere with Montenegrin sovereignty.
Controversies
There was considerable controversy over suffrage and needed result threshold for independence. The Montenegrin government, which supported independence, initially advocated a simple majority, but the opposition insisted on a certain threshold below which the referendum, if a "yes" option won, would have been moot.
European Union envoy Miroslav Lajčák proposed independence if a 55% supermajority of votes are cast in favor with a minimum turnout of 50%, a determination that prompted some protests from pro-independence forces. The Council of the European Union unanimously agreed to Lajčák's proposal, and the Đukanović government ultimately backed down in its opposition. Milo Đukanović, Prime Minister of Montenegro, however, promised that he would declare independence if the votes passed 50%, regardless of whether the census was passed or not. On the other hand, he also announced that if less than 50% voted for the independence option, he would resign from all political positions. The original pursuit of Milo Đukanović and the DPS-SDP was that 40% voting in favour of statehood be a sufficient percentage to declare independence, but this caused severe international outrage before the Independentists proposed 50%.
Another controversial issue was the referendum law, based on the constitution of Serbia and Montenegro, which stated that Montenegrins living within Serbia registered to vote within Serbia should be prohibited from voting in the referendum because that would give them two votes in the union and make them superior to other citizens. Also, the agreement threshold between the two blocs for 55% was somewhat criticized as overriding the traditional practice of requiring a two-thirds supermajority, as practiced in all ex Yugoslav countries before (including the previous referendum in Montenegro).
Positions
Pro-independence
Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS)
Social Democratic Party (SDP)
Civic Party of Montenegro (GP)
Liberal Party of Montenegro (LP)
People's Concord of Montenegro (NSCG)
Democratic Union of Albanians (DUA)
Bosniak Party (BS)
Croatian Civic Initiative (HGI)
Movement for Independent European Montenegro
Civic Forum Nikšić
Democratic Community of Muslims Bosniaks in Montenegro.
The pro-independence camp mainly concentrated on history and national minority rights. Montenegro was recognized an independent country in the 1878 Congress of Berlin. Its independence was extinguished in 1918 when its assembly declared union with Serbia. The minor ethnic groups are promised full rights in an independent Montenegro, with their languages being included into the new Constitution.
The camp's leader was Prime Minister of Montenegro Milo Đukanović.
Pro-union
Socialist People's Party (SNP)
People's Party (NS)
Democratic Serb Party (DSS)
Serb People's Party (SNS)
People's Socialist Party (NSS)
Party of Serb Radicals (SSR)
The Unionists' campaign slogans were Montenegro is Not for Sale! and For Love - Love Connects, Heart says no!.
The Unionist Camp or "Bloc for Love", Together for Change political alliance's campaign relied mostly on the assertion and support of the European Union, and pointing out essential present and historical links with Serbia. They criticized that the ruling coalition was trying to turn Montenegro into a private state and a crime haven. Its campaign concentrated on pointing out "love" for union with Serbia. 73% of Montenegrin citizens had close cousins in Serbia and 78% of Montenegrin citizens had close friends in Serbia. According to TNS Medium GALLUP's research, 56.9% of the Montenegrin population believed if union with Serbia was broken, the health care system would fall apart. 56.8% believed they would not be able to go to schools in Serbia anymore and 65.3% thought it would not be able to find a job in Serbia as it intends to.
They used European Union flags, Slavic tricolors (which were also the official flag of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro) and Serb Orthodox tricolors.
The key camp's leader was opposition leader Predrag Bulatović.
Neutral
Movement for Changes (PzP)
Democratic League in Montenegro (DS)
New Democratic Force (FORCA)
The Movement for Changes, although de facto supporting independence, decided not to join the pro-independence coalition, on the arguments that they considered the independentists as largely made of 'DPS criminals', and that the bloc is an "Unholy Alliance" gathered around a controversial Prime Minister Milo Đukanović, seen by these party officials as an obstacle to complete democracy in Montenegro.
A similar stance was taken by the ethnic Albanian Democratic League in Montenegro, which called the Albanians of Montenegro to boycott the referendum. Regardless, most ethnic Albanians voted for independence.
Conduct and international influence
Irregularities
On 24 March 2006, a nine-minute video clip was aired that shows two local Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro activists from Zeta region, Ranko Vučinić and Ivan Ivanović, along with a former member of secret police, Vasilije Mijović, attempting to bribe a citizen, Mašan Bušković, into casting a pro-independence vote at the upcoming referendum. In the video clip they are seen and heard persuading Bušković to vote for the independence, promising to pay off his electric bill of €1,580 in return.
When the video was publicized, two DPS activists claimed they were victims of manipulation and that Vasilije Mijović talked them into doing so. Mijović denied those claims saying the video had been authentic. DPS spokesperson Predrag Sekulić claimed the video was "a montage" and "a cheap political setup." Mašan Bušković, the target of the alleged attempted bribe, on the other hand said the video is authentic and that it portrays events exactly as they occurred.
Public workers, such as teachers and police officers, were subject to pressure from their employers to vote for independence. The DPS chief whip, Miodrag Vuković, alluded to this in May 2006 when he said one "cannot work for the state and vote against it."
In 2007, Jovan Markuš with the help of unionist parties published a 1,290-page document called Bijela Knjiga ("White Book"), recording irregularities from the referendum.
International lobby
According to an investigation supported by the Puffin Foundation Investigative Fund in 2008, The Nation reported that Milan Roćen authorized a contract with Davis Manafort Inc, a consulting firm founded by Rick Davis, and that the firm was paid several million dollars to help organize the independence campaign. Election finance documents did not record any exchanges with Davis Manafort, although the claims of the payments were backed by multiple American diplomats and Montenegrin government officials on the condition of anonymity.
In early May 2006, Davis invited Nathaniel Rothschild to participate in the campaign after the unionist bloc suggested Montenegrin students studying in Serbia would lose scholarship benefits if Montenegro were to secede. Rothschild promised to commit $1 million to Montenegrin students studying in Serbia if they were to lose their scholarship benefits in the event of Montenegrin secession.
Almost a decade later, Paul Manafort revealed during his trials that he had been hired by Oleg Deripaska to support the referendum in Montenegro. In a discussion with Radio Free Europe in 2017, Branko Lukovac, a former campaign chief for the independence bloc, claimed that he was not aware of a contract with Manafort, but acknowledged the following:
Dole had been paid a sum of $1.38 million by the Montenegrin government for lobbying between 2001 and 2008. Lukovac denied any contract with either Manafort or Deripaska, claiming that Russian President Vladimir Putin told his campaign that "he'd prefer to for us to stay in the state union Serbia and Montenegro rather than separate, but if that is what is democratically defined by the majority of Montenegrin citizens, that they [Russia] would support that."
In June 2019, an audio recording from mid-2005 surfaced, that shows then ambassador of the Serbia and Montenegro to the Russian Federation Milan Roćen, express concern over the EU pressure on the authorities of the Republic of Montenegro, asking Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska, on behalf of then-Prime Minister of Montenegro Đukanović, to lobby for the 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, through his connections with Canadian billionaire Peter Munk in the United States.
Opinion polls
Polling throughout the campaign was sporadic, with most polls showing pro-independence forces leading but not surpassing the 55% threshold. Only in the later weeks did polls begin to indicate the threshold would be passed.
Results
Two organisations that were conducting a quick count, Montenegrin CDT and Serbian CeSID, had different projections of the referendum results. CeSID's initial projections were giving the "yes" option significant advantage, but as the evening progressed, they changed their projection and lowered the advantage of the "yes" option. This caused serious confusion among general public and sparked journalists to challenge CeSID projections. After CeSID's announcement, thousands of people began to celebrate in the streets of every major city. However, after the CDT announcement, the public began to realize how close the result was.
CDT stated that the results were too close to call. This was later confirmed with the official results, since only about 2,000 votes were over the required threshold (the votes of some 2 or 3 polling stations). They urged the public to remain calm and give time to the referendum commission to finish their job.
Montenegrin prime minister Milo Đukanović first delayed his appearance in public, after learning how close the result was. He finally appeared on Montenegrin television at about 01:40 CEST and said that after 99.85% of the votes had been counted, the percentage of votes for independence was 55.5%, and the remaining votes (6,236) could not change the outcome of the referendum.
On the other side, de facto leader of the unionist bloc Predrag Bulatović said at a press conference around 00:15 CEST that "his sources" informed him that 54% had voted "yes", a figure below the 55% threshold. Predrag Bulatović had announced earlier that he would resign as opposition leader if the referendum was won by those favouring independence.
František Lipka, the referendum commission president or Chairman of the Electoral Commission announced on Monday the 22 May 2006 that the preliminary results were 55.4% in favor of independence. Prime Minister of the Republic of Montenegro Milo Đukanović held a press conference later that day. The press conference took place at 14:30, at the Congress Hall of the Government of the Republic of Montenegro.
Because about 19,000 votes were still disputed, the Electoral Commission delayed the announcement of final results. The opposition demanded a full recount of the votes but this was rejected by the Commission and European observers, who stated that they were satisfied and they were sure that the vote had been free and fair.
By municipality
The distribution of votes was as follows: majority (around 60%-up to around 70%) were against independence in regions bordering Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The highest No vote was in Serb-majority Plužine municipality with 75.70%. In the authentic Montenegrin regions (former Principality of Montenegro), there was a light majority (around 50-60%) for independence, with the Cetinje municipality, traditional centre of old Montenegro, having a huge percentage in favour of independence (over 86.38%). At the coastal regions, Herceg Novi municipality, which has a Serb majority had voted 61.34% against independence, the middle southern region (Tivat, Kotor, Budva and Bar) being in favour of independence, and the south, Ulcinj municipality, an ethnic Albanian centre, voted strongly in favour of independence (88.50%). The regions bordering Albania and Kosovo that have mostly Bosniak, ethnic Muslim and Albanian population, were heavily in favour of independence (78.92% in Plav, 91.33% in Rožaje). Municipalities in Montenegro that voted for the Union were Andrijevica, Berane, Kolašin, Mojkovac, Plužine, Pljevlja, Herceg-Novi, Šavnik, and Žabljak. The municipalities that voted for independence were Bar, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Kotor, Nikšić, Plav, Podgorica, Rožaje, Tivat, and Ulcinj. The Independentist Bloc won thanks to the high votes of Albanians and to an extent Bosniaks. The highest pro-independence percentages were in Albanian-populated Ulcinj, Bosniak-populated Rožaje and Montenegrin Old Royal Capital Cetinje.
International reactions
On 22 May Croatian President Stipe Mesić sent a message of congratulations to Montenegro on its vote for independence. Mesić was the first foreign head of state to react officially to the vote.
The EU's foreign policy chief, Javier Solana, congratulated Montenegro on a "successful referendum" and said the turnout of over 86 percent "confirms the legitimacy of the process." The European Union would, he said, "fully respect" the final result. The EU's commissioner for enlargement, Olli Rehn, said the European Union would put forward proposals for fresh talks with both Montenegro and Serbia. "All sides should respect the result and work together in order to build consensus on the basis of the acceptance of European values and standards. I now expect Belgrade and Podgorica to engage in direct talks on the practical implementation of the results."
In a statement of 23 May the United States affirmed the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)/ODIHR assessment of the referendum, which stated that "the referendum was conducted in line with OSCE and Council of Europe commitments and other international standards for democratic electoral processes." The United States said "We urge Montenegro and Serbia to work together to resolve the practical issues necessary to implement the will of the people of Montenegro as expressed in the referendum."
The Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement on 23 May stating "It is of fundamental importance for Montenegro and Serbia to enter into constructive, friendly and comprehensive dialogue with the aim of producing mutually acceptable political solutions regarding their future relations."
The UK's Europe Minister Geoff Hoon said he was pleased that the referendum had complied with international standards, pointing out that "the people of Montenegro have expressed a clear desire for an independent state."
A spokesperson for the Chinese foreign ministry indicated that "China respects the choice of people of Montenegro and the final result of the referendum" in a regularly scheduled news conference on 23 May.
The unanimous recognition of the referendum result by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council indicated that widespread international recognition of Montenegro would likely be swift once independence was formally declared.
Serbian reactions
Serbian president Boris Tadić accepted the results of the referendum in favor of independence, while Serbian prime minister Vojislav Koštunica, a firm opponent of Montenegrin independence, resolved to wait until the end of the week, so that the pro-union Montenegrin opposition would have time to challenge the final verdict.
The prime minister of Kosovo, Agim Çeku, announced that Kosovo would follow Montenegro in the quest for independence, saying "This is the last act of the historic liquidation of Yugoslavia /.../ this year Kosovo will follow in Montenegro's footsteps." Kosovo declared its state's own independence on 17 February 2008, but is still seen in Serbian nationalism as the historical and spiritual heart of Serbia.
Ethnic Serb groups in neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina planned to demand a referendum on the independence of the Republika Srpska, according to the Croatian daily Večernji list, citing Branislav Dukić, leader of Spona, a regional Serb organisation. Since such a move could start another war in Bosnia, it provoked widespread condemnation from the United States, European Union, and other nations. Milorad Dodik, the prime minister of Republika Srpska, subsequently withdrew his calls for a referendum, citing international opposition and the fact that such a referendum would violate the Dayton peace agreement.
References
External links
Unionist Bloc video: Vote for Love!
Unionist Bloc theme: Love connects
BBC: Page on the subject
BBC: Post-election coverage
Referendum Law (PDF)
The Njegoskij Fund Public Project >> 21 May 2006 Referendum on Independence
Independence
Montenegro
Referendums in Montenegro
Montenegro
Montenegro
Montenegro
Montenegro–Serbia relations
Politics of Serbia and Montenegro
Montenegro |
4144635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | Nuclear power in the United Kingdom | Nuclear power in the United Kingdom generated 16.1% of the country's electricity in 2020. , the UK has 9 operational nuclear reactors at five locations (8 advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR) and one pressurised water reactor (PWR)), producing 5.9GWe.
It also has nuclear reprocessing plants at Sellafield and the Tails Management Facility (TMF) operated by Urenco in Capenhurst.
The United Kingdom established the world's first civil nuclear programme, opening a nuclear power station, Calder Hall at Windscale, England, in 1956. The British installed base of nuclear reactors used to be dominated by domestically developed Magnox and their successor AGR reactors with graphite moderator and coolant but the last of those are nearing the end of their useful life and will be replaced with "international" pressurised water reactors. At the peak in 1997, 26% of the nation's electricity was generated from nuclear power. Since then several reactors have closed and by 2012 the share had declined to 19%. The older AGR reactors have been life-extended, but they are now towards the end of their life.
In October 2010, the Cameron–Clegg coalition took forward the previous Labour government's plans for private suppliers to construct up to eight new nuclear power plants. The Scottish Government, with the backing of the Scottish Parliament, has stated that no new nuclear power stations will be constructed in Scotland. E.ON UK, RWE npower and Horizon Nuclear Power have been pulling out of their initial plans for developing new nuclear power plants, placing the future of nuclear power in the UK in some doubt. Despite this, EDF Energy is still planning to build four new reactors at two sites, with construction ongoing at Hinkley Point in Somerset. In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the government of Boris Johnson announced a renewed commitment to nuclear power, using the EPR and potentially other PWR designs as well as yet-to-be-developed small modular reactors in a push towards energy independence and decarbonisation while replacing the ageing AGR reactors and phasing out gas and coal for electricity generation. While there is a de facto nuclear power phaseout underway in Scotland and there are plans to replace existing reactors with newly-built ones in England and Wales (sometimes using existing sites for the new reactors), no nuclear power plant has ever been built or planned in Northern Ireland.
EDF Energy owns and manages the five currently operating and two de-fuelling reactor sites. Four new plants are proposed to be built in the next few decades. All nuclear installations in the UK are overseen by the Office for Nuclear Regulation.
History
20th century
The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) was established in 1954 as a statutory corporation to oversee and pioneer the development of nuclear energy within the United Kingdom.
The first station to be connected to the grid, on 27 August 1956, was Calder Hall, although the production of weapons-grade plutonium was the main reason behind this power station. Calder Hall was the world's first nuclear power station to deliver electricity in commercial quantities (although the 5 MW "semi-experimental" reactor at Obninsk in the Soviet Union was connected to the public supply in 1954).
In February 1966, it was announced that the first prototype fast breeder reactor in the United Kingdom would be constructed in Dounreay, Scotland, at a cost of £30million.
British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL) was established in February 1971 from the demerger of the production division of the UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). In 1984 BNFL became a public limited company, British Nuclear Fuels plc, wholly owned by the UK government.
In December 1979, in the wake of the industrial disputes of the Winter of Discontent and the 1979 oil crisis, the new Thatcher government announced a new long-term nuclear power programme. The existing state National Nuclear Corporation would complete its existing planned second generation AGR builds, and would develop a new programme of building one Westinghouse designed Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) per year for at least a decade from 1982 (about 15GWe in total). However, in 1981 the Select Committee on Energy and the Monopolies and Mergers Commission produced reports criticising the CEGB and government's demand forecasting and investment assessment justifying the programme. From 1982, after Nigel Lawson replaced David Howell as Secretary of State for Energy, the government began rowing back from this large proposal, in part because the government were beginning to consider privatising the electricity industry. The Electricity Act 1989 provided for the privatisation of the electricity industry, introducing the Fossil Fuel Levy to support the nuclear power industry which was exempted from privatisation and vested in Nuclear Electric.
In the end, only the Sizewell B nuclear power plant from the PWR programme was built, between 1987 and 1995. It began producing power for the national grid in February 1995. Its construction followed a four-year, 16million-word public inquiry. As of 2019 it is the most recent nuclear plant to be constructed in the United Kingdom. Sizewell B was intended to be the first of a smaller series of four new identical power stations, but the rest were dropped as uneconomic in the early 1990s when it was decided to privatise the electric power industry so low interest rate government finance would no longer be available.
A Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant (THORP) was opened at Sellafield in 1994. Construction had begun in the 1970s and cost £2.4billion.
In 1996 the UK's eight most advanced nuclear plants, seven advanced gas-cooled reactors and one pressurized water reactor, were privatised as British Energy, raising £2.1billion. The remaining Magnox reactors remained in public ownership as Magnox Electric. On 30 January 1998 Magnox Electric was merged into BNFL as BNFL Magnox Generation.
21st century
2002 Energy review
Margaret Beckett as Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs rejected demands for an expansion of nuclear power from a lobby including energy minister Brian Wilson and Downing Street staff. She argued there was no need for new nuclear for at least 15 years given current energy prices and generation capacity.
In relation to nuclear power, the conclusion of the Government's 2002 energy review was that:
The immediate priorities of energy policy are likely to be most cost-effectively served by promoting energy efficiency and expanding the role of renewables. However, the options of new investment in nuclear power and in clean coal (through carbon sequestration) need to be kept open, and practical measures taken to do this.
The practical measures identified were: continuing to participate in international research; ensuring that the nuclear skill-base is maintained, and that the regulators are adequately staffed to assess any new investment proposals; shortening the lead-time to commissioning, should new nuclear power be chosen in future; permitting nuclear power to benefit from the development of carbon taxes and similar market mechanisms; and addressing the problems of long-term nuclear waste disposal. It went on to state that "Because nuclear is a mature technology within a well-established global industry, there is no current case for further government support" and that "the decision whether to bring forward proposals for new nuclear build is a matter for the private sector".
2003 Energy White Paper
The Government's Energy White Paper, published in 2003 and titled "Our Energy Future – Creating a Low Carbon Economy" concluded that:
Nuclear power is currently an important source of carbon-free electricity. However, its current economics make it an unattractive option for new, carbon-free generating capacity and there are also important issues of nuclear waste to be resolved. These issues include our legacy waste and continued waste arising from other sources. This white paper does not contain specific proposals for building new nuclear power stations. However we do not rule out the possibility that at some point in the future new nuclear build might be necessary if we are to meet our carbon targets.
2006 Energy review
In April 2005, advisers to British Prime Minister Tony Blair were suggesting that constructing new nuclear power stations would be the best way to meet the country's targets on reducing emissions of gases responsible for global warming. The energy policy of the United Kingdom has a near-term target of cutting emissions below 1997 levels by 20%, and a more ambitious target of an 80% cut by 2050. In November 2005 the Government announced an energy review, subsequently launched in January 2006, to "review the UK's progress against the medium and long-term Energy White Paper goals and the options for further steps to achieve them".
Following the 2006 review the Office for Nuclear Regulation, an agency of Health and Safety Executive, developed the Generic Design Assessment process (GDA) to assess new nuclear reactor designs ahead of site-specific proposals. The GDA started assessing four designs: Westinghouse AP1000; Areva EPR; AECL ACR-1000; and GE-Hitachi ESBWR. However the ACR-1000 and ESBWR were subsequently withdrawn from the assessment for commercial reasons, leaving the EPR and AP1000 as contenders for new nuclear builds.
2007 High Court ruling
On 15 February 2007, environmental group Greenpeace won a High Court ruling that threw out the government's 2006 Energy Review. Mr Justice Sullivan presiding held that the government's review was 'seriously flawed', in particular in that key details of the economics of the argument were only published after the review was completed. Justice Sullivan held that the review's wording on nuclear waste disposal was "not merely inadequate but also misleading", and held the decision to proceed to be "unlawful".
Responding to the news, Trade and Industry Secretary Alistair Darling said that there would be a fresh consultation, but that a decision was required before the end of 2007. He stated that the government remains convinced that new nuclear power plants are needed to help combat climate change and over-reliance on imported oil and gas. Attention was drawn in the media to numerous connections to nuclear industry lobbyists within the Labour Party.
2007 Consultation
The 2007 Energy White Paper: Meeting the Energy Challenge was published on 23 May 2007. It contained a 'preliminary view is that it is in the public interest to give the private sector the option of investing in new nuclear power stations'. Alongside the White Paper the Government published a consultation document, The Future of Nuclear Power together with a number of supporting documents. One of these, a report by Jackson Consulting, suggested that it would be preferable to site new power stations on existing nuclear power stations sites that are owned by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority or British Energy.
Greenpeace responded to the release of the consultation document by repeating its position that replacing the nuclear fleet rather than decommissioning would only reduce the UK's total carbon emissions by four per cent.
On 7 September 2007 several anti-nuclear groups including Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, CND and the WWF announced that they had pulled out of the consultation process. They stated that it appeared as if the Government had already made up its mind regarding the future of nuclear power. The business and enterprise secretary, John Hutton, responded in a Radio 4 interview "It is not the government that has got a closed view on these issues, I think it is organisations like Greenpeace that have got a closed mind. There is only one outcome that Greenpeace and other organisations want from this consultation."
2008 go-ahead given
In January 2008, the UK government gave the go-ahead for a new generation of nuclear power stations to be built. The Scottish Government has made clear that it opposes new nuclear power stations being built in Scotland and has the final say on planning matters in Scotland. Liberal Democrat spokesman Steve Webb MP said on 29 January 2008 "There is a real risk that focusing on new nuclear plants will undermine attempts to find a cleaner, greener, more sustainable and secure solution. We should be concentrating our efforts on renewables and greater energy conservation." On 10 January 2008, Alan Duncan MP issued a response to the Government's announcement on nuclear power, welcoming it and suggesting that the Conservatives supported a level economic playing field for different types of energy generation rather than a preference for one over another.
Two consortia (EDF-Centrica and RWE-E.ON) had announced outline plans to build a total of 12.5GW of new nuclear capacity, slightly more than the total capacity of British Energy's currently operating plants.
In 2009 government officials believed a carbon price floor would be needed to encourage companies to commit funds to nuclear build projects.
2009 to 2011
In 2009 Électricité de France (EDF), the state-owned French energy company, took over British Energy, paying £12.5 billion.
In August, 2009, the energy company Centrica purchased a 20% share from EDF. A subsidiary of EDF was formed called EDF Energy.
In November 2009, the Government identified ten nuclear sites which could accommodate future reactors: Bradwell in Essex; Braystones in Cumbria; Kirksanton in Cumbria; Sellafield in Cumbria; Hartlepool in County Durham; Heysham in Lancashire; Hinkley Point in Somerset; Oldbury in Gloucestershire; Sizewell in Suffolk; and Wylfa in North Wales Most of these sites already have a nuclear power station; the only new sites are Braystones and Kirksanton.
In October 2010, sites at Braystones, Kirksanton and Dungeness were ruled out by Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Chris Huhne with the former government's list of eleven potential sites reduced to eight.
In 2010 the Nuclear Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre was created in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, led by the University of Sheffield with Rolls-Royce, anticipating involvement in any forthcoming new nuclear builds in the UK. It was funded with £15million from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and £10million from the regional development agency Yorkshire Forward.
2011 to 2016
Following the 2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents Chris Huhne, Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, wrote to Dr Mike Weightman, head of the HSE's Nuclear Directorate, on 12 March, asking for a report 'on the implications of the situation and the lessons to be learned for the UK nuclear industry. The report was to be delivered within 6 months, with an interim report by mid-May, 'prepared in close cooperation with the International nuclear community and other nuclear safety regulators'. On 15 March, Huhne expressed regret that some European politicians were 'rushing to judgement' before assessments had been carried out, and said that it was too early to determine whether the willingness of the private sector to invest in new nuclear plants would be affected. In the wake of the accident the Government was criticised for having colluded with EDF Energy, Areva and Westinghouse in order to manage communications and maintain public support for nuclear power.
In January 2012, the campaign group Energy Fair, supported by a number of other organisations and environmentalists, filed a formal complaint with the European Commission over alleged unlawful State aid in the form of subsidies for nuclear power industry, in breach of European Union competition law. It claims that the subsidies arise from underwriting commercial risk and decommissioning costs, protection against terrorist attacks, the disposal of nuclear waste, and by providing 'institutional support' in the form of various government funded or subsidised bodies such as the National Nuclear Laboratory, the Nuclear Institute, and Nuclear Decommissioning Authority without providing corresponding levels of support for renewable technologies, without which nuclear power would not be commercially viable, so distorting the energy market. The group claims that the subsidies divert resources from renewable technologies that would 'cut emissions more deeply, more quickly, more cheaply, and with none of the risks and other problems with nuclear power'.
In March 2012, two of the big six power companies announced they would be pulling out of developing new nuclear power plants. The decision by RWE npower and E.ON followed uncertainty over nuclear energy following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, which had occurred the year before. Their decision followed a similar announcement by Scottish and Southern Electricity the previous year. Hitachi purchased the Horizon joint-venture, intending to build two or three 1,350MWe Advanced boiling water reactors (ABWR) at Oldbury and Wylfa.
French-owned EDF, one of the two remaining consortia planning to build new nuclear plants in the UK, has indicated that the election victory of François Hollande will not change its plans in the UK, despite François Hollande having proposed to cut France's reliance on nuclear power generation from 75% to 50%, and despite speculation to the contrary in the UK.
In 2012 Russian firm Rosatom stated that in the future it intended to certify the VVER-1200 with the British and U.S. regulatory authorities, though was unlikely to apply for a British licence before 2015, after having seen what agreements EDF finally reaches. In September 2013 Rosatom, in conjunction with Fortum and Rolls-Royce, signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the UK government to prepare for a VVER Generic Design Assessment.
In 2013, Tim Yeo, chairman of the Commons Energy and Climate Change Committee, stated that the government reaching an agreement over nuclear power expansion was a "matter of great urgency", and warned that Britain could run out of energy if negotiations were not concluded quickly.
In the same year, a cross-party committee inquiry concluded that the UK "will not be able to meet its climate change targets without new nuclear build". A report published by the committee found that unless planned nuclear power plants are built on time, it will be "extremely challenging, if not impossible" for the country to meet its legally binding carbon reduction targets. Such a failure to build the new nuclear capacity by 2025 would also force a greater reliance on imported gas, and would affect energy security.
On 26 March 2013, the government published a Nuclear Industrial Strategy which in part stated that the nuclear industry had plans for about 16GWe of new nuclear power stations by 2030, which is at least 12 new nuclear reactors at five sites. A Nuclear Industry Council will be established, and a Nuclear Innovation and Research Advisory Board will be created "to ensure that public R&D programmes are aligned to support industrial and energy policy." Public civil nuclear R&D funding for 2010–11 was £66million, which is low compared to some international competitors. The government will join the European Jules Horowitz Reactor research project.
In April 2013, EDF's negotiations with the government over the strike price for nuclear produced electricity stalled. EDF's chief executive stated EDF was "in no hurry" to agree the strike price, and was unconcerned if the negotiations failed. Commentators believed it would take several months to reach a conclusion.
The Office for National Statistics assessed that in 2015 the UK nuclear industry directly employed about 12,400 staff, though about 9,400 of those worked at Sellafield mostly on nuclear waste handling.
In 2016 EDF and the UK government finalised the £92.5/MWh contract for difference for the building of two EPR reactors at Hinkley Point C.
Small modular reactor development
Rolls-Royce is preparing a small modular reactor (SMR) design called the Rolls-Royce SMR, a close-coupled four-loop PWR design. Power output is 470MWe which is above the usual range considered to be a SMR. It sought UK government finance to support further development.
In December 2017 The UK government provided funding of up to £56million over three years to support research and development into advanced and small nuclear reactors.
In 2018 the UK SMR industry sought billions of pounds of government support to finance their putative First of a Kind projects. The Expert Finance Working Group on Small Reactors produced a report stating that there was "a current market failure in supporting nuclear projects generally" and identifying options for government to support SMR development in the UK.
The UK government, through UKRI, awarded £18million in ISCF funding to a UK-based consortium led by Rolls-Royce, with matched funding of £18million from industry. This first phase was formally concluded on 30 June 2021 and successfully developed a concept design. In November 2021, the UK government provided £210million, match funded by industry, in the second phase of development for the Rolls-Royce SMR.
In 2023, the UK government formed Great British Nuclear to oversee its policy, operating through British Nuclear Fuels Ltd in the Greater Manchester area, which includes a competitive choice of SMR suppliers for the UK. GE-Hitachi’s BWRX-300 was announced in April 2023 as one of the competitors to the Rolls-Royce SMR. However the full remit of Great British Nuclear, which was announced by the Boris Johnson government in 2022, still needs to be decided by the Rishi Sunak government including its budget and if eventually it will be a nuclear plant operator.
In July 2023, Energy Secretary Grant Shapps said he was launching an international competition to select up to four different SMR technologies "to go through to the final design stage", supported by up to £157 million of funding. He said the final investment decision will be taken by the next parliament, and UK SMRs might start operating by the 2030s.
Brexit negotiations to 2021
On 26 January 2017, the UK notified the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) of its intention to withdraw, following on from its decision to withdraw from the European Union. Leaving will have wide-ranging implications for Britain's nuclear industry, including regulation and research, access to nuclear materials and impacts about twenty nuclear co-operation agreements with non-EU countries.
The UK withdrawal might raise the question of nuclear fuel availability after 2019 in the UK, and the need for the UK to enter into new treaties relating to the transportation of nuclear materials.
In 2018, the National College for Nuclear was opened at two hubs at Bridgwater and Taunton College and Lakes College largely funded by £22.5million from the Department for Education, intended to service the building and operation of new build nuclear power plants.
In November 2018, the UK ratified the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) framework international collaboration agreement for research and development of Generation IV nuclear reactors.
In 2019, Wood sold its nuclear business, mostly decommissioning work at Sellafield, for £250million to the US Jacobs Engineering Group, which has a global nuclear business.
In 2020, Energy Systems Catapult analysis suggested new 10GW nuclear power in order to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.
In June 2020, Zion Lights, former spokesperson of Extinction Rebellion UK, declared her support for nuclear energy as a critical part of the energy mix along with renewable energy sources and called fellow environmentalists to accept that nuclear power is part of the "scientifically assessed solutions for addressing climate change".
In 2020, nuclear power generated 46terawatt hours (TWh) of UK electricity, just over 15% of gross electricity generation, and about half its 1998 peak of 91TWh.
In June 2021, EDF announced that Dungeness B would move into the defuelling phase with immediate effect, citing "station-specific risks within some key components, including parts within the fuel assemblies" identified since September 2018.
As of 2021, the British government's attitude to the involvement of China in British nuclear power had changed following worsening of China–United Kingdom relations, and it was exploring ways to block Chinese involvement, finance and their Bradwell B new nuclear development.
Regulated Asset Base financing model
Following the abandonment of three large new nuclear developments at Moorside in 2018, and Wylfa Newydd and Oldbury B in 2020, primarily because the developers were unable to raise finance for the developments, the Nuclear Energy (Financing) Bill was introduced in the House of Commons in October 2021. It enabled the Regulated Asset Base (RAB) financing model to be used for new nuclear, whereby consumers finance most of the capital costs during the construction period rather than the developers. Consumers would not receive a financial return from their contributions, but would benefit later by having access to the electricity provided by the plant.
The Nuclear Energy (Financing) Act 2022 came into force on 31 March 2022. The power and utilities executive at Barclays bank described the RAB model as providing "a high level of certainty and confidence and predictability for investors" and "structured to produce attractive, stable, low-risk and inflation-linked returns at scale".
As part of the 2022 British energy security strategy policy paper, it was announced that nuclear-generating capacity would increase from 7GW to 24GW by 2050 and the establishment of a new nuclear development agency named Great British Nuclear. Security concerns about China also caused the government to buy China General Nuclear Power Group out of the proposed Sizewell C nuclear power station development for just over £100 million in late 2022, leaving it co-owned by EDF and the UK government.
On 7 January 2022, Hunterston B was closed and moved into defuelling earlier than planned due to cracks in the graphite bricks in the reactors.
In 2023, the civil nuclear sector in the UK employed about 77,400 people, of which 9,500 were involved with the Hinkley Point C new build. In March 2023, EDF announced that the operational life of Heysham 1 and Hartlepool power stations would be extended a further two years until March 2026.
Power stations
Operating
Since 2006, Hinkley Point B and Hunterston B have been restricted to about 70% of normal MWe output because of boiler-related problems requiring that they operate at reduced boiler temperatures. In 2013, these two stations' power increased to about 80% of normal output following some plant modifications.
In 2010, EDF announced a five-year life extension for both Heysham 1 and Hartlepool to enable further generation until 2024. As of 2012, EDF expected seven-year life extensions on average across all AGRs, including the recently life-extended Heysham 1 and Hartlepool. A 20-year life extension is the strategic target for the Sizewell B PWR. These life extensions are subject to detailed review and approval, and are not included in the table above. Hinkley Point B and Hunterston B were given seven-year life extensions in December 2012, from 2016 to 2023.
Hartlepool had a five-year life extension in November 2013, from 2019 to 2024.
In November 2020, EDF announced that Hinkley Point B will stop generating electricity and move into the defuelling phase no later than 15 June 2022.
In December 2021, EDF announced that the closure dates for Heysham 2 and Torness were to be brought forward from 2030 to March 2028.
In March 2023, EDF announced that the closure dates for Heysham 1 and Hartlepool would be extended until March 2026.
Retired
A number of research and development reactors also produced some power for the grid, including two Winfrith reactors, two Dounreay fast reactors, and the prototype Windscale Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor.
Economics
History
The history of nuclear energy economics in the UK is complex. The first Magnox reactors were not built for purely commercial purposes, and later reactors faced delays which inflated costs (culminating in Sizewell B taking seven years from start of construction to entering service, after a lengthy public inquiry). Costs have also been complicated by the lack of national strategy or policy for spent nuclear fuel, so that a mixed use of reprocessing and short-term storage have been employed, with little regard for long-term considerations (although a national repository has been proposed).
There is a lack of consensus in the UK about the cost/benefit nature of nuclear energy, as well as ideological influence (for instance, those favouring 'energy security' generally arguing pro, while those worried about the 'environmental impact' against). Because of this, and a lack of a consistent energy policy in the UK since the mid-1990s, no new reactors have been built since Sizewell B in 1995. Costs have been a major influence to this, while the long lead-time between proposal and operation (at ten years or more) has put off many investors, especially with long-term considerations such as energy market regulation and nuclear waste remaining unresolved. Sizewell B was in 1995 expected to generate electricity at 3.5p/kWh (2000 prices, which is equivalent to £/MWh in ), however a post-startup evaluation estimated generating cost was about 6p/kWh (2000 prices, equivalent to £/MWh in ), excluding first-of-kind costs and using an 8% discount rate for the cost of capital.
Future power stations
From 2010 until 2015, it was UK Government policy that the construction of any new nuclear power stations in the UK would be led and financed by the private sector. This transfers the running and immediate concerns to the operator, while reducing (although not eliminating) government participation and long-term involvement/liability (nuclear waste, as involving government policy, will likely remain a liability, even if only a limited one). In 2010 The Daily Telegraph reported that additional incentives, such as capacity payments and supplier nuclear obligations, would be needed to persuade companies to build nuclear plants in the UK. The government decided to subsidize nuclear power again in 2015.
When the rest of the UK generating industry was privatised, the Government introduced the Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation, initially as a means of supporting the nuclear generators, which remained under state ownership until the formation of British Energy. British Energy, the private sector company that operated the UK's more modern nuclear plants, came close to bankruptcy and in 2004 was restructured with UK government investment of over £3billion, although this has since been paid back in full. In January 2009, British Energy was bought for approximately £12billion by EDF Energy (a subsidiary of Électricité de France (EDF)) and Centrica (a major operator of CCGT power stations and renewable sources in the UK and parent company of British Gas) in an 80/20 split.
In January 2008, the UK government indicated that it would take steps to encourage private operators to build new nuclear power plants in the following years to meet projected energy needs. The government stated that there would be no subsidies for nuclear power. The Government hoped that the first station would be operational before 2020. However, the Welsh Government remains opposed to new nuclear plants in Wales despite the approval of Wylfa as a potential site. Scotland has decided against new nuclear power stations.
In May 2008, The Times reported that Wulf Bernotat, chairman and chief executive of E.ON, had stated that the cost of each new nuclear power plant in the UK could be as high as €6billion (£4.8billion), much higher than the Government's estimate of £2.8billion. The cost of replacing Britain's ten nuclear power stations could therefore reach £48billion, excluding the cost of decommissioning ageing reactors or dealing with nuclear waste.
On 29 March 2012, E.ON and RWE npower, which had formed the joint venture Horizon to build NPPs in the United Kingdom, announced that they would not develop new nuclear power projects in the UK, focusing instead on shorter term investments, and were looking to find another company to take over Horizon.
On 29 October 2012 it was announced that Hitachi would buy Horizon for about £700million. Hitachi intend to build two or three 1,350MWe Advanced boiling water reactors (ABWR) at Oldbury and Wylfa, but will first require a Generic Design Assessment for the ABWR design by the Office for Nuclear Regulation, which will take about four years.
In June 2012, in research commissioned by EDF, the Institute for Public Policy Research suggested that building 18GW of new nuclear energy capacity in the UK, with more than 10 new reactors, could create between 16,250 and 21,250 additional jobs, and enable the UK to compete in the international market for nuclear energy. The Institute of Directors also published a report stating that nuclear energy is a "clean, cheap and safe" way of generating electricity, with 84% of its members in favour of new nuclear power in Britain. However, The Times reported the cost of building each EPR had increased to £7billion, which Citigroup analysts did not regard as commercially viable, projecting a generation cost of 16.6p/kWh for private-sector financed reactors.
On 21 October 2013, EDF Energy announced that an agreement had been reached regarding new nuclear plants to be built on the site of Hinkley Point C. EDF Group and the UK Government agreed on the key commercial terms of the investment contract. The final investment decision was still conditional on completion of the remaining key steps, including the agreement of the EU Commission.
In 2015, the UK government proposed to provide large subsidies to the Hinkley Point C plant, paying twice the market rate for electricity.
A 2015 model-based study compares renewables plus storage, nuclear, and fossil fuels with and without carbon capture and storage. The study finds that, for the scenarios considered, costs were similar at about at up to 50% renewables and rose for renewables above an 80% share as grid-scale storage, imports, and tidal range generation were applied.
Rolls-Royce is preparing a small modular reactor (SMR) design called the Rolls-Royce SMR, a close-coupled four-loop PWR design. Power output is 440MWe which is above the usual range considered to be a SMR. As of 2017 Rolls-Royce was seeking UK government finance to support further development. In 2018, the UK government announced £56million of spending to fund initial SMR research and development for eight companies.
In 2017, a consensus of government and industry developed that the Contract for Difference financing model used for Hinkley Point C nuclear power station, involving fully private sector financing, may not used for subsequent nuclear plants, and discussions with government are under way about alternative finance mechanisms for the following possible development at Wylfa by Horizon Nuclear Power for parent Hitachi. However, on 17 January 2019, Horizon announced that it was suspending its UK nuclear development programme. The UK government had been willing to take a one-third equity stake in the project, to consider providing all the required debt financing, and to provide a Contract for Difference for the electricity generated at up to £75/MWh for 35 years. Greg Clark, minister for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, stated this was a "generous package of potential support that goes beyond what any government has been willing to consider in the past". However this did not provide an adequate "economic rationality as a private enterprise" for Hitachi to proceed.
In April 2020, a director of Horizon Nuclear Power stated that the future of next two nuclear builds, Wylfa and Oldbury, depended on the government accepting the Regulated Asset Base (RAB) financial assistance model rather than the existing Contract for Difference support mechanism, which would allow developers to need less upfront private finance with some finance backed through end consumer bills.
On 2 June 2020, EDF Energy announced that it had submitted a development consent order to the UK government prior to starting construction on the Sizewell C site in Suffolk. However EDF have yet to organise financing, and cannot take on more construction risk in the UK. EDF is looking to the UK government to assist on financing either by offering a Regulated Asset Base model, though that puts an immediate cost burden on end consumers, or through other approaches such as a government equity stake in the development. On 30 June, EDF announced that it had applied to the Office for Nuclear Regulation for a licence to build and operate Sizewell C.
On 24 September 2020, when Prime Minister Boris Johnson was asked about new technology in the UK's fight against climate change, he reaffirmed support for nuclear power in the UK, by saying to the BBC, "I do think nuclear has to be part of the mix", whilst also saying that the UK can be the "Saudi Arabia of wind power".
List
Proposed nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom, with currently shelved proposals in italics, are:
Two other sites, Heysham and Hartlepool, were identified as possible locations in 2010 but no commercial proposals were made for these sites.
Moorside clean energy hub
Following the cancellation of the Moorside project by Toshiba, on 30 June 2020 EDF announced proposals to construct an EPR on the site. This would be a near replica of Hinkley Point C and Sizewell C in order to reduce the overall costs of the project. The plans come as a part of a proposed clean energy hub for the area which is backed by 14 other companies and trade unions including the UK construction firm Balfour Beatty and the union Unite. The consortium claims that 25,000 jobs will be created with the construction of the hub. The hub is also aiming to use existing nuclear supply chains within the area and also be the site of SMRs and AMRs in the future.
Sizewell C
The project has completed its stage 4 consultation, which is allowing EDF to submit its planning application which is expected to be at the start of 2020, before a decision is made on the plant's future in 2020. After this, construction is expected to start around 2021, with an accelerated timeline due to the replication of the Hinkley point C power plant on the site. On 27 May 2020, EDF energy put in a development consent order application, prior to the start of construction at the site.
Waste management and disposal
The UK has a large variety of different intermediate- and high-level radioactive wastes, coming from national programmes to develop nuclear weapons and nuclear power. It is a national responsibility to pay for the management of these. In addition, new nuclear power stations could be built, the waste management from which would be the private sector's financial responsibility, although all would be stored in a single facility. Most of the UK's higher-activity radioactive waste is currently held in temporary storage at Sellafield. , the 60-years long nuclear programme produced of high-level waste.
The UK has approximately 70,000tonnes of irradiated graphite, mainly as moderator in Magnox and AGR reactors. Most of its radioactivity will have decayed away 60–70 years after reactor closure, but its carbon-14 content is a long-term radiological hazard which can be released in gaseous form making it a large volume intermediate-level waste. Research on how to handle this waste is ongoing, which will lead to an informed decision on management.
On 31 July 2006, the Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM), published its final report on long-term waste management. Its main recommendation was that geological disposal should be adopted. This would involve burial of high-level waste at deep in a purpose-built facility with no intention to retrieve the waste in the future. It was concluded that this could not be implemented for several decades, and that there were "social and ethical concerns within UK society about the disposal option that would need to be resolved as part of the implementation process". Such a repository should start to be closed as soon as practicable rather than being left open for future generations. Fourteen additional recommendations were also made.
On 12 June 2008, a white paper, Managing Radioactive Waste Safely, A Framework for Implementing Geological Disposal was published confirming CoRWM's conclusion of geologic disposal of higher-activity wastes. The policy announcement confirmed that there would be one geologic disposal site, for both national legacy waste as well as potential wastes from future programmes. It announced that a process of volunteerism would be used in selecting a suitable site and invited communities from the UK to express interest. They would be rewarded by the infrastructure investment for the facility, jobs for the long term and a tailored package of benefits.
In January 2014, the building of the first dry spent PWR nuclear fuel store in the UK began at Sizewell B, where the existing spent fuel pool, which stores spent fuel under water, was expected to reach full capacity in 2015. It is intended to enable spent nuclear fuel produced from 2016 until at least 2035 to be stored at Sizewell B until a deep geological repository is available. In March 2017, the first cask containing spent nuclear fuel was installed.
In 2023, UK Nuclear Waste Services (NWS), launched in January 2022, began studies to evaluate sites that could be suitable for a geological disposal facility in locally-agreed community partnerships areas in Allerdale and Copeland in Cumbria near the Sellafield plant, and in Theddlethorpe in Lincolnshire. After any site is selected, it would take 10-15 years for further detailed investigative work.
Decommissioning
Responsibility
The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), formed in April 2005 under the Energy Act 2004, oversees and manages the decommissioning and clean-up of the UK's older Magnox power plants and the reprocessing facilities at Sellafield, which were transferred to its ownership from BNFL, and the former nuclear research and development facilities previously run by the UKAEA.
Sites
In August 2005, the following sites were listed for decommissioning:
Berkeley, Gloucestershire
Bradwell, Essex
Calder Hall, Cumbria
Capenhurst, Cheshire
Chapelcross, Dumfriesshire
Culham, Oxfordshire
Dounreay, Caithness
Drigg, Cumbria
Dungeness, Kent
Harwell, Oxfordshire
Hinkley Point, Somerset
Hunterston, Ayrshire
Oldbury, Gloucestershire
Sellafield / Windscale, Cumbria
Sizewell, Suffolk
Springfields, Lancashire
Trawsfynydd, Gwynedd
Winfrith, Dorset
Wylfa, Isle of Anglesey
Costs
Prior to the 2002 white paper Managing the Nuclear Legacy, the cost of decommissioning these facilities had been estimated at around £42billion. The white paper estimated the costs at £48billion at March 2002 prices, an increase of £6bn, with the cost of decommissioning Sellafield accounting for over 65% of the total. This figure included a rise in BNFL's estimated decommissioning liabilities from £35billion to £40.5billion, with an estimate of £7.4billion for UKAEA.
In June 2003, the Department of Trade and Industry estimated that decommissioning costs, including the cost of running the facilities still in operation for their remaining life, were approximately £56billion at 2003 prices, although the figure was 'almost certainly' expected to rise. This estimate was revised in subsequent years; to £57billion in September 2004; £63billion in September 2005; £65billion in March 2006; and to £73billion in March 2007. Around £46billion of the £73billion is for the decommissioning and clean-up of the Sellafield site.
In May 2008 a senior director at the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority indicated that the figure of £73billion might increase by several billion pounds. In 2019, the cost was given as £129billion.
In addition to The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority's costs, British Energy's liabilities in relation to spent nuclear fuels have risen. In February 2006, it was reported that these had increased to £5.3billion, an increase of almost £1billion. The costs of handling these is to be met by the Nuclear Liabilities Fund (NLF), the successor to the Nuclear Generation Decommissioning Fund. Although British Energy contributes to the NLF, the fund is underwritten by the Government. The House of Commons Public Accounts Committee noted in 2007 that British Energy may lack an incentive to reduce the eventual liabilities falling to the Nuclear Liabilities Fund.
Safety
Seismicity
Until the expansion of nuclear power in the 1980s, seismic activity in the UK had not received a great deal of attention. As a result of the new interest in the topic, in 1994 the British Geological Survey published a catalogue of earthquakes.
Although earthquakes are relatively frequent, they rarely cause damage to well-constructed structures. Two of the largest, estimated at 5.75 (moderate) on the Richter scale occurred in 1382 and 1580. Evaluation of past earthquakes indicates that the UK is unlikely to be subject to earthquakes larger than a magnitude of approximately 6.5.
The occurrence of tsunamis impacting the UK is rare, with only two (possibly three) having been identified; a high wave as a result of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, and a high tsunami in 6100 BC which occurred under very different geological conditions (Storegga Slide). In recent years there has been an accumulation of evidence indicating that the 1607 Bristol Channel floods may also have resulted from a tsunami that rose from a height of to over as it passed up the channel.
A 2005 report for DEFRA, conducted following the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami, found that, discounting 'exotic events such as meteorite impacts', 'in most plausible circumstances it is likely that such an event would be contained by current defences, designed to resist storm surges, for all major developed areas', however the joint occurrence of events, such as a tsunami coinciding with a storm surge, was discounted. The report did, however call for additional more detailed modelling to be carried out, recommended that the Met Office should provide a tsunami warning service, and that detection devices should be upgraded. A follow-up report indicated that, of the three likely scenarios modelled, a Lisbon-type event would pose the greatest danger, potentially resulting in a tsunami wave exceeding the 1:100-year extreme sea level at the Cornish peninsula by up to , but being within the range elsewhere. This conclusion is markedly different from the greater heights calculated by Bryant and Haslett as having been encountered in the Bristol Channel during the 1607 Bristol Channel floods.
Speaking before the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee on 15 March 2011, about the Fukushima I nuclear accidents, Energy and Climate Change Minister Chris Huhne expressed concern over extreme weather events in the UK, but stated that 'we are lucky that we do not have to suffer from tsunamis'.
Accidents
Security
The Civil Nuclear Constabulary is responsible for security at civil nuclear sites, within of site boundaries, and for nuclear materials in transit. The UK is involved in the Nuclear Security Summit series of world summits held since 2010. During 2016 the UK and the US staged a training exercise simulating a cyber-attack on a nuclear power station.
Public opinion and protests
In the early 1990s, concern was raised in the United Kingdom about the effect of nuclear power plants on unborn children, when clusters of leukaemia cases were discovered nearby to some of these plants. The effect was speculative because clusters were also found where no nuclear plants were present, and not all plants had clusters around them. Detailed studies carried out by the Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (COMARE) in 2003 found no evidence of raised childhood cancer around nuclear power plants, but did find an excess of leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) near other nuclear installations including Sellafield, AWE Burghfield and UKAEA Dounreay. COMARE's opinion is that "the excesses around Sellafield and Dounreay are unlikely to be due to chance, although there is not at present a convincing explanation for them".
An opinion poll in Britain in 2002 by MORI on behalf of Greenpeace showed large support for wind power and a majority for putting an end to nuclear energy if the costs were the same. In November 2005, a YouGov poll conducted by business advisory firm Deloitte found that 36% of the UK population supported the use of nuclear power, though 62% would support an energy policy that combines nuclear along with renewable technologies. The same survey also revealed high public expectations for the future rate of renewables development – with 35% expecting the majority of electricity to come from renewables in only 15 years, which is more than double the government's expectation.
In the early 2000s, there was a heated discussion about nuclear waste, leading to the creation of the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (see above).
A large nationally representative 2010 British survey about energy issues found that public opinion is divided on the issue of nuclear power. The majority of people are concerned about nuclear power and public trust in the government and nuclear industry remains relatively low. The survey showed that there is a clear preference for renewable energy sources over nuclear power.
According to a national opinion poll, support for nuclear power in the UK dropped by twelve per cent following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. However, support recovered within a few months.
In October 2011, more than 200 protesters blockaded the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station site. Members of several anti-nuclear groups that are part of the Stop New Nuclear alliance barred access to the site in protest at EDF Energy's plans to renew the site with two new reactors.
In January 2012, three hundred anti-nuclear protesters took to the streets of Llangefni, against plans to build a new nuclear power station at Wylfa. The march was organised by a number of organisations, including Pobl Atal Wylfa B, Greenpeace and Cymdeithas yr Iaith, which are supporting farmer Richard Jones who is in dispute with Horizon.
In July 2012, a YouGov poll reported that 63% of UK respondents agreed that nuclear generation should be part of the country's energy mix, up from 61% in 2010. Opposition fell to 11%.
In February 2013, a YouGov poll published in the Sunday Times found that nuclear was the most popular choice to provide for Britain's future energy needs.
In February 2013, a poll published by Ipsos MORI which queried 1046 British individuals determined that support for new nuclear generation capacity was at 42%, with the proportion opposed to new nuclear generation being reported as unchanged at 20%, close to the lowest recorded proportion, by the agency in 2010, of 19% opposed. The results also report that the proportion that was undecided or neutral had increased, and it stood at 38%.
In 2013, a survey by Harris Interactive of more than 2,000 UK respondents found that 'one in four people (24%) considered nuclear power to offer the greatest potential' alongside solar (23%) and ahead of wind power (18%). Immediately following the announcement of the agreement between EDF and the UK government, 35% considered it to be a positive step, 21% felt it was a negative development and 28% were indifferent.
The Green Party programme postulates that "nuclear power, coal and incineration of waste will be phased out" (EN014), although this position is debated within the party, as a significant group of members called for review of the policy, which they consider anti-scientific and "irrational" and consider introduction of zero-emission nuclear power, along with renewable energy sources, to be a critical instrument for mitigation of climate change.
In a 2021 YouGov poll, 65% of those surveyed said nuclear power should play a role in the country's climate policy and 12% expressed strong anti-nuclear sentiment, while 46% were aware that nuclear power is a low-carbon energy source.
Nuclear power in Scotland
Though the UK Government has recently given the go-ahead for a new generation of nuclear power stations to be built, the Scottish Government has made clear that no new nuclear power stations will be built in Scotland and is aiming instead for a non-nuclear future. This was made clear when First Minister Alex Salmond said there was 'no chance' of any new nuclear power stations being built in Scotland.
In 2008, the Scottish Government's stance was backed by the Scottish Parliament that voted 63–58 to support the Scottish Government's policy of opposing new nuclear power stations.
See also
Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom
Nuclear energy in Ireland
Nuclear energy policy
Nuclear or Not?
Politics of the United Kingdom
References
Further reading
Hogg, Jonathan, and Kate Brown. "Social and cultural histories of British nuclear mobilisation since 1945." Contemporary British History 33.2 (2019): 161–169.
Peoples, Columba. "New nuclear, new security? Framing security in the policy case for new nuclear power in the United Kingdom." Security Dialogue 45.2 (2014): 156–173.
Taylor, Simon. The Fall and Rise of Nuclear Power in Britain: A History (2016)
External links
Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom – World Nuclear Association (Updated 14 July 2016)
Estimated closure dates of the existing nuclear power stations, House of Lords Hansard column WA232, 24 February 2005
Committee on Radioactive Waste Management
BBC News Special – Nuclear Power in the UK
Nuclear Power in the UK – Past, Present & Future, Robert Hawley – former CEO of Nuclear Electric and British Energy, World Nuclear Association Annual Symosium 2006
Histories and memories, Ray Hall – former CEO of Magnox Electric, Nuclear Energy, April 2002, pages 107–120
Going Critical: An Unofficial History of British Nuclear Power, Walter C. Patterson, Paladin, 1985,
Nuclear in the UK – where did it go wrong?, Steve Kidd, Nuclear Engineering International, 26 August 2009
Electric power generation in the United Kingdom |
4144636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20B%20%28mtDNA%29 | Haplogroup B (mtDNA) | In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R.
The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.
Distribution
Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man.
Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia, as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages and Austronesian languages.
A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.
Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia via Beringia, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian tribes of northeastern Siberia. However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans, Altays, Shors, Khakassians, Yakuts, Buryats, Mongols, Negidals, and Evenks. This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Korea, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%). However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar), Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%), South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%), Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan), and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
B'R11'R24
B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines (Ivatan)
B4
B4-T16217C* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan
B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T)
B4-C16261T* – Thailand (Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province), Cambodia (Takeo), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han, Uyghur), Korea
B4a – Korea, Han Chinese (Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (Bidayuh)
B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400] ybp)
B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500] ybp)
B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 6,600 <-> 7,500] ybp) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville) the Polynesian motif, or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900] ybp) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona)
B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo)
B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka)
B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands
B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu
B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa
B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people)
B4a1a1c – Cook Islands
B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa
B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa
B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu
B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela)
B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
B4a1a1r – Cook Islands
B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands
B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, etc.)
B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis)
B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami)
B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis)
B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis)
B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 [95% CI 15,300 <-> 25,700] ybp)
B4a1b'e* – China (Naxi, Nyingchi, etc.)
B4a1b – Korea, Japan
B4a1b1 – Korea, Japan
B4a1b1a – Korea, Japan
B4a1e – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Vietnam (Thái), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province, Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand)
B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 [95% CI 15,600 <-> 25,700] ybp) – India, China (Uyghur), Vietnam (Tay), Korea, Japan
B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 [95% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600] ybp) – Japan
B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea
B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 [95% CI 11,800 <-> 23,900] ybp) – Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar
B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 [95% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300] ybp) – China (Mongol in Hulun Buir, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Hà Nhì, Si La, Kinh, Nùng), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province)
B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 [95% CI 10,100 <-> 24,500] ybp)
B4a1c3a (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,650 <-> 6,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, Kazakh (Zhan Aul of Altai Republic), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)
B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,500 [95% CI 5,600 <-> 21,200] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
B4a1d – Vietnam
B4a2 – Japan
B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
B4a2b1a – Japan
B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Japan
B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Korea, Russia, Germany
B4a4a - Yakut, Yukaghir
B4a4b - China
B4a4c - Thailand
B4a4c1 - Naxi, Uyghur
B4a4d - China
B4a4e - China
B4a4e1 - China, Taiwan
B4a4f - Japan
B4a4f1 - China
B4a5 – China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (H'Mông, Dao, Cờ Lao)
B4g
B4g1 – Thailand
B4g1a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Rai, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province), Vietnam (Thái, Nùng, etc.), China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.)
B4g1b – Han Chinese (Beijing, Denver)
B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Dao, Si La), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province, Htin in Phayao Province)
B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand (Phuan in Sukhothai Province)
B4h1 – China (Fujian, etc.), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province), Japan
B4i – China
B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
B4k – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
B4b – Canada
B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua)
B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
B2a4
B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo)
B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
B2b3 – Yanomama
B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada
B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
B2f – USA (Mexican)
B2g
B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
B2g2
B2h – Ache
B2i
B2i1 – Kayapo
B2i2 – Chile
B2i2a – Mapuche
B2i2a1 – Chile
B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
B2i2a1b – Chile
B2i2b – Chile
B2i2b1 – Chile
B2j
B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
B2m
B2n
B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
B2p – USA (Mexican)
B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
B2s – USA (Mexican)
B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
B2u
B2v
B2w
B2x
B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
B2y1 – USA
B4b1
B4b1* – Thailand (Phuan in Phrae Province), Korea, Japan
B4b1a
B4b1a* – China, Tubalar, Philippines, Indonesia
B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 11,200 <-> 19,400] ybp) – Japan
B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200] ybp) – Japan
B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
B4b1a1b – Japan
B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 [95% CI 10,300 <-> 13,600] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Indonesia, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), India
B4b1a2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan
B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami)
B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa)
B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon)
B4b1a2e – China (She people, etc.)
B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun)
B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun)
B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami)
B4b1a2i
B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (Banjarmasin)
B4b1a2i1
B4b1a2i1*
B4b1a2i1a
B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu
B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 4,600 <-> 11,000] ybp) – Han Chinese (Denver)
B4b1a3* – Hazara (Pakistan)
B4b1a3a (TMRCA 3,300 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,900] ybp)
B4b1a3a* – Turk, Altai Kizhi, Shor, Uyghur, Yakut
B4b1a3a1 – Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut
B4b1a3a2 – Khamnigan
B4b1a3a3 – Chuvash
B4b1a3b
B4b1a3b* – Buryat
B4b1a3b1 – Uyghur
B4b1b'c
B4b1b – Japan, Korean, China (Lanzhou), Vietnam
B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,800 <-> 21,700] ybp)
B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 [95% CI 4,500 <-> 10.800] ybp)
B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 20,100] ybp)
B4d
B4d1'2'3
B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat), China (Oroqen, Tibetan from Tingri, etc.), Korea
B4d1 – China (Miao, Daur from Qiqihar, Korean from Antu County, Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou, Jiangsu, etc.), Taiwan, Japan (Chiba), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)
B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)
B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao)
B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 [95% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500] ybp)
B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, etc.), Korea
B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, etc.)
B4e – Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces, Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Vietnam (La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
B4j – Buryat, Khamnigan
B4c – Thailand, Indonesia
B4c1
B4c1a'b
B4c1a – China (Shandong, Lanzhou, Deng people, Sarikoli in Tashkurgan), Vietnam (La Hủ) (TMRCA 18,000 [95% CI 12,600 <-> 25,000] ybp)
B4c1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi), Korea (South Jeolla) (TMRCA 12,000 [95% CI 8,300 <-> 16,700] ybp)
B4c1a1a – Japan (Chiba, Aichi), Korea
B4c1a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo), Korea
B4c1a1a1a – Japan (Aichi, etc.)
B4c1a1a2 – Japan (Aichi)
B4c1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
B4c1a1c – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
B4c1a2 – Barghut, Buryat, Yakut (TMRCA 11,700 [95% CI 6,000 <-> 20,600] ybp)
B4c1a2a – Barghut (Hulun Buir), Khamnigan, Kyrgyz (Artux) (TMRCA 3,200 [95% CI 700 <-> 9,300] ybp)
B4c1b - Japan (Aichi), Vietnam (Kinh), Thailand
B4c1b1
B4c1b1* – Japan (Tokyo), Korea, USA
B4c1b1a – Japan (Tokyo)
B4c1b-A16335G
B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A
B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A* – Vietnam (Tay, Kinh)
B4c1b-C2380T
B4c1b-C2380T* – Japan (Chiba)
B4c1b-A200G/G16145A/C16189TC – Uyghur
B4c1b2 - Poland
B4c1b2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), China (Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou, etc.), Kazakh (Altai)
B4c1b2a1 – China (Zhejiang, etc.), Uyghur, Japan
B4c1b2a2 – Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Philippines (Ivatan), South Africa, China
B4c1b2a2a – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
B4c1b2a2b – Philippines (Ivatan)
B4c1b2b – Taiwan (Minnan), Han Chinese (Denver)
B4c1b2c – China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Vietnam (Phù Lá, Tay), Cambodia (Siem Reap), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Hazara (Pakistan)
B4c1b2c1 – China (Han from Beijing), Taiwan (Minnan), Japan
B4c1b2c2 – China, Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Vietnam (Kinh, La Hủ), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province)
B4c1b3
B4c1b3* – Japan (Aichi)
B4c1b3a – Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province)
B4c1c
B4c1c* – China, Korea, Japan
B4c1c-T16311C!
B4c1c-T16311C!* – China, Japan
B4c1c1 – Japan, Korea, Singapore, Kyrgyzstan
B4c1c1a – Japan, Korea
B4c1c1b - Japan
B4c2
B4c2* – Thailand (Tai Lü in Northern Thailand, Thai in Western Thailand, Phuan in Phichit, Lopburi, and Sukhothai provinces, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Saek in Nakhon Phanom Province, Soa in Sakon Nakhon Province), Laos (Lao in Luang Prabang), Indonesia (Banjar of Banjarmasin, Besemah of Sumatra, Jawa Timur), USA ("Caucasian"), Vietnam (La Hủ, Hà Nhì), Cambodia (Siem Reap, Battambang, Banteay Meanchey)
B4c2a
B4c2a* – Thai
B4c2a1 – Uzbek, Uyghur, China
B4c2b – Vietnam (Cham), Cambodia (Kampong Thom), Malaysia (Seletar), Indonesia (Banjar from Banjarmasin), Netherlands
B4c2c – Thailand (Thai in Eastern Thailand, Tai Khün in Northern Thailand, Tai Lü in Northern Thailand), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang), Cambodia (Kampong Thom), Vietnam (Tày, Nùng, Dao), Taiwan (Minnan), China (Tu, etc.)
B4c2d – Cambodia (Kampong Thom, Kratié)
B4c2e – Vietnam (La Hu)
B4c2f – Vietnam (Kinh), Thailand (Phuan)
B4c2g – Thailand (Phuan)
B4c3
B4c3* – China
B4c3a
B4c3a* – Vietnam (La Chí)
B4c3a1 – Vietnam (La Chí)
B4c3b – Vietnam (Lô Lô)
B4c3c – Vietnam (La Hủ)
B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early Kofun period) Yokohama)
B4f* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan (Aichi)
B4f1 - Barghut, Korea
B4f1* – Japan (Tokyo)
B4f1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
B5
B5* – China
B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran
B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane), China, Korea
B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province), Guyana
B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang)
B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, etc.)
B5a1c2 – China (Han)
B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan)
B5a2a
B5a2a1
B5a2a1a – China
B5a2a1b – Korea, Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
B5a2a2
B5a2a2* – China
B5a2a2a
B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
B5a2a2b
B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan)
B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun)
B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao)
B5b – Korea, China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand (Suay from Surin Province), Cambodia (Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
B5b1a – China, Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province)
B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo)
B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen
B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic, Ulchi, Altaian Kazakh), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut), Japan, Philippines
B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan
B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, etc.), China (Han from Wuhan)
B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea, China (Tianjin), Buryat, Hezhen
B5b2a2a
B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
B5b2a2a2 – Malaysia (Bidayuh of Sarawak), Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
B5b2b – Yakut
B5b2-C204T! - China (Han), Korea, Vietnam (Kinh)
B5b2c – Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao)
B5b2c1 – China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
B5b3
B5b3a – Japan (Aichi, early 11th century AD (Heian period) Yokohama, etc.), Korea, China
B5b3b – Japan
B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi
B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver)
R11'B6
R11 – China (Han from Beijing)
R11a – Japan, China
R11b – China (Han from Qingdao, etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Korea, Japan
R11b1 – China (Han from Hunan)
R11b1c - Altai Kizhi
R11b2 - China, Xibo
R11b2a - China, Thailand (Khmer from Surin Province), Vietnam (Kinh)
R11b3 - China (Taihang area in Henan province)
R11b4 - China (Han from Chongqing)
B6
B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand (Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province)
B6a1 – China, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Blang in Chiang Rai Province), Philippines
B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand (Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province), Malaysia (Temuan)
R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa)
R24a – Philippines
Popular culture
In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Indigenous Amerindian genetics
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup B
Spread of Haplogroup B, from National Geographic
Ina
Tianyuan, mtDNA B and the formation of Far Eastern peoples
B |
4144926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke%20Takahashi | Daisuke Takahashi | is a retired Japanese figure skater (men's singles and ice dance) and ice show producer. As a singles skater, he is the 2010 Olympic bronze medalist, the 2010 World champion, the 2012–13 Grand Prix Final champion, a two-time (2008, 2011) Four Continents champion, and a five-time (2006-2008, 2010, 2012) Japanese national champion.
Takahashi represented Japan at the 2006 Winter Olympics, 2010 Winter Olympics, and 2014 Winter Olympics. His bronze medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics was the first Olympic medal for Japan in the men's singles event. He was also the first Asian man to win a World title at the 2010 World Championships. At the 2012–13 Grand Prix Final, Takahashi made history again as the first Japanese man to win a gold medal in the event, an addition to his previous accomplishment of being the first Japanese man to medal at the event in 2005.
Takahashi retired on October 14, 2014, but returned to competitive skating on July 1, 2018. After two seasons competing domestically in Japan, Takahashi began a career in ice dance partnered with Kana Muramoto beginning in the 2020–21 season. With Muramoto he is the 2022 Four Continents silver medalist, the 2022-23 Japanese national champion and the 2022 Denis Ten Memorial Challenge champion. Takahashi is the first and at present only competitor to have earned medals at the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships in two different disciplines.
He is not only a pioneer in the field of competitive skating in Japan, but has also been a key individual in innovating the Japanese ice show market by headlining Hyoen, a novel cross-genre show format (combining several genres, such as kabuki, with figure skating), which implements projection mapping and addresses underrepresented themes such as the portrayal of same-sex attraction, among others. Since January 2023, he has taken on the role of producer/director and made his debut with Ice Explosion 2023. In addition to performing in ice shows, he has also appeared as a dancer in Cheryl Burke's stage production Love on the Floor.
Career
Early career
Born in Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture, Japan, Takahashi began figure skating when he was eight years old. When a skating rink was built near his house, he went with his mother to watch the skaters at the rink and, afterward, enrolled in the figure skating club. His mother intended for him to enroll in the ice hockey club, but he did not like the protective gear of ice hockey and enrolled instead in the figure skating club.
Takahashi had a successful junior career, winning the 2002 World Junior Championships in his first and only appearance at that competition. Takahashi is the first Japanese man to have won the title.
Senior career
Senior debut
For the 2002–03 season, Takahashi turned senior. He struggled with consistency during the first few years of his senior career. In 2004, he moved to Osaka to attend university – the university built a rink for him and other elite skaters.
Takahashi won a bronze medal at the 2005 Four Continents Championships and went on to the 2005 World Championships as the second-ranked of the two Japanese men on the World team, after Takeshi Honda. However, when Honda was forced to withdraw due to injury, it fell on Takahashi to qualify spots for Japan at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Takahashi placed 15th, qualifying only one spot for the Japanese men.
2005–06 season
In the 2005–06 season, Nobunari Oda emerged as a challenger for the Olympic spot. Oda and Takahashi both had very good Grand Prix seasons. At the 2005–06 Japanese Championships, Oda was declared the winner and, thus, seemed to have qualified for the one Olympic slot, but his gold medal was quickly taken back when an error was found in the way scores were calculated in the computer system at the event; Takahashi was awarded the gold. The Japanese Skating Federation split the international assignments, giving Takahashi the Olympic berth and Oda a place at the World Championship. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Takahashi was in a good position after the short program but had a poor free skate and placed 8th overall.
2006–07 season
In the 2006–07 competitive season, Takahashi won a silver medal at 2006 Skate Canada International, then gold at the 2006 NHK Trophy. He qualified for the Grand Prix Final and won the silver medal, although he was ill. He won the Japanese Championships, taking the national title for the second year in a row, and then went on to the Winter Universiade in Turin, Italy, which he won as well.
Takahashi placed third in the short program at the 2007 World Championships. In free skating, he skated the performance of his life in his home country, placing first in that segment and ending up winning the silver medal, trailing Brian Joubert narrowly. This was the first silver medal for Japan in the men's event at Worlds.
Following that season, the ISU ranked Takahashi first in the world. However, over the summer, the ISU tweaked its scoring criteria. Takahashi had been placed on top, just ahead of Brian Joubert, partly due to Takahashi's victory at the Winter Universiade, a competition for which Brian Joubert was not eligible, as Joubert was not a university student. The ISU determined that the results of the Winter Universiade could not be used to calculate world ranking, and Takahashi's ranking fell from first to second place.
2007–08 season
In the 2007–08 season, he won gold at both his Grand Prix events and then silver at the Grand Prix Final behind Stéphane Lambiel. A few weeks later, he won his third Japanese national title and was named to the Four Continents and Worlds teams.
Takahashi won the 2008 Four Continents Championships, scoring a new record in free skating (175.84) and in the total score (264.41) under the ISU Judging System.
He was considered a favorite heading into the 2008 World Championships but finished off the podium after a disappointing free skating in which he fell on his second quad toe attempt, then stumbled on a triple Axel and triple loop, and, finally, performed an extra combination, an invalid element, which did not count towards his points total.
In May 2008, Takahashi announced that he had parted ways with Nikolai Morozov, who had been his co-coach for several years in Hackensack, New Jersey. Morozov explained the split by stating that he could no longer coach Takahashi due to problems with Takahashi's new agent. Takahashi continued training under coach Utako Nagamitsu and jump coach Takeshi Honda in Osaka, Japan.
2008–09 season
Takahashi was originally assigned to the 2008 Cup of China and the 2008 NHK Trophy for the 2008–09 Grand Prix season. He had to withdraw after suffering a torn ACL in his right knee on October 31, 2008, only a few days before his first event. It was later reported that Takahashi would undergo surgery to repair ligament damage and his right meniscus and would miss the entire 2008–09 season. A bolt was inserted into his right knee. He was able to return to the ice in April and began practicing jumps in June.
2009–10 season
After recovering from the surgery and returning to training normally, Takahashi began the Olympic season at the 2009 Finlandia Trophy, which he won. For the Grand Prix season, he was assigned to compete at the 2009 Skate Canada International and 2009 NHK Trophy for the 2009–10 season. He placed second at Skate Canada and fourth at the NHK Trophy. Those placements qualified him to compete in the Grand Prix Final. At the final, he led after the short program with a new personal best of 89.95 but was fifth in free skating and fifth overall.
He won his fourth national title at the 2009–10 Japanese Championships. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, Takahashi won the bronze medal with a score of 247.43. It is the first Olympic medal to be won by Japan in men's figure skating. He then won the gold medal at 2010 World Championships, becoming the first Asian to win a world championship in men's singles. At this competition, Takahashi attempted a quadruple flip but underrotated the jump and two-footed the landing.
2010–11 season
Takahashi's 2010–11 ISU Grand Prix events were the NHK Trophy and Skate America. At the 2010 NHK Trophy, he placed first with 234.79 points, 16.60 ahead of silver medalist Jeremy Abbott. Takahashi also won 2010 Skate America despite having a flawed short program and free skating. During a practice session at the Grand Prix Final, Takahiko Kozuka inadvertently collided with him while Takahashi was doing his run-through; Takahashi said, "it wasn't such a serious injury, just a bit of bruising. [...] It was the first time for me (to be involved in such an accident). I was surprised, but there was no malice involved." Takahashi placed third in short program. In free skating, he attempted a quad flip but landed it two-footed. Multiple problems, including low levels on two spins, resulted in a sixth-place finish in that segment, dropping him to fourth overall.
Takahashi won the bronze medal at the 2010–11 Japanese Championships. Takahashi won the 2011 Four Continents Championships. At the 2011 World Championships, he was third in the short program but finished in fifth overall. In free skating, a screw in his boot came loose on his first element, a quad toe. The Japanese team was able to get it fixed within the three minutes allowed, and he resumed his program. He said it may occur at any time regardless of inspections, which his coach does every day, and he does not blame her. On May 19, Takahashi underwent surgery to remove a bolt in his right knee stemming from surgery in late 2008. Following the surgery, he said, "It is thinner around my knee, but I feel better now that there is nothing inside my body. I might be imagining it, but it feels lighter."
2011–12 season
As part of his preparation for the 2011–12 season, Takahashi spent two weeks in August 2011 working with ice dancing specialists Muriel Boucher-Zazoui, Romain Haguenauer, and Olivier Schoenfelder in Lyon, France, to hone his skating skills. He said, "I wanted to improve my skating technique, not because I was bad in this sector, but I think Olivier is the best. I love the way he skates."
At 2011 Skate Canada International, Takahashi earned a score of 84.66 in the short program and 153.21 in free skating to win the bronze medal with a combined score of 237.87. At the 2011 NHK Trophy, he earned a new personal best score of 90.43 to take the lead in the short program, with a 10.66 point lead over teammate Takahiko Kozuka. He won the gold medal with a combined total of 259.75 points and qualified for the Grand Prix Final. He finished second at the Final. At the Japanese Championships, Takahashi was first after the short program with a score of 96.05 and placed third in free skating, scoring 158.38 points. With a total score of 254.60, he won his fifth national title, finishing ahead of Takahiko Kozuka and Yuzuru Hanyu, and was selected to compete at the 2012 World Championships, where he won the silver medal. The French crowd believed he deserved the gold medal over Patrick Chan, who had mistakes, including a fall on a double Axel, and booed the final result. Takahashi stated that he was pleased with the result, which he had not expected after his off-season surgery. Takahashi finished the season at the 2012 World Team Trophy. He set new personal best scores in the short program, free skating, and overall, and finished first in the men's event. His short program score, 94.00, set a new record as the highest ever under the ISU Judging System. It was Takahashi's first win over Patrick Chan since the 2010 World Championships.
On June 15, 2012, Takahashi confirmed that he would resume working with Morozov – Nagamitsu remained his primary coach, and Morozov became his advisory coach.
2012–13 season
Takahashi presented his new free skating for the season at the 2012 Japan Open. It was the first time since his injury that he performed two quad jumps in his free skating. He placed first in the men's event, and Japan took the team gold medal. He switched to new skating boots just after returning from training in the U.S. in October. This affected his practice schedule leading up to his Grand Prix events. Takahashi said: "The shoes happened to be uncomfortable beyond my expectations, which attributed to difficulty in blade adjustments. As a result, I was not able to practice as I had scheduled." At the 2012 Cup of China, his first Grand Prix event of the season, he won the silver medal behind Tatsuki Machida. Takahashi won the silver medal at his next Grand Prix event, the 2012 NHK Trophy, and qualified for his seventh Grand Prix Final. The 2012 Grand Prix Final took place in Sochi, Russia at the planned 2014 Winter Olympics rink. Takahashi placed first in the short program, third in free skating, and won his first GPF gold medal. He is also the first Japanese man ever to win a gold medal at the Grand Prix Final.
At the Japanese Championships, six strong competitors fought for three available spots on the Japanese men's world team. Takahashi came in second in the short program, nine points behind Yuzuru Hanyu. Takahashi was first in free skating but finished second overall. He was named to the Japanese team for the 2013 Four Continents Championships, held in Takahashi's current hometown, and the 2013 World Championships.
Takahashi announced he would change his short program to Moonlight Sonata. With roughly a month to prepare the new program, Takahashi said he was still trying to "feel" the music with his body. He was 4th in short program, 8th in free skating, and finished 7th overall at the Four Continents Championships. Takahashi was also 4th in the short program and 8th in free skating at the World Championships, finishing sixth.
2013–14 season
In the 2013–14 ISU Grand Prix season, Takahashi was 4th at the 2013 Skate America before winning the 2013 NHK Trophy.
At the Japanese Championships, he placed 4th in the short program and 5th in free skating to place 5th overall. He was named to the Sochi Olympic team.
At the Olympics, he finished 4th in short program and 6th in free skating to finish 6th overall, with a total score of 250.67. He was originally slated to compete at the 2014 World Championships in Saitama, Japan, but pulled out due to knee injury.
Takahashi announced his retirement from competitive skating in October 2014.
2018–19 season
Takahashi announced his intent to return to competitive skating at the start of the 2018–19 season. He placed second behind Shoma Uno at the Japanese championships but declined offers of international assignments.
2019–20 season
In September 2019, Takahashi announced that he would finish his competitive singles career that season and switch to competing in ice dance with partner Kana Muramoto. He finished twelfth at the 2019–20 Japan Championships, his final appearance in singles competition.
2020–21 season
Following the conclusion of his singles career, Takahashi began training with Muramoto in Florida under Marina Zoueva, the coach of Olympic champions Virtue/Moir and Davis/White. Takahashi's star status in Japan made his decision to switch to ice dance a point of considerable interest in the country's media and figure skating audience.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Grand Prix was assigned based primarily on geographic location. Muramoto/Takahashi nevertheless traveled from Florida to Japan to make their debut at the 2020 NHK Trophy, in a field consisting of only three Japanese dance teams. They were second in the rhythm dance, narrowly ahead of reigning national silver medalists Fukase/Cho but some six points behind the reigning national champions, Komatsubara/Koleto. In the free dance, Takahashi fell out of his second set of twizzles, which combined with missed levels of some lift elements to drop them to third place. Winning the bronze medal, he called his mistakes unusual, even in practice sessions, but a part of actually competing. Muramoto said she felt they could do better at their next competition.
Making their Japan Championships debut, Muramoto/Takahashi placed second in the rhythm dance, less than four points behind Komatsubara/Koleto. They were third in the free dance after Takahashi fell out of a lift and made several other errors, but won the silver medal overall due to Fukase/Cho also making errors. They were named as first alternates to the World team. In February, they were forced to withdraw as alternates due to a knee injury from Muramoto and were replaced by bronze medalists Fukase/Cho.
2021–22 season
Muramoto/Takahashi were again assigned to begin the season at the 2021 NHK Trophy, their lone assignment on the Grand Prix for the year. Sixth in both segments, they were sixth overall, defeating domestic rivals Komatsubara/Koleto by 7.30 points. Both expressed satisfaction with the results, but Takahashi said, "there is still a large gap we want to close to the top teams." They went on to win a silver medal at the 2021 CS Warsaw Cup.
The 2021–22 Japan Championships, the final national qualification event for the 2022 Winter Olympics, pitted Muramoto/Takahashi against Komatsubara/Koleto for the second time that season. Muramoto and Takahashi both fell in the rhythm dance, as a result placing second in that segment, five points back of their rivals. They won the free dance but took the silver medal overall for the second consecutive year and were subsequently named as alternates for the Japanese Olympic team. They were instead assigned to make their World Championship debut later in the season and were named to compete at the Four Continents Championships as well.
Muramoto/Takahashi won the silver medal at Four Continents, placing second in both segments, despite errors from Takahashi. He became the first person to win Four Continents medals in two different disciplines and said he could "hardly put my joy into words" but that he had been frustrated with his mistakes.
The team concluded the season at the 2022 World Championships, held in Montpellier with Russian dance teams absent due to the International Skating Union banning all Russian athletes due to their country's invasion of Ukraine. Qualifying to the free dance, Muramoto/Takahashi finished sixteenth.
2022–23 season
At the end of May, Muramoto/Takahashi confirmed that they would continue through the 2022–2023 season.
After a sixth-place finish at the 2022 Skate America, they went on to compete at the 2022 CS Denis Ten Memorial Challenge, where they earned their first gold medal as a team. They then finished sixth at the 2022 NHK Trophy, their second Grand Prix.
At the 2022–23 Japan Championships, Muramoto/Takahashi became national champions for the first time and were subsequently named to compete at the 2023 World Championships and at the 2023 Four Continents Championships.
The team encountered difficulties at the Four Continents Championships, beginning in the rhythm dance, where Muramoto fell in the midst of their midline step element. Takahashi fell twice in the second half of their free dance. They finished ninth at the event, behind domestic rivals Komatsubara/Koleto. At the 2023 World Championships, held on home ice in Saitama, Muramoto/Takahashi finished in eleventh place. Takahashi opined afterward that "today's performance really gave me the meaning to continue for a year. I have grown and experienced a lot in this past year."
Muramoto/Takahashi were Team Japan's dance entry at the 2023 World Team Trophy, coming fourth in the rhythm dance. They were fifth in the free dance, setting a new personal best in the segment and in total score. Muramoto said that they were undecided about continuing for another year and would discuss it while touring. Team Japan won the bronze medal.
Personal life
Takahashi was a student at Kansai University, along with Nobunari Oda. He has three elder brothers.
After initially retiring from figure skating, Takahashi moved to Long Island, New York, where he enrolled in English classes at a local university. During his stay he also studied several dance styles at the Broadway Dance Center.
He announced in January of 2023, that he changed the spelling of his name from 髙橋 大輔 to 高橋 大輔.
In June 2023, during an interview on the Japanese talk show, Matsuko Kaigi, Takahashi opened up about his struggles with alcoholism back in 2014 following his initial retirement from competitive singles skating, which he described as a "dark period" in his life.
Public life and endorsements
With the silver medal at the 2007 Worlds, Takahashi made many media appearances and performed in many ice shows in Japan. He was also invited to the French team's show Stars sur glace (Stars On Ice) in Paris. In 2008, he performed at Festa On Ice in South Korea.
In July 2007, the Japanese Olympic Committee selected Takahashi as one of the "JOC symbol athletes" (JOC paid about 20 million yen per year to the symbol athletes for the image rights. JOC partner companies can use images of JOC Symbol Athletes for free). The program provided him with funding from JOC partner companies.
After his win at 2010 Worlds, Takahashi appeared as a guest on many TV shows and as an advertising spokesperson for the "Use pesticides safely campaign" and Japan Post.
Programs
Ice Dance with Muramoto
Men's singles
Records and achievements
Takahashi is the first Asian male skater to win the World Junior Championships (2002 World Junior Figure Skating Championships in Hamar).
He is the first Asian male skater to win a GPF medal (bronze at the 2005–06 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final in Tokyo).
He is the first Asian male skater to win a World silver medal (at the 2007 World Figure Skating Championships in Tokyo).
He is the first Asian male skater to win an Olympic medal (bronze at the 2010 Olympic Games in Vancouver).
He is the first Asian male skater to win the World Championships (2010 World Figure Skating Championships in Turin).
He is the first Asian male skater to win the GPF (2012–13 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final in Sochi).
He is the first singles skater, male or female, to have represented Japan at three Olympic Winter Games.
Takahashi is the most successful male skater at the NHK Trophy with five titles to his name (2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013), in addition to earning one silver in 2012 and one bronze in 2005.
Takahashi is the only skater to medal at the Four Continents Championships in two different disciplines (men's singles and ice dance).
He is the first skater to have attempted a 4F in an ISU sanctioned event (at the 2010 World Figure Skating Championships in Turin)
Historical world record scores
Note: Because of the introduction of the new +5 / -5 GOE (Grade of Execution) system, which replaced the previous +3 / -3 GOE system, ISU has decided that all statistics start from zero from the 2018–19 season onwards. All previous records are now historical.
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
Ice dance with Muramoto
Men's singles
Detailed results
Ice dance with Muramoto
Senior men's singles
References
External links
! colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #78FF78;" |World Records Holder
1986 births
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Medalists at the 2005 Winter Universiade
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Japanese male single skaters
Japanese male ice dancers
Living people
Olympic figure skaters for Japan
People from Kurashiki
Kansai University alumni
Olympic bronze medalists for Japan
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Universiade medalists in figure skating
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Japan
Competitors at the 2005 Winter Universiade |
4145230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation%20of%20Smyrna | Occupation of Smyrna | The city of Smyrna (modern-day İzmir) and surrounding areas were under Greek military occupation from 15 May 1919 until 9 September 1922. The Allied Powers authorized the occupation and creation of the Zone of Smyrna () during negotiations regarding the partition of the Ottoman Empire to protect the ethnic Greek population living in and around the city. The Greek landing on 15 May 1919 was celebrated by the substantial local Greek population but quickly resulted in ethnic violence in the area. This violence decreased international support for the occupation and led to a rise in Turkish nationalism. The high commissioner of Smyrna, Aristeidis Stergiadis, firmly opposed discrimination against the Turkish population by the administration; however, ethnic tensions and discrimination remained. Stergiadis also began work on projects involving resettlement of Greek refugees, the foundations for a university, and some public health projects. Smyrna was a major base of operations for Greek troops in Anatolia during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).
The Greek occupation of Smyrna ended on 9 September 1922 with the Turkish capture of Smyrna by troops commanded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. After the Turkish advance on Smyrna, a mob murdered the Orthodox bishop Chrysostomos and a few days later the Great Fire of Smyrna burnt large parts of the city (including most of the Greek and Armenian areas). Estimated Greek and Armenian deaths range from 10,000 to 100,000. With the end of the occupation of Smyrna, major combat in Anatolia between Greek and Turkish forces largely ended, and on 24 July 1923, the parties signed the Treaty of Lausanne ending the war.
Background
At the end of World War I (1914–1918), attention of the Allied Powers (Entente Powers) focused on the partition of the territory of the Ottoman Empire. As part of the Treaty of London (1915), by which Italy left the Triple Alliance (with Germany and Austria-Hungary) and joined France, Great Britain and Russia in the Triple Entente, Italy was promised the Dodecanese and, if the partition of the Ottoman Empire were to occur, land in Anatolia including Antalya and surrounding provinces presumably including Smyrna. But in later 1915, as an inducement to enter the war, British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey in private discussion with Eleftherios Venizelos, the Greek Prime Minister at the time, promised large parts of the Anatolian coast to Greece, including Smyrna. Venizelos resigned from his position shortly after this communication, but when he had formally returned to power in June 1917, Greece entered the war on the side of the Entente.
On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed between the Entente powers and the Ottoman Empire ending the Ottoman front of World War I. Great Britain, Greece, Italy, France, and the United States began discussing what the treaty provisions regarding the partition of Ottoman territory would be, negotiations which resulted in the Treaty of Sèvres. These negotiations began in February 1919 and each country had distinct negotiating preferences about Smyrna. The French, who had large investments in the region, took a position for territorial integrity of a Turkish state that would include the zone of Smyrna. The British were at a loggerhead over the issue with the War Office and India Office promoting the territorial integrity idea and Prime Minister David Lloyd George and the Foreign Office, headed by Lord Curzon, opposed this suggestion and wanting Smyrna to be under separate administration. The Italian position was that Smyrna was rightfully their possession and so the diplomats would refuse to make any comments when Greek control over the area was discussed. The Greek government, pursuing Venizelos' support for the Megali Idea (to bring areas with a majority Greek population or with historical or religious ties to Greece under control of the Greek state) and supported by Lloyd George, began a large propaganda effort to promote their claim to Smyrna including establishing a mission under the foreign minister in the city. Moreover, the Greek claim over the Smyrna area (which appeared to have a clear Greek majority, although exact percentages varied depending on the source) were supported by Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points which emphasized the right to autonomous development for minorities in Anatolia. In negotiations, despite French and Italian objections, by the middle of February 1919 Lloyd George shifted the discussion to how Greek administration would work and not whether Greek administration would happen. To further this aim, he brought in a set of experts, including Arnold J. Toynbee, to discuss how the zone of Smyrna would operate and what its impacts would be on the population. Following this discussion, in late February 1919, Venezilos appointed Aristeidis Stergiadis, a close political ally, the High Commissioner of Smyrna (appointed over political riser Themistoklis Sofoulis).
In April 1919, the Italians landed and took over Antalya and began showing signs of moving troops towards Smyrna. During the negotiations at about the same time, the Italian delegation walked out when it became clear that Fiume (Rijeka) would not be given to them in the peace outcome. Lloyd George saw an opportunity to break the impasse over Smyrna with the absence of the Italian delegation and, according to Jensen, he "concocted a report that an armed uprising of Turkish guerrillas in the Smyrna area was seriously endangering the Greek and other Christian minorities." Both to protect local Christians and also to limit increasing Italian action in Anatolia, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson supported a Greek military occupation of Smyrna. Although Smyrna would be occupied by Greek troops, authorized by the Allies, the Allies did not agree that Greece would take sovereignty over the territory until further negotiations settled this issue. The Italian delegation acquiesced to this outcome and the Greek occupation was authorized.
Greek landing at Smyrna
On 14 May 1919, the Greek mission in Smyrna read a statement announcing that Greek troops would be arriving the next day in the city. Smith reports that this news was "received with great emotion" by the Greek population of the city while thousands of Turkish residents gathered in the hill that night lighting fires and beating drums in protest. The same night, thousands of Turkish prisoners were released from a prison with the complicity of the Ottoman and Italian commanders in charge of the prison.
Greek occupation of Smyrna started on 15 May 1919 where a large crowd gathered waving the Greek kingdom flags on the docks where the Greek troops were expected to arrive. The Metropolitan of Smyrna, Chrysostomos, blessed the first troops as they arrived. An inexperienced colonel was in charge of the operation and neither the appointed high commissioner nor high-ranking military individuals were there for the landing, resulting in miscommunication and a breakdown of discipline. Most significantly, this resulted in the 1/38 Evzone Regiment landing north of where they were to take up their post. They had to march south, passing a large part of the Greek celebratory crowds, the Ottoman governor's konak and the barracks of Ottoman troops. Someone fired a shot (Smith indicates that no one knows who) and chaos resulted, with the Greek troops firing multiple shots into the konak and the barracks. The Ottoman troops surrendered and the Greek regiment began marching them up the coast to a ship to serve as a temporary prison. A British subject at the scene claimed he witnessed the shooting deaths of thirty unarmed prisoners during this march, by both Greeks in the crowd and Greek troops. British officers in the harbor reported seeing Greek troops bayoneting multiple Turkish prisoners during the march and then saw them thrown into the sea. In the chaos, looting of Turkish houses began, and by the end of the day three to four hundred Turks had been killed. One hundred Greeks were also killed, including two soldiers. Violence continued the next day and for the next months as Greek troops took over towns and villages in the region and atrocities were committed by both ethnic groups, notably the Battle of Aydın on 27 June 1919.
Reactions to the landing
The landing and reports of the violence had a large impact on many parties. The landing helped bring together the various groups of Turkish resistance into an organized movement (further assisted by the landing of Mustafa Kemal in Samsun on 19 May 1919). Several demonstrations were held by Turkish people in Constantinople condemning the occupation of Smyrna. Between 100,000 and 150,000 people gathered in a meeting at Sultanahmet square organized by the Karakol society and Türk Ocağı. In Great Britain and France, the reports of violence increased opposition in the governments to a permanent Greek control over the area.
As a response to the claims of violence, the French Prime Minister Clemenceau suggested an Interallied Commission of Inquiry to Smyrna: the commission was made up of Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol for the United States, General Bunoust for France, General Hare for England, General Dall'olio for Italy and, as a non-voting observer, Colonel Mazarakis for Greece. It began work in August 1919 and interviewed 175 witnesses and visited multiple sites of alleged atrocities. The decision reached was that when a Greek witness and Turkish witness disagreed, a European witness would be used to provide the conclusions for the report. This system was dismissed by Venizelos because he claimed that the Europeans living in Smyrna benefited from privileges given to them under the Ottoman rule and were thus opposed to Greek rule. The report was released to negotiators in October and generally found Greeks responsible for the bloodshed related to the landing and the violence throughout the Smyrna zone after the landing. In addition, the conclusions questioned the fundamental justification for the Greek occupation and suggested Greek troops be replaced by an allied force. Eyre Crowe, a main British diplomat, dismissed the larger conclusion by saying the commission had overstepped its mandate. In the negotiations after the report, Clemenceau reminded Venizelos that the occupation of Smyrna was not permanent and merely a political solution. Venizelos responded angrily and the negotiators moved on.
At about the same time, British Field Marshal George Milne was tasked by the allies with devising a solution to Italian and Greek tension in the Menderes River Valley. Milne warned in his report that Turkish guerrilla action would continue as long as the Greeks continued to occupy Smyrna and questioned the justification for Greek occupation. Most importantly, his report developed a border that would separate the Smyrna zone from the rest of Anatolia. The council of Great Britain, France, U.S. and Italy approved the Milne line beyond which Greek troops were not to cross, except to pursue attackers but not more than 3 km beyond the line.
Administration of the Smyrna Zone (1919–1922)
High commissioner
Aristeidis Stergiadis was appointed the high commissioner of Smyrna in February and arrived in the city four days after the 15 May landing. Stergiadis immediately went to work in setting up an administration, easing ethnic violence, and making way for permanent annexation of Smyrna. Stergiadis immediately punished the Greek soldiers responsible for violence on 15–16 May with court martial and created a commission to decide on payment for victims (made up of representatives from Great Britain, France, Italy and other allies). Stergiadis took a strict stance against discrimination of the Turkish population and opposed church leaders and the local Greek population on a number of occasions. Historians disagree about whether this was a genuine stance against discrimination or whether it was an attempt to present a positive vision of the occupation to the allies.
This stance against discrimination of the Turkish population often pitted Stergiadis against the local Greek population, the church and the army. He reportedly would carry a stick through the town with which he would beat Greeks that were being abusive of Turkish citizens. At one point, Stergiadis interrupted and ended a sermon by the bishop Chrysostomos that he believed to be incendiary. Troops would disobey his orders to not abuse the Turkish population often putting him in conflict with the military. On 14 July 1919, the acting foreign secretary sent a long critical telegraph to Venizelos suggesting that Stergiadis be removed and writing that "His sick neuroticism has reached a climax." Venizelos continued to support Stergiadis despite this opposition, while the latter oversaw a number of projects planning for a permanent Greek administration of Smyrna.
Structure of the administration
The Greek consulate building became the center of government. Since Ottoman sovereignty was not replaced with the occupation, their administrative structure continued to exist but Stergiadis simply replaced senior positions with Greeks (except for the post for Muslim Affairs) while Turkish functionaries remained in low positions. Urgent steps were required for the organization of a local administration as soon as the Greek army secured control of the region. A significant obstacle during the first period of the Greek administration was the absence of a clear definition of the Greek mandate. In this context the coexistence of interallied authorities whose functions often overlapped with that of the Greek authorities resulted in a series of misunderstandings and friction between the two sides. This situation resulted after a decision by the Supreme Allied Council that all movements of the Greek army had to be approved by Field Marshal George Milne.
The administration of the Smyrna zone was organized in units largely based on the former Ottoman system. Apart from the kaza of Smyrna and the adjacent area of Ayasoluk which were under the direct control of the Smyrna High Commission, the remaining zone was divided into one province ( Nomarchia): that of Manisa, as well as the following counties ( Ypodioikiseis): Ödemiş, Tire (Thira), Bayındır (Vaindirion), Nympheon, Krini, Karaburna, Sivrihisar, Vryula, Palea Phocaea, Menemen, Kasaba, Bergama and Ayvali.
Repatriation of refugees
The repatriation of the Asia Minor Greeks who had sought refuge in the Greek Kingdom as a result of the deportations and persecutions by the Ottoman authorities, assumed top priority, already from May 1919. The Greek authorities wanted to avoid a situation where refugees would return without the necessary supervision and planning. For this purpose, a special department was created within the High Commission.
A survey conducted by the refugees department indicated that more than 150 towns and villages along the coastal area (from Edremit to Söke) had been destroyed during World War I. Especially from the 45,000 households belonging to local Greeks, 18,000 were partially damaged, while 23,000 completely destroyed.
In general the period of the Greek administration experienced a continuous movement of refugee populations aided by charitable institutions such as the Red Cross and the Greek "Patriotic Institution" (). In total, 100,000 Greeks who had lost their land during World War I, many a result of Ottoman discrimination, were resettled under Stergiadis, given generous credit, and access to farm tools.
Muslim affairs
Following the Treaty of Sèvres, all sections of the Ottoman administration that dealt with issues pertaining to Muslim religion, education and family affairs were organized by the High Commission. Under this context a special polytechnic school was established in Smyrna which soon operated with 210 Muslim students and with costs covered by the Greek administration.
However, nationalist sentiments and suspicion continued to limit the impacts of Stergiadis' administration. The resettlement of Greeks and harsh treatment by the army and local Greek population led many Turkish residents to leave which created a refugee problem. Discrimination by junior Greek administrators and military members further contributed to Turkish hostility in the Smyrna zone.
Archaeological excavations
Archaeological missions in Asia Minor were of significant importance for the High Commission. Excavations were focused on ancient Greek settlements in the area, mainly found in the surroundings of the urban areas, as well as along the coastal zone. The most important excavation were conducted during 1921–1922, where important findings were unearthed in the Ionian sites of Klazomenai, Ephesus and Nysa. Apart from ancient Greek antiquities, Byzantine monuments were also unearthed, such as the 6th century Basilica of St. John the Theologian in Ephesus. In general, the excavations undertaken by the Greek administration provided interesting material concerning the history of Ancient Greek and Byzantine Art.
University
Another important project undertaken during the Greek administration was the institution and organization of the Ionian University of Smyrna. Originally conceived by the Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and entrusted to Professor German-Greek mathematician Constantin Carathéodory of Göttingen University, as head of the new university. In the summer of 1922, its facilities were completed at a cost of 110,000 Turkish liras. The latter included 70 lecture rooms, a large amphitheatre, a number of laboratories and separate smaller structures for the university personnel. Its various schools and departments of the university were to start operating gradually. Moreover, a microbiology laboratory, the local Pasteur institute and the department of health became the first fields of instruction at the new university.
Developments in the Greco-Turkish War
In 1920, the Smyrna zone became a key base for the Greek summer offensive in the Greco-Turkish War. Early in July 1920, the allies approved operations by the Greeks to take over Eastern Thrace and territory around Smyrna as part of ongoing hostilities with the Turkish Nationalist movement. On 22 July 1920, Greek military divisions crossed the Milne line around the Smyrna zone and began military operations in the rest of Anatolia.
International negotiations between the allies and the Ottoman administration largely ignored the increasing conflict. In early 1920, Lloyd George was able to convince the new French Prime Minister, Alexandre Millerand to accept Greek control of Smyrna, but under Turkish suzerainty. Negotiations were further refined in April 1920 at a meeting of the parties in Sanremo which was designed to discuss mostly issues of Germany, but because of increasing power of the nationalist forces under Kemal, the discussion shifted to focus on Smyrna. French pressure and divisions within the British government resulted in Lloyd George accepting a time frame of 5 years for Greek control over Smyrna with the issue to be decided by the League of Nations at that point. These decisions, i.e. regarding a Greek administration but with limited Turkish sovereignty and a 5-year limit, were included in the text of the Treaty of Sèvres agreed to on 10 August 1920. Because the treaty largely ignored the rise of nationalist forces and the ethnic tension in the Smyrna zone, Montgomery has described the Treaty of Sèvres as "stillborn". However, with the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres, the Ottoman Vali Izzet Bey handed over authority over Smyrna to Stergiadis.
In October 1920, Venizelos lost his position as Prime Minister of Greece. French and Italians used this opportunity to remove their support and financial obligations to the Smyrna occupation and this left the British as the only force supporting the Greek occupation. Smyrna remained a key base of operations for the ongoing war through the rest of 1920 and 1921, particularly under General Georgios Hatzianestis.
A significant loss at the Battle of Sakarya in September 1921 resulted in a retreat of Greek forces to the 1920 lines. The ensuing retreat resulted in massive civilian casualties and atrocities committed by Greek and Turkish troops. Jensen summarizes the violence writing that "The Turkish population was subjected to horrible atrocities by the retreating troops and accompanying civilian Christian mobs. The pursuing Turkish cavalry did not hesitate in kind on the Christian populace; the road from Uşak to Smyrna lay littered with corpses."
Aftermath
Greek troops evacuated Smyrna on 9 September 1922 and a small allied force of British entered the city to prevent looting and violence. The next day, Mustafa Kemal, leading a number of troops, entered the city and was greeted by enthusiastic Turkish crowds. Atrocities by Turkish troops and irregulars against the Greek and Armenian population occurred immediately after the takeover. Most notably, Chrysostomos, the Orthodox Bishop, was lynched by a mob of Turkish citizens. A few days afterward, a fire destroyed the Greek and Armenian quarters of the city, while the Turkish and Jewish quarters remained undamaged. On the Turkish side, the events are known as the Liberation of İzmir, while on the Greek side, they are known as the Catastrophe of Smyrna.
The evacuation of Smyrna by Greek troops ended most of the large scale fighting in the Greco-Turkish war which was formally ended with an Armistice and a final treaty on 24 July 1923 with the Treaty of Lausanne. Much of the Greek population was included in the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey resulting in migration to Greece and elsewhere.
See also
Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide
References
Sources
Further reading
Documents of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry into the Greek Occupation of Smyrna and Adjoining Territories.
"Remembering Smyrna/Izmir: Shared History, Shared Trauma" by Leyla Neyzi
Former countries of the interwar period
Smyrna
Smyrna
Smyrna
1919 in the Ottoman Empire
1920 in the Ottoman Empire
1921 in the Ottoman Empire
1922 in the Ottoman Empire
Smyrna
Smyrna
Smyrna
Smyrna
Military occupation |
4145377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%20of%20Praise | People of Praise | People of Praise is a network of lay Christian intentional communities. As a parachurch apostolate, membership is open to any baptized Christian who affirms the Nicene Creed and agrees to the community's covenant. The majority of its members are Catholics, but Protestants can also join, reflecting the ecumenical nature of People of Praise. It has 22 branches in the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean, with approximately 1,700 members. It founded Trinity Schools, which are aligned with the philosophy of classical Christian education.
People of Praise was formed in 1971 by Kevin Ranaghan and Paul DeCelles. Both men were involved in the Catholic Charismatic Renewal, in which Pentecostal religious experiences such as baptism in the Holy Spirit, speaking in tongues and prophecy are practiced by Catholics. In its early history, it influenced the institutional development of the Catholic Charismatic movement in the United States and played important roles in national charismatic conferences.
People of Praise practices a form of spiritual direction that involves the supervision of a member by a more "spiritually mature" person called a "head". People of Praise maintains that members retain their freedom of conscience under such direction. The community, like the Catholic Church, has few women in leadership positions. It nevertheless encourages women to pursue higher education and employment.
History
The founding of People of Praise by Kevin Ranaghan and Paul DeCelles in 1971 in
South Bend, Indiana, while the two were graduate students, was an early and important event within the history of the overall covenant community movement. Various individuals who participated in its founding had attended Cursillo movement retreats, including another graduate student, Stephen B. Clark (who came to author Building Christian Communities in 1972). In 1963, after having attended the Archdiocesan Cursillo Center in Chicago, Clark organized a Cursillo retreat in South Bend. Influenced both by Cursillo, local prayer meetings were formed. After Bill Storey visited from Duquesne University in 1967, elements from out of as well the burgeoning Catholic charismatic renewal of the times, were incorporated into these meetings.
Eventually several Catholic covenant communities were formed. After Word of God community formed in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1967, and the True House (1971–1974) and People of Praise communities (1971–present) were formed in South Bend. (Others formed since then include Sword of the Spirit, the Mother of God Community as well as constituent members of the North American Network of Charismatic Covenant Communities.) Such communities were influenced by the 1960s Jesus movement, the Shepherding movement, as well as perhaps some of the communitarianism of that era's counterculture.
Historical theologian Paul Thigpen writes that in general these communities "typically involved a commitment to at least some degree of sharing financial resources, regular participation in community gatherings, and submission to the direction of the group's designated authorities." Larger communities were often divided into "households", which did not always mean members were living in the same house. However, members of the same household needed to live close enough to each other to share meals, prayer times and other forms of fellowship. Most households were made up of one or two families, but others might be for single men or women.
People of Praise experienced early growth recruiting from major universities and was especially closely connected to the University of Notre Dame. The group helped develop important institutions for the larger Catholic Charismatic movement. Until 1990, the South Bend community was the headquarters for the National Service Committee (a coordinating body for the various Catholic charismatic groups). It was also the headquarters of the Charismatic Renewal Services (a national distribution center for religious books and tapes) and published a magazine called New Heaven, New Earth. It also played a major role in the renewal's annual national conferences. By 1987, People of Praise had around 3,000 members, including children. By the end of the 1980s, Catholics were 92 percent of the membership.
The overall Catholic charismatic renewal had begun in the United States in 1967 and saw Pentecostal religious experience and practices such as baptism in the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues embraced by members of the Catholic Church. People of Praise became involved with the international body of the Renewal movement is the International Catholic Charismatic Renewal Services, located first in Brussels and later in Rome. They have also worked ecumenically through participation in the International Charismatic Consultation, the Charismatic Concerns Committee, the Charismatic Leaders Fellowship and, more recently, in the Rome-based Gathering in the Holy Spirit. Members also served with Cardinal Josef Suenens in drafting of Malines Documents I and II, and with Father Kilian McDonnell, in the writing of Fanning the Flame. These documents have contributed to the articulation and understanding of charismatic renewal and its place in the Catholic Church. They have also contributed to an understanding of how this movement can be understood by members of Protestant denominations of Christianity.
The group has drawn media interest due to Judge Amy Coney Barrett's association with the group. Numerous media outlets have reported that Barrett is a member. In the wake of heightened interest in the group and its members following her nomination, People of Praise removed some materials from its website: "Recent changes to our website were made in consultation with members and nonmembers from around the country who raised concerns about their and their families' privacy due to heightened media attention."
Description
People of Praise defines itself as an ecumenical, charismatic covenant community "of families and single people who seek to participate in the mission of the church in our time and to live our lives communally". Members live in their own homes, and sometimes single people will live with an unrelated family. There are some households in which only single men or single women live together.
People of Praise is not a church. All members of the community simultaneously remain members of their local parishes. The majority of its members are Catholics, with Lutherans, Anglicans, Methodists, Pentecostals and nondenominational Christians also represented. The Spirit and Purpose of the People of Praise state that "we will live our lives together as fully as our churches permit, with the hope that we may soon attain a unity of faith in the fullness of Christ our Lord."
Members of the People of Praise engage in weekly meetings that include religious teaching, Scripture readings, witnessing, and prayer for those with needs. Local groups may also hold charismatic prayer meetings and meet for dinner, fellowship and praise and worship. Members also meet in small groups.
Anthropologist Thomas Csordas has written that People of Praise is theologically conservative with a hierarchical leadership structure, but it is also influenced by the communitarianism of the 1960s counterculture.
Covenant
The People of Praise considers itself to be a "covenant community." The community considers the covenant, when entered into among members, to be one of mutual care and service in spiritual, material, and financial matters. The covenant is not an oath or vow; a member is released from it if they believe God is calling them to another way of life. The covenant states:
Membership is open to all baptized Christians who believe in the Nicene Creed. There are two stages of membership in the community: underway and covenanted. People who are new to the community join as underway members. This stage of membership is meant as a time for people new to the community to freely explore (in consultation with the leadership) whether they belong in the community. While a member is underway, he or she actively participates in all aspects of community life. Full membership occurs when one makes a public commitment to the covenant. Members make this pledge freely after a formation and instruction period that normally lasts three to six years.
Organizational leadership
People of Praise is led by an eleven-member all-male board of governors, the chairman of which is the overall coordinator. The board's responsibilities include electing the overall coordinator, establishing new branches, determining official teachings, approving the budget, and approving appointments made by the overall coordinator. Board members serve for six-year terms and cannot serve more than two consecutive terms.
Each location of the community is called a branch. The larger branches are led by a group of branch coordinators. These branches are divided into areas, which are each led by an area coordinator. The principal branch coordinator serves as the main leader of the branch. Smaller or newer branches are led by a team of branch leaders. All these coordinators or branch leaders are selected from among the covenanted men in a branch. On matters of great importance, consultations involving all full or "covenanted" members of the community guide the direction of the community, including (within a branch) the selection of coordinators. Branch members nominate three people, and one is selected to be a coordinator by the overall coordinator.
Headships and laypastor–penitent relationships
Spiritual direction is an important part of People of Praise intentional community, which takes the form of headships or lay-pastoral counselling; according to anthropologist Thomas Csordas, "individual members are supervised in their daily lives by a person regarded as more 'spiritually mature. Pastoral care is considered an important service within the community; it is believed to foster relationships of love, service and charismatic ministry. Each member has someone called a "head", who acts as a personal adviser. Influenced by Ignatian spirituality (the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola), heads, in general, give encouragement, correction, and help in decision-making. Men have other men as their heads. Married women are headed by their husbands. Single women and widows usually have other women as their heads. Men and women with the appropriate skills are assigned as heads by the coordinators. People of Praise uses the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola as a basis for counsel and discernment.
According to Sean Connolly, communications director for People of Praise, functions of lay-pastoral counsellors and prayer meeting leaders within the community are not authoritarian in nature: "Freedom of conscience is a key to our diversity. People of Praise members are always free to follow their consciences, as formed by the light of reason, experience, and the teachings of their churches."
As a charismatic community, People of Praise recognizes prophecy as one of the spiritual gifts or charisms. Leaders of the community will consider the meaning of messages deemed prophetic when making decisions concerning group life, and sometimes will publish prophecy in community newsletters. There is no formal office of prophet, but the community does have a "word gifts" group made up of members that are considered to be gifted in prophecy on a regular basis.
Gender roles
The highest office a woman can hold in the community is "woman leader" (until 2017, "handmaid"). Women leaders "teach women on womanly affairs, give advice, help in troubled situations" and lead specialized women's activities. The term handmaid had been chosen in 1971 as a reference to Mary, the mother of Jesus, who, in most English translations of the Bible, described herself as "the handmaid of the Lord" or a woman who is close to God. The community teaches that husbands are the head of the household as well as the spiritual head of their wives. While it emphasizes traditional gender roles, the organization encourages women to pursue higher education and employment.
In much of community life, men and women work together without distinction. Both men and women prophesy and exhort at community meetings, teach together in the community sponsored schools, serve together as counselors at community camps, or as members or heads of music ministries, and evangelize together in inner cities. Still, there are some significant distinctions in the roles of men and women. As noted above, women are not able to be coordinators. The community, which refers to itself as a "family of families," sees this patriarchal tradition as following the biblical model of the family.
Men and women meet separately each week in small groups called 'men's groups' or 'women's groups.' The purpose is to build deeper relationships as brothers and sisters in Christ by discussing their lives and other issues with the goal of gaining wisdom, deepening friendships, and encouraging one another to be faithful to God. Traditional roles are reinforced by encouraging men to do most of the heavier physical work involved when a family is moving to a new home or re-roofing a house, and when setting up for meetings and similar tasks. Women are encouraged to provide food and childcare and run an effective household. However, these distinctions are not absolute. For example, women have also labored side by side with men in the construction work involved in the community's Allendale outreach.
LGBT people
The organization holds that homosexual activity is a sin and opposes gay marriage. Members who disclose such activity are expelled from the organization, and children of same-gender parents are not allowed into the group's schools.
Divisions and affiliated organizations
Campus Division
The Campus Division of the People of Praise is made up of mostly college students. Members live together in student households. Most households hold regular prayer together and often eat together. While some are not in school, most members of the Campus Division attend a variety of colleges and universities, including the University of Minnesota, IUPUI, Saint Mary's College, Holy Cross College and the University of Notre Dame. Members of the Campus Division consider their common life together to be part of what the People of Praise has labeled as to its city-building work.
Action Division
According to the organisation's website, the Action Division consists of high school students and adults working together "to bring Christ's love to impoverished communities in real and tangible ways." At this point, their work primarily involves outreach in a poor neighborhood called Allendale in the city of Shreveport, Louisiana. A second location has begun in inner-city Indianapolis, Indiana. However, members say that they could work in other areas in the future. The Action Division aims to "provide those in need with an experience of God's love for them." This consists of providing jobs, affordable housing, strong families, and prayer for physical healing. Action Division members work together to "share all aspects of life" with those who are in need; these needs may be material, financial, spiritual, intellectual or social.
WorkLight
WorkLight (Formerly known as Christians in Commerce International) is a movement of business and professional men and women that is dedicated to helping members grow in the Christian life and to influence the world of commerce with the gospel. Although WorkLight operates independently from the People of Praise, the People of Praise movement helped form WorkLight in its initial stages and is actively engaged in its work. WorkLight is organized into 30 local Men's Chapters, Women's Chapters. These chapters have held retreats (Challenge Weekends) that have been attended by over 14,000 men and women.
Trinity Schools
Trinity Schools is a group of schools founded by People of Praise which teaches middle school and high school age children. While the schools operate as an independent nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization, the goals and procedures are influenced by the approach of the People of Praise. Trinity Schools provide a Classical Christian education heavily influenced by elements of Christian humanism for grades six through twelve. The schools follow an academic core curriculum which includes six years of mathematics, five years of science, 11 semesters of writing, six years of literature, around eight semesters of an ancient language such as Latin, and two semesters of a foreign language. Students also take one full year and two years of partial courses in music, drawing, and painting and two semesters of drama. The schools are ecumenical Christian. On its website Trinity School (in each of its three instances) is self-described as "an ecumenical Christian school witnessing to the fundamental unity of all who are baptized into Christ." Students take 5 semesters of scriptural studies (through an ecumenical Christian approach) and either a Catholic or Protestant doctrine course. Trinity Schools maintain small classes with single-sex instruction except in a few key courses such as drama, art, and foreign languages. The schools teach the theory of evolution, that marriage is only between opposite sexes, and to observe chastity until and throughout marriage.
There are three locations:
Greenlawn, in South Bend, Indiana
Meadow View, in Falls Church, Virginia
River Ridge, in Eagan, Minnesota
Brotherhood of the People of Praise
The Brotherhood of the People of Praise is a private association of the Christian faithful with official status in the Catholic Church.
While the People of Praise religious community has no official ties with any Christian church or denomination, a number of Catholic men who are members of this community have sought to regularize their status with the Catholic Church in order to be ordained Catholic priests. This group of men now has official status in the Catholic Church as a private association of the Christian faithful. "It has a membership of about 12 men, four of them now priests." Peter Leslie Smith, a member of the group, was named an auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon by Pope Francis and was ordained a bishop on April 29, 2014.
Reception
Ralph Martin, the president of Renewal Ministries, who previously managed the 'association of covenant communities' alongside People of Praise leadership, stated in the National Catholic Register that People of Praise is "part of the papally-approved mainstream of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal, which has been encouraged by every pope since Vatican II, none more strongly than Pope Francis."
Adrian Reimers, a Catholic theological critic and pioneering member of People of Praise from 1971 until his dismissal from the group in 1985, has criticized teachings of People of Praise that he views as authoritarian and male-gender centric and criticized its overall ecclesiastic structure, regretting its sense of primacy vis-à-vis the Church owing to the group's ecumenical nature and in turn its lack of direct oversight by professional Catholic clergy.
Dr Reimers founded the organisation Free Again in Christ to help people leave the People of Praise and similar covenant community groups which Dr Reimers characterises as "particularly powerful means of psychological and social control".
Some former members of People of Praise have described the group's culture as insular to the point that it felt intrusive and controlling, claims that the group's current members dispute.
After the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court, many articles from mainstream press referred to the People of Praise as a cult.
Allegations of child abuse and cover-up
1970s–80s
In October 2020, former member of the community, Sarah Kuehl, said she and others had been sexually abused when children during the 1970s by a community member who lived in her household. (Kuehl's family at the time belonged to Servants of the Lord, a covenant community that later merged with People of Praise.) Kuehl alleged that leaders in the People of Praise later attempted to "hide and cover up" what they knew about the abuse, as they kept her abuser in the People of Praise community.
2000s
In June 2021, the Washington Post interviewed nine members of a Facebook group who claimed to have been sexually abused at People of Praise community, and one person who claimed physical abuse.
Internal investigation
In 2020, the coordinator of People of Praise, Craig Lent, said in an e-mail that an expert investigation was being conducted into the allegations. Lent said, "We consider allegations of sexual misconduct very seriously and invite anyone with information about any acts of child sexual abuse to act consistent with our policies, which include immediately reporting to the appropriate authorities."
Notable members
Amy Coney Barrett, associate justice of the United States Supreme Court.
Peter Leslie Smith, a Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon, has been a member since 1983.
Christopher Dietzen, a former associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court.
Joe Zakas, a former Indiana state legislator.
See also
Complementarianism
Shepherding movement
References
Sources
External links
Charismatic denominations
Trinity Schools
Religious organizations established in 1971
1971 establishments in Indiana
South Bend, Indiana |
4145469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20D%20%28mtDNA%29 | Haplogroup D (mtDNA) | In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the Late Pleistocene, before the Last Glacial Maximum and the settlement of the Americas).
In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central and Northeast Asia.
Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).
Subclades
There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6.
D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.
D4
D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas.
Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas.
D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially Aleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b.
D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in Inuit of Canada and Greenland, is a branch of D4b1c.
D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese, Okinawans, Koreans, northern Han Chinese (e.g. from Lanzhou), and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the Hulunbuir region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak, Mongols and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner, and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner. D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Oroks of Sakhalin, the Buryats and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the Kalmyks of the Kalmyk Republic, the Telenghits and Kazakhs of the Altai Republic, and the Kyrgyz of Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture. It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave. Spread also all over China, the Himalayas, Central Asia, Siberia, and indigenous peoples of the Americas, with some cases observed in Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe. Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan
D4* - China, Mongol from Heilongjiang and Hebei, Korea, Japan, Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), USA, Russia, Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Greece
D1 – America
D1a – Colombia
D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião)
D1a2 – Guaraní
D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
D1d
D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
D1d2 – Mexican
D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró)
D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA
D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena
D1f2 – Colombia
D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American)
D1g – Southern Cone of South America
D1g1
D1g1a
D1g1b
D1g2
D1g2a
D1g3
D1g4
D1g5
D1g6
D1h
D1h1 – Mexican
D1h2 – Mexican
D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
D1i1 – Mexican
D1i2 – Mexican
D1j – Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina)
D1j1
D1j1a
D1j1a1 – Argentina
D1j1a2
D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
D1m – Mexican
D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico
D1r – Peru
D1u
D1u1 – Peru
D4a – China, Mongol from Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang), Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana), Pakistan (Saraiki), Mongolia
D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi
D4a1a – Japan
D4a1a1 – Japan, Korea
D4a1a1a – Japan
D4a1b – Japan, Korea
D4a1b1 – Japan
D4a1c – Japan, Korea
D4a1d – Japan
D4a1e – China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa, Mongol from Shandong, Yakut
D4a1e1 – Japan, Uyghurs
D4a1f – Japan
D4a1f1 – Japan
D4a1g – China, Bargut
D4a1h – Japan
D4a2 – Japan, Korea
D4a2a – Japan, Korea
D4a2b – Japan
D4a3 Mongol from Tongliao
D4a3a
D4a3a* – China (Henan), Korea
D4a3a1 – China (Taihang area in Henan province, Hunan Han, Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture)
D4a3a2 – Japan
D4a3b
D4a3b* – China, Mongol from Shenyang
D4a3b1 – Japan, Korea, China（Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China）, Pakistan (Kalash)
D4a3b2 – China, Taiwan
D4a4 – Japan
D4a5 - Myanmar (Shan from Kachin State), China (Zhejiang, Chamdo, Korean from Antu County, Mongol from Tongliao)
D4a6 - China (Eastern China, Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture), Mauritius
D4a-b
D4a-b* – China (Han Chinese from Taizhou, Zhejiang)
D4a7
D4a7* – China
D4a7a
D4a7a* – Taiwan
D4a7a1 – Taiwan (Hakka Han from Neipu, Pingtung)
D4a7b
D4a7b* – Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)
D4a7b1 – China (Souther Han Chinese from Hunan), Taiwan (Minnan Han from Kaohsiung and Tsou from Alishan, Chiayi), Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi) Singapore (Malaysian)
D4a8 – China
D4b – Thailand (Thai from Central Thailand)
D4b1
D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic, Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur, Mongol from Beijing, etc.)
D4b1a
D4b1a* – China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia, Mongol from Heilongjiang), South Korea, Thailand (Iu Mien from Nan Province)
D4b1a1 – South Korea, Japan
D4b1a1a – South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan
D4b1a2 – Yukaghir, Neolithic Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug
D4b1a2a
D4b1a2a* – Hungary, Khamnigan, Han (Beijing)
D4b1a2a1 – China (Bargut, Uyghur), Mongol, Kazakhstan, Karakalpak, Azeri, Turkey, Poland, Russia (Buryats in Buryat Republic and Irkutsk Oblast, Tubalars, Ayon, Yanranay, Karaginsky District), Inuit (Canada, Greenland), Canada, Native American (USA)
D4b1a2a2 – Buryat, Todzhins, Tuvan
D4b1b'd
D4b1b - China, Taiwan
D4b1b1 – Japan
D4b1b1a – Japan
D4b1b1a1 – Japan
D4b1b2 – Japan, China (Han from Zhanjiang)
D4b1d – China (Gelao from Daozhen)
D4b1c
D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, etc.), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi
D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
D3b – Oroqen
D3c
D3c* – Buryat
D3c1
D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula)
D3c1a
D3c1a1
D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia)
D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire)
D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia)
D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River)
D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia)
D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP (Middle Jōmon period) Yokohama, China (Mongol from Hebei), Thailand (Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), India (Gallong)
D4b2a – Japan
D4b2a1 – Japan, China (Korean from Antu County)
D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea
D4b2a2a – Japan, Kyrgyzstan
D4b2a2a1 – Japan
D4b2a2a2 – Japan
D4b2a2b – Japan
D4b2b – China (Mongols from Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, etc.), South Korea, Japan, Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province), Saudi Arabia
D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao, Uyghur, Persian
D4b2b1a – Japan
D4b2b1b – Japan
D4b2b1c – Japan
D4b2b1d – Japan
D4b2b2 – China (Mongol from Chifeng and Heilongjiang, Tujia, Han from Lanzhou, etc.), Taiwan (Hakka)
D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia
D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea
D4b2b2c – China, Buryat
D4b2b3 – Japan
D4b2b4 – Northeast India (Sherdukpen), China, Russia (Tuvan)
D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan
D4b2b6 – Chinese (Beijing, Lanzhou, Denver), Korea, Armenian
D4b2b7 – China, Taiwan (Hakka)
D4b2b8 – Uyghur
D4b2b9
D4b2b9* – China, Xibo
D4b2b9a
D4b2b9a* – Buryat
D4b2b9a1 – China
D4b2c
D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
D4c
D4c1 – Uyghur
D4c1a – Japan, Korea
D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia
D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet
D4c1b2 – Japan
D4c2 – Turkmenistan, Mongol from Chifeng
D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi
D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine
D4c2c – Japan
D4d – Japan, Korea
D4e
D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA
D4e1a – Thailand (Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from Lanzhou, Mongol from Inner Mongolia, etc.), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan
D4e1a1 – Japan, Chinese
D4e1a2 – Thailand, Sonowal Kachari
D4e1a2a – Japan, Korea
D4e1a3 – China (Yao from Bama, Mongol from Alxa, etc.), Thailand (Hmong, Iu Mien), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Phù Lá)
D2 – Uyghur, Mongol from Jilin and Chaoyang
D2a'b
D2a – Aleut, Tlingit
D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada
D2a1a – Aleut
D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo
D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo
D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region), Mongol from Hulunbuir
D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar)
D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk
D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut
D2c – Buryat
D4e1c – Mexican
D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)
D4e2a – Japan, Korea
D4e2b – Japan
D4e2c – Japan
D4e2d – Japan
D4e3 – Northeast Thailand (Black Tai, Saek), China, Mongol from Shenyang and Tongliao, Lachungpa
D4e4 – Yakut, Ulchi, Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation
D4e4a – Evenk, Even, Uyghur
D4e4a1 – Yukaghir, Evenk, Even, Mongol from Shenyang
D4e4b – Russian, Volga Tatar
D4e5
D4e5a - Xinjiang (Uyghur, Kyrgyz), Russia (Altai Kizhi, Buryat), Inner Mongolia (Bargut), Iran (Qashqai), Japan (Aichi)
D4e5b - Orok (Sakhalin), Even (Nelkan on the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region), Kyrgyz (Artux), Bashkortostan, Han Chinese (Lanzhou, Denver), Mongol from Fuxin and Heilongjiang
D4f – Shor
D4f1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol (Bargut, Chifeng, Chaoyang, Hebei)
D4g
D4g* – Japan, Korea
D4g1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Uzbekistan
D4g1a – Japan
D4g1b – Japan, Taiwan, Mongol from Xinjiang, Belarus
D4g1c – Japan
D4g2 – China, Mongols in China (Fuxin, Hinggan, Tongliao, Xilingol)
D4g2a – Japan
D4g2a1 – China, Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province), Mongols in China (Bargut, Beijing, Fuxin), Buryat, Khamnigan
D4g2a1a – Japan
D4g2a1b – China, Thailand (Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province)
D4g2a1c – Thailand (Mon from Kanchanaburi Province and Ratchaburi Province), China, Wancho, Jammu and Kashmir
D4g2b – China, Buryat
D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi
D4g2b1a – Japan
D4h
D4h* – Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province), Philippines
D4h1
D4h1* – China
D4h1a - Korea
D4h1a1 – Korea, Japan
D4h1a2 – Japan
D4h1b – Hunan (Han), Japan
D4h1c – China (incl. Tu), Tibet
D4h1c1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol from Shenyang
D4h1d – Bargut
D4h2 – Ulchi
D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province)
D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA, and Colombia.
D4h3a1 – Chile
D4h3a1a – Chile
D4h3a1a1 – Chile
D4h3a1a2 – Chile
D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina
D4h3a3 – Chile
D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA
D4h3a4 – Peru
D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina
D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador
D4h3a7 – ancient Canada
D4h3a8 – Mexico
D4h3a9 – Peru
D4h3b – China
D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Mongol (Bayannur, Hinggan)
D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut
D4i
D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian)
D4i1 – Japan
D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England
D4i3
D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu)
D4i3a – China, Taiwan (Atayal)
D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (Miao), Vietnam (H'Mông)
D4i5 – Japan
D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat, Mongols in China (Bargut, Chifeng, Hohhot, Tianjin, Tongliao), China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus
D4j1 – Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province), Uyghur
D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand (Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan
D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet
D4j1a1b – Toto
D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh
D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
D4j1b2 – Gallong
D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut, Dolgan
D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania
D4j3 – Russian Federation, Uyghur, Tibet, Mongol (Hulunbuir), Japan, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province)
D4j3a – China, Inner Mongolia (Mongol from Tongliao), Ulchi
D4j3a1 – Japan
D4j3b - Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), Tibet (Lhoba), Uyghur
D4j11 – Japan, Inner Mongolia (Mongol from Chifeng), Buryat, Hungary, Italy
D4j4 – Nganasan, Even (Maya River basin, NE Sakha Republic), Evenk (Nyukzha river basin, Iengra River basin)
D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic, Iengra River basin), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (Khorasan), Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir, Even (Sakha Republic), Evenk (Sakha Republic)
D4j-T146C!
D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa
D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse)
D4j7 – Tubalar, Mongol (Hinggan League)
D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut
D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Yakut, Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina
D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan
D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk
D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy
D4j14 – Japan
D4j15 – China, Tibet, Mongols in China (Chifeng), Kazakhstan
D4j16 – China
D4k'o'p
D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, etc.), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan
D4o – Teleut, Uyghur, Buryat
D4o1
D4o1* – Uyghur, Tubalar (Northeast Altai)
D4o1a – Japan, Buryat
D4o1b – Kyrgyz (Artux), Chelkan, Teleut, Khamnigan, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Han Chinese (N. China)
D4o2 – Bargut, Yakut, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Even (Kamchatka, Sakha Republic), Koryak, Ulchi, China (Han from Lanzhou)
D4o2* – Mongols in China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia, Mongol from Hinggan League, Mongol from Hohhot)
D4o2a – Manchu
D4o2a* – Uyghur, Yakut, Nganasan, Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Even (Kamchatka), Koryak
D4o2a1 – Negidal, Hezhen, Uyghur, China
D4o2a2 – Yakut, Uyghur, ancient Yana River basin
D4o2a3 – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Zabaykalsky Krai)
D4p
D4p* – Altaian, Buryat
D4p1 – Japan
D4p2 – Buryat
D4l
D4l1
D4l1a – Japan
D4l1a1 – Japan
D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central, Vilyuy), Uyghur, Kazakh
D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir, Mongol (Xilingol League)
D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir
D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir
D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa)
D4m
D4m* – Tubalar (Northeast Altai)
D4m1 – Japan
D4m2 – Mongolia, Mongols in China (Hohhot, Tongliao), South Korea
D4m2a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Yakut, Buryat, Evenk, Even, Yukaghir, South Korea
D4m2a* – Nivkh, Buryat
D4m2a1
D4m2a1* – Evenk (Central Siberia)
D4m2a1a – Evens (two from Sakkyryyr and one from Tompo), Yukaghir
D4m2a2 – Nivkh
D4m2a3 – Yakut
D4m2a4 – Nivkh
D4m2b – Tuvinian, Daur Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Mongolia, Uyghur
D4m3 – Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan,Artux), Uyghur
D4n
D4n* – Japan, Korea
D4n1
D4n1* – Japan
D4n1a – Japan
D4n2
D4n2a – China
D4n2b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Tibet, Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)
D4q – Taiwan, China, Mongols in China (Fuxin), Kyrgyz, Tajiks, India (Jammu and Kashmir), Germany, Poland, Netherlands, United States
D4q1 – Toto
D4q1a – Toto
D4q2 - Kyrgyz, India (Uttar Pradesh Upper Caste Brahmin)
D4q2a - Sherdukpen
D4q3 - Uyghur
D4q4 - Lhoba
D4r – Thailand, Myanmar
D4s
D4s1
D4s1* – Vietnam (Si La, Hà Nhì)
D4s1a – Vietnam (Hà Nhì)
D4s2 – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli, Kyrgyz)
D4s3 – Tibet (Lhasa), Uyghur, Tuvinian
D4t – China, Korea, Japan
D4u
D4u*
D4u1
D4u1* – Iran (Qashqai)
D4u1a – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli)
D4v – Thailand
D4w – Japan (Tokyo), Tu
D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima)
D4y – Vietnam (La Chí)
D4z – China
D5'6
D5'6 (16189) is mainly found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in China, Korea, and Japan.
It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%) among the Yakuts, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times under the pressure of the Mongol expansion.
D5 - Taiwan (Paiwan)
D5a'b (D5-A9180G) - Korean, Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand
D5a - China, Korea, Japan, Buryat, Poland
D5a1 - Japan (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 14,200] ybp)
D5a1a - Japan
D5a1a1 - Japan
D5a1a2 - Japan
D5a2 - Gallong, Mongols in China (Baotou), Korea (TMRCA 12,500 [95% CI 8,900 <-> 17,100] ybp)
D5a2a - Russia (Tula Oblast, Buryat), Mongols in China (Heilongjiang, Hohhot), China, Japan (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,400 <-> 14,200] ybp)
D5a2a-T16092C - China, Korea
D5a2a1 - Mongols in China (Tongliao, Beijing, Chifeng, Fuxin, Hohhot, Shandong), China (Han from Lanzhou, etc.), Tibet (Monpa, Deng), Vietnam (Hà Nhì), Korea, Japan (Gifu), Buryat, Tuvan, Kazakh
D5-C16172T! - Burusho, Tubalar, Kumandin (Turochak), Todzhi (Adir-Kezhig), Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia), Wancho, Gallong, Monpa, Myanmar (Burmese from Pakokku), Thailand (Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province), China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Taiwan
D5a2a1a - Japan (Aichi, Chiba, etc.), China
D5a2a1a1 - Japan (Aichi, etc.)
D5a2a1a1a - Japan (Chiba, etc.)
D5a2a1a1b - China (Uyghurs), Poland
D5a2a1a2 - Japan (Gifu, Tokyo, etc.)
D5a2a1b - Sonowal Kachari, Gallong, China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet (Lhoba, Tingri, Deng), Kyrgyz (Artux), Mongols in China (Hohhot, Tongliao)
D5a2a1b1 - China, Taiwan (Minnan)
D5a2a2 - Japan (Aichi), Bargut, Buryat, Kyrgyz (Artux), Tibet (Shannan), Yakut, Dolgan, Yukaghir, Evenk (Iengra, Nyukzha, Taimyr, Sakha Republic), Even (Sakha Republic) (TMRCA 3,500 [95% CI 2,300 <-> 5,000] ybp)
D5a2b - Thailand (Iu Mien from Nan Province), Vietnam (Si La, Hà Nhì), Tibet (Deng, Sherpa), China (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,200 <-> 14,500] ybp)
D5a3 - Tibet, Mongol (Dalian), Korea, Japan (TMRCA 11,100 [95% CI 6,300 <-> 18,100] ybp)
D5a3a - Mongol (Hinggan League), China, Tibet, Finland
D5a3a1 - China, Uyghur, Ukraine
D5a3a1a - Finland, Norway (Saami), Russia (Veliky Novgorod, etc.), Mansi
D5a3b - China, Korea (Seoul)
D5b - Uyghur, China, Mongol (Chifeng)
D5b1
D5b1* - China, Uyghur, Mongol (Hulunbuir, Jilin, Tongliao)
D5b1a
D5b1a1 - Japan, Korea, China (Hubei, etc.)
D5b1a2 - Japan
D5b1b
D5b1b* - Japan, Korea, Mongol (Baotou, Chaoyang, Heilongjiang, Nanyang, Shanxi, Tongliao)
D5b1b1 - Japan, Korea, Uzbekistan
D5b1b2
D5b1b2* - Japan, Korea, Taiwan (Minnan), Uyghur
D5b1b2a - Uyghur
D5b1b2b - Uyghur
D5b1b2c - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)
D5b1b3 - Japan
D5b1b4 - China
D5b1c
D5b1c* - China (Han from Kunming)
D5b1c1 - China, Mongol (Chifeng), Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam (Kinh)
D5b1c1* - Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
D5b1c1a
D5b1c1a* - Taiwan (Amis, Puyuma, etc.), Indonesia (Manado), Chinese (Singapore)
D5b1c1a1 - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, etc.)
D5b1c1a2 - Philippines (Ibaloi)
D5b1c1b - China
D5b1c2 - Uyghur
D5b1d - Han Chinese (Beijing), Mongol (Ordos), Yakut
D5b1e - China
D5b1f - China
D5b2 - Japan
D5b3
D5b3* - Vietnam (Kinh, Tay), Thailand (Phuan), Laos (Lao), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
D5b3a - Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma)
D5b3a1 - Taiwan (Rukai, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
D5b3b - Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam (Kinh)
D5b4 - Thailand (Siamese, Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), Vietnam (Tay Nung, Cờ Lao, Tay, Kinh), Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao, etc.), China (Han)
D5b5 - Uyghur
D5c
D5c1 - Japan, Han Chinese (Beijing)
D5c1a - Japan, Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), China, Mongol (Tongliao), Uyghur, Tubalar, Kumandin (Turochak, Soltonsky District), Shor (Biyka, etc.), Kyrgyzstan (TMRCA 4,500 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 6,100] ybp)
D5c-T16311C! - Vietnam (Kinh), Mongolian, China
D5c2 - China, Japan
D6
D6a - Philippines, East Timor
D6a1
D6a1* - Tibet, China, Korea, Japan
D6a1a - China, Japan
D6a2 - Taiwan (Atayal), Philippines
D6c - China (She people, Han from Zhanjiang), Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Phutai from Kalasin Province)
D6c1 - Philippines
D6c1a - Philippines (Maranao)
Table of frequencies by ethnic group
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Haplogroup D
Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree D
Spread of Haplogroup D, from National Geographic
D |
4145504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20J.%20Dodd | William J. Dodd | William James Dodd (1862–1930) was an American architect and designer who worked mainly in Louisville, Kentucky from 1886 through the end of 1912 and in Los Angeles, California from early 1913 until his death. Dodd rose from the so-called First Chicago School of architecture, though of greater influence for his mature designs was the classical aesthetic of the Beaux-Arts style ascendant after the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. His design work also included functional and decorative architectural glass and ceramics, furniture, home appliances, and literary illustration.
In a prodigious career lasting more than 40 years, Dodd left many extant structures on both east and west coasts and in the midwest and upper south, among the best known of these being the original Presbyterian Seminary campus (now Jefferson Community & Technical College), the Weissinger-Gaulbert Apartments, and the old YMCA building, all three in downtown Louisville. Also notable
are his numerous residential and ecclesiastical designs still in use in Kentucky and Tennessee. In California, examples of his extant work include the Pacific Center and Hearst's Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Building in downtown Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Mission Playhouse south of Pasadena. Some of his earliest attributed designs may be found in Hyde Park, Illinois.
Early years
William J. Dodd was born in Quebec City, Canada, in 1862. Prior to emigrating from Canada to the United States and Chicago Illinois, William's English/Scots father, Edward, was an inn keeper and before that a wharfinger, and his Irish mother, Mary Dinning, was a school teacher and dressmaker. In 1869, the family of six, then including daughters Jane (Jenny) and Elizabeth, and sons Edward Jr. and William James, moved to Chicago. The 1870 Chicago Directory gives the first known address for the Dodds on south Des Plaines near the original site of the Old St. Patrick's Church. In 1871, the ill-timed move of the Dodd household to West Harrison Street in Ward 9 placed them in the path of the great Chicago fire in October of the same year.
Dodd received his training in the office studio of Chicago architect William Le Baron Jenney, c. 1878–1879, and his first employment from 1880 into mid 1883 appears to be for the Pullman Car Company as a draftsman of architect Solon Spencer Beman's designs for the planned city of Pullman, Illinois now the Pullman National Monument. Dodd's social life in Pullman was marked with athletic participation on the first Pullman competitive rowing crew. As a member of the Pullman Rowing Club and the Pullman Pleasure Club he was often mentioned in the press accounts of fetes and dance parties that he coordinated for the young elites of Pullman and Hyde Park. This sporting sociability is not merely incidental to Dodd but returns as an important feature of his later life in Louisville, with his membership in the Pendennis Club and Louisville Country Club, and in Los Angeles with his co-founding of The Uplifters Club, an offshoot of the Los Angeles Athletic Club.
In November 1889 William J. Dodd married Ione Estes of Memphis, TN. The marriage produced no children. Ione was from a large family of some political and historical importance in post-Reconstruction era Tennessee and in the Upland South region. It is not yet determined what was the religious practice, if any, of William and Ione after marriage. Ione was Presbyterian, and their marriage was officiated by a Presbyterian minister. William was christened in the Methodist Church.
There are other uncertainties in Dodd's biography. Although naturalized in 1869 upon entering the United States, from the 1890s onward Dodd identifies as Chicago-born, doing so, Jay Gatsby-like, in all kinds of public documents. In an 1897 interview with a reporter for the Louisville Courier-Journal W. J. Dodd left the reporter, and thus posterity, with the impression that he was a native Chicagoan, that he graduated from "the Chicago schools" and had been in the first graduating class of the Chicago Art Institute. The archives of the Institute do not yet support this claim. Similarly unclear is precisely when Dodd began his professional practice in Louisville. The year usually offered in the histories of Kentucky architects (from Withey to Hedgepeth, to Kleber, to Luhan, Domer and Mohney) for Dodd's arrival in Louisville is 1884, based on the forementioned 1897 Courier-Journal article. In contrast, the Chicago Tribune still identifies him with the Pullman Rowing Club
in early 1884, around this time taking employment as an architect with the Northern Pacific Railway upon recommendation by S. S. Beman and moving to the rail company's office in Portland Oregon only to return to Chicago (Hyde Park) and employment with the Beman brothers (S. S. and W. I.) by the end of 1885 after the Northern Pacific's collapse and reorganization. The journal Inland Architect of February 1886 announces Dodd's imminent departure from Chicago to begin a partnership with O. C. Wehle of Louisville, saying: "Mr Dodd will [soon] be a valuable addition to the architects of Louisville". By September 1886 Dodd is cited as partner with Oscar Wehle for the design of "a magnificent three story brown stone residence" in Louisville. In November 1886, Dodd was elected to membership in the Western Association of Architects, his home city being given as Louisville. Dodd first appears as a resident, a boarder, in Louisville in the 1887 Caron's Louisville Directory, and in February of same year, a trade journal cites "Wehle & Dodd, architects, of Louisville." In December 1887, the Courier-Journal newspaper gives the partnership office in Louisville as "s.e. cor. Fifth and Main"
The American Institute of Architects (A.I.A.) Historical Directory of American Architects has held that Dodd did not join the A.I.A. national organization until 1916 despite Dodd's listing in membership with the Louisville Chapter
of the A.I.A. in 1912 and in Southern California A.I.A. chapter in 1915.
Career
Dodd spent nearly 27 years in Louisville. During this time his professional partners were Oscar C. Wehle, Mason Maury(1889-1896), Arthur Cobb, and Kenneth McDonald. Also, Dodd's output from these years contained many free-lance projects and, in at least one case, Dodd teamed with fellow architect Frank Mills Andrews. He worked throughout Kentucky and across the midwest, specifically Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Tennessee, creating structures of exceptional craftsmanship and high style, designs which traced the transitional tastes and technologies of the period before Modernism. On the east coast, extant Dodd structures from the early 1890s can be found in Virginia, in the historic Ghent (Norfolk) neighborhood.
On Christmas Day 1912 Dodd departed the midwest to continue his profession in the greater Los Angeles area, a period lasting until his death there in June 1930. In Los Angeles, Dodd partnered briefly with J. Martyn Haenke (1877–1963) and later with William Richards (1871–1945), his longest professional partnership.
In southern California, "the Southland", Dodd's buildings are to be found in the old downtown financial district around Pacific Center, above Hollywood in Laughlin Park and Hancock Park, to the west in Rustic Canyon, Playa Del Rey and Long Beach, southeast to San Gabriel, and possibly northeast in Altadena. Related to Dodd's Los Angeles work are residences in Oak Glen and Palm Springs, California.
From as early as 1893, and to the end of his life, Dodd was a mentor to talented younger designers who were new to the profession, designers with now well-known names like Lloyd Wright, Thomas Chalmers Vint, and Adrian Wilson, often outsiders without a developed practice and contending with a new client base and fast evolving licensing standards in cities enjoying rapid expansion as was Louisville after the American Civil War and Los Angeles after World War I. The architect Julia Morgan, a mostly free-lance upstate California designer from San Francisco, rare as a female in a male-dominated profession, formed a team with W. J. Dodd and J. M. Haenke as her LA facilitators and design partners for William Randolph Hearst's Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Building, a landmark downtown Los Angeles project completed in 1915.
William Dodd's design work extended to glass and ceramics. His designs of Teco pottery are among the most sought-after and rare of the Arts and Crafts movement products introduced by the famed Gates Potteries near Chicago Illinois. He also designed furniture and art glass windows for many of his best residential and commercial buildings; examples of such work by Dodd are to be seen in the Ferguson Mansion, currently the Filson Historical Society, and the Hoyt Gamble house, both of Louisville.
Civic and cultural involvement
Dodd was an amateur musical and theatrical performer. It is known that he was a singer. He served on the founding boards of the Louisville Symphony Orchestra (1908) and the Louisville Art Association (1909), now Louisville Visual Art, and he was a member of dramatic societies in both Louisville and Los Angeles. From 1916 to 1919 he served on the board of directors of the Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra, this latter organization being the predecessor of the LA Philharmonic, and he was a mover and shaker in the Los Angeles Gamut Club, an exclusively male music fraternity. In 1918, the journal Pacific Coast Musical Review said "It seems Mr. Dodd has the knack of making artists and others do what he wants them to" and nicknamed Dodd "the Mayor of Seventh Street", presumably a reference to the theater and vaudeville district of old Los Angeles. From 1917 until his death he served on the California State Board of Examiners. In early 1930 he joined the newly founded International Desert Conservation League as an advisory board member.
Death
William became acutely ill while traveling abroad with his wife in the spring of 1930, returning home without Ione in early May and dying at Los Angeles on June 14, 1930, in Hollywood Hospital. Cause of death: lymphocytic leukemia with hypostatic pneumonia. The funeral was postponed until June 28, 1930, upon the return of Ione from Europe, his last rites and burial conducted at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Glendale, Little Church of the Flowers. Obituary notices of June 15, 23, 27 and 28 make no mention of any religious facilitation of Dodd's memorial. For enlarged context on Dodd's religious affiliation, see the "Early Years" section above.
Extant designs
Illinois, Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee
Street numbers reflect the year 1909 citywide renumbering of street addresses in advance of the 1910 U.S. Census.
Washington Irving Beman residence (1885), 5425 S. Blackstone, Hyde Park, Chicago Illinois
Max Selliger residence (mid 1886), 1022 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville-Limerick Historic District.
Lewis Witherspoon & Eliza Irwin McKee residence (Autumn 1886), 1224 Harrodsburg Rd. Lawrenceburg, KY
Louis Seelbach residence (1888). 926 S. 6th St. Old Louisville-Limerick Historic District.
Charles Bonnycastle Robinson residence (1889), a.k.a. "Bonnycot". 1111 Bellewood Rd. Anchorage, Kentucky
Louisville Trust Building (1891) Maury & Dodd, 5th and Market, Louisville, Kentucky. Links to images given below.
George A. Newman residence (1891), 1123 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Charles L. Robinson residence (1890–1891), 1334 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Covenant Presbyterian Church (1891), now Fifth Street Baptist, 1901 W. Jefferson St., Louisville KY
W. J. Dodd residence (1891–1892: first residence 33 St James Ct) 1467a St. James Court, Old Louisville Historic District
Paul Cain residence (1891–1892: first residence 35 St James Ct) 1467b St. James Court, Old Louisville Historic District
Helen Reid/William Whaley residence (1892), 317 Colonial Ave. Ghent (Norfolk) Virginia
Nelson County Courthouse (1892) Maury & Dodd, Bardstown Historic District
Sam Stone Bush residence (1893), 230 Kenwood Hill, Louisville KY
Bernard Flexner residence (1892–1893), 525 W. Ormsby Ave. Old Louisville Historic District
Jacob A. Flexner residence (1892–1893), 531 W. Omsby Ave. Old Louisville Historic District
Harry McGoodwin residence (1893), 1504 S. 3rd St.Old Louisville Historic District
Cornelia Bush residence (1894), 316 Kenwood Hill, Louisville KY
St. Paul's Episcopal Church (1895) Maury & Dodd, now West End Baptist, 4th & Magnolia, Old Louisville. Links to images given below.
Dr. G. W. Lewman residence (1896), 1365 S. 3rd. Maury & Dodd. Old Louisville Historic District
J. W. Brown residence (1896), 1455 S. 4th. Maury & Dodd. Old Louisville Historic District
William T. Johnston residence (1896), 1457 S. 4th. Old Louisville Historic District
Arthur Cobb residence (c. 1896–7), 4561 S. 2nd St. Beechmont, Louisville KY
Shakleford Miller residence (1897), 1454 S. 4th St. Old Louisville Historic District
Edmund Trabue residence (1897), 1419 St. James Court. Old Louisville Historic District
Benjamin Straus residence (1897), 1464 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
William Thalheimer residence (1897), 1433 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Eugene Leander residence (1897), 1384 S. 2nd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Samuel Grabfelder residence (1897–1899), 1442 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Joseph G McCulloch residence (1897), 1435 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
John P. Starks residence (1898), 1412 St. James Court Old Louisville Historic District
Flemish style library addition to Sam Stone Bush residence (1900), 230 Kenwood Hill Rd. Louisville
George Franklin Berry Mansion (c. 1900, addition 1912) 700 Louisville Rd., Frankfort KY. Links to images given below.
Atherton Building (1901), 4th and Muhammad Ali, Louisville, KY
Four-stall stable and carriage house for S. Grabfelder residence (c. 1901), 1442 S. 3rd St. Old Louisville Historic District
Eight-stall stable and carriage house for Peter Lee Atherton residence (c. 1902), Glenview Kentucky
Five-stall stable and carriage house for EH Ferguson residence (c. 1902), Old Louisville Historic District
Edwin H. Ferguson mansion (1902–1905), now The Filson Historical Society, 3rd & Ormsby, Old Louisville
Fourth Avenue Methodist-Episcopal Church (1901–1902), 4th & St. Catherine Sts., Old Louisville Historic District. Links to images given below.
Jacob L. Smyser residence (1902), 1035 Cherokee Rd. Louisville
Presbyterian Theological Seminary (c. 1902–1906) now Jefferson Community & Technical College, Broadway, downtown Louisville
C. Hunter Raine mansion, a.k.a. "Beverly Hall" (c. 1905–1906), Central and Willett, Memphis, TN
Bishop Thomas Gailor residence, Episcopal Cathedral of St. Mary. 700 Poplar Ave. Memphis, TN
Western Branch of the Louisville Free Public Library (c. 1905), a Carnegie library: America's first public library dedicated to serve African Americans, 10th & Chestnut. External links to images given below.
Muhlenberg County Courthouse in Greenville KY (1907). Links to images given below.
Atherton Building and Mary Anderson Theatre (1907), 610 S. 4th St., Louisville
Stewarts Building (1907), also known as Stewarts Dry Goods Company, Fourth and Muhammad Ali streets, Louisville
Seelbach Hotel (1902 Andrews & Dodd; 1907 McDonald & Dodd) at 4th & Muhammad Ali, Louisville.
1244 & 1246 Ormsby Court (1907, McDonald & Dodd.) Dodd bought the lots. Attributed by style.
143 Bayly Ave (1910, McDonald & Dodd) Louisville
William J. Dodd residence (Spring/Summer 1910), 1448 St James Court, Old Louisville Historic District
Louisville Country Club (1910)
Walnut Street Theatre (1910), 414 W. Muhammad Ali (formerly Walnut St.), Louisville Links to images given below.
George Gaulbert Memorial Shelter House, near Big Rock in Cherokee Park (1910)
Addison R. Smith residence 1425 S. 3rd and Wyble Mapother residence 1429 S. 3rd (both 1910–11), Louisville, KY - McDonald & Dodd
Citizens National Life Insurance Building (1910–1911), 100 Park Road, Anchorage, Kentucky
First Christian Church (1911), now Immanuel Baptist Church, 4th & Breckinridge streets. Links to images given below.
Charles L. Nelson residence (1911–1912), 2327 Cherokee Pkwy, Louisville, KY
William R. Belknap residence (1905–1912), a.k.a. "Lincliff", 6100 Longview Lane, Glenview, Kentucky
Alfred Brandeis residence (1911–1912), a.k.a. "Ladless Hill", 6501 Longview Lane, Glenview, Kentucky
Weissinger-Gaulbert Apartments Annex, Broadway, Louisville (c. 1912) External links to images given below.
the old YMCA building, Broadway, Louisville (1911–1912). External links to images given below.
Louis Seelbach mansion (1911–1912) or "Barnard Hall". 715 Alta Vista Rd. Louisville
Standard Oil of Kentucky Offices, Fifth & Bloom Sts, Louisville (1912 May-Oct). McDonald & Dodd
T. Hoyt Gamble residence, 119 Ormsby Avenue, Old Louisville Historic District (late 1912)
California
W. J. Dodd (first) residence (c. 1914–1915) 2010 DeMille Dr. Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Coulter's department store (1916–1917), 500 W. 7th St. Los Angeles
Annex to Brockman Bldg. (1916–17) 7th St. & Grand Ave., originally J.J Haggarty's
Huntsberger-Mennell Bldg. (1917), 412 W. 7th St. Los Angeles
Henning Bldg. (1917), 518 W. 7th St. Los Angeles
Ville de Paris department store Bldg. (1917), 420 W. 7th St. Los Angeles
H. L. Rivers house (1918), a.k.a. "Los Rios Rancho" Oak Glen, California
Ponet Company Bldg. (1918–1919) 12th & Hope. Los Angeles
W. J. Dodd (second) residence (c. 1922) 5226 Linwood, later the Deanna Durbin residence, Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Hearst's Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Building, downtown Los Angeles, California (c. 1915). Design team of Morgan, Dodd & Haenke
Heron Building (1919–1920), originally the State Building, 6th and Olive Sts. Los Angeles
Brock & Co. Building (1921), 515 W. 7th St. Los Angeles
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Building, now PacMutual, 523 W. Sixth St. at Olive Street, Financial District, Los Angeles (with William Richards, 1921)
Kenneth Preuss residence (1921–1922), 5235 Linwood, Laughlin Park, Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Uplifters Club House, now the Rustic Canyon Recreation Center, Haldeman Road, Pacific Palisades (1923)
Good Samaritan Physicians Bldg. (1923), 6th and Lucas. Los Angeles
Apartment Bldg. (1923) at 3105 W. 6th, now Borden Retail and Apts. Koreatown, Los Angeles
Pasadena Medical Bldg. (1924) a.k.a. Professional Bldg., 65 N. Madison Ave. Pasadena
William and Nelia Mead residence (1924), now "The Willows Inn", Tahquitz Canyon Way, Palm Springs, CA
Roland Bishop residence (1925), now "The Willows Inn", Tahquitz Canyon Way, Palm Springs, CA
San Gabriel Mission Auditorium, greater Los Angeles. (1926)
Jacob Riis Vocational School for Boys (1927), renamed as Mary McLeod Bethune Junior High School, on 69th between Broadway and Main
Residence (1930) 8252 Rees Ave., Playa del Rey Los Angeles
Ivan Miller residence (1930) 8207 Delgany Ave, Playa del Rey Los Angeles. Intended as his retirement house, this is one of Dodd's final residential designs. Anecdotal accounts by neighbors on Delgany Ave. suggest that the Dodds may have begun to occupy this property at the time of William's death.
W. J. Dodd (final) residence of record at time of his death (1928–1930) 1975 DeMille Dr. Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Demolished or destroyed Dodd structures [Under construction and review]
Kentucky
Thompson A. Lyon residence (c. 1893, demolished c. 1970) 4646 Bellevue, Beechmont neighborhood, Louisville
J. E. Whitney Cottage (1899, demolished in May 1951) 210 E. Gray St., downtown Louisville.
Masonic Theater (1903, later Strand Theater: demolished 1947) on Chestnut St. between 3rd & 4th Avenues.
Atherton Building (the first so-named, 1901: demolished 1979) at Fourth and Muhammad Ali Blvd. Louisville
Frankel Memorial Chapel (collapsed July 2012) The Temple Cemetery, 2716 Preston St. Louisville
Lincoln Building (later Washington Building, 1906–1907: demolished 1972) at Fourth and Market, Louisville
Lansdowne, a.k.a. Country estate of S. Thruston Ballard in Glenview, 1907-8: demolished 1976.
Rio Vista, a.k.a. Country estate of Mr. & Mrs. John H. Caperton, 1909-1910 River Road, Mockingbird Valley, Louisville. Demolished around 1955.
Tennessee
Albert Sloo Caldwell residence, a.k.a. "Baldaur", 1897. Formerly 216 N. Waldran Ave/Blvd. Memphis. [Demolished: 1966] (A design based upon Dodd's 1893 Kentucky State Building for the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition.)
Residence of William B. Rogers, M.D., c. 1902. Formerly 1257 Poplar Blvd/St/Ave. Memphis. [Demolished: year unknown]
California
Jacob "Jake" M. Danziger-Daisy Canfield residence (1914: demolished 1951). Mediterranean Eclectic/Mission Revival style, first residence in Bel Air development. Link to image: "Capo di Monte"
Kinema [Deluxe Movie] Theater (1916, later Criterion: demolished 1941)642 S. Grand Ave. Los, Angeles
Architects' Building (1927: demolished 1968–1969) at Fifth and Figueroa, Los Angeles
Bank of America/Los Angeles Trust and Savings Bank (1928: demolished 1970s) at Broadway and Brand, Glendale
See also
Arts and Crafts movement
Beaux-Arts architecture
Mediterranean Revival architecture
Old Louisville
References
External links
Page where may be found an article on J. Martyn Haenke
Database: Adrian Wilson - California Architect
ArchitectsBuilding, Los Angeles: Blog posting by Nathan Marsak. Mar. 14, 2009
Architech Gallery: Artist - Lloyd Wright Jr.(1890–1972)
Images of the Louisville Trust Co. building in Louisville KY
Images of historic churches in Louisville KY including St. Paul's Episcopal, Fourth Avenue Methodist, and First Christian
Images of Muhlenberg County Courthouse, Greenville KY
Image of old YMCA building, now St. Francis High School in Louisville, KY
Image of Weissinger-Gaulbert Apts. in Louisville KY
Image of the Western Branch of the Louisville Free Public Library
Images of Heron Bldg. and Pacific (Mutual Life Insurance Bldg.) Center in downtown Los Angeles
Dodd structures destroyed: Frankel Chapel in Louisville Jewish Cemetery
The C. Hunter Raine mansion
Image of 1975 DeMille Dr. Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Dodd designed arts and crafts lodge. Oak Glen, CA "Los Rios Rancho.
Roland Bishop Residence, Palm Springs, CA; Tahquitz Canyon Way, . HSPB application documentation.
Dodd Playa Del Rey Residence. Delgany Ave. Historic-Cultural Monument Designation documentation.
1862 births
1930 deaths
Architects from Louisville, Kentucky
People from Quebec City
Architects from Chicago
Architects from Los Angeles
Western Association of Architects
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Chicago school architects |
4145551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20fertilization | Iron fertilization | Iron fertilization is the intentional introduction of iron-containing compounds (like iron sulfate) to iron-poor areas of the ocean surface to stimulate phytoplankton production. This is intended to enhance biological productivity and/or accelerate carbon dioxide () sequestration from the atmosphere. Iron is a trace element necessary for photosynthesis in plants. It is highly insoluble in sea water and in a variety of locations is the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. Large algal blooms can be created by supplying iron to iron-deficient ocean waters. These blooms can nourish other organisms.
Ocean iron fertilization is an example of a geoengineering technique. Iron fertilization attempts to encourage phytoplankton growth, which removes carbon from the atmosphere for at least a period of time. This technique is controversial because there is limited understanding of its complete effects on the marine ecosystem, including side effects and possibly large deviations from expected behavior. Such effects potentially include release of nitrogen oxides, and disruption of the ocean's nutrient balance. Controversy remains over the effectiveness of atmospheric sequestration and ecological effects. Since 1990, 13 major large scale experiments have been carried out to evaluate efficiency and possible consequences of iron fertilization in ocean waters. A study in 2017 determined that the method is unproven; sequestering efficiency is low and sometimes no effect was seen and the amount of iron deposits that is needed to make a small cut in the carbon emissions is in the million tons per year.
Approximately 25 per cent of the ocean surface has ample macronutrients, with little plant biomass (as defined by chlorophyll). The production in these high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) waters is primarily limited by micronutrients, especially iron. The cost of distributing iron over large ocean areas is large compared with the expected value of carbon credits. Research in the early 2020s suggested that it could only permanently sequester a small amount of carbon.
Process
Role of iron in carbon sequestration
Ocean iron fertilization is an example of a geoengineering technique that involves intentional introduction of iron-rich deposits into oceans, and is aimed to enhance biological productivity of organisms in ocean waters in order to increase carbon dioxide () uptake from the atmosphere, possibly resulting in mitigating its global warming effects. Iron is a trace element in the ocean and its presence is vital for photosynthesis in plants, and in particular phytoplanktons, as it has been shown that iron deficiency can limit ocean productivity and phytoplankton growth. For this reason, the "iron hypothesis" was put forward by Martin in late 1980s where he suggested that changes in iron supply in iron-deficient seawater can bloom plankton growth and have a significant effect on the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide by altering rates of carbon sequestration. In fact, fertilization is an important process that occurs naturally in the ocean waters. For instance, upwellings of ocean currents can bring nutrient-rich sediments to the surface. Another example is through transfer of iron-rich minerals, dust, and volcanic ash over long distances by rivers, glaciers, or wind. Moreover, it has been suggested that whales can transfer iron-rich ocean dust to the surface, where planktons can take it up to grow. It has been shown that reduction in the number of sperm whales in the Southern Ocean has resulted in a 200,000 tonnes/yr decrease in the atmospheric carbon uptake, possibly due to limited phytoplankton growth.
Carbon sequestration by phytoplankton
Phytoplankton is photosynthetic: it needs sunlight and nutrients to grow, and takes up carbon dioxide in the process. Plankton can take up and sequester atmospheric carbon through generating calcium or silicon-carbonate skeletons. When these organisms die they sink to the ocean floor where their carbonate skeletons can form a major component of the carbon-rich deep sea precipitation, thousands of meters below plankton blooms, known as marine snow. Nonetheless, based on the definition, carbon is only considered "sequestered" when it is deposited in the ocean floor where it can be retained for millions of years. However, most of the carbon-rich biomass generated from plankton is generally consumed by other organisms (small fish, zooplankton, etc.) and substantial part of rest of the deposits that sink beneath plankton blooms may be re-dissolved in the water and gets transferred to the surface where it eventually returns to the atmosphere, thus, nullifying any possible intended effects regarding carbon sequestration. Nevertheless, supporters of the idea of iron fertilization believe that carbon sequestration should be re-defined over much shorter time frames and claim that since the carbon is suspended in the deep ocean it is effectively isolated from the atmosphere for hundreds of years, and thus, carbon can be effectively sequestered.
Efficiency and concerns
Assuming the ideal conditions, the upper estimates for possible effects of iron fertilization in slowing down global warming is about 0.3W/m2 of averaged negative forcing which can offset roughly 15–20% of the current anthropogenic emissions. However, although this approach could be looked upon as an easy option to lower the concentration of in the atmosphere, ocean iron fertilization is still quite controversial and highly debated due to possible negative consequences on marine ecosystems. Research on this area has suggested that fertilization through deposition of large quantities of iron-rich dust into the ocean floor can significantly disrupt the ocean's nutrient balance and cause major complications in the food chain for other marine organisms.
Methods
There are two ways of performing artificial iron fertilization: ship based direct into the ocean and atmospheric deployment.
Ship based deployment
Trials of ocean fertilization using iron sulphate added directly to the surface water from ships are described in detail in the experiment section below.
Atmospheric sourcing
Iron-rich dust rising into the atmosphere is a primary source of ocean iron fertilization. For example, wind blown dust from the Sahara desert fertilizes the Atlantic Ocean and the Amazon rainforest. The naturally occurring iron oxide in atmospheric dust reacts with hydrogen chloride from sea spray to produce iron chloride, which degrades methane and other greenhouse gases, brightens clouds and eventually falls with the rain in low concentration across a wide area of the globe. Unlike ship based deployment, no trials have been performed of increasing the natural level of atmospheric iron. Expanding this atmospheric source of iron could complement ship-based deployment.
One proposal is to boost the atmospheric iron level with iron salt aerosol. Iron(III) chloride added to the troposphere could increase natural cooling effects including methane removal, cloud brightening and ocean fertilization, helping to prevent or reverse global warming.
Experiments
Martin hypothesized that increasing phytoplankton photosynthesis could slow or even reverse global warming by sequestering in the sea. He died shortly thereafter during preparations for Ironex I, a proof of concept research voyage, which was successfully carried out near the Galapagos Islands in 1993 by his colleagues at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. Thereafter 12 international ocean studies examined the phenomenon:
Ironex II, 1995
SOIREE (Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiment), 1999
EisenEx (Iron Experiment), 2000
SEEDS (Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study), 2001
SOFeX (Southern Ocean Iron Experiments - North & South), 2002
SERIES (Subarctic Ecosystem Response to Iron Enrichment Study), 2002
SEEDS-II, 2004
EIFEX (European Iron Fertilization Experiment), A successful experiment conducted in 2004 in a mesoscale ocean eddy in the South Atlantic resulted in a bloom of diatoms, a large portion of which died and sank to the ocean floor when fertilization ended. In contrast to the LOHAFEX experiment, also conducted in a mesoscale eddy, the ocean in the selected area contained enough dissolved silicon for the diatoms to flourish.
CROZEX (CROZet natural iron bloom and Export experiment), 2005
A pilot project planned by Planktos, a U.S. company, was cancelled in 2008 for lack of funding. The company blamed environmental organizations for the failure.
LOHAFEX (Indian and German Iron Fertilization Experiment), 2009 Despite widespread opposition to LOHAFEX, on 26 January 2009 the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) gave clearance. The experiment was carried out in waters low in silicic acid, an essential nutrient for diatom growth. This affected sequestration efficacy. A portion of the southwest Atlantic was fertilized with iron sulfate. A large phytoplankton bloom was triggered. In the absence of diatoms, a relatively small amount of carbon was sequestered, because other phytoplankton are vulnerable to predation by zooplankton and do not sink rapidly upon death. These poor sequestration results led to suggestions that fertilization is not an effective carbon mitigation strategy in general. However, prior ocean fertilization experiments in high silica locations revealed much higher carbon sequestration rates because of diatom growth. LOHAFEX confirmed sequestration potential depends strongly upon appropriate siting.
Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC), 2012 - funded by the Old Massett Haida band and managed by Russ George - dumped 100 tonnes of iron sulphate into the Pacific into an eddy west of the islands of Haida Gwaii. This resulted in increased algae growth over . Critics alleged George's actions violated the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the London convention on the dumping of wastes at sea which prohibited such geoengineering experiments. On 15 July 2014, the resulting scientific data was made available to the public.
John Martin, director of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, hypothesized that the low levels of phytoplankton in these regions are due to a lack of iron. In 1989 he tested this hypothesis (known as the Iron Hypothesis) by an experiment using samples of clean water from Antarctica. Iron was added to some of these samples. After several days the phytoplankton in the samples with iron fertilization grew much more than in the untreated samples. This led Martin to speculate that increased iron concentrations in the oceans could partly explain past ice ages.
IRONEX I
This experiment was followed by a larger field experiment (IRONEX I) where 445 kg of iron was added to a patch of ocean near the Galápagos Islands. The levels of phytoplankton increased three times in the experimental area. The success of this experiment and others led to proposals to use this technique to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
EisenEx
In 2000 and 2004, iron sulfate was discharged from the EisenEx. 10 to 20 percent of the resulting algal bloom died and sank to the sea floor.
Commercial projects
Planktos was a US company that abandoned its plans to conduct 6 iron fertilization cruises from 2007 to 2009, each of which would have dissolved up to 100 tons of iron over a 10,000 km2 area of ocean. Their ship Weatherbird II was refused entry to the port of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands where it was to take on provisions and scientific equipment.
In 2007 commercial companies such as Climos and GreenSea Ventures and the Australian-based Ocean Nourishment Corporation, planned to engage in fertilization projects. These companies invited green co-sponsors to finance their activities in return for provision of carbon credits to offset investors' CO2 emissions.
LOHAFEX
LOHAFEX was an experiment initiated by the German Federal Ministry of Research and carried out by the German Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) in 2009 to study fertilization in the South Atlantic. India was also involved.
As part of the experiment, the German research vessel Polarstern deposited 6 tons of ferrous sulfate in an area of 300 square kilometers. It was expected that the material would distribute through the upper of water and trigger an algal bloom. A significant part of the carbon dioxide dissolved in sea water would then be bound by the emerging bloom and sink to the ocean floor.
The Federal Environment Ministry called for the experiment to halt, partly because environmentalists predicted damage to marine plants. Others predicted long-term effects that would not be detectable during short-term observation or that this would encourage large-scale ecosystem manipulation.
2012
A 2012 study deposited iron fertilizer in an eddy near Antarctica. The resulting algal bloom sent a significant amount of carbon into the deep ocean, where it was expected to remain for centuries to millennia. The eddy was chosen because it offered a largely self-contained test system.
As of day 24, nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus and silicic acid that diatoms use to construct their shells, declined. Dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations were reduced below equilibrium with atmospheric . In surface water, particulate organic matter (algal remains) including silica and chlorophyll increased.
After day 24, however, the particulate matter fell to between to the ocean floor. Each iron atom converted at least 13,000 carbon atoms into algae. At least half of the organic matter sank below, .
Haida Gwaii project
In July 2012, the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation dispersed of iron sulphate dust into the Pacific Ocean several hundred miles west of the islands of Haida Gwaii. The Old Massett Village Council financed the action as a salmon enhancement project with $2.5 million in village funds. The concept was that the formerly iron-deficient waters would produce more phytoplankton that would in turn serve as a "pasture" to feed salmon. Then-CEO Russ George hoped to sell carbon offsets to recover the costs. The project was accompanied by charges of unscientific procedures and recklessness. George contended that 100 tons was negligible compared to what naturally enters the ocean.
Some environmentalists called the dumping a "blatant violation" of two international moratoria. George said that the Old Massett Village Council and its lawyers approved the effort and at least seven Canadian agencies were aware of it.
According to George, the 2013 salmon runs increased from 50 million to 226 million fish. However, many experts contend that changes in fishery stocks since 2012 cannot necessarily be attributed to the 2012 iron fertilization; many factors contribute to predictive models, and most data from the experiment are considered to be of questionable scientific value.
On 15 July 2014, the data gathered during the project were made publicly available under the ODbL license.
Experiments with iron-coated rice husks in Arabian Sea
In 2022, a UK/India research team plans to place iron-coated rice husks in the Arabian Sea, to test whether increasing time at the surface can stimulate a bloom using less iron. The iron will be confined within a plastic bag reaching from the surface several kilometers down to the sea bottom. The Centre for Climate Repair at the University of Cambridge, along with India's Institute of Maritime Studies assessed the impact of iron seeding in another experiment. They spread iron-coated rice husks across an area of the Arabian Sea. Iron is a limiting nutrient in many ocean waters. They hoped that the iron would fertilize algae, which would bolster the bottom of the marine food chain and sequester carbon as uneaten algae died. The experiment was demolished by a storm, leaving inconclusive results.
Science
The maximum possible result from iron fertilization, assuming the most favourable conditions and disregarding practical considerations, is 0.29 W/m2 of globally averaged negative forcing, offsetting 1/6 of current levels of anthropogenic emissions. These benefits have been called into question by research suggesting that fertilization with iron may deplete other essential nutrients in the seawater causing reduced phytoplankton growth elsewhere — in other words, that iron concentrations limit growth more locally than they do on a global scale.
Ocean fertilization occurs naturally when upwellings bring nutrient-rich water to the surface, as occurs when ocean currents meet an ocean bank or a sea mount. This form of fertilization produces the world's largest marine habitats. Fertilization can also occur when weather carries wind blown dust long distances over the ocean, or iron-rich minerals are carried into the ocean by glaciers, rivers and icebergs.
Role of iron
About 70% of the world's surface is covered in oceans. The part of these where light can penetrate is inhabited by algae (and other marine life). In some oceans, algae growth and reproduction is limited by the amount of iron. Iron is a vital micronutrient for phytoplankton growth and photosynthesis that has historically been delivered to the pelagic sea by dust storms from arid lands. This Aeolian dust contains 3–5% iron and its deposition has fallen nearly 25% in recent decades.
The Redfield ratio describes the relative atomic concentrations of critical nutrients in plankton biomass and is conventionally written "106 C: 16 N: 1 P." This expresses the fact that one atom of phosphorus and 16 of nitrogen are required to "fix" 106 carbon atoms (or 106 molecules of ). Research expanded this constant to "106 C: 16 N: 1 P: .001 Fe" signifying that in iron deficient conditions each atom of iron can fix 106,000 atoms of carbon, or on a mass basis, each kilogram of iron can fix 83,000 kg of carbon dioxide. The 2004 EIFEX experiment reported a carbon dioxide to iron export ratio of nearly 3000 to 1. The atomic ratio would be approximately: "3000 C: 58,000 N: 3,600 P: 1 Fe".
Therefore, small amounts of iron (measured by mass parts per trillion) in HNLC zones can trigger large phytoplankton blooms on the order of 100,000 kilograms of plankton per kilogram of iron. The size of the iron particles is critical. Particles of 0.5–1 micrometer or less seem to be ideal both in terms of sink rate and bioavailability. Particles this small are easier for cyanobacteria and other phytoplankton to incorporate and the churning of surface waters keeps them in the euphotic or sunlit biologically active depths without sinking for long periods. One way to add small amounts of iron to HNLC zones would be Atmospheric Methane Removal.
Atmospheric deposition is an important iron source. Satellite images and data (such as PODLER, MODIS, MSIR) combined with back-trajectory analyses identified natural sources of iron–containing dust. Iron-bearing dusts erode from soil and are transported by wind. Although most dust sources are situated in the Northern Hemisphere, the largest dust sources are located in northern and southern Africa, North America, central Asia and Australia.
Heterogeneous chemical reactions in the atmosphere modify the speciation of iron in dust and may affect the bioavailability of deposited iron. The soluble form of iron is much higher in aerosols than in soil (~0.5%). Several photo-chemical interactions with dissolved organic acids increase iron solubility in aerosols. Among these, photochemical reduction of oxalate-bound Fe(III) from iron-containing minerals is important. The organic ligand forms a surface complex with the Fe (III) metal center of an iron-containing mineral (such as hematite or goethite). On exposure to solar radiation the complex is converted to an excited energy state in which the ligand, acting as bridge and an electron donor, supplies an electron to Fe(III) producing soluble Fe(II). Consistent with this, studies documented a distinct diel variation in the concentrations of Fe (II) and Fe(III) in which daytime Fe(II) concentrations exceed those of Fe(III).
Volcanic ash as an iron source
Volcanic ash has a significant role in supplying the world's oceans with iron. Volcanic ash is composed of glass shards, pyrogenic minerals, lithic particles and other forms of ash that release nutrients at different rates depending on structure and the type of reaction caused by contact with water.
Increases of biogenic opal in the sediment record are associated with increased iron accumulation over the last million years. In August 2008, an eruption in the Aleutian Islands deposited ash in the nutrient-limited Northeast Pacific. This ash and iron deposition resulted in one of the largest phytoplankton blooms observed in the subarctic.
Carbon sequestration
Previous instances of biological carbon sequestration triggered major climatic changes, lowering the temperature of the planet, such as the Azolla event. Plankton that generate calcium or silicon carbonate skeletons, such as diatoms, coccolithophores and foraminifera, account for most direct sequestration. When these organisms die their carbonate skeletons sink relatively quickly and form a major component of the carbon-rich deep sea precipitation known as marine snow. Marine snow also includes fish fecal pellets and other organic detritus, and steadily falls thousands of meters below active plankton blooms.
Of the carbon-rich biomass generated by plankton blooms, half (or more) is generally consumed by grazing organisms (zooplankton, krill, small fish, etc.) but 20 to 30% sinks below into the colder water strata below the thermocline. Much of this fixed carbon continues into the abyss, but a substantial percentage is redissolved and remineralized. At this depth, however, this carbon is now suspended in deep currents and effectively isolated from the atmosphere for centuries.
Analysis and quantification
Evaluation of the biological effects and verification of the amount of carbon actually sequestered by any particular bloom involves a variety of measurements, combining ship-borne and remote sampling, submarine filtration traps, tracking buoy spectroscopy and satellite telemetry. Unpredictable ocean currents can remove experimental iron patches from the pelagic zone, invalidating the experiment.
The potential of fertilization to tackle global warming is illustrated by the following figures. If phytoplankton converted all the nitrate and phosphate present in the surface mixed layer across the entire Antarctic circumpolar current into organic carbon, the resulting carbon dioxide deficit could be compensated by uptake from the atmosphere amounting to about 0.8 to 1.4 gigatonnes of carbon per year. This quantity is comparable in magnitude to annual anthropogenic fossil fuels combustion of approximately 6 gigatonnes. The Antarctic circumpolar current region is one of several in which iron fertilization could be conducted—the Galapagos islands area another potentially suitable location.
Dimethyl sulfide and clouds
Some species of plankton produce dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a portion of which enters the atmosphere where it is oxidized by hydroxyl radicals (OH), atomic chlorine (Cl) and bromine monoxide (BrO) to form sulfate particles, and potentially increase cloud cover. This may increase the albedo of the planet and so cause cooling—this proposed mechanism is central to the CLAW hypothesis. This is one of the examples used by James Lovelock to illustrate his Gaia hypothesis.
During SOFeX, DMS concentrations increased by a factor of four inside the fertilized patch. Widescale iron fertilization of the Southern Ocean could lead to significant sulfur-triggered cooling in addition to that due to the uptake and that due to the ocean's albedo increase, however the amount of cooling by this particular effect is very uncertain.
Financial opportunities
Beginning with the Kyoto Protocol, several countries and the European Union established carbon offset markets which trade certified emission reduction credits (CERs) and other types of carbon credit instruments. In 2007 CERs sold for approximately €15–20/ton . Iron fertilization is relatively inexpensive compared to scrubbing, direct injection and other industrial approaches, and can theoretically sequester for less than €5/ton , creating a substantial return. In August, 2010, Russia established a minimum price of €10/ton for offsets to reduce uncertainty for offset providers. Scientists have reported a 6–12% decline in global plankton production since 1980. A full-scale plankton restoration program could regenerate approximately 3–5 billion tons of sequestration capacity worth €50-100 billion in carbon offset value. However, a 2013 study indicates the cost versus benefits of iron fertilization puts it behind carbon capture and storage and carbon taxes.
Debate
While ocean iron fertilization could represent a potent means to slow global warming, there is a current debate surrounding the efficacy of this strategy and the potential adverse effects of this.
Precautionary principle
The precautionary principle is a proposed guideline regarding environmental conservation. According to an article published in 2021, the precautionary principle (PP) is a concept that states, "The PP means that when it is scientifically plausible that human activities may lead to morally unacceptable harm, actions shall be taken to avoid or diminish that harm: uncertainty should not be an excuse to delay action." Based on this principle, and because there is little data quantifying the effects of iron fertilization, it is the responsibility of leaders in this field to avoid the harmful effects of this procedure. This school of thought is one argument against using iron fertilization on a wide scale, at least until more data is available to analyze the repercussions of this.
Ecological issues
Critics are concerned that fertilization will create harmful algal blooms (HAB) as many toxic algae are often favored when iron is deposited into the marine ecosystem. A 2010 study of iron fertilization in an oceanic high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll environment, however, found that fertilized Pseudo-nitzschia diatom spp., which are generally nontoxic in the open ocean, began producing toxic levels of domoic acid. Even short-lived blooms containing such toxins could have detrimental effects on marine food webs. Most species of phytoplankton are harmless or beneficial, given that they constitute the base of the marine food chain. Fertilization increases phytoplankton only in the open oceans (far from shore) where iron deficiency is substantial. Most coastal waters are replete with iron and adding more has no useful effect. Further, it has been shown that there are often higher mineralization rates with iron fertilization, leading to a turn over in the plankton masses that are produced. This results in no beneficial effects and actually causes an increase in CO2.
Finally, a 2010 study showed that iron enrichment stimulates toxic diatom production in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll areas which, the authors argue, raises "serious concerns over the net benefit and sustainability of large-scale iron fertilizations". Nitrogen released by cetaceans and iron chelate are a significant benefit to the marine food chain in addition to sequestering carbon for long periods of time.
Ocean acidification
A 2009 study tested the potential of iron fertilization to reduce both atmospheric CO2 and ocean acidity using a global ocean carbon model. The study found that, "Our simulations show that ocean iron fertilization, even in the extreme scenario by depleting global surface macronutrient concentration to zero at all time, has a minor effect on mitigating CO2-induced acidification at the surface ocean." Unfortunately, the impact on ocean acidification would likely not change due to the low effects that iron fertilization has on CO2 levels.
History
Consideration of iron's importance to phytoplankton growth and photosynthesis dates to the 1930s when Dr Thomas John Hart, a British marine biologist based on the in the Southern Ocean speculated - in "On the phytoplankton of the South-West Atlantic and Bellingshausen Sea, 1929-31" - that great "desolate zones" (areas apparently rich in nutrients, but lacking in phytoplankton activity or other sea life) might be iron-deficient. Hart returned to this issue in a 1942 paper entitled "Phytoplankton periodicity in Antarctic surface waters", but little other scientific discussion was recorded until the 1980s, when oceanographer John Martin of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories renewed controversy on the topic with his marine water nutrient analyses. His studies supported Hart's hypothesis. These "desolate" regions came to be called "high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions" (HNLC).
John Gribbin was the first scientist to publicly suggest that climate change could be reduced by adding large amounts of soluble iron to the oceans. Martin's 1988 quip four months later at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, "Give me a half a tanker of iron and I will give you an ice age," drove a decade of research.
The findings suggested that iron deficiency was limiting ocean productivity and offered an approach to mitigating climate change as well. Perhaps the most dramatic support for Martin's hypothesis came with the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. Environmental scientist Andrew Watson analyzed global data from that eruption and calculated that it deposited approximately 40,000 tons of iron dust into oceans worldwide. This single fertilization event preceded an easily observed global decline in atmospheric and a parallel pulsed increase in oxygen levels.
The parties to the London Dumping Convention adopted a non-binding resolution in 2008 on fertilization (labeled LC-LP.1(2008)). The resolution states that ocean fertilization activities, other than legitimate scientific research, "should be considered as contrary to the aims of the Convention and Protocol and do not currently qualify for any exemption from the definition of dumping". An Assessment Framework for Scientific Research Involving Ocean Fertilization, regulating the dumping of wastes at sea (labeled LC-LP.2(2010)) was adopted by the Contracting Parties to the Convention in October 2010 (LC 32/LP 5).
Multiple ocean labs, scientists and businesses have explored fertilization. Beginning in 1993, thirteen research teams completed ocean trials demonstrating that phytoplankton blooms can be stimulated by iron augmentation. Controversy remains over the effectiveness of atmospheric sequestration and ecological effects. Ocean trials of ocean iron fertilization took place in 2009 in the South Atlantic by project LOHAFEX, and in July 2012 in the North Pacific off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, by the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC).
See also
Carbon dioxide sink
Iron chelate
Ocean pipes
Liebig's law of the minimum
Iron cycle
References
Aquatic ecology
Planetary engineering
Climate engineering |
4145894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20NCAA%20Division%20I-A%20football%20season | 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season | The 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season, play of college football in the United States at the NCAA Division I-A level, began in August 1994 and ended on January 2, 1995. Nebraska, who finished the season undefeated, ended the year ranked No. 1 in both the Associated Press and Coaches polls. This was the first national championship of coach Tom Osborne's career at Nebraska, having come close the year before, when Nebraska lost to eventual national champion Florida State on a missed field goal as time expired.
Although Osborne's team finished the season unbeaten, the national championship picture again was engulfed in controversy. For much of the second half of the season, Nebraska and Penn State were regarded as the top two teams in the country. This raised the possibility of a split national championship for the third time since 1990, due in large part to the system in place that had been concocted to avoid a split title.
Following the 1991 season, where Miami and Washington split the national championship in the AP and Coaches' polls, the Bowl Coalition was founded. The Coalition consisted of six bowls, with the Orange, Fiesta, Cotton, and Sugar bowls were all considered potential hosts for a national championship game. Since three of these bowls already had specific tie-ins with conferences, an agreement was struck where the conferences would agree to release those teams from their contractual obligations in order to achieve a No. 1 vs No. 2 matchup. For the first two years of the Coalition, this occurred without incident as the Sugar and Orange Bowls in 1993 and 1994 featured No. 1 vs. No. 2 matchups in their respective games.
The problem with this as far as 1994 was concerned was that the Rose Bowl, which featured the Pac-10 and Big Ten champions playing each other, was not included in the Coalition and thus a team that finished No. 1 or No. 2 in the polls from those two conferences could not be considered by the Coalition to be its national champion. Nebraska, as a member of the Big Eight Conference, was part of the coalition while Penn State was not. As Nebraska went on to win the conference title, it earned an automatic bid to the Orange Bowl to face off against No. 3 Miami, who won the Big East title and was No. 2 in the Coalition pool. Thus Miami, who as recently as two years earlier was in the Coalition championship game, had a chance to stake a claim as the national champion with a win (as they would have been awarded the Coaches' Trophy) and all but ensure a split title with Penn State provided they defeated No. 13 Oregon in the Rose Bowl.
On January 1, 1995, Nebraska defeated Miami in the Orange Bowl 24–17 and clinched the championship. The next day Penn State defeated Oregon in the Rose Bowl by a count of 38–20 and secured the No. 2 spot in the polls.
In the offseason that followed, the Bowl Coalition was disbanded and in its place came the Bowl Alliance, which attempted to serve the same purpose by rotating a national championship game between the Sugar, Fiesta, and Orange Bowls. Like the Bowl Coalition before it, the Bowl Alliance did not include the Rose Bowl and two of the three national championship games did not feature a No. 1 vs. No. 2 matchup, with the 1997 season seeing another split national championship.
Conference and program changes
The number of teams in Division I-A grew to 107 as Northeast Louisiana University left Division I-AA's Southland Conference and became an independent.
Southwest Conference announces dissolution
In February 1994, before the season began, an announcement was made regarding the future of the Southwest Conference. In 1991, the SWC became an all-Texas conference as Arkansas left the SWC to join the Southeastern Conference. As 1994 began Texas was rumored to be considering joining the Pac-10 with Big Eight member Colorado (rumors that would resurface over a decade later, which eventually resulted in Colorado joining the Pac-10 with Utah to form the Pac-12), while Texas A&M was reported to be looking at joining the SEC (which they would eventually do in 2012). On February 25, 1994, it was announced that Texas, Texas Tech, Texas A&M, and Baylor would be joining with all eight of the teams in the Big Eight to form the Big 12 Conference, in 1996. Following this decision, another decision was made regarding the future of remaining SWC members SMU, Houston, TCU, and Rice; SMU, TCU, and Rice would join the Western Athletic Conference while Houston joined Conference USA. (Of the schools that joined the Big 12, as noted, the only one that did not stay in the conference was Texas A&M. TCU, SMU, and Rice all eventually became part of Conference USA as well, with TCU being the first to join while the other three schools joined as part of the 2005 conference realignment. TCU left for the Mountain West Conference in 2005 and eventually joined their former SWC brethren in the Big 12, while SMU and Houston became part of the American Athletic Conference in 2013 with the former Big East football schools that were still in the conference. Rice still plays in C-USA.)
Heisman Trophy
The 1994 Heisman Trophy presentation ceremony was held on December 10, 1994, at the Downtown Athletic Club in New York City.
Voting
McNair's nomination as a finalist was a rare feat, as Alcorn State was a member of Division I-AA and I-AA awarded the Walter Payton Award to its most outstanding player (which McNair won).
Notable games
The Miracle at Michigan: in a September 24 matchup between No. 4 Michigan and No. 7 Colorado, the visiting Buffaloes trailed the host Wolverines 26–14 with 2:16 remaining in the game. Colorado scored two touchdowns in the final minutes, the last being a 64–yard pass from Kordell Stewart to Michael Westbrook on the last play of the game.
Choke at Doak: In the annual matchup between Florida and Florida State, the visiting Gators led the defending national champion Seminoles 31–3 entering the fourth quarter. Florida State rallied to score four touchdowns in the final period, but ran out of time to potentially score the winning points on their last possession and the game ended in a 31–31 tie.
Penn State-Indiana: Despite beating No. 21 Ohio State 63–14 in Happy Valley on October 29, Penn State surprisingly dropped to No. 2 in the subsequent AP poll after No. 3 Nebraska defeated No. 2 Colorado 24–7. The Nittany Lions remained No. 1 in the CNN/USA Today Coaches poll by a small margin. Penn State traveled to Indiana for their next game and took a comfortable 35–14 lead in the fourth quarter. Penn State coach Joe Paterno elected to pull his starters with the lead, which allowed Indiana to score two touchdowns late in the game including a deflected Hail Mary and two-point conversion with no time on the clock. Penn State won 35–29, but fell further behind Nebraska in the AP poll and dropped to No. 2 in the CNN/USA Today coaches poll as well. The Indiana game is often cited erroneously as the single point at which Nebraska passed Penn State, but the reality is that the Nittany Lions fell to No. 2 in the AP poll a week prior to that game.
Other notes
After being played for the first two years at Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama, the SEC Championship Game moved to its now-permanent home in Atlanta - first at the Georgia Dome, then at Mercedes-Benz Stadium. Meanwhile, in Jacksonville, the demolition and reconstruction of Gator Bowl Stadium that coincided with the Jacksonville Jaguars' entry into the NFL for 1995 forced the Gator Bowl to move to Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville for its 1994 season edition. The game returned to Jacksonville in the newly built Jacksonville Municipal Stadium the following year. Also, John Hancock Insurance's deal for naming rights to the Sun Bowl expired and the game reverted to its former name.
Although Nebraska, Penn State and Alabama were still ranked in the Top 10, many of college football's legendary teams finished the regular season with their lowest rankings in years. Ohio State finished the season ranked 14th in the AP poll while Michigan was No. 20 and USC No. 21. Notre Dame, which started the season ranked fourth, finished the season unranked as did preseason No. 16 Oklahoma.
Rule changes
Due to several fighting incidents that occurred during the 1993 season (including one between the Miami Hurricanes and the Colorado Buffaloes that resulted in 12 ejections), the following changes were made:
Players involved in fighting on the field will draw a 15-yard penalty and an automatic ejection. If the ejection occurs in the first half, the player(s) will be disqualified for the remainder of the game. If the ejection occurs in the second half (or in overtime as of the 1996 season), the player(s) will be disqualified for the remainder of that game plus the first half of his team's next regularly scheduled game.
Players leaving the bench to participate in fights will be ejected for the remainder of the game plus his team's entire next regularly scheduled game.
Repeat offenders will be ejected and suspended for the remainder of the season.
The officials' jurisdiction over games will begin 60 minutes before kickoff. Any pre-game fights or taunting will be penalized the same as if the fight/taunting occurred during the game, with any yardage penalties enforced on the opening kickoff. The officials' jurisdiction was extended to 90 minutes before kickoff starting with the 2020 season.
The prohibition against the use of two-post goalposts is deleted, reversing a 1985 rule. LSU was allowed by the NCAA to place goals with two posts in Tiger Stadium late in the 1993 season in conjunction with its football centennial. Florida State and Washington State quickly followed suit.
The use of officials from different conferences ("split crews") was outlawed, except for game contracts signed before January 1, 1994. The NCAA extended the ban to all games before the 1998 season.
Regular Season
August–September
The top five of the preseason AP Poll were No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Notre Dame, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Michigan. There was something of a lack of consensus at the top as each of the top four teams received at least ten first-place votes, with fourth-place Nebraska getting the most such votes.
August 28: No. 4 Nebraska shut out No. 24 West Virginia 31-0 in the Kickoff Classic. The other top teams had not begun their schedules, and the Cornhuskers moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Notre Dame, No. 4 Florida State, and No. 5 Michigan.
September 3: No. 1 Florida overwhelmed New Mexico State 70-21. No. 2 Nebraska was idle. No. 3 Notre Dame won 42-15 at Northwestern, and No. 4 Florida State beat Virginia 41-17. No. 5 Michigan defeated Boston College 34-26, but No. 6 Miami shut out Georgia Southern 56-0 and moved ahead of the Wolverines in the next poll. The voters also made a change at the top: No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Florida, No. 3 Notre Dame, No. 4 Florida State, and No. 5 Miami.
September 8–10: No. 1 Nebraska won 42-16 at Texas Tech while No. 2 Florida blew out Kentucky 73-7, leading the two teams to switch places again. After coming back to take the lead with less than a minute to play, No. 3 Notre Dame lost 26-24 to No. 6 Michigan on a field goal with two seconds left. No. 4 Florida State won 52-20 at Maryland, and No. 5 Miami defeated Arizona State 47-10. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Michigan, and No. 5 Miami.
September 17: No. 1 Florida visited No. 15 Tennessee and shut the Volunteers out 31-0, No. 2 Nebraska defeated No. 13 UCLA 49-21, and No. 3 Florida State won 56-14 at Wake Forest. No. 4 Michigan and No. 5 Miami were idle. No. 6 Penn State beat Iowa 61-21 and moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Michigan, and No. 5 Penn State.
September 24: No. 1 Florida was idle. No. 2 Nebraska defeated Pacific 70-21, but the Cornhuskers’ star quarterback Tommie Frazier was sidelined for the rest of the regular season with blood clots in his calf. No. 3 Florida State beat No. 13 North Carolina 31-18. In the “Miracle at Michigan,” No. 7 Colorado won 27-26 over No. 4 Michigan thanks to Kordell Stewart’s 64-yard Hail Mary for a touchdown as time expired. No. 5 Penn State was a 55-27 winner over Rutgers. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Penn State, and No. 5 Colorado.
October
October 1: No. 1 Florida won 38-14 at Mississippi. With Brook Berringer taking over the quarterback duties from Frazier, No. 2 Nebraska got off to a slow start against Wyoming but came back for a 42-32 victory. No. 3 Florida State was idle. No. 4 Penn State visited Temple for a 48-21 win. No. 5 Colorado pulled off a buzzer-beating play for the second week in a row, this time beating No. 16 Texas 34-31 on a field goal as time expired. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
October 8: No. 1 Florida defeated LSU 42-18, and No. 2 Nebraska opened Big 8 play with a 32-3 win over Oklahoma State. No. 3 Florida State visited No. 13 Miami with an unlucky result, as the Seminoles committed five turnovers on the way to a 34-20 loss. No. 4 Penn State was idle. No. 5 Colorado beat Missouri 38-23, and No. 7 Michigan won 40-20 over Michigan State. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida, No. 2 Nebraska, No. 3 Penn State, No. 4 Colorado, and No. 5 Michigan.
October 15: No. 1 Florida was upset 36-33 by No. 6 Auburn, who capitalized on a late interception to score the game-winning touchdown with 30 seconds left; it was the Gators’ first home loss to a conference opponent in coach Steve Spurrier’s five years with the team. No. 2 Nebraska defeated No. 16 Kansas State 17-6, No. 3 Penn State won a back-and-forth 31-24 matchup with No. 5 Michigan, and No. 4 Colorado beat No. 22 Oklahoma 45-7. The AP voters reshuffled the top teams in the next poll: No. 1 Penn State, No. 2 Colorado, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 Auburn, and No. 5 Florida.
October 22: No. 1 Penn State, No. 4 Auburn, and No. 5 Florida were all idle. No. 2 Colorado defeated No. 19 Kansas State 35-21, and No. 3 Nebraska won 42-7 at Missouri. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
October 29: No. 1 Penn State blew out No. 21 Ohio State 63-14, but the AP voters were more impressed by the performance of No. 3 Nebraska, who took control of the Big 8 race with a 24-7 defeat of No. 2 Colorado. No. 4 Auburn beat Arkansas 31-14, No. 5 Florida defeated Georgia 52-14, and No. 6 Miami won 24-3 over No. 13 Virginia Tech. The top five in the next AP Poll were No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Auburn, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Miami. Penn State remained at No. 1 in the Coaches Poll.
November–December
November 5: No. 1 Nebraska defeated Kansas 45-17. No. 2 Penn State held a 35-14 lead over Indiana midway through the fourth quarter, but the Hoosiers mounted a comeback and cut the final margin to 35-29. No. 3 Auburn beat East Carolina 38-21, No. 4 Florida defeated Southern Mississippi 55-17, and No. 5 Miami won 27-6 at No. 10 Syracuse. The top five remained the same in the AP Poll, and Nebraska took over first place in the Coaches Poll as well.
November 12: No. 1 Nebraska won 28-12 at Iowa State to clinch the Big 8 title and an Orange Bowl berth. No. 2 Penn State had another close call in their game at Illinois. This time the Nittany Lions were the ones who faced a big deficit, trailing 21-0 at the end of the first quarter, but they mounted a comeback for a 35-31 victory which earned them the Big Ten championship and a spot in the Rose Bowl. No. 3 Auburn brought a 20-game winning streak into their game against Georgia, but the Tigers missed a last-second field goal and had to settle for a 23-23 tie. No. 4 Florida beat South Carolina 48-17 to clinch the SEC Western Division title. No. 5 Miami defeated Pittsburgh 17-12, while No. 6 Alabama won 29-25 at No. 20 Mississippi State. The top five in the next poll were No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Alabama, and No. 5 Miami.
November 19: No. 1 Nebraska was idle. No. 2 Penn State defeated Northwestern 45-17, and No. 3 Florida won 24-7 at Vanderbilt. No. 4 Alabama and No. 6 Auburn squared off in a battle for the SEC Eastern Division championship. Alabama was already assured of a spot in the SEC Championship Game because Auburn was barred from postseason play due to NCAA violations, and the Crimson Tide won the division title outright with a 21-14 triumph. No. 5 Miami beat Temple 38-14. The top five in the next poll were No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Alabama, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Miami.
November 25–26: No. 1 Nebraska won a defensive struggle against Oklahoma, 13-3, while No. 2 Penn State prevailed in a 59-31 shootout against Michigan State. No. 3 Alabama had finished their regular-season schedule. In the “Choke at Doak,” No. 4 Florida entered the fourth quarter with a 31-3 lead over No. 7 Florida State, but the Seminoles scored 28 unanswered points (tying an NCAA record for the biggest fourth-quarter comeback of all time) to salvage a 31-31 tie. No. 5 Miami beat No. 25 Boston College 23-7. No. 6 Colorado had finished their schedule, but the Buffaloes still moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Alabama, No. 4 Miami, and No. 5 Colorado.
December 3: The third annual SEC Championship Game featured the same teams as the first two, with undefeated No. 3 Alabama facing off against No. 6 Florida. The Crimson Tide had won in 1992 and the Gators prevailed in 1993, and the rubber match was a very close game. Alabama held a 23-17 lead in the fourth quarter, but Danny Wuerffel threw a touchdown pass to put Florida back up by a point, and the Gators closed out the game with an interception on Alabama’s final drive. The final AP poll of the regular season featured No. 1 Nebraska, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Miami, No. 4 Colorado, and No. 5 Florida.
Alabama’s loss in the SEC title game left Nebraska and Penn State as the only undefeated and untied teams in the nation. However, since they were the Big Ten champions, the Nittany Lions were required to play in the Rose Bowl against the Pac-10 winner, No. 12 Oregon. Therefore, Nebraska’s opponent in the Orange Bowl would be third-ranked Miami. The other major bowls included a rematch between Florida and No. 7 Florida State in the Sugar Bowl and Colorado against Notre Dame in the Fiesta Bowl. No. 8 Texas A&M finished with a 10-0-1 record and easily won the SWC title, but the Aggies were on probation and ineligible for postseason play. Texas Tech, who finished in a five-way tie for second place and sported a less-impressive 6-5 record, replaced A&M in the Cotton Bowl against No. 21 USC.
Conference standings
Bowl Coalition No. 1 and No. 2
The Bowl Coalition did not include the Big 10 and Pacific-10 conferences, whose champions played in the Rose Bowl. Penn State, which was ranked No. 1 in the Oct 18 and Oct 25 polls, and No. 2 for the remainder of the season, finished the regular season 11–0–0 and played in the Rose Bowl as the champion of the Big Ten.
Bowl games
Orange Bowl: No. 1 Nebraska 24, No. 3 Miami 17
Rose Bowl: No. 2 Penn State 38, No. 12 Oregon 20
: No. 7 Florida State 23, No. 5 Florida 17
: No. 21 USC 55, Texas Tech 14
Fiesta Bowl: No. 4 Colorado 41, Notre Dame 24
: No. 23 NC State 28, No. 16 Mississippi State 24
: No. 6 Alabama 24, No. 13 Ohio State 17
Hall of Fame Bowl: Wisconsin 34, No. 25 Duke 20
: South Carolina 24, West Virginia 21
Sun Bowl: Texas 35, No. 18 North Carolina 31
Gator Bowl: Tennessee 45, No. 17 Virginia Tech 23
Copper Bowl: No. 22 BYU 31, Oklahoma 6
Alamo Bowl: No. 24 Washington State 10, Baylor 3
Holiday Bowl: No. 20 Michigan 24, No. 10 Colorado State 14
: No. 14 Utah 16, No. 15 Arizona 13
: Illinois 30, East Carolina 0
Aloha Bowl: Boston College 12, No. 11 Kansas State 7
: No. 18 Virginia 20, TCU 10
: UNLV 52, Central Michigan 24
Final AP Poll
Nebraska
Penn State
Colorado
Florida State
Alabama
Miami (FL)
Florida
Texas A&M
Auburn
Utah
Oregon
Michigan
USC
Ohio State
Virginia
Colorado State
N.C. State
BYU
Kansas State
Arizona
Washington State
Tennessee
Boston College
Mississippi State
Texas
Final Coaches Poll
Nebraska
Penn State
Colorado
Alabama
Florida State
Miami (FL)
Florida
Utah
Ohio St.
Brigham Young
Oregon
Michigan
Virginia
Colorado State
Southern California
Kansas State
North Carolina State
Tennessee
Washington State
Arizona
North Carolina
Boston College
Texas
Virginia Tech
Mississippi State
Heisman Trophy voting
The Heisman Memorial Trophy Award is given to the Most Outstanding Player of the year
Winner:
Rashaan Salaam, Colorado, JR. RB (1400 votes)
2. Ki-Jana Carter, Penn St., Jr. RB (1080 votes)
3. Steve McNair, Alcorn St., Sr. QB (982 votes)
4. Kerry Collins, Penn St., Sr. QB (392 votes)
5. Jay Barker, Alabama, Sr. QB (294 votes)
Other major awards
Maxwell Award (College Player of the Year) – Kerry Collins, Penn State
Walter Camp Award (Back) – Rashaan Salaam, Colorado
Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) – Kerry Collins, Penn State
Doak Walker Award (Running Back) – Rashaan Salaam, Colorado
Dick Butkus Award (Linebacker) – Dana Howard, Illinois
Lombardi Award (Lineman or Linebacker) – Warren Sapp, Miami
Outland Trophy (Interior Lineman) – Zach Wiegert, OT, Nebraska
Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive Back) – Chris Hudson, Colorado
AFCA Coach of the Year – Tom Osborne, Nebraska
FWAA Coach of the Year – Joe Paterno, Penn State
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award – Rich Brooks, Oregon
References |
4145913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley%20Heights%20railway%20station | Valley Heights railway station | Valley Heights railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Western line in Valley Heights, in the City of Blue Mountains local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed and built by NSW Government Railways. It is also known as Valley Heights Railway Station and Locomotive Depot and The Valley. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
History
The Great Western Railway went through Valley Heights in 1867. The platform opened in 1875 to service the private residence, The Valley Inn, of the Colonial Treasurer, the Hon. Geoffrey Eager M.L.A. / M.L.C. The station opened in May 1875 as Eagers Platform. Public facilities and a waiting shed were erected in 1877 and the name was changed from Eagar's Platform to The Valley in 1877; and again to Valley Heights on 19 August 1880.
The line was duplicated in 1902, when the present brick platform building opened. Virtually every station between Emu Plains and Lithgow received the same style of Federation structure when the Western line was duplicated between 1898 and 1912.
Valley Heights formerly had a yard and locomotive servicing facilities. Until January 1989 it provided locomotives to assist trains up the heavily graded section of the line to Katoomba. The western line was electrified to Valley Heights on 23 October 1956. From 2 February 1957 steam operations from Valley Heights were replaced by the 46 class electric locomotives which assisted trains from Valley Heights to Katoomba. From that train all steam hauled trains, both freight and passenger were electrically assisted to Katoomba, until complete electrification saw steam removed from the scene. The former depot still exists and is now maintained as the Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum.
The pedestrian bridge dates from 1901. The deck is supported by steel beams but the stringers are supported by a truss. The bridge underwent upgrading work in 1992 with a concrete deck and stairs. The station originally had a gatekeeper's cottage which was demolished after 1902.
The brick and timber signal box was opened in 1913 but badly destroyed by bush fire in 1951. The interlocking frame was moved to a lower level and the box continued operating until 1995. The signal box has continued to be occupied by a branch of the NSW Rail Transport Museum.
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot (VHLD) was also completed in 1913, and officially opened on 31 January 1914. The establishment of a new locomotive depot allowed for assistant engines to be attached there (instead of Penrith) for the climb to Katoomba. The engines at Valley Heights not only piloted over the longest distance in NSW, but also had the distinction of having to operate over the longest continual and most steeply graded mainline in Australia. During the peak of the steam era an average of 30 trains during any 24 hour period required a pilot engine from the depot.
From 1913, Valley Heights became an important railway centre and most of the buildings that exist in the depot date from the opening and early period; the ten stall sector roundhouse, a 60' turntable and new offices and sidings were built in 1913, followed by a Station Master's residence and a night-officer's house in 1914. The depot also includes a water tank and archaeological remains of various structures.
The depot continued in operation as a steam locomotive depot until February 1957 when electric locomotive running commenced. The change to electric traction (46 class locomotives) was associated with the electrification of the Main Western line to Lithgow which was completed in late 1957. While the role of the depot in providing pilot engines remained unchanged, the now redundant steam servicing facilities were removed. The pilot engine role of the depot continued into the early 1980s until the placing in service of more powerful electric locomotives (the 85 and 86 classes). Over the intervening years the role of the depot had expanded to include servicing, repair and overhaul of electric locomotives and also goods wagons. In 1989 the depot was closed and was used to store and service track maintenance material until 1993 when the State Rail Authority (SRA) vacated the site.
In 1994 the Blue Mountains Division of the New South Wales Rail Transport Museum established the Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Railway Museum with the aim of preserving the depot to provide historical, educational and recreational facilities and opportunities for the benefit of the Blue Mountains community and visitor to the region. The Valley Heights Steam Tramway was established in 1997 by the Stream Tram and Railway Preservation (Co-Op) Society Limited.
The locomotive depot continues to be occupied by Transport Heritage NSW doing business as the Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum.
Platforms and services
Valley Heights has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Description
The station precinct comprises a type 11, initial island/side platform brick station building, erected in 1902; a brick lamp room/store, erected in 1902; a signal box, erected in 1910. Other station precinct structures include a concrete over brick face platform, erected in 1902; and a standard steel beam on trestles footbridge, over the main up line track and platform, erected in 1901 and modified in 1992.
The locomotive depot precinct comprises a 10 road roundhouse, erected in 1913 and extended 1973; a machine workshop; a members' room/meal room; a members' locker room/toilet; a passageway; a former chargeman's office/district locomotive engineer's (DLE) office, erected in 1913; a former amenities building, erected in 1930; a toilet block, erected in 1965; an air compressor shed; a red brick fuel store, erected in 1970; and a shed, erected in 2008. Other locomotive depot structures include a steel turntable, erected in 1914 and modified in 1967; an ash disposal tunnel and pits, erected in 1913; locomotive watering facilities, erected in 1924; trackwork, completed in 1914; trestling foundations, erected in ; and overhead catenary masts, erected in 1957.
Station precinct
Station building (1902)
External: Constructed of face brick with corrugated metal gabled roof extending as an awning in the form of broken back to both platforms, the Valley Heights station building is an early phase type 11 initial island/side platform building in standard Federation free classical style design. It has a 6 bay linear arrangement along the platform with tuckpointed brickwork and engaged piers between the bays. Distinctive features are red face brickwork with rendered and moulded two rows of string courses to both rail elevations, timber framed windows and doors with contrasting decorative rendered trims and sills, standard iron brackets over decorative corbels supporting ample platform awnings, fretted timber work to both ends of awnings and gable ends, two tall corbelled chimneys one of which with terracotta pots, timber framed double-hung windows with multi-paned and coloured upper sashes and toughened glass bottom sashes, and timber door openings with multi-paned fanlights with coloured glazing. A face brick privacy wall screens the Men's toilet entry at the eastern end of the building. Two roof vents also exist above the toilet bays. All windows and doors are secured by metal gates and grills. An air-conditioning unit has been installed on the fanlight of the Station Master's office door.
Internal: The station building appears to have maintained most of its original detailing and finishes despite the changes over the time. The original floor layout remains including parcels office and Station Master's office with ticket window looking over the general waiting room, and toilets including an accessible toilet at eastern end. The interiors generally feature custom orb ceilings with ceiling roses, enclosed or adapted fireplaces, moulded picture rails and cornices to the general waiting room, decorative cast iron wall vents, later floor tiling or carpet finish, and timber bead style moulded cornices. All toilet and light fittings are relatively new. The Platform 1 door of the general waiting room and the ladies toilet door have also been fitted with a solid panel at the back.
Lamp room / store (1902)
External: A small square shaped brick shed featuring moulded and rendered string course detailing similar to the main station building. It is located on the west side of the station building towards the end of the platform and is separated visually from the main station building by the stairs leading to the footbridge. The shed features a gabled corrugated metal roof with timber bargeboard and narrow eaves with exposed rafters, contrasting rendered moulded trim above two single doors on east and west side elevations and a band of string course throughout all elevations. There are no other openings on the building and the existing doors have been secured by metal gates.
Internal: The former lamp room is currently used as a storage area and features face brick walls with exposed roof truss structure within the corrugated metal roof. The timber boarded door is in the form of a sliding loading door with a fanlight above.
Signal box (1910)
The signal box was originally built in 1910, constructed with three storeys, two in brick with the upper level constructed in timber cladding. The building was accessed via an external timber stair, on the western side of the building. It was severely damaged by fire in 1951 and the top floor collapsed. A roof was placed on top of the remaining brickwork and a new frame was placed into service on the ground floor.
The first floor level of brickwork was removed in 1987 and steel / urethane sandwich addition was added at the same time for staff amenities. Use of the signal box was discontinued in 1994 and given to the museum. Corrugated metal roofing fabric is relatively new. The signal equipment including CTC panel and 37 lever interlocking frame inside are extant.
The building currently presents a single-storey box with shallow hipped roof. The face brickwork with engaged piers has been painted over in places and the three arched windows along the railway side are intact, although the panes have been painted over and many are broken. The 1987 steel / urethane sandwich extension addition is extensively damaged by white ants.
Platform (1902)
Valley Heights station has an island platform in elliptical curved form, which is wide at the centre and narrow at both ends of the platform. This form is typical of Blue Mountains stations dictated by the topography and the deviation of the railway line. The platform is concrete faced (possible rendered over brick retaining wall) with concrete projecting edge at the top and asphalt finish to the deck. Modern platform furniture including light fittings, signage, timber bench seating and aluminium palisade fencing at both ends of the platform are other features along the platform.
Footbridge (1901, 1992)
Valley Heights Station footbridge is a modified standard steel beam bridge supported on steel trestles extending from the street ramp over the highway and over the Up main tracks with stairs to the island platform between the main station building and the lamp room. The sections beyond the Up main tracks over the highway are a later addition constructed in c.1992 of concrete beam with concrete columns. With the exception of original steel structure and trussed stair stringers (balustrade), it appears that all components of the bridge have been replaced during the 1992 upgrading works.
Locomotive depot
Roundhouse (1913, extended 1973)
External: The roundhouse building comprises a 1913 main roundhouse and a workshop annex. The roundhouse consisted of 10 bays for the stabling and servicing of steam locomotives, which remains intact to date. The design style of the building incorporates a symmetrically shaped, peaked roof profile with a relatively small ventilating ridge or clerestory gable roof at the centre of the roof peak, approximately 2 feet (600mm) above the main roof. The roundhouse is approximately 65 feet 4 inches in depth (front columns to rear wall). It is constructed with an Oregon timber structural frame with hardwood timber supporting posts (ironbark). The roof is covered by corrugated iron which was originally covered with asbestos tiles or slates, and later with super 6 corrugated fibro.
Internal: Flooring is bedded dry pressed common brick, topped in cement slurry, and there is a section of the flooring where the original brickwork is exposed in bay 10 adjacent to the easternmost wall. The brickwork of the pit walling was originally bagged with lime slurry and featured drainage outlets to all pits. Some of the pits have since been infilled in association with the change to electric over steam locomotives. Smoke chutes were provided at the front and rear but the front were removed prior to 1950 leaving only chutes on the southern or western side of the building enabling ventilation as all locomotives were first taken into the shed. Further ventilation is aided by the clerestory roof.
The end walls are fully sheeted with corrugated iron, as is the rear wall below the 7 foot level. Above the iron on the rear walls are Oregon timber window frames, in a multi light awning style (hopper) operated on Austral stays. These sashes alternate with multi light fixed sashes. The bulk of the window frames had been removed for repair and reinstatement. Some windows have also been removed at the western portion of the roundhouse, in association with the construction of the lean to additions.
Machine workshop (1973)
The workshop is constructed in timber and clad in corrugated iron wall and roof sheeting. Sited to the rear of bay 1 of the Roundhouse as an annex, the rail line and track has been extended into the workshop allowing access to rolling stock for repair. The workshop also features a single storey concrete element at the rear and southern side, currently used as a tool store. This is to become a welding bay. The workshop houses machinery used for the restoration of exhibits, e.g. lathes, drills, gantry crane, mills and grinders etc.
Members' room / meal room
The members' room is located to the rear of Bay 5. Like most of the 1960s lean to additions, the room is clad externally in corrugated sheeting and also features timber framed vertically proportioned and double hung hopper windows. Internally the room is clad in hard board sheeting with plasterboard ceiling. Examination of the fabric of the room suggests a further extension to the rear though the dating of this further addition is unknown. The room is used largely as a meeting and meal room for members, with full kitchen facilities installed.
Members' locker room / toilet
The walls and roofing of the shower and toilet are clad in fibro sheeting, with a timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The walls and roofing of the locker room are clad in hard board sheeting, some of which is hanging down exposing insulation. The area is currently used for storage of ladders and other materials.
Passageway
The walls and roofing of the corridor are clad in corrugated iron, with timber structure supporting the roof cladding. The area is currently used as a store; however the space was originally constructed as an external access from the rear of the roundhouse on the south side of the site. The timber door is extant however unused.
Former charwoman's office / District locomotive engineer's (DLE) office (1913)
External: The former office building has recently been restored and now accommodates the museum displays. It is constructed of an Oregon timber frame, supported by brick piers and with A gable roof clad in corrugated steel sheeting. It is rectangular in shape and features simple bargeboards and timber framed louvered ventilation window to the gable ends. A skillion roofed corrugated steel verandah supported on steel round posts covers the front of the building over a concrete slab. The front elevation is fenestrated by three identical timber doors with fanlight. The windows on the rear elevation are also timber framed with a box frame hardwood sill.
Internal: The office maintains its original layout of three rooms that originally were separate but now are connected to each other by door openings. The internal features include tongue and grooved hardwood floor with carpet finish, timber weatherboard wall cladding to full wall height with a splayed and chamfered profile, simple timber skirting and timber board ceiling linings. Security bars are fixed to the interiors of the windows in order to ensure the safety of the collections. Metal picture rails are fixed to the walls for the exhibition of the picture collections. The light fittings are modern pendant style.
Former amenities building (, extended 1960)
The building is constructed of rusticated weatherboard with a hipped, corrugated steel roof. Originally rectangular, the building now forms a U-shape with wings and a courtyard. Double-hung windows with multi-pane fenestration are generally vertically proportioned (some in groups) and the frames are timber box frame type with hardwood sills. The main entry is via a projecting skillion roofed partially enclosed porch with original timber framed and glass panelled doors. A brick chimney is the only feature of the roofscape. A metal picket fence separates the courtyard from the track, which is used for the visitors' locomotive experience within the yard.
Internal: Internally the walls and ceilings are lined with plasterboard panels with Oregon timber architraves and skirtings. The floors are concrete with linoleum and carpet finish. The internal doors are later fabric and are made of lightweight hollow core panels with timber frame. The amenities building consists of five rooms, used in the current facility as a library, museum shop for the sale of books, souvenirs and ephemera, a general storage room, a refreshments room, model railway room and one room is used for local Historical Society displays. The building has been adapted and extended from the former amenities facility which was a much smaller building incorporating a locker room, meal room and office facilities.
Toilet block (, extended 2006)
A rectangular part face brick part timber framed utility building with corrugated steel gabled roof. It comprises male, female and disabled toilets with privacy walls/partitions to the front. Floors are concrete with tile finish and the fittings are generally new. The majority of the partition walls were replaced as part of the 2006 restoration works and the building was repainted.
Air compressor shed (2005-6)
The air compressor shed is located at the top of the bank adjacent to the Main Western Line and overlooking the Roundhouse. The simple building, which features concrete block flooring, steel structural framing and galvanised iron wall and roof cladding, with pitched roof form, is of recent construction. The building features two roller doors to the western elevation, with aluminium louvered ventilation at the eastern elevation. The shed building replaced an earlier termite damaged building of the same purpose on the site.
Fuel store (1970)
The building is of 1970s red brick construction, with flat roof form, sited to the rear of the open storage yard behind the machine workshop and roundhouse. The building houses dangerous and flammable liquids and accordingly is set well back from the main building zone at the site. Internal access was not available (2009).
Workshop shed (2008)
New large steel framed corrugated steel shed with corrugated steel gabled roof featuring a lantern along the ridgeline for additional ventilation and light. Sections of the roof are of clear corrugated sheeting for improved light. The shed is essentially a large single space in portal style framing with large multi-paned steel windows on both long side elevations while the narrow elevations featuring roller doors to allow easy entry for the locomotives via two sets of siding.
Turntable (1914, 1967)
The 60-foot turntable enables the locating of locomotives onto the respective roads in the roundhouse or for the turning of the locomotives. The turntable is constructed in steel and features timber sleepers at the perimeter of the turning circle. The element is manually operated and is still in use. It is the third such turntable to be used at the site, having been relocated from Katoomba in the 1960s.
Examination of the fabric of the infrastructure suggests some repair to the steel plating of the turntable. The turntable pit originally featured tracks on the northern side of the circle, enabling the locomotive to overshoot the turning circle with no damage to the locomotive. The tracks and associated timbers, however, were removed after the circle was damaged as a result of vandalism.
Ask disposal tunnel and pits (1913)
The ash disposal tunnel is a below-ground-level structure constructed between the running rails of the access and departure roads with two covered ground-level pits. The tunnel was constructed to facilitate the removal of ash from the smoke boxes of the steam locomotives. This required the ash to be raked and shovelled out by hand. The ash would then drop into the tunnel, and a narrow gauge line with hand-operated trolleys was provided in the tunnel for removing the ash as it dropped from the pits. The pits were in use until 1957, when steam operations ceased in the mountains. The tunnel is extant, along with the internal track work for the trolley, and recent landscaping works have uncovered two sets of stone stairs either side of the tunnel entry. The external entry was painted, and it is also likely that the internal brickwork was originally painted or lime-washed.
Locomotive watering facilities (1924)
The complete assemblage of the watering facilities still awaits re-instatement. The water tank has been relocated from ELCAR Workshops and is a 5,000 gallon example. Of standard local design, the tank is of high technical significance and is representative of the many tanks formally seen at depots around the former NSWGR system. The tank would likely have been constructed by the railways in Newcastle. The water column is of a standard pattern though of later design and is representative of the post WWII railway. The restoration of the column on its restored piers and adjacent to the 1914 drainage pit is proposed in near future.
Trackwork (1914)
The current track diagram is a remnant of the former depot layout from the steam era. They are proposed to be restored by reconnecting the arrival and departure roads to a more closely resemble the trackwork of the steam era.
Trestling foundation ()
These are remnant foundations of the former coaling plant and demonstrate the scale, design and context of the former coaling plant.
Overhead catenary masts (1957)
The remnant overhead masts are a type of overhead system used in the form of the 46-class electric locomotives demonstrating the arrival of modern motive power in the depot. The masts in the yard are of the first generation design; fabricated, riveted, mild steel preserved with a micaceous paint system.
Moveable items
The following moveable items have been observed at Valley Heights Station:
A safe (ID #749) with no brand name dating possibly from the 1960s is located in the booking office.
Two early timber bench style seats in the General Waiting Room.
An early ticket window desk in the ticket office.
There are a large number of moveable items that belong to the Valley Heights Museum. A Seth Thomas clock has been observed in the model rail room of the Former Amenities Building.
Landscape features
Apart from a couple of garden beds with shrubs and small plantings along the north and south ends of the platform there is no landscaping at the station. The existing station landscaping is not considered significant.
The locomotive depot site has built up gradually with deposits from the ash spoil dump and the site features large concrete retaining walls reinforced with railway sleepers along the southern portion of the site adjacent to the access road. The site incorporates a number of established mature tree and shrub plantings as well as many new plantings dating to the period of occupation of the current tenants. There are also a high proportion of established trees concentrated on the southern side of the Roundhouse. Plantings include a wide variety of native species, including wattle, eucalypts, angophora floribunda (rough barked apple), grevillea and callistemon (bottlebrush) as well as some and non indigenous species including pine and cedar species.
Potential archaeological features
There is high archaeological potential within the locomotive depot site due to the existence of remnant sidings, ash tunnels and trestles foundations.
Condition
The station building is generally in good condition with minor repair work requirements for repointing and repainting; the lamp room/store is generally in good condition. Some cracks are evident on the eastern wall at the lock height have been observed – possibly result of incompatible cement mortar repairs. The signal box is in moderate to poor condition; the platform and footbridge are both in good condition. The locomotive depot is generally in good condition. Despite being vacant for a number of years prior to the current tenants, the RTM has subsequently undertaken a systematic program of restoration works over time. The roundhouse has undergone some roof replacement, and replacement of the glass in some of the windows.
The Chargeman's Office has recently undergone significant restoration works and is in very good condition. The former amenities building, toilet block, and air compressor shed are all in very good condition. The fuel store is in good condition. The workshop shed is in very good condition. The turntable, ash disposal tunnel and pits, locomotive watering facilities, trackwork, trestling foundations, and overhead catenary masts are all in moderate condition.
The station buildings are intact externally with minor changes to the internal finishes. The station has a high degree of integrity.
The locomotive depot site maintains a reasonable level of integrity in terms of the composition and layout of its buildings and structures, though some changes have taken place.
Roundhouse: Externally, the building retains its typical and original appearance. Even though its original purpose (the servicing of steam locomotives) has been altered to suit newer motive power, with a subsequent change to work methods and equipment, the integrity of the roundhouse has been retained. Internally, the building retains a high degree of integrity due to the retention of original construction features and details. The Chargeman's Office is of moderate integrity; the former amenities building is of high integrity; the toilet block is of moderate integrity; the air compressor shed, fuel store, workshop shed, turntable, and the ash disposal tunnel and pits are all of high integrity; the locomotive watering facilities are of moderate integrity; the trackwork is of moderate integrity; the trestling foundations are of moderate integrity; and the overhead catenary masts are of moderate integrity.
Modifications and dates
27 November 1911 – station destroyed by bushfire,
1912 – repairs to station buildings destroyed by bushfire,
1914 – new roundhouse and depot brought into use,
1924 – additional water supplies at depot,
1925 – improvements to facilities, including ash tunnel for locomotive ash handling,
1949 – upgrading facilities for crew amenities,
1957 – electric locomotives take over from steam locomotives as bank engines,
1960s – improvements to allow for servicing and repairs to electric locomotives, members room/meal room lean to addition to Roundhouse, northern wings added to former amenities building (visitor centre and refreshment rooms)
1973 – machine workshop annex added
1987 – the first floor level of brickwork at signal box was removed in 1987 and a steel / urethane sandwich extension added,
1988 – reduced use of bank engines as larger electric locomotives are used on main line work,
1992 – footbridge, upgrading work, concrete deck and stairs,
1993 – depot closed.
1990s – extensive repairs to roundhouse
2007-2008 – new work shed constructed near ash disposal tunnel, former amenities building (refreshment room and visitor centre) repaired and refurbished, ongoing work in roundhouse, chargeman's office (museum) repaired and refurbished, ash disposal tunnel cleaned and restored, amenities (toilets) repaired and refurbished
2009 – Original water column is in the process of being reinstated
N.d – Station building, some internal alterations, brick screen to lavatories at southeast end. Barge boards replaced.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates one bus route via Valley Heights station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
690P: Springwood station to Penrith station
Heritage listing
As at 18 November 2010, the Valley Heights railway station is of state significance as part of the early construction phase of railway line duplication and deviation between Glenbrook and Springwood demonstrating the technological and engineering achievements in railway construction at the beginning of the 1900s. The station has strong associations with the adjacent Locomotive Depot and is also evidence of development in Valley Heights maintaining its landmark quality within the non-urban townscape. The station building together with the matching lamp room is a good example of a standard island platform building and demonstrates typical architectural elements of the Federation free classical style station buildings that were built across the Blue Mountains with the duplication of the railway line in 1902.
The Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is of state significance as an important locomotive depot, and the principal service and maintenance facility for bank engines working over the Main Western line between Sydney and Lithgow for almost 80 years. The collection of buildings and structures including the roundhouse, former chargeman's office, amenities building, turntable, ash disposal tunnel and pits, locomotive watering facilities, trackwork, trestling foundations and overhead catenary masts provide insight into the workings of an important transport and freight hub at the height of its operation. The place also has a strong industrial aesthetic quality and is of technical and research significance providing valuable information about the age of steam.
The roundhouse building is rare in NSW, being the third roundhouse constructed by the NSW Government Railways, and now the oldest of only seven other remaining roundhouses in the state. This style of building is unique to the railways and there are some building elements of the roundhouse that are unique, principally the roof form, which was not used at any of the other roundhouse sites.
The site has a high level of social significance given its contribution to the development of the town historically, and more importantly, as demonstrated by the strong and continued community interest and involvement with the site. The depot is affiliated with three community and volunteer groups, indicating a strong sense of community involvement and ownership of the site.
Valley Heights railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
The Depot was the first modern depot in NSW. It is the only complete depot built at one time in NSW. The Depot is the only depot built on a curve and in such a restricted area. It was the first depot to have an elevated coal stage on the Western line in NSW. The Depot was the only Depot to utilise parachute style water tanks for watering locomotives on the Western line. The ash disposal method utilised was the most modern in use at the time of being built and is unique to Valley Heights.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The Valley Heights railway station is aesthetically significant as a good example of the Federation free classical style as used for public and institutional buildings. The station includes both the main building and the lamp building which have been built in matching style and details.
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is aesthetically significant because of the original fabric and intact architectural features of the 1914 built roundhouse. This style of building is unique to railway buildings and there are some building elements of the site and roundhouse that are unique even to the Valley Heights site, principally the roof form, which was not used at any of the other roundhouse sites. The building also has an aesthetic quality characteristic of roundhouse sites and strongly reflects the industrial character of the site and the occupation by the Railways. The associated buildings and structures including former Chargeman's office, former amenities building, turntable, trackwork, overhead catenary masts, and trestling foundations contribute to the overall aesthetic quality and setting of the depot. The landscaping enhances the setting with its highly established leafy surroundings.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot has social significance because when the site was vacated by the NSW government, there was significant community interest in retention and conservation of the site as a museum and restorative facility. The site is now tenanted by the Blue Mountains Division of Transport Heritage NSW (formerly known as the Rail Transport Museum) and is staffed entirely by volunteers, indicating a strong local community attachment and interest.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The locomotive site is of technical and research significance because the roundhouse and its equipment are the remnants of a past era, located in an area of the state where railways played so much a part in development and essential transport of goods and passengers. As one of the very few surviving railway roundhouses, the complex gives valuable information about the age of steam. The depot at Valley Heights provides an insight into the workings of an important transport and freight hub at the height of its operation.
The signal box is also of research significance due to its ability in providing evidence of its associated signalling equipment and very limited ability on the construction techniques and architectural character of an originally three-storey brick signal box via its remnant ground floor structure.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare. This item is assessed as socially rare.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
Valley Heights Station Group is a representative example of an island platform with footbridge created in response to the duplication of the line in 1902 incorporating a good example of a group of Federation free classical style standard station buildings. This type of island platform station building with lamp room were commonly used later during 1910s and 1920s. The footbridge, although refurbished, is representative of steel footbridges with trussed stair stringers that survive today. The signal box is no longer representative of its type as its original form has been lost.
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot is a representative example of such a facility reflecting typical composition of a locomotive depot and principal characteristics of associated buildings, including form, construction methods, materials and operating components. The site reflects a typical locomotive depot layout and composition, and while the site has been compromised to some extent through the removal of certain elements and the addition of new facilities, it is still possible to ascertain the original workings of the depot. Valley Heights roundhouse represents a class of industrial building which has almost disappeared from the state. The associated buildings and structures including former Chargeman's office, former amenities building, turntable, trackwork, overhead catenary masts, trestling foundations are all individually representative of their type.
See also
List of railway stations in New South Wales
Valley Heights railway gatehouse
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Valley Heights station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1875
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Valley Heights, New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Main Western railway line, New South Wales |
4145914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Settlers%20II | The Settlers II | The Settlers II (), originally released as The Settlers II: Veni, Vidi, Vici, is a city-building game with real-time strategy elements, developed and published by Blue Byte Software. Released in Germany for DOS in April 1996, and in the United Kingdom and North America in August, it is the second game in The Settlers series, following The Settlers (1993). In December, Blue Byte released an expansion, The Settlers II Mission CD, featuring new single-player campaign missions, new maps for both single-player and multiplayer modes, and a map editor. In October 1997, they released The Settlers II: Gold Edition, containing the original game, plus the Mission CD expansion, along with minor graphical enhancements and gameplay tweaks. The Gold Edition was also ported to Mac OS in 1997. In 2006, an enhanced remake, The Settlers II (10th Anniversary), was released for Microsoft Windows. In 2007, the Gold Edition was ported to the Nintendo DS, under the title The Settlers, released in Germany in July, and in the United Kingdom and North America in August. Although adapted for the dual-screen display of the DS, and with controls specifically programmed for use with the DS stylus, the gameplay, game mechanics, graphics and storyline are unaltered. In 2009, the original Gold Edition was released on GOG.com, and in 2018, it was re-released for Microsoft Windows as The Settlers II: Veni, Vidi, Vici - History Edition.
The game can be played in either single-player campaign mode or in "Free game" mode; individual scenarios with predetermined rules set by the player, which can be played with or against either another player, the computer, or both another player and the computer. In the single-player campaign, the player controls a group of Romans who are shipwrecked on an uncharted island. Led by their captain, Octavius, they must use a series of magical portals to try to find their way back to the Empire. During their travels, they come into conflict with Nubians, Vikings and Japanese. In the single-player campaign included with the Mission CD, the player controls Octavius's great-grandson as he attempts to conquer the entire world.
In making The Settlers II, Blue Byte wanted to improve upon the first Settlers title to as much of an extent and in as many ways as they could. To this end, they sought fan feedback from the first game, and hired Thomas Häuser, who had worked on quality assurance for The Settlers, as the lead designer. Although the core supply and demand-based gameplay is broadly the same as in the first game, many other aspects of the gameplay and game mechanics have been altered. For example, the sound effects and graphics have been enhanced, with more on-screen movements and more animations for the settlers themselves, and with four aesthetically distinct races; the economic system is more complex; the battle system is more strategic, with the player able to use scouts and stationary offensive weaponry; and a story-driven single-player campaign has been included.
The original game received positive reviews, with critics especially praising the supply and demand gameplay, the complex economic system and the graphics. The most common criticisms were the lack of direct control during combat, and the absence of an online multiplayer mode. The game was a commercial success, selling over 600,000 units worldwide, considerably more than the original Settlers. The DS remake received negative reviews, with many critics arguing it tarnished the legacy of the original, citing unresponsive controls, a poorly implemented HUD, and, especially, game breaking bugs.
Gameplay
The Settlers II is a city-building game with real-time strategy elements, in which the primary goal on each map is to build a settlement with a functioning economy, producing sufficient military units so as to conquer rival territories, ultimately gaining control of either the entire map, or a certain predetermined section of it.<ref name="Manual12">{{cite book | title=The Settlers II Instruction Manual (NA)''' | last=Dreher | first=Michael | url=http://files.replacementdocs.com/The_Settlers_II_-_Manual_-_PC.pdf | publisher=Blue Byte Software | year=1996 | chapter=Military | page=12 | access-date=April 4, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404172459/http://files.replacementdocs.com/The_Settlers_II_-_Manual_-_PC.pdf | archive-date=April 4, 2018 | url-status=live}}</ref> To achieve this end, the player must engage in economic micromanagement, construct buildings, and generate resources. The game is controlled via a point and click interface, and features a HUD navigated primarily through "windows" modeled on Windows 95.
Game modes
The game can be played in one of two modes; "Campaign" or "Free Game". In the single-player Campaign mode, the player must complete a series of missions, the goal of each of which is to defeat the computer controlled opponent or opponents by gaining possession of the territory in which the mission objective is located. In the original release of the game, there were ten missions, with the player limited to controlling the Romans. The Mission CD expansion added a new campaign of nine missions, with the player once again confined to controlling the Romans.
In Free Game mode, the player chooses a map on which to play, and then refines the game in various ways, such as selecting the number of races (from two to four), choosing which race to control (Romans, Nubians, Vikings or Japanese), selecting the victory conditions (how much of the map must be controlled), refining the amount of raw materials available to each player at the start of the game, and determining if each race begins in a predetermined spot, or is instead placed randomly on the map. The player can also select the type of game to be played, choosing from "Every man for himself", "Human vs. Computer" and "People vs. People". This allows for a variety of different game types, such as two human controlled races against one computer controlled race (and vice versa), two human controlled races against two computer controlled races, two human and two computer controlled races all fighting one another, and two human controlled races competing against one another. Games involving two human players are played in split screen, with the second player using a mouse on the same PC.
Settlers and transportation
Whether playing in Campaign or Free Game mode, each game begins the same way; the player has one building, a warehouse/headquarters, in which are a set amount of raw materials and tools. The basic gameplay revolves around serfs (the titular "settlers") who transport materials, tools and produce, and who populate and perform the requisite task of each building. As the player constructs buildings and thus requires settlers to occupy them, the settlers automatically emerge from the warehouse as needed. As the settlement continues to grow in size, the warehouse's quota of settlers will eventually be reached, and the player will need to build an additional warehouse to generate more settlers. At no point does the player directly control any individual settler - instead, general orders are issued (such as ordering the construction of a building), with the AI handling the delegation of orders to specific settlers.
An important game mechanic is the construction of a road network so as to allow for an efficient transportation system, as any settlers transporting goods must use roads. To build a road, the player must place a flag, select the "build road" option, and then place another flag. The computer will then automatically find the best route between the two and build the road, although the player is also free to build the road manually. To maximize distribution, the player must set as many flags as possible on each road. Flags can only be set a certain distance apart, and serve as transport hubs; a settler will carry an item to a flag and set it down, at which point the next settler along will pick up the item and continue, freeing the first settler to return and pick up another item at the previous flag. The more flags the player has, the more settlers will operate on a given road, cutting down the distance each settler must travel, and reducing the time to transport one item and return for the next, thus avoiding item congestion at each flag. When more than one item is placed at a flag, the game has an adjustable goods priority system, which determines the order in which items are transported. Players can also build shipyards, which allow for the manufacture of boats (can transport goods over small stretches of water), and ships (can transport goods across oceans).
Economy
The economy is under the player's control throughout the game, and is adjustable in multiple ways. For example, the player can control the distribution of goods by selecting how much of a given resource is transported to a given building, under six separate headings; foodstuff, grain, iron, coal, boards and water. In a similar manner, the player can select what tools are made when; by increasing the significance of a particular tool, that tool will be produced before others. Tool production is important insofar as all buildings require raw materials and a worker with the right tool. For example, if the player has built a bakery, and the building is still empty despite idle settlers in the headquarters, a rolling pin will need to be manufactured in the toolsmith.
Military
The player's territory can only be expanded by building a military complex near the territory border. Each complex must have at least one soldier garrisoned for the territory to expand. Soldiers are automatically created from the pool of existing settlers in the headquarters, with each individual soldier requiring a sword, shield, and one unit of beer. Once soldiers are garrisoned, gold coins can be transported to the building to increase their rank. The player can also build lookout towers, which can see for great distances, but don't grant new territory.
The player also has control over the structure of their military, and is free to change the number of settlers who become soldiers, the rank of first-line defence soldiers, how many soldiers from each building can be used offensively, how many soldiers counter the enemy if nearby buildings are attacked, and how many soldiers take up positions in buildings in the settlement's centre, further out, and on the borders.
In order for the player to attack an enemy building, they must click on that building, and select both the number of units and what rank they wish to use to carry out the attack. If the player's units defeat all soldiers stationed in the building, they will occupy it, with the player's territory increasing according to the building's radius. The player can also use catapults to attack enemy military buildings. Catapults are immobile, and fire stones at enemy buildings within their range, with each successful hit killing one occupying soldier. If all soldiers are killed, the building burns down, and the enemy loses the territory controlled by that building. Defense of the player's military buildings is automatic; as enemies attack, any soldiers stationed in the building defend.
Plot
The game begins in the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Travianus Augustus Caesar, as Octavius, a captain in the Roman navy, is sailing his ship, the Tortius, through the dangerous "Sea of Storms" to the "Latonic Provinces". However, the ship is hit by a sudden storm, thrown off-course, and, after several days, driven onto the coastline of an island, marooning the crew. Octavius quickly deduces the island is unknown to the Empire, and thus, rescue is unlikely. Seeing a plentiful supply of food, the crew decide to settle.
Setting out to explore, they discover a gateway-like structure with a Latin inscription, "Consiste ut procederas" ("Settle down in order to make progress"). Perplexed at the contradictory nature of this message, they continue to build up their settlement. Thirteen months later, a portal opens in the gateway, and Octavius concludes the inscription means that for the gateway to function, they must first construct a vibrant settlement.
Entering the portal, they are transported to another island, and after several months, find evidence of Nubian inhabitants. The Nubians greet the Romans peacefully, telling them about their "holy relic", which Octavius realises is another portal. He asks for access to it, but the Nubians refuse, and Octavius determines to take it by force. After five months of fighting, the Romans defeat the Nubians, and enter the portal. Over the next few years, as they use a series of portals to jump from island to island, they come into conflict with more Nubians, as well as Vikings and Japanese, before eventually emerging on what they believe to be the final island on their journey home.
Ten years after being shipwrecked, they locate the final portal, but are shocked to learn it is guarded by hostile Romans. However, they are able to fight their way through, finally returning to the Empire.
Development
Blue Byte had always intended to make a sequel to The Settlers if it proved successful. A commercial success, by June 1996, the original game had sold over 215,000 units, considerably more than expected, and so Blue Byte immediately began development on a second game, with a total of twelve people working on the project. As well as enhancing the graphics and sound effects, and increasing the complexity of the supply and demand-based gameplay, there were also certain aspects of the original with which Blue Byte had been unhappy, and which they hoped to address in the sequel. They also sought feedback from fans of the first game, and worked to deal with anything the fanbase disliked or felt could be improved upon. However, Volker Wertich, who had designed and programmed the original, was not involved with the second game, because, as he describes it, "after two years programming The Settlers, I didn't really want to see those little men for a while".
It was Blue Byte's desire to improve upon any aspects of the first game which they felt didn't work which led to Thomas Häuser becoming project manager. When the first game was in development, Häuser was newly employed by Blue Byte, and had done quality assurance work on it. In this capacity, he had made a list of possible gameplay improvements for the developers, who told him there was no time to implement his changes, as the game was almost ready for release. However, they had been impressed with his ideas, and, when the second game was greenlit, they suggested he apply his ideas to this game. This ultimately led to Häuser, a programmer by trade, working as the lead designer on the sequel.
Amongst the graphical enhancements in The Settlers II are more on-screen movements and more animations for the settlers themselves, with four aesthetically distinct races. Gameplay improvements include a more strategic battle system, which allows players to send out scouts, and utilise a stationary offensive weapon in the catapult. Additionally, there is a story-driven single-player campaign, replacing the narratively-unconnected missions from the first game, which simply got harder as the player progressed, without any kind of connective plot. Initially, the team took the concept of a single-player storyline too far, designing maps which placed tight limits on what the player could and couldn't do, and featured time-sensitive scripted incidents. They quickly realised that this went too much against the principles of the game mechanics established in the first game, and so changed the level design accordingly. According to Häuser:
Despite the team's efforts to make The Settlers II as good as they possibly could, speaking in 2006, Häuser comments that, as with the original game, there were elements with which he was unhappy: "Things like the help system. There was none, to be honest. The player had to work really hard to get into the game, and there's lots of details in the game you have to learn the hard way. It would have been a great help to a new gamer if we had some put in". He also agreed with many fans of the game that the shipping system didn't work very well, even after it was patched in the Gold Edition: "It didn't work as we wanted it to work. I remember the ships did not transport the things you wanted to other islands, we couldn't solve this problem at the time. Because at this time, the development systems were much more difficult to use and we didn't have the ability to debug code as we do today. It was just not working as we wanted it to work". When The Settlers III went into development in 1997, Blue Byte again sought feedback from fans, and one of the most requested aspects for the new game was that the shipping system from The Settlers II be reprogrammed.
Mac OS version
In August 1997, Blue Byte announced that they would be releasing the game for Mac OS later that year. Häuser explained: "We could not and would not ignore any longer the constant requests from Mac users. However, converting such a complex game as The Settlers II over to the Macintosh meant breaking new ground, not only for ourselves, but also for the industry. It was not easy to find programmers capable of not only replicating The Settlers high quality, but also meeting the reputed demands of Mac users". Alexander B. Christof of Austrian conversion specialists, Similis, stated, "because the Mac has a completely different processor structure, the complex Settlers animation - with its thousands of animation phases - have had to be totally redesigned. The landscape routines which have been optimised for Intel processors have also had to be reconstructed". However, in April 1998, Blue Byte CEO and producer of The Settlers II, Thomas Hertzler, announced that the company would not be releasing any further titles on Mac, citing poor sales and lack of support from Apple Inc.: "We have recently reviewed the situation and feel that due to the small number of sales for The Settlers II on Macintosh, it would not be beneficial for Blue Byte to continue developing and publishing titles for the Macintosh. As a huge Mac fan, I was disappointed that we didn't receive support from Apple when working on this title".
Nintendo DS version
In July 2006, Ubisoft, who had acquired Blue Byte in February 2001, announced they would be releasing The Settlers II for Nintendo DS, the first time any game in the series had been released for a system other than a home computer. Whilst the press release referred to the game as The Settlers, the description of the port clarified that it was The Settlers II: Gold Edition, with references to "Roman or World Campaigns". Although Ubisoft and Blue Byte were simultaneously working on a remake of The Settlers II for Microsoft Windows, The Settlers II (10th Anniversary), The Settlers for Nintendo DS would rather be a 1:1 re-release of the original Settlers II, with updated controls and a slightly modified interface. For example, the game uses one of the DS's screens for the various menu functions and Activity Windows, and the other displays the main action. Players are able to swap which screen displayed what, whilst the game is completely touch controlled, with the DS stylus substituting for the mouse on both views.
Although the idea of doing a straight re-release of the game initially seemed like a straightforward task, the implementation proved somewhat more complicated, due to the different architectures of a PC and a DS. For example, to get the graphics to look identical to their 1996 incarnation, they had to be completely rewritten for the new device; behind the replication of the original's 2D isometric graphics, a 3D game engine is running, which must convert the graphics in real time.
In March 2007, German gaming website Gameswelt published an interview with Blue Byte in which they discussed adapting the game to a handheld device. Speaking of the logistics of the port, they stated:
Explaining why they had chosen the DS as the platform to which to port the game, they explained:
They also pointed out that aside from the use of the stylus and the two screens, the gameplay and graphics were unaltered from the original.
ReceptionThe Settlers II received positive reviews, with an aggregate score of 84% on GameRankings, based on four reviews. The Nintendo DS re-release received "generally unfavorable" reviews, with a score of 39 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on six reviews, and 38% on GameRankings, based on seven reviews.PC Games Petra Maueröder scored the game 91%, giving it a "PC Games Award", naming it Game of the Month, and calling it "world class". Her main criticisms concerned the notification system, which she felt wasn't entirely reliable when reporting on attacks, the "imposed arbitrariness" of where woodcutters work, and the absence of online multiplayer mode. However, she praised the graphics and gameplay, concluding that "this game will inspire you - regardless of whether you are among The Settlers veterans, or are usually rather sceptical about playing this particular genre".PC Gamers James Flynn scored it 89%, and was especially impressed with the balance between city-building and combat. He particularly praised the economic system on which the game is built, calling it "so sound that everything you do makes perfect sense". He also lauded the graphics and variety of animations. His main criticism was that he felt it was not overly different from the first title, writing "Blue Byte have not fundamentally altered the game in the same way that MicroProse did with Civilization II".PC Players Jörg Langer scored it 4 out of 5, giving it a "Gold Player" award. Although he was critical of the "indirect control" over combat, and felt that "diplomacy has not been implemented in the slightest", he praised the graphical improvements over the first game, the complexity of the economic system, and the story-driven single-player campaign, concluding "Settlers 2 is just as suitable for the patient casual player as for strategy experts - there is no more constructive, more relaxing strategy game".Computer Gaming Worlds Tim Carter scored it 4 out of 5, praising the game's character and the complexity of the economic system, especially lauding the focus on economics over combat; "winning or losing is rooted in economics, and it will be hard to compensate for economic weakness with superior military tactics". He concluded by calling the game "a fun and engrossing experience that challenges your brain without getting on your nerves".Arcanes Andy Butcher rated it 8 out of 10, writing that "as well as adding new buildings and resources, Settlers 2 also has improved graphics and supports multi-player games. Big fans of the original will find more than enough new stuff to keep them occupied, while the simplicity of the game's controls enable newcomers to easily get to grips with it. Settlers 2 is a great strategy game that's deceptively addictive and absorbing".GameSpots Trent Ward scored it 7.3 out of 10, writing that "there really isn't enough to do to make long-term world-building very satisfying". Whilst he praised the graphics and the economic system, especially the complex relationship between the different buildings, he was critical of combat, concluding: "Those who are looking for a more open-ended game may find that Settlers IIs low number of construction options and snore-inducing combat keep the game well within the bounds of strategy game mediocrity". Stephen Poole scored the Gold Edition 6.6 out of 10. He too praised the economic system, but, like Ward, he was critical of combat. He also lamented the absence of online multiplayer, concluding that "the game is definitely not for everyone, but for those who think they're up to the challenge of lording over a sprawling empire, the Gold Edition is an excellent deal".
Sales and awards
The game was a commercial success, considerably outselling the first Settlers title. In the German market alone, by November 1996, it had sold 150,000 units. By August 1997, it had sold over 500,000 units worldwide, and roughly 600,000 by May 1998. In August 1998, it was awarded the "Platinum Award" by the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland e.V. (VUD); an award given to titles costing DM55 or more, which sell over 200,000 units nationally within the first twelve months of their release.
The game was nominated for Computer Games Strategy Pluss 1996 "Real-Time Strategy Game of the Year" award, losing to Command & Conquer: Red Alert. In 1997, PC Gamer (UK) ranked it at #27 on their "PC Gamer Top 100" list, calling it "an outstanding cerebral challenge".
Nintendo DSIGNs Jack Devries scored the DS version 4 out of 10, calling it "tedious, and [...] not even a functional game". He was critical of the saving and loading times, which he argued were so bad as to discourage players from saving. He also criticised the touchscreen as unresponsive, the "frequent" crashes, and the pace of the gameplay. He concluded, "games like these usually get classified as "only for the hardcore fan", but that's an insult to fans of The Settlers. The biggest fans of the game will be the ones that are most disappointed".GameSpots Kevin VanOrd scored it 3.5 out of 10, calling it "a buggy mess." He criticised the touchscreen as unresponsive, and the map and menu scrolling as "sluggish". He was also highly critical of the bugs, citing a mission which couldn't be completed until the sound effects were turned off, and another which crashes when the player zooms in or out: "When it functions, The Settlers can be laid-back fun. But given that you never know how far you're going to get before the next crash, why bother?"Pocket Gamers Mark Walbank scored it 1.5 out of 5, citing "unforgivable technical issues". He found the touchscreen unresponsive, the map scrolling "jerky", and the menu icons too small. He also found the number of bugs "staggering", citing the disappearance of icons, intermittent inability to attack enemies, stored resources disappearing, and zooming directly after saving causing the game to crash. Although he praised the core gameplay, he wrote "The Settlers emerges as a real botched job, and one that desecrates the good name of the series".Eurogamers Dan Whitehead scored it 1 out of 10, calling it "one of the most clumsy and broken games to [ever] receive a commercial release". He criticised the touchscreen as unresponsive, the overly small icons, and the jerky map and menu scrolling. His biggest criticism concerned the bugs: "Settlers II is a great game. A classic. This version isn't. It's a travesty, and one that should never have been released. Without the fatal bugs it'd be a disappointing but passable conversion, but you can't play a game not knowing when, or if, the game will actually work the way it's supposed to".
ExpansionThe Settlers II Mission CD was released in Germany in December 1996. The expansion features nine new single-player campaign missions in which the player again controls the Romans, this time under the command of Octavius's great-grandchild, as he attempts to conquer the entire world. It also features twelve new maps for Free Game mode, now renamed "Limitless Play", and a map editor.
Released in October 1997, The Settlers II: Gold Edition contains the original game plus the Mission CD. It also features minor graphical enhancements and gameplay tweaks. Additionally, the single-player campaign from the original release has been renamed "Roman Campaign", and the Mission CD single-player campaign has been renamed "World Campaign". In 2009, the Gold Edition was released on GOG.com.
LegacyThe Settlers II has given rise to Widelands. A game written in C++ and built on the SDL libraries, it is an ongoing project begun in 2001. Inspired by and based upon The Settlers and, to a larger extent, The Settlers II, Widelands is itself a new game with its own storyline, races, buildings, graphics and gameplay. In a 2009 review of Build13 for Linux Journal, John Knight wrote: "Widelands is a breath of fresh air in an extremely stale genre, whose roots ironically stem from way back in the past in RTS history. Whether you're chasing a fix of that original Settlers feel or just want a different direction in RTS, this game is well worth a look".
Remake and re-release
In 2006, an enhanced remake with a new storyline was released for Microsoft Windows under the title The Settlers II (10th Anniversary) (). Thomas Häuser, lead designer of the original Settlers II, chose to remake that particular game as it seemed to be the favourite of fans of the Settlers series. The biggest decision regarding the remake was to renovate the game rather than reinvent it:
In November 2018, Ubisoft re-released the Gold Edition as both a standalone History Edition and as part of The Settlers: History Collection. Optimised for Windows 10, the re-release contains both the original game and Mission CD expansion, and features autosave, 4K monitor support, dual monitor support, options for mouse and keyboard inputs, key mapping for keyboard input, and different device support for split-screen. Available only on Uplay, the History Collection also includes re-releases of The Settlers, The Settlers III, The Settlers IV, The Settlers: Heritage of Kings, The Settlers: Rise of an Empire, and The Settlers 7: Paths to a Kingdom''.
References
External links
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()
1996 video games
Blue Byte games
City-building games
DOS games
Games commercially released with DOSBox
Classic Mac OS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo DS games
Real-time strategy video games
The Settlers
Ubisoft games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Germany
Video games set in antiquity
Video games set in the Roman Empire
Video games set on fictional islands
Video games with expansion packs
Video games with historical settings
Video games with isometric graphics
Windows games |
4145925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springwood%20railway%20station | Springwood railway station | Springwood railway station is a heritage-listed former railway bridge and now railway station located on the Main Western line in Springwood, City of Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by NSW Government Railways and built from 1883 to 1884 by John White, Chas. & Wm. Coghill & Thos. Proull. It is also known as Springwood Railway Station Group. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. The station opened on 11 July 1867. It previously had a passing loop to the east of Platform 1.
History
When the first railway line over the Blue Mountains was constructed in 1867 under the direction of John Whitton, a station at Springwood was opened. This location has been an important railway station for over 140 years, with several trains to and from Sydney starting and terminating here. The present brick main station building was constructed in 1884, at the same time as stations were built at Wentworth Falls and Lawson.
In the 1880s, the Blue Mountains started to become a popular holiday destination and this was reflected in the provision of new, brick platform structures to replace the initial timber buildings. Springwood received in 1886 the finest building on the Blue Mountains, apart from Mount Victoria. It was also a rare example of local, official involvement in the building design, with the District Engineer, Fred Avery, approving the architectural details.
A gate keepers cottage was located west of the station building (now privately owned) and is not part of this listing. Bathurst Road crossed the railway line on the western side of the station and the resident gatekeeper was responsible for manning the gates at the level crossing. A footbridge provided pedestrian access across the line. With only one line across the mountains at this stage, the station building faced north to the line and to the crossing loops that were then in place on the north side of the main line.
The railway line over the Blue Mountains was duplicated in 1902 necessitating alterations to most of the platforms on that line. In most cases a new station was built, but in the case of Springwood Railway Station, a new platform wall was built on the south side of the main station building and alterations to the main station building were undertaken to provide a shelter on that side of the station. This was probably when the building was also extended one bay to the east. The level crossing was replaced by a subway and the residence to the west of the railway station was removed to make way for the footbridge which provided access from the north and south sides of the station to the platform. A men's toilet block was built to the east of the main station building. It is not clear whether the footbridge was a modification of the earlier footbridge or a new construction.
A signal box was opened in 1935 within the building envelope. In 1995 the room in which the interlocking frame is situated was changed.
From the 1940s onward, Springwood was an important watering station for steam locomotives proceeding to Sydney. Whilst taking on water there, however, it was extremely difficult for locomotives to be positioned in the necessarily precise location because of the falling gradient.
Few changes were made to the station between 1902 and 1997. In 1998, station upgrading works were undertaken including the construction of a subway to provide pedestrian access from the north and south to the platform, replacing the 1902 footbridge, a lift between the subway and the main station building, and a new canopy over the west end of the platform to provide shelter to the subway and platform.
Pedestrian access to the station is via a staircase, or elevator for the disabled, that connects to an underpass tunnel that connects to Macquarie Road to the south-east, and the station's multi-story parking structure to the north-west. The underpass is a relatively recent modification to the station, added in the late 1990s. Previously, station access was via an overpass bridge that likewise doubled as both access to the station and as a rail crossing.
Platforms and services
Springwood has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow with 2 evening services to Bathurst. Some services from Sydney terminate at Springwood. One late night westbound service each day departs from platform 1, in order to perform a points cleaning move, which ensures both sets of points near the station are in working order.
Description
The complex includes a type 3 second-class station building, built in 1884; with a signal box, completed in 1935; and a brick lavatory building (male toilet), completed in 1944. Other structures include a face brick island platform, completed in 1884 and 1902; and a pedestrian subway, completed in 1997–8.
Station building
External: Constructed (1884) of face brick with corrugated steel roof which extends on both sides to form an awning over both platforms. The Springwood station building is an early second class single storey island building in the Victorian Carpenter Gothic style. The extension at the east end of the building, breaking the symmetry, has a hipped roof behind the parapet. Two chimneys on the ridgeline of the main roof are rendered with wide rendered and moulded corbels. The existing chimney pots are not original. The walls of the original building are Flemish bond tuckpointed brickwork with sandstone capping to the parapets and sandstone quoins to the external corners and reveals to openings. An arch on the centre of the original parapets has a stone infill carved with "ERECTED 1884". Sandstone finials top the gables and bull's-eye vents in the gables are edged with sandstone. The east extension of the building is in stretcher bond brickwork but is finished with sandstone detailing matching the original construction. The brickwork has been painted. The building has three panelled doors with fanlights and dentilated transoms. Doors to the centre of the building are similar but have two panels. Windows are double hung and finished with sandstone label moulds. The original wide awning on the north side of the building is supported on timber stop chamfered columns with capitals and pattern carved on the centre of the columns. Cast iron brackets provide further embellishment to the columns. Awnings on the south side of the building are typical of the 1902 railway stations in the Blue Mountains with a wide low pitched roof supported on steel brackets supported on stone corbels. The ends of both awnings are finished with a timber boarded valance. A train mural by artist Vernon Treweeke is located on the eastern side of the main station building covering the privacy wall to the male toilet. Other murals by the same artist are located at Katoomba and Woodford Railway Stations.
Internal: The building appears to have maintained few of its original detailing and finishes due to the upgrade works of 1997–98. However, the original floor layout including a waiting room, ticket office, parcels office and signal box and ladies room are still present in addition to early double panelled timber framed windows and timber doors. Light fittings and carpet finish are relatively new. The 1902 extension to the southern side of the building is clearly apparent forming a corridor along the building. The 1935 signal box within the station building's envelope survives with its signage and no longer operates (lever frame and CTC panel removed). It is currently a storage room with exposed roof structure and painted brick walls.
Lavatory building
External: A simple gabled building (1944, 1998) on axis with the platform with a clearstory ventilated roof. The roof is of corrugated steel with exposed purlins to the gable ends and exposed rafters. The walls are Flemish bond tuckpointed brick work. Entry is at east end through an arched door behind a brick screen with the Mural on the outer side. Windows in the north wall have stone sills.
Internal: All toilet and light fittings date to 1998 upgrade works with painted brick walls and fibrocement ceiling panels.
Island platform
Springwood Railway Station has an island platform (1902) in a curved shape towards the east. The platform is brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. A small square portion of grass has been inlayed into the platform surrounded by concrete west of the lavatories. A few potted plants are located on the north side of the platform under the station building awning, near the booking office and either side of the station level lift entrance. No garden beds are present. Entrance to the subway is located at the east end of the platform between the lift and station building. Period and modern light fittings and timber bench seating in addition to modern and early signage, aluminium palisade fencing between the station building and the lavatories and at both ends of the platform.
Pedestrian subway
The pedestrian subway (1997–1998) is marked by a long gabled corrugated roof on the Macquarie Road footpath and a low pitched gabled roof over the west end of the platform with cantilevered awnings connected to the awnings of the main station building. The walkway is most prominent from the western Macquarie Road approaches to the station than from the more eastern approaches. Access to the platform is via a ramped access way from both sides of the subway towards a central stairway on the west side of the subway and a lift at the east wall. The internal walls of the subway are tiled from floor to ceiling. The station is a prominent element in the Macquarie Road streetscape, overlooking a bend in the road making it a local landmark.
Moveable items
A Milners' Patent safe (no number) has been observed at the station office.
Several original station signage depicting " Station Master", "Waiting Room", "Booking Office", "Parcels Office", "Signal Box" etc.
2 x commemorative plaques (1984 & 1998) on Platform 1 elevation of the station building.
Early light fittings on platform
Landscape features
A brick 1902 retaining wall runs along the edge of the Macquarie Road footpath, elevating the railway line and platform from the street.
Condition
As at 10 September 2008, the station building was generally in good condition. Also in good condition were the lavatory building, the island platform and the pedestrian Subway. The station group has a high degree of integrity with minimal changes to the exterior of the buildings. The overall integrity of the station has been reduced due to the 1990s upgrade works, which obscure views to the roofscape of the building and impact on the setting.
Modifications and dates
1902 – Extension to the southern side of the building and the platform during duplication of the line
1944 – Extension to the main station building at Sydney end
1997–98 – Pedestrian Subway with lift and modern canopies constructed
Further information
Small fibro shed adjacent to yard is excluded from listing.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates 10 bus routes via Springwood station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
685H: to Hazelbrook
690C: to Champman Parade
690P: Faulconbridge to Penrith station
690K: to Katoomba
692W: to Winmalee
692B: to Springwood Hospital
692H: to Hawkesbury Heights
692Y: to Yellow Rock
693: to Burns Road
694: to Bee Farm Road
Heritage listing
Springwood Railway Station Group is of state significance as an important railway station for over 140 years with several trains to and from Sydney starting and terminating here. The main station building is the second oldest surviving station building in the Blue Mountains and is an unusual example of a Victorian Gothic railway station building. It is one of three stations in the Blue Mountains upgraded in 1880s demonstrating increase of tourism activity (the others being Lawson and Wentworth Falls) and is the only station building surviving from this period. Modifications to the building resulting from the duplication of the railway line in 1902 retained the elegant Victorian Gothic character of the station. With the intact lavatory building it is an important element in the chain of railway stations across the Blue Mountains. The size of the main station building and its solid well detailed construction suggests the growing importance of the village of Springwood in the 1880s. Springwood Railway Station Group is important to the local townscape forming a landmark at the curve in Macquarie Road towards the western end of the shopping centre.
Springwood railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Springwood Railway Station is of historical significance as an important railway station for over 140 years with several trains to and from Sydney starting and terminating here. The main station building is the second oldest surviving station building in the Blue Mountains. It is one of three stations in the Blue Mountains upgraded in 1880s (the others being Lawson and Wentworth Falls) and is the only station building surviving from this period. The size of the main station building and its solid well detailed construction suggests the growing importance of the village of Springwood in the 1880s.
The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.
Springwood Railway Station has historical associations with the District Engineer, Fred Avery, who was involved in the station's design and approved the architectural details. However, this association is considered to be of secondary significance.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
Springwood Railway Station is of aesthetic significance as an extant example of a railway station building in the Victorian Gothic style. The use of brickwork with sandstone detailing gives the building an elegant character, which was retained and further enhanced with the duplication of the railway line across the Blue Mountains in 1902. This character is continued in the men's lavatory block at the east end of the platform. The station group in particular the main building remains a landmark within the townscape of Springwood.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Springwood station building is a rare extant example of a railway station building in the Victorian Gothic style with upgrade works in the 1880s. Springwood station building is the only surviving building from this style as the other two station buildings from this era at Lawson and Wentworth Falls have been demolished.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
The main 1880s station building is classified as a "type 3" second-class station building and is one of approximately 40 other similar station buildings across NSW and has representative significance for demonstrating widespread 19th Century railway customs, activities and design in NSW.
Photo gallery
See also
List of railways stations in New South Wales
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Springwood station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1867
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Springwood, New South Wales
Railway bridges in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
John Whitton railway stations
Victorian Carpenter Gothic architecture in New South Wales
Transport in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
Main Western railway line, New South Wales |
4145965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawson%20railway%20station | Lawson railway station | Lawson railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Western line in Lawson in the City of Blue Mountains local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as Lawson Railway Station Group and Christmas Swamp; Blue Mountain. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. The station opened on 11 July 1867 as Blue Mountain, being renamed Lawson on 21 April 1879. A passing loop exists north of Platform 1. As part of widening work to the Great Western Highway, a siding south of Platform 2 was removed and a new submerged siding constructed west of the station.
History
There was a halt at Lawson from the beginning of the railway through the mountains in 1867, bearing the name Blue Mountain initially after Wilson's "Blue Mountain Inn" 400 metres away. In 1879 when the station changed its name to Lawson, a brick platform and station building were added and this remained unchanged until 1902. Like most stations between Emu Plains and Lithgow, duplication of the line in 1902 brought a new island platform and station buildings in Federation style. The 1879 platform opposite remained for Down trains.
Various modifications to the refuge siding and loop were made in 1907 and 1915. At the Lithgow end of the main structure, the roof was extended to provide a shelter for a signal interlocking frame, which was installed in 1915, though the signal levers were not enclosed with a signal box until 1921.
In 1944 the island platform was extended to the west end and it was at this time that subway access was provided to the platform from the Sydney-bound side. This accorded with the traditional NSW practice between 1900 and 1920 of providing only single-side subway access.
Lawson became an important station as locomotives took on water at that location. Lawson had a large water-tank and an unusual number of water columns since it was the principal watering-halt for Down trains. Recent widening of the Great Western Highway has revealed the remains of what appears to be an underground tank of unknown use.
The station was accompanied by a Station Masters residence which was built in , and replaced by the existing Station Master's residence in . When Chief Commissioner E.M.G. Eddy, was appointed in 1888, he undertook to increase substantially the number of official residences for staff of the Traffic Branch. Over 100 residences were built in his term and that at Lawson is one of them. Residences very roughly reflected the status of the proposed occupant. The example at Lawson (10 Loftus Street) is an example of the largest type that was used in the period 1890–1914. It contained three bedrooms. The asymmetrical plan of the structure predates Eddy's arrival and was first used in 1885.
Adjacent to the Sydney-bound side of the rail corridor is an electrical traction sub-station and electrical depot containing a mixture of buildings originally clad in corrugated Fibro. The substation was built in 1956 in preparation for the complete electrification of the Main Western line from Penrith to Lithgow in 1957. This was the major extension of the metropolitan electrified system after World War II and the first designed to handle the electric haulage of rail freight trains, predominantly coal trains, as well as long-distance electric passenger train services.
The substation was the last of the large brick substations built for the rail electrified system and the largest on the Main Western line past Penrith. Modern solid state rectifier technology has now largely superseded the need for this type of substation building. It is associated and adjacent to the large Lawson electric line works maintenance depot that still operates with administration offices. The substation was designed by New South Wales Government Railways and built in 1956. It suffered some fire damage in 2003.
Platforms and services
Lawson has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow.
Description
The complex comprises a type 11 brick station building, initial island side building, erected in 1902, incorporating a fibrocement clad signal box, completed in 1921; and a brick out shed, completed in 1902. Other structures included a brick-faced island platform, completed in 1902; a remnant timber paling facing side platform, completed in , and a pedestrian subway, completed in 1944. Other structures include the Station Master's Residence at 10 Loftus Street, type 11, brick, tile roof, erected in 1896; and electrical depot site with the former District Engineer's Office – brick (1956) and the workshops – brick base, corrugated iron walls (1957); as well as the signals and earthworks depot (1956-7); and a face brick substation (1956).
Station building (1902) and Signal Box (1921)
External: Constructed of face brick with corrugated metal gabled roof extending as an awning to both platforms, Lawson station building is a single storey early phase "type 11" island platform building in standard Federation style design. It is an 8-bay long building featuring 7 bays to the original face brick section and 1 long bay to the signal box extension and has a linear arrangement along the platform with tuckpointed red brickwork and engaged piers between the bays. The extended bay at the southwest end has painted fibrocement wall panels on rendered brick base with 6-pane horizontal sliding windows and a timber door with decorative fanlight. Other features include rendered splay course to plinth, moulded cornice, two horizontal moulded rendered string courses at corbel height, timber framed double-hung windows with multi-paned coloured glass upper sashes, timber framed and panelled doors with multi-paned coloured glass fanlights, contrasting decorative trims and sills around windows and doors, standard iron brackets over decorative corbels supporting ample platform awnings, fretted timber work at the end of awnings and gable ends, timber cross finial to gable end, two tall face brick corbelled chimneys with rendered tops. A modern corrugated metal gable roof with flat awning has been extended off the southwest end of the station building to provide shelter over the subway entrance and extended platform shelter area for commuters. It is supported by steel beams and posts. Another gabled roof with corrugated clear sheeting and corrugated metal awnings on both sides extends above the men's toilets entry. All windows and doors are fitted with metal security grills and gates.
Internal: In 1994 the building underwent internal fabric alterations, however it maintains its original linear floor layout, which from Up end to Down end incorporates a former signal room, combined Station Master's office and booking office, general waiting room, ladies' waiting room and toilets, and men's toilets. Original features include timber panelled doors with multi-paned coloured glass fanlights in the ladies room and work station areas, moulded architraves to all external and internal doors and the ticket window. Light fittings, fans and floor covering including carpet finish in the offices and tiles in the toilets and the waiting room. Plasterboard ceilings are from the upgrade works. Doors have been clad with fire rated panels from inside. The former signal box within the station building is now used for storage purposes, however its interlocking 16 lever frame and the CTC panel are still extant.
Out-of shed (1902)
External: A small square shaped detached face brick shed featuring moulding and rendered string course detailing similar to the main station building. It is located on the northeast (Up) side of the station building. The shed features a gabled corrugated metal roof with timber bargeboard and narrow eaves with exposed rafters, contrasting rendered moulded trim above the fanlight over a single door on northeast side elevation and two double – hung windows with multi-paned upper sash featuring multi-coloured glass panes similar to the station building on both of the side elevations. There are two rows of string course throughout all elevations. There is no opening on the south-western (Down) elevation of the building.
Internal: Currently used as a storeroom with a timber cupboard and shelving, the out-of shed consists of a concrete floor with painted brick walls, exposed timber roof structure with ceiling joists, rafters and relatively new corrugated metal roofing, and one single modern light fitting.
Island platform (1902)
Lawson Railway Station has an island platform in a curved shape with slightly pointed ends. The platform is brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. Garden beds are located along the length of the platform planted with low to medium height shrubs and plantings. One mature tree is present on the platform at the northeast end. The platform also features period and modern light fittings, timber bench seating, an early bubbler, modern signage and aluminium palisade fencing located around three sides of subway cavity for safety and at both ends of the platform.
Side platform ()
The original side platform is no longer clearly visible as a former platform rather it presents a garden bed like appearance, with a raised flat surface with timber paling edgings and earth infill. The end of the down siding, which was only used occasionally until recently to store track machines when waiting to start or be collected after trackwork, has been partially removed and completely covered with aggregate as part of upgrading works along the road boundaries of the rail corridor. Only two posts of the end timber stopper remain.
Pedestrian subway (1944)
Access to the island platform is via an asphalt ramped access way from the Great Western Highway and Loftus Street (and commuters' car park) which leads to the face brick vaulted subway and a central stairway to the station platform on the southwest side of the main station building. The entry to the pedestrian subway on the island platform has brick walls with stone capping and metal palisade fence between the iron posts supporting the new corrugated metal gabled roof with awnings on both sides. The underpass tunnel extension towards the Great Western Highway exit features a flat ceiling with curved edges unlike the Loftus Street tunnel and painted with graffiti all-around. Light fittings and security cameras are other features of the subway.
Station Master's residence (1896)
External: The site of the residence is located between the Electric Depot and the Signals and Earthworks Depot. It is a single-storey cottage of painted brick construction with a stone base, a tiled-hipped roof with square flat apex, three tall chimney stacks with corbelled tops, timber front and rear off set concrete verandahs supported on timber posts with pitched corrugated iron awning and a rear brick skillion wing extended with timber weatherboard addition. The residence does not conform to any standard design although has similarities to a standard J3 design. Segmental arched vertically proportioned windows feature rendered sills, some with skillion timber awnings. All openings have been boarded up.
Internal: The original floor layout remains containing three bedrooms, two open into a corridor and the other into the living room, and a separate sitting room off the corridor. A wing accessed via an enclosed verandah (and from one of the bedrooms by later opening) includes a kitchen with a later timber extension for a laundry and internal bathroom. Most of the original elements have either been replaced or removed including all fireplaces. Early features include timber framed double-hung windows with moulded timber architraves and skirting, ventilation panels in some rooms, timber panelled front door with fanlight and an early kitchen shelf above the boarded fireplace. The kitchen has been fitted with modern cupboards and the bathroom fittings are modern. Exposed rendered brick walls are present in the kitchen and timber floor ceiling boards are exposed in some of the rooms where the later fibro ceiling panels are damaged. The residence is currently unoccupied.
Electrical depot site
Located to the northwest of Lawson Station adjacent to the laneway and subway entrance, the Electrical Depot site is a combination of the former District Engineer's Office and a series of brick and corrugated iron workshops and stores that were built in the 1950s as part of the electrification of the railway to Lithgow. The buildings appear to be original and demonstrate an important component of the electrification project. The workshops and the stores are placed at the railway and street boundaries of the site while the L-shaped office block is located on the northern corner next to the entrance to the depot. The areas between the buildings are used for the storage of dangerous goods containers, ladder storage, truck waiting, steam cleaning and water treatment areas. The surface of the site is bitumen.
Former district engineer's office (1956)
External: A large one to two-storey brick office building with hipped terracotta tiled roof, in an L-shaped form and accommodates administration and amenities and facilities for the engineers and field/admin staff. The building's fenestration includes a series of regularly placed tall timber sash windows and doors generally facing the courtyard.
Internal: Interiors were not inspected (2009). However, the original drawings indicate a linear floor layout with offices around the perimeters opening into a central corridor. The main entrance to the building separates the building into two distinct layout with offices and staff amenities on one side and the general exchange and depot/services rooms on the other.
Workshops (1957)
External: There are seven workshops and stores on the depot site all of which are generally of similar construction with utilitarian appearance in various sizes and one or two storeys in height. They are constructed of brick bases with corrugated metal walls to about 1200mm high above with corrugated metal gabled roofs. All have timber framed multi-paned vertically proportioned windows and doors. They accommodate an electrical workshop, blacksmith and carpenter workshop, and stores for various goods.
Internal: Interiors were not inspected (2009).
Signals and earthworks depots
Two adjoining sites at the western side of the Station Master's residence and contain only demountable corrugated metal sheds and containers with carport and garages in between. They appear to be replaced over the years with relatively new fabric.
Sub-station (1956)
External: Located at the most western portion of the depot site, the substation is a two-storey face brick building in rectangular form with gabled roof covered with corrugated metal tray roof sheets. The substation combines a large relatively square shaped control house and a rectangular rectifier house at the back. The building elevations are strongly modelled with large vertical engaged piers. The gable end to the control house is parapeted with piers projecting horizontally. The rectifier house has a ventilation tower at the centre of the gable apex below which is a large roller shutter. All windows are steel framed with horizontal panes. The building is screened from the road by banks of outside transformers.
Internal: Interiors were not accessed (2009). However, it is noted to have a steel truss exposed roof structure and concrete slab floors with painted wall finishes to the essentially large warehouse type spaces.
Moveable items
Lawson Railway Station houses a number of movable items including:
A Milners' 2'2 Patent floor safe in the ticket office below the ticket window desk
A bubbler on platform next to the subway entrance
Three bench seats (2 in the waiting room, 1 in the ladies room)
16 lever frame and CTC panel in the disused signal box
A work bench for booking window
Landscape features
The setting of the station within the rock escarpment is the typical natural setting of the Blue Mountains stations. The island platform and stations buildings are a prominent aspect of the landscape and a local landmark. Most garden beds are built up with treated pine edges containing low to medium-sized shrubs. One mature tree exists at the northeast end of the platform. Brick dwarf walls to the subway tunnel entries on both sides of the trucks together with the low height plantings add to the overall setting of the site.
Potential archaeological features
There are no known potential archaeological elements on the station site with the exception of a remnant side platform and siding on the Down side. The recent findings during the widening of the Great Western Highway indicate the potential existence of surviving remnants of the former Goods Yard along the Highway. The Electrical Depot Site containing the substation and other associated structures may also have archaeological potential.
Condition
Station Buildings and platform structures – Good
Island Platform- Good
Side Platform – No longer presents as a platform but in its garden bedlike form is in good condition
Subway – generally Good condition
Station Master's residence – Moderate externally, Very Poor internally
Electrical Depot Site – Generally Good externally
Signals and Earthworks Depot – Good externally
Substation – Good
The station building and associated shed are intact externally and maintain their overall integrity. The Station Master's residence has lost most of its internal and some of its external fabric. Its integrity is therefore moderate. The buildings within the Electrical depot have a high level of integrity and intactness externally. While most equipment originally installed has been removed from the Substation the building is relatively intact despite the fire damage in 2003.
Modifications and dates
1970s: Mercury arc rectifiers in the substation replaced with solid state equipment
1994: Internal fabric of station building was altered.
2000: The collection of old electric metres were relocated to Strathfield Depot September.
2003: Substation damaged by fire.
N.d: Modern platform canopy has been added. Modern platform fence and station seats. Roof extended over the platform entry to the pedestrian underpass. Brick screen to lavatory at east end of main building. Fence to underpass entry from platform. Side platform has been significantly modified and Down siding removed (in part) and covered with aggregate recently.
N.d: The original roof of the Station Master's residence, with an ornate ridge, has been replaced at an unknown date; internally, virtually all original fabric has been removed.
Further information
Modern demountable buildings within the depot sites are excluded from the listing.
A (1907) Monier Arch overbridge lies outside the curtilage and is located northeast of the island platform. It consists of a concrete arch with abutments set in rock cutting. The bridge was widened in 2009. Excluded from listing.
Another 1907 Monier Arch bridge (used for pedestrian access) – 1 km east of station near Somers Street and GWH overbridge has separate S170 listing.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates one bus route via Lawson station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
690K: Springwood to Katoomba
Heritage listing
As at 9 November 2010, Lawson Railway Station Group is of state significance as an important railway location along the Main Western Line and is significant for its important historical role associated with locomotive servicing facilities and the change to electric traction power supply at this steepest part of the Blue Mountains. The place is unique and has research potential for its combination of buildings and structures that demonstrate a large railway complex of railway station, accommodation, service, depot and administration facilities.
The station building demonstrates the period of line duplication across the Blue Mountains and is a good example of a standard 1902 Federation style design station building with matching detached shed. The Lawson Station Master's residence is significant for its ability in demonstrating the custom of providing accommodation for railway staff, and is a representative example of the simple architectural forms employed in other railway residences in NSW.
The buildings of the Electrical Depot including the former District Engineer's office and the associated stores and sheds have historical and research significance to demonstrate the former administration and railway electrical supply facilities along this section of the Blue Mountains. The Lawson substation is the last major rail electric substation built for the Sydney metropolitan network and the largest such building on the Main Western line between Penrith and Lithgow. While the original function of the building has been superseded by modern technology, the substation represents one of the final phases in the development of the electrified railway system for the Sydney Metropolitan area.
Lawson railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Lawson Station Group is historically significant as part of the early station buildings built during the duplication of the Western rail line across the Blue Mountains combining a standard 1902 Federation style design station building and matching detached shed. It demonstrates the technological and engineering achievements in the early 1900s and is an important part of the townscape of the Lawson historic village and is highly visible from the main road.
The site has further historical significance due to its continued rail use since 1880, with the Station Master's cottage demonstrating the custom of providing accommodation for railway staff and the importance of the station as a key terminus for locomotive facilities with its large number of water columns and tanks. The Electrical Depot site demonstrates another major phase in the historical development of Lawson Station precinct featuring buildings built in the 1950s as part of the electrification of the railway to Lithgow. The substation is the last major rail electric substation built for the Sydney metropolitan network and the largest such building on the Main Western line between Penrith and Lithgow.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
Lawson Station Group is of aesthetic significance as a representative example of an intact Federation free classical style railway station, which has retained its former lamp building (Out of Shed) which is designed in the same style as the main station building. It is one of a group of stations built to the same pattern across the Blue Mountains following the duplication of the railway line.
The Station Master's residence has an unusual architectural style as it does not conform to any standard design although has similarities to a standard "J3" design. The buildings of the Electrical Depot including the former District Engineer's office and the associated stores and sheds collectively form a cohesive character within the landscape of the station precinct. The substation is a landmark in the precinct and rail corridor as well as the Great Western Highway.
The depot buildings have limited aesthetic or architectural value due to there utilitarian design.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place and can provide a connection to the local community's history.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Lawson Station Group has research potential for its combination of buildings and structures that would provide information on the elements of the equipment contemporary with the electrification of the Main Western line over the Blue Mountains. The Electrical Depot contains a number of technically important electrical engineering equipment such as the large rectifier. The area along the Great Western Highway has potential for surviving remnants of the former goods yard and the former Down side platform and siding.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The Electrical Depot site is rare in the railway network, which includes the substation, one of a small number of such building and one of the largest remaining on the system.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
Lawson Station Group is a representative example of a standard design larger station building group demonstrating the construction techniques and characteristics of commonly used railway designs.
The Station Master's residence is a representative example of simple architectural forms of other similar railway residences.
The substation is a good example of rail substations built in Sydney after 1926 including Hurstville, Lewisham, Sutherland, Hornsby and Belmore.
See also
List of railway stations in New South Wales
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Lawson station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1867
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 6 cars
New South Wales State Heritage Register
City of Blue Mountains
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Main Western railway line, New South Wales |
4146025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoomba%20railway%20station | Katoomba railway station | Katoomba railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Western line in Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Blue Mountains town of Katoomba opening on 2 February 1874 as Crushers, being renamed Katoomba on 9 July 1877.
A passing loop exists to the north of the station. West of the station is a disused yard. A level crossing immediately east of the station was replaced by a bridge west of the station on 31 January 1986.
The station was upgraded in 2001 with the provision of a lift.
It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
Platforms and services
Katoomba has one island platform with two sides. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow. Some services from Sydney terminate at Katoomba. The Bathurst Bullet operates 2 evening services to Bathurst.
It is also serviced by NSW TrainLink's Central West XPT and Outback Xplorer long-distance services from Sydney to Dubbo and Broken Hill.
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates ten bus routes via Katoomba station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
685: to Wentworth Falls & North Wentworth Falls
685H: to Hazelbrook & North Hazelbrook
686: to Katoomba Golf Glub and Echo Point & Scenic World
690K: to Springwood
690H: to Katoomba Hospital
695: to South Leura
696: to South Katoomba
697: to North Katoomba
698: to Blackheath
698V: to Blackheath & Mount Victoria
History
The railway from Wentworth Falls to Mount Victoria was opened in 1868, passing through what was to become Katoomba. The Great Western Railway was intended to initially reach Bathurst but, beyond that town, its terminus was not stated.
The Katoomba station opened in 1874 as "The Crushers". A sandstone quarry suitable for producing ballast for the construction and maintenance of the line was developed just to the north of the line, and from 1874 The Crushers was a stopping-place for trains with quarrymen, equipment and wagons for transporting ballast. A platform was provided in 1877 close to the level-crossing keeper's cottage (demolished in 1902).
In 1881, a new timber platform and station were built, to the west of the level-crossing. The goods yard between the stations and Bathurst Road (then the Great Western Highway) was developed in 1883–4. This expansion was necessary because of Katoomba's growth in the 1880s and 1890s as a tourist and local commercial centre. The goods yard contains a valuable collection of traditional railway structures, including the 5 ton jib crane (no. T171), the goods shed 54' x 12' dating in part from 1881 and an unusual curved timber loading platform. There is also an office for the yard gatekeeper and for a signalman, all dating from the early 1900s.
In 1891, the 1881 station building was moved to the improved goods yard to the south. The Katoomba Times reported on 10 October 1891 that "the old Katoomba station building is to be the goods shed, and was put into position last Wednesday (7 October 1891)", with the 1884 crane adjacent to the east. Around 1921 the goods yard was altered, the siding was realigned and the goods shed (the former station of 1881) was moved 18 metres to the east, where it still resides. The 1884 five-tonne crane was moved along with the shed to its present position.
The present island platform and building at Katoomba date from 1891 and was constructed for £6,922 (including the subway) by builders Quiggan and Kermode. They are unusual for two reasons. Firstly, the timber building is curved and, secondly, the building design was only used in the Sydney metropolitan rail system. It is the only such building constructed outside the Central-to -Parramatta line. It is one of four such structures remaining extant from a number of stations containing Type 10 buildings including Newtown, MacDonaldtown, Ashfield, Lewisham (all demolished – possibly other examples) and Summer Hill, Homebush and Croydon (extant). Extensions to the building in the same style were carried out in 1913 for £216. Its dominant feature is the extension of the roof bearers to form awnings on both sides and the position of small ornate brackets under the awning beams, marking a transition from the use of posted verandas to cantilevered awnings. The platform was reached by the use of a pedestrian subway constructed in 1891, which were rare outside Sydney.
The other main platform building is the elevated, timber signal box, which was commissioned in 1903. The signal box contains a cam and tappet 40 lever interlocking machine that was installed in 1945. It is typical of the construction time and is similar to boxes at Mount Victoria, Newnes Junction, Lithgow Yard and Exeter.
The line was duplicated in 1902. A two-room timber building was built on the western end of the platform in 1909 for an inspector and an electrician and this building was extended in 1945 for use as a staff meal room. An "out-of" shed completed the platform structures.
At the entrance to the Station are the "Progress Buildings" which are shown on a plan as part of a new "Booking and Parcels Office Building" dated 20 December 1938. The buildings are a single storey group of three shops facing south to Bathurst Road with an additional shopfront facing east to the exit from the railway station subway. The easternmost shop, 283-285 Bathurst Road, retains its original brass shopfront, albeit with some modification, and tiled piers between, the shop entries are recessed from the street with splayed shopfront reveals. The tiled and marble threshold records the name "MARX" an early Katoomba businessman who used the premises. The Progress Buildings are still owned by Transport Asset Holding Entity and leased for private business.
The railway residence at 8 Abbotsford Road was sold in 1964.
Description
Station building (1891)
External: The station building is a unique type 10 "Standard Eddy" design, with its curved form along the platform. The building is a single storey building of rusticated weatherboards with a hipped corrugated steel roof largely hidden behind the encircling cantilevered awning with a deep valance of fretwork timber boards. This building type is one of the first major buildings to have a cantilevered awning. The building and awning are constructed on a curve following the platform shape. Cast iron decorative brackets on timber moulded posts support the awning along both of the platforms. Fenestration includes timber double-hung windows with multi-paned upper sashes (coloured glazing), frosted glazing to bottom sashes, and timber panelled doors with multi-paned fanlights (coloured glazing). The building retains its original/early external configuration and fenestration.
Internal: The interiors of the station building generally retain the original layout combining (from west to east) a waiting room, booking office, staff room, clock room, station managers office, ladies toilet and gentlemen's toilets. The overall finishes include timber board wall and ceiling linings, moulded timber cornices and dado line, ceiling roses, fluorescent lighting, a fireplace in the SM's office with cast iron grate timber surrounds and tile hearth, and tile, linoleum or carpet floor finishes. Toilet fittings are modern.
Signal box (1902)
External: The signal box is a small timber structure on brick base with corrugated iron gabled roof and curved corrugated iron awning to all sides. It is long x wide located on the country end of the platform. The operating floor is above the platform level with L-shape stair access from the eastern side. Tall multi-paned ribbon windows all around the building provide a visual connection with the other platform structures. A small gabled timber panelled relay room with brick base and concrete steps is located just off the west elevation of the signal box.
Internal: The internal finishes of the signal box are similar to the main station building with timber board ceiling and wall linings and timber skirtings. A 40 lever type A PL interlocking machine with associated signalling equipment is the major element in the space and is still in operation. Access to the relay room is prohibited.
"Out of" shed ()
External: A small rusticated weatherboard out-of-shed with gabled corrugated metal roof is located to the west of the signal box. It is used for flammable liquid storage and has only a timber board door with fanlight and a band window on the opposite elevation. Simple timber bargeboards and finials complete the gable ends.
Internal: Timber-framed structure with no internal wall and ceiling lining exposing the underside of the corrugated metal roofing and rusticated weatherboard. The floor is concrete.
Former inspector/electrician's office (1909 & 1945)
From 2009, this was used as a CCTV and meals room.
External: Combining the 1909 two-room former inspector/electrician's office structure and the 1945 staff meal room extension, the shed is the most western structure on the platform. It is of a rectangular rusticated weatherboard building with corrugated metal gabled roof. Skillion corrugated metal awnings with timber brackets above a window and main door. Vertically proportioned sash windows are placed equally on the long sides while the shorter sides have a window and a door opening with awning. Security grilles installed to the windows.
Internal: Internal features and finishes of the Shed are contemporary consisting of plaster board walls and ceilings with simple cornices. The kitchen of the staff meal room has a wall with rusticated weatherboard.
Island platform (1891)
Katoomba Railway Station has a curved island platform running approximately east–west. It is brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. A number of garden beds and hanging pot plants together with remnant railway equipment/tools scattered between the buildings further enhance this unique curved station's setting. Modern lighting, timber bench seating, and signage are the other typical features of the platform. A new glass canopy is attached to the subway canopy at the eastern end.
Subway and awning (1891 & 1920)
The subway was constructed in 1891 with the awning added in 1920. The subway is constructed of face brick and displays unusual and well detailed construction with a curved flight of stairs leading from Bathurst Road. The scale of the subway is consistent with the importance accorded to Katoomba in the early 1890s. An exposed gabled roof in clearstory form with original/early iron truss roof structure and new corrugated metal roofing covers the ramp to the platform. Notable murals are located on both walls of the subway tunnel.
Signals branch office (1910) and yard office (1881/1891)
These two structures located adjacent to each other at the entrance to the yard form part of a relatively intact yard group. They are still used for railway purposes. They also have a close relationship to the railway station buildings. The structures are of a small scale with detailing consistent with the platform buildings.
Signals Branch Office: The signals branch office is a single storey weatherboard building to the northwest of the Progress Building. It is a simple rusticated weatherboard shed with a gabled roof and a vaulted roof vent running along the ridge of the roof. The original windows are small multi- pane double-hung sashes. A large double hung window and a door opening with a skillion roof on timber brackets has been added on the west wall. Internally it appears to have been recently reclad with plasterboard panels and painted. It is not in regular use at this time (2009).
Yard office: The yard office is also a weatherboard building with a simple gabled roof immediately south of the signals branch building. It is elevated on brick piers with no mortar and steel posts where the brick pier is missing. Two small four-pane casement windows are located on the side elevations while an unused door is located on the Station side of the shed. The shed appears to have been accessed from the Signals Branch Office (access was locked). An elevated ventilation roof at the ridge level with louvered sides and a skillion roofed timber lean-to the rear are other features of the Yard office.
Progress Building (1938)
The Progress Building is a single storey group of three shops facing south to Bathurst Road with an additional shopfront facing east to the exit from the railway station subway. The building has a rendered parapet wall to the street with curved elements and a simple cornice. Panels in the parapet wall indicate the names of the shops. The easternmost shop, 283-285 Bathurst Road, retains its original brass shopfront, albeit with some modification, and tiled piers between, the shop entries are recessed from the street with splayed shopfront reveals. The tiled and marble threshold records the name "MARX" an early Katoomba businessman who used the premises. The building has a skillion roof behind the parapet. The rear walls are of fibro with a weatherboard spandrel and have paired 2 pane casements windows with fanlights.
Goods shed (1881, altered 1884, moved 1891)
External: The goods shed is a standard building with significant alterations. The original structure was built around 1881 as the original station building with extension in 1891. The additions illustrate the increased freight handling of the yard. The goods shed is a simple gabled timber building on an east–west axis sited close to the south side of the yard. It is clad in weatherboard and elevated on brick piers and dwarf walls with timber floor. There is evidence of window openings being changed. A number of timber framed four-pane sash windows in various sizes are placed to the end of the front elevation and the side elevations. Two timber boarded double loading doors with timber docks and a timber panelled office door in the centre with timber ladder are also located on the front elevation.
Internal: Access to the interiors was not available (2009).
Timber platforms (1881)
A timber loading platform supported on brick piers and timber beams with a rail siding is attached to the western side of the Goods Shed. A timber corrugated metal awning widened by steel truss awning covers the entire platform. Another timber loading platform on timber posts is also attached to the eastern side of the Goods Shed just to the west of the Crane.
Crane (1884, moved 1891)
The crane is a Class 1, standard 5 tonne jib hand crane, No. T171, fixed on a stone base adjacent to the western timber platform. The stone base was not widely used. It is still in use irregularly and in fair condition.
Yard and gates (1883-4)
The material and form of the original 1891 gates appear to have been removed and replaced with wire mesh and pipe gates at an unknown date. The yard is no longer used for regular loading and goods yard purposes. A sandstone retaining wall raises the railway boundary of the site, behind the goods shed, extending the Yeaman Bridge at the west. Another sandstone retaining wall raises along the railway site above Goldsmith Place on the northern side.
Eastern store shed (modern)
Located to east of platform is a large shed building, painted with a mural and corrugated iron roof. It does not form part of the heritage listing.
Moveable items
The following moveable items have been observed:
2 x Seth Thomas clocks: in the Booking office and the Signal Box
A number of railway equipment, machinery and tools are scattered within the site including Simmos Siding display.
40 lever interlocking machine and signalling tools in the Signal Box
First generation railway steel container at the station site
Road tanker TBX from Hamilton Depot at the station site
An early timber station naming sign attached to timber posts is located on the north side of the store.
Landscape features
A number of platform garden beds with shrubs and small trees and hanging pot plants exist along the platform. The Signal Box is adorned with hanging plants, memorabilia and stone edged planter beds, which form part of the significance of the station precinct.
The most significant landscape elements of the station are the brick walls around the station with sandstone retaining walls between the Progress Building and the Goods Yard. A mural by Vernon Treweeke below the Great Western Highway overbridge and the murals in the subway tunnel enhance the setting of the station group.
Potential for Archaeology
The goods yard has archaeological potential in providing evidence of the first station buildings and structures as well as the operational elements of the yard.
Modifications and dates
The following modifications were undertaken over the years:
10 Sep 1898 Platform extended.
21 Aug 1901 Platform extended at the eastern end.
1 Nov 1907 Platform extended at the western end.
7 Jul 1917 Up Refuge siding extended.
10 May 1920 Awning erected between station building and steps.
4 Aug 1923 Additions made to station building and booking office and electric light fitted to the station.
15 Sep 1925 Up Refuge siding extended.
1964 Residence at 8 Abbotsford Rd sold
9 Jul 1977 Transfer of "F" level crossing lights to signal box which was in the gate cabin WN27, and installation of closed-circuit television to view the level crossing.
1981 Gate house at 109.817 km demolished
Unknwown date: Level crossing closed, replaced by an overbridge further west.
Unknown date: Entrance to station considerably altered. Numerous changes to other buildings on the platform and in the goods yard.
Heritage listing
As at 23 September 2010, Katoomba Railway Station and Yard is of state significance as a unique railway site in NSW developed around a former ballast quarry and is significant for demonstrating Katoomba's growth in the 1880s and 1890s as the first tourist and local commercial centre in the Blue Mountains, before the duplication of the Western line in 1902.
The 1891 station building is significant as one of few surviving timber railway station buildings known as " Standard Eddy", designed under Commissioner Eddy, and demonstrating the introduction of island platform buildings in NSW. Katoomba station building is the only known example of this station type outside the inner city area and is unique to the other examples for its curved form along the platform. The adjacent signal box with its garden beds and planting is also an important and integral element within the station group and is a rare example of a timber on-platform signal box.
The site of the goods yard is of particular significance as it was part of the original Katoomba station precinct dating from 1878, which was used for locomotive turning and minor servicing and stabling of trains. While fulfilling a minor railway use at present for per way maintenance, it contains two relatively rare items, which are the former 1881 timber station building as its goods shed and the 1891 crane.
The station group comprises a homogenous collection of timber structures adding significance to the townscape and streetscape with direct relationships to both. Situated at the focal point of Katoomba, the station is connected visually and physically to the town's commercial heart by the pedestrian subway and landscaped surrounds. The adjacent Progress Buildings from part of the station group and contribute to the early 20th Century character of the commercial precinct of Katoomba with their largely intact shopfronts.
Katoomba railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Katoomba Station and Yard Group is of historical significance as a unique early station and yard developed around a ballast quarry demonstrating Katoomba's growth in the 1880s and 1890s as a tourist and local commercial centre before the duplication of the Western line in 1902.
The site of the goods yard was part of the original Katoomba station precinct dating from 1878, which was used for locomotive turning and minor servicing and stabling of trains. While fulfilling a minor railway use at present for per way maintenance using temporary buildings it contains two relatively rare items of mid-20th Century railway heritage significance, which are 1881 timber station building as its goods shed and the 1891 crane.
The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.
The station has historical association with Commissioner Eddy due to his involvement in the design of the 1891 station building known as "The Standard Eddy" design.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
Katoomba Railway Station is of aesthetic significance as one of few surviving timber railway station buildings known as "The Standard Eddy" (as it was designed under Commissioner Eddy) outside of the Sydney metropolitan area including Newtown, MacDonaldtown, Ashfield, Lewisham (all demolished) and Summer Hill, Homebush and Croydon (extant). Katoomba station building features an unusual deep timber valance to the awnings and it is unique to the other examples for its curved form along the platform. The tunnel connection with its gabled roof and associated glazing makes a pleasant sheltered walkway connecting the station to the town's commercial heart. The sandstone retaining walls to the north and south of the site are well built solutions to the perpetual problems of dealing with the Katoomba's topography and contribute to the character of the townscape. The Progress Building contributes to the character of the commercial precinct of Katoomba with their intact shopfronts and simple weatherboards and fibro character to the rear. The signal box is also an important and integral element within the station-scape of Katoomba.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Katoomba Station and Yard Group is of research significance for its demonstrative ability in providing evidence of construction techniques and form of a station and yard in the 1880s and 1890s before the Western railway line duplication. The goods yard has archaeological potential in providing evidence of the first station buildings and structures as well as the operational elements of the yard.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare. This item is assessed as socially rare.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
Katoomba Station and Yard Group is representative of Victorian era station development combining unique station buildings and yard demonstrating the close relationship between the yard and station as well as reflecting the direct relationship between the station layout and the growth of the local area.
See also
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Katoomba station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1874
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Katoomba, New South Wales
Transport in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
Main Western railway line, New South Wales |
4146085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Victoria%20railway%20station | Mount Victoria railway station | Mount Victoria railway station is a heritage-listed former barracks and now staff accommodation, guest accommodation, railway signal box and railway station located on the Main Western line in Mount Victoria in the City of Blue Mountains local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by NSW Government Railways and built from 1868 to 1913 by Allan McClean and James Barrie . It is also known as Mount Victoria Railway Station group. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. The station opened on 1 May 1868.
The Platform 2 building dates from 1868 with a railway refreshment room added in 1884. The Platform 1 building dates from 1911 when the line was duplicated. An extensive yard including a locomotive depot existed west of the station.
History
Mount Victoria has always been an important railway centre since its opening in 1868. It was the first platform structure made of material other than timber built after Penrith station. The original station building still remains and was to a design consistent with the time of John Whitton, Engineer-in-Chief of the NSW Railways. Further additions were carried out in 1899 to the ladies' toilet and other areas. The parcels office was added in 1911 to the Sydney end of the building.
In 1884, the two level stone addition containing the Railway Refreshment Room was built under the supervision of George Cowdery, Engineer-in-Chief for Existing Lines and was built by George Dengate. The Refreshment Room contained on the upper level eight bedrooms for travellers and quarters for the Manager and family, again typical of NSW practice. Alterations to the Refreshment Room occurred in 1919 and additional bedrooms were built at the rear in 1943. The Refreshment Room closed in 1957.
A locomotive depot existed at Mount Victoria in 1897 and was greatly expanded in 1911-13 when duplication of the line through Mount Victoria was completed. The depot was home to the locomotives and crews who worked the famous "The Fish" commuter train to Sydney. Mount Victoria also was the destination of the Caves Express from Sydney, which conveyed holidaymakers to the Blue Mountains.
The construction of accommodation for enginemen, train guards and other on-board staff has been provided by the NSW Government Railways from the 1880s. In the late 1890s, a standard design of barracks was approved. Those at Mount Victoria reflected a standard arrangement with rows of four bedrooms on each side of the building. There was also a central kitchen and meal room, reflected in the roofscape by a large transverse gable. A toilet and Attendant's Room completed the plan. It continues also to be used for non-overnight purposes, for meals and locker accommodation.
Also on the Lithgow-bound platform is an elevated signal box. It was constructed in 1911 and continues in service (2009). It is built to the typical elevated signal box design dominant between 1910 and 1920.
A free-standing male toilet was built towards the western end of the Lithgow-bound platform in 1900. The verandah posts which supported the original platform awnings on the Lithgow-bound platform were removed in 1927. This was part of a programme to modernise the appearance of platform buildings by the use of large brackets which had begun in the 1890s under Chief Commissioner, E.M.G. Eddy.
The present Sydney-bound platform was built to serve the duplication west to Hartley in 1911, and the present buildings provided. It featured a second Railway Refreshment Room with the traditional lantern roof, which closed in 1957. The 1911 Up platform building is roofed with slates. This is possibly the last station to utilise slates as a roofing material.
The station's history is closely linked to Jenolan Caves. The station was the destination for the famous "Caves Express" which operated between the 1920s and 1942 conveying holidaymakers to the Blue Mountains. It was also the nightly destination of the famous "The Fish" train from Sydney. It was the only destination on the NSW railway system to have two named trains terminate one for commuters and the other for tourists.
The pedestrian footbridge linking both platforms was of truss form and built in 1911, replacing an earlier c.1896 bridge. It is largely in original condition and is typical of the design used throughout the NSW railway system.
A Station Master's Cottage was also constructed in 1868 and was similar to another 11 residences on the Blue Mountains built in stone. The structure was demolished over 30 years ago but the keystone showing the date of construction is still extant. It is now located in the Baden Powell Park, Mount Victoria. The history of the cottage is important as it illustrates that residences not always reflected the status of the occupant. In this case, the Station Master received the same type and size structure as did Gatekeepers on the line.
The train involved in the 1977 Granville Rail Disaster, consisting of eight passenger carriages hauled by 46 class electric locomotive 4620, commenced its journey towards Sydney's Central Railway Station at 6:09 am. At approximately 8:10 am, whilst approaching Granville railway station, the locomotive derailed and struck one of the steel-and-concrete pillars supporting the bridge carrying Bold Street over the railway cutting, causing the bridge to fall on the derailed train, killing 84 passengers. "The Day of the Roses" and its associated death toll has been regarded as Australia's worst peacetime railway accident, eclipsing the death toll of the Camp Mountain Rail Accident that occurred in Queensland on 5 May 1947.
Platforms and services
Mount Victoria has two side platforms. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Lithgow. Some services terminate at Mount Victoria and stable in the sidings west of the station. The Bathurst Bullet operates two evening services to Bathurst.
Journey Beyond's weekly Indian Pacific also passes through Mount Victoria, but stops when traveling towards Sydney only.
Description
The complex includes a type 3, second class, sub-type 1, stone station building for platform 2, erected in 1869 with a refreshment room, erected in 1884; and a type 11, brick station building for platform 1, erected in 1913; platform 1 Lavatory Block 1 (); platform 2 Lavatory Block (); a signal box – type E, 48 lever, brick on platform 2 (1911); barracks/Rest house, brick (1911-1913); and the site of the former Station Master's Cottage (1868).
Other structures include a part stone and part brick faced platform 1, erected in the 1870s; a brick faced platform 2, erected in 1911; a footbridge (1911); and various other structures.
Station building platform 2 (1869, 1884)
External: Constructed of stone with a slate roof the station building on Platform 2 is a "type 3", second class station building altered to include refreshment rooms on the upper level with later brick extensions to both Up and Down ends. Its key features include a large two-storey central stone building flanked by attached stone and brick single-storey wing structures, a hipped slate roof to main building, gambrel roof to the Up end wing and flat roof to Down end wing, timber framed double-hung windows and timber panelled doors with standard iron brackets over decorative corbels supporting wide platform awnings, fretted timber work to both ends of awnings. The main two-storey central building features four tall brick chimneys with stone base and tops (one with chimney pot), bracketed eaves and segmental arched tall windows to the upper level. The single-storey sandstone south wing is part of the original station building with pitched slate roof and brick extension with corrugated metal gambrel roof and a brick chimney. The stone eaves of the original south wing are visible over the later platform awning. The south wing (ladies room) is a painted brick on the platform side and face brick on the car park side featuring tall face brick chimneys with corbelled tops and double-hung timber framed windows. An enclosed cantilevered balcony is located on the west side of the central wing, supported on cast iron brackets with iron lace (mostly removed). A ground floor brick and weatherboard skillion addition with a tall brick chimney is also located on the west side of the central wing.
Internal: The original layout of the station building in its extended form remains. The room arrangement on the ground floor includes combined station master's office, ticket office and booking office, general waiting room, and ladies room. The upper level accommodates the local museum with entry via the rear staircase. The station refreshment rooms no longer function. The original internal finishes include decorative plaster ceiling and moulded plaster cornices to the waiting room and ladies waiting room, moulded timber architraves to original building joinery, plasterboard ceilings to amenities, and tile and carpet floorings. All fireplaces have been enclosed.
Station building platform 1 (1913)
External: A single-storey building with slate gabled roof, gabled lantern roof to the centre and terracotta ridge capping. The walls are of face brick with black tuckpointed red brick jack arches to the openings. The walls have a brick plinth with red splay bricks. The south 5 bays are recessed with red bricks to the head of the recesses. The platform side of the building has timber framed double-hung windows with multi-paned upper sashes and double doors with coloured multi-pane fanlights. A double-hung ticket window is also located at the south end of the building. The building has various gabled wings at the rear. A cantilevered awning over the platform is supported on steel brackets on stanchions. It returns around the south side of the building and extends north to link with the lavatory building. A fretwork valance finishes the bay between the platform building and the lavatory. The half timber panelled gable end is visible behind the awnings.
Internal: The Platform 1 building is generally used by station staff and consists of two locked rooms and a general waiting room in the centre. The waiting room features decorative plaster ceiling, moulded timber architraves to window and door surrounds, a timber moulded dado above rendered dado line, timber skirting board and bricked in fireplace. Staff rooms were not accessible.
Platform 1 Lavatory Block ()
External: A single-storey face brick men's lavatory building with a parapeted gable on the platform side featuring roughcast frieze between moulded string courses. The roof is of corrugated metal with exposed rafters. The other features include a four-panelled door with arched fanlight, a louvered/fixed window on the north side with segmental brick arch and decorative stone sill, and a double window on the platform elevation with louvered upper sashes, segmental arch and decorative stone sill.
Platform 2 Lavatory Block ()
External: A single storey face brick gabled building with a brick screen wall on the south side providing privacy to the men's toilet entry. The building has a corrugated metal roof and plain bargeboards. The door and window openings have segmental arch lintels with louvers to the windows on east side and slots for ventilation in the gable ends.
Signal box (1911)
External: A large two-storey face-brick and timber signal box with a corrugated iron gabled roof featuring simple bargeboards, turned timber finial and boxed eaves. The gable end is clad with rusticated weatherboards and has a timber vent. The signal box is located on the Platform 2 (Down side) with the floor level raised above platform level. It has 6-pane horizontal sliding band windows on the upper floor some with internal steel security mesh. There are 9-pane arched windows on the ground floor with rendered sills. Access is via steel stairs to a landing on the south elevation.
Internal: The signal box retains many of its original/early equipment within a refurbished and interiors including plasterboard panelled ceilings, modern light fittings, vinyl floor coverings, modern kitchen facility and cupboards. Early timber panelled walls in the store room still exist. The signal box and its 48 lever mechanical frame were decommissioned in 2022.
Barracks/Rest House (1911 – 1913)
External: Located to the northeast of the station near No.26 Patrick Street, the barracks building is a single-storey gabled building on north–south axis with enclosed verandahs on the east and west elevations. The building is constructed of face brickwork, stretcher bond to the end walls, and Flemish bond under the verandahs. The gables have plain bargeboards with fretted timber boards to enclosed verandah ends. The large roof has been sheeted with corrugated metal. A large brick gable on the east side facing Patrick Street marks the original entry and is emphasized by a breakfront in the verandah. The verandah feature fibrocement panels to the bottom with brick base and band single-pane louvered windows to the upper portion. A brick chimney is located on the kitchen side of the building.
Internal: The floor layout of the barracks has been altered. An outer passageway exists, which was formally the verandah and external facades. Double-hung windows with simple concrete window sills, timber doors and simple face-brick walls are evident with ventilation grilles along the concrete base. The interior consists of six bedrooms, and a communal kitchen and lounge room area. Floors are tiled and modern fluorescent lights have been installed. Rooms were refurbished with modern skirting boards, architraves, bathroom amenities, and kitchen facilities.
Site of former Station Master's Cottage (1868)
The site of former Station Master's Cottage was built in 1868 and was constructed of stone similar to the pointsman's cottage at Glenbrook. The cottage was located a short distance to the south of the station and continued to be occupied by successive station masters until the twentieth century. It was demolished in 1934 when it became redundant and in poor condition due to vacancy for a long period. The site of the former cottage is now in a park named after Errol Barden, a Blue Mountains Shire Council employee who took a special interest in the environment of Mount Victoria.
Platform 1 (1870)
Platform 1 is a curved side platform and constructed of part stone and part brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. The platform is highly vegetated along the eastern side rocky escarpments with various mature trees, shrubs and potted plants along the length of the platform. The platform also features period and modern light fittings, timber bench seating, a number of early and modern signage and aluminium palisade fencing to both ends of the platform.
Platform 2 (1911)
Platform 2 is a roadside platform and constructed of brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. It was widened at the time of duplication and the addition of the new awning. This platform is also highly vegetated with various mature trees, shrubs and potted plants along the length of the platform. It also features period and modern light fittings, timber bench seating, early and modern signage, an early bubbler and aluminium palisade fencing to both ends and along the street side of the platform.
Footbridge (1911)
The footbridge is a standard Warren truss trestle and stairway with Hardie board long plank timber deck and channel iron stair stringers. The railing is supported on curved mild steel brackets. The footbridge connects both platforms and as the station is situated in a cutting, it extends on one side to the top of the embankment to connect to Patrick Street in the east and Station Street to the west. The balustrades to the stairs are timber post and handrail with wire mesh infill while the sides of the bridge enclosed with corrugated metal sheeting.
Moveable items
Early Platform signs
Platform Lighting – pendant style period pole lighting in group of two or one pendants with decorative brackets and pole base
Bubbler on platform 2 near the waiting room
Seth Thomas brand clock ID # 2418 in the signal box
48 lever interlocking frame, CTC panel, signal tools, emergency board and equipment, boarded fireplace & chimney breast, glass fronted framed notice board, framed signal information board, 1956 book shelf and supports in the signal box
2 x L-shaped early timber seats in the Platform 1 waiting room
Early iron scale outside of SM's office on Platform 2
Period timber bench seats on both platforms
Landscape features
The setting of the station within the rock escarpment is the typical natural setting of the Blue Mountains stations. The station features a numerous collection of flora ranging from mature trees, shrubs and potted plants along both platforms, adding to the historic character of the station group.
Potential archaeological features
There are no known potential archaeological elements on the station. However, a number of remnant sidings, levers and giants from the earlier electrification system exist along the rock escarpment of Platform 1 and may have archaeological potential. The site of the former Station Master's cottage also has archaeological potential.
Condition
Platform 1 Station Building – Good
Platform 2 Station Building – Generally Good Condition (cement render at the bottom of the stone walls detrimental to the stone walls)
Lavatory Blocks – Very Good externally
Signal Box – Very good
Barracks/Rest House – Generally in Good condition
Site of former SM's cottage – not inspected
Platforms – Good
Footbridge – Generally Good with evidence of natural wear & rusting
The overall integrity of the station and its buildings is high. The majority of the buildings at the station are intact with minor changes to their exteriors. Although modified, the barracks maintains their overall integrity at a moderate level. The footbridge has high integrity and intactness.
Modifications and dates
1868 – 1884: Platform 2 station building extended to provide refreshment rooms with extended awning, rear awning removed
1891: Minor renovations and extension to awning of Platform 2 station building.
1898: Additions and repairs to Platform 2 station building.
1902: Improvements to Platform 2 station building.
1993: Internal upgrade works to Platform 1 and Platform 2 station buildings
N.d: Ticket window at south end of Platform 1 station building bricked up and the cantilevered balcony has most cast iron removed and is infilled with fibro and louvred windows.
N.d: Flush doors added to barracks building, internal layout altered, and the verandah enclosed with fibro and louvres.
Further information
Other structures
Located within the curtilage are various other 20th Century subsidiary structures, that have not been assessed as part of this listing. These include:
Carport/Gangshed – clad in sheet metal (Down side)
Section Hut – concrete drop-slab x 2 (Down side)
Decant Pump Shelter (Down side)
Possible Traction-section Hut (south of barracks)
Cleaners Amenities Building (north of barracks).
Transport links
Blue Mountains Transit operates one bus route via Mount Victoria station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
698V: to Katoomba
Heritage listing
Mount Victoria Railway Station Group is of state significance as a large complex of buildings illustrating clearly the pattern of development of railway facilities in the Blue Mountains area. It is the most substantial railway station complex in the Blue Mountains and indicates the former importance of the location with the former locomotive depot (now demolished) to service terminating trains for railway tourism associated with Jenolan Caves and handling goods trains over the steep grades of the Blue Mountains, particularly the section to Lithgow. The structures indicate the importance of Mount Victoria as a health and holiday resort, the RRR accommodation provided in the station building reinforcing this.
The Mount Victoria Railway Station Group has a high degree of research potential for its ability to demonstrate construction techniques and architectural character of various types of buildings in one station. The station is a fine example of railway architecture including Victorian Regency and Federation buildings and is an important landmark in the townscape of Mt Victoria being located at the lower end of the town at the termination of the main street vista. The Mount Victoria Railway barracks is an unusual surviving example of a purpose-built rest-house still used by the railways for staff accommodation. The signal box is one of a few examples of brick on platform elevated signal boxes that remain in operation in the state. The footbridge is rare as an intact example of a standard Warren Truss trestle and stairway with channel iron stair stringers. The overall aesthetic character of the station is further enhanced by the setting of the station within the rock escarpment, a typical natural setting of the Blue Mountains stations, featuring a collection of numerous flora ranging from mature trees, shrubs and potted plants along both platforms.
The Mount Victoria Railway Station is associated with John Whitton, Engineer-in-Chief of the NSW Railways, as the original station building was built to a design from his time, and with George Cowdery, Engineer-in-Chief for Existing Lines, as the two-level stone addition containing the Railway Refreshment Room was built under his supervision.
Mount Victoria railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
The historical importance of Mount Victoria Railway Station Group as a railway location is demonstrated by a variety of high quality buildings which clearly show the development of the Station over time, particularly between 1872 and 1912, illustrating clearly the growth and decline of railway facilities in the Blue Mountains area. Mt Victoria was a convenient place to construct a locomotive facility (now demolished) to service terminating trains to serve railway tourism associated with the Jenolan Caves and handling goods trains over the steep grades of the Blue Mountains, particularly the section to Lithgow. The structures indicate the importance of Mt Victoria as a health and holiday resort, the Railway Refreshment Rooms and accommodation provided in the station building reinforcing this. The Mount Victoria Railway Rest-House (Barracks) is associated with the duplication of the railway line over the Blue Mountains in 1910 and is significant for its continued use as accommodation. The Station Group is the most substantial railway station complex in the Blue Mountains, demonstrating clear layers of growth from its original construction as a terminus station, through its growth at the turn of the century to the duplication of the railway line.
The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.
The Mount Victoria Railway Station is associated with John Whitton, Engineer-in-Chief of the NSW Railways, as the original Station building was built to a design from his time, and with George Cowdery, Engineer-in-Chief for Existing Lines, as the two-level stone addition containing the Railway Refreshment Room was built under his supervision.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The Mount Victoria Railway Station Group is of aesthetic significance for its cohesive group of Victorian Regency and Federation buildings and is an important landmark in the townscape of Mt Victoria, being located at the lower end of the town at the termination of the main street vista.
While contemporary with the majority of station buildings surviving on the Blue Mountains railway line, the Platform 1 building and adjoining lavatory building do not derive from the standard pattern used for those buildings as it has been built for a side platform rather than an island platform. It has high quality detailing with its brick detailing, clearstory window and use or roughcast render.
The signal box on Platform 2 is a representative example of its type, adapted to suit the side platform rather than the more typical island platform. It is a well detailed building designed and orientated to maximize views of the lines in each direction. The Mount Victoria barracks has a simple gabled form with wide verandahs and has been modified significantly yet still provides an example of a former rest-house facility established within close proximity of the railway line.
The overall aesthetic character of the station is further enhanced by the setting of the station within the rock escarpment, a typical natural setting of the Blue Mountains stations, featuring a collection of numerous flora ranging from mature trees, shrubs and potted plants along both platforms.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The Mount Victoria Railway Station Group has a high degree of research potential for its demonstrative ability in providing construction techniques and architectural character of various types of buildings in one station. The station building on Platform 2 is of particular research significance for its staged construction over time to accommodate different staff and passenger needs. The site of the former SM's cottage also has archaeological potential.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The Mount Victoria Station group is a rare Victorian era railway station combining a number of individually significant buildings and structures. The signal box is one of a few brick on platform signal boxes remaining in the state. The Railway Refreshment Rooms, though no longer used for their original purpose, are rare examples of such railway facility associated with the station's important location.
The barracks are relatively rare in the metro area (8 in 2009) though at least 37 remain in NSW. While of later construction it is representative of the late 1890s standard design of rest-house that provided accommodation to railway staff.
The footbridge is rare as an intact example of a standard Warren Truss trestles and stairway with Hardie Board long plank timber deck and channel iron stair stringers as almost all similar footbridges have been replaced with concrete.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
Mount Victoria Railway Station Group is a representative example of a substantial railway station complex combining various types, periods and styles of buildings dating from the 19th Century and early 20th Century, each individually representing their standard designs and types.
The footbridge is an intact representative example of a standard Warren Truss trestle footbridge with stairway, Hardie Board long plank timber deck and channel iron stair stringers. The barracks, although modified still demonstrates the key characteristics of standard accommodation for railway staff constructed during the early 20th Century.
See also
List of railway stations in New South Wales
References
Attribution
External links
Mount Victoria station details Transport for New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1869
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Former Barracks in Australia
Houses in New South Wales
Main Western railway line, New South Wales
Military installations in New South Wales
Mount Victoria, New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Transport in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales) |
4146159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20Rokita | Todd Rokita | Theodore Edward Rokita ( ; born February 9, 1970) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 44th and current Attorney General of Indiana. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he served two terms as Secretary of State of Indiana from 2002 to 2010. When Rokita was elected to office in 2002 at age 32, he became the youngest secretary of state in the United States at the time.
Rokita was a candidate to replace Mike Pence in the 2016 Indiana gubernatorial election after Pence withdrew from the race to be Donald Trump's running mate in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. He lost to Eric Holcomb, Pence's lieutenant governor. Rokita vacated his U.S. House seat and unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate in 2018. In 2020, Rokita defeated incumbent Curtis Hill for the Republican nomination for Indiana Attorney General, and won the general election.
Early life and career
Rokita grew up in Munster, Indiana and attended Munster High School. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana. In 1990, Rokita, then 20, was arrested in Bloomington, Indiana, and charged with possession of false ID and illegal consumption. The arrest occurred during a traffic stop for speeding in which Rokita allegedly provided false identification and appeared intoxicated. In 2018, while running for US Senate, Rokita acknowledged he was underage and possessed alcohol, passed a sobriety test, and that the arresting charges of underage consumption and possession of a false ID were dismissed. The IndyStar reported that it was unclear if the charges were dropped because of his participation in a diversion program or other reasons. He has a J.D. degree from IUPUI Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. Rokita was a practicing attorney. In 1997 he joined the secretary of state's office as general counsel. He later became deputy secretary of state. In 2000, Rokita served as legal counsel for seven Florida counties during the recount for the George W. Bush presidential campaign.
Indiana Secretary of State
Rokita was Indiana Secretary of State from 2002 to 2010. Elected in 2002, Todd Rokita became the youngest Secretary of state in the United States at the time. Rokita was active in the National Association of Secretaries of State (NASS), and after serving as the elected treasurer, he became the President for the 2007–2008 term. He was elected by his peers nationally to serve on the nine-member federal executive board of the Election Assistance Commission.
Controversial comments
In April 2007, Rokita was speaking at a Republican event, and encouraged Republicans to reach out to African Americans, mentioning 90 percent of African American voters vote Democratic, after which he asked, "How can that be? Ninety to ten. Who's the master and who's the slave in that relationship? How can that be healthy?". During the course of the same private meeting Rokita was told his office should reflect the diversity of the state, at the time of his remarks 89% of the employees in Rokita's office were white. Four days after making those remarks, he apologized. Rokita also met privately with eleven members of the Indiana Black Legislative Caucus to apologize for the comment. Representative Vernon Smith, D-Gary, told reporters, "He apologized to our satisfaction. We do believe he was sincere in his apology."
Voting rights
In 2005, Rokita helped craft and implement Indiana's voter photo identification law. The law required voters who cast their ballots at Indiana polling locations to show government issued photo identification. As one of the first states to require photo identification for voting, the Indiana law was viewed to be one of the strictest voter identification laws at the time.
Rokita was a named defendant when Indiana's voter identification case went before the U.S. Supreme Court on January 9, 2008; the combined cases of Crawford v. Marion County Election Board (07-21) and Indiana Democratic Party v. Rokita (07-25). In April 2008, the Supreme Court upheld Indiana's voter photo ID law. Rokita noted as a result of the Supreme Court decision that "The Indiana case is still very much the law of the land and I don't expect that to change." Following the ruling, the New York Times's Adam Cohen suggested the court's conservative majority has "become increasingly hostile to voters" by siding with Indiana's voter identification laws which tend to "disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver's licenses, especially poor and minority voters". Senator Al Franken criticized the ruling for "eroding individual rights."
Redistricting
In September 2009, Rokita outlined a plan called "Rethinking Redistricting" to reform how Indiana's legislative districts are drawn to reduce gerrymandering. He proposed making it a felony for lawmakers to use political data or incumbents' addresses when drawing electoral maps. Rokita said boundaries should follow existing county and township lines, and that each of the 50 Senate districts should be divided into two House districts, claiming that would lead to more competitive legislative elections.
The reform plan sought to achieve these five objectives:
Keep communities of interest together
Create more compact and geographically uniform districts
Reduce voters' confusion about who represents them by following already existing political boundaries, such as county and township lines
Not use any political data, including incumbent addresses, for partisan reasons
"Nest" two House districts under the existing lines of a Senate district
U.S. House of Representatives
Rokita was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 2011 to 2019. Rokita vacated his House seat to run for the Indiana U.S. Senate seat held by Democrat Joe Donnelly, losing the Republican nomination to eventual senator Mike Braun.
In October 2013 during the American government shutdown, Rokita was interviewed by CNN journalist Carol Costello. Her pointed questions about Rokita's defense of the shutdown that furloughed hundreds of thousands of government employees without compensation while he continued to receive his paycheck, were eventually countered with his statement that she was "beautiful but you have to be honest" and that journalists were part of the problem. The Congressman's office issued a statement that he intended no offense by his comments.
Attorney General of Indiana
In 2020, Rokita challenged incumbent Attorney General of Indiana Curtis Hill for the Republican nomination. Rokita defeated Hill for re-nomination in mail-in voting at the Republican state convention, gaining 52% of the vote on the third round. Rokita's nomination marked a political comeback after his unsuccessful runs for governor in 2016 and U.S. Senate in 2018. In the general election, Rokita faced Democratic nominee Jonathan Weinzapfel, a former mayor of Evansville. Rokita defeated Weinzapfel in the November election, the sixth consecutive election in which Republicans retained control of the AG's office.
Rokita was sworn in as Attorney General in January 2021. In 2021, Rokita faced scrutiny for collecting tens of thousands of dollars in payments for advisory roles from various healthcare and pharmaceutical companies while holding public office. In July 2022, Lauren Robel, former Indiana University provost and law school dean, sent a three-page letter to the Indiana Supreme Court Disciplinary Commission calling for a disciplinary investigation into Rokita, alleging he made "false or baseless" statements on Fox News concerning an Indiana doctor who performed an abortion for a 10-year-old Ohio rape victim.
Election reform
Rokita led a letter signed by 20 Republican state attorneys general opposing the For the People Act, election reform legislation introduced by Democrats in the United States House of Representatives. In March 2021, Rokita testified in the U.S. Senate Rules Committee in opposition to the legislation, threatening to sue if the bill became law. Rokita asserted voting laws should be based on voters' perceptions, rather than any actual evidence of fraud. Democratic Senator Jon Ossoff, responding to Rokita's statement, said he took exception to the notion "that public concern regarding the integrity of the recent election is born of anything but a deliberate and sustained misinformation campaign led by a vain former president unwilling to accept his own defeat" and that said he found it disturbing that a state attorney general "would indulge in that kind of misinformation and spread those kinds of conspiracies".
Lawsuits against the Biden administration
Rokita joined other Republican state AGs in suing the Biden administration over an executive order on environmental protection and climate change.
Abortion case
After a 10-year-old rape victim received a lawful abortion in Indiana, Rokita told Fox News in July 2022 that Catlin Bernard, the gynecologist who performed the abortion, was an "abortion activist acting as a doctor with a history of failing to report" abortions, indicating that Rokita would investigate whether the gynecologist had fulfilled the reporting requirement in this case, and threatening a suspension of her medical license or criminal prosecution if that was not done. Indiana government records released through a public records request by Fox 59 showed that the gynecologist had filed the report within the required three-day timeframe. Rokita's office responded that they would continue investigating the gynecologist.
A lawyer for the gynecologist sent a cease-and-desist letter to Rokita stating "Your false and defamatory statements to Fox News on July 13, 2022, cast [the gynecologist] in a false light and allege misconduct in her profession" and "mislead consumers and patients". In November 2022, the gynecologist sued Rokita in Indiana Commercial Court, alleging that he improperly launched investigations into her based on meritless consumer complaints that were filed by individuals who had not actually interacted with the gynecologist, but made the complaints based on reading about the case of the 10-year old receiving an abortion.
On November 30, 2022, Rokita sent a complaint about the gynecologist to the Indiana Medical Licensing Board, asking for sanctions on the gynecologist. The complaint alleged that the gynecologist broke privacy laws and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act when discussing the case with the media, even though the gynecologist did not reveal the girl's identity. The complaint also alleged that the gynecologist did not immediately report the abuse to Indiana authorities. The gynecologist testified in court that she had informed her hospital's social work department about the abuse even before the 10-year-old travelled to Indianapolis, and also testified that the hospital's social work department handles the submission of abuse reports to authorities.
In December 2022, Marion County Judge Heather Welch found that Rokita "clearly violated Indiana law", specifically "the licensing statute's confidentiality provision by discussing the statutorily confidential investigation [against the gynecologist] in statements to the media" in July 2022 and September 2022 before making a complaint to the Medical Licensing Board in November 2022. The judge elaborated that Rokita's "comments do constitute irreparable harm" in relation to the gynecologist's "concerns about reputational and professional harm". However, the judge rejected the gynecologist's request to stop Rokita from obtaining the medical records of the gynecologist's patients, leading to the gynecologist withdrawing her lawsuit.
In September 2023, Rokita sued Bernard's employer, hospital system IU Health, claiming that it had failed to protect the 10-year old's privacy. Also that month, the Disciplinary Commission of the Indiana Supreme Court filed professional misconduct charges against Rokita. Two charges pertained to his July 2022 comment to the media that Bernard was an "abortion activist acting as a doctor, with a history of failing to report"; the commission alleged that Rokita's comment had "no substantial purpose other than to embarrass, delay, or burden", and that Rokita's comment was an "extrajudicial statement" that Rokita "should reasonably know" would spread publicly and would have a "substantial likelihood of materially prejudicing an adjudicative proceeding in the matter." The third charge alleged that Rokita violated his "duty of confidentiality" due to public statements made before referring Bernard to the medical board. Rokita responded that the situation was one "that 'cancels' non-compliant citizens through intimidation as well as tactics that can weaponize our respected institutions", and also argued that the duty of confidentiality may only apply to his employees and not him, the attorney general.
COVID-19 pandemic
In May 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Rokita issued an opinion stating that Indiana University's implementation of a mandate to show proof of immunization violated state law. He also cited that Purdue University found a procedural loophole by not requiring vaccination status, but to participate in testing. In November 2021, Rokita filed a law suit against the Biden administration opposing a federal mandate. In April 2022, Rokita issued a statement saying that Indiana schools could not be sued for COVID-related damages. In November 2022, Rokita asked the Indiana Supreme Court to decide if students can file class-action lawsuits against Indiana’s public universities to recover tuition and fees paid for services not rendered due to cancellation of in-person classes during the pandemic.
Social media
In December 2022, Rokita filed a lawsuit against TikTok, claiming that the platform exposes minors to age-inappropriate content and puts users' data at risk.
Political positions
Abortion
Rokita opposes abortion and has maintained a 100% anti-abortion voting record according to the National Right to Life Committee. He stated he believes that life begins from the moment of conception "without exception".
Affordable Care Act
In 2013, Rokita stated the Affordable Care Act was "one of the most insidious laws ever created by man".
Agriculture
Rokita opposes direct federal government regulation of agriculture. As a former representative of a heavy-farming district in Indiana, he supported deregulating agriculture.
Cannabis
Rokita has a "D" rating from NORML for his voting history on cannabis-related causes. He opposes recreational use of marijuana, citing concern that it is a "gateway drug" to more dangerous narcotics. He expressed willingness to support legalization of some medical uses for marijuana only if the THC is removed.
Rokita is a supporter of industrial hemp, having voted to allow its production. In December 2018, he told a group of local Republicans that legalizing industrial hemp "could help the farming community".
Economy
In 2017, Rokita voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
Education
Rokita supports charter schools, school choice, and reducing the role of the Department of Education in setting education policy. In 2015, Rokita and Senator Marco Rubio introduced the Education Opportunities Act, a bill to expand choice options through the use of tax credits.
As Chairman of the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary, and Secondary Education, he had an active role in crafting the Every Student Succeeds Act, which reauthorized the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act. In May, Rokita introduced bipartisan legislation with Alcee Hastings (D-FL) to help students and parents with student loan debt. His legislation would allow student loan borrowers to refinance loans and have access to lower market rate loans.
Environment
Rokita does not accept the scientific consensus that human activity is the driving factor of climate change, and at a 2013 town-hall event called the idea that climate change was caused by human activity "arrogant". Rokita has a 4% lifetime voting rating from the League of Conservation Voters, an environmentalist group.
Guns
Rokita has stated: "I'm proud of my "A" rating from the NRA" and has said that he will "protect our 2nd Amendment right to keep and bear arms."
Health care
Rokita opposes the Affordable Care Act and voted dozens of times to repeal it during his time in Congress. While running for Indiana Attorney General in 2020, Rokita pledged to support a lawsuit to have the Affordable Care Act deemed unconstitutional.
In December 2021, Rokita appeared on station WSBT and appeared to suggest he did not trust statistics indicating that COVID-19 had killed Hoosiers, stating, "I don't believe any numbers anymore." Days later, in a series of tweets explaining the WSBT interview response, Rokita, without evidence, cited healthcare workers with financial motivations as the source of the allegedly misleading statistics and for recording deaths from other causes as COVID-19 fatalities. In the same series of tweets, Rokita thanked healthcare workers, stating they were heroes.
Immigration
In 2017, Rokita introduced the Stopping Lawless Actions of Politicians (SLAP) Act. The legislation would introduce fines and jail time for state and local politicians who implemented sanctuary city policies. The SLAP Act did not receive a vote and thus was not enacted into law.
Rokita supported President Trump's 2017 executive order temporarily banning citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries from entering the U.S.
Tribal lands
Rokita authored the Tribal Labor Sovereignty Act. The bill would "make clear that the National Labor Relations Board has no jurisdiction over businesses owned and operated by an Indian tribe and located on tribal land." It cleared the House as of 2018, but has not been considered in the Senate.
Donald Trump
During his time in Congress, Rokita voted in line with President Donald Trump 90.3% of the time. During the Republican primary for the 2018 United States Senate election in Indiana, Rokita earned the support of the chair and vice chair of 2016 Trump campaign in Indiana.
In May 2019, the Trump White House announced Trump would nominate Rokita to join the AMTRAK Board of Directors. The Senate did not act on the nomination, which expired on January 3, 2021, at the end of the 116th Congress.
Efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election
In 2020, after former Vice President Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and Trump refused to concede while making false claims of fraud, Rokita, as Attorney General-elect, endorsed a petition (Texas v. Pennsylvania) to the United States Supreme Court submitted by the Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton who sought to challenge the 2020 presidential election results. The Supreme Court rejected the petition.
After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol in January 2021, Rokita declined to sign a National Association of Attorneys General letter condemning the attack. Instead, he issued his own statement with other Republican Attorneys General writing, "we can uphold the critical Constitutional right to freedom of speech as we oppose any attempt to hijack a protest to condemn violence." Two days later, Rokita tweeted that "I will always be for our President." The next day he issued a statement saying that the tweets were an "experiment in free speech"; criticizing social media companies for "controlling the entire dialogue of a nation"; and said that "I also condemn the Capitol violence in the same way and terms that I have condemned the violence last summer." In February 2021, Rokita falsely implied on Twitter that the 2020 presidential election had been "stolen" from Trump. The platform initially restricted the distribution of Rokita's message, citing the risk of violence, but later found that the tweets in question did not violate policy.
Electoral history
2002
On June 15, 2002, Rokita won the Republican nomination for Indiana Secretary of State at the state convention over Mike Delph, then an aide to U.S. Representative Dan Burton, Marion County Coroner John McGodd, and then-Vanderburgh County Commissioner Richard Mourdock. Rokita went on to win the general election with 53.4% of the vote.
2006
Rokita received the Republican nomination again in 2006 and won the general election with 51.1% of the vote in a year when Democrats took five of Indiana's nine congressional seats.
2010
On February 1, 2010, three days after Congressman Steve Buyer of said that he would retire at the end of his term, Rokita posted an announcement on Facebook making clear his intentions to run for the open seat. Buyer's announcement touched off a free-for-all among area Republicans to succeed him. Ultimately, 13 candidates entered the Republican primary, including Rokita.
With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+14, the 4th is one of the most Republican districts in the Eastern Time Zone and tied for the second-most Republican in the state (behind the 5th District). It was taken for granted that whoever won the primary would be heavily favored to be the district's next representative. Rokita won the primary with 42% of the vote and the general election with 68.6% of the vote.
2012
Rokita won the general election in 2012 with 62% of the vote.
2014
Rokita won the Republican nomination in 2014 with 71% of the vote. He won the general election with 67% of the vote over John Dale, a teacher at Western Boone High School.
2016
Rokita won the Republican nomination in 2016 with 60% of the vote. In the general election, he faced John Dale in a rematch from 2014. Rokita was reelected with 65% of the vote to Dale's 30%. Libertarian Steven M. Mayoras received 5%.
2018
On August 8, 2017, Rokita announced his intention to vacate his house seat, and run for the U.S. Senate in 2018 against Democratic incumbent Joe Donnelly. He lost the Republican primary election to Mike Braun, coming in second with 30% of the vote.
2020
On July 10, 2020, Rokita defeated incumbent Indiana Attorney General Curtis Hill during the Indiana Republican Party Convention. Rokita went on to win the November general election, securing 58.34% of the vote.
Personal life and affiliations
Rokita is a member of the Director's Circle of the Indiana Council for Economic Education, the state bar association, the Knights of Columbus, and the National Rifle Association. He has also served as Chair of NASS's New Millennium Young Voters Summit of 2004, chair of the standing Voter Participation Committee and vice chair of the Securities Regulation Committee. He is a member of the Indiana chapter of the International Flying Farmers, and member of the Saint Vincent Hospital Foundation Board of Directors.
Rokita's oldest son, Teddy, suffers from Angelman syndrome. Rokita is a commercial-rated pilot.
Rokita formerly lived in Clermont, an "included town" in Indianapolis under the Unigov system. The 2010 round of redistricting cut out the 4th's share of Indianapolis and Marion County, leaving Rokita's home 500 yards outside the new 4th's eastern border. Members of Congress are required to live only in the state they represent, but it is a strong convention that they live within their district's borders. In 2012 Rokita ran for reelection from his home in Clermont, but he later bought a home near Brownsburg, a western suburb of Indianapolis within the 4th district.
Rokita is Catholic.
References
External links
Disciplinary Complaint in the matter of Theodore E. Rokita, in the Supreme Court of the State of Indiana, September 18, 2023
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1970 births
21st-century American politicians
American politicians of Polish descent
American Roman Catholics
Candidates in the 2018 United States Senate elections
Christians from Indiana
Catholics from Indiana
Indiana Attorneys General
Indiana lawyers
Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law alumni
Living people
People from Munster, Indiana
Politicians from Indianapolis
Secretaries of State of Indiana
Wabash College alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana |
4146264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithgow%20railway%20station | Lithgow railway station | Lithgow railway station is a heritage-listed former station master's residence and railway station and now guest accommodation and railway station located on the Main Western line at Railway Parade, Lithgow, City of Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed and built by New South Wales Government Railways and built from 1924 to 1925. It is also known as Lithgow Railway Station Group and Residence and Eskbank East. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 30 August 2013. The station has frequent NSW TrainLink services running to and from Sydney Central.
History
With the completion of the Lithgow Zig Zag in 1869, the Western railway's terminus moved from to Bowenfels, signifying the successful crossing of the Blue Mountains. Whilst the railway would continue west, Lithgow proved to be an important destination in itself due to coal and iron ore deposits. The line opened in 1869 but there was no station for Lithgow until 1877. The first station at Lithgow was located east of the present site in June 1877. The former 1877 railway platform is still extant. The line was duplicated in 1880.
In the first half of the 1920s, it was decided to expand Lithgow as a regional headquarters for the NSW Railways. Apart from the new large locomotive depot, the Railways selected a new site west of Eskbank station for the development of a new passenger station to replace Eskbank Station, which remains but is unused.
Like most stations between Emu Plains and Lithgow, Lithgow received a standard Federation style set of two platform structures, a main face brick building and a detached brick "out-of" shed. There was also a footwarmer shed on the western end of the platform. The new station site featured two new buildings, both opened on 9 March 1925. The first was a timber booking and parcels office elevated on a steel beam frame with a concrete deck that was located adjacent to Eskbank Street. Access from this entry point was by a ramp and stepway to the island platform. One unusual feature was the installation of a lift for staff use only to handle baggage, parcels and "out-ofs".
It is assumed that the dry stone retaining wall is associated with the adjacent remnant concrete pedestrian ramp and therefore the original construction of the railway station.
A two-storey face brick office building for train controller and western communications was constructed at 12 Railway Parade at the corner of Railway Parade and Eskbank Street in 1954–56, and is still in use in 2009. In 1957 the line was electrified through Lithgow to Bowenfels, but Lithgow is the present limit of electric operations.
In 1961, the last traditional Railway Refreshment Room was built and opened in the Sydney end of the building, following the closure of a similar facility at Mount Victoria. The refreshment room closed in July 1990, being the last example in the state.
The station exit was originally located on the footbridge at the eastern end of the platform until replaced by the present concourse in August 1991. The overhead station offices and footbridge were constructed in and access has been relocated to the western end of the station.
Description
Landscape features
The setting of the station within a relatively steep rock cutting provides a distinctive landscape presentation to Lithgow Railway Station. The northern embankment has been sealed with shotcrete and the same material has been used partway along the southern embankment. The exposed embankment surface is a friable composition of shale, rubble and soils. Removal of vegetation has revealed a dry stone wall of roughly shaped sandstone blocks set near to the top of the southern embankment, extending from the overhead footbridge for approximately with a height ranging form to the concrete ramp. Proximity to the ramp indicates the wall is an integral element of the original station construction. A "path" or bed for the concrete ramp runs across the embankment in front of the wall.
Apart from a couple of garden beds with shrubs (clipped into spheres and rounded shapes) and a small planting of annuals (traditionally) and hardy soft-wooded perennials (again, tightly clipped into shapes) along the eastern portion of the island platform there is no other landscaping at the station. The existing landscaping is not considered significant but contributes to the setting and character of the place and continues a tradition of railway gardening on this site for some time.
Structures and buildings
The heritage-listed complex comprises:
Island platform – brick-faced (1925)
Old Station Platform – levelled rock face (1877)
Eskbank Street Overbridge (1924)
Station Building – type 11, island-building, brick (1925)
Former Booking/Parcels office & Goods lift tower – timber (1925)
Station Master's residence – 6 Railway Parade (c.1880)
Hayley Street Footbridge and Overhead Booking Office (1993)
Island platform, erect 1925
Lithgow station is a typical island platform, curving slightly along the Up end. The platform is brick faced with concrete deck and asphalt finish. Modern light fittings, illuminated signage, timber bench seating, small planters, and a central garden bed (which appears to be the former location of the access ramp/stairs from Eskbank Street) comprise the platform furnishings. The platform is set within the rock cutting lower than the adjoining street levels and accessed from the western end via concrete stairs and U-shaped tube-like ramps leading to the footbridge linking the station to both Railway Parade and Main Street. A contemporary canopy provides weather protection between the station building and the footbridge through the stairs.
Hayley Street Footbridge and booking office, erected 1993
The Hayley Street Footbridge is a modern concrete deck footbridge suspended over steel beam and trestles over the station platform and the railway tracks to both side streets leading to the bus interchange on Railway Parade. It has a simple arrangement with the Station Master's office and the booking office on the northern half featuring a gabled corrugated metal roof with a small series of skylights. The remainder of the footbridge is covered with the same roof with no skylights and features steel pipe-rail balustrades with glazed enclosures. It is linked to the platform by the tube-like ramp and the stairs. A lift tower is located at the ramp entrance of the footbridge. The footbridge, overhead booking office and Station Master's office are typical of modern structures with simple detailing and no architectural merit. Excluded from listing.
Old Station platform, erected 1877
This former platform is evidence of the first Lithgow Station and is a levelled railway platform over the rock cutting. It is located further to the west of the present station at the southern foundation of the Sandford Avenue overbridge. Access to the redundant platform was not available for close inspection. The former station building no longer exists.
Esbank Street over bridge, erected
Two rendered segmental arch spandrels with rock cliff abutments on both sides of the former overhead booking/parcels office structure.
Station building, erected 1925 and extended 1961
External: Constructed of face brick with a corrugated metal gabled roof extending as an awning to both platforms, the Lithgow station building is an island platform building in standard "A10" Federation style design. It features ten bays with a linear arrangement along with the platform with tuckpointed brickwork and engaged piers between the bays. The eastern (Up) end of the building has been extended approximately one bay in 1961 (formerly used as Railway Refreshment Room) with a matching gable end detailing featuring large metal box-framed window openings supported on with brick brackets with security mesh and a single door with side windows and fanlight on the east side. A narrow awning provides protection over this door. Other features to the original bays of the building include standard iron brackets over decorative corbels supporting the ample platform awnings, fretted timber work to both ends of the awnings, timber-framed double-hung vertically proportioned windows with multi-paned upper sashes, timber panelled doors with multi-paned fanlights, and a brick chimney with corbelled top and modern roof vents to toilets. The wall-mounted clock on the No.1 platform next to the Station Master's office appears original. Windows on the platform elevations of the two most eastern bays have been enlarged and covered by security mesh or grills. Another single door with windows on each side is also located on the west end of the building and provides access to the gent's toilets. There is a modern canopy extension at the western end of the station building, where the new platform canopy extends from the footbridge stairs access to the station.
Internal: Although the station building generally appears intact externally its internal room layouts and divisions have been modified. The original floor layout included (from west to east) an SM's office, telegraph office, general waiting room, ladies room & lavatory, store and gent's room. The current floor layout consists of a locked room, SM's office, waiting room, ladies toilets, staff meal room and gent's toilets. Apart from the toilets and the waiting room the rest of the rooms are kept locked. The interiors have been refurbished with only plasterboard ceiling panelling, simple moulded cornices and high wall vents appear to remain from the original phase. The floors are tiled.
Former book / Parcels office and goods lift tower, erected in 1925
External: The former booking office is located on the western side of the Eskbank Street overhead bridge at the Up end of the station. Constructed of timber with weatherboard cladding the building is now partially utilised as ladies waiting room and public toilets. It is elevated on a steel beam and trestles structure with a concrete deck and adjoins the arched road overbridge on the eastern side. The former booking/parcels office also adjoins the timber goods lift tower on the north side. The street elevation of the building has been faced with a brick wall and a flat awning along the street frontage. A timber panelled balustrade with artwork reflecting a coal mining theme completes the remaining portion of the overhead bridge on the north side of the tower. The door and windows on the street elevations are of later modifications with metal frames and security mesh. The large gates to the former parcels office and the goods lift have been blocked with metal panels. The original timber-framed double-hung windows with multi-paned upper sashes are located on north, east and west elevations of the booking/parcels office. A shallow pitched gabled red corrugated iron roof covers the building. The timber goods lift tower is the dominant element of the former booking/parcels office building and has a hipped corrugated metal roof. The goods lift is not in operation, and it is not clear if the original lift survives. However; the existence of a few safety signs indicates possible uses for maintenance or similar activities. The timber tower extends down onto the platform with a timber panelled out-of-shed building on the platform. The southern leg of the steel trestles sits within the out-of-shed.
Internal: Access only was available to the open ladies waiting room and toilets. The interiors of this former booking office are simple with plasterboard wall and ceiling panelling decorated with plain timber rail at lintel height and timber skirting. Floors are tiled. The original ticket window survives.
Station Master's residence, erected
External: Located at 6 Railway Parade to the eastern side of Lithgow Station, the Station Master's residence is a fine example of a grand two-storey railway residence. It is constructed of brick and stone, with rusticated render to the main railway facades and a slate tiled roof. The residence is located on the northern side of the railway line with a projecting faceted observatory room over the entrance portico. The distinctive Victorian features include arched windows with contrasting rendered moulded trims and sills, projecting keystones, rendered contrasting string band at the first-floor slab level, decorative moulded brackets supporting the wide eaves, a rendered chimney with corbelled top, timber-framed double-hung windows with two-pane upper sashes, timber panelled entrance door with sidelights and fanlight, and an arched two-storey high decorative portico with tessellated tile flooring over the front entry dominating the railway facade. A highly decorated drawing room bay on the ground floor level dominates the Sydney side elevation of the building and features a series of segmental-arched tall windows with moulded sill course and label panels below the sill, pitched slate roof with lead capping and flashing, decorative moulded brackets supporting the awning, and moulded trims and keystones to the arches. Access to the residence is via a porch from the face brick two-storey wing on the Railway Parade elevation. A later skillion roof utility room addition is located on the western side of the residence. The orientation of the building's openings including the architectural detailing and embellishment provide evidence of the close relationship between the Station Master's residence and the Station as well as the importance given to the railway staff at the time.
Internal: The former Station Master's residence is still in use as guest accommodation and generally maintains its original layout and detailing despite the refurbishments over time. The main original features include timber board ceiling lining to the refurbished kitchen, timber moulded architraves throughout, decorative high wall vents, timber panelled ceilings with decorative ceiling roses to main ground floor rooms and upper floor bedrooms, an original light switch, timber decorative stair with turned balustrade and newel post and fireplaces with simple timber surround. There is only one fireplace with a cast iron grate, the remainder of the fireplaces having been blocked. The kitchen features an old-style Bega brand stove in the fireplace. The bathrooms and kitchen are relatively new fit-outs while the floor finishes are generally carpet to the rooms and tile to the wet areas. A small laundry and a toilet are located in the later skillion addition.
Moveable items
The following moveable items have been observed at Lithgow Railway Station Group:
A Seth Thomas clock at overhead Station Master's office (no number).
Wall-mounted clock on Platform 1 elevation of the Station Building next to the former Station Master's office door.
Various early timber station signs depicting the station building room and platform names.
Old Bega brand stove in the kitchen of the SM's residence.
Early light switch on the upstairs main bedroom of the SM's residence.
Potential archaeological features
The former 1877 railway platform of the first Lithgow Station is the only known potential archaeological element at the Lithgow Railway Station Group.
Condition
As of 25 August 2009, the station building is generally in good condition with minimal missing mortar joints that present no structural danger. The former Booking/Parcels office & Goods lift tower is generally in moderate condition. Rising damp and rotten timber is evident at the platform base of the out-of-shed and the lift tower. External repainting is required in near future. Internal spaces could not be inspected. The Station Master's Residence is generally in good condition externally with cracks on the rusticated render along the bottom portion of the railway elevation. However, this is not considered a structural issue. Natural wear and tear throughout the exterior is evident. Internally the residence is in very good condition. The island platform is in good condition. The Hayley Street Footbridge is in very good condition. Access was not available for close inspection of the Old Station platform, however, appears to be
in moderate condition due to overgrown grassed environment.
The overall integrity of the Railway Station Group including the station building, the residence, and the overhead booking /parcels office and goods lift tower is high. The buildings are relatively intact externally.
Modifications and dates
Externally, the main platform building appears as it was constructed with the additional bay on the Up end.
1929an awning was erected over the footpath of Eskbank Street.
1948the overhead booking office on Eskbank Street was extended.
1977Office Building – air-condition units installed to the district engineer's, officer and clerk offices.
1983the Eskbank Street booking office was modernised.
199? a new "bus/rail interchange" was erected at the western end of the platform with the footbridge over tracks. The Eskbank Street access ramp was closed and a new booking office was opened on the footbridge.
1994–95a lift was installed at the new ramp.
N.d.The former brick subtype 1 through shed (goods shed) could not be located and appears to have since been demolished.
N.d.Foot warmer and out-of-shed removed.
Further information
The Lithgow Coal Stage Signal Box, Eskbank Railway Station, and Lithgow (James Street) Underbridge all have separate listings.
The following items are located adjacent to the station but are excluded from the listing as they do not warrant listing on the SHR:
Substation – rectangular single-storey substation of face brick construction featuring strongly emphasized engaged piers with a decorative projecting accent, a four-course brick base with a recessed course and bull-nosed splay on top, a parapet with capping extending above the piers, and a metal door with bullnose brick surrounds. The rear of the substation appears to be damaged in part with a paint finish on the wall possibly to obscure some graffiti.
Office Building – large two-storey office building of face brick construction. It is located to the west of the Station Master's residence at the corner of Railway Parade and Eskbank Street. The building combines three adjacent wings, one of which has a higher skill level to the upper storey windows resulting in higher eaves and ridge level than the other wings. They form a stepped complex building. The overall fenestration of the building is typical of post-war period office building façade articulation featuring large 12-pane metal windows with three casement windows, with dominant mullion, s emphasised. A rendered string course forms a hood along with the lintel height of the ground floor and is the only decorative element on the main façade that provides continuity between the wings beside the windows. The main office block entry is from the eastern smallest wing via a recessed porch with large multi-paned floor to ceiling glazing and a single door opening. Three doors with a utilitarian appearance (one to the main large building and the others in the group to the central wing) provide separate access to the individual wings. The roof is hipped with terracotta tiles. A single flight later addition steel fire stair is attached to the west elevation of the large wing, which required the creation of a new door opening on the upper-level elevation. These are the only visible major modifications to the exterior of the building. Security grills to ground floor doors and obscure glazing to some windows are the other minor changes.
Platforms and services
Lithgow has one island platform with two sides. It is the terminating point for NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line services from Sydney Central. It is also served by the Bathurst Bullet to Bathurst, the Central West XPT to Dubbo and the Outback Xplorer to Broken Hill. Journey Beyond's Indian Pacific passes Lithgow but does not stop at the station.
Transport links
Lithgow Buslines operate six routes to and from Lithgow station:
100: to Lithgow Hospital
200: to Bowenfels
304: to Oakey Park & McKellars Park
500: to Vale of Clwydd
600: to Portland
636: to Bathurst
NSW TrainLink operate road coach services from Lithgow to Orange, Grenfell, Parkes, Dubbo, Nyngan, Gulgong, Coonabarabran and Baradine.
Heritage listing
As of 10 December 2009, Lithgow Railway Station is significant as an important regional headquarters for the NSW Railways since the 1920s combining a range of buildings and structures dating from the 1880s to the mid-1920s and is significant for its strong associations with the rail and coal industry in the wider Lithgow and Eskbank area. Along with nearby Eskbank Station, the site provides physical evidence of the activities and development that occurred in the historic Lithgow railway corridor marking several important phases in the evolution of railway operations in the most western end of the upper Blue Mountains. The buildings reflect the development of the site, the shift of the station location and the development of the town as a major mining area in the early years of the century.
Lithgow Railway Station is of aesthetic significance as it comprises a number of buildings that are individually good examples of their type. The platform building is a good example of a standard island-building demonstrating the typical characteristics of Federation railway architecture used throughout NSW. The weatherboard overhead booking and parcels office and the goods lift tower display both aesthetic and technical achievements in design and construction. The Station Master's residence is a fine example of a grand two-storey railway residence with a prominent and landmark quality overlooking the railway corridor. Its distinctive architectural detailing and fenestration is evidence of prosperity in the railways and the importance given to the railway staff in the 1880s.
Lithgow railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 30 August 2013 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Lithgow Railway Station Group is of historical significance for its role as an important regional headquarters for NSW Railways combining a range of buildings and structures dating from the 1880s to the mid-1920s and for its association with the rail history and the coal industry in the Lithgow and Eskbank area. The site provides physical evidence of the activities and development that occurred in Lithgow railway historic precinct and marks an important phase in the evolution of railway operations in the most western end of the upper Blue Mountains and the Metro West railway region.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The Lithgow Railway Station Group is of aesthetic significance as it comprises a number of buildings that are individually good examples of their type. The station building is a good example of the standard island-building style with a sympathetic addition to one end and features typical characteristics elements of the Federation design railway building. The weatherboard overhead booking and parcels office building and the goods lift tower display both aesthetic and technical achievements in design and construction. Although it is unclear it appears that the original lift may still be in use. The Station Master's residence is a fine example of a grand two-storey railway residence with a prominent and landmark quality overlooking the railway corridor. Its distinctive architectural detailing and fenestration is evidence of prosperity in the railways and the importance given to the railway staff in the 1880s.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place and can provide a connection to the local community's history.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Lithgow Railway Station Group has research potential at the local level due to its relatively intact complex of buildings that generally maintain their original relationship and layout. The group also has the ability to provide valuable information on railway design for the local coal industry as part of the larger rail network.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Lithgow Railway Station Group comprises a rare goods lift tower from the street down to the platform. The 1925 goods lift tower is a unique arrangement and possibly the first example of providing this form of platform access in the railway network.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
The Station Group as a whole is a representative example of a larger station design incorporating standard design buildings and structures associated with the coal industry goods traffic that is still an important railway activity in the region.
See also
List of railway stations in New South Wales
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Lithgow station details Transport for New South Wales
Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1925
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Lithgow, New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Main Western railway line, New South Wales |
4146508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroh%20Kikai | Hiroh Kikai | was a Japanese photographer best known within Japan for four series of monochrome photographs: scenes of buildings in and close to Tokyo, portraits of people in the Asakusa area of Tokyo, and rural and town life in India and Turkey. He pursued each of these for over two decades, and each led to one or more book-length collections.
Although previously a respected name in Japanese photography, Kikai was not widely known until 2004, when the first edition of his book Persona, a collection of Asakusa portraits, won both the Domon Ken Award and Annual Award of the PSJ. In 2009, the ICP and Steidl copublished Asakusa Portraits for an international market.
Early years
Kikai was born in the village of Daigo (now part of Sagae, Yamagata Prefecture) on 18 March 1945 as the seventh and last child (and fifth son) of the family. He had a happy childhood, from the age of 11 or so preferring to play by himself in the nature that surrounded the village. He graduated from high school in 1963 and worked in Yamagata for a year, and then went to Hosei University in Tokyo to study philosophy. As a student he was keen on the cinema—he particularly enjoyed the films of Andrzej Wajda, who would later contribute essays to some of his books, and Satyajit Ray—and said that he would have worked in film production if it did not require writing, a task he never enjoyed, and money, which he lacked.
Immediately after his graduation in 1968, Kikai worked for two years as a truck driver and for two in a shipyard. Meanwhile, he stayed in touch with his philosophy professor from his university days, Sadayoshi Fukuda, whose interests extended to writing a regular column for the magazine Camera Mainichi; he introduced Kikai to its editor, Shōji Yamagishi, who showed him photographs by Diane Arbus that made a great impact on Kikai. Kikai started to take photographs in 1969. At that time (when somebody fresh out of university could expect to earn ¥40,000 per month), a Hasselblad SLR camera normally cost ¥600,000; Kikai heard of an opportunity to buy one for ¥320,000 and mentioned this to Fukuda, who immediately lent him the money, with no interest, and no date or pressure for repayment. (The loan was eventually repaid.) This Hasselblad 500CM, with its 80 mm lens, was what Kikai used for his portraits thereafter.
Career
Kikai thought that work on a boat might be photogenic, but, having no experience, could not get a job on one. He was eventually accepted on a boat fishing for tuna when he displayed the scar from an unneeded appendectomy as evidence of one risk fewer that his presence might force the boat into port. He worked on the boat in the Pacific from 6 April until 9 November 1972, with a stop in Manzanillo (Mexico) for provisions. It was during this time that he took his first photographs to be published, in the May 1973 issue of Camera Mainichi. In 1973 he won a prize for his submission to the 14th exhibition of the Japan Advertising Photographers' Association. But Kikai decided that in order to be a photographer he needed darkroom skills, and he returned to Tokyo to work at Doi Technical Photo (1973–76). He became a freelance photographer in 1984, a year after his first solo exhibition and the same year as his second.
Living close to Asakusa (Tokyo), Kikai often went there on his days off, taking photographs of visitors. He stepped up his visits in 1985; a number of collections of his portraits taken there have been published.
Kikai's other long-term photographic projects are of working and residential neighborhoods in and near Tokyo, and of people and scenes in India and Turkey. All these are black and white. However, his occasional diversions included color photographs of the Gotō Islands and even of nudes.
Unusually in Japan, where photographers tend to join or form groups, Kikai was never in any group, preferring to work by himself. When not setting out to take photographs, Kikai did not carry a camera with him. He left photographing his own family to his wife Noriko, and it is she who had the camera if they went on a trip together.
In the early part of his career, Kikai often had to earn money in other ways: after three years' work in the darkroom, he returned to manual labor.
Kikai taught for some time at Musashino Art University, but he was disappointed by the students' lack of sustained effort and therefore quit.
Kikai died of lymphoma on 19 October 2020.
Asakusa portraits
Kikai had started his Asakusa series of square, monochrome portraits as early as 1973, but after this there was a hiatus until 1985, when he realized that an ideal backdrop would be the plain red walls of Sensō-ji. At that time, the great majority of his Asakusa portraits adopted further constraints: the single subject stands directly in front of the camera (originally a Minolta Autocord TLR, later the Hasselblad), looking directly at it, and is shown from around the knees upwards. Kikai might wait at the temple for four or five hours, hoping to see somebody he wanted to photograph, and three or four days might pass without a single photograph; but he might photograph three people in a single day, and he photographed over six hundred people in this way. He believed that to have a plain backdrop and a direct confrontation with the subject allows the viewer to see the subject as a whole, and as somebody on whom time is marked, without any distracting or limiting specificity.
Though Kikai started to photograph in Asakusa simply because it was near where he then lived, he continued because of the nature of the place and its visitors. Once a bustling and fashionable area, Asakusa long ago lost this status. If it were as popular and crowded as it was before the war, Kikai said, he would go somewhere else.
Published in 1987, Ōtachi no shōzō / Ecce Homo was the first collection of these portraits. It is a large-format book with portraits made in Asakusa in 1985 to '86. Kikai won the 1988 Newcomer's Award of the Photographic Society of Japan (PSJ) for this book and the third Ina Nobuo Award for the accompanying exhibition.
In 1995, a number of portraits from the series were shown together with the works of eleven other photographers in Tokyo/City of Photos, one of a pair of opening exhibitions for the purpose-made building of the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography.
Ya-Chimata, a second collection of the portraits made in Asakusa, was published a year later.
Persona (2003) is a further collection. A few are from Kikai's earliest work, but most postdate anything in the earlier books. Several of the subjects appear twice or more often, so the reader sees the effect of time. The book format is unusually large for a photograph collection in Japan, and the plates were printed via quadtone. The book won the 23rd Domon Ken Award and 2004 Annual Award of the PSJ. A smaller-format edition with additional photographs followed two years later.
Asakusa Portraits (2008) is a large collection edited by the International Center of Photography (New York), published in conjunction with the ICP's exhibition of recent Japanese photography and art Heavy Light. Kikai's contribution to this exhibition was well received, and Asakusa Portraits won praise for its photography and also (from Paul Smith) for the vernacular fashion of those photographed.
Portraits of spaces
Kikai said that people and scenery are two sides of the same coin. When tired of waiting (or photographing) in Asakusa, he would walk as far as 20 km looking for urban scenes of interest where he could make "portraits of spaces". A day's walk might take two or three hours for less than a single roll of 120 film. He generally photographed between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., and avoided photographing when people were outside as their presence would transform the photographs into mere snapshots, easily understood; even without people, they are the images or reflections of life. Kikai might find a scene that he wanted to photograph and then wait there and only photograph it when something unexpected occurred in the frame. After development, he did not bother with contact prints, instead judging a photograph by the negative alone.
Samples from this series appeared in various magazines from at least as early as 1976. Each photograph is simply captioned with the approximate address (in Japanese script) and year.
Tōkyō meiro / Tokyo Labyrinth (1999) presents portraits of unpeopled spaces in Tokyo (and occasionally the adjacent town of Kawasaki). There are individual shopfronts, rows of shops and residential streets. Most of the buildings are unpretentious. Like the Asakusa series, these portraits are monochrome and square, taken via a standard lens on 120 film.
Tōkyō mutan / Labyrinthos (2007)—based on an essay/photograph series that ran in the monthly Sōshi () from March 2004 to July 2005 and then in the web series "Tokyo Polka"—presents more of the same. Between a single nude in a shopfront display from 1978 and a very young boy photographed in December 2006 (the latter appearing to share the Sensō-ji backdrop of Persona), are square monochrome views of Tokyo and Kawasaki, compositions that seem casual and rather disorderly, mostly of unpeopled scenes showing signs of intensive and recent use. The book also has Kikai's essays from "Tokyo Polka", essays that dwell on the inhabitants of Tokyo as observed during walks or on the train.
Tokyo View (2016) is a large-format collection, mostly of photographs that also appear in one or other of the earlier books (or Tōkyō pōtoreito / Tokyo Portraits).
India
Kikai said that going to India felt like a return to the Yamagata of his youth, and a release from life in Tokyo. His photography there was much less planned or formal than his portraits of people or places in Tokyo: after an early start with color 120 film, he used black and white 35 mm film in India—and laughingly said that he would use 35 mm in Tokyo if the city were more interesting and did not make him feel unhappy.
India, a large-format book published in 1992, presents photographs taken in India (and to a much lesser extent Bangladesh) over a period totalling rather more than a year and ranging from 1982 to 1990. It won high praise from the critic Kazuo Nishii, who commented that the India of Kikai's work seems perpetually overcast, and that in their ambiguity his photographs seem to benefit from the work done in the Asakusa portrait series. The book won Kikai the 1993 Society of Photography Award.
Shiawase / Shanti (2001) is a collection of photographs that concentrates on children, most of which were taken in Allahabad, Benares, Calcutta, Puri and Delhi in 2000. It won the Grand Prix of the second Photo City Sagamihara Festival.
Turkey
Wanting to explore somewhere that (in contrast to India) was cold, as well as a Muslim land where Asian and European cultures meet, in 1994 Kikai made the first of six visits to Turkey, where he stayed for a total of nine months. His monochrome photographs of Turkey appeared in the magazine Asahi Camera, and his colour photographs on its website, before the publication in January 2011 of his large book Anatolia, a compilation of his monochrome work.
Photography elsewhere
Kikai was one of thirteen Japanese photographers invited by EU–Japan Fest to photograph the twenty-six nations of the European Union; he spent twenty-one days in Malta in September 2005 and a short period in Portugal in October 2004, travelling widely in both countries. In color, these photographs are a departure from his earlier work. Most are more or less candid photographs of people. The collection was published in a book titled In-between 8.
Series of color photographs from short visits to Cuba (2007) and Taiwan (2013) have appeared in Asahi Camera.
Writing
Kikai's essays have appeared in periodicals and within some of his own photobooks. They have also been collected in four books, in which they are illustrated by reproductions of relevant photographs.
Indo ya Gassan ("India and Gassan", 1999) is a collection of essays about and photographs of India. Gassan is a mountain in central Yamagata close to where Kikai was brought up; Kikai muses on India and compares it with the Yamagata of his youth.
Me to kaze no kioku ("Memories of the eye and the wind", 2012) collects essays published in Yamagata Shinbun () since 2006; Dare omo sukoshi suki ni naru hi: Memekuri bōbiroku ("Days when you come to like anyone a little: An image-turning aide-memoire", 2015) collects essays published in Bungakukai () since 2011; Kutsuzoku no herikata ("Ways to wear down shoe rubber", 2016) is a fourth collection.
Exhibitions
Supplementary English titles in parentheses are nonce translations for this article; those outside parentheses and in quotation marks were used at the time.
[A]: Asakusa portraits
[I]: India
[S]: Portraits of spaces
[T]: Turkey
Selected solo exhibitions
"Nagi: Machinaka no kōkei" (, Calm: Town scenes). [S] Konishiroku Photo Gallery (Shinjuku, Tokyo), August–September 1983.
"Indo kikō" (, India travelogue). [I] Doi Photo Plaza Shibuya (Shibuya, Tokyo), August 1984; Art Plaza (Fukuoka), August 1984; Gallery Antomeru (Sendai), September 1984; Yamagata, 1984.
"Ōtachi no shōzō (Sensōji keidai)" (, Portraits of kings [in the grounds of Sensō-ji]). [A] Ginza Nikon Salon (Ginza, Tokyo), September 1988.
"Dai-13 Ina Nobuo shō jushō sakuhinten: Kikai Hiroo 'Ōtachi no shōzō (Sensōji keidai)' " (, Exhibition of works winning the 13th Ina Nobuo Award: Hiroh Kikai, Portraits of kings [in the grounds of Sensō-ji]). [A] Ginza Nikon Salon (Ginza, Tokyo); Osaka; Kyoto; etc., 1988–89.
The Hitachi Collection of Contemporary Japanese Photography, Center for Creative Photography, Tucson, Arizona. 1989.
"Dai-13-kai Ina Nobuo shō jushō sakuhinten: Kikai Hiroo 'Kanshō: Machi no katachi' " (, Exhibition of works winning the 13th Ina Nobuo Award: Hiroh Kikai, Meditation: Town shapes). [S] Osaka Nikon Salon, February 1990; Ginza Nikon Salon (Ginza, Tokyo), March 1990; Kyoto; etc., 1990.
"Ecce Homo". [A] Robert Koch Gallery (San Francisco), 1993.
"Indo kikō" (, India travelogue). [I] Shōmeidō Gallery (Kodaira), 1998.
"Persona (1)". [A] Centrum Sztuki i Techniki Japońskiej "Manggha" (Kraków), 1999.
"Shashin to insatsu hyōgen" (, Photographs and printing expression). [S] Mitsumura Art Plaza (Ōsaki, Tokyo), February–March 2000.
"Persona (2)". [A] Centrum Sztuki i Techniki Japońskiej "Manggha" (Kraków), November–December 2002.
"Persona". [A] The Third Gallery Aya (Osaka), October 2003.
"Persona". [A] Domon Ken Photography Museum (Sakata), September–November 2004.
"Persona". [A] Ginza Nikon Salon (Tokyo); Osaka, 2004.
"Persona". [A] Galeria Fotografii PF, Centrum Kultury "Zamek" (Poznań), February–March 2005.
"Persona". [A] Shōmeidō Gallery (Kodaira) January 2005.
"Perusona" (). [A] Ginza Nikon Salon (Ginza, Tokyo), February–March 2006; Osaka Nikon Salon (Osaka), April 2006.
"Tōkyō mutan" (). [S] Ginza Nikon Salon (Ginza, Tokyo), September 2007; Osaka Nikon Salon (Osaka), October 2007.
"Tokyo Labyrinth". [S] Yancey Richardson Gallery (New York City), September–October 2008.
"Jinsei gekijō" (, Human theatre). [A] Gallery Raku, Kyoto University of Art and Design, Kyoto, March 2009.
"Persona". [A] Yancey Richardson Gallery (New York City), May–July 2009.
"Asakusai portrék". [A] Liget Gallery (Budapest), November–December 2010.
"Anatoria e no purosesu" (). [T] Aoyama Book Center (Omotesandō, Tokyo), January 2011.
"Tōkyō pōtoreito" () / "Tokyo portraits". [A, S] Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography (Ebisu, Tokyo), August–October 2011.
"Anatoria" (). [T] M2 (Shinjuku, Tokyo), August 2011.
"Persona". [A, S, I, T] Yamagata Museum of Art (Yamagata), December 2011 – January 2012.
"Tokyo Labyrinth". [S] Zen Foto Gallery (Roppongi, Tokyo), May 2013.
"Persona" / "Perusona" (). [A] 14th Documentary Photo Festival Miyazaki, Miyazaki Prefectural Art Museum, August–September 2013.
"Asakusa Portraits (1973–2008) et India (1982–2008)". [A, I] In between Gallery (Paris), November 2013.
"India 1982–2011". [I] Canon Gallery S (Shinagawa, Tokyo), May–June 2014.
"Retratos de Asakusa". [A] , Promoción del Arte (Madrid), September–November 2014.
"India 1982–2011". [I] The Museum of Art, Ehime (Matsuyama, Ehime), September–October 2014.
"Tôkyô: voyage à Asakusa". [A, S] Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, Paris 6. October 2015.
"India 1979–2016" [I] Fujifilm Photo Salon (Tokyo), May–June 2017.
《人物》鬼海弘雄的肖像摄影. [A] See+ Art Space / Gallery (Beijing), December 2017 – February 2018.
"Persona". [A] Photo Gallery Blue Hole (Katagami, Akita), August 2018 – January 2019.
"Persona". [A] Kihoku town office (), Kihoku, Ehime, February 2019.
"Persona". [A] Sagae City Museum of Art, Sagae, Yamagata, April–June 2019.
"Persona: The Final Chapter" / "Persona saishūshō" (). [A] Irie Taikichi Memorial Museum of Photography Nara City, September–October 2019.
"Persona: The Final Chapter ". [A] In between Gallery (Paris), November–December 2019.
"Ōtachi no shōzō" (, Portraits of kings). [A] (Tokyo), June–August 2020.
Selected group exhibitions
"The Hitachi Collection of Contemporary Japanese Photography". Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona, 1988.
"Nyū dokyumentsu 1990" () / "New Documents 1990". Museum of Modern Art, Toyama (Toyama), 1990.
"Shashin toshi Tōkyō" () / "Tokyo/City of Photos". [A] (Other photographers exhibited were Takanobu Hayashi, Ryūji Miyamoto, Daidō Moriyama, Shigeichi Nagano, Ikkō Narahara, Mitsugu Ōnishi, Masato Seto, Issei Suda, Akihide Tamura, Tokuko Ushioda, and Hiroshi Yamazaki.) Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, 1995.
"Shashin wa nani o katareru ka" (). [I] Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, June; Osaka Umeda Canon Salon, July; Fukuoka Canon Salon, August; Nagoya Canon Salon, September; Sapporo Canon Salon, October; Sendai Canon Salon, November 1997.
"Berlin–Tokyo". Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, 2006.
"Tōkyō meiro / Andesu Kuero" () / "Tokyo Labyrinth / Andes Qero". [S] (With Yoshiharu Sekino, who exhibited photographs taken of the Q'ero.) Shōmeidō Gallery (Kodaira), July 2007.
"Heavy Light: Recent Photography and Video from Japan". [A] International Center of Photography (New York), May–September 2008.
"Sander's Children". [A] Danziger Projects, New York, 2008.
Mit anderen Augen. Das Porträt in der zeitgenössischen Fotografie = With Different Eyes: The Portrait in Contemporary Photography. [A] Die Photografische Sammlung/, Cologne, 26 February – 29 May 2016; Kunstmuseum Bonn, 25 February – 8 May 2016.
"Faces from Places". [A] L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, Manhattan, 6 May – 16 July 2016. With Mike Disfarmer, Sirkka-Liisa Konttinen, J. D. 'Okhai Ojeikere, Malick Sidibé, and Jacques Sonck.
Permanent collections
Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography: 17 photographs from the series Ōtachi no shōzō (later known as Persona or Asakusa Portraits), 1985–86.
Museum of Modern Art, Toyama (Japan)
Domon Ken Photography Museum (Sakata, Yamagata, Japan)
Neue Nationalgalerie (Berlin)
Walther Collection (Neu-Ulm, Germany / New York): 16 photographs from the series Asakusa Portraits
Center for Creative Photography (University of Arizona, Tucson)
Hood Museum of Art (Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire)
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (Texas)
Museum of the International Center of Photography (New York)
Mead Art Museum (Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts)
Philadelphia Museum of Art (Pennsylvania)
Publications
Books by Kikai
Ōtachi no shōzō: Sensō-ji keidai () / Ecce homo: Portraits of kings. Yokohama: Yatate, 1987. . Photograph collection, with captions in Japanese and English, and an essay by Sadayoshi Fukuda. There are forty-one monochrome plates.
India. Tokyo: Misuzu Shobō, 1992. . Photograph collection, with text (by Kikai and Munesuke Mita) in Japanese and English, and captions in English. There are 106 monochrome plates (all "landscape" format).
Ya-Chimata: Ōtachi no kairō (, Ya-Chimata: A gallery of kings). Tokyo: Misuzu Shobō, 1996. . Photograph collection, with text (by Kikai and ten other writers) in Japanese only. There are 183 monochrome plates.
Tōkyō meiro () / Tokyo Labyrinth. Tokyo: Shōgakukan, 1999. . Photograph collection, with text (by Andrzej Wajda, Genpei Akasegawa, and Suehiro Tanemura) in Japanese only. There are 108 monochrome plates.
Indo ya Gassan (, India and Gassan). Tokyo: Hakusuisha, 1999. . Thirty essays and forty-one photographs; text in Japanese only. The monochrome photographs are a mixture of "landscape" (across two pages) and "portrait" (on single pages).
Shiawase: Indo daichi no kodomo-tachi () / Shanti: Children of India. Tokyo: Fukuinkan, 2001. . Photograph collection (all monochrome): thirteen "landscape" photographs across both pages; and ninety-four "portrait". There are no captions, and the text is in Japanese only.
Persona. Tokyo: Sōshisha, 2003. . Photograph collection, with captions and text (by Andrzej Wajda, Suehiro Tanemura, and Kikai) in both Japanese and English. Between an additional plate at the front and back, there are twelve plates in a prefatory section (photographs taken well before the others), and in the body of the book twenty-eight plates four to a page and 138 plates on their own pages.
Perusona () / Persona. Tokyo: Sōshisha, 2005. . Second, popular edition of the 2003 Persona in a smaller format. There are additional essays and photographs by Kikai; captions in both Japanese and English, other text in Japanese only. The twelve prefatory plates of the first edition and 191 plates of the main series are each presented on a separate page; there are also three more plates of photographs outside the series.
In-between 8: Kikai Hiroo Porutogaru, Maruta () / In-between, 8: Hiroh Kikai, Portugal, Malta. Tokyo: EU–Japan Fest Japan Committee, 2005. . One of a series of 14 books (). Photograph collection; captions and text in both Japanese and English. There are twenty-eight colour photographs of Portugal and twenty-seven of Malta.
Tōkyō mutan () / Labyrinthos. Tokyo: Sōshisha, 2007. . Collection of 118 monochrome photographs and essays; captions (for each, the approximate address and the year) and essays are in Japanese only.
Asakusa Portraits. New York: International Center of Photography; Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. . Collection of monochrome photographs; captions and texts in English only. With an interview of Kikai by Noriko Fuku, essays by Kikai (translated from Perusona) and an essay on Asakusa by .
Anatoria () / Anatolia. Tokyo: Crevis, 2011. . Collection of 140 monochrome photographs (all "landscape" format) of Turkey (not only Anatolia). With afterwords by Toshiyuki Horie and Kikai.
Tōkyō pōtoreito () / Tokyo Portraits. Tokyo: Crevis, 2011. . Exhibition catalogue of over 150 monochrome photographs of the "Asakusa portraits" and "portraits of spaces" series. Afterwords (by , , and Nobuyuki Okabe []) in Japanese only; captions in Japanese and English.
Me to kaze no kioku: Shashin o meguru esē (). Tokyo: Iwanami, 2012. . Essay collection.
Seken no hito (). Chikuma Bunko. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 2014. . A bunkobon anthology of the Asakusa portrait series.
Dare o mo sukoshi suki ni naru hi: Memekuri bōbiroku (). Tokyo: Bungei shunjū, 2015. . Essay collection.
Naxie jianjian xihuan shang ren de rizi (那些渐渐喜欢上人的日子 视线所至备忘录). Hunan: 浦睿文化·湖南文艺出版社, 2019. . Translation into Chinese by 连子心.
Tokyo View. Kyoto: Kazetabi-sha, 2016. A large-format collection of 117 monochrome photographs of the "portraits of spaces" series. Captions in Japanese and English; afterword by in Japanese only.
Kutsuzoku no herikata (). Tokyo: Chikumashobo, 2016. . Essay collection, contains 32 full-page plates from the "portraits of spaces" series.
India 1979–2016. Tokyo: Crevis, 2017. . Black and white plates, mostly one to a page, with captions in Japanese. With a preface by Kikai and an essay by ; all in Japanese only.
Persona saishūshō 2005–2018 () / Persona: The Final Chapter, 2005–2018. Tokyo: Chikumashobo, 2019. . 205 captioned black and white plates, one to a page; with essays by Kikai and Toshiyuki Horie; all both in Japanese and in English translation.
Kotoba wo utsusu: Kikai Hiroo taidanshū (, Portraying words: Hiroh Kikai interview collection). Tokyo: Heibonsha, 2019. . Interviews by Kikai of Taichi Yamada, Nobuyoshi Araki, , , Randy Taguchi, , Toshiyuki Horie and Natsuki Ikezawa; edited by .
Shanti: Persona in India. Tokyo: Chikumashobo, 2019. . 168 captioned black and white plates, one to a page; with essays by Kikai and Shinji Ishii; all both in Japanese and in English translation.
Ōtachi no shōzō (, "Portraits of kings"). JCII Photo Salon Library 346. Tokyo: JCII Photo Salon, 2020. . Photographs from the series later known as "Asakusa portraits", from 1973 to 1986; 22 photographs, one per page; plus four photographs on each of four pages.
Other books with contributions by Kikai
Shashin toshi Tōkyō () / Tokyo/City of Photos. Tokyo: Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, 1995. Catalogue of an exhibition held in 1995. Plates 113–29, admirably printed, are from Kikai's series of Asakusa portraits. Captions and texts in both Japanese and English.
Literatura na świecie (Warsaw, ISSN 0324-8305) number 1–3, 2002. This special issue on Japanese literature, Japonia, is illustrated with photographs by Kikai, taken from Ya-Chimata and Tōkyō meiro / Tokyo Labyrinth. Text in Polish.
Ueda Makoto. Shūgō jūtaku monogatari (, The story of collective housing). Tokyo: Misuzu, 2004. . A book about collective housing in Japan from the Dōjunkai buildings onward, with 165 illustrative color photographs, all by Kikai. (Some monochrome photographs are older and are by other photographers.) The text, by Ueda, is in Japanese only. Content previously (1997–2001) published in Tokyojin.
In-between: 13-nin no shashinka 25-kakoku () / In-between: 13 photographers, 25 nations. Tokyo: EU–Japan Fest Japan Committee, 2005. . Kikai is one of the thirteen in this supplementary collection of photographs in six themes ("Stones and walls", "Words", etc.); captions and text in both Japanese and English.
Miyako Harumi. Messēji () / The Message. Tokyo: Juritsusha, 2006. . A book of which about half consists of quotations from interviews with the enka singer Harumi Miyako, and the other half of color photographs by Kikai. The photographs are not described or identified; a handful are of Miyako but most are of sea and provincial views. (In many, the scenes are recognizably of the Kumano area just west of Kumanogawa, Wakayama.) The text is all in Japanese.
Heavy Light: Recent Photography and Video from Japan. New York: International Center of Photography; Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. . Captions and texts in English only.
Higashi-Nihon dai-jishin: Shashinka 17-nin no shiten (, The great east Japan earthquake: The perspectives of 17 photographers). Special compilation by Asahi Camera. Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 2011. . A collection of photographs of the aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Text in Japanese only. Kikai contributes six pages: Sōma in early June, and three towns in Miyagi in late August.
Kikai Hirô and . Tôkyô: voyage à Asakusa. Atlantique, Éditions de l'Actualité Scientifique Poitou-Charentes, 2015. . An introduction to the work of Kikai, in French and Japanese.
Gabriele Conrath-Scholl and Stephan Berg, eds. Mit anderen Augen. Das Porträt in der zeitgenössischen Fotografie = With Different Eyes: The Portrait in Contemporary Photography. Cologne: Snoeck, 2016. . Catalogue of the exhibition.
Notes
References
External links
Website accompanying the 2015 Paris exhibition "Tôkyô: voyage à Asakusa"
"Hiroh Kikai". .
Fallis, Greg. "Hiroh Kikai". Sunday Salon. Utata Tribal Photography.
Feustel, Marc. "Hiroh Kikai talks about photography". LensCulture. 2008. Interview, with 10 sample photographs.
Feustel, Marc. "Hiroh Kikai: A man in the cosmos". Eyecurious. 10 February 2010. Interview, with sample photographs.
"Hiroh Kikai". Studio Equis. Short biography with a set of images whose display requires Flash Player 8.
"Hiroh Kikai". Yancey Richardson Gallery (New York). Photographs from the "Persona" ("Asakusa Portraits") series.
"Hiroh Kikai 'Asakusai portréi' " = "Interview with Hiroh Kikai". Liget Gallery. Translations of a long interview of Kikai by Noriko Fuku.
Kikai Hiroh. "Yurari-yurayura-ki" (). A series of essays, each illustrated with photographs.
"Kikai Hiroo", Shashin shika dekinai koto (), The Photographer 2007. Fujifilm. Samples of Kikai's work.
Mirapaul, Evan. "Musings from a Trip to Japan (III) Kikai." Fugitive Vision, 13 November 2007. Mirapaul comments on the Asakusa portrait series.
Asakusa Portraits by Hiroh Kikai (PDF), Liget Galéria, Budapest. Lavishly illustrated proposal for an exhibition.
1945 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
Japanese essayists
Japanese photographers
Portrait photographers
Photography in India
Photography in Turkey
People from Yamagata Prefecture
Street photographers
Hosei University alumni
Deaths from cancer in Japan |
4146576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpoint%20source%20pollution | Nonpoint source pollution | Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution refers to diffuse contamination (or pollution) of water or air that does not originate from a single discrete source. This type of pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. It is in contrast to point source pollution which results from a single source. Nonpoint source pollution generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage, or hydrological modification (rainfall and snowmelt) where tracing pollution back to a single source is difficult. Nonpoint source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas draining into a river, or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. Nonpoint source air pollution affects air quality, from sources such as smokestacks or car tailpipes. Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a nonpoint source of pollution; if the discharges were to occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location, the pollution would be single-point.
Nonpoint source water pollution may derive from many different sources with no specific solutions or changes to rectify the problem, making it difficult to regulate. Nonpoint source water pollution is difficult to control because it comes from the everyday activities of many different people, such as lawn fertilization, applying pesticides, road construction or building construction. Controlling nonpoint source pollution requires improving the management of urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, forestry operations and marinas.
Types of nonpoint source water pollution include sediment, nutrients, toxic contaminants and chemicals and pathogens. Principal sources of nonpoint source water pollution include: urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, atmospheric inputs, highway runoff, forestry and mining operations, marinas and boating activities. In urban areas, contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff, is usually included under the category of non-point sources (it can become a point source if it is channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters). In agriculture, the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands is a nonpoint source water pollution. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also examples of non-point source pollution.
Principal types (for water pollution)
Sediment
Sediment (loose soil) includes silt (fine particles) and suspended solids (larger particles). Sediment may enter surface waters from eroding stream banks, and from surface runoff due to improper plant cover on urban and rural land. Sediment creates turbidity (cloudiness) in water bodies, reducing the amount of light reaching lower depths, which can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and consequently affect species which are dependent on them, such as fish and shellfish. High turbidity levels also inhibit drinking water purification systems.
Sediment can also be discharged from multiple different sources. Sources include construction sites (although these are point sources, which can be managed with erosion controls and sediment controls), agricultural fields, stream banks, and highly disturbed areas.
Nutrients
Nutrients mainly refers to inorganic matter from runoff, landfills, livestock operations and crop lands. The two primary nutrients of concern are phosphorus and nitrogen.
Phosphorus is a nutrient that occurs in many forms that are bioavailable. It is notoriously over-abundant in human sewage sludge. It is a main ingredient in many fertilizers used for agriculture as well as on residential and commercial properties, and may become a limiting nutrient in freshwater systems and some estuaries. Phosphorus is most often transported to water bodies via soil erosion because many forms of phosphorus tend to be adsorbed on to soil particles. Excess amounts of phosphorus in aquatic systems (particularly freshwater lakes, reservoirs, and ponds) leads to proliferation of microscopic algae called phytoplankton. The increase of organic matter supply due to the excessive growth of the phytoplankton is called eutrophication. A common symptom of eutrophication is algae blooms that can produce unsightly surface scums, shade out beneficial types of plants, produce taste-and-odor-causing compounds, and poison the water due to toxins produced by the algae. These toxins are a particular problem in systems used for drinking water because some toxins can cause human illness and removal of the toxins is difficult and expensive. Bacterial decomposition of algal blooms consumes dissolved oxygen in the water, generating hypoxia with detrimental consequences for fish and aquatic invertebrates.
Nitrogen is the other key ingredient in fertilizers, and it generally becomes a pollutant in saltwater or brackish estuarine systems where nitrogen is a limiting nutrient. Similar to phosphorus in fresh-waters, excess amounts of bioavailable nitrogen in marine systems lead to eutrophication and algae blooms. Hypoxia is an increasingly common result of eutrophication in marine systems and can impact large areas of estuaries, bays, and near shore coastal waters. Each summer, hypoxic conditions form in bottom waters where the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico. During recent summers, the aerial extent of this "dead zone" is comparable to the area of New Jersey and has major detrimental consequences for fisheries in the region.
Nitrogen is most often transported by water as nitrate (NO3). The nitrogen is usually added to a watershed as organic-N or ammonia (NH3), so nitrogen stays attached to the soil until oxidation converts it into nitrate. Since the nitrate is generally already incorporated into the soil, the water traveling through the soil (i.e., interflow and tile drainage) is the most likely to transport it, rather than surface runoff.
Toxic contaminants and chemicals
Compounds including heavy metals like lead, mercury, zinc, and cadmium, organics like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fire retardants, and other substances are resistant to breakdown. These contaminants can come from a variety of sources including human sewage sludge, mining operations, vehicle emissions, fossil fuel combustion, urban runoff, industrial operations and landfills.
Toxic chemicals mainly include organic compounds and inorganic compounds. These compounds include pesticides like DDT, acids, and salts that have severe effects to the ecosystem and water-bodies. These compounds can threaten the health of both humans and aquatic species while being resistant to environmental breakdown, thus allowing them to persist in the environment. These toxic chemicals could come from croplands, nurseries, orchards, building sites, gardens, lawns and landfills.
Acids and salts mainly are inorganic pollutants from irrigated lands, mining operations, urban runoff, industrial sites and landfills.
Pathogens
Pathogens are bacteria and viruses that can be found in water and cause diseases in humans. Typically, pathogens cause disease when they are present in public drinking water supplies. Pathogens found in contaminated runoff may include:
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia lamblia
Salmonella
Norovirus and other viruses
Parasitic worms (helminths).
Coliform bacteria and fecal matter may also be detected in runoff. These bacteria are a commonly used indicator of water pollution, but not an actual cause of disease.
Pathogens may contaminate runoff due to poorly managed livestock operations, faulty septic systems, improper handling of pet waste, the over application of human sewage sludge, contaminated storm sewers, and sanitary sewer overflows.
Principal sources (for water pollution)
Urban and suburban areas
Urban and suburban areas are a main sources of nonpoint source pollution due to the amount of runoff that is produced due to the large amount of paved surfaces. Paved surfaces, such as asphalt and concrete are impervious to water penetrating them. Any water that is on contact with these surfaces will run off and be absorbed by the surrounding environment. These surfaces make it easier for stormwater to carry pollutants into the surrounding soil.
Construction sites tend to have disturbed soil that is easily eroded by precipitation like rain, snow, and hail. Additionally, discarded debris on the site can be carried away by runoff waters and enter the aquatic environment.
Contaminated stormwater washed off parking lots, roads and highways, and lawns (often containing fertilizers and pesticides) is called urban runoff. This runoff is often classified as a type of NPS pollution. Some people may also consider it a point source because many times it is channeled into municipal storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to nearby surface waters. However, not all urban runoff flows through storm drain systems before entering water bodies. Some may flow directly into water bodies, especially in developing and suburban areas. Also, unlike other types of point sources, such as industrial discharges, sewage treatment plants and other operations, pollution in urban runoff cannot be attributed to one activity or even group of activities. Therefore, because it is not caused by an easily identified and regulated activity, urban runoff pollution sources are also often treated as true nonpoint sources as municipalities work to abate them.
Typically, in suburban areas, chemicals are used for lawn care. These chemicals can end up in runoff and enter the surrounding environment via storm drains in the city. Since the water in storm drains is not treated before flowing into surrounding water bodies, the chemicals enter the water directly.
Other significant sources of runoff include habitat modification and silviculture (forestry).
Agricultural operations
Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertilizer, animal manure, or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater (effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from crop residues, irrigation water, wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Sediment (loose soil) washed off fields is a form of agricultural pollution. Farms with large livestock and poultry operations, such as factory farms, are often point source dischargers. These facilities are called "concentrated animal feeding operations" or "feedlots" in the US and are being subject to increasing government regulation.
Agricultural operations account for a large percentage of all nonpoint source pollution in the United States. When large tracts of land are plowed to grow crops, it exposes and loosens soil that was once buried. This makes the exposed soil more vulnerable to erosion during rainstorms. It also can increase the amount of fertilizer and pesticides carried into nearby bodies of water.
Atmospheric inputs
Atmospheric deposition is a source of inorganic and organic constituents because these constituents are transported from sources of air pollution to receptors on the ground. Typically, industrial facilities, like factories, emit air pollution via a smokestack. Although this is a point source, due to the distributional nature, long-range transport, and multiple sources of the pollution, it can be considered as nonpoint source in the depositional area. Atmospheric inputs that affect runoff quality may come from dry deposition between storm events and wet deposition during storm events. The effects of vehicular traffic on the wet and dry deposition that occurs on or near highways, roadways, and parking areas creates uncertainties in the magnitudes of various atmospheric sources in runoff. Existing networks that use protocols sufficient to quantify these concentrations and loads do not measure many of the constituents of interest and these networks are too sparse to provide good deposition estimates at a local scale
Highway runoff
Highway runoff accounts for a small but widespread percentage of all nonpoint source pollution. Harned (1988) estimated that runoff loads were composed of atmospheric fallout (9%), vehicle deposition (25%) and highway maintenance materials (67%) he also estimated that about 9 percent of these loads were reentrained in the atmosphere.
Forestry and mining operations
Forestry and mining operations can have significant inputs to nonpoint source pollution.
Forestry
Forestry operations reduce the number of trees in a given area, thus reducing the oxygen levels in that area as well. This action, coupled with the heavy machinery (harvesters, etc.) rolling over the soil increases the risk of erosion.
Mining
Active mining operations are considered point sources, however runoff from abandoned mining operations contribute to nonpoint source pollution. In strip mining operations, the top of the mountain is removed to expose the desired ore. If this area is not properly reclaimed once the mining has finished, soil erosion can occur. Additionally, there can be chemical reactions with the air and newly exposed rock to create acidic runoff. Water that seeps out of abandoned subsurface mines can also be highly acidic. This can seep into the nearest body of water and change the pH in the aquatic environment.
Marinas and boating activities
Chemicals used for boat maintenance, like paint, solvents, and oils find their way into water through runoff. Additionally, spilling fuels or leaking fuels directly into the water from boats contribute to nonpoint source pollution. Nutrient and bacteria levels are increased by poorly maintained sanitary waste receptacles on the boat and pump-out stations.
Control (for water pollution)
Urban and suburban areas
To control nonpoint source pollution, many different approaches can be undertaken in both urban and suburban areas. Buffer strips provide a barrier of grass in between impervious paving material like parking lots and roads, and the closest body of water. This allows the soil to absorb any pollution before it enters the local aquatic system. Retention ponds can be built in drainage areas to create an aquatic buffer between runoff pollution and the aquatic environment. Runoff and storm water drain into the retention pond allowing for the contaminants to settle out and become trapped in the pond. The use of porous pavement allows for rain and storm water to drain into the ground beneath the pavement, reducing the amount of runoff that drains directly into the water body. Restoration methods such as constructing wetlands are also used to slow runoff as well as absorb contamination.
Construction sites typically implement simple measures to reduce pollution and runoff. Firstly, sediment or silt fences are erected around construction sites to reduce the amount of sediment and large material draining into the nearby water body. Secondly, laying grass or straw along the border of construction sites also work to reduce nonpoint source pollution.
In areas served by single-home septic systems, local government regulations can force septic system maintenance to ensure compliance with water quality standards. In Washington (state), a novel approach was developed through a creation of a "shellfish protection district" when either a commercial or recreational shellfish bed is downgraded because of ongoing nonpoint source pollution. The shellfish protection district is a geographic area designated by a county to protect water quality and tideland resources, and provides a mechanism to generate local funds for water quality services to control nonpoint sources of pollution. At least two shellfish protection districts in south Puget Sound have instituted septic system operation and maintenance requirements with program fees tied directly to property taxes.
Agricultural operations
To control sediment and runoff, farmers may utilize erosion controls to reduce runoff flows and retain soil on their fields. Common techniques include contour plowing, crop mulching, crop rotation, planting perennial crops or installing riparian buffers. Conservation tillage is a concept used to reduce runoff while planting a new crop. The farmer leaves some crop reside from the previous planting in the ground to help prevent runoff during the planting process.
Nutrients are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertilizer; animal manure; or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater (effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from crop residues, irrigation water, wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Farmers can develop and implement nutrient management plans to reduce excess application of nutrients.
To minimize pesticide impacts, farmers may use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques (which can include biological pest control) to maintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and protect water quality.
Forestry operations
With a well-planned placement of both logging trails, also called skid trails, can reduce the amount of sediment generated. By planning the trails location as far away from the logging activity as possible as well as contouring the trails with the land, it can reduce the amount of loose sediment in the runoff. Additionally, by replanting trees on the land after logging, it provides a structure for the soil to regain stability as well as replaces the logged environment.
Marinas
Installing shut off valves on fuel pumps at a marina dock can help reduce the amount of spillover into the water. Additionally, pump-out stations that are easily accessible to boaters in a marina can provide a clean place in which to dispose of sanitary waste without dumping it directly into the water. Finally, something as simple as having trash containers around a marina can prevent larger objects entering the water.
Country examples
United States
Nonpoint source pollution is the leading cause of water pollution in the United States today, with polluted runoff from agriculture and hydromodification the primary sources.
Regulation of Nonpoint Source Pollution in the United States
The definition of a nonpoint source is addressed under the U.S. Clean Water Act as interpreted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The law does not provide for direct federal regulation of nonpoint sources, but state and local governments may do so pursuant to state laws. For example, many states have taken the steps to implement their own management programs for places such as their coastlines, all of which have to be approved by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the EPA. The goals of these programs and those alike are to create foundations that encourage statewide pollution reduction by growing and improving systems that already exist. Programs within these state and local governments look to best management practices (BMPs) in order to accomplish their goals of finding the least costly method to reduce the greatest amount of pollution. BMPs can be implemented for both agricultural and urban runoff, and can also be either structural or nonstructural methods. Federal agencies, including EPA and the Natural Resources Conservation Service, have approved and provided a list of commonly used BMPs for the many different categories of nonpoint source pollution.
U.S. Clean Water Act provisions for states
Congress authorized the CWA section 319 grant program in 1987. Grants are provided to states, territories, and tribes in order to encourage implementation and further development in policy. The law requires all states to operate NPS management programs. EPA requires regular program updates in order to effectively manage the ever-changing nature of their waters, and to ensure effective use of the 319 grant funds and resources.
The Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) of 1990 created a program under the Coastal Zone Management Act that mandates development of nonpoint source pollution management measures in states with coastal waters. CZARA requires states with coastlines to implement management measures to remediate water pollution, and to make sure that the product of these measures is implementation as opposed to adoption.
See also
Agricultural nutrient runoff
stochastic empirical loading and dilution model
Trophic state index (water quality indicator)
Surface-water hydrology
Water quality
Water quality modelling
References
External links
US EPA – Nonpoint Source Management Program
Agricultural soil science
Environmental soil science
Environmental science
Water pollution |
4147553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%20Specialized%20Training%20Program | Army Specialized Training Program | The Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) was a military training program instituted by the United States Army during World War II to meet wartime demands both for junior officers and soldiers with technical skills. Conducted at 227 American universities, it offered training in such fields as engineering, foreign languages, and medicine.
The ASTP differed from the V-12 Navy College Training Program in producing technically trained personnel rather than officers as its primary goal, though recruits were told that they had the opportunity to become officers upon completion. The program was approved in September 1942, implemented in December of that year, and drastically curtailed in February 1944.
History
Inception
After the attack on Pearl Harbor sparked U.S. entry into the war, the Army suspended certain advanced elements of Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) training. This was a particularly problematic situation for the nation's numerous land-grant universities, whose constitutions include the legal agreement to train "militia." A program that could provide a "continuous and accelerated flow of high grade technicians and specialists needed by the Army" would both help the war effort, offset ROTC enrollment turndown, and keep universities operating when most, if not all, male students would be absent. Colonel Herman Beukema, a professor of history at West Point, was named director of the Army Specialized Training Program, responsible for sending over 200,000 soldiers to 227 colleges at cost of $127,000,000. The program was proposed in September 1942, formally announced in December 1942, and began with a pilot program on college campuses in the spring of 1943. A maximum of 150,000 men were authorized to be enrolled in the program at any one time.
Army Specialized Training Reserve Program
During the late part of the 1942–1943 academic year, a national testing program was conducted among the male college and high school student bodies to determine acceptance into the ASTP or the V-12 college training program. A maximum of 25,000 high school graduates were offered scholarships through the Army Specialized Training Reserve Program (ASTRP). Examinees had to be older than 17 but not older than 18 years old, designate "Army" preference, meet or exceed the cutoff of the test (approximately one standard deviation minimum above the mean), and enlist in the Enlisted Reserve Corps and be found physically qualified for general military service. Reservists were called to active duty at the end of the academic term in which they turned 18.
Institutions
Unlike the Navy's V-12 college training program, the Army's criteria for the ASTP predominantly favored large, state flagship institutions. All colleges and universities having advanced ROTC programs (i.e., all land-grant universities) were assigned to have ASTP detachments. If an institution had an engineering program, it had to be accredited by the Engineers Council for Professional Development. No institution would be chosen to have programs of two or more services (ASTP. Army Air Forces College Training Program or Navy V-12) unless it could accommodate a total of 1,000 or more trainees. Only 53 institutions had programs of two services and just two (the University of Minnesota and Pennsylvania State University) sponsored all three. By the fall of 1943, the Army had 321 ASTP contracts with 227 different institutions. Six of these were historically black colleges and universities: Howard University; Meharry Medical College; North Carolina A&T; Prairie View State College; West Virginia State College; Wilberforce University.
Students
Requirements
Entry requirements were high. Potential candidates included all enlisted men who were completing or who had completed basic training and had scored at least 110 (later 115) on the Army General Classification Test, a Stanford-Binet-type IQ test, compared to 110 for OCS candidates. Score requirements for certain specific programs were even higher. If under 22 years old, they had to have completed high school or its equivalent along with specified mathematics courses; if older than 22 years old, a minimum of one year of college, and "substantial background" in one or more languages, or a year of mathematics and physics, or biology.
Demographics
Civilians
During the national testing program, roughly 400,000 civilians were tested for pre-induction eligibility for the ASTP. Additional tests were conducted in November 1943 and March 1944.
Soldiers
The majority of participants in the ASTP were already on active duty in the Army. Enlisted men were also given the qualifying test, and accepted only at the rank of private. In the spring of 1942, the Army had allowed men in colleges and universities studying specific subjects to enlist in the Enlisted Reserve Corps and defer a call to active duty until they had completed their degree requirements, left or dropped out, or were called to active duty by the Secretary of War; one in seven chose to do so. The director of the War Manpower Commission announced in August 1942 that the destiny of all male students would be the armed forces, and the Secretary of War soon announced the termination of the program effective in the spring of 1943. Reservists who had been found qualified for further training under the ASTP were sent to basic training, and then assessed again when they returned.
Because so many men had graduated from ROTC and received commissions – 93,000 by March 1942, outnumbering Regular Army officers by three to one – men who wanted to advance had few choices. Moving up through the ASTP seemed like a promising alternative.
ROTC
The advanced ROTC program was suspended in its entirety in the spring of 1943 and no new contracts were issued for the duration of the war. The basic ROTC was kept intact as part of the military indoctrination for the Army Specialized Training Reserve Program. Several major categories of ROTC students existed:
Members of the normal college class of 1942, who had completed a full four-year program plus the summer camp.
Members of the normal college class of 1943 who had chosen to accelerate their studies via summer sessions offered in 1942 that gave a full semester or quarter of credit. These men graduated with a completed advanced course minus the summer camp at the end of 1942 if on the semester calendar, or in the early spring of 1943 if on the quarter calendar. These men, along with the members of the normal class of 1943, then went directly to officer candidate schools.
Members of the normal college class of 1944 who had taken the 1942 summer session. These men graduated in the fall of 1943 with a partially complete (either three semesters out of four or four quarters out of six) advanced course. These men also went directly to officer-candidate schools, although some men attending institutions on the quarter calendar were allowed to remain in school through the summer quarter to ease congestion in officer-candidate schools.
Members of the normal college class of 1945 who had taken the 1942 summer session, called "ROTC juniors." If their institution was on the semester calendar, they were due to begin advanced ROTC in the spring semester of 1943. They, along with the remaining members of the normal class of 1944, were sent to basic training after the spring semester ended.
After returning from basic training in the early fall of 1943, The ROTC juniors were allowed to resume their civilian curricula at the institutions they were attending or act as instructors in basic ROTC, which functioned as military indoctrination for the Army Specialized Training Reserve Program until called to officer candidate school. These men were only attached to the ASTP for administrative purposes.
Course
The highly accelerated ASTP was offered at 227 land-grant universities around the country. Class sessions were in twelve-week terms, with a break of one week between terms. Intensive courses were offered in engineering, science, medicine, dentistry, personnel psychology, and over 30 different foreign languages, with a different number of terms required to complete each. Most subject areas were divided into two phases, the first ("basic") phase covering general education in a subject, and the second ("advanced") phase covering instruction in a specific area.
While in academic training the soldiers were on active duty, in uniform, under military discipline, and received regular Army pay. Recruits marched to class in groups (the Army stipulated that they be taught separately from civilian students or other military students on campuses), ate in mess halls located in their barracks, and trained in the fields around campus. The soldiers' week featured fifty-nine hours of "supervised activity," including at least twenty-four of classroom and lab work, twenty-four of required study, six of physical instruction, and five of military instruction. At its height in December 1943, about 145,000 men were enrolled in the program.
By November 1943 the Army was having difficulties integrating men who received the specialized ASTP training back into their old units. It was initially contemplated to allow only the graduates of the "advanced" course (roughly 25 percent of the ASTP participants) to apply for admission to officer candidate schools, but the Army was legally obligated to accommodate ROTC graduates (large numbers of whom became eligible from the spring of 1943 to the spring of 1944) in officer candidate schools first. The number of ASTP graduates being produced could not also be sent to schools without eliminating officer applicants from units and installations entirely. As the requirements for overseas replacements intensified and the output of replacement training centers began to fall off precipitously just as the first large waves of ASTP students graduated in the spring and summer of 1943, no quotas for them ever ended up being allotted to any officer candidate schools. Few, if any, ASTP men ever got the opportunity to become officers. In January 1944, Colonel Beukema reported to a U.S. Congressional investigating committee that the requirements for the ASTP were more demanding than those of either West Point or the Naval Academy.
Reduction
Henry Stimson, Secretary of War during World War II and self-professed "father of the ASTP," wrote:
Each step of the ASTP story was tied in with the ups and downs in the Army's estimate of its manpower requirements. In all such changes, the college training program, as a marginal undertaking, was sharply affected. [The choice was] between specialized training and an adequate combatant force.
General Lesley J. McNair felt, with the full extent of the poor morale and mental quality of U.S. combat troops being revealed in the winter of 1943, that the ASTP took young men with leadership potential away from combat positions where they were most needed. "...with 300,000 men short, we are sending men to college." Manpower planners calculated that more infantrymen than expected would be required in advance of the planned invasion of Europe. The ASTP was not only one of the easiest programs to reduce or eliminate, but it also provided a large pool of already-trained soldiers. In mid-February 1944, about 110,000 ASTP students were told they would be transferred to more important duties by the beginning of April. Through the month of March 1944, all students in the basic programs, and some in the advanced programs, were gradually released and returned to the Army Ground or Service Forces or other branches of the Army. Of the 86,167 men terminated from academic programs, 68,995 went to the Army Ground Forces, 16,086 to the Army Service Forces (of which 7,535 went to the Signal Corps, 3,153 to the Corps of Engineers, 656 to the Transportation Corps, and 4,742 to other service branches), 568 to the War Department Military Intelligence Service, 274 to the Army Air Forces, 144 to the Army Civilian Affairs Division, and 100 to the Office of Strategic Services. The rest of the reduction consisted of men who left the program (either voluntarily or involuntarily) before they were terminated, about 12,000 men in STAR units whose processing was terminated, about 5,000 men in the advanced ROTC holding pools who departed for officer candidate schools, and men in basic training who had already been selected for the ASTP.
The 17-year-olds were continued in school until the age of 18, at which time they were transferred from the Organized Reserve to active duty and given their mandated basic training. After basic training, those who were willing were returned to the reduced number of land-grant schools still maintaining ASTP. From a wartime high of 145,000 students, the ASTP was immediately reduced to approximately 35,000 members. Units other than infantry units were permitted to select one-fourth of one percent of their men for ASTP testing per month to keep the program running on this highly-reduced basis.
Those men who had sacrificed non-commissioned rank to qualify for the college training were not necessarily reinstated, and often shortly went into combat as privates. Even though the ASTP men did not have the practical experience to qualify for non-commissioned officer rank, the Army anticipated that their superior training and intelligence levels would result in advancement to leadership positions.
Graduates in action
Around 73,000 former ASTP members were sent to units of the Army Ground Forces. 55,000 went to depleted stateside divisions that had been used as sources of overseas replacements after the output of replacement training centers had proven insufficient. About 35 divisions received an average of 1,500 men each, though some got considerably more, such as the 3,000 received by the 395th Infantry Regiment in March 1944.
Fresh out of college, the new replacements were often given harsh receptions by both fellow officers and veteran NCOs. One company commander asked, "What kind of soldiers deal out bridge hands during their ten-minute training breaks?" ASTP personnel were often skeptical of the capabilities of their new superior officers and NCOs. However, once in combat, they rapidly proved their worth and any distinctions between the regular Army and the college soldiers were erased.
In the spring of 1944, ASTP levels were further reduced at the direction of the Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall. The Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps' continued to experience serious shortfalls in producing casualty replacements, necessitating the use of divisional service troops and Army Service Forces troops as infantry replacements. When the defeat of Germany was in sight, and the testing of the new atomic bomb successful, the apparent need for potential junior officer replacements disappeared and the final ASTP groups were largely disbanded, although there were ASTP units for medicine and engineering still existing in August 1945.
Legacy
While the ASTP initiative suffered from manpower drawdowns to meet immediate combat needs, it did serve as an important financial subsidy of land grant colleges whose male student bodies had been decimated by the diversion of about 14 million men into the various armed forces.
Another positive effect of the ASTP effort was a softening of university resistance to lowering the draft age from twenty to eighteen. Finally, and most far-reaching, it exposed a large number of potentially very capable men to college who might not have attended otherwise. After the war ended, fully four out of five surviving ASTP alumni returned to college.
Still, critical views were held. A highly dismissive opinion was expressed by Major General Harry L. Twaddle, a former Army Assistant Chief of Staff G-3, who wrote, "The underlying reason for institution of the ASP [sic] program was to prevent some colleges and universities from going into bankruptcy. From a strictly mobilization viewpoint, the value of the program was nil."
Notable alumni
Notable alumni of the ASTP include:
Leo Bogart, American Sociologist
Mel Brooks, American actor, filmmaker, and composer
Heywood Hale Broun, sports commentator
Frank Church, U.S. Senator
Bill Dawson, prominent California attorney
Bob Dole, U.S. Senator and Senate Majority Leader
Anthony Hecht, Pulitzer Prize winning poet
Herman Kahn, futurist and theorist
Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, Nobel Prize winner
Ed Koch, U.S. Congressman, New York City Mayor
Pierre Koenig, architect
Robert Kotlowitz, television producer, documentary filmmaker, writer, and former editor of Harper's Magazine
George Koval, Russian spy in Manhattan Project World War II
Roy Lichtenstein, American Pop Artist
Victor A. Lundy, architect
Arch Moore, former Governor of West Virginia
John Naugle, NASA chief scientist
John P. O'Meara, chemist and member of Oklahoma City Symphony Orchestra
Peter A. Peyser, U.S. Congressman
Andrija Puharich, physician and parapsychologist
Jerry Rosholt, author and historian
Gore Vidal, author and politician
Kurt Vonnegut, author
Charles Warren, California politician; chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality
See also
V-12 Navy College Training Program
United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School
References
Works cited
United States Army in World War II
United States Army education
Training programs |
4147964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Fuji | Ricky Fuji | (born September 27, 1965) better known under his ring name is a Japanese professional wrestler currently signed to Action Advance Pro Wrestling, where he also runs the day-to-day operations. He is perhaps best known for his time with Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW), where he wrestled between the promotion's early days in 1990 until the promotion's closure in 2002, making him the longest-tenured wrestler in the company's history.
Fuji initially joined FMW as a mid-carder, who initially teamed and feuded with the promotion's founder Atsushi Onita on several occasions. He was a part of many groups including Team Canada and Lethal Weapon during the mid-1990s while also achieving success in the company's junior heavyweight division, winning the AWA World Light Heavyweight Championship and the Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship once each.
Professional wrestling career
Early career
Masanori Morimura started training in the NJPW Dojo in 1984, but left the dojo because he was "young and dumb". While at the NJPW Dojo, he wanted to be a UWF fighter instead. When he failed to join UWF, he realized he ruined his chances at beginning his career in Japan. He then left Japan in January 1987 for a training expedition in Canada, where he was trained in the Dungeon by Stu Hart and his right-hand man, Mr. Hito. During his time training in Calgary, he suffered a couple major injuries, including a brain hemorrhage, which he fully recovered from. During his training, he would befriend other Japanese stars like Hiroshi Hase and his former NJPW Dojo mates Keiichi Yamada and Shinya Hashimoto.
Canada (1988–1990)
On June 28, 1988, Morimura made his professional wrestling debut in Stampede Wrestling against Hart's son, Ross, under the name Tiger Mask (not the same as Satoru Sayama), at a show in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. After a couple of matches, he evolved into Black Tomcat. In August 1988, Black Tomcat was one of many wrestlers cut from Stampede, and joined the North Western Wrestling Federation and later won the promotion's Junior Heavyweight Championship, his first title, after defeating Steve Gillespie.
In March 1989, Black Tomcat left the NWWF for the Canadian Independent Wrestling Federation, ran by Les Thornton. After losing a loser leaves town match to Kid Chaos in June 1989, he unmasked and started wrestling under the ring name Ricky Fuji and adopted a rock star gimmick. During his time in the CIWF, he was scouted by the World Wrestling Federation after Bruce Hart introduced him to his brother Bret, but no deal was ever finalized, as they didn't know how to bring him in. Later that year, he would become the promotion's final Junior Heavyweight Champion, before the promotion folded by the end of 1989. In January 1990, Fuji returned to Japan and trained with former NJPW star Masanobu Kurisu and was offered a spot in the upstart promotion Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling by Atsushi Onita, which he accepted.
Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling
Debut (1990)
Upon debuting for FMW in May 1990, Fuji quickly became over with the fans, particularly among female fans, due to his Shawn Michaels-inspired gimmick and promo skills. He debuted for FMW by defeating The Shooter on May 12, 1990. He quickly established himself as an arrogant villain and entered a rivalry with FMW owner Atsushi Onita, as Fuji and Masanobu Kurisu lost to the team of Onita and Tarzan Goto in a match, a day later on May 13, marking Fuji competing in a FMW main event, just in his second match with the company. On June 2, Fuji competed in his first deathmatch, a stretcher street fight against Tarzan Goto, which Fuji lost. On June 6, Fuji received his first title shot in FMW as he unsuccessfully challenged Lee Gak Soo for the AWA World Light Heavyweight Championship. Tarzan Goto would soon enter a feud with Onita and Fuji formed an alliance with Onita's rivals Tarzan Goto and Mr. Pogo in the summer of 1990. On July 22, Fuji participated in a thirteen-man battle royal, which took place in a ring placed in the Miyazaki Nichinan Sea. Fuji went on to win the battle royal by last eliminating Kim Hyun Hwan.
At Summer Spectacular, Fuji was paired with Mr. Pogo and Katsuji Ueda as the trio defeated Kim Hyun Han, Lee Gak Soo and Sambo Asako in a six-man tag team match. Fuji received another shot against Lee Gak Soo for the World Light Heavyweight Championship on August 18 but failed to win the title. On August 20, Fuji and Pogo lost a street fight to Atsushi Onita and Sambo Asako, after which Fuji turned into a fan favorite for the first time in his career as he teamed with Onita on the following day against Pogo and Gran Mendoza in a losing effort. In September, Fuji entered a tournament for the vacant World Light Heavyweight Championship, defeating Jang Yong Wow in the quarter-final before losing to eventual winner Katsuji Ueda in the semi-final. On October 26, Fuji participated in Japan's first intergender tag team match, teaming with Megumi Kudo in a loss to Tarzan Goto and his wife Despina Montagas. At the promotion's 1st Anniversary Show in November, Fuji teamed with Akihito Ichihara against The Shooter and Billy Mack in a losing effort.
World Light Heavyweight Champion and teaming with Sambo Asako (1991–1992)
In January 1991, Fuji teamed with Tarzan Goto to participate in a tag team tournament, in which the team qualified for the knockout stage by scoring three points in the round-robin stage. They were eliminated from the knockout stage by losing to Atsushi Onita and Sambo Asako in the quarter-final on January 15. He continued to team with Goto and Onita to wrestle Mr. Pogo and his allies in several matches. On May 29, Fuji was booked to win his first title in FMW by defeating Jimmy Backlund to capture the World Light Heavyweight Championship. He began feuding with Mark Starr after successfully defending the title against Starr in his first title defense on June 21. On August 17, Fuji entered the Barbed Wire Deathmatch Tournament, in which he defeated Starr in the quarter-final round before losing to eventual winner Atsushi Onita via forfeit in the semi-final. Fuji dropped the World Light Heavyweight Championship to Starr on August 24.
At the 2nd Anniversary Show in September, Fuji was paired with Sambo Asako against Big Titan and The Gladiator in a street fight, which Fuji's team lost. In the fall of 1991, Fuji and Asako participated in the World's Strongest Tag Team Tournament for the newly created WWA World Martial Arts Tag Team Championship. They qualified for the play-off by scoring seven points in the round-robin stage and lost to the eventual winners Atsushi Onita and Tarzan Goto in the play-off. At 3rd Anniversary Show, Fuji teamed with Sambo Asako and The Great Punk against Big Titan, The Gladiator and Horace Boulder in a stretcher street fight in a losing effort.
Team Canada (1993–1994)
On January 12, 1993, Ricky Fuji turned on his teammates The Great Punk, Mr. Gannosuke and Tarzan Goto in an elimination tag team match against the team of Big Titan, Dr. Luther, The Gladiator and The Sheik, which led to Fuji turning into a villain. He formed a faction with Titan, Luther and Gladiator called Team Canada, based on Fuji's own time in Canada in the past. Sheik would eventually depart the group to form an alliance with Atsushi Onita. Team Canada quickly became FMW's top villainous group and feuded with the likes of Onita, Tarzan Goto, Mr. Gannosuke, The Sheik and Sabu among others.
At 4th Anniversary Show, Fuji teamed with his Team Canada stablemates Big Titan and The Gladiator, defeating Katsuji Ueda, The Great Punk and Tarzan Goto in a Captain's Fall Losing Captain Leaves Town No Rope Barbed Wire Tornado Street Fight Deathmatch. Fuji then defeated Mercurio in his next major match at Summer Spectacular. In September, Fuji entered a tournament for the new Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship, in which he lost to Atsushi Onita, Jr. in the opening round. At Year End Spectacular, the team of Fuji, Titan and Gladiator defeated Sambo Asako, Katsuji Ueda and Grigory Verichev in a street fight.
In early 1994, Fuji participated in a tournament for the new Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship, in which he was paired with Terry Simms, losing to Jinsei Shinzaki and Masaru Toi in a barbed wire street fight in the first round, leading to Fuji and Simms being demoted to Loser's Block B, where they ended up losing to Hideki Hosaka and Hisakatsu Oya in a barbed wire deathmatch. In April, Fuji entered the inaugural Super J-Cup tournament, where he defeated Negro Casas in the first round, but lost to Jushin Thunder Liger in the quarter-final round. The following month, in May, Fuji teamed with his Team Canada stablemates Big Titan and The Gladiator to take on WAR's Fuyuki-Gun (Hiromichi Fuyuki, Jado and Gedo) in an interpromotional six-man tag team match at 5th Anniversary Show. During the match, a miscommunication took place between Titan and Gladiator. Gladiator won the match for his team but then abandoned Fuji and Titan after the match.
Fuji toured a few events for Michinoku Pro Wrestling (MPW) in June, where he won the vacant Canadian Rocky Mountain Wrestling's (CRMW) North American Mid-Heavyweight Championship by defeating Terry Boy on June 16. Fuji then returned to FMW, defeating Mach Hayato at Summer Spectacular. Shortly after, Team Canada disbanded after the departure of Big Titan from FMW in December.
Independent World Junior Heavyweight Champion and Lethal Weapon (1994–1996)
On December 20, 1994, Fuji defeated The Great Sasuke to win the Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship. He successfully defended the title against Battle Ranger Z in his first title defense on January 6, 1995. He lost the title to Hideki Hosaka in his second title defense on February 6. Soon after the title loss, Fuji formed a new faction called Lethal Weapon with Tarzan Goto and Hisakatsu Oya, although Goto would soon after leave FMW in April 1995.
At 6th Anniversary Show, Fuji and Oya defeated Mr. Pogo and Yukihiro Kanemura of the W*ING Alliance to capture the Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship and their tag team was named Love Guns, Lethal Weapon's resident tag team. Following the departure of Tarzan Goto, Fuji and Oya would later recruit The Gladiator, Mr. Pogo and Horace Boulder into Lethal Weapon. The group would briefly takeover W*ING Alliance as the top villainous faction in FMW. Fuji and Oya lost the Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship four months later to Daisuke Ikeda and Yoshiaki Fujiwara on September 5. During the fall of 1995, Lethal Weapon began transitioning into fan favorites after W*ING Alliance betrayed both FMW and Lethal Weapon during a tag team match. Lethal Weapon would then side with FMW to feud with W*ING. Fuji headlined December's Year End Spectacular event by teaming with Super Delfin and Taka Michinoku against the team of Hayabusa, The Great Sasuke and Koji Nakagawa in a losing effort.
Fuji participated in the first WarGames match in FMW history on February 23, 1996, by teaming with Masato Tanaka and Tetsuhiro Kuroda to defeat W*ING Alliance members Hido, W*ING Kanemura and Mitsuhiro Matsunaga, thus ending the feud of FMW and Lethal Weapon against W*ING. The match was followed by the debut of the new group Puerto Rican Army, which took over as FMW's new villainous group by luring away several key members of W*ING and Lethal Weapon. At 7th Anniversary Show, Fuji teamed with The Rock 'n' Roll Express (Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson) to defeat the team of Crypt Keeper, Boogie Man and Freddy Krueger. On July 31, Fuji, Oya and Gladiator unsuccessfully challenged Koji Nakagawa, Masato Tanaka and Tetsuhiro Kuroda for the World Street Fight 6-Man Tag Team Championship. On September 15, Fuji's tag team partners Horace Boulder and The Gladiator turned on Fuji after the trio lost a match to Hideki Hosaka, Hido and Taka Michinoku. The entire Lethal Weapon group turned on Fuji to join Puerto Rican Army, thus forcing Lethal Weapon to disband.
Various rivalries (1997–2002)
Following Lethal Weapon's disbandment, Fuji aligned himself with Hayabusa and began competing as a mid-card wrestler on the FMW side, often assisting him in his rivalries with Mr. Gannosuke and Kodo Fuyuki. Fuji competed in the opening match of the 8th Anniversary Show, teaming with Ricky Morton to defeat Hido and Dragon Winger. At Shiodome Legend, Fuji successfully defended the CRMW North American Middleweight Championship against Hayato Nanjyo. He lost the title to Gedo on August 31. At Fall Spectacular, Fuji participated in a twelve-man Royal Rumble match, where he lasted until the final two when he was eliminated by Tetsuhiro Kuroda. His success dwindled in FMW and was relegated to mid-card matches. He balanced competing in singles, tag team, and six-man tag team matches.
On January 7, 1998, Fuji wrestled a special match under the ring name Morimura on a ZEN-produced show, defeating Sunao Gosaku and El Pandita in a three-way dance. Fuji competed at FMW's first pay-per-view event 9th Anniversary Show, where he teamed with John Kronus in a loss to Jado and Gedo on April 30. On August 15, he resurrected his masked Black Tomcat persona from his days in Canada, for one night only on a Michinoku Pro Wrestling card, in which he lost to Super Delfin. Later that year, he joined Hayabusa's Team Phoenix to feud with Team No Respect. In the fall of 1998, Fuji participated in an Over the Top Tournament to determine the #1 contender for the FMW Double Championship (the unified Brass Knuckles Heavyweight Championship and the Independent Heavyweight Championship), where he lost to Masao Orihara in the opening round at ECW/FMW Supershow I.
On May 5, 1999, Fuji took on Minoru Tanaka in a match for the vacant Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship, which Tanaka won. In the summer of 1999, Fuji began feuding with the FMW President Shoichi Arai after Arai turned on FMW to join Team No Respect, leading to a match between the two at Haunted House, which Arai won after Giant Steele made his FMW debut and attacked Fuji. Fuji would eventually gain revenge by teaming with Masato Tanaka to defeat Kodo Fuyuki and Shoichi Arai at Hayabusa Graduation Ceremony on August 23. At the Last Match pay-per-view on August 25, Fuji teamed with Naohiko Yamazaki in a loss to Super Leather and Chris Youngblood.
At 10th Anniversary Show on November 23, Fuji teamed with Chocoball Mukai and Flying Kid Ichihara to defeat Team No Respect members Koji Nakagawa, Jado and Gedo in a ladder match to win the vacant WEW 6-Man Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Nakagawa, Jado and Gedo on December 11, ending their reign at eighteen days. In April 2000, Fuji entered the 2000 Super J-Cup, where he defeated Sasuke the Great in the first round, but lost to Gran Hamada in the quarterfinals. The following month, Fuji defeated Crazy Boy in the opening match of the 11th Anniversary Show. Later that year, Fuji gained a victory over former tag team partner Chocoball Mukai in the opening match of the Deep Throat pay-per-view.
At 12th Anniversary Show, Fuji teamed with Makita to defeat Morita and Yoshihito Sasaki in a tag team match. On May 22, 2001, Fuji reunited with former Lethal Weapon member Hisakatsu Oya and Flying Kid Ichihara to defeat Azusa Kudo, Shinjuku Shark and Naohiko Yamazaki for the vacant WEW 6-Man Tag Team Championship, winning the title for a second time. They held the title for two months until losing to Kodo Fuyuki, Mr. Gannosuke and Kintaro Kanemura on July 30. On February 3, 2002, Fuji wrestled his last FMW match, in which he teamed with Shinjuku Shark against GOEMON and Hisakatsu Oya in a losing effort. A day later, on February 4, FMW held its last event and Shoichi Arai closed the company due to bankruptcy on February 15.
Freelance (2002–2012)
Since FMW's closing, Fuji has been wrestling as a freelancer for various Japanese independent promotions, including Wrestling Marvelous Future, Apache Pro-Wrestling, and FREEDOMS.
On September 17, 2011, Fuji teamed with Bambi and Yuji Hino to win the Chiba Six Man Tag Team Championship after defeating Little Galaxy (Hiro Tonai, Shiori Asahi and Yuki Sato). The championship is Fuji's first in a major promotion since May 2001. On October 2, Fuji, Bambi and Hino were successful in their first title defense after defeating Daigoro Kashiwa, Marines Mask II and Tigers Mask.
Kaientai Dojo/Action Advance Pro Wrestling (2012–present)
On January 4, 2012, Kaientai Dojo confirmed that they signed Ricky Fuji for one year; he has remained with the promotion ever since.
On February 5, 2012, Fuji had a chance to win the Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship at a Freedoms show against Hiroki, but failed. After the match, he got on the microphone and announced his goal of winning the belt by the end of the year, after looking at the "FMW" letters still engraved on the belt.
On January 26, 2013, after nearly a year after his announced his intentions, Fuji finally won the Independent World Junior Heavyweight title from Hiroki, ending his nearly 15-month reign. He would hold onto the title for nearly four months, before losing the title to Nanjyo Hayato. On June 16, Fuji and Daigoro Kashiwa defeated Hiroki and Yuji Hino to win the vacant Strongest-K Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Kazma Sakamoto and Kengo Mashimo on September 16.
Upon Taka Michinoku's departure and the renaming of the company to Action-Advance Pro Wrestling (2AW) in 2019, Fuji was chosen to run the day-to-day operations, as well as being in the active roster. In January 2020, Fuji announced that 2AW is now the Japanese affiliate for Allied Independent Wrestling Federations.
Return to FMW (2015–present)
On March 4, 2015, it was confirmed by Flying Kid Ichihara and Choden Senshi Battle Ranger that Ricky Fuji is confirmed as one of the seven FMW originals to rejoin FMW. On April 21, 2015, Fuji defeated Battle Ranger in the opening match of the promotion's first show in 13 years.
Personal life
Outside of wrestling, Fuji runs his own gym in Chiba called Endo's Gym, and also plays in two rock bands, Crazy Crew (which includes The Great Sasuke and Ken45°) and The Heavyweighters.
On September 7, 2022, Fuji collapsed at his home in Chiba. He was taken to a nearby hospital, where it was revealed that he had suffered a stroke. He underwent a successful cerebral angiography, placing a cerebrovascular catheter in his brain. Fuji's condition is stable, but the left side of his body is currently paralyzed. He has since made a speedy recovery and was released from the hospital on November 29.
Championships and accomplishments
Canadian Independent Wrestling Federation
CIWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time, last champion)
Canadian Rocky Mountain Wrestling
CRMW North American Mid-Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
DDT Pro-Wrestling
Greater China Unified Zhongyuan Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with The Great Sasuke
Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling / World Entertainment Wrestling
AWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
FMW Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Hisakatsu Oya
FMW Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
WEW 6-Man Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Flying Kid Ichihara and Chocoball Mukai (1) and Flying Kid Ichihara and Hisakatsu Oya
Kaientai Dojo
Chiba Six Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bambi and Yuji Hino
Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Strongest-K Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Daigoro Kashiwa
WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Nasu Banderas
NMC Pro/Pro Wrestling Nightmare
NMC Wrestle Brain Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
North Western Wrestling Federation
NWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
References
External links
1965 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Chiba (city)
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Independent World Junior Heavyweight Champions
FMW Brass Knuckles Tag Team Champions
AWA World Light Heavyweight Champions
WEW Hardcore Tag Team Champions
WEW 6-Man Tag Team Champions
Chiba Six Man Tag Team Champions
Strongest-K Tag Team Champions
1988 professional wrestling debuts |
4148015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Monson | Jeff Monson | Oregon State Beavers
Jeffrey William Monson (born January 18, 1971) is an American-born Russian mixed martial artist, boxer, and submission grappler who competes primarily in the Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since 1997, he has competed for the UFC, Strikeforce, DREAM, PRIDE, M-1 Global, Impact FC, World Victory Road, and Cage Warriors. In Brazilian jiu-jitsu and grappling, Monson is a two-time winner of the ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship and is a No Gi Brazilian jiu-jitsu World Champion.
Outside of fighting, Monson, an anarcho-communist, is known for his radical left-wing political views. In 2018, Monson was elected to the city Duma of Krasnogorsk. He is additionally the host of the multi-platform political and social commentary program Monson TV on Russian state-funded RT. In February 2023, Monson began the process of renouncing his American citizenship.
Early life
Monson was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, where he also grew up for most of his childhood. He attended Timberline High School and continued on as a Division I wrestler at Oregon State University and at the University of Illinois and was a Pac-10 champion for Oregon State. He also competed at the senior level at USA Wrestling events for a number of years.
Monson received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Illinois and a master's degree in psychology from the University of Minnesota Duluth, where he was the assistant coach of the wrestling team.
He worked as a mental health professional for five years, both in a crisis evaluation role for Cascade Mental Health in Lewis County, Washington, as well as a child and family counselor. However, having major success in Abu Dhabi Combat Club events and at other mixed martial arts (MMA) shows, he decided to leave the mental health profession to devote himself full-time to MMA.
Martial arts background and nickname
Monson is a Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt and a two-time Abu Dhabi Combat Club Submission Wrestling World Champion. He is an MMA fighter and has also had three professional boxing bouts. His boxing record is two wins and one draw.
Monson is considered to be one of the world's top submission grapplers. He is a multiple event winner at NAGA, Grapplers Quest and FILA, among other submission tournaments. He is nicknamed "The Snowman" for his performance at the 1999 Abu Dhabi Combat Club Submission Wrestling World Championship. The Brazilian fighters at the tournament gave him the nickname because he came in as an unknown, but beat four Brazilians in a row to win the 88–98 kilogram weight class. As he went along in the tournament and continued to beat his opponents, they said he was like a snowball (white, compact, rolling and getting bigger and stronger as the tournament went on).
Mixed martial arts career
Ultimate Fighting Championship
After 14 straight MMA victories, Monson was signed by the UFC.
At UFC 57, Monson submitted Branden Lee Hinkle by north–south choke in the first round. At UFC 59, he fought Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt Marcio Cruz (ADCC veteran and longtime rival). Monson won by decision after three rounds. At UFC 61, Monson fought another Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt in Anthony Perosh, whom Monson defeated by TKO in the first round.
On November 18, 2006, at UFC 65, Monson fought Tim Sylvia for the UFC Heavyweight Championship. He lost a five-round decision and would later ask to be released from his UFC contract in the hopes of facing then-PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko at a BodogFIGHT event scheduled for March 2007. However, negotiations fell through and the match did not happen during that time.
PRIDE
In the main event of PRIDE 34, on April 8, 2007, Monson defeated Kazuyuki Fujita via rear-naked choke submission at 6:37 of the opening round. This was the final fight in the history of Pride Fighting Championships.
Post-PRIDE
His next fight was scheduled to be against Chris Guillen on August 17, 2007, for the Global Fighting Championships' Heavyweight Championship, but the event was canceled after four of the eight scheduled bouts were removed from the card. Monson lost against Pedro Rizzo at Art of War 3, which was held on September 1, 2007. During the bout, Monson displayed a much improved level of striking, and kept the fight standing virtually the entire time.
On September 7, 2007, Monson won two matches in the FILA World Championship in Turkey, defeating France's Zoro Piere and England's Tom Blackledge by submission. Monson was awarded the 275-pound gold medal when his final opponent Ramon Diaz suffered an injury and was forced to bow out.
Monson defeated former UFC Heavyweight Champion Ricco Rodriguez in the main event of the Mixed Fighting Alliance "There Will Be Blood" event on December 13, 2008. He avenged a loss to Rodriguez from almost seven years prior.
On March 21, 2009, Monson won a controversial decision against Roy Nelson on Roy Jones Jr.'s hybrid boxing/MMA card "March Badness." He then beat Sergej Maslobojev on a Cage Wars card on March 29, 2009. He immediately went to Japan and defeated top Russian Heavyweight Sergei Kharitonov on April 5, 2009, at Dream 8, giving him three wins in two weeks.
On September 12, 2009, at Bitetti Combat MMA 4, Monson had his seven-fight win streak snapped, losing in a rematch with Pedro Rizzo by unanimous decision.
At 5150 Combat League/Xtreme Fighting League: New Years Revolution, Monson defeated John Brown by split decision on January 16, 2010.
On March 13, 2010, Monson fought in France at 100% Fight II and defeated Francisco Nonato by submission (guillotine choke) in the first round. He lost to Travis Wiuff in a split decision at XKL Evolution 2 on April 24, 2010.
On May 14, 2010, he lost in Abu Dhabi to Shamil Abdurahimov by majority decision at the Abu Dhabi Fighting Championship in the Quarter Finals of the 2010 Openweight Grand Prix.
Monson defeated Bira Lima at Impact FC 1 in Australia on July 10, 2010, by unanimous decision.
Monson faced Jason Guida on August 21, 2010, at an event called "Fight Time 1". He defeated Jason Guida at 3:04 in the second round by a guillotine choke submission.
His next fight was scheduled to be against Neil Wain at "KnuckleUp: Kings of the North," but Neil Wain pulled out of the fight due to injuries. Stepping in to replace Wain was the very man who took him out of the fight, Dave Keeley. Monson defeated Keeley by submission (north–south choke) in the first round.
Monson defeated Sergey Shemetov at the inaugural Israel Fighting Championship event on November 9. After the fight, he said he wanted to drop down to the Light Heavyweight division for his next fight and his friend, Ricco Rodriguez, who later won his fight in the main event, said he wanted to fight Monson in the International Fighting Championships (IFC) at Light Heavyweight.
In 2011, Monson defeated Lee Mein on January 7 and Tony Lopez on April 1 in a five-round decision.
Monson's next fight was against Maro Perak where he won a three-round decision.
Monson said that after he fought in April and May, he hoped the UFC would want him back, but this time he would like to fight in the Light Heavyweight division.
Monson stepped in for injured Shane del Rosario to face prospect Daniel Cormier on the June 18 Strikeforce: Overeem vs. Werdum card in Dallas, Texas, and lost via fight via unanimous decision.
Monson defeated Paul Taylor in Birmingham, England at the Sprawl n Brawl promotion on October 9, 2011.
Monson fought Fedor Emelianenko at M-1 Global: Fedor vs. Monson on November 20, 2011, in Moscow, Russia and lost by unanimous decision.
Monson was unbeaten in his four fights after the loss against Fedor, and in June 2012 signed a four-fight deal with the Super Fight League in India.
Monson was originally announced to fight at SFL 4 on September 29 against former UFC fighter Todd Duffee but after the event was pushed back twice the SFL decided to change the structure of their shows, with weekly events replacing monthly events. Duffee and SFL agreed on his departure in September and he is currently fighting in the UFC. Following this news, the fight was canceled.
From June 2013 to April 2014, Monson would go 1–6 in seven fights, defeating Denis Komkin, and losing to notable fighters such as Alexey Oleynik, Satoshi Ishii, and Mike Hayes. After a loss to up-and-comer Chaban Ka, Monson defeated Kevin Brooks via north–south choke at Fight Time 20 on August 29, 2014.
Monson faced Dmitry Titkov on September 5, 2014, at Fight Star: Saransk vs. Penza. He lost the fight by cut TKO, after a cut opened up on Monson.
Monson then faced Mikhail Shein at Fight Star: The Battle of the Sura 2. He won the fight via rear-naked choke in the second round.
Monson faced Ivan Shtyrkov on 6 May, the promoter and him decided to do an exhibition match due to Monson having an injury that would have forced him out of a legitimate MMA match. When the match started it quickly became clear that Shtyrkov was treating it as a real fight and shortly after dropping Monson with a straight right finished him with an armbar on his injured arm.
On 12 January 2021, Monson announced his official retirement from all forms of combat sports, including both MMA and Submission Grappling.
Arnold Gracie competition incident
In 2004, when facing Márcio Cruz at the Arnold Gracie IBJJF competition, Monson allegedly attacked a referee and caused a brawl following the use of a "can opener" submission. The original attack was not caught on camera, but Monson is shown being restrained by several competition staff and coaches. As a result of this brawl the "can opener" was made illegal in IBJJF competitions. Both Monson and Pe de Pano were barred from competing at the next year's event.
Politics
Monson is an anarcho-communist. He presently hosts a multi-platform (TV/social media) political and social commentary program on Russian state-funded RT called, Monson TV.
In 2015, Monson sought Russian citizenship, citing that he felt "Russian in spirit." He was granted Russian citizenship in 2018 by President Vladimir Putin.
In April 2016, Monson expressed his desire to join the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in a video appeal to the party and praised socialism as "the only way as a human species that we’re going to survive." Soon after, he was invited to meet Communist Party of the Russian Federation leader Gennady Zyuganov in his office in the State Duma, where they discussed the future of communism in Russia and globally. Monson later led a procession across Red Square into Lenin's Mausoleum together with Zyuganov dedicated to the anniversary of Vladimir Lenin's birth. He was appointed as a special representative for international cooperation by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation's Sport Club in June 2016.
Monson was the subject of a party political advertisement released in the run-up to the 2016 State Duma Elections.
In an interview, Monson stated his political views as follows: "I am an anarchist, someone who would like to do away with all class hierarchy in society and the institutions that promote this inequality."
In solidarity, Monson is also a member of the Industrial Workers of the World.
On September 11, 2016, Monson announced on Twitter that he had become a citizen of the Luhansk People's Republic to support local people who suffered during the war in Donbas. He was made an honorary citizen of the Republic of Abkhazia in October 2016 for "supporting nations striving for self-determination."
On September 9, 2018, Monson was elected to the city duma (local city parliament) of Krasnogorsk, a city located near Moscow. Monson won the mandate as a candidate on the list of the ruling party United Russia, which nominated him without membership in the party. In order to be able to carry out the mandate, Monson had to give up his American citizenship in accordance with Russian law.
Monson has expressed explicit support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
In September 2023, Monson was elected to the 110-seat State Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan as a member of the ruling United Russia party following an election.
Personal life
Monson has two children from his first marriage, Michaela and Josh. He has a daughter, Willow, from his second marriage. He now has a fourth child from a Russian woman. Monson is a Christian and has said he prayed to God before every match.
In late 2008, Monson spraypainted an anarchy symbol, peace symbol, "no war", and "no poverty" on the Washington State Capitol in photographs published in ESPN The Magazine. Charged with first-degree criminal mischief, Monson pled guilty in July 2009.
On February 16, 2023, Monson declared that he was in the process of renouncing his U.S. citizenship. "This spring, I'll only have my Russian passport," he said, "I do not agree with the American foreign policy, they keep meddling in the affairs of other countries, people are suffer[ing] because of them. Yes, I have children in the United States, but I love Russia and the Russians."
Championships and accomplishments
Mixed martial arts
International Sport Karate Association
ISKA World Heavyweight Championship (One time; first)
Sprawl 'N Brawl
SB Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Strength and Honor Championship
SHC Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Cage Warriors Fighting Championship
Cage Warriors Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Two Successful Title Defenses
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Knockout of the Night (One time) vs. Anthony Perosh
PRIDE Fighting Championships
Won the final PRIDE fight
X Fighting Championships
XFC Heavyweight Championship (One time)
SportFight
SportFight Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Submission grappling
Abu Dhabi Combat Club
2009 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships Bronze Medalist
2005 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships Gold Medalist
2001 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships Silver Medalist
2000 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships Silver Medalist
1999 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championships Gold Medalist
International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles
2012 FILA Grappling World Championships Senior No-Gi Gold Medalist
2011 FILA Grand Prix Espoir No-Gi Absolute Silver Medalist
2008 FILA Grappling World Championships Senior No-Gi Gold Medalist
2007 FILA Grappling World Championships Senior No-Gi Gold Medalist
International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation
2007 IBJJF World Jiu-Jitsu Championships Black Belt No-Gi Absolute Gold Medalist
2007 IBJJF World Jiu-Jitsu Championships Black Belt No-Gi Silver Medalist
2001 Pan American Championships Blue Belt Gold Medalist
USA Wrestling
FILA World Team Trials Senior No-Gi Winner (2007, 2008)
FILA World Team Trials Senior No-Gi Runner-up (2009)
On the Mat
2009 Submission Grappler of the year
2004 Submission Grappler of the Year
Amateur wrestling
USA Wrestling
Northwest Senior Greco-Roman Regional Championship (1998)
Northwest Senior Freestyle Regional Championship Runner-up (1998)
National Collegiate Athletic Association
Pac-10 Conference Championship (1992)
Mixed martial arts record
Professional
|-
| Draw
| align=center|
| Nikolai Savilov
| Draw
| Arta MMA: Battle For Ryzan
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Ryazan, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 61–26–1
| Alex Kardo
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Industrials Battle in Belgorod
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:30
| Belgorod, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 60–26–1
| Ivan Shtyrkov
| Submission (armbar)
| Titov Boxing Promotion: Monson vs. Shtyrkov
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:01
| Yekaterinburg, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 60–25–1
| Anton Lotkov
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Fight Stars 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:45
| Balakovo, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 59–25–1
| Donald Njatah Nya
| KO (punch)
| Mix Fight Combat
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:50
| Khimki, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 59–24–1
| Konstantin Skrelya
| Submission (north-south choke)
| OFS: Octagon Fighting Sensation 6
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:13
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 58–24–1
| Nikolay Savilov
| DQ (soccer kicks after bell)
| Shield-Peresvet 3
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:00
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 57–24–1
| Zamirbek Syrgabaev
| Decision (unanimous)
| JFC: Jashkuch Fighting Championship Fight Night
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 57–23–1
| Denis Komkin
| Decision (unanimous)
| Fightspirit Championship 5
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Kolpino, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 56–23–1
| Evgeny Erokhin
| TKO (punches)
| FEFoFP: Mayor's Cup
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:43
| Khabarovsk, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 56–22–1
| Evgeny Egemberdiev
| Decision (unanimous)
| Alash Pride FC: Royal Plaza Vol. 5
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Almaty, Kazakhstan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 56–21–1
| D.J. Linderman
| TKO (punches)
| Fight Time 24: MMA Kings
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 1:42
| Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 56–20–1
| Alexander Stolyarov
| Submission (north-south choke)
| OFS: Octagon Fighting Sensation 3
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 4:29
| Yaroslavl, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 55–20–1
| Vladimir Nepochatov
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Oplot Challenge 108
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:40
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 54–20–1
| Ilya Shcheglov
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Eurasian Fighting Championship: Altay Great Battle
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:45
| Barnaul, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 53–20–1
| Evgeniy Bykov
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Fight Alliance Promotions: Gladiator Fighting 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:16
| Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 52–20–1
| Mikhail Shein
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Fight Stars: The Battle of the Sura 2
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:05
| Penza, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 51–20–1
| Dmitry Titkov
| Decision (unanimous)
| Fight Stars: Saransk vs. Penza
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Saransk, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 51–19–1
| Kevin Brooks
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Fight Time 20
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:08
| Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 50–19–1
| Chaban Ka
| TKO (punches)
| M-1 Challenge 47
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:31
| Orenburg, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 50–18–1
| Shakhmaral Dzhepisov
| KO (punches)
| Diamond Fight
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:38
| Almaty, Kazakhstan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 50–17–1
| Mike Hayes
| TKO (head kick and punches)
| CWC 9: Cage Warrior Combat 9
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 1:21
| Kent, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 50–16–1
| Satoshi Ishii
| Decision (majority)
| M-1 Challenge 42
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 50–15–1
| Denis Komkin
| Decision (split)
| Coliseum Fighting Championship: New History
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 49–15–1
| Alexey Oleynik
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Oplot Challenge 54
| |
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:26
| Kharkiv, Ukraine
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 49–14–1
| Magomed Malikov
| TKO (doctor stoppage)
| M-1 Challenge 40
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:58
| Dzheyrakhsky District, Ingushetia, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 49–13–1
| Drazen Forgac
| TKO (knee injury)
| Strength & Honor Championship 7
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:58
| Geneva, Switzerland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 48–13–1
| Dong Gook Kang
| Decision (unanimous)
| Road FC 10: Monson vs. Kang
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Busan, South Korea
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 47–13–1
| Alexander Emelianenko
| Submission (north-south choke)
| M-1 Challenge 35
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:17
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 46–13–1
| Denis Komkin
| Submission (north-south choke)
| M-1 Global: Fedor vs. Rizzo
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:58
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 45–13–1
| Jim York
| Decision (unanimous)
| Cage Fighting Championships 21
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 44–13–1
| Chaban Ka
| Draw
| 100% Fight 11: Explosion
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Paris, France
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 44–13
| Alexey Oleynik
| Decision (split)
| M-1 Challenge 31
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 43–13
| Fedor Emelianenko
| Decision (unanimous)
| M-1 Global: Fedor vs. Monson
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Moscow, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 43–12
| Paul Taylor
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Sprawl n Brawl 8: Return of the Cyborg
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:20
| Edgbaston, Birmingham, England
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 42–12
| Daniel Cormier
| Decision (unanimous)
| Strikeforce: Overeem vs. Werdum
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Dallas, Texas, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 42–11
| Maro Perak
| Decision (unanimous)
| SHC 4: Monson vs. Perak
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Geneva, Switzerland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 41–11
| Tony Lopez
| Decision (unanimous)
| Fight Time 4: MMA Heavyweight Explosion
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 40–11
| Lee Mein
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| CFM 1: Monson vs. Mein
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:31
| Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 39–11
| Sergey Shemetov
| Submission (americana)
| Israel FC: Genesis
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:09
| Tel Aviv, Israel
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 38–11
| Travis Fulton
| Submission (kimura)
| Fight Time 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:40
| Pompano Beach, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 37–11
| Dave Keeley
| Submission (north-south choke)
| KUMMA: Kings of the North
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:41
| Lancashire, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 36–11
| Jason Guida
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Fight Time 1
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:04
| Pompano Beach, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 35–11
| Ubiratan Marinho Lima
| Decision (unanimous)
| Impact FC 1
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Brisbane, Australia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 34–11
| Shamil Abdurakhimov
| Decision (majority)
| ADFC: Battle of the Champions
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 34–10
| Travis Wiuff
| Decision (split)
| CFX / XKL: Mayhem in Minneapolis
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 34–9
| Francisco Nonato
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| 100% Fight: 100 Percent Fight 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:27
| Paris, France
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 33–9
| John Brown
| Decision (split)
| 5150 Combat League / XFL: New Year's Revolution
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 32–9
| Pedro Rizzo
| Decision (unanimous)
| Bitetti Combat MMA 4
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 32–8
| Jimmy Ambriz
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| TC 33: Bad Intentions
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:09
| Mexico City, Mexico
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 31–8
| Sergei Kharitonov
| Submission (north-south choke)
| DREAM 8
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 30–8
| Sergej Maslobojev
| Submission (north-south choke)
| CW 11: Decade
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:30
| Belfast, Northern Ireland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 29–8
| Roy Nelson
| Decision (unanimous)
| SRP: March Badness
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Pensacola, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 28–8
| Ricco Rodriguez
| Decision (unanimous)
| MFA: There Will Be Blood
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Miami, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 27–8
| Jimmy Ambriz
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Beatdown: 4 Bears Casino
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:50
| New Town, North Dakota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 26–8
| Mark Kerr
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Vengeance Fighting Championship 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:15
| Concord, North Carolina, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 25–8
| Josh Barnett
| Decision (split)
| World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 2
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 25–7
| Hakim Gouram
| Decision (unanimous)
| PFP: Ring of Fire
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Quezon City, Philippines
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 24–7
| Pedro Rizzo
| TKO (punches)
| Art of War 3
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 2:40
| Dallas, Texas, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 24–6
| Kazuyuki Fujita
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| PRIDE 34
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 6:37
| Saitama, Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 23–6
| Tim Sylvia
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 65: Bad Intentions
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Sacramento, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 23–5
| Anthony Perosh
| TKO (punches)
| UFC 61: Bitter Rivals
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:43
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 22–5
| Márcio Cruz
| Decision (split)
| UFC 59: Reality Check
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Anaheim, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 21–5
| Branden Lee Hinkle
| Technical Submission (north-south choke)
| UFC 57: Liddell vs. Couture 3
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:35
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 20–5
| Marc Emmanuel
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| CWFC: Strike Force 4
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:58
| Coventry, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 19–5
| Devin Cole
| Decision (unanimous)
| XFC: Dome of Destruction 3
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tacoma, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 18–5
| Jay White
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| SF 12: Breakout
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:21
| Portland, Oregon, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 17–5
| Rich Wilson
| Submission (armbar)
| Extreme Wars: X-1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:56
| Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 16–5
| Tengiz Tedoradze
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| CWFC: Ultimate Force
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:59
| Sheffield, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 15–5
| Jay White
| TKO (injury)
| Euphoria: USA vs. the World
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:07
| Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14–5
| Brian Stromberg
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| SF 8: Justice
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| Gresham, Oregon, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–5
| Tengiz Tedoradze
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Cage Warriors 9: Xtreme Xmas
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:51
| Sheffield, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–5
| Pat Stano
| TKO (knee to the body)
| Euphoria: Road to the Titles
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:11
| Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–5
| Carlos Clayton
| Decision (unanimous)
| AFC: Brazil 1
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–5
| Don Richards
| Submission (north-south choke)
| IHC 7: The Crucible
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:25
| Hammond, Indiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–5
| Joe Nye
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Mass Destruction 12
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:02
| Taunton, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–5
| Mike Delaney
| Submission (north-south choke)
| Absolute Fighting Championships 4
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:27
| Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 7–5
| Forrest Griffin
| Decision (unanimous)
| WEFC 1: Bring it On
|
| align=center| 4
| align=center| 4:20
| Marietta, Georgia, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 7–4
| Ricco Rodriguez
| TKO (punches)
| UFC 35
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:00
| Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–3
| Roman Roytberg
| Submission (north-south choke)
| AMC: Revenge of the Warriors
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| Rochester, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 6–3
| Chuck Liddell
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 29
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–2
| Tim Lajcik
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 27
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–2
| Bob Gilstrap
| Decision (unanimous)
| AMC: Return of the Gladiators 1
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Rochester, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 4–2
| David Dodd
| Submission (armbar)
| Extreme Challenge 23
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:46
| Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–1
| Roger Neff
| Decision
| Ultimate Ring Challenge
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Wenatchee, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 3–1
| Tommy Sauer
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Extreme Challenge 20
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:47
| Davenport, Iowa, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| John Renfroe
| TKO (submission to punches)
| Ultimate Warrior Challenge
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:45
| Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Cy Cross
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UFCF: Night of Champions
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:47
| Lynnwood, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Luther Norberg
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFCF: Gladiators
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| No location reported
|
Exhibition
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 0–1–0
| Viacheslav Datsik
| Decision (unanimous)
| Arta MMA: Battle For Ryzan
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Moscow, Russia
|
Boxing record
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
!
!Result
!Record
!Opponent
!Method
!Round, time
!Date
!Location
!Notes
|-
|4
|Loss
|align=center|2–1–1
| Timer Nikulin
|align=center|
|align=center|4
|align=center|Oct 26, 2021
|align=left|
|-
|3
|Win
| align=center|2–0–1
| J.C. Hillard
| align=center|TKO
| align=center|2 (4),
| align=center|Nov 20, 2004
|align=left|
|
|-
|2
|Win
|align=center|1–0–1
| Kenyatta Quitman
| align=center|
| align=center|2 (4),
| align=center|May 15, 2004
|align=left|
|
|-
|1
|style="background: #B0C4DE"|Draw
|align=center|0–0–1
| Matt Ives
|align=center|
|align=center|4
|align=center|Apr 23, 2004
|align=left|
|
|-
Bare-knuckle boxing record
|-
|Loss
|align=center|0–1
| Alexander Emelianenko
|Decision (unanimous)
|Hardcore FC: Russia vs. USA
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
|Moscow, Russia
|
Submission grappling record
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:80%; text-align:left;"
|-
| colspan=8 style="text-align:center;" | 16 Matches, 9 Wins (4 Submissions), 4 Losses (0 Submissions), 3 Draws
|-
! Result
! style="text-align:center;"| Rec.
! Opponent
! Method
! Event
! Date
! Location
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|9–4–3
| Aleksey Molchakov
|Submission (Rear-naked choke)
|Kingdom Professional Fight: Selection 4
|July 18, 2020
| St. Petersburg, Russia
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|8–4–3
| Warren Brooks
|Submission (Rear-naked choke)
|Submission Underground 2
|December 10, 2016
| Portland, Oregon
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|7–4–3
| Shannon Ritch
|Submission (Kimura)
|A-Fight MMA 4
|October 9, 2016
| Nevinnomyssk, Russia
|-
|Loss
|style="text-align:center;"|6–4–3
| Levan Persaev
| Decision (Unanimous)
|Octagon Fighting Sensation 9
|October 6, 2016
| Sukhumi, Georgia
|-
|Draw
|style="text-align:center;"|6–3–3
| Eduard Kuntudaev
| Draw
|Red City Fights 6
|September 4, 2016
| Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|6–3–2
| Maxim Kiselev
| Submission (North-south choke)
|PRIDE Fighting Show 1
|April 23, 2016
| Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
|-
|Draw
|style="text-align:center;"|5–3–2
| Aleksey Budimirov
| Draw (Unanimous)
|Fight Stars: Battle on Sura 5
|April 16, 2016
| Penza, Russia
|-
|Draw
|style="text-align:center;"|5–3–1
| Isa Umarov
| Draw (Unanimous)
|Kunlun Fight 1
|January 25, 2014
| Pattaya, Thailand
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|5–3
| Gabriel Gonzaga
| Decision
|2005 ADCC Championships
|May 28, 2005
| Long Beach, California
|-
|Loss
|style="text-align:center;"|4–3
| Ryron Gracie
| Decision (Points)
|Ultimate Submission Showdown 2003
| October 11, 2003
| Torrance, California
|-
|Loss
|style="text-align:center;"|4–2
| Mark Robinson
| Decision
|2001 ADCC World Championship
| April 11, 2001
| Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|-
|Loss
|style="text-align:center;"|4–1
| Ricardo Arona
| Decision
|2000 ADCC World Championship
|March 1, 2000
| Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|4–0
| Saulo Ribeiro
| Decision
|rowspan=4|1999 ADCC World Championship
|rowspan=4|February 24, 1999
|rowspan=4| Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|3–0
| Rigan Machado
|Decision (Points)
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|2–0
| Roberto Traven
|Decision (Points)
|-
|Win
|style="text-align:center;"|1–0
| Fabiano Capoani
|Decision (Points)
|-
See also
List of Strikeforce alumni
List of male mixed martial artists
List of mixed martial artists with professional boxing records
List of people from Olympia, Washington
List of people who entered an Alford plea
References
External links
(dead link)
at MMA Fighting
Jeff Monson articles at libcom.org
1971 births
Sportspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
American anarchists
American communists
American Christians
Christian anarchists
Christian communists
American male sport wrestlers
American male mixed martial artists
American sportspeople in doping cases
American emigrants to Russia
Doping cases in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial artists from Minnesota
Light heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from Washington (state)
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing collegiate wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Industrial Workers of the World members
Living people
American male boxers
Oregon State Beavers wrestlers
Mixed martial artists from Florida
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
American submission wrestlers
Submission grapplers
University of Illinois alumni
Oregon State University alumni
University of Minnesota Duluth alumni
People who entered an Alford plea
Naturalised citizens of Russia
People from Coconut Creek, Florida
Timberline High School (Lacey, Washington) alumni
Heavyweight boxers
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
World No-Gi Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Championship medalists
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs
College wrestling coaches in the United States
Russian anarchists
Russian communists
Communist Party of the Russian Federation members
United Russia politicians
Russian Christians
American expatriates in Russia
American refugees
Refugees in Russia |
4148032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20A%20%28Y-DNA%29 | Haplogroup A (Y-DNA) | Haplogroup A is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, which includes all living human Y chromosomes. Bearers of extant sub-clades of haplogroup A are almost exclusively found in Africa (or among the African diaspora), in contrast with haplogroup BT, bearers of which participated in the Out of Africa migration of early modern humans. The known branches of haplogroup A are A00, A0, A1a, and A1b1; these branches are only very distantly related, and are not more closely related to each other than they are to haplogroup BT.
Origin
Though there are terminological challenges to define it as a haplogroup, haplogroup A has come to mean "the foundational haplogroup" (viz. of contemporary human populations); it is not defined by any mutation, but refers to any haplogroup which is not descended from the haplogroup BT; in other words, it is defined by the absence of the defining mutation of that group (M91). By this definition, haplogroup A includes all mutations that took place between the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (estimated at some 270 kya) and the mutation defining haplogroup BT (estimated at some 140–150 kya, including any extant subclades that may yet to be discovered.
Bearers of haplogroup A (i.e. absence of the defining mutation of haplogroup BT) have been found in Southern Africa's hunter-gatherer inhabited areas, especially among the San people. In addition, the most basal mitochondrial DNA L0 lineages are also largely restricted to the San. However, the A lineages of Southern Africa are sub-clades of A lineages found in other parts of Africa, suggesting that A sub-haplogroups arrived in Southern Africa from elsewhere.
The two most basal lineages of haplogroup A, A0 and A1 (prior to the announcement of the discovery of haplogroup A00 in 2013), have been detected in West Africa, Northwest Africa and Central Africa. Cruciani et al. (2011) suggest that these lineages may have emerged somewhere in between Central and Northwest Africa.
Scozzari et al. (2012) also supported "the hypothesis of an origin in the north-western quadrant of the African continent for the A1b [ i.e. A0 ] haplogroup".
Haplogroup A1b1b2 has been found among ancient fossils excavated at Balito Bay in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, which have been dated to around 2149-1831 BP (2/2; 100%).
Distribution
By definition of haplogroup A as "non-BT", it is almost completely restricted to Africa, though a very small handful of bearers have been reported in Europe and Western Asia.
The clade achieves its highest modern frequencies in the Bushmen hunter-gatherer populations of Southern Africa, followed closely by many Nilotic groups in Eastern Africa. However, haplogroup A's oldest sub-clades are exclusively found in Central-Northwest Africa, where it (and by extension the patrilinear ancestor of modern humans) is believed to have originated. Estimates of its time depth have varied greatly, at either close to 190 kya or close to 140 kya in separate 2013 studies, and with the inclusion of the previously unknown "A00" haplogroup to about 270 kya in 2015 studies.
The clade has also been observed at notable frequencies in certain populations in Ethiopia, as well as some Pygmy groups in Central Africa, and less commonly Niger–Congo speakers, who largely belong to the E1b1a clade. Haplogroup E in general is believed to have originated in Northeast Africa, and was later introduced to West Africa from where it spread around 5,000 years ago to Central, Southern and Southeastern Africa with the Bantu expansion. According to Wood et al. (2005) and Rosa et al. (2007), such relatively recent population movements from West Africa changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroups in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a lineages. Traces of ancestral inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A-M91 and B-M60 that are common in certain relict populations, such as the Mbuti Pygmies and the Khoisan.
In a composite sample of 3551 African men, Haplogroup A had a frequency of 5.4%. The highest frequencies of haplogroup A have been reported among the Khoisan of Southern Africa, Beta Israel, and Nilo-Saharans from Sudan.
North America
1 African American Male out of Lacrosse, WI USA, Moses, Ramon, A00, A00-AF8
Africa
North Africa
In North Africa, haplogroup A is largely absent. Its subclade A1 has been observed at trace frequencies among Moroccans.
Upper Nile
Haplogroup A3b2-M13 is common among the Southern Sudanese (53%), especially the Dinka Sudanese (61.5%). Haplogroup A3b2-M13 also has been observed in another sample of a South Sudanese population at a frequency of 45% (18/40), including 1/40 A3b2a-M171.
Further downstream around the Nile valley, the subclade A3b2 has also been observed at very low frequencies in a sample of Egyptian males (3%).
West Africa
Eight male individuals from Guinea Bissau, two male individuals from Niger, one male individual from Mali, and one male individual from Cabo Verde carried haplogroup A1a.
Central Africa
Haplogroup A3b2-M13 has been observed in populations of northern Cameroon (2/9 = 22% Tupuri, 4/28 = 14% Mandara, 2/17 = 12% Fulbe) and eastern DRC (2/9 = 22% Alur, 1/18 = 6% Hema, 1/47 = 2% Mbuti).
Haplogroup A-M91(xA1a-M31, A2-M6/M14/P3/P4, A3-M32) has been observed in the Bakola people of southern Cameroon (3/33 = 9%).
Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A Y-DNA has been observed in samples of several populations of Gabon, including 9% (3/33) of a sample of Baka, 3% (1/36) of a sample of Ndumu, 2% (1/46) of a sample of Duma, 2% (1/57) of a sample of Nzebi, and 2% (1/60) of a sample of Tsogo.
East Africa
African Great Lakes
Bantus in Kenya (14%, Luis et al. 2004) and Iraqw in Tanzania (3/43 = 7.0% (Luis et al. 2004) to 1/6 = 17% (Knight et al. 2003)).
Horn of Africa
Haplogroup A is found at low to moderate frequencies in the Horn of Africa. The clade is observed at highest frequencies among the 41% of a sample of the Beta Israel, occurring among 41% of one sample from this population (Cruciani et al. 2002). Elsewhere in the region, haplogroup A has been reported in 14.6% (7/48) of an Amhara sample, 10.3% (8/78) of an Oromo sample, and 13.6% (12/88) of another sample from Ethiopia.
Southern Africa
One 2005 study has found haplogroup A in samples of various Khoisan-speaking tribes with frequency ranging from 10% to 70%.
This particular haplogroup was not found in a sample of the Hadzabe from Tanzania, a population sometimes proposed as a remnant of a Late Stone Age Khoisanid population.
Asia
In Asia, haplogroup A has been observed at low frequencies in Asia Minor and the Middle East among Aegean Turks, Palestinians, Jordanians, Yemenites.
Europe
A3a2 (A-M13; formerly A3b2), has been observed at very low frequencies in some Mediterranean islands. Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A has been found in a sample of Greeks from Mitilini on the Aegean island of Lesvos and in samples of Portuguese from southern Portugal, central Portugal, and Madeira. The authors of one study have reported finding what appears to be haplogroup A in 3.1% (2/65) of a sample of Cypriots, though they have not definitively excluded the possibility that either of these individuals may belong to a rare subclade of haplogroup BT, including haplogroup CT.
Subclades
A00 (A00-AF6)
Mendez et al. (2013) announced the discovery of a previously unknown haplogroup, for which they proposed the designator "A00". "Genotyping of a DNA sample that was submitted to a commercial genetic-testing facility demonstrated that the Y chromosome of this African American individual carried the ancestral state of all known Y chromosome SNPs. To further characterize this lineage, which we dubbed A00, for proposed nomenclature)"; "We have renamed the basal branch in Cruciani et al. [2011] as A0 (previously A1b) and refer to the presently reported lineage as A00. For deep branches discovered in the future, we suggest continuing the nomenclature A000, and so on." It has an estimated age of around 275 kya, so is roughly contemporary with the known appearance of earliest known anatomically modern humans, such as Jebel Irhoud.
A00 is also sometimes known as "Perry's Y-chromosome" (or simply "Perry's Y"). This previously unknown haplogroup was discovered in 2012 in the Y chromosome of an African-American man who had submitted his DNA for commercial genealogical analysis. The subsequent discovery of other males belonging to A00 led to the reclassification of Perry's Y as A00a (A-L1149).
Researchers later found A00 was possessed by 11 Mbo males of Western Cameroon (Bantu) (out of a sample of 174 (6.32%). Subsequent research suggested that the overall rate of A00 was even higher among the Mbo, i.e. 9.3% (8 of 86) were later found to fall within A00b (A-A4987).
Further research in 2015 indicates that the modern population with the highest concentration of A00 is the (or Nweh), a Yemba-speaking group of Cameroon (Grassfields Bantu): 27 of 67 (40.3%) samples were positive for A00a (L1149). One Bangwa individual did not fit into either A00a or A00b.
Geneticists sequenced genome-wide DNA data from four people buried at the site of Shum Laka in Cameroon between 8000–3000 years ago, who were most genetically similar to Mbuti pygmies. One individual carried the deeply divergent Y chromosome haplogroup A00.
A0 (A-V148)
The haplogroup names "A-V148" and "A-CTS2809/L991" refer to the exact same haplogroup.
A0 is found only in Bakola Pygmies (South Cameroon) at 8.3% and Berbers from Algeria at 1.5%. Also found in Ghana.
A1a (A-M31)
The subclade A1a (M31) has been found in approximately 2.8% (8/282) of a pool of seven samples of various ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau, especially among the Papel-Manjaco-Mancanha (5/64 = 7.8%). In an earlier study published in 2003, Gonçalves et al. have reported finding A1a-M31 in 5.1% (14/276) of a sample from Guinea-Bissau and in 0.5% (1/201) of a pair of samples from Cabo Verde. The authors of another study have reported finding haplogroup A1a-M31 in 5% (2/39) of a sample of Mandinka from Senegambia and 2% (1/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali. Haplogroup A1a-M31 also has been found in 3% (2/64) of a sample of Berbers from Morocco and 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of unspecified ethnic affiliation from Mali.
In 2007, seven men from Yorkshire, England sharing the unusual surname Revis were identified as being from the A1a (M31) subclade. It was discovered that these men had a common male-line ancestor from the 18th century, but no previous information about African ancestry was known.
In 2023, Lacrosse, WI, 1 Male, A1a-M31, Moses, Ramon.
A1b1a1a (A-M6)
The subclade A1b1a1a (M6; formerly A2 and A1b1a1a-M6) is typically found among Khoisan peoples. The authors of one study have reported finding haplogroup A-M6(xA-P28) in 28% (8/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 16% (5/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele, and haplogroup A2b-P28 in 17% (5/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San, 9% (3/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele, 9% (1/11) of a sample of Nama, and 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama. The authors of another study have reported finding haplogroup A2 in 15.4% (6/39) of a sample of Khoisan males, including 5/39 A2-M6/M14/M23/M29/M49/M71/M135/M141(xA2a-M114) and 1/39 A2a-M114.
A1b1b (A-M32)
The clade A1b1b (M32; formerly A3) contains the most populous branches of haplogroup A and is mainly found in Eastern Africa and Southern Africa.
A1b1b1 (A-M28)
The subclade (appropriately considered as a distinct haplogroup) A1b1b1 (M28; formerly A3a) has only been rarely observed in the Horn of Africa. In 5% (1/20) of a mixed sample of speakers of South Semitic languages from Ethiopia, 1.1% (1/88) of a sample of Ethiopians, and 0.5% (1/201) in Somalis. it has also been observed in Eastern, Central and Southern of Arabia. Current results, according to FTDNA, suggest that some branches such as A-V1127 originated in Arabia. Additionally, as suggested by experts as seen in TMRCA in Yfull tree, this haplogroup must have undergone a bottleneck time when people who represent this haplogroup suffered some sort of extinction and sharply decreased in number.
A1b1b2a (A-M51)
The subclade A1b1b2a (M51; formerly A3b1) occurs most frequently among Khoisan peoples (6/11 = 55% Nama, 11/39 = 28% Khoisan, 7/32 = 22% !Kung/Sekele, 6/29 = 21% Tsumkwe San, 1/18 = 6% Dama). However, it also has been found with lower frequency among Bantu peoples of Southern Africa, including 2/28 = 7% Sotho–Tswana, 3/53 = 6% non-Khoisan Southern Africans, 4/80 = 5% Xhosa, and 1/29 = 3% Zulu.
A1b1b2b (A-M13)
The subclade A1b1b2b (M13; formerly A3b2) is primarily distributed among Nilotic populations in East Africa and northern Cameroon. It is different from the A subclades that are found in the Khoisan samples and only remotely related to them (it is actually only one of many subclades within haplogroup A). This finding suggests an ancient divergence.
In Sudan, haplogroup A-M13 has been found in 28/53 = 52.8% of Southern Sudanese, 13/28 = 46.4% of the Nuba of central Sudan, 25/90 = 27.8% of Western Sudanese, 4/32 = 12.5% of local Hausa people, and 5/216 = 2.3% of Northern Sudanese.
In Ethiopia, one study has reported finding haplogroup A-M13 in 14.6% (7/48) of a sample of Amhara and 10.3% (8/78) of a sample of Oromo. Another study has reported finding haplogroup A3b2b-M118 in 6.8% (6/88) and haplogroup A3b2*-M13(xA3b2a-M171, A3b2b-M118) in 5.7% (5/88) of a mixed sample of Ethiopians, amounting to a total of 12.5% (11/88) A3b2-M13.
Haplogroup A-M13 also has been observed occasionally outside of Central and Eastern Africa, as in the Aegean Region of Turkey (2/30 = 6.7%), Yemenite Jews (1/20 = 5%), Egypt (4/147 = 2.7%, 3/92 = 3.3%), Palestinian Arabs (2/143 = 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 = 1.3%, 1/22 = 4.5%), the capital of Jordan, Amman (1/101=1%), and Oman (1/121 = 0.8%).
Haplogroup A-M13 has been found among three Neolithic period fossils excavated from the Kadruka site in Sudan.
Haplogroup A-M13 was also found in a male victim of the Mt. Vesuvius eruption in Pompeii.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Initial sequencing of the human Y-chromosome had suggested that first split in the Y-Chromosome family tree occurred with the mutations that separated Haplogroup BT from Y-chromosomal Adam and haplogroup A more broadly. Subsequently, many intervening splits between Y-chromosomal Adam and BT, also became known.
A major shift in the understanding of the Y-DNA tree came with the publication of . While the SNP marker M91 had been regarded as a key to identifying haplogroup BT, it was realised that the region surrounding M91 was a mutational hotspot, which is prone to recurrent back-mutations. Moreover, the 8T stretch of Haplogroup A represented the ancestral state of M91, and the 9T of haplogroup BT a derived state, which arose following the insertion of 1T. This explained why subclades A1b and A1a, the deepest branches of Haplogroup A, both possessed the 8T stretch. Similarly, the P97 marker, which was also used to identify haplogroup A, possessed the ancestral state in haplogroup A, but a derived state in haplogroup BT. Ultimately the tendency of M91 to back-mutate and (hence) its unreliability, led to M91 being discarded as a defining SNP by ISOGG in 2016. Conversely, P97 has been retained as a defining marker of Haplogroup BT.
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic trees
The above phylogenetic tree is based on the ISOGG, YCC, and subsequent published research.
Y-chromosomal Adam
A00 (AF6/L1284)
A00a (L1149, FGC25576, FGC26292, FGC26293, FGC27741)
A00b (A4987/YP3666, A4981, A4982/YP2683, A4984/YP2995, A4985/YP3292, A4986, A4988/YP3731)
A0-T (L1085)
A0 (CTS2809/L991) formerly A1b
A1 (P305) formerly A1a-T, A0 and A1b
A1a (M31)
A1b (P108) formerly A2-T
A1b1 (L419/PF712)
A1b1a (L602, V50, V82, V198, V224)
A1b1a1 (M14) formerly A2
A1b1a1a (M6)
A1b1a1a1 (P28) formerly A1b1a1a1b and A2b
A1b1b (M32) formerly A3
A1b1b1 (M28) formerly A3a
A1b1b2 (L427)
A1b1b2a (M51/Page42) formerly A3b1
A1b1b2a1 (P291)
A1b1b2b (M13/PF1374) formerly A3b2
A1b1b2b1 (M118)
BT (M91)
See also
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
Y-DNA A subclades
References
Bibliography
as PDF
(chart highlighting new branches added to the A phylotree in March 2013)
Sources for conversion tables
External links
Family Tree DNA — Y-Haplogroup A Project
African Haplogroup project at FTDNA
Spread of Haplogroup A, from National Geographic
A |
4148260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa%20Virtue | Tessa Virtue | Tessa Jane McCormick Virtue (born May 17, 1989) is a Canadian retired ice dancer. With ice dance partner Scott Moir, she is the 2010 and 2018 Olympic champion, the 2014 Olympic silver medallist, a three-time World champion (2010, 2012, 2017), a three-time Four Continents champion (2008, 2012, 2017), the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final champion, an eight-time Canadian National champion (2008–2010, 2012–2014, 2017–2018), the 2006 World Junior champion and the 2006 Junior Grand Prix gold medallists. Virtue and Moir are also the 2018 Olympic gold medallists in the team event and the 2014 Olympic silver medallists in the team event. Upon winning their third Olympic gold medal, they became the most decorated Canadian ice dance team of all time and the most decorated Olympic figure skaters of all time. Widely regarded as one of the greatest ice dance teams of all time, they are the only ice dancers in history to achieve a Super Slam, having won all major international competitions in their senior and junior careers. Virtue and Moir are holders of the world record score for the now-defunct original dance.
Virtue and Moir were paired in 1997, aged seven and nine. They are the 2004 Canadian junior champions and became Canada's top ice dance team in 2007. They are the 2008 World silver medallists and the 2009 World bronze medallists and became the first ice dance team to receive a 10.0 for a program component score under the new ISU Judging System. In 2010, they became the first ice dancers from North America to win an Olympic gold medal, ending the 34-year streak of the Europeans. Virtue and Moir are the youngest ice dance team ever to win an Olympic title, the first ice dancers to win a gold medal in their Olympic debut, and the first ice dance team to win Olympic gold on home ice.
Virtue and Moir continued to be one of the world's top ice dance teams after their first Olympic victory in 2010. They are the 2010 and 2012 World champions, the 2011 and 2013 World silver medallists, and the 2014 Olympic ice dance and team event silver medallists. After taking a two-season break from the sport, they returned to competition in the fall of 2016 and became the 2017 World champions, having an unprecedented undefeated season. At the 2018 Olympics, they became only the second ice dance team in history to have won two Olympic gold medals in the individual event.
Having skated together for over twenty years, Virtue and Moir are the longest-standing ice dance team in Canadian history. In 2018, Time magazine noted that "they've become especially beloved by new and returning spectators alike for their passionate performances and undeniable chemistry, on and off the ice". On September 17, 2019, Virtue and Moir announced that they are "stepping away" from the sport after 22 years as ice dancing partners. In 2020, Virtue and Moir were inducted to the Order of Canada "for their athletic excellence and for inspiring a new generation of figure skaters", and in 2023, they were inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Personal life
Virtue was born and raised in London, Ontario, Canada. Born to Kate and Jim Virtue, she is the youngest of four children. She attended Holy Names High School in Windsor, Ontario, in addition to an electronic learning school called AMDEC based in Stratford, Ontario. She began skating at age six, having felt motivated to do so after a school field trip was set to take place at an ice arena. Two years into her partnership with Moir, a nine-year-old Virtue passed up the opportunity to enter the National Ballet School to devote herself to skating. As a child, Virtue was also trained in gymnastics, track and other sports. She studied psychology at the University of Windsor in 2007, and as of 2014 was completing her degree at the University of Western Ontario. Virtue began the Executive MBA program at Queen's University in the fall of 2020. She graduated with a Master of Applied Positive Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 2023.
In 2004, Virtue began living in Canton, Michigan, in the US, to train under Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva. After the 2014 Olympics, she moved back to London, Ontario. In 2016, she moved to Montreal, Quebec, where she and Moir were coached by Marie-France Dubreuil and Patrice Lauzon. Virtue and Moir have previously described themselves as being each other's "best friend". Virtue added, "It’s a special partnership. We both think the world of one another."
Virtue is engaged to Toronto Maple Leafs defenceman Morgan Rielly. According to Rielly, they met one another via a mutual friend.
Career
Early career
Virtue and Moir began skating together in 1997, at the ages of seven and nine respectively, paired together by his aunt Carol Moir, who had been coaching both of them individually. Early in their career, after departing from their first skating club in Ilderton, Ontario, Virtue and Moir trained in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, under Paul MacIntosh and Suzanne Killing. They were the pre-novice champions at the 2001 Canadian Championships.
In the 2001–02 season, Virtue and Moir won the bronze medal at the 2002 Canadian Championships at the novice level. The following season, they placed 7th at the 2003 Canadian Championships in the junior division.
2003–04 season: Junior Grand Prix debut
In 2003–04, Virtue and Moir made their ISU Junior Grand Prix debut on the 2003–04 ISU Junior Grand Prix. They placed 4th at the event in Croatia and 6th in Slovakia. At the 2004 Canadian Championships, they won the Junior title, qualifying them for the team to the 2004 World Junior Championships, where they placed 11th. Over the summer of 2004, Virtue and Moir moved to Canton, Michigan, and began working with Russian coaches Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva at the Arctic Edge Ice Arena.
2004–05 season
For the 2004-05 season, Virtue and Moir moved up to the national senior level but remained juniors internationally. On the 2004–05 ISU Junior Grand Prix, they won their event in China and won the silver medal at the event in France, which qualified them for their first Junior Grand Prix Final, where they won the silver medal. They made their senior national debut at the 2005 Canadian Championships and placed fourth. They were named to the team to the 2005 World Junior Championships, where they won the silver medal.
2005–06 season: Junior Grand Prix and World Junior titles
Virtue and Moir remained at the junior level internationally in the 2005–06 season. On the 2005–06 ISU Junior Grand Prix, they won both of their assigned events as well as the Junior Grand Prix Final.
At the 2006 Canadian Championships, Virtue and Moir placed 3rd and were named first alternates to the Olympic team. In spite of still being on the junior circuit, their placement led to them being named to the team to the 2006 Four Continents, their first international senior competition, where they won the bronze medal. At the 2006 World Junior Championships, they became the first Canadian ice dance team to win the title. As of this season, having gone undefeated in the international junior circuit, Virtue and Moir are the most decorated junior-level Canadian ice dancers.
2006–07 season: Grand Prix debut
In the 2006–07 season, Virtue and Moir competed solely on the senior level. They made their Grand Prix debut at the 2006 Skate Canada International, where they won the silver medal. They placed 4th at the 2006 Trophée Éric Bompard.
At the 2007 Canadian Championships, Virtue and Moir won the silver medal, and repeated their bronze medal finish at Four Continents. Their debut at the World Championships was the highest debut by any team in over two decades when they placed 6th.
2007–08 season: Four Continents title and World silver
Virtue and Moir were assigned to Skate Canada International and the NHK Trophy for the 2007–08 Grand Prix season. They won the 2007 Skate Canada International and placed second at the 2007 NHK Trophy, qualifying them for the Grand Prix Final, where they came in fourth place.
Virtue and Moir won their first Canadian national title at the 2008 Canadian Championships and thus earned spots for the Four Continents and World Championships. They won the gold medal at the 2008 Four Continents Championships, marking their first international victory as seniors. They were the silver medallists at the 2008 World Championships in Sweden, winning the free dance segment with their program to The Umbrellas of Cherbourg soundtrack.
2008–09 season
In the 2008–09 season, Virtue and Moir withdrew from both their Grand Prix events due to Virtue's medical condition; she had been diagnosed with chronic exertional compartment syndrome and underwent surgery in October 2008 to alleviate the condition. She returned to the ice at the start of December, which she later said was probably too early. At the 2009 Canadian Championships, their first competition of the season, they won their second back-to-back national title.
At the 2009 Four Continents Championships, Virtue and Moir finished second behind their friends and training partners, Americans Meryl Davis and Charlie White. At the 2009 World Championships, they won the bronze medal, after placing 3rd in the compulsory dance, 6th in the original dance, and 4th in the free skate.
2009–10 season: Olympic and World titles
Virtue/Moir started off the 2009–10 Olympic season at the 2009 Trophée Éric Bompard, finishing first by a margin of 16.07 points ahead of the silver medallists, Nathalie Péchalat and Fabian Bourzat. They also won the 2009 Skate Canada International with a combined score of 204.38 points, 19.31 points ahead of Péchalat/Bourzat. At that competition, they received the first 10.0 for ice dance under the ISU Judging System. They were second at the Grand Prix Final behind Davis and White.
In January 2010, Virtue and Moir won their third national title at the 2010 Canadian Championships, placing first in all three segments of the competition and earning 221.95 points overall, which was 37.25 ahead of silver medallists Vanessa Crone and Paul Poirier. They set Canadian records for free dance and for combined total.
Virtue and Moir competed in the ice dance competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics from February 19 through 22. They placed second in the compulsory dance, earning a new personal best score of 42.74 points, just 1.02 off the lead. They earned 68.41 points in the original dance, placing first in that segment of the competition. They scored 110.42 points in the free dance and won the gold medal overall with an insurmountable total score of 221.57, surpassing silver medallists Davis and White by 5.83 points. In the free dance, which they skated to Mahler's Symphony No. 5, they received four 10.00 marks from the judges in the program components, two for the performance execution and two for interpretation, a feat never before accomplished by a figure skater or team under the International Judging System. They became the first Canadian as well as the first North American ice dance team and the youngest dance team, at the ages of 20 (Virtue) and 22 (Moir), to win the Olympics, and the first ice dance team to win the Olympic gold on home ice. They were also the first ice dancers to win gold in their Olympic debut since the inaugural Olympic ice dance event in 1976.
Virtue/Moir competed at the 2010 World Championships and placed first in the compulsory dance with 44.13 points, improving their previous personal best. They also won the original dance with 70.27 points, a world record under the ISU Judging System. They placed second in the free dance with 110.03 points, 0.46 behind Davis and White. Overall they claimed their first World Championship title scoring 224.43 points, 1.40 ahead of the Americans. They received numerous 10.00 for program components marks in the original dance and in the free dance.
2010–11 season
For the 2010–11 Grand Prix season, Virtue and Moir were assigned to the 2010 Skate Canada International and to the 2010 Trophée Éric Bompard. Virtue underwent surgery in October 2010 to reduce the lingering pain in her shins and calves that is a result of chronic exertional compartment syndrome, leading to their withdrawal from the Grand Prix circuit. They also withdrew from the 2011 Canadian Championships because they did not have enough time to train after the surgery.
Virtue/Moir made their season debut at the 2011 Four Continents. They were in the lead following the short dance but withdrew midway through the free dance after Virtue felt tightness in her left quad muscle. Virtue stated, "The issue with my quad was actually coming from my pelvis and my back. [I]t seemed to be stemming from a particular lift we were doing, which was a split lift. Upon returning home to Michigan we changed that lift immediately, so now we do an upside-down position instead of a split." At the 2011 World Championships, they placed second overall by 3.48 points behind the American team of Meryl Davis and Charlie White.
Following the World Championships, Virtue experienced pain in her shins and calves. She decided against a third surgery and chose other methods to overcome the problem.
2011–12 season: Second Four Continents and World titles
Virtue/Moir were assigned to two Grand Prix events, 2011 Skate Canada and 2011 Trophée Éric Bompard, having declined a newly introduced option to compete in a third. They announced their music selections in August. The two won their first event of the season, 2011 Finlandia Trophy. They won both their Grand Prix events and qualified for the Grand Prix Final, where they finished second in both segments to win the silver medal. In late December 2011, the ISU acknowledged a scoring error in the free dance; had the scores been correctly calculated (+ 0.5 points), Virtue and Moir would have won that segment. The scores from the Grand Prix Final were left unchanged, however.
Virtue/Moir won their fourth national title in January 2012. In February, they competed at the 2012 Four Continents Championships. After a second place short dance, they rallied in the free dance to win their second Four Continents championships and first since 2008. It was also their first victory over training mates Davis/White since the 2010 World Championships. Virtue and Moir then competed at the 2012 World Championships and won the gold medal, finishing first in both segments ahead of silver medallists Davis and White.
Following Igor Shpilband's dismissal from the Arctic Edge Arena in June 2012, Virtue and Moir decided to remain at the rink with Marina Zueva and ended their collaboration with Shpilband.
2012–13 season
Virtue and Moir withdrew from the 2012 Finlandia Trophy due to a slight muscle strain in Moir's neck. They were assigned to two Grand Prix events, the 2012 Skate Canada International and the 2012 Rostelecom Cup. At Skate Canada, they won the short dance with a score of 65.09, only 0.01 points ahead of Anna Cappellini and Luca Lanotte of Italy. They went on to win the competition with a total score of 169.41, which was 9.35 points ahead of the Italians.
At the Grand Prix Final, Virtue and Moir took the silver medal behind Davis and White. They decided to modify their "The Waltz Goes On" short dance, simplifying the storyline. The two debuted the modified short dance at the 2013 Canadian Championships, earning a score of 79.04. They won their fifth national title with a combined score of 187.19 after their Carmen-themed free dance. Virtue and Moir placed first in the short dance at the 2013 Four Continents Championships. During their free dance, Virtue felt cramping in her legs and paused the performance; they resumed after about three minutes and finished second to Davis and White. Virtue and Moir also finished second to Davis and White at the 2013 World Championships in their hometown of London, Ontario.
2013–14 season: Two Olympic silver medals
Virtue/Moir started their season at the 2013 Finlandia Trophy and won the gold medal. They were assigned to two Grand Prix events for the season, the 2013 Skate Canada International and the 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard, and won both competitions. They finished with a world record score in the Grand Prix Final (190.00) that was beaten minutes later by Davis/White.
During the airing of the 2014 Canadian National Championships on TSN, where they won their sixth national title, Virtue and Moir stated that they could be retiring after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. At the Sochi games, they won silver in both the ice dance and team skate events. The second-place finish was coloured by controversy about the coaching and judging. The French sports publication L’Équipe alleged that the US and Russian judges had conspired to ensure gold for Russia in the team event and gold for Americans Davis and White in the ice dance competition. Notably, after the individual short dance event where Virtue and Moir were two points behind Davis and White, the creator of the Finnstep (required pattern dance that season), ice dancer Petri Kokko, spoke out on Twitter to support Virtue and Moir. In addition, coach Marina Zoueva's apparent conflict of interest in coaching both the first- and second-place ice dancers provoked questions about whether she had displayed favouritism to the Americans (especially after she chose to march in the opening ceremony with the US team) and had devoted less coaching time to the Canadians. Although Virtue and Moir later admitted concerns about the coaching, they also congratulated the American pair on their Olympic victory.
Virtue and Moir decided not to compete at the 2014 World Championships.
2016–17 season: Undefeated comeback season
On February 20, 2016, following a two-year break from the sport, Virtue and Moir announced on CBC's Road to the Olympic Games that they planned to return to competition for the 2016–17 figure skating season and that they had moved to Montreal, with former competitors Marie-France Dubreuil and Patrice Lauzon as their new coaches.
Their first assignment back during the 2016–17 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating season was the 2016 Skate Canada International where they won gold with a combined total score of 189.06. In November 2016, they set a new record total score of 195.84 (including a world record short dance mark of 79.47) at the 2016 NHK Trophy competition in Japan. They set the highest scores at a Grand Prix event. Two weeks later, they topped those scores, receiving 80.5 in the short dance and 197.22 total at the Grand Prix Final in Marseille, France, which they won for the first time in their career.
At the 2017 Canadian Figure Skating Championships in January, Virtue and Moir won their seventh national title with a combined score of 203.45, setting Canadian records in the short dance, free dance, and total points. At the 2017 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships in South Korea in February, they won their third title, setting a new personal best in the free dance with 117.20 points and earning 196.95 points overall.
Virtue and Moir broke their own world record short dance score at the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki. They received a score of 82.43 and had a huge 5.5-point lead over reigning champions and training partners Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron. They placed second behind Papadakis/Cizeron in the free dance with Moir tripping. Moir said, "I got back up and Tessa said a really funny joke to me, it automatically put me back on track and I just kept going." Overall they totaled 198.62 points, setting yet another world record and winning their third title as world champions. For the first time in their competitive career, Virtue/Moir were undefeated for an entire season.
2017–18 season: Two Olympic gold medals
For the 2017–2018 season, Virtue and Moir chose The Rolling Stones, the Eagles, and Santana for their short dance, and skated to the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack for their free dance. Virtue and Moir started their season at the Autumn Classic International in September. Their Grand Prix assignments were Skate Canada International and the NHK Trophy, and they won both competitions, scoring 199.86 and 198.64, respectively. At the 2017 Grand Prix Final, Virtue and Moir lost for the first time since their return to competition, finishing second to training mates and main rivals Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron of France, who had a half-point lead after the short dance.
Virtue and Moir competed at the 2018 Canadian National Championships. They debuted their revamped free dance, adding new choreography and music for a more dramatic performance. There, they captured their 8th national title with a combined score of 209.82, after having a nearly perfect short dance and getting a perfect score on the free dance. After the competition, they changed a "risque" lift in their Moulin Rouge routine that had involved Virtue's legs wrapped around Moir's head. At the Olympics, they performed the modified lift during the team event but went back to the original version for the individual ice dance event.
On January 16, they were named the Canadian flag bearers for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, marking the first time a Canadian man and woman carried the country's flag together into an Olympic opening ceremony. By placing first in both the short dance and free dance segments of the competition, Virtue and Moir won gold as part of Canada's team in the Olympic figure skating team event. This being their fourth Olympic medal, they tied the record for the most ever won by a figure skater. In the individual event, Virtue and Moir topped their own record score for the short dance, putting them into first place. They then placed second in the free dance, but their score was enough to win them their second individual Olympic title on February 20, 2018, exactly two years after announcing their competitive comeback. They also broke the world record for overall score, which had been set by Papadakis/Cizeron minutes before. This was Virtue and Moir's fifth Olympic medal, making them the most decorated Olympic figure skaters in history.
Non-competitive career
In October 2010, Virtue, Moir, and co-writer Steve Milton published a book about their career called Tessa and Scott: Our Journey from Childhood Dream to Gold. In late 2013, they filmed their TV show, Tessa and Scott, which focuses on their training for the Olympics. The show aired on W Network in January 2014.
Virtue and Moir toured with Stars on Ice in Canada and Japan in the offseason since 2010 and during their break from competition. They performed in ice shows such as Festa on Ice, Shall We Dance On Ice, and All That Skate. They also participated in Art on Ice in Switzerland and went on Gold Medal Plate auction trips multiple times.
She and Moir co-produced and skated in their own ice skating show, The Thank You Canada Tour in 2018. Following on from that success, they co-produced the Rock the Rink tour in 2019.
In 2015, Hillberg & Berk announced their collaboration with Tessa Virtue. In October of the same year, they launched Tessa Virtue collection of jewelry, which she helped design.
In 2017, BonLook announced a glasses collaboration with Virtue. The BonLook X Tessa Virtue collection was launched in January 2018.
Throughout Virtue and Moir's competitive skating career they have been sponsored by many Canadian companies; these include Visa, Air Canada, Acura West, Lindt, and General Mills. Virtue has been individually sponsored by companies including Adidas, Nivea (as its first Canadian brand advertiser), Colgate, and MAC Cosmetics.
Records and achievements
Shared with Moir.
Olympics
The most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history
The fourth most decorated Canadian Olympians ever
The first and only team to take ice dance gold in their Olympic debut
The youngest team to ever take ice dance gold at the Olympics
The first and only ice dance team to ever win Olympic gold on home ice
The first ice dance team from North America to take ice dance Olympic gold, breaking Europe's 34-year streak
The first former junior world champions to win Olympic gold in ice dance
The first figure skaters in 38 years to win three Olympic golds
The second ice dance team to win three Olympic medals in ice dance
The second ice dance team to win two individual Olympic gold medals and the first one to do it in nonconsecutive Olympics
The first duo to carry the Canadian flag at an Olympic opening ceremony
Record scores
The first ice dance team to receive a 10.0 for a program component score under the new ISU Judging System.
The first team to receive four 10.0s from the judges in any figure skating discipline (under the International Judging System)
The first team to break the 80-point mark in the short dance in an international competition (2016–17 Grand Prix Final).
Current record holders for the highest technical score in a short dance with 44.53 established at 2018 Winter Olympics
Historical record holders for the original dance
In general
The first and only ice dance team to achieve a Career Super Grand Slam under the current ISU judging system. They are the first and only ice dance team to win all major ISU championship titles including the Junior Grand Prix Series and Final, World Junior Championships, Grand Prix Series and Final, Four Continents Championships, World Championships, and Winter Olympic Games
The only ice dance team to win world championship titles and Olympic golds under both the old compulsory & original dance system and the new short/rhythm dance system
The most decorated Canadian ice dance team ever
The longest-standing ice dance team in Canadian history
The first and only Canadians to win the Junior Grand Prix Final
The first Canadians to win the Junior World Championship
The first and only ice dance team to win the World Championship and Grand Prix Final as both seniors and juniors
Three-time senior world champions
Seven-time senior world medallists
Eight-time Canadian senior ice dance champions
Ten-time Canadian senior ice dance medallists
Highest senior debut at worlds for an ice dance team
List of world record scores set by Virtue and Moir
Virtue and Moir have scored 20 world records in the course of their career. They were all achieved in the old +3/-3 GOE judging system, one in the original dance, eight in the short dance, four in the free dance, and seven in the combined total score.
Awards and honours
Virtue and Moir were inducted in London (ON) Sports Hall of Fame in 2010 after winning gold in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver. It was a somewhat unusual decision because the guidelines for athletes to be considered for induction is retirement from their sport for a period of two years while Virtue and Moir were just at the beginning of their career. Furthermore, the induction event was moved into September that year so as not to interfere with the upcoming skating season.
Virtue and Moir were honoured as the Canadian Olympic athletes of the year by CBC in December 2017.
In early May 2018, Virtue and Moir were awarded Partnership of the Year, along with pairs skaters Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford, at the 45th Sports Québec gala.
Following 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic, Tessa Virtue was named one of the most famous female athletes in the world by ESPN. Virtue is the highest placed Canadian female athlete and second highest placed female winter sports athlete.
In December 2018, Virtue and Moir were inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in the Sports and Athletics category.
On October 23, 2019, Virtue, together with Moir, received a Doctor of Laws, honoris causa (LLD) from The University of Western Ontario at the university's 314th Convocation, where she attended briefly.
On November 27, 2020, Governor General of Canada named Virtue and Moir as Members of the Order of Canada.
In 2023 they were inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Programs
Post-2018
Pre-2018
Competitive highlights with Moir
Detailed results
Senior level in +3/-3 GOE system after 2010
Senior level in +3/-3 GOE system until 2010
References
External links
Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir at Skate Canada
1989 births
Living people
Canadian female ice dancers
Skating people from Ontario
Sportspeople from London, Ontario
Writers from London, Ontario
People from Canton, Michigan
Sportspeople from Wayne County, Michigan
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Season's world number one figure skaters
Canadian autobiographers
Women autobiographers
Members of the Order of Canada |
4148271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Moir | Scott Moir | Scott Patrick Moir OLY ( ; born September 2, 1987) is a Canadian retired ice dancer and coach. With ice dance partner Tessa Virtue, he is the 2010 and 2018 Olympic champion, the 2014 Olympic silver medallist, a three-time World champion (2010, 2012, 2017), a three-time Four Continents champion (2008, 2012, 2017), the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final champion, an eight-time Canadian national champion (2008–2010, 2012–2014, 2017–2018), the 2006 World Junior champion and the 2006 Junior Grand Prix champion. Moir and Virtue are also the 2018 Olympic gold medallists in the team event and the 2014 Olympic silver medallists in the team event. Upon winning their third Olympic gold medal, they became the most decorated Canadian ice dance team of all time and the most decorated Olympic figure skaters of all time. Widely regarded as one of the greatest ice dance teams of all time, they are the only ice dancers in history to achieve a Super Slam, having won all major international competitions in their senior and junior careers. Virtue and Moir are holders of the world record score for the now-defunct original dance.
Virtue and Moir were paired in 1997, at the ages of seven and nine. They are the 2004 Canadian junior champions and became Canada's top ice dance team in 2007. They are the 2008 World silver medallists and the 2009 World bronze medallists and became the first ice dance team to receive a 10.0 for a program component score under the new ISU Judging System. In 2010, they became the first ice dancers from North America to win an Olympic gold medal, ending the 34-year streak of the Europeans. Virtue and Moir are the youngest ice dance team ever to win an Olympic title, the first ice dancers to win a gold medal in their Olympic debut, and the first ice dance team to win Olympic gold on home ice.
Virtue and Moir continued to be one of the world's top ice dance teams after their first Olympic victory in 2010. They are the 2010 and 2012 World champions, the 2011 and 2013 World silver medallists, and the 2014 Olympic ice dance and team event silver medallists. After taking a two-season break from the sport, they returned to competition in the fall of 2016 and became the 2017 World champions, having an unprecedented undefeated season. At the 2018 Olympics, they became only the second ice dance team in history to have won two Olympic gold medals in the individual event.
Having skated together for over twenty years, Virtue and Moir are the longest-standing ice dance partnership in Canadian history. In 2018, Time magazine noted that "they've become especially beloved by new and returning spectators alike for their passionate performances and undeniable chemistry, on and off the ice." On September 17, 2019, Virtue and Moir announced that they are "stepping away" from the sport after 22 years as ice dancing partners. In 2020, Virtue and Moir were inducted to the Order of Canada "for their athletic excellence and for inspiring a new generation of figure skaters", and in 2023, they were inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Personal life
Moir was born in London, Ontario, Canada to Alma (née MacCormack) and Joe Moir, and was raised in Ilderton, Ontario. The youngest of three sons, he is the brother of Danny Moir and Charlie Moir. Moir comes from a skating family, with his mother and aunt being coaches and both of his older brothers having previously skated competitively. His cousins Sheri Moir and Cara Moir also took part in the 2007 World Synchronized Skating Championships as members of Canada's NEXXICE team. Moir attended Medway High School, in addition to an electronic learning high school called AMDEC, and eventually finished his secondary education following the 2014 Olympics. He began skating at age three, and was initially encouraged by his mother to take up figure skating as a way to improve his performance in hockey, which he played competitively well into his teens.
In 2004, Moir began living in Canton, Michigan, in the US, to train under Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva. After the 2014 Olympics, he moved back to Ilderton, Ontario. In 2016, he moved to Montreal, Quebec, where he and Virtue were coached by Marie-France Dubreuil and Patrice Lauzon for the last two seasons of their amateur career.
In August 2019, Moir confirmed his engagement to Florida-based physician assistant Jaclyn Mascarin at the Canada Walk of Fame Hometown Star Ceremony. The couple married on June 24, 2022, having previously postponed the wedding due to COVID-19 restrictions. They have one daughter.
Career
Early career
Moir began skating in 1990 and was initially paired with Jaclyn Mascarin, who he would later marry. Virtue and Moir began skating together in 1997, at the ages of seven and nine respectively, paired together by his aunt Carol Moir, who had been coaching both of them individually. Early in their career, after departing from their first skating club in Ilderton, Ontario, Virtue and Moir trained in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, under Paul MacIntosh and Suzanne Killing. They were the pre-novice champions at the 2001 Canadian Championships.
In the 2001–02 season, Virtue and Moir won the bronze medal at the 2002 Canadian Championships at the novice level. The following season, they placed 7th at the 2003 Canadian Championships in the junior division.
2003–04 season: Junior Grand Prix debut
In 2003–04, Virtue and Moir made their ISU Junior Grand Prix debut on the 2003–04 ISU Junior Grand Prix. They placed 4th at the event in Croatia and 6th in Slovakia. At the 2004 Canadian Championships, they won the Junior title, qualifying them for the team to the 2004 World Junior Championships, where they placed 11th. Over the summer of 2004, Virtue and Moir moved to Canton, Michigan, and began working with Russian coaches Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva at the Arctic Edge Ice Arena.
2004–05 season
For the 2004-05 season, Virtue and Moir moved up to the national senior level but remained juniors internationally. On the 2004–05 ISU Junior Grand Prix, they won their event in China and won the silver medal at the event in France, which qualified them for their first Junior Grand Prix Final, where they won the silver medal. They made their senior national debut at the 2005 Canadian Championships and placed fourth. They were named to the team to the 2005 World Junior Championships, where they won the silver medal.
2005–06 season: Junior Grand Prix and World Junior titles
Virtue and Moir remained at the junior level internationally in the 2005–06 season. On the 2005–06 ISU Junior Grand Prix, they won both of their assigned events as well as the Junior Grand Prix Final.
At the 2006 Canadian Championships, Virtue and Moir placed 3rd and were named first alternates to the Olympic team. In spite of still being on the junior circuit, their placement led to them being named to the team to the 2006 Four Continents, their first international senior competition, where they won the bronze medal. At the 2006 World Junior Championships, they became the first Canadian ice dance team to win the title. As of this season, having gone undefeated in the international junior circuit, Virtue and Moir are the most decorated junior-level Canadian ice dancers.
2006–07 season: Grand Prix debut
In the 2006–07 season, Virtue and Moir competed solely on the senior level. They made their Grand Prix debut at the 2006 Skate Canada International, where they won the silver medal. They placed 4th at the 2006 Trophée Éric Bompard.
At the 2007 Canadian Championships, Virtue and Moir won the silver medal, and repeated their bronze medal finish at Four Continents. Their debut at the World Championships was the highest debut by any team in over two decades when they placed 6th.
2007–08 season: Four Continents title and World silver
Virtue and Moir were assigned to Skate Canada International and the NHK Trophy for the 2007–08 Grand Prix season. They won the 2007 Skate Canada International and placed second at the 2007 NHK Trophy, qualifying them for the Grand Prix Final, where they came in fourth place.
Virtue and Moir won their first Canadian national title at the 2008 Canadian Championships and thus earned spots for the Four Continents and World Championships. They won the gold medal at the 2008 Four Continents Championships, marking their first international victory as seniors. They were the silver medallists at the 2008 World Championships in Sweden, winning the free dance segment with their program to The Umbrellas of Cherbourg soundtrack.
2008–09 season
In the 2008–09 season, Virtue and Moir withdrew from both their Grand Prix events due to Virtue's medical condition; she had been diagnosed with chronic exertional compartment syndrome and underwent surgery in October 2008 to alleviate the condition. She returned to the ice at the start of December, which she later said was probably too early. At the 2009 Canadian Championships, their first competition of the season, they won their second back-to-back national title.
At the 2009 Four Continents Championships, Virtue and Moir finished second behind their friends and training partners, Americans Meryl Davis and Charlie White. At the 2009 World Championships, they won the bronze medal, after placing 3rd in the compulsory dance, 6th in the original dance, and 4th in the free skate.
2009–10 season: Olympic and World titles
Virtue/Moir started off the 2009–10 Olympic season at the 2009 Trophée Éric Bompard, finishing first by a margin of 16.07 points ahead of the silver medallists, Nathalie Péchalat and Fabian Bourzat. They also won the 2009 Skate Canada International with a combined score of 204.38 points, 19.31 points ahead of Péchalat/Bourzat. At that competition, they received the first 10.0 for ice dance under the ISU Judging System. They were second at the Grand Prix Final behind Davis and White.
In January 2010, Virtue and Moir won their third national title at the 2010 Canadian Championships, placing first in all three segments of the competition and earning 221.95 points overall, which was 37.25 ahead of silver medallists Vanessa Crone and Paul Poirier. They set Canadian records for free dance and for combined total.
Virtue and Moir competed in the ice dance competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics from February 19 through 22. They placed second in the compulsory dance, earning a new personal best score of 42.74 points, just 1.02 off the lead. They earned 68.41 points in the original dance, placing first in that segment of the competition. They scored 110.42 points in the free dance and won the gold medal overall with an insurmountable total score of 221.57, surpassing silver medallists Davis and White by 5.83 points. In the free dance, which they skated to Mahler's Symphony No. 5, they received four 10.00 marks from the judges in the program components, two for the performance execution and two for interpretation, a feat never before accomplished by a figure skater or team under the International Judging System. They became the first Canadian as well as the first North American ice dance team and the youngest dance team, at the ages of 20 (Virtue) and 22 (Moir), to win the Olympics, and the first ice dance team to win the Olympic gold on home ice. They were also the first ice dancers to win gold in their Olympic debut since the inaugural Olympic ice dance event in 1976.
Virtue/Moir competed at the 2010 World Championships and placed first in the compulsory dance with 44.13 points, improving their previous personal best. They also won the original dance with 70.27 points, a world record under the ISU Judging System. They placed second in the free dance with 110.03 points, 0.46 behind Davis and White. Overall they claimed their first World Championship title scoring 224.43 points, 1.40 ahead of the Americans. They received numerous 10.00 for program components marks in the original dance and in the free dance.
2010–11 season
For the 2010–11 Grand Prix season, Virtue and Moir were assigned to the 2010 Skate Canada International and to the 2010 Trophée Éric Bompard. Virtue underwent surgery in October 2010 to reduce the lingering pain in her shins and calves that is a result of chronic exertional compartment syndrome, leading to their withdrawal from the Grand Prix circuit. They also withdrew from the 2011 Canadian Championships because they did not have enough time to train after the surgery.
Virtue/Moir made their season debut at the 2011 Four Continents. They were in the lead following the short dance but withdrew midway through the free dance after Virtue felt tightness in her left quad muscle. Virtue stated, "The issue with my quad was actually coming from my pelvis and my back. [I]t seemed to be stemming from a particular lift we were doing, which was a split lift. Upon returning home to Michigan we changed that lift immediately, so now we do an upside-down position instead of a split." At the 2011 World Championships, they placed second overall by 3.48 points behind the American team of Meryl Davis and Charlie White.
Following the World Championships, Virtue experienced pain in her shins and calves. She decided against a third surgery and chose other methods to overcome the problem.
2011–12 season: Second Four Continents and World titles
Virtue/Moir were assigned to two Grand Prix events, 2011 Skate Canada and 2011 Trophée Éric Bompard, having declined a newly introduced option to compete in a third. They announced their music selections in August. The two won their first event of the season, 2011 Finlandia Trophy. They won both their Grand Prix events and qualified for the Grand Prix Final, where they finished second in both segments to win the silver medal. In late December 2011, the ISU acknowledged a scoring error in the free dance; had the scores been correctly calculated (+ 0.5 points), Virtue and Moir would have won that segment. The scores from the Grand Prix Final were left unchanged, however.
Virtue/Moir won their fourth national title in January 2012. In February, they competed at the 2012 Four Continents Championships. After a second place short dance, they rallied in the free dance to win their second Four Continents championships and first since 2008. It was also their first victory over training mates Davis/White since the 2010 World Championships. Virtue and Moir then competed at the 2012 World Championships and won the gold medal, finishing first in both segments ahead of silver medallists Davis and White.
Following Igor Shpilband's dismissal from the Arctic Edge Arena in June 2012, Virtue and Moir decided to remain at the rink with Marina Zueva and ended their collaboration with Shpilband.
2012–13 season
Virtue and Moir withdrew from the 2012 Finlandia Trophy due to a slight muscle strain in Moir's neck. They were assigned to two Grand Prix events, the 2012 Skate Canada International and the 2012 Rostelecom Cup. At Skate Canada, Virtue and Moir won the short dance with a score of 65.09, only 0.01 points ahead of Anna Cappellini and Luca Lanotte of Italy. They went on to win the competition with a total score of 169.41, which was 9.35 points ahead of the Italians.
At the Grand Prix Final, Virtue and Moir took the silver medal behind Davis and White. They decided to modify their "The Waltz Goes On" short dance, simplifying the storyline. The two debuted the modified short dance at the 2013 Canadian Championships, earning a score of 79.04. They won their fifth national title with a combined score of 187.19 after their Carmen-themed free dance. Virtue and Moir placed first in the short dance at the 2013 Four Continents Championships. During their free dance, Virtue felt cramping in her legs and paused the performance; they resumed after about three minutes and finished second to Davis and White. Virtue and Moir also finished second to Davis and White at the 2013 World Championships in their hometown of London, Ontario.
2013–14 season: Two Olympic silver medals
Virtue/Moir started their season at the 2013 Finlandia Trophy and won the gold medal. They were assigned to two Grand Prix events for the season, the 2013 Skate Canada International and the 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard, and won both competitions. They finished with a world record score in the Grand Prix Final (190.00) that was beaten minutes later by Davis/White.
During the airing of the 2014 Canadian National Championships on TSN, where they won their sixth national title, Virtue and Moir stated that they could be retiring after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. At the Sochi games, they won silver in both the ice dance and team skate events. The second-place finish was coloured by controversy about the coaching and judging. The French sports publication L’Équipe alleged that the US and Russian judges had conspired to ensure gold for Russia in the team event and gold for Americans Davis and White in the ice dance competition. Notably, after the individual short dance event where Virtue and Moir were two points behind Davis and White, the creator of the Finnstep (required pattern dance that season), ice dancer Petri Kokko, spoke out on Twitter to support Virtue and Moir. In addition, coach Marina Zoueva's apparent conflict of interest in coaching both the first- and second-place ice dancers provoked questions about whether she had displayed favouritism to the Americans (especially after she chose to march in the opening ceremony with the US team) and had devoted less coaching time to the Canadians. Although Virtue and Moir later admitted concerns about the coaching, they also congratulated the American pair on their Olympic victory.
Virtue and Moir decided not to compete at the 2014 World Championships.
2016–17 season: Undefeated comeback season
On February 20, 2016, following a two-year break from the sport, Virtue and Moir announced on CBC's Road to the Olympic Games that they planned to return to competition for the 2016–17 figure skating season and that they had moved to Montreal, with former competitors Marie-France Dubreuil and Patrice Lauzon as their new coaches.
Their first assignment back during the 2016–17 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating season was the 2016 Skate Canada International where they won gold with a combined total score of 189.06. In November 2016, they set a new record total score of 195.84 (including a world record short dance mark of 79.47) at the 2016 NHK Trophy competition in Japan. They set the highest scores at a Grand Prix event. Two weeks later, they topped those scores, receiving 80.5 in the short dance and 197.22 total at the Grand Prix Final in Marseille, France, which they won for the first time in their career.
At the 2017 Canadian Figure Skating Championships in January, Virtue and Moir won their seventh national title with a combined score of 203.45, setting Canadian records in the short dance, free dance, and total points. At the 2017 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships in South Korea in February, they won their third title, setting a new personal best in the free dance with 117.20 points and earning 196.95 points overall.
Virtue and Moir broke their own world record short dance score at the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki. They received a score of 82.43 and had a huge 5.5-point lead over reigning champions and training partners Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron. They placed second behind Papadakis/Cizeron in the free dance with Moir tripping. Moir said, "I got back up and Tessa said a really funny joke to me, it automatically put me back on track and I just kept going." Overall they totaled 198.62 points, setting yet another world record and winning their third title as world champions. For the first time in their competitive career, Virtue/Moir were undefeated for an entire season.
2017–18 season: Two Olympic gold medals
For the 2017–2018 season, Virtue and Moir chose The Rolling Stones, the Eagles, and Santana for their short dance, and skated to the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack for their free dance. Virtue and Moir started their season at the Autumn Classic International in September. Their Grand Prix assignments were Skate Canada International and the NHK Trophy, and they won both competitions, scoring 199.86 and 198.64, respectively. At the 2017 Grand Prix Final, Virtue and Moir lost for the first time since their return to competition, finishing second to training mates and main rivals Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron of France, who had a half-point lead after the short dance.
Virtue and Moir competed at the 2018 Canadian National Championships. They debuted their revamped free dance, adding new choreography and music for a more dramatic performance. There, they captured their 8th national title with a combined score of 209.82, after having a nearly perfect short dance and getting a perfect score on the free dance. After the competition, they changed a "risque" lift in their Moulin Rouge routine that had involved Virtue's legs wrapped around Moir's head. At the Olympics, they performed the modified lift during the team event but went back to the original version for the individual ice dance event.
On January 16, they were named the Canadian flag bearers for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, marking the first time a Canadian man and woman carried the country's flag together into an Olympic opening ceremony. By placing first in both the short dance and free dance segments of the competition, Virtue and Moir won gold as part of Canada's team in the Olympic figure skating team event. This being their fourth Olympic medal, they tied the record for the most ever won by a figure skater. In the individual event, Virtue and Moir topped their own record score for the short dance, putting them into first place. They then placed second in the free dance, but their score was enough to win them their second individual Olympic title on February 20, 2018, exactly two years after announcing their competitive comeback. They also broke the world record for overall score, which had been set by Papadakis/Cizeron minutes before. This was Virtue and Moir's fifth Olympic medal, making them the most decorated Olympic figure skaters in history.
Non-competitive career
In October 2010, Moir, Virtue and co-writer Steve Milton published a book about their career called Tessa and Scott: Our Journey from Childhood Dream to Gold. In late 2013, they filmed a reality TV show, Tessa and Scott, which focused on their training for the Olympics. The show aired on W network in January 2014.
Virtue and Moir toured with Stars on Ice in Canada and Japan in the offseason since 2010 and during their break from competition. They performed in ice shows such as Festa on Ice, Shall We Dance On Ice, and All That Skate. They also participated in :de:Art on Ice in Switzerland and went on Gold Medal Plate auction trips multiple times.
He and Virtue co-produced and skated in their own ice skating show, The Thank You Canada Tour in 2018. Following on from that success, they co-produced the Rock the Rink tour in 2019.
Throughout Virtue and Moir's competitive skating career, they have been sponsored by many companies, including:
Visa
Air Canada
Acura West
Lindt
General Mills
Coaching career
Following the end of his competitive career, Moir initially worked part-time as a consultant coach with teams such as Lajoie/Lagha, and developed choreography for a number of teams, including Fournier Beaudry/Sørensen and Hubbell/Donohue, and singles skater Nicolas Nadeau.
On February 2, 2021, it was announced that Moir had been appointed Head Coach and Managing Director of the new Ice Academy of Montreal campus in Southwestern Ontario, to be located in London, Ontario. Days later, it was announced that the American team of Christina Carreira and Anthony Ponomarenko would be moving to train under Moir, leaving Moir's former coach Igor Shpilband.
On June 16, 2021, the Ice Academy of Montreal announced that Canadian ice dancers Haley Sales and Nikolas Wamsteeker would be the second team to be coached by Moir.
Records and achievements
(with Virtue)
Olympics:
The most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history
The fourth most decorated Canadian Olympians ever
The first and only team to take ice dance gold in their Olympic debut
The youngest team to ever take ice dance gold at the Olympics
The first and only ice dance team to ever win Olympic gold on home ice
The first ice dance team from North America to take ice dance Olympic gold, breaking Europe's 34-year streak
The first former junior World champions to win Olympic gold in ice dance
The first figure skaters in 38 years to win three Olympic golds
The second ice dance team to win two individual Olympic gold medals and the first one to do it in nonconsecutive Olympics
The first duo to carry the Canadian flag at an Olympic opening ceremony
Record scores:
The first ice dance team to receive a 10.0 for a program component score under the new ISU Judging System.
The first team to receive four 10.0s from the judges in any figure skating discipline (under the International Judging System)
The first team to break the 80-point mark in the short dance in an international competition (2016–17 Grand Prix Final).
Current record holders for the highest technical score in a short dance with 44.53 established at 2018 Winter Olympics
Historical record holders for the original dance
In general:
The first and only ice dance team to achieve a Career Super Grand Slam under the current ISU judging system. They are the first and only ice dance team to win all major ISU championship titles including the Junior Grand Prix Series and Final, World Junior Championships, Grand Prix Series and Final, Four Continents Championships, World Championships, and Winter Olympic Games
The only ice dance team to win World titles and Olympic gold medals under both the old compulsory & original dance system and the new short/rhythm dance system
The most decorated Canadian ice dance team ever
The longest-standing ice dance team in Canadian history
The first and only Canadians to win the Junior Grand Prix Final and Junior World Championship
The first and only ice dance team to win the World Championships and Grand Prix Final as both seniors and juniors
Three-time senior World champions
Seven-time senior World medallists
Eight-time Canadian senior ice dance champions
Ten-time Canadian senior ice dance medallists
List of world record scores set by Virtue/Moir
Awards and honours
Virtue and Moir were inducted in London (ON) Sports Hall of Fame in 2010 after winning gold in 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic. It was a somewhat unusual decision because the guidelines for athletes to be considered for induction is retirement from their sport for a period of two years while Virtue and Moir were just at the beginning of their career. Furthermore, the induction event was moved into September that year so as not to interfere with the upcoming skating season.
Virtue and Moir were honoured as the Canadian Olympic athletes of the year by CBC in December 2017.
In early May 2018, Virtue and Moir were awarded Partnership of the Year, along with pairs skaters Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford, at the 45th Sports Québec gala.
In December 2018, Virtue and Moir were inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in the Sports and Athletics category.
On October 23, 2019, Moir, together with Virtue, received a Doctor of Laws, honoris causa (LLD) from the University of Western Ontario at the university's 314th Convocation.
On November 27, 2020, Governor General of Canada named Scott Moir and Tessa Virtue as Members of the Order of Canada.
Programs
Post-2018
Pre-2018
Competitive highlights with Virtue
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
Detailed results
Senior level in +3/-3 GOE system after 2010
Senior level in +3/-3 GOE system until 2010
References
External links
Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir at Skate Canada
1987 births
Living people
Canadian male ice dancers
Skating people from Ontario
Sportspeople from London, Ontario
Writers from London, Ontario
People from Canton, Michigan
Sportspeople from Wayne County, Michigan
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Season's world number one figure skaters
Canadian autobiographers
Members of the Order of Canada
People from Middlesex County, Ontario |
4148709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20N-M231 | Haplogroup N-M231 | Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M231.
It is most commonly found in males originating from northern Eurasia. It also has been observed at lower frequencies in populations native to other regions, including parts of the Balkans, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Origins
Haplogroup NO-M214 – its most recent common ancestor with its sibling, haplogroup O-M175 – is estimated to have existed about 36,800–44,700 years ago.
It is generally considered that N-M231 arose in East Asia approximately 19,400 (±4,800) years ago and populated northern Eurasia after the Last Glacial Maximum. Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the Holocene, migrating in a counter-clockwise path, to eventually become concentrated in areas as far away as Fennoscandia and the Baltic . The apparent dearth of haplogroup N-M231 amongst Native American peoples indicates that it spread after Beringia was submerged , about 11,000 years ago.
Distribution
Haplogroup N has a wide geographic distribution throughout northern Eurasia, and it also has been observed occasionally in other areas, including Central Asia and the Balkans.
It has been found with greatest frequency among indigenous peoples of Russia, including Finnic peoples, Mari, Udmurt, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Nganasans, Turkic peoples (Yakuts, Dolgans, Khakasses, Tuvans, Tatars, Chuvashes, etc.), Buryats, Tungusic peoples (Evenks, Evens, Negidals, Nanais, etc.), Yukaghirs, Luoravetlans (Chukchis, Koryaks), and Siberian Eskimos, but certain subclades are very common in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and other subclades are found at low frequency in China (Yi, Naxi, Lhoba, Han Chinese, etc.). Especially in ethnic Finnic peoples and Baltic-speaking peoples of northern Europe, the Ob-Ugric-speaking and Northern Samoyed peoples of western Siberia, and Turkic-speaking peoples of Russia (especially Yakuts,,but also Altaians, Shors, Khakas, Chuvashes, Tatars, and Bashkirs). Nearly all members of haplogroup N among these populations of northern Eurasia belong to subclades of either haplogroup N-Tat or haplogroup N-P43.
Y-chromosomes belonging to N1b-F2930/M1881/V3743, or N1*-CTS11499/L735/M2291(xN1a-F1206/M2013/S11466), have been found in China and sporadically throughout other parts of Eurasia. N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 is found in high numbers in Northern Eurasia.
N2-Y6503, the other primary subclade of haplogroup N, is extremely rare and is mainly represented among extant humans by a recently formed subclade that is virtually restricted to the countries making up the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro), Hungary and Austria. Other members of N2-Y6503 include a Hungarian with recent ancestry from Suceava in Bukovina, a Slovakian, a few British individuals, and an Altaian.
N* (M231)
Y-chromosomes that display the M231 mutation that defines Haplogroup N-M231, but do not display the CTS11499, L735, M2291 mutations that define Haplogroup N1 are said to belong to paragroup N-M231*.
N-M231* has been found at low levels in China. Out of a sample of 165 Han males from China, two individuals (1.2%) were found to belong to N*.. One originated from Guangzhou and one from Xi'an.
Among the ancient samples from the Baikal Early Neolithic Kitoi culture, one of the Shamanka II samples (DA250), dated to c. 6500 BP, was analyzed as NO1-M214.
N1 (CTS11499, Z4762, CTS3750)
In 2014, there was a major change in the definition of subclade N1, when LLY22g was retired as the main defining SNP for N1 because of reports of LLY22g's unreliability. According to ISOGG, LLY22g is problematic because it is a "palindromic marker and can easily be misinterpreted." Since then, the name N1 has been applied to a clade marked by a great number of SNPs, including CTS11499, Z4762, and CTS3750. N1 is the most recent common ancestor of all extant members of Haplogroup N-M231 except members of the rare N2-Y6503 (N2-B482) subclade. The TMRCA of N1 is estimated to be 18,000 years before present (16,300–19,700 BP; 95% CI).
Since the revision of 2014, the position of many examples of "N1-LLY22g" within haplogroup N have become unclear. Therefore, it is better to check yfull and ISOGG 2019 in order to understand the updated structure of N-M231.
However, in older studies, N-LLY22g has been reported to reach a frequency of up to 30% (13/43) among the Yi people of Butuo County, Sichuan in Southwest China (, , and ). It is also found in 34.6% of Lhoba people (). N1-LLY22g* has been found in samples of Han Chinese, but with widely varying frequency:
6.8% (3/44) Han from Xi'an ( and )
6.7% (2/30) Han from Lanzhou
3.6% (3/84) Taiwanese Han
2.9% (1/34) Han from Chengdu
2.9% (1/35) Han from Harbin
2.9% (1/35) Han from Meixian District
0% (0/32) Han from Yining City
Other populations in which representatives of N1*-LLY22g have been found include:
Hani people (4/34 = 11.8%)
Sibe people (4/41 = 9.8%)
Tujia people (2/49 = 4.1%)
Manchu people (2/52 = 3.8% to 2/35 = 5.7%
Bit people (1/28 = 3.6%)
Uyghurs (2/70 = 2.9% to 2/67 = 3.0%)
Tibetan people (3/105 = 2.9% to 3/35 = 8.6% )
Koreans (0/106 = 0.0% – 2/25 = 8% (, , and )
Vietnamese people (2/70 = 2.9%)
Japanese people (0/70 Tokushima – 2/26 = 7.7% Aomori)
Manchurian Evenks (0/26 = 0.0% to 1/41 = 2.4%)
Altai people (0/50 Northern to 5/96 = 5.2% Southern, or 0/43 Beshpeltir to 5/46 = 10.9% Kulada),
Shors (2/23 = 8.7%)
Khakas people (5/181 = 2.8%)
Tuvans (5/311 = 1.6%)
Southern Borneo (1/40 = 2.5%)
Forest Nenets (1/89 = 1.1%)
Yakuts (0/215 – 1/121 = 0.8%)
Turkish people (1/523 = 0.2%) In Turkey, the total of subclades of haplogroup N-M231 amounts to 4% of the male population.
One individual who belongs either to N* or N1* has been found in a sample of 77 males from Kathmandu, Nepal (1/77 = 1.3% N-M231(xM128,P43,Tat))
N1(xN1a,N1c) was found in ancient bones of Liao civilization:
Niuheliang (Hongshan Culture, 6500–5000 BP) 66.7%(=4/6)
Halahaigou (Xiaoheyan Culture, 5000–4200 BP) 100.0%(=12/12)
Dadianzi (Lower Xiajiadian culture, 4200–3600 BP) 60.0%(=3/5).
N-CTS4309: two people identified with this subgroup in Iraq. Very rare.
N1a (F1206/M2013/S11466)
The N1a2-F1008/L666 clade and N1a1-M46/Page70/Tat are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 approximately 15,900 [95% CI 13,900 <-> 17,900] years before present or 17,621 [95% CI 14,952 <-> 20,282] years before present.
N1a1 (M46/Page70/Tat, L395/M2080)
All M46 in Yfull database are M178, being a quarter younger than separation from F1139.
The mutations that define the subclade N-M46 are M46/Tat and P105. This is the most frequent subclade of N. It probably arose in a Northeast Asian population, because the oldest ancient samples comply with this genetic profile.
N has experienced serial bottlenecks in Siberia and secondary expansions in eastern Europe . Haplogroup N-M46 is approximately 14,000 years old.
In Siberia, haplogroup N-M46 reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 90% among the Yakuts, a Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. However, N-M46 is present with much lower frequency among many of the Yakuts' neighbors, such as Evenks and Evens. It also has been detected in 5.9% (3/51) of a sample of Hmong Daw from Laos , 2.4% (2/85) of a sample from Seoul, South Korea , and in 1.4% (1/70) of a sample from Tokushima, Japan .
The haplogroup N-M46 has a low diversity among Yakuts suggestive of a population bottleneck or founder effect . This was confirmed by a study of ancient DNA which traced the origins of the male Yakut lineages to a small group of horse-riders from the Cis-Baikal area .
N-Tat has been observed with greatly varying frequency in samples from Sweden. Karlsson et al. (2006) found N-Tat in 44.7% (17/38) of a sample of Saami nomads from Jokkmokk, 19.5% (8/41) of a sample from Västerbotten, 14.5% (8/55) of a sample from Uppsala, 10.0% (4/40) of a sample from Gotland, 9.5% (4/42) of a sample from Värmland, 7.3% (3/41) of a sample from Östergötland/Jönköping, 2.4% (1/41) of a sample from Blekinge/Kristianstad, and 2.2% (1/45) of a sample from Skaraborg.
Lappalainen et al. (2008) found N-Tat in 14.4% (23/160) of a sample from Sweden.
Lappalainen et al. (2009) found N-Tat in 15.4% (4/26) of a sample from Södermanland, 12.5% (3/24) of a sample from Västmanland, 12.1% (4/33) of a sample from Uppsala, 7.8% (4/51) of a sample from Gothenburg, 7.0% (3/43) of a sample from Norrbotten, 6.8% (5/73) of a sample from Skåne, 6.6% (15/228) of a sample from Stockholm, 6.3% (3/48) of a sample from Sydnorrland, 6.3% (2/32) of a sample from Västerbotten, 6.3% (2/32) of a sample from Örebro, 5.9% (3/51) of a sample from Värmland/Dalarna, 5.4% (2/37) of a sample from Östra Götaland, and 5.1% (2/39) of a sample from southeastern Sweden (Kalmar, Gotland, Kronoberg, and Blekinge). They did not find any instance of N-Tat in their samples from Jönköping (0/28), Malmö (0/29), Halland (0/34), or Västra Götaland (0/75).
N1a1a (M178)
The subclade N-M178 is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. N-M178* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among Finns and approximately 40% among Latvians, Lithuanians & 35% among Estonians ( and ).
Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia and spread into Northern Europe. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region) .
N-M178 was also found in two Na-Dené speaking Tłı̨chǫs in North America.
Neolithic samples from Baikal area have yielded plenty of yDNA N specimens, and one sample from Fofonovo, Buryatia, 5000-4000 BC is among the first Tat samples in the ancient record.
Earliest samples of N1a1a-L708 were found in Trans-Baikal (brn008, N1a1a1*-L708; brn003, N1a1a1a1*-M2126) between 8,000 and 6,000 YBP. Downstream samples were found in Yakutia (N4b2, N1a1a1a1a*-Z1979) and Krasnoyarsk Krai (kra001, N1a1a1a1a*-L392), between 5,000 and 4,000 YBP.
N1a2 (F1008/L666)
N1a2a-M128 and N1a2b-B523/P43 are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a2-F1008/L666 approximately 8,600 [95% CI 7,500 <-> 9,800] years before present, 9,200 years before present, or 9,314 [95% CI 7,419 <-> 11,264] years before present.
At least three of six tested male specimens from the Early Neolithic (ceramic-using hunter-gatherer of approximately 7200–6200 years ago) layer at the Shamanka archaeological site near the southern end of Lake Baikal have been found to belong to N1a2-L666.
N1a2a-M128
This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker M128. N-M128 was first identified in a sample from Japan (1/23 = 4.3%) and in a sample from Central Asia and Siberia (1/184 = 0.5%) in a preliminary survey of worldwide Y-DNA variation. Subsequently, it has been found with low frequency in some samples of the Manchu people, Sibe people, Evenks, Koreans, Han Chinese, Hui, Tibetans, Vietnamese, Bouyei people, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Uyghurs, Salars, Tu, Mongols, the Buzava tribe of Kalmyks, Khakas, and Komis.
A number of a Han Chinese, an Ooled Mongol, a Qiang, and a Tibetan were found to belong to a sister branch (or branches) of N-M128 under paragroup N-F1154*.
A neolithic sample brn002 (~5,940 BP) in Trans-Baikal was discovered to be an early offshoot upstream of N-M128.
As a genetic testing result of Yelü clan, a royal family of the Liao Dynasty and Khitan descents, it was found to belong to N-F1998, a downstream of N-M128.
N1a2b (P43)
Haplogroup N-P43 is defined by the presence of the marker P43. It has been estimated to be approximately 4,000 to 5,500 years old (TMRCA 4,510 years, TMRCA 4,700 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 5,600] ybp, or 4,727 [95% CI 3,824 <-> 5,693] years before present). It has been found very frequently among Northern Samoyedic peoples, speakers of Ob-Ugric languages, and northern Khakassians, and it also has been observed with low to moderate frequency among speakers of some other Uralic languages, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Yupik people.
The highest frequencies of N-P43 are observed among north-west Siberian populations: 92% (35/38) in a sample of Nganasan, 78% (7/9) in a sample of Enets, 78% (21/27) in a sample of Khants, 75% (44/59) in a sample of Tundra Nenets, 69% (29/42) in another sample of Nenets, 60% (15/25) in a sample of Mansi, 57% (64/112) in another sample of Khants, 54% (27/50) in another sample of Nganasan, 45% (40/89) in a sample of Forest Nenets, 38% (18/47) in a third sample of Khants, and 25% (7/28) in a fourth sample of Khants. In Europe, the N-P43 types have their highest frequency of 20% among Volga-Uralic populations. The extreme western border of the spread of N-P43 is Finland, where this haplogroup occurs only at marginal frequency – 0.4%. Yet N-P43 is quite frequent among Vepsas (17.9%), a small Finnic population living in immediate proximity to Finns, Karelians and Estonians.
Haplogroup N-P43 also has been observed with very high frequency (26/29 = 89.7% of a sample from the settlement of Topanov and 19/22 = 86.4% of a sample from the settlement of Malyi Spirin) in samples of Kachins, a Turkic-speaking ethnic group or territorial subgroup of the Khakas people, from Shirinsky District of northern Khakassia. There appears to be a cline through the Sagai (another Turkic-speaking ethnic group that is now considered to be a constituent of the Khakas people), with 46.2% (55/119) of Sagai sampled from Ust'–Es', Esino, Ust'–Chul', and Kyzlas settlements of Askizsky District of central Khakassia belonging to haplogroup N-P43 vs. only 13.6% (11/81) of Sagai sampled from Matur, Anchul', Bol'shaya Seya, and Butrakhty settlements of Tashtypsky District of southern Khakassia belonging to this haplogroup. However, other researchers' samples of Khakas people have exhibited only moderate frequencies of N-P43 or potential N-P43. Derenko et al. (2006) examined a sample of Khakassians (n=53) collected in the settlements of Askiz, Shirinsk, Beisk and Ordzhonikidzevsk districts of Khakass Republic and found that 15 of them (28.3%) belonged to N-LLY22g(xTat). Rootsi et al. (2007) examined a sample of Khakas (n=181) and found that 31 of them (17.1%) belonged to N-P43; retested 174 of the individuals in this sample and found that 27 of them (15.5%) belonged to the N-B478 (Asian/northern Samoyedic) subclade of N-P43 and 2 of them (1.1%) belonged to the N-L1419 (European/Volga Finnic and Chuvash) subclade of N-P43 for a total of 29 (16.7%) N-P43.
Haplogroup N-P43 forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian and European, the latter mostly distributed among Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples and related populations .
N1a2b1-B478
The TMRCA of N-B478 has been estimated to be 3,007 [95% CI 2,171 <-> 3,970] years before present. It is one of the most prevalent Y-DNA haplogroups among indigenous populations of northwestern Siberia: 69.0% (29/42) Nenets, 50.0% (25/50) Nganasan, 22.2% (12/54) Dolgan from Taymyr, 7.0% (3/43) Selkup, 1.6% (1/63) Ob-Ugrian. It is also quite prevalent among populations of Central Siberia, Southern Siberia, and Mongolia: 17.9% (17/95) Tuvan, 15.5% (27/174) Khakas, 13.0% (6/46) Tozhu Tuvans, 8.7% (2/23) Shor, 8.3% (2/24) Even, 8.2% (5/61) Altaian, 5.3% (3/57) Evenk, 5.0% (19/381) Mongol, 4.9% (3/61) Sart-Kalmak (partial descendants of Oirat Mongols in Kyrgyzstan), 4.2% (9/216) Yakut, 2.1% (1/47) Torgut (Mongolia), 1.4% (1/69) Derbet (Kalmykia), 0.9% (1/111) Buryat. A geographically outlying member has been found in a sample of Chuvash (1/114 = 0.88%).
Karafet et al. (2018) observed N-P63, which appears to be roughly phylogenetically equivalent to N-B478, in 91.2% (31/34) Nganasan, 63.8% (30/47) Tundra Nenets, 42.7% (35/82) Forest Nenets, 14.0% (8/57) Dolgan, 7.0% (9/129) Selkup, 3.3% (3/91) Evenk, 2.7% (2/75) Mongol, 2.6% (2/78) Komi, 2.5% (2/80) Buryat, and 2.0% (2/98) Altai Kizhi. This haplogroup was not observed in samples of Yukaghir (0/10), Koryak (0/11), Teleut (0/40), Ket (0/44), Yakut (0/62), or Khanty (0/165) populations.
N1b (F2930)
Haplogroup N1b has been predominantly found in the Yi people, a Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic group in southwestern China who originated from ancient Qiang tribes in northwestern China. However, it also has been found in people all over China and in some samples of people from Poland, Belarus, Russia, Mongolia, Korea, Japan and Vietnam.
N2 (Y6503)
N2 (Y6503/FGC28528; B482/FGC28394/Y6584) – a primary branch of haplogroup N-M231, is now represented mainly by a subclade, N-FGC28435, that has spread probably some time in the first half of the second millennium CE and that has been found in individuals from Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Turkey (Istanbul).
N-Y7310 (or N-F14667) subsumes N-FGC28435 and likewise probably descends from a common ancestor who has lived some time in the first half of the last millennium. However, members of N-Y7310(xFGC28435) exhibit a greater geographic range, including an individual from Rostov Oblast of Russia and a Romanian Hungarian individual with ancestry from Suceava, Bukovina.
Other branches of N-P189 include members from Turkey, Russia (Moscow Oblast), France (Charente-Maritime), and England (Devon). The most recent common ancestor of all the aforementioned extant N-P189 lineages has been estimated to be 4,900 (95% CI 5,700 <-> 4,100) years before present. An archaeological specimen attributed to the Botai culture of northern Kazakhstan and dated to the latter half of the fourth millennium BCE belongs to N-P189*, being basal to present-day European members of N-P189.
Lineages that belong to N-Y6503(xP189) and are only distantly related (with a time to most recent common ancestor estimated to be greater than 10,000 years before present) to the aforementioned members of N-P189 have been found in an individual from the present-day Altai Republic and probably also in an archaeological specimen attributed to the Iron Age Mezőcsát culture of what is now Hungary (approx. 2,900 years before present) and in an archaeological specimen attributed to the Kitoi culture of ceramic-using foragers of the area around Lake Baikal (approx. 6,700 years before present).
Ancient peoples
A sample excavated at the Houtaomuga site in the Yonghe neighborhood of Honggangzi Township, Da'an, Jilin, China dating back to 7430–7320 years ago (Phase II of the Early Neolithic) has been found to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup N and mtDNA haplogroup B4c1a2. This sample is autosomally identical with the Neolithic Amur River Basin populations, of which Nivkh people are the closest modern representative. As the paper detected this ancestry in terminal Pleistocene USR1 specimen in Alaska, it is therefore, postulated that there was gene flow from Amur to America of a population belonging to a hypothetical Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Nivkh linguistic family.
N has also been found in many samples of Neolithic human remains exhumed from Liao civilization in northeastern China, and in the circum-Baikal area of southern Siberia. It is suggested that yDNA N, reached southern Siberia from 12 to 14 kya. From there it reached southern Europe 8-10kya.
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic tree
In the following tree the nomenclature of three sources is separated by slashes: ISOGG Tree 10 December 2017 (ver.12.317)
NO-M214
N-M231/Page91, M232/M2188
N1-Z4762/CTS11499/L735/M2291
N1a-L729
N-Z1956
N-Y149447 China (Shaanxi)
N1a1-M46/Page70/Tat
N1a1a-M178
N1a1a1-F1419
N1a1a1a-L708
N1a1a1a1-P298/M2126 China (Urumqi, Kashgar Prefecture, Turpan, Aksu Prefecture, Xianyang, Jincheng, Kaifeng, Qiqihar)
N1a1a1a1a-L392
N1a1a1a1a1-CTS10760
N1a1a1a1a1a-CTS2929/VL29 Found with high frequency among Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, northwestern Russians, Swedish Saami, Karelians, Nenetses, Finns, and Maris, moderate frequency among other Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Poles, and low frequency among Komis, Mordva, Tatars, Chuvashes, Dolgans, Vepsa, Selkups, Karanogays, and Bashkirs
N1a1a1a1a1a1-Z4908
N-Y46443
N-Y46443* Russia (Moscow Oblast)
N-BY33095 Russia (Samara Oblast)
N1a1a1a1a1a1a-L550/S431
N-L550* Sweden (Kronoberg County)
N-Y9454 Sweden (Västra Götaland County, Örebro County), Finland, Russia
N-Y20911 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-Y7795
N-Y7795* Sweden (Norrbotten County, Södermanland County)
N-Y29766 Norway (Hedmark)
N-Y20918 Sweden (Östergötland County, Västerbotten County), Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y28771
N-Y61225 Sweden (Södermanland County, Uppsala County)
N-Y30126
N-Y30126* Sweden (Östergötland County)
N-Y29764
N-Y29764* Sweden (Stockholm County)
N-Y30123 Sweden (Västerbotten County), Finland
N-S9378
N-S9378* Sweden (Västra Götaland County)
N-S18447 Sweden (Södermanland County, Uppsala County)
N-Y36282
N-Y36282* Finland (Southern Finland Province), Estonia (Ida-Virumaa)
N-BY21957 Poland (Kujawsko-pomorskie), Sweden (Stockholm County), Russia (Pskov Oblast), Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-FGC14542
N-FGC14542* Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY21938 Norway (Hedmark), Sweden (Dalarna County)
N-Y17113 United Kingdom (Suffolk, Scotland), Canada (Manitoba), Norway (Vestfold, Buskerud), Sweden (Västra Götaland County)
N-Y4341
N-BY21874 Sweden (Södermanland County), Finland
N-Y4338
N-Y4338*
N-Y4339 Sweden (medieval Sigtuna)
N-Y12104
N-Y12104* Sweden (Östergötland County)
N-Y12103 Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden, Norway (Hedmark)
N-Y19111
N-Y57577 Sweden (Skåne County)
N-Y22774 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y5611
N-Y5611* England
N-Y21546 Sweden (Stockholm County, Västmanland County)
N-F1983 Sweden (Gävleborg County), Russia (Lipetsk Oblast)
N-Y10932
N-Y85136 Sweden (Uppsala County)
N-Y10931 Russia
N1a1a1a1a1a1a1-L1025/B215 Highest frequency among Lithuanians, significant in Latvians and Estonians and lesser frequency in Belarusians, Ukrainians, South-West Russians, and Poles. With exception of Estonians, L1025 has highest share among N-M231 clades in previously mentioned populations. Also observed in Finland and Sweden, with sporadic instances in Norway, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, the Azores, Czech Republic, and Slovakia.
N-L1025* Russia (Kursk Oblast)
N-BY30389 Sweden (Västernorrland County), Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y13982
N-Y13982* Portugal (Azores)
N-Y31236 Lithuania (Marijampolė County, Vilnius County)
N-A11940
N-Y140872 Sweden (Södermanland County, Norrbotten County), Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-Y143451 Russia (Bashkortostan)
N-Y5580
N-Y93996 Lithuania (Šiauliai County), Poland (Podlaskie)
N-BY158 Russia (Voronezh Oblast, Smolensk Oblast, Tatarstan), Belarus (Vitebsk Region), Lithuania (Vilnius County, Šiauliai County, Panevėžys County), Poland (Podlaskie), Ukraine (Poltava Oblast), Kazakhstan (Jambyl Region)
N-Z16975
N-VL69 Belarus (Minsk Region), Russia (Bryansk Oblast), Kazakhstan (Kostanay Region)
N-Z16976
N-Z16976* Belarus (Grodno Region), Ukraine (Khmelnytskyi Oblast)
N-Y13475 Poland, Lithuania
N-Y21578 Lithuania (Kaunas County, Telšiai County), Russia (Smolensk Oblast)
N-Y6129 Poland (Warmińsko-mazurskie), Lithuania
N-Y19113 Poland (Warmińsko-mazurskie), Lithuania (Tauragė County)
N-Y134492 Belarus (Grodno Region, Minsk Region, Mogilev Region), Lithuania, United States (Illinois)
N-L551
N-L551* Lithuania (Vilnius County)
N-Y15251 Lithuania (Alytus County), Poland (Podlaskie)
N-Y46313 Latvia
N-Y86578 Russia (Belgorod Oblast)
N-Y14152
N-BY21911 Poland, Latvia (Krāslava District), Ukraine (Kyiv Oblast), Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-Y13979 Lithuania, Russia (Ryazan Oblast), Germany
N-Y4706
N-Y4706* Sweden (Stockholm County, Södermanland County, Västra Götaland County), Germany (Lower Saxony), Finland (Southern Finland Province), Russia (Tatarstan)
N-A705 Sweden (Kalmar County, Östergötland County)
N-BY21893 Poland (Wielkopolskie)
N-Y139030 Sweden (Västerbotten County), Norway (Østfold)
N-Y183040 Russia (Vologda Oblast, Tatarstan)
N-Y4707 Finland (Western Finland Province, Åland, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province)
N-Z16981
N-A2358 England, Finland, Latvia (Daugavpils apriņķis)
N-CTS8173 Estonia (Lääne-Virumaa)
N-BY32524 Estonia (Järvamaa), Finland (Oulu Province)
N-FGC39882 Lithuania (Telšiai County)
N-A11470 Russia (Tyumen Oblast), Lithuania (Panevėžys County), Finland (Southern Finland Province), Netherlands (South Holland, North Brabant)
N-Y15922 Finland (Southern Finland Province), Estonia (Ida-Virumaa, Pärnumaa), Latvia (Valmiera, Liepāja, Talsu apriņķis), Russia (Pskov Oblast), Poland (Pomorskie)
N-Y6075 Poland (Małopolskie, Mazowieckie), Ukraine (Lviv Oblast), Slovakia, Czech Republic (Moravian-Silesian Region), United States (New Jersey)
N-Y11882
N-Y11882* Russia (Tatarstan)
N-ZS11617 Russia (Yaroslavl Oblast), Lithuania
N-Y24601 Latvia
N-Y94659 Lithuania, Belarus (Minsk Region)
N-Y32725
N-FT96305 Latvia (Krāslava District), Estonia (Viljandimaa)
N-Y33333 Ukraine (Sumy Oblast), Belarus (Brest Region)
N1a1a1a1a1a2-CTS9976
N-L1022
N-Y19098
N-Y19098* Sweden (Västernorrland County)
N-A12258 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY117178 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y5004
N-Y7300
N-A17632
N-Y128024 Sweden (Östergötland County)
N-A16017
N-A16017* Estonia (Raplamaa)
N-A16526
N-FT216144 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y95406 Estonia (Tartumaa), Russia (Leningrad Oblast)
N-Y7297 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Lapland Province)
N-Y15813
N-Y15813* Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y49008 Finland (Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)
N-Y46886 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y15812
N-A14187 Finland (Western Finland Province), Estonia (Läänemaa)
N-Y24617 Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden (Dalarna County), Russia (Kursk Oblast)
N-Y23576
N-Y23576* Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y15615
N-BY100801 Sweden (Dalarna County), Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-A17838 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province), Sweden (Stockholm County)
N-Y23179 Finland (Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)
N-Y5005
N-Y22106
N-Y47789 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y79341 Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden (Västra Götaland County, Värmland County)
N-Y10756
N-A13656 Finland (Western Finland Province, Lapland Province), Sweden (Dalarna County)
N-PH2196
N-CTS11122 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-A17277 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-PH547 Finland (Lapland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province), Sweden (Västerbotten County, Norrbotten County)
N-Y5003
N-Y5003* Estonia (Hiiumaa), Finland (Southern Finland Province), United Kingdom (Westminster)
N-BY22001 Estonia (Läänemaa), Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-BY6007 Russia (Lipetsk Oblast)
N-Y132182 Sweden (Värmland County), Estonia (Viljandimaa)
N-Y20917 Sweden (Kronoberg County), Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-Y24502 United Kingdom (Scottish Borders, Calderdale, Kirklees)
N-Y18420 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)
N-Z35267 Finland (Western Finland Province, Åland Province, Southern Finland Province), Estonia (Pärnumaa)
N-Y6599 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Southern Finland Province), Estonia (Jõgevamaa, Hiiumaa), Russia (Tula Oblast)
N-Y24000
N-Y24001 Sweden (Västerbotten County), Norway (Troms)
N-A17082 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province), Estonia
N-Y16503 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province), Sweden (Gävleborg County)
N-BY6010 United States (Virginia)
N-CTS3451
N-CTS3451* Russian
N-Y3667
N-BY33087
N-BY33087* Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-BY33088 Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Novgorod Oblast)
N-CTS657
N-CTS657* Finland, Russia (Republic of Karelia, Novgorod Oblast)
N-BY70437 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY6024 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y45925 Russia (Republic of Karelia)
N-Y26750
N-Y26750* Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast)
N-A16653 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-PH3568 Finland (Oulu Province, Eastern Finland Province)
N1a1a1a1a1b-PH1266/Y28526/F4134
N-Y46746 Russia
N-Y32732
N-Y32732* Russia (Saint Petersburg)
N-Y192174
N-Y32731 Russia (Komi Republic), Sweden
N1a1a1a1a1c-B479 Nanai, Ulchi
N1a1a1a1a2-Z1936,CTS10082 Found with high frequency among Finns, Vepsa, Karelians, Swedish Saami, northwestern Russians, Bashkirs, and Volga Tatars, moderate frequency among other Russians, Komis, Nenetses, Ob-Ugrians, Dolgans, and Siberian Tatars, and low frequency among Mordva, Nganasans, Chuvashes, Estonians, Latvians, Ukrainians, and Karanogays
N1a1a1a1a2a1c-PH3340/Y13850
N1a1a1a1a2a1c1-L1034
N-Y28538
N-Y28538* Russia (Khantia-Mansia)
N-L1032 Russia (Khantia-Mansia), Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region)
N-L1442 Hungary
N-FT12605 Russia (Lipetsk Oblast), Greece (Arkadia)
N-Y23732 Russia (Bashkortostan)
N-Y24222
N-Y24222* Russia (Tatarstan)
N-Y62987 Russia (Bashkortostan, Samara Oblast)
N1a1a1a1a2a1c2-Y24361
N-Y24361*
N-Y24360 Russia (Tatarstan)
N1a1a1a1a2a-Z1934
N-Y159520
N-Y159520* Russia (Tambov Oblast)
N-BY184755 Russia (Novgorod Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Moscow)
N-Y18421
N-Y18421* Russia (Tambov Oblast)
N-Y19110
N-Y180247
N-Y180247* Russia (Tatarstan)
N-FT52835 Russia (Tula Oblast, Moscow)
N-Y19108
N-Y19108* Russia (Tatarstan, Kirov Oblast)
N-Y19453
N-Y19453* Russia (Tatarstan)
N-Y19451 Finland (Western Finland Province), Russia (Republic of Karelia, Tver Oblast)
N-Z1928/CTS2733
N-YP6091
N-YP6091* Russia (Irkutsk Oblast)
N-YP6094
N-Y129131
N-Y129131* Russia (Kostroma Oblast)
N-A25107 Russia (Kirov Oblast, HGDP Russian)
N-YP6092
N-YP6092* Russia (Vologda Oblast)
N-B195
N-B195* Russia (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
N-Y62142 Russia (Republic of Karelia, Arkhangelsk Oblast)
N1a1a1a1a2a-Z1925
N-Z1925* Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-Y29767 Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-Y62904 Finland (Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)
N1a1a1a1a2a2a1a1-Z1926
N-Y20920
N-Y20920* Finland (Western Finland Province), Norway (Nord-Trøndelag)
N-Y21699 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-Z1927
N-Y22108 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province), Sweden (Stockholm County, Örebro County)
N-Z1933
N-CTS4329
N-Y22091
N-Y22091* Norway (Nordland), Finland (Lapland Province)
N-Y47623
N-Y47623* Finland (Lapland Province)
N-Y106419 Norway (Finnmark)
N-Y31247
N-Y31247* Russia (Tver Oblast)
N-Y31249
N-Y90283 Finland (Lapland Province)
N-Y31244 Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province)
N-YP6269
N-YP6269* Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y151660
N-Y151660* Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY149208 Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-CTS8565
N-BY18114 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY30394 Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Udmurt Republic)
N-Y30513
N-Y30513* Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-Y29759
N-Y29759* Finland (Lapland Province)
N-Y29758 Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-Z4998
N-Z4998* Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-FGC65190 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y18414 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y20910 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-BY194138 Finland (Southern Finland Province)
N-Y28547 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-BY22141 Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province), United States (Washington)
N-FT5834 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-BY190112 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
N-Y19097 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)
N-CTS3223 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Western Finland Province, Oulu Province, Lapland Province), Sweden (Norrbotten County, Västerbotten County, Dalarna County, Värmland County, Skåne County), Russia (Leningrad Oblast)
N-VL62 Russia (Altai Krai, Kostroma Oblast), Estonia (Harjumaa), Finland
N-VL62* Russia (Chelyabinsk Oblast), Finland
N-VL60
N-VL60* Russia (Kurgan Oblast)
N-Y63781 Russia (Vladimir Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast)
N-VL72
N-VL72* Russia (Republic of Karelia)
N-BY30470 Finland (Western Finland Province)
N-Y20915 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Z1939
N-Y132561
N-Y132565 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y152012
N-Y152012* Finland
N-Y152010 Russia (Leningrad Oblast)
N-Z2445
N-Z35031 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Western Finland Province), Sweden (Västra Götaland County, Västmanland County)
N-BY28931
N-Y125841 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)
N-Y11631 Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Oulu Province), Russia (Leningrad Oblast), Sweden (Norrbotten County)
N-CTS7189
N-BY142665 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y37149 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y23568 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y80226 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
N-FT20730 Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Republic of Karelia)
N-BY62666 Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Norway (Oslo), United States (Virginia, Arkansas)
N-Y24218
N-Y24218* Finland (Lapland Province, Oulu Province, Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y24217 Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Bashkortostan)
N-BY22038 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)
N-Y13974 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Western Finland Province)
N-Y135981 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province), Norway (Finnmark)
N-Z4747
N-Y17790 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)
N-Z1941
N-BY22090 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province)
N-Y21575 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Lapland Province), Russia (Leningrad Oblast, Moscow, Tatarstan)
N-Z1940 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Lapland Province), Russia (Leningrad Oblast), Sweden (Värmland County)
N1a1a1a1a3-B197/Y16323
N1a1a1a1a3a-F4205 Found with high frequency among Buryats and Tsaatans, moderate frequency among Karanogays, Tuvans, Todjins, and Mongols, and low frequency among Altaians, Siberian Tatars, Kazakhs, Evenks, Crimean Tatars, Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, and Ukrainians
N-F4205* China (Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Henan, etc.)
N-Y16221
N-Y16221* China (Inner Mongolia)
N-Y16220
N-Y16220* Ukraine (Luhansk Oblast)
N-F22331 Turkey (Mersin), Poland (Małopolskie), Kazakhstan (Pavlodar Region ca. 1680 ybp)
N-Y63966 Kazakhstan, Turkey, Uzbekistan
N-Y226011
N-Z35331 China (Ordos City, Haidong, Chengdu)
N-B199 Russia (Buryatia), China (Huasai from Hulunbuir)
N-FT411781 China (Inner Mongolia)
N-Y16312/F2288
N-Y16312* Uzbekistan, China (Xibo from Shenyang, Chaoyang, Tangshan, Beijing, Nanjing, Chifeng, Xianyang, Tacheng Prefecture)
N-Y16320 Kazakhstan, China (Inner Mongolia)
N1a1a1a1a3b-B202 Found with high frequency among Chukchis, Koryaks, and Siberian Eskimos
N1a1a1a1b-M2019/M2118 Estonia, China (Hami, Yan'an, Xi'an, Lüliang, Changzhi, Xilingol League, Chifeng, Cangzhou, Songyuan)
N-M2058 China (Shandong, Liaoning, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, etc.)
N-M2016 China (esp. Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia)
N-M1993
N-FT411801 China (Inner Mongolia)
N1a1a1a1b1-M2038/M1995
N-M1932 Yakutia (Yakuts, Even)
N-M1991
N-M1988 Yakutia (Yakuts)
N-Y25011 Yakutia (Yakut, Evenki)
N1a1a1a1b2-A9408 China (Hebei, Shandong, Henan, etc.), Lebanon
N-Y70200 China (Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, etc.)
N-Y60223 Korean, China (Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, etc.)
N-PH1612 China (Yulin, Shangqiu, Dezhou, Tangshan, Shenyang)
N-A9407/A9411 China (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture)
N-A9416 Hungary (Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg), Croatia (Zadar County), Russia (Chuvash Republic)
N-PH1896 Hungary (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén), Turkey (Hatay), China (Xinjiang, Shandong, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Ningxia, Guizhou)
N1a1a1a2-B211 (Y9022) Udmurt, Komi, Chuvash, Ob-Ugrians, Mari, Mordva, Altaian, Belarusian, Karanogay, Karelian, Bashkir, Tatar, Russian, Khakas
N1a1a1a2a-B181
N-Y182299 Russia (Kirov Oblast, etc.)
N-Y23788 Russia (Bashkortostan, Komi Republic, etc.)
N1a1a1a2b-Y23181
N-Y23183 Russia (Tatarstan, Mordovia, Penza Oblast)
N-Y143277 Russia (Tatarstan, Bashkortostan)
N-Y24317
N-Y24317*(xB187) India (Andhra Muslim)
N1a1a1b-B187 Khakas, Shors, Altaians, Tuvinians, Tozhu Tuvan, Tatar, Bashkir
N1a1a2-Y23747 Japan (Sado Island)
N1a1a2a-Y23749 Japan (Aichi, Hokkaidō)
N1a1a2b-Y125664
N-Y125664* Shanghai
N-MF16376
N1a1a2b1-MF38607 Anhui, Hunan
N1a1a2b2-F22150 Hebei, Suzhou
N-FT281705 China (Shandong, Liaoning, etc.)
N-MF200125 China (Linyi, Changchun)
N-MF43738 China (Tonghua, Handan, Anyang, Qingdao, Weinan, Suzhou, Shanghai, Shaoxing, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture)
N-MF82671
N-MF124520 China (Henan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shanxi, etc.)
N-MF58064/F19130 China (Hulunbuir, Daur, Oroqen, Hinggan League)
N-MF15288/MF15344 China (esp. Jiangsu, but also Henan, Fujian, Shanghai, Heilongjiang, etc.), South Korea
N-MF55680 China (Hebei, Beijing, Hubei, etc.)
N-MF37603 China (Jiangsu, etc.)
N-F21121 China (Shigatse (Tibetan), Tai'an)
N-MF48201 South Korea, China (Linfen, Baoji)
N-F1360
N-F1360* China (Shaanxi)
N1a2-F1008/L666
N-F1101
N-F1101* China (Shandong)
N-F1154
N-F1154* China (Liaoning)
N-Y23741
N-Y23741* China
N1a2a-M128
N-M128* Japan (Fukui)
N-Y23738 Vietnam
N-CTS1350
N-CTS1350* China (Liaoning, Tianjin)
N-F1998
N-F1998* China (Beijing Han, Henan), Japan (Kumamoto)
N-MF1633 China (Guangdong, Zhejiang)
N-MF41795 Korea (North Jeolla Province)
N-Y71703
N-Y71703* Japan (Saitama, Hyōgo)
N-Y173843
N-Y173843* South Korea
N-Y174089 China (Shandong)
N1a2b-B523（P43）
N1a2b-Y126204, VL67/Z35079, BY29083
N-VL67/Z35079
N1a2b1-B478 (P63) Nenets, Nganasans, Dolgans, Tuvans, Todzhins, Khakasses, Shorians, Evens, Altaians, Selkups, Evenks, Mongols (Sart-Kalmak, Torgut, Derbet, Buryat), Yakuts, Ob-Ugrians, Chuvashes
N1a2b1a-B168 Evens
N1a2b1b-B169
N1a2b1b1-B170 Nenets, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Inner Mongolia
N1a2b1b2-B175 Tuvinians, Mongols, Evenks, Yakuts, Tomsk Oblast
N1a2b3-B525 Turkey, Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Mongols (Xinjiang Kalmyk, Mongolian Torgut), Slovakia, Bulgaria, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians
N-B525* Afghanistan, Arab
N-BY173686 Russia (Voronezh Oblast)
N-VL83 Turkey
N-Y136502 Russia (Tatarstan), Bulgaria (Dobrich)
N-Y37153
N-Y37153* Russia (Tatarstan)
N-BY29131
N-BY29131* Turkey (Konya), Slovakia (Žilina Region)
N-BY30476 Russia (Tatarstan, Penza Oblast)
N1a2b2-FGC10872/Y3195
N1a2b2a-FGC10847/Y3185 (L1419) Vepsas, Maris, Russians (Arkhangelsk Oblast), Komis, Perm Krai, Komi Republic, Ob-Ugrians, Chuvashes, Tatars, Bashkirs, Karelians, Western Finland Province, Tuvans, Buryats, Khakasses, Nganasans, Asian Eskimos
N1a2b2b-Y23786
N1a2b2b* Mansis
N1a2b2b1-B528/Y24384 Udmurts, Komis, Khanties, Tatars, Asian Eskimos, Kirov Oblast, Perm Krai, Medny Island
N1b-F2905
N1b1-CTS582 China (esp. Jiangsu, Yunnan, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Heilongjiang)
N1b1a-Y6374/Z8029
N1b1a1-CTS7324 Beijing
N1b1a2-L727
N1b1a2*-L727 Beijing
N1b1a2a-L732 Belarus
N1b1a2a1-F839 China (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan)
N-F18335 China (Shandong, Beijing)
N-F16160 China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Xinjiang Han)
N-Y137601 China (esp. Zhejiang, Hebei, Liaoning)
N1b1a2a2-Y15972
N-F21018/MF105942 Found all over China but especially in Zhejiang, Sichuan, Anhui, Shanghai, Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, and Jiangsu
N-Y62279 China (esp. Fujian and Guangdong, but also Sichuan, Zhejiang, etc.), Taiwan
N-MF155949 China (esp. Zhejiang, but also Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, and Beijing)
N-L733 Hong Kong, mainland China (esp. Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Beijing, Jiangsu, and Sichuan)
N-Y154812 China (Shanxi)
N-Y16106 China (esp. Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Anhui), Poland
N-Y232856 China (esp. Henan, but also Shaanxi, Guangdong, etc.)
N-Y15965 Poland (Pomorskie)
N1b1b-Y23789/CTS4309 Iraq
N1b1b*-Y23789 Beijing (Han), Fujian
N1b1b1-Y60861 Guangxi
N1b2-M1819/N-M1897/CTS12473/F1173 China, Russian Federation
N-M1897* ancient DNA from Pingliangtai, Henan (ca. 4,063 [95% CI 3,974 <-> 4,151] ybp)
N-M1845
N-M1845* China (Sichuan, Shanghai)
N-M1928
N-M1928* Sichuan (Han)
N-Y125475
N-Y63516 China (Chongqing), Korea (South Pyongan Province, South Chungcheong Province)
N-Y193396 China (Ningxia), Singapore
N-CTS4714
N-CTS4714* China (Naxi, Yunnan Hui)
N-F2407
N-Y24191
N-Y24191* China (Shandong)
N-Y24193
N-Y24193* China (Hebei)
N-Y24190 China (Henan), Japan (Hokkaido)
N-M1877
N-M1877* Shigatse (Tibetan)
N-F1486 Chongqing
N-F1486* United Kingdom (Telugu),Biobank of the Coriell Institute for Medical Research Mongolia
N-M1812
N-F1260
N-F1260* Hubei (Han)
N-Y62067
N-Y62067* Guangdong
N-Y62132 Hong Kong, China
N-M1823
N-M1823* Chongqing
N-M1811
N-M1811* Beijing (Han), Guangxi
N-Y24355
N-Y24355* China, Macau, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
N-Y64234 Guangdong
N2-Y6503
N2-Y6503* Altai Republic
N2a-P189.2
N2a1-Y6516
N2a1-Y6516*
N2a1a-Y7310
N2a1a-Y7310* Romania (Hungarian from Suceava)
N2a1a1-Y7313
N2a1a1-Y7313*
N2a1a1a-BY35494 Russia (Rostov Oblast)
N2a1a1b-FGC28435
N2a1a1b-FGC28435* Turkey (Istanbul), Serbia, Montenegro (Plužine), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska), Croatia
N2a1a1b1-FGC28483 Serbia
N2a2-Y111068
N2a2a-FT352925 France (Charente-Maritime), Turkey
N2a2b-Y101945 United Kingdom (Devon), Russia (Moscow Oblast)
History of phylogenetic nomenclature
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Sources
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Unreliable mutations (SNPs and UEPs)
The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the Y-chromosome appears to have occurred independently on at least four different occasions. Therefore, this deletion should not be taken as a unique event polymorphism defining this branch of the Y-chromosome tree .
Links to genetics concepts
Y-DNA N subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
In this article, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.
Websites
Sources for conversion tables
Further reading
ISOGG 2019/2020: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ju7oNjHjMrgMUB1xXmr0EaaL-RctJJ8FreUPM2DzuBY/edit#gid=692817756
Phylogenetics
External links
Spread of Haplogroup N, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
N North Eurasian YDNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA
N Y-DNA Haplogroup Project at FamilyTreeDNA
N1c1 Y-DNA Haplogroup Project at FamilyTreeDNA
Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe
Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA
Russian Nobility DNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA
N |
4148754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20O-M175 | Haplogroup O-M175 | Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East, South Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus, Crimea, Ukraine, Iran, Oceania, Madagascar and the Comoros. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214.
The O-M175 haplogroup is very common amongst males from East and Southeast Asia. It has two primary branches: O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122). O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native to Southeast Asia, Taiwan, the Japanese Archipelago, the Korean Peninsula, Madagascar and some populations in southern China and Austroasiatic speakers of India. O2 is found at high levels amongst Han Chinese, Tibeto-Burman populations (including many of those in Yunnan, Tibet, Burma, Northeast India, and Nepal), Manchu, Mongols (especially those who are citizens of the PRC), Koreans, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Thais, Polynesians, Miao people, Hmong, the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan, Kazakhs in the southeast of Altai Republic, and Kazakhs in the Ili area of Xinjiang.
Origins
Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214, and first appeared according to different theories either in Southeast Asia (see , , , and ) or East Asia (see ) approximately 40,000 years ago (or between 31,294 and 51,202 years ago according to Karmin et al. 2015).
Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.
Distribution
This haplogroup appears in high to moderate frequencies in most populations in both East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: It is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, most of Africa, India and the Americas, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. However, certain O subclades do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of Central Asia, South Asia, and Oceania. For example, one study found it at a rate of 65.81% among the Naimans, a tribe in Kazakhstan, even though the rate among Kazakhs in general is believed to be only about 9% . It has been estimated that 25% of the entire male population of the world carries different subclades of O. Karafet et al. (2015) have assigned the Y-DNA of 46.2% (12/26) of a sample of Papuan from Pantar Island to haplogroup NO-M214; considering their location in the Malay Archipelago, all or most of these individuals should belong to haplogroup O-M175.
An association with the spread of Austronesian languages in late antiquity is suggested by significant levels of O-M175 among island populations of the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, including the East African littoral. For example, Haplogroup O-M50 has even been found in Bantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along 6% of O-MSY2.2(xM50), while both O-M50 and O-M95(xM88) occur commonly among the Malagasy people of Madagascar with a combined frequency of 34%. O-M175 has been found in 28.1% of Solomon Islanders from Melanesia. 12% of Uyghurs , 6.8% of Kalmyks (17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of Torguud, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians , 4.1% of Uzbeks on average but Uzbeks from Bukhara 12.1%, Karakalpaks (Uzbekistan) 11.4%, Sinte (Uzbekistans) 6.7% and 4.0% of Buryats. In the Caucasus region it has been found in the Nogais 6% but 5.3% in the Karan Nogais, it is also found in the Dargins of Dargwa speakers at 2.9%. In the Iranic population, it is found in Iranian (Esfahan) at 6.3% (), 8.9% of Tajiks in Afghanistan 4.2% in the Pathans in Pakistan () but 1% in Afghanistan, 3.1% in Burusho ().
Haplogroup O-M175 ranges in various moderate to high frequencies in the ethnic minorities of South Africa. The frequency of this haplogroup is 6.14% in the Cape colored population. 18% in Cape Coloured Muslim, 38% in Cape Indian Muslims and 10% in other Cape Other Muslim. It's found 11.5% in the Réunion Creole. Haplogroup O-M175 had also been found in Latin America and Caribbean as a result of massive Chinese male migration from the 19th century. It was found in the Jamaicans at 3.8, Cubans 1.5%
Haplogroup O-M175 has been found in 88.7% of Asian American. 1.6% in Hispanic American, White Americans 0.5%, and 0.3% in African American. Another study gives 0.5% African American.
Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119(O1a), O-M268(O1b), and O-M122(O2).
O-M175*
A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of a sample of Koreans and in smaller percentages of Crimean Tatars (1/22 = 4.5%), Tajiks (1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand), Uyghurs (2/41 = 4.9%), Uzbeks (1/68 = 1.5% Surxondaryo, 1/70 = 1.4% Xorazm), and Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9%) . However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176, and later studies do not support the finding of O-M175* among similar population samples (, ). The reported examples of O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176 (O1b2).
A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 5.5% (1/18) Iranians from Teheran, 5.4% (2/37) Tajiks from Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, and 1/97 Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.
O-F265 (O1)
O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O1-F265 (a.k.a. O-F75) approximately 33,181 (95% CI 24,461 to 36,879) YBP. O1-F265, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O2-M122 approximately 33,943 (95% CI 25,124 to 37,631) YBP. Thus, O1-F265 should have existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O2-M122 for a duration of approximately 762 years (or anywhere from 0 to 13,170 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that the phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O1b-M268.
O-M119 (O1a)
O-M119 (which was known briefly as O-MSY2.2, until the SNP MSY2.2 was found to be unreliable) is found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people, with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern Chinese and Kra-dai peoples.
O-M268 (O1b)
O-K18 Naxi
O-CTS4040
O-MF56251 Observed sporadically in China (Guangxi,Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup O at 23mofang Guangdong, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing), Thailand (Phuan, Yuan, Central Thai), Vietnam (Nùng, Tày)
O-Page59/CTS10887 Found among North Han Chinese (5%), East Han Chinese (4%), South Han Chinese (3%)
O-F4070
O-MF106398 Observed sporadically in China (Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Shandong)
O-F779/F993/F3135 China, Vietnam (Lahu), Qatar
O-MF107014 Observed sporadically in China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Heilongjiang)
O-CTS5160/MF61620 China (Han, mostly Guangdong or Fujian)
O-F2064/F1759 China (Han from Fujian, Shandong), Singapore, Vietnam (Sila, Hanhi, Kinh), Korea
O-PH2797/CTS1127 China (especially Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Hebei, Anhui, Beijing, Henan, and Shanghai)
O-MF66989 Observed sporadically in China (Zhejiang, Guizhou, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Shanxi)
O-PH2506 China (Beijing), Japan
O-Y148532 China (Shandong, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Sichuan, Beijing, Shaanxi), Afghanistan (Hazara)
O-Y239146/MF31164 Singapore, Taiwan
O-Y47392/MF17288 China (Zhejiang)
O-BY182144/Y157814 China (Shandong, Gansu), Taiwan
O-MF16472/MF148514 China (Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, Beijing, Hunan, Jiangsu, etc.)
O-MF184575 China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Jilin Korean)
O-ACT3266/Y149401 China (Shandong, Jiangsu)
O-PH4822 China (Beijing, Jiangsu)
O-F417/M1654/CTS469 Japan (Tokyo)
O-F840/F1247/F1378
O-Y185784 Singapore
O-CTS250
O-F2760 China (Beijing, Dai)
O-FGC30081 China (Hubei, Guangdong)
O-CTS1451 Korea, China (Hubei, Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Jiangsu, Chongqing, Guangdong, Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Beijing, etc.)
O-CTS9996/PF4341 Philippines
O-PF4341* Hunan (Han)
O-CTS298 China (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Shanghai, and Liaoning)
O-F16308 China (esp. Hunan)
O-MF2931 China (esp. Zhejiang)
O-MF14344 China (esp. Shaanxi and Anhui)
O-F1356 China (Shandong, Beijing), Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City), South Korea
O-PK4
O-F838 Found in about 1.4% of Han Chinese (and esp. in Hunan, Chongqing, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou)
O-CTS3857
O-F714
O-F2081 Shaanxi (Han)
O-F3357
O-F977 Liaoning
O-F1199 Beijing, Sichuan
O-ACT7133 Chongqing Liwutu, Jiangxi
O-Y168698 Sichuan, Anhui
O-CTS4052/CTS5664 Hunan (Han)
O-Y155291 Anhui , medieval Turk (fl. ca. 600 - 900 CE) from the oasis of Otrar
O-CTS2452 Guangxi, Hunan
O-F15640/F11242 Fujian, Singapore, Spain (Burgos)
O-F16212
O-F21414 Fujian
O-F15452
O-F15300 Chongqing, Guizhou, Anhui
O-F14826 Hunan [Yong zhou Tang family]
O-MF45275 Guangxi
O-Y34152
O-MF43808 Sichuan, Hunan
O-MF37500 Hunan
O-MF43192 Sichuan, Hunan
O-M95
O-CTS350 China (Ningxia, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Shaanxi, Anhui, etc.)
O-CTS350* Japan (Aichi)
O-CTS10007/CTS926 China (esp. Hunan and Guangdong)
O-M1310
O-Y172653/Y172877 Found in China (esp. Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing) and Japan
O-F1803/M1348 China (Zhejiang, Shandong, Beijing, Guangdong, Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Shanghai, etc.)
O-ACT721/ACT1038 Found sporadically in China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hainan, Tianjin, Beijing, Liaoning, Heilongjiang)
O-F789/M1283 Found in China (Blang, Palaung, Wa, Dai, Yi, Naxi), Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore (Malay), Java, Borneo, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India (Tripura, Ho, Konda Dora, Gond)
O-M1283* Lao Isan
O-MF600645 Gansu (Hui, Dongxiang), Sichuan (Chengdu), Hunan (Yiyang)
O-M1368 Singapore
O-M1361
O-MF611153 Found sporadically in China (Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Guangxi, Jiangxi)
O-A22938 Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City), China (Hong Kong, Qinzhou, Chongqing, Lijiang)
O-F2194 China (esp. Guangxi, with a few members in Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, etc.)
O-BY189914 China (mostly Guangdong, Guangxi)
O-F16163 China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Hubei, etc.), Taiwan
O-F20644 China (Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Gansu, Hunan, Sichuan, etc.)
O-SK1646 China (mostly Sichuan, but also Gansu, Yunnan, Guizhou, etc.)
O-Y9322 China (Dai in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guangdong, Sichuan, etc.)
O-Y9325
O-Z39485 China (Dai, Yi)
O-Z39490
O-Z39490* Indonesia (Yogyakarta, Lebbo), Singapore (Malay)
O-B421 Sichuan, Singapore (Malay), Java (Dieng), Madhya Pradesh (Gond), Saudi Arabia (ar-Riyāḍ)
O-Y9033/B426 Laos (Laotian), Thailand (Blang, Khmu, Lawa, Htin, Padaung Karen, Tai Dam, Suay, Khmer, Mon, Lao Isan, Soa, Shan, Phutai, Nyaw, S'gaw Karen, Thai, Khon Mueang), Vietnam (Mang from Mường Tè District, Ede from Krông Buk District and Tuy An District, Kinh from Hoàng Mai District, Gia Lâm District, and Yên Phong District, Thái from Điện Biên Phủ, Giarai from Ayun Pa)
O-Y9033* Indonesia (Jawa Tengah), India (Tripura, Konda Dora), Bangladesh
O-M6661 Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City
O-YP3930 Cambodia, Thailand (Mlabri, S'gaw Karen, Pwo Karen, Tai Yuan), Laos (Laotian in Vientiane)
O-F1252
O-SK1630/F5504 China (esp. Sichuan and Guizhou, accounting for about 0.25% of the entire Chinese population)
O-ACT5802
O-MF92614
O-F16061
O-MF286118 Found in two Han Chinese from Guangdong
O-F19607
O-SK1636 China (esp. Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Gansu, and Henan)
O-MF206811 China (Shaanxi, Sichuan, Henan)
O-MF91645 China (Han from Mianyang, Tujia from Zhangjiajie)
O-Y68888 Russia (Ryazan Oblast)
O-F5506 Hmong (Hunan)
O-F2924
O-CTS5854
O-Z23810
O-CTS7399
O-Y85641 China (esp. Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang)
O-Y14024/FGC19706 Japan (Tokyo)
O-FGC19713/Y14026 Laos (Laotian in Vientiane and Luang Prabang), Thailand (Tai Dam, Tai Lue, Nyah Kur, Thai, Eastern Lawa), Vietnam (Thái from Bá Thước District and Tủa Chùa District, Hà Nhì from Mường Tè District)
O-FGC19707
O-MF14427 China (esp. Jiangsu, Gansu, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Shaanxi)
O-FGC19716 China (Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hunan, Chongqing)
O-FGC19718 China (esp. Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Guangdong), Philippines (Capiz)
O-Z23849 China (Chongqing Han, Xishuangbanna Dai, Guangxi Zhuang, Guangdong, Shandong, Tianjin)
O-CTS651/CTS10484 Thailand (Tai Khün, Phuan, Tai Lue, Khon Mueang, Eastern Lawa, Lao Isan, Thai), Laos (Laotian in Vientiane), Vietnam (Dao and Nùng from Hoàng Su Phì District, Tày from Krông Pắk District, Hà Quảng District, and Đình Lập District)
O-CTS10484* China (Guangxi)
O-PH4310 China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Beijing), Singapore
O-Z1018 China (Hunan, Xishuangbanna Dai, Guangxi)
O-Z23781 China (Henan)
O-F4229 Singapore
O-F809 China (Xishuangbanna Dai, Guangdong, Chongqing)
O-Z23795 China (esp. Zhejiang)
O-MF223122 China (Linyi, Mianyang)
O-A22937
O-BY50703
O-MF169272 China (Daurs, Qiqihar, Harbin, Heihe, Hulunbuir, Xilingol League, Beijing)
O-MF226417 China (Beijing, Hangzhou)
O-MF61630 China (Baoji, Hanzhong, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Yantai, Shaoxing)
O-F2517 China (Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, etc.)
O-MF5664
O-Z23790
O-M111/M88 Found frequently among Vietnamese, Tai peoples (Bouyei, Zhuang, Nùng, Tày, Thái people in Vietnam, Lao, Northeastern Thai, Northern Thai, general population of Bangkok), Lachi, Lô Lô, Hani-Akha, Bunu, She people, Cambodians, Kuy, Bru, and Htin, with a moderate distribution among Qiang, Bai, Yi, Bamar, Jingpo, Lahu, Tujia, Han Chinese, Miao, Pathen, Yao, Hlai, Taiwanese aborigines (especially Bunun), the Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Kalimantan (Banjarmasin), Java, Chamic-speaking peoples (Cham from Bình Thuận, Ede, Jarai), and Kiribati
O-M111/M88* Northern Thailand (Htin, Lawa), Cambodia (Jarai, Brao, Kachac, Khmer, Lao, Lun), Yunnan (De'ang)
O-F2524
O-F2524* Jiangsu
O-F2346
O-F2890 Thailand (Khon Mueang, Phuan, Shan, Htin, Tai Dam, Thai, Lawa, Lao Isan, Mon), Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Tày from Lục Yên District)
O-F2890* Ho Chi Minh City
O-Z24048
O-F18990 Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Xishuangbanna (Dai)
O-Z24050
O-Z24050* Xishuangbanna (Dai)
O-ACT7172 Guangdong
O-Y151536
O-Z22028 Hunan, Anhui, Guangdong
O-Y151537
O-Y151537* Hunan
O-ACT523
O-ACT505 Guangdong
O-ACT502 Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi
O-F2758 Vietnam (Kinh, Lahu, Dao, Pathen, Tày, Thái, Ede, Giarai), Cambodia (Kuy, Tampuan, Khmer), Thailand (Phutai, Bru, Tai Khün, Phuan, Tai Dam, Shan, Khon Mueang, Mon, Lao Isan, Tai Lue, Htin, Lawa, Khmu, Kaleun, Nyaw, Suay, Thai), Laos (Laotian in Luang Prabang), Yunnan (Bulang, De'ang)
O-F2758* China (Miao, Hunan)
O-Z24083
O-Z24083* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-Z24089
O-SK1627/Z24091 Vietnam (Lô Lô from Mèo Vạc District, La Chí and Nùng from Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Nhì from Mường Tè District, Tày from Chợ Đồn District and Đăk Mil District, Ede from Ea Kar District, Kinh from Nghĩa Hưng District), Thailand (Soa, Saek, Phutai, Suay, Tai Dam, S'gaw Karen, Nyah Kur, Khmer, Lawa, Lao Isan, Mon, Thai), Laos (Laotian in Vientiane)
O-Z24091* China (Hebei, Xishuangbanna Dai), Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City)
O-Y26364
O-Y26364* Thailand (Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province)
O-Y26370 China (Tujia), Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City)
O-F923
O-F923* Xishuangbanna (Dai), Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-Z24154 Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-CTS2022
O-CTS2022* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-F3053 Thailand (Tai Lue, Khon Mueang)
O-F3053* Cambodian
O-F4383/F1399 Vietnam (Nùng from Hoàng Su Phì District)
O-F4383/F1399* China (Han from Chongqing), Singapore
O-F14994 Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City), Singapore
O-F2415 Thailand (Tai Lue, Khon Mueang, Lao Isan, Mon, Thai), China (Dai from Xishuangbanna, Yongbei Zhuang from Guangxi, Han from Hunan)
O-M176
O-K4: Found frequently among Koreans and with a moderate distribution among Japanese, Ryukyuans, Daurs, Evenks, Hezhe, Manchus, and Sibe. Also found sporadically (<1%) among Han Chinese, Hui, Micronesians, Mongols, Thais, Uyghurs, Vietnamese, etc.
O-47z: Found frequently among Japanese and Ryukyuans and with a moderate distribution among Koreans. Found sporadically (<1%) among Manchus, Mongols, Han Chinese, Hui, Tujia, Vietnamese, etc.
O-M122 (O2)
Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia .
O-M122
O-CTS1754 East & Southeast Asia
O-F953/F1886 Philippines
O-F953* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-F1024
O-F1024* Guangxi
O-Y29790 Liaoning, Fujian
O-M324
O-L465
O-CTS727
O-F915
O-F915* Shanxi
O-Y14462
O-Y14462* Guangdong
O-CTS1936 Beijing, Ho Chi Minh City
O-A18267
O-A18029 China
O-ACT6559 Hebei
O-CTS3709
O-CTS11209
O-CTS11209* Han from Hunan
O-L599 Han from Hunan, Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Tujia
O-F2640
O-F2640* Beijing
O-CTS11210
O-CTS11210* Han from Hunan
O-CTS2432 Han from Hunan
O-JST002611/CTS2483
O-CTS2483* China, Japan, Philippines
O-CTS10573 Beijing, Sichuan, Henan, Jiangsu
O-CTS10573* Beijing, Dai from Xishuangbanna
O-MF7367
O-MF7367* Dai
O-MF9367 South Korea, Japan (Kōchi)
O-F18
O-CTS498 China, Japan (Tokyo)
O-F449 Azerbaijan
O-F1266, F2016, F4267 Beijing, Jilin, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Guangdong
O-F238
O-FGC62457
O-CTS679 Hubei, Fujian (Han)
O-MF19356 Guizhou, Chongqing, Jiangxi
O-F134
O-F134*
O-F1894 Beijing, Shanghai, Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong
O-F1894* Hunan (Han), Beijing
O-MF18144
O-MF18144* Shandong
O-F18567 South Korea, Japanese
O-MF8794
O-MF8794* China (Han)
O-MF1155
O-MF1155* Anhui, Myanmar (Mandalay)
O-MF1157 Guangdong, Jiangxi, Russia (Moscow Oblast)
O-F117
O-F117* Fujian
O-F11
O-F11* Gansu, Japanese
O-F930 Beijing, Armenia, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang, Hubei
O-F2685 Beijing, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangdong
O-BY169374
O-BY169374* Zhejiang
O-SK1692
O-SK1692* Guangdong
O-MF55116 Pakistan (Hazaras)
O-F539 Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan
O-F539*
O-F319 Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City), Hunan
O-CTS12877
O-F16635
O-F16635* South Korea
O-ACT3882 Hubei, Hunan (Han)
O-CTS257 Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong, Beijing, Fujian, Heilongjiang, Hunan
O-CTS257* South Korea, Japan (Tokyo)
O-F16834
O-F16834* Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City)
O-Y166692 Lahu, Yi
O-Y29837
O-Y29837* Hebei, Fujian (Han)
O-MF8526
O-MF8526* Sichuan, Zhejiang
O-Y135777 China
O-BY36917 Japan
O-F270 Beijing, Hebei, Shandong
O-F270* Hezhen
O-F1272 Jiangsu
O-F4062 Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang
O-Y15976 China, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Vietnam
O-Y15976* Zhejiang, Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City)
O-Y26383
O-Y26383* Hubei
O-SK1686
O-SK1686* Pakistan (Brahui)
O-Y46851 South Korea
O-FGC54474
O-FGC54474* Skeleton exhumed from a mass grave (2083 +- 27 YBP uncal) located in Nomgon, Ömnögovi, Mongolia
O-FGC54505 China, Japan (Okinawa)
O-MF8460 Anhui
O-MF9523 South Korea
O-F971 Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Guangdong
O-F971* Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Japan
O-Y23813
O-Y23813* Guangdong
O-Y23809
O-Y23809* Guangdong
O-BY170727
O-Y23907 Guangdong
O-F632
O-F632* Beijing
O-F16340 Zhejiang
O-F133 China, Bulgaria
O-F133* Beijing
O-Y20951
O-Y20951* Anhui
O-Y20932 Anhui, Beijing
O-F17
O-F377 China, France
O-CTS7789 Han Chinese (Beijing, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Sichuan)
O-CTS7789* Beijing, Guangdong
O-F1095
O-F1095* Fujian (Han)
O-Z25097
O-Z25097* Hunan (Han)
O-Z7776 Hunan (Han), Guangdong
O-CTS7501
O-CTS7501* Zhejiang, Hunan (Han)
O-CTS1621
O-CTS1621* Hubei, Hunan (Han)
O-Y147084 Jiangxi
O-F793 Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangdong
O-F793* Sichuan, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, French Polynesia, She, North China (Han)
O-Y150436
O-Y150436* Jiangxi
O-Y150331 Jiangxi, Yunnan
O-Y141213 Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu
O-P201
O-M188
O-M188* Korea
O-CTS800
O-CTS800* Beijing, Japan
O-CTS1602 Han from Fujian
O-CTS445
O-CTS201 Korea
O-M159 China (about 0.79% of the national male population), Taiwan, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore
O-FTA21663/O-MF22947 China (Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan, Hebei, etc.; accounts for about 0.06% of the male population in China at present), Saudi Arabia (al-Qaṣīm)
O-CTS3994
O-MF125236 China
O-Z25482
O-Z25518 China (mainly distributed in Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi at present, accounting for about 0.63% of the national male population)
O-Z35182
O-Z35182* China (Han)
O-MF2541 Fujian, Taiwan (Chiayi City), Cambodia (Siem Reap)
O-CTS5032
O-CTS5032* Hunan (Han)
O-CTS10690 Hunan (Han)
O-MF18110/FGC50590 China (esp. Guangdong, Zhejiang, Hunan, Shandong, and Guangxi)
O-MF109844
O-MF106775 China (esp. Shandong, Jiangsu, and Henan)
O-MF106730 China (esp. Guangdong and Guangxi)
O-FGC50661 China (esp. Jiangsu and Hunan)
O-MF56709
O-MF213370 Found sporadically in Yangzhou, Shanghai, Liangshan
O-MF56898 China (esp. Hunan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Shanghai)
O-FGC50643/MF15475 China (Shandong, Hebei, Hubei, Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, etc.)
O-MF56474 China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Jilin, Shandong, etc.)
O-FGC50649
O-Y169670/O-MF14256 China (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Shanghai)
O-MF50824
O-MF106512 China (observed in a few individuals from Changzhou, Taizhou, and Togtoh County)
O-MF88959/O-Y150315 South Korea, China (Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guangdong)
O-MF14135/O-Z12303 China (currently accounts for about 0.44% of the total male population)
O-MF238642
O-MF37094 China (Zhejiang, Jiangsu)
O-Y169696/O-MF15693 China (Jiangsu, Fufeng County, Beijing, Tangshan, Feidong County, Chifeng, Xi County, Min County, Laizhou, Rushan, Harbin, Yanji, Dancheng County)
O-MF18577/O-MF18626 China (currently accounts for about 0.23% of all males in China, especially in Jiangsu [1.08%], Shanghai [0.69%], Ningxia [0.39%], Shandong [0.38%], Anhui [0.33%], Heilongjiang [0.32%], Zhejiang [0.31%], and Jilin [0.26%]), Kazakhstan, Thailand
O-FGC50558 Japan, Korea
O-FGC50558* Korea, Japanese
O-Y165513 Korea
O-FGC50535 Korea
O-M7 Found frequently among human remains associated with the Neolithic Daxi culture and modern Hmong–Mien, Katuic, and Bahnaric peoples, with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese , Buyei , Bai , Mosuo , Tibetans , Qiang , Oroqen , Tujia , Thai , Orang Asli , western Indonesians ( and ), Malaysians , Vietnamese , and Atayal .
O-MF106687 China (Jinghu District, etc.)
O-Z25245
O-MF9858/O-Z6157 China (approximately 0.08% of all males in present-day China), Thailand (Central Thai in Central Thailand)
O-MF9896 China (Tongxiang, Ningbo, Zhengzhou, Zigong, Suining, Jingdezhen, etc.)
O-PH204 China (Wuhan, Xianning, Huanggang, Wuxi, Wuhu, Tongling, Ganzhou, Fuzhou, Meizhou, Huizhou, Heyuan, Baotou, etc.), Taiwan
O-Y26422
O-Y26395/O-SK1713 Taiwan (Amis)
O-F21738 Philippines, Malaysia (1505 - 1653 CE Kinabatagan, Sabah), Indonesia (30 BCE - 10 CE Topogaro, Sulawesi), Taiwan (Hanben 3734 from the Hanben site, Yilan County, Late Iron Age, 300 - 450 CE)
O-F1276
O-F1863
O-MF107102 China (Tongchuan District)
O-MF56735 China (Haiyan County, Suzhou, Wuxi, Shanghai, etc.)
O-MF36531 China (Han in Yanping District)
O-Y13816
O-MF109664 China (Kazakh in Minqin County, Kazakh in Tacheng City, Han in Zizhong County, Han in Furong District)
O-MF36502 Guangdong (Kaiping, Yangjiang, Foshan, Lianjiang, etc.)
O-F1134
O-MF35799/O-Y94171 Thailand (Mon in Central Thailand), China (observed sporadically in Pingyang County, Yunan County, Siming District, Longyao County, Shanwei, etc.)
O-F1262/O-Y173492 China (accounts for about 0.15% of the male population in China at present and is relatively concentrated in Zhejiang, Taiwan, Anhui, Jiangxi, etc.; also observed in individuals from Zhenjiang, Hejian, and Langfang)
O-FT303223/O-MF106843/O-F15314/O-F20756 China (Changsha, Chancheng District, Wanzhou District, Chaoyang District, Dongying, Chifeng, Liaoyuan, Harbin, Han in Zhengzhou, Dai in Xishuangbanna), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Northern Thailand, Black Tai in Loei Province)
O-Z25288/O-Z25293 Vietnam (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Nam Dinh, and Lao Cai, Giarai in Gia Lai, Tày in Thai Nguyen)
O-CTS6489
O-MF106428/O-Y94472/O-FTB23660 Thailand (Phayao, Phutai, Lao Isan, Tai Lue, Phuan, Shan, Khon Mueang/Tai Yuan, Khmer, Mon), Vietnam (Tày in Lào Cai), China (Dai in Xishuangbanna, Achang in Yunnan; accounts for about 0.05% of all males in China at present, mainly distributed in Guangxi and Guangdong)
O-F1275 Guangxi (Dushan 4-1 ca. 7024 - 6643 BCE)
O-MF15199/O-FTA25885
O-F20472
O-FTB23785 Thailand, Vietnam
O-F17410/O-F18833/O-MF122643/O-BY177553 Thailand (Lao Isan in Northeast Thailand)
O-MF106415/O-MF111486/O-BY122399 Thailand (Shan in Mae Hong Son Province), China (observed sporadically in individuals from Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong)
O-Y127482/O-F15988 Thailand (Nyahkur and Lao Isan in Northeast Thailand)
O-F23936 Thailand (Central Thai in Western Thailand, Khmer in Northeast Thailand), Singapore
O-FTB24349/O-FTB25408 Thailand (Sgaw Karen in North Thailand)
O-F26466 Thailand (Central Thai in North/Central Thailand)
O-F15259/O-Y238116 Singapore
O-F19496
O-F19315 Singapore
O-F14817 Singapore, Thailand (Central Thai in Western Thailand and Eastern Thailand), Indonesia
O-MF6534/O-MF58872/O-BY27925/O-Y23477 Thailand (Central Thai in Central Thailand, Phuan in Central Thailand, Khon Mueang in North Thailand, White Hmong in Chiang Rai Province), Singapore, China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong)
O-CTS6579
O-CTS123/O-F22573/O-MF48275 China (Hunan Han; accounts for about 0.13% of the male population in China at present, mainly distributed in Jiangxi, Hunan and other south-central provinces and cities)
O-F14832/O-F15788/O-Y208219 China (accounts for about 0.22% of the male population in China at present, mainly distributed in the northern region), Thailand (Mon in Western Thailand, Tai Lue in Northern Thailand)
O-Z25411
O-ACT1126/O-Y140772/O-F1289 China (relatively concentrated in northern China at present, accounting for about 0.24% of the national male population; also found in Fujian), Thailand (Lisu)
O-Z25398
O-F22005/O-Z25400 Thailand (Black Hmong in North Thailand), Vietnam (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City), China (currently distributed mainly in Guangxi, Sichuan, Guangdong and other places, accounting for about 0.10% of the national male population)
O-F1100/O-Y37861 Hunan
O-MF17697 Laos, Thailand, China (Jiangsu, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan, Fujian, Sichuan, Hong Kong, Chongqing, Henan, Liaoning)
O-F1234/O-Y37855
O-Y185160/O-MF36985 Hebei, Beijing, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Shandong, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Jiangxi (currently accounts for approximately 0.13% of the Chinese male population)
O-FGC71370
O-MF193618 Sichuan, Zhejiang, Shandong, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian (currently accounts for about 0.08% of the male population in China, mainly distributed in Guangdong, Hunan, Anhui and other provinces and cities), Philippines
O-F14904/N5 Ningxia, Hmong (Northern Thailand), She, Iu Mien (Phayao Province), Quebec. Huang et al. (2022) found that this is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among many Hmongic-speaking ethnic groups (including Guangxi Miao, Hunan Miao, Hunan Pa-hng, and Thailand Hmong), with a frequency of 47.1% among the Guangxi Miao.
O-P164
O-F996/F3237
O-A16433 Heilongjiang
O-MF56976 Anhui
O-Y125645
O-Y149134 Anhui, Henan
O-PF5573
O-PF5573* Guangdong
O-Y101407 Korea
O-MF14338
O-MF14338* Tatarstan
O-Y153434
O-Y153434* Shandong
O-MF76414 Chongqing, Skeleton exhumed from a mass grave (2083 +- 27 YBP uncal) located in Nomgon, Ömnögovi, Mongolia
O-F871
O-F706 Philippines, China, Cambodia, Thailand (Bru in Sakon Nakhon Province)
O-F1010 Thailand (Eastern Lawa, Blang, Palaung, Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province)
O-F1010* Zhejiang
O-Y170907
O-Y170907* South Korea
O-Y171445 Zhejiang, Japan (Mie)
O-AM01750/AM01861/B451 Singapore (Malay), Indonesia (Bajo), Philippines (Batak)
O-AM01861* Spain
O-B450 Philippines, Indonesia (Bajo), Singapore (Malay)
O-BY157019 Mexico (Jalisco), Micronesia
O-A16139 Philippines (Cebu), USA (California)
O-F2472
O-F4110 Thailand (Pray)
O-F4110* Fujian
O-MF1510
O-MF1510* Tonga (ʻEua)
O-ACT3918 Zhejiang
O-F4124
O-F15739
O-F14875 Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City), Xinjiang (Han)
O-F26088/JST008425p6 Japan, Hunan (Tujia, HGDP01102)
O-A16609
O-MF1232 Henan, Fujian (Han)
O-M134: Found frequently among speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages, among members of the Kazakh Naiman tribe with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia.
O-Y20/PAGES00125 Poland
O-F1725
O-F1725* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-Y31255
O-FGC61200
O-FGC61200* Henan (Han)
O-FGC61168 Sichuan
O-A16615/CTS11009
O-Y85894
O-Y85894* Fujian
O-Y19010 Shandong
O-CTS682/CTS2272
O-BY146675 Korean
O-BY161237 Japan (Tokyo, Kanagawa)
O-Y12/F314
O-Y12* Beijing (Han)
O-CTS2643/CTS11192
O-CTS53
O-CTS53* China
O-CTS6373 Hunan (Han), Xishuangbanna (Dai)
O-F876
O-F876* Henan, Shaanxi
O-Y29829 Liaoning
O-F275
O-F275* Henan, Shandong
O-F14411/CTS1011 Japan
O-Z2037 Beijing (Han)
O-CTS2815
O-CTS2815* South Korea
O-F700
O-F700* Hunan, Liaoning, Japan (Tokyo)
O-F14475 Hunan (Han)
O-F2505
O-F2505* Hebei
O-MF194 Korean, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-F634
O-F634* Shandong
O-F209 Beijing (Han)
O-F1391
O-F1391* Zhejiang
O-F4117 Jiangxi, Sichuan (Han)
O-A5034
O-MF357
O-ACT1039
O-MF308 Korean
O-CTS4266
O-F14839 Henan (Han)
O-Z26108
O-Y30135
O-Y30135* Beijing (Han)
O-F2173
O-F2173* Sichuan (Han)
O-F1458 Shandong, Anhui
O-Z26156
O-Z26156* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-BY102696
O-BY102696* Korean
O-BY61500 Guangdong
O-CTS3776/F2887
O-CTS3776* Beijing (Han), Fujian (Han), Japan
O-CTS3763
O-CTS4601 Fujian
O-Y7110
O-Y13527
O-Y13527* Beijing (Han)
O-FGC16888/Z38720 Taiwan
O-MF805 Guizhou, South Korea
O-Y22112
O-FGC16885/FGC16887 Kazakhstan
O-Y7111
O-MF13415 China
O-F4249/SK1769 China, South Korea
O-F4249* Jiangsu
O-FGC23868
O-FGC23868* Mongol (Hulunbuir)
O-FGC23859 Jiangsu
O-CTS335 Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Gansu
O-CTS335* Japan (Tokyo), Xibo
O-Y142071
O-Y142071* Anhui
O-CTS3856
O-CTS3856* Beijing (Han)
O-CTS5741
O-CTS1174 Hunan (Han)
O-F15948 Jiangxi, Thailand
O-M117/PAGE23
O-MF1380/CTS4960 China, Korea, Japan, Indonesia
O-MF1388
O-MF1388* North China (Han), Japan (Akita)
O-Y139283 Anhui, Guangdong
O-MF2636
O-MF2636* Chongqing
O-CTS374 Jiangsu, Beijing (Han)
O-M133/M1706 Shandong
O-M1706* Japan (Tokyo)
O-YP4864
O-YP4864* Korean
O-Z44076 Shandong, Philippines (Cebu)
O-CTS7634
O-CTS7634* Fujian (Han), Beijing (Han), Mongolia (Selenge), Russia
O-F2188
O-MF23641
O-MF23641* China
O-Y169190 Fujian
O-Y29861 Henan, Fujian, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-F3039 Shandong, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh), Philippines (Cebu)
O-M1726
O-A9457
O-A9457*
O-MF15246 Zhejiang, Korean
O-F17158
O-F15367
O-F15367* Guangdong
O-Y174543 Hunan, Japan (Tokyo)
O-CTS9678
O-CTS9678* Tianjin
O-M1513
O-M1513* Shandong
O-F18746 Fujian (Han)
O-Z39663 Russia, Liaoning, Shandong, Fujian (Han)
O-A9459
O-F6800
O-F6800* Shanxi
O-Y8389
O-Y8389* Japan (Tokyo)
O-Y9144
O-Y9144* Guangdong
O-Y8387
O-Y8387* Shanghai, Chongqing
O-CTS5481 Japan (Tokyo), Korean
O-F14249
O-F14249* Liaoning
O-ACT4506 Mongol (Hulunbuir), Guangdong
O-Y81597 South Korea, North Korea (North Hamgyong Province)
O-F14347
O-F14347* Beijing (Han)
O-CTS5063
O-CTS5063* Sichuan, Jiangxi, Fujian
O-Z44927
O-Z44927* Anhui
O-MF21798 Zhejiang, Xishuangbanna (Dai)
O-CTS1154
O-CTS1154* Fujian, Guangxi
O-Z25902
O-Z25902* Hebei, Fujian
O-Z42620 Fujian, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-F438 Japan (Tokyo)
O-F438* Hunan (Han)
O-Y17728
O-Y17728* Beijing (Han), Shandong
O-Y170157 Shandong, Korean
O-F1754
O-F1754* Beijing (Han)
O-F2137
O-F2137* Jiangsu
O-F1123 Jilin, Zhejiang
O-F316
O-F316* Anhui
O-CTS1304
O-CTS1304* Jiangsu, Shandong
O-F813
O-F813* Shandong, Jiangxi, Guangdong
O-Y138426 Shandong, Chongqing
O-Y154488 Hunan
O-Y20928 Henan
O-Y20928* Inner Mongolia, Beijing (Han), Shandong, Anhui
O-Y174105
O-Y174105* Henan
O-Y137637 Shandong, Jiangsu
O-CTS1642
O-CTS1642* Bangladesh
O-CTS5308
O-CTS5308* Beijing (Han)
O-F20067
O-F20067* Shannan (Tibetan)
O-M3873 Gansu, Shigatse (Tibetan)
O-Y34065
O-Y34065* Northeast India (Riang)
O-F16227 Shigatse (Sherpa), Xishuangbanna (Dai)
O-MF1012
O-MF1012* Nyingchi (Tibetan)
O-Y67478
O-Y67478*
O-CTS5672 Japanese
O-F14408
O-Y101264 Shigatse (Tibetan), Northeast India (Riang)
O-F14422
O-F14422* Northeast India (Riang), Myanmar (Yangon)
O-A9463
O-A9463* Bangladesh
O-Y34067 Northeast India (Riang)
O-F14665 Xishuangbanna (Dai), Naxi
O-Y7080
O-Y7080* Xishuangbanna (Dai), Guangdong
O-ACT1169 Guangdong, Fujian
O-Z26030
O-Z26030* Guangxi
O-F14479 Guangdong, Xishuangbanna (Dai), Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
O-M324 (O2a)
O-F742 (O2b)
Language families and genes
Haplogroup O is associated with populations which speak Austric languages.
The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups, sourced mainly from and . This has been called the "Father Tongue Hypothesis" by George van Driem . It does not appear to account for O-M176, which is found among Japanese, Korean, and Manchurian males.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Original Research Publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic trees
ISOGG 2017 tree (ver. 12.244).
O (M175)
O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)
O1a (M119)
O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
O1a1a1 (F446)
O1a1a1a (F140)
O1a1a1a1 (F78)
O1a1a1a1a (F81)
O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068)
O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482)
O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)
O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553)
O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266)
O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261)
O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441)
O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071)
O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585)
O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075)
O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
O1a1a1a2a1a (B388)
O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)
O1a1a1b1 (M101)
O1a1a1b2 (Z23392)
O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571)
O1a1a2 (CTS52)
O1a1a2a (CTS701)
O1a1a2a1 (K644/Z23266)
O1a1b (CTS5726)
O1a2 (M110)
O1a2a (F3288)
O1a2a1 (B392)
O1a2a1a (B393)
O1a3 (Page109)
O1b (M268)
O1b1 (F2320)
O1b1a (M1470)
O1b1a1 (PK4)
O1b1a1a (M95)
O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410)
O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088)
O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)
O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
O1b1a1a1a1a2a1 (Z24050)
O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014)
O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)
O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038)
O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651)
O1b1a1a1a1b1b1 (CTS9884)
O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229)
O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
O1b1a1a1a1b2a1 (F2517)
O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630)
O1b1a1a1a2a (SK1636)
O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)
O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930)
O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680)
O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485)
O1b1a1a1b1c (B418)
O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646)
O1b1a1a2 (CTS350)
O1b1a1a3 (Page103)
O1b1a1b (F838)
O1b1a1b1 (F1199)
O1b1a2 (Page59)
O1b1a2a (F993)
O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
O1b1a2a1a (CTS1127)
O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)
O1b1a2b1 (F840)
O1b1a2b1a (F1127)
O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451)
O1b1a2c (CTS9996)
O1b2 (P49, M176)
O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
O1b2a1a (F1204)
O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
O1b2a1a1a1 (CTS10682)
O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)
O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)
O1b2a1a2 (F2868)
O1b2a1a2a (L682)
O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)
O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446)
O1b2a1a2a1b1 (PH40)
O1b2a1a2b (F940)
O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687)
O1b2a1a3a (CTS1215)
O1b2a1b (CTS562)
O1b2a2 (Page90)
O2 (M122)
O2a (M324)
O2a1 (L127.1)
O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
O2a1a1 (F2159)
O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
O2a1a1a1 (F852)
O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
O2a1a1a1a1a1 (Z43963)
O2a1a1a1b (F854)
O2a1a1a1b1 (Z43966)
O2a1a1a1c (Page130)
O2a1a1b (F915)
O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936)
O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975)
O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994)
O2a1b (M164)
O2a1c (IMS-JST002611)
O2a1c1 (F18)
O2a1c1a (F117)
O2a1c1a1 (F13)
O2a1c1a1a (F11)
O2a1c1a1a1 (F632)
O2a1c1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
O2a1c1a1a1a1 (F17)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a (F377)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097)
O2a1c1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501)
O2a1c1a1a1a1b (F793)
O2a1c1a1a1a2 (Y20951)
O2a1c1a1a1a2a (Y20932)
O2a1c1a1a2 (F38)
O2a1c1a1a3 (F12)
O2a1c1a1a4 (F930)
O2a1c1a1a4a (F2685)
O2a1c1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)
O2a1c1a1a5a (Y15976)
O2a1c1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
O2a1c1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
O2a1c1a1a5a1a1 (SK1686)
O2a1c1a1a5b (FGC54486)
O2a1c1a1a5b1 (FGC54507)
O2a1c1a1a6 (CTS12877)
O2a1c1a1a6a (F2527)
O2a1c1a1a6a1 (CTS5409)
O2a1c1a1a6a2 (F2941)
O2a1c1a1a7 (F723)
O2a1c1a1a8 (CTS2107)
O2a1c1a1a9 (SK1691)
O2a1c1a1b (PH203)
O2a1c1b (F449)
O2a1c1b1 (F238)
O2a1c1b1a (F134)
O2a1c1b1a1 (F1273)
O2a1c1b1a2 (F724)
O2a1c1b2 (F1266)
O2a1c1c (CTS498)
O2a1c2 (FGC3750/SK1673)
O2a2 (IMS-JST021354/P201)
O2a2a (M188)
O2a2a1 (F2588)
O2a2a1a (CTS445)
O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
O2a2a1a1a (M159/Page96)
O2a2a1a2 (M7)
O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113)
O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5)
O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400)
O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863)
O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
O2a2a1a2a2a1 (F1262)
O2a2a1a2b (Y26403)
O2a2a1b (F1837)
O2a2a2 (F879)
O2a2a2a (F1226)
O2a2a2a1 (F2859)
O2a2b (P164)
O2a2b1 (M134)
O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
O2a2b1a1a (M133)
O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
O2a2b1a1a1a1a1 (Y20928)
O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a1 (F1369)
O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636)
O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852)
O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861)
O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
O2a2b1a1a4a1a (Z42620)
O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963)
O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513)
O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
O2a2b1a1a5b1 (F17158)
O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)
O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748)
O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071)
O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091)
O2a2b1a1a8a (Z44092)
O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)
O2a2b1a2 (F114)
O2a2b1a2a (F79)
O2a2b1a2a1 (F46/Y15)
O2a2b1a2a1a (FGC16847/Z26091)
O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
O2a2b1a2a1a1a1 (F2505)
O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149)
O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242)
O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
O2a2b1a2a1a2a1a (F2173)
O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)
O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
O2a2b1a2a1a3a1 (F3525)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868)
O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335)
O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53)
O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
O2a2b1a2a1b1a (A9473)
O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386)
O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)
O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973)
O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739)
O2a2b1a2b (F743)
O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629)
O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682)
O2a2b1a2b2 (F748)
O2a2b1a2b2a (F728)
O2a2b1a2c (Page101)
O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)
O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
O2a2b2a1 (N7)
O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068)
O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780)
O2a2b2a1b (F4124)
O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6)
O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188)
O2a2b2a1b2a (F16411)
O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)
O2a2b2a2a (F717)
O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612)
O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783)
O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)
O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418)
O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)
O2a2b2a2b2a (B450)
O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452)
O2a2b2a2b2b1 (F18942)
O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427)
O2a2b2b (A16433)
O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
O2a2b2b1a1 (SK1774)
O2a2b2b1b (A16440)
O2a3 (M300)
O2a4 (M333)
O2b (F742)
O2b1 (F1150)
O2b1a (F837)
O2b1a1 (F1025)
O2b2 (F1055)
O2b2a (F3021)
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA O subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
Notes
References
Sources for conversion tables
Further reading
External links
Spread of Haplogroup O, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
Y-DNA Phylogenetic Tree of Haplogroup O (DNAHaplogroups.org)
Migration patterns of early Humans and the full size map
China DNA at Family Tree DNA
O-M175 |
4148777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20O-M122 | Haplogroup O-M122 | Haplogroup O-M122 (also known as Haplogroup O2 (formerly Haplogroup O3)) is an Eastern Eurasian Y-chromosome haplogroup. The lineage ranges across Southeast Asia and East Asia, where it dominates the paternal lineages with extremely high frequencies. It is also significantly present in Central Asia, especially among the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs.
This lineage is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup O-M175.
Origins
Researchers believe that O-M122 first appeared in Southeast Asia approximately 25,000-30,000 years ago or roughly between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago according to more recent studies (Karmin et al. 2015, Poznik et al. 2016, YFull January 4, 2018). In a systematic sampling and genetic screening of an East Asian–specific Y-chromosome haplogroup (O-M122) in 2,332 individuals from diverse East Asian populations, results indicate that the O-M122 lineage is dominant in East Asian populations, with an average frequency of 44.3%. Microsatellite data show that the O-M122 haplotypes are more diverse in Southeast Asia than those in northern East Asia. This suggests a southern origin of the O-M122 mutation to be likely.
It was part of the settlement of East Asia. However, the prehistoric peopling of East Asia by modern humans remains controversial with respect to early population migrations and the place of the O-M122 lineage in these migrations is ambivalent.
Distribution
Although Haplogroup O-M122 appears to be primarily associated with ethnic Tibeto-Burman speaking groups inhabiting the Seven Sister States of north eastern India, it also forms a significant component of the Y-chromosome diversity of most modern populations of the East Asian region.
East Asia
Haplogroup O-M122 is found in approximately 53.29% of all modern Chinese males (with frequency ranging from 30/101=29.7% among Pinghua-speaking Hans in Guangxi to 110/148=74.3% among Hans in Changting, Fujian ), about 40% of Manchu, Chinese Mongolian, Korean, and Vietnamese males, about 33.3% to 62% ( and ) of Filipino males, about 10.5% to 55.6% of Malaysian males, about 10% (4/39 Guide County, Qinghai) to 45% (22/49 Zhongdian County, Yunnan) of Tibetan males, about 20% (10/50 Shuangbai, northern Yunnan) to 44% (8/18 Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan) and of Yi males, about 25% of Zhuang and Indonesian males, and about 16% to 20% of Japanese males. The distribution of Haplogroup O-M122 stretches far into Asia (approx. 40% of Dungans, 30% of Salars, 28% of Bonan, 24% of Dongxiang, 18% to 22.8% of Mongolian citizens in Ulaanbaatar, 11%-15.4% of Khalkha Mongolians (Yamamoto et al. 2013) but also as high as 31.1% (Kim et al. 2011), 12% of Uyghurs, 9% of Kazakhs but in the Naiman of Kazakhs 65.81%, 6.8% of Kalmyks (17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of Torguud, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians, 5.3% of Kyrgyz, 4.1% of Uzbeks, and 4.0% of Buryats.
Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples. Three men who lived in the Neolithic era are the ancestors of 40% of Han Chinese, with their Y haplogroups being subclades of O3a-M324 and they are estimated to have lived 6,800 years ago, 6,500 years ago and 5,400 years ago.
The East Asian O3-M122 Y chromosome Haplogroup is found in large quantities in other Muslims close to the Hui people like Dongxiang, Bo'an and Salar. The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese, and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. In contrast to distant Middle Eastern and Europeans whom the Muslims of China are not related to, East Asians, Han Chinese, and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other. This indicates that native East Asian populations converted to Islam and were culturally assimilated to these ethnicities and that Chinese Muslim populations are mostly not descendants of foreigners as claimed by some accounts while only a small minority of them are.
South Asia
Haplogroup O-M122 is restricted among tribal groups of Northeast India where it is found at very high frequencies. In Arunachal Pradesh, it is found at 89% among Adi, 82% among Apatani, and 94% among Nishi, while the Naga people show it at 100% (). In Meghalaya, 59.2% (42/71) of a sample of Garos and 31.7% (112/353) of a sample of Khasis have been found to belong to O-M122. In Nepal, Tamang people present a very high frequency of O-M122 (39/45 = 86.7%), while much lower percentages of Newar (14/66 = 21.2%) and the general population of Kathmandu (16/77 = 20.8%) belong to this haplogroup. A study published in 2009 found O-M122 in 52.6% (30/57, including 28 members of O-M117 and two members of O-M134(xM117)) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Chitwan District of south-central Nepal, 28.6% (22/77, all O-M117) of a sample of Tharus from another village in Chitwan District, and 18.9% (7/37, all O-M117) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Morang District of southeastern Nepal. In contrast, the same study found O-M122 in only one individual in a sample of non-Tharu Hindus collected in Chitwan District (1/26 = 3.8% O-M134(xM117)), one tribal individual from Andhra Pradesh, India (1/29 = 3.4% O-M117), and one individual in a sample of Hindus from New Delhi, India (1/49 = 2.0% O-M122(xM134)).
Southeast Asia
Among all the populations of East and Southeast Asia, Haplogroup O-M122 is most closely associated with those that speak a Sinitic, Tibeto-Burman, or Hmong–Mien language. Haplogroup O-M122 comprises about 50% or more of the total Y-chromosome variation among the populations of each of these language families. The Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman language families are generally believed to be derived from a common Sino-Tibetan protolanguage, and most linguists place the homeland of the Sino-Tibetan language family somewhere in northern China. The Hmong–Mien languages and cultures, for various archaeological and ethnohistorical reasons, are also generally believed to have derived from a source somewhere north of their current distribution, perhaps in northern or central China. The Tibetans, however, despite the fact that they speak a language of the Tibeto-Burman language family, have high percentages of the otherwise rare haplogroups D-M15 and D3, which are also found at much lower frequencies among the members of some other ethnic groups in East Asia and Central Asia.
Haplogroup O-M122 has been implicated as a diagnostic genetic marker of the Austronesian expansion when it is found in populations of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania. It appears at moderately high frequencies in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Its distribution in Oceania is mostly limited to the traditionally Austronesian culture zones, chiefly Polynesia (approx. 25% to 32.5% ). O-M122 is found at generally lower frequencies in coastal and island Melanesia, Micronesia, and Taiwanese aboriginal tribes (18% to 27.4% of Micronesians, and 5% of Melanesians, albeit with reduced frequencies of most subclades.
Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes, which are not defined by any identified downstream markers, are actually more common among certain non-Han Chinese populations than among Han Chinese ones, and the presence of these O-M122* Y-chromosomes among various populations of Central Asia, East Asia, and Oceania is more likely to reflect a very ancient shared ancestry of these populations rather than the result of any historical events. It remains to be seen whether Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes can be parsed into distinct subclades that display significant geographical or ethnic correlations.
Subclade Distribution
Paragroup O-M122*
Paragroup O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA is quite rare, having been detected only in 2/165 = 1.2% of a sample of Han Chinese in a pool of samples from mainland China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia (n=581), 8/641 = 1.2% of a sample of Balinese in a pool of samples from western Indonesia (n=960), and 7/350 = 2.0% of a sample of males from Sumba in a pool of samples from eastern Indonesia (n=957). In the same study, O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA was not observed in a pool of samples from Oceania (n=182).
A paper published by a group of mainly Chinese geneticists in the American Journal of Human Genetics in 2005 reported the detection of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 1.6% (8/488) of a pool of seven samples of Han Chinese (3/64 = 4.7% Sichuan, 2/98 = 2.0% Zibo, Shandong, 1/60 = 1.7% Inner Mongolia, 1/81 = 1.2% Yunnan, 1/86 = 1.2% Laizhou, Shandong, 0/39 Guangxi, 0/60 Gansu). O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA also was detected in the following samples of ethnic minorities in China: 5.9% (1/17) Jingpo from Yunnan, 4.3% (2/47) Zhuang from Yunnan, 4.1% (2/49) Lisu from Yunnan, 3.2% (1/31) Wa from Yunnan, 2.6% (1/39) Zhuang from Guangxi, 2.5% (2/80) Bai from Yunnan, 2.4% (1/41) Hani from Yunnan, 2.3% (2/88) Lahu from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/47) Yi from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/48) Miao from Yunnan, 1.5% (2/132) Dai from Yunnan, 1.0% (1/105) Miao from Hunan, and 0.9% (2/225) Yao from Guangxi.
O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA has been found as a singleton (1/156 = 0.6%) in a sample from Tibet. It also has been found as a singleton in a sample of nineteen members of the Chin people in Chin State, Myanmar.
In a paper published in 2011, Korean researchers have reported finding O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in the following samples: 5.9% (3/51) Beijing Han, 3.1% (2/64) Filipino, 2.1% (1/48) Vietnamese, 1.7% (1/60) Yunnan Han, 0.4% (2/506) Korean, including 1/87 from Jeju and 1/110 from Seoul-Gyeonggi. In another study published in 2012, Korean researchers have found O-M122(xM324) Y-DNA in 0.35% (2/573) of a sample from Seoul; however, no individual belonging to O-M122(xM324) was observed in a sample of 133 individuals from Daejeon.
In 2011, Chinese researchers published a paper reporting their finding of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 3.0% (5/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China (defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Anhui) and in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in their sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China (n=129).
In a paper published in 2012, O2*-M122(xO2a-P200) Y-DNA was found in 12% (3/25) of a sample of Lao males from Luang Prabang, Laos. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in this study's samples of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (n=59), Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam (n=76), or Thai from northern Thailand (n=17).
Trejaut et al. (2014) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 6/40 (15.0%) Siraya in Kaohsiung, 1/17 (5.9%) Sulawesi, 1/25 (4.0%) Paiwan, 2/55 (3.6%) Fujian Han, 1/30 (3.3%) Ketagalan, 2/60 (3.3%) Taiwan Minnan, 1/34 (2.9%) Taiwan Hakka, 1/38 (2.6%) Siraya in Hwalien, 5/258 (1.9%) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, and 1/75 (1.3%) in a sample of the general population of Thailand.
Brunelli et al. (2017) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 5/66 (7.6%) Tai Yuan, 1/91 (1.1%) Tai Lue, and 1/205 (0.5%) Khon Mueang in samples of the people of Northern Thailand.
O-M324
O-M121
O2a1a1a1a1-M121 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1b-M164 and O2a1c-JST002611.
In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M121 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos and in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China.
In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O-M121/DYS257 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians and in 1.0% (1/98) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zibo, Shandong.
In a study published in 2011, O-M121 Y-DNA was found in 1.2% (2/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China, defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, and in 0.8% (1/129) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China. O-M121 was not detected in this study's sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China (n=65).
O-L599 (considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to O-M121) also has been found in one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Han Chinese from Hunan, China (n=37), one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, one individual in the Human Genome Diversity Project sample of Tujia, an individual from Singapore, and an individual from the Jakarta metropolitan area. According to 23mofang, O-L599 currently accounts for about 0.79% of the male population in China and is concentrated in Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang and other provinces and cities; it appears to have undergone explosive population growth between about 2600 and 2300 years ago.
O-M164
O2a1b-M164 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1a1a1a1-M121 and O2a1c-JST002611.
In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M164 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos.
In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O2a1b-M164 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians.
According to 23mofang, O-M164 is a recent branch (TMRCA 2120 years) downstream of O2a1c-JST002611 rather than parallel to it. Out of fourteen members total, six are from Guangdong, five are from Fujian, one is from Nantong, one is from Wenzhou, and one is from Taiwan.
O-JST002611
Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 is derived from O2-M122 via O2a-M324/P93/P197/P199/P200 and O2a1-L127.1/L465/L467. O2a1c-JST002611 is the most commonly observed type of O2a1 Y-DNA, and, more generally, represents the majority of extant O2-M122 Y-DNA that does not belong to the expansive subclade O2a2-P201.
Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 was first identified in 3.8% (10/263) of a sample of Japanese (Nonaka et al. 2007). It also has been found in 3.5% (2/57) of the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, including one member of the rare and deeply divergent paragroup O2a1c1-F18*(xO2a1c1a1-F117, O2a1c1a2-F449). Subsequently, this haplogroup has been found with higher frequency in some samples taken in and around China, including 12/58 = 20.7% Miao (China), 10/70 = 14.3% Vietnam, 18/165 = 10.9% Han (China & Taiwan), 4/49 = 8.2% Tujia (China). O-002611 also has been found in a singleton from the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%), but it has not been detected in samples from Malaysia (0/32), Taiwanese Aboriginals (0/48), She from China (0/51), Yao from China (0/60), Oceania (0/182), eastern Indonesia (0/957), or western Indonesia (0/960). Haplogroup O2a1c‐JST002611 is prevalent in different
ethnic groups in China and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam (14.29%), Sichuan of southwestern China (Han, 14.60%; Tibetan in Xinlong County, 15.22%), Jilin of northeastern China (Korean, 9.36%), Inner Mongolia (Mongolian, 6.58%), and Gansu of northwestern China (Baima, 7.35%; Han, 11.30%). Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup O-JST002611 has been observed in 10.6% (61/573) of a sample collected in Seoul and 8.3% (11/133) of a sample collected in Daejeon, South Korea.
According to 23mofang, haplogroup O-IMS-JST002611 currently accounts for approximately 14.69% of the entire male population of China, and its TMRCA is estimated to be 12,770 years.
O-P201
O2a2-JST021354/P201 has been divided into primary subclades O2a2a-M188 (TMRCA 18,830 ybp, accounts for approximately 4.74% of all males in present-day China) and O2a2b-P164 (TMRCA 20,410 ybp, accounts for approximately 30.4% of all males in present-day China). Among the various branches of O2a2a-M188, O-M7 (TMRCA 14,510 ybp, accounts for approximately 2.15% of all males in present-day China) is notable for its relatively high frequency over a wide swath of Southeast Asia and southern China, especially among certain populations that currently speak Hmong-Mien, Austroasiatic, or Austronesian languages. Other branches of O2a2a-M188, such as O-CTS201 (TMRCA 16,070 ybp, accounts for approximately 1.76% of all males in present-day China), O-MF39662 i.e. O-F2588(xCTS445), and O-MF109044 i.e. O-M188(xF2588) (TMRCA 9,690 ybp, accounts for approximately 0.4% of all males in present-day China) have been found with generally low frequency in China; however, the O-CTS201 > O-FGC50590 > O-MF114497 subclade is fairly common among males in Korea and Japan. O2a2b-P164 has been divided cleanly into O2a2b1-M134 (TMRCA 17,450 ybp, accounts for approximately 27.61% of all males in present-day China), which has been found with high frequency throughout East Asia and especially among speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages, and O2a2b2-AM01822 (TMRCA 16,000 ybp, accounts for approximately 2.79% of all males in present-day China), which has been found with relatively low frequency but high diversity throughout East Asia and with high frequency in Austronesia.
O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in many samples of Austronesian-speaking populations, in particular some samples of Batak Toba from Sumatra (21/38 = 55.3%), Tongans (5/12 = 41.7%), and Filipinos (12/48 = 25.0%). Outside of Austronesia, O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been observed in samples of Tujia (7/49 = 14.3%), Han Chinese (14/165 = 8.5%), Japanese (11/263 = 4.2%), Miao (1/58 = 1.7%), and Vietnam (1/70 = 1.4%) ( and ).
O-M159
O2a2a1a1a-M159 is a subclade of O2a2-P201 and O2a2a1a1-CTS201. In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M159 was detected only in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China.
Unlike its phylogenetic siblings, O-M7 and O-M134, O-M159 is very rare, having been found only in 2.9% (1/35) of a sample of Han males from Meixian, Guangdong in a study of 988 males from East Asia.
In a study published in 2011, O-M159 was detected in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O-M159 was not detected in the same study's samples of Han Chinese with origins in East China (n=167) or Northern China (n=129).
Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M159 in 5.0% (3/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 4.2% (1/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 3.88% (10/258) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, 3.6% (2/55) Han in Fujian, 3.24% (12/370) Plains Aborigines in Taiwan (mostly assimilated to Han Chinese), 1.04% (2/192) Western Indonesia (1/25 Kalimantan, 1/26 Sumatra), and 0.68% (1/146) Philippines (1/55 South Luzon).
Kutanan et al. (2019) found O-M159 in 1.6% (2/129) of their samples of Thai people from Central Thailand.
According to 23mofang, the TMRCA of haplogroup O-M159 is estimated to be 8,900 years. It is currently distributed mainly in southern China, accounting for about 0.80% of the total male population of China.
O-M7
Haplogroup O2a2a1a2-M7 Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in some samples of populations who speak Hmong-Mien languages, Katuic languages, or Bahnaric languages, scattered through some mostly mountainous areas of southern China, Laos, and Vietnam.
O-M7 has been noted for having a widespread but uneven distribution among populations that speak Hmong-Mien languages, such as She (29/51 = 56.9% She, 10/34 = 29.4% She, 14/56 = 25.0% Northern She from Zhejiang), Miao (21/58 = 36.2% Miao from China, 17/51 = 33.3% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 6/49 = 12.2% Yunnan Miao, 2/49 = 4.1% Guizhou Miao, 4/100 = 4.0% Hunan Miao), and Yao (18/35 = 51.4% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 29/60 = 48.3% Yao from Guangxi, 12/35 = 34.3% Yao from Bama, Guangxi, 12/37 = 32.4% Zaomin from Guangdong, 5/36 = 13.9% Bunu from Guangxi, 1/11 = 9.1% Top-Board Mien, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien from Guangxi, 1/19 = 5.3% Flowery-Headed Mien from Guangxi, 1/20 = 5.0% Mountain Straggler Mien from Hunan, 1/28 = 3.6% Blue Kimmun from Guangxi, 1/31 = 3.2% Pahng from Guangxi, 1/47 = 2.1% Western Mien from Yunnan, 0/11 Thin Board Mien, 0/31 Lowland Yao from Guangxi, 0/32 Mountain Kimmun from Yunnan, 0/33 Northern Mien, and 0/41 Lowland Kimmun from Guangxi).
Cai et al. 2010 have reported finding high frequencies of O-M7 in their samples of Katuic (17/35 = 48.6% Ngeq, 10/45 = 22.2% Katu, 6/37 = 16.2% Kataang, 3/34 = 8.8% Inh (Ir), 4/50 = 8.0% So, 1/39 = 2.6% Suy) and Bahnaric (15/32 = 46.9% Jeh, 17/50 = 34.0% Oy, 8/32 = 25.0% Brau, 8/35 = 22.9% Talieng, 4/30 = 13.3% Alak, 6/50 = 12.0% Laven) peoples from southern Laos. However, O-M7 has been found only with low frequency in samples of linguistically related Khmuic populations from northern Laos (1/50 = 2.0% Mal, 1/51 = 2.0% Khmu, 0/28 Bit, 0/29 Xinhmul), Vietic peoples from Vietnam and central Laos (8/76 = 10.5% Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam, 4/50 = 8.0% Kinh from northern Vietnam, 2/28 = 7.1% Bo, 4/70 = 5.7% Vietnamese, 0/12 Muong, 0/15 Kinh, 0/38 Aheu), Palaungic peoples from northwestern Laos and southwestern Yunnan (2/35 = 5.7% Lamet, 0/29 Ava, 0/52 Blang), and Pakanic peoples from southeastern Yunnan and northwestern Guangxi (0/30 Palyu, 0/32 Bugan).
Haplogroup O-M7 has been found with notable frequency in some samples of Austronesian populations from the central part of the Malay Archipelago (17/86 = 19.8% Indonesians from Borneo, 4/32 = 12.5% Malaysia, 7/61 = 11.5% Java (mostly sampled in Dieng), 6/56 = 10.7% Sumatra, 4/53 = 7.5% Java, 1/17 = 5.9% Malaysia), but the frequency of this haplogroup appears to drop off very quickly toward the east (1/48 = 2.1% Philippines, 5/641 = 0.8% Balinese, 0/9 Timor, 0/28 Alor, 0/30 Moluccas, 0/31 Nusa Tenggaras, 0/33 Moluccas, 0/37 Philippines, 0/40 Borneo, 0/48 Taiwanese Aboriginals, 0/54 Mandar from Sulawesi, 0/92 Lembata, 0/350 Sumba, 0/394 Flores) and toward the west (0/38 Batak Toba from Sumatra, 0/60 Nias, 0/74 Mentawai). O-M7 has been found in 14.8% (4/27) of a sample of Giarai from southern Vietnam, 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Ede from southern Vietnam, and 5.1% (3/59) of a sample of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam. These Chamic-speaking peoples inhabit southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia, but their languages are related to those of the Acehnese and Malays. O-M7 also has been found in 21.1% (8/38) of a small set of samples of highlanders of northern Luzon (including 1/1 Ifugao, 1/2 Ibaloi, 4/12 Kalangoya, and 2/6 Kankanaey).
In the northern fringes of its distribution, O-M7 has been found in samples of Oroqen (2/31 = 6.5%), Tujia from Hunan (3/49 = 6.1%), Qiang (2/33 = 6.1%), Han Chinese (2/32 = 6.3% Han from Yili, Xinjiang, 4/66 = 6.1% Han from Huize, Yunnan, 2/35 = 5.7% Han from Meixian, Guangdong, 1/18 = 5.6% Han from Wuhan, Hubei, 6/148 = 4.1% Han from Changting, Fujian, 20/530 = 3.8% Han Chinese from Chongming Island, 2/63 = 3.2% Han from Weicheng, Sichuan, 18/689 = 2.6% Han Chinese from Pudong, 2/100 = 2.0% Han from Nanjing, Jiangsu, 3/165 = 1.8% Han Chinese, 1/55 = 1.8% Han from Shanghai), Manchus (1/50 = 2.0% Manchu from Liaoning), and Koreans (2/133 = 1.5% Daejeon, 1/300 = 0.3% unrelated Korean males obtained from the National Biobank of Korea, 1/573 = 0.2% Seoul).
According to 23mofang, O-M7 has a TMRCA of approximately 14,510 years and is currently relatively common among many ethnic groups in Sichuan and Yunnan, as well as among the Zhuang, Austroasiatic, and Austronesian groups. O-M7 now accounts for about 2.15% of the total male population in China. The O-N5 subclade (TMRCA 4,230 ybp) by itself accounts for about 0.40% of the total male population in China at present, with its proportion among Hmong-Mien-speaking populations in Southwest China being rather high; in regard to geography, it is found mainly in Guizhou (3.52% of the total provincial population), Hunan (1.63%), Chongqing (1.05%), Sichuan (0.83%), Guangxi (0.76%), Fujian (0.44%), Yunnan (0.35%), Guangdong (0.28%), Jiangxi (0.26%), Hubei (0.26%), Shaanxi (0.20%), and Ningxia (0.18%).
O-M134
O-M134*
Paragroup O-M134(xM117) has been found with very high frequency in some samples of Kim Mun people, a subgroup of the Yao people of southern China (16/32 = 50.0% Mountain Kimmun from southern Yunnan, 11/28 = 39.3% Blue Kimmun from western Guangxi). However, this paragroup has been detected in only 3/41 = 7.3% of a sample of Lowland Kimmun from eastern Guangxi. This paragroup also has been found with high frequency in some Kazakh samples, especially the Naiman tribe (102/155 = 65.81%)() Dulik hypothesizes that O-M134 in Kazakhs was due to a later expansion due to its much more recent TMRCA time.
The general outline of the distribution of O-M134(xM117) among modern populations is different as that of the related clade O-M117. In particular, O-M134(xM117) occurs with only low frequency or is nonexistent among most Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, Northeast India, and Nepal, who exhibit extremely high frequencies of O-M117. This paragroup also occurs with very low frequency or is non-existent among most Mon-Khmer population of Laos, who exhibit much higher frequencies of O-M117. In Han Chinese, the paragroup is found in approximately the same percentage as O-M117, but has a higher distribution in northern Han Chinese than Southern Han Chinese.
According to 23mofang, the TMRCA of O-M134 is estimated to be 17,450 years, and O-M134(xM117) can be divided into two subsets: O-F122 (TMRCA 17,420 years), which is subsumed alongside O-M117 in an O-F450 clade (TMRCA 17,430 years), and O-MF59333 (TMRCA 13,900 years, currently distributed mainly in southern China and accounting for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.03% of the total male population of China), which is derived from O-M134 but basal to O-F450. O-F122 in turn is divided into O-MF38 (TMRCA 4,680 years, currently distributed mainly in northern China and accounting for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.02% of the total male population of China) and O-F114 (TMRCA 15,320 years, accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 11.29% of the total male population of China). The O-F46 (TMRCA 10,050 years) subclade of O-F114 by itself accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 10.07% of the total male population of present-day China.
In a study of Koreans from Seoul (n=573) and Daejeon (n=133), haplogroup O-M134(xM117), all members of which have been found to belong to O-F444 (phylogenetically equivalent to O-F114), has been found in 9.42% of the sample from Seoul and 10.53% of the sample from Daejeon.
In a study of Japanese (n=263), haplogroup O-M134(xM117) has been observed in nine individuals, or 3.4% of the entire sample set. The Japanese members of O-M134(xM117) in this study have originated from Shizuoka (3/12 = 25%), Tokyo (2/52 = 3.8%), Toyama (1/3), Ishikawa (1/4), Tochigi (1/5), and Ibaraki (1/5), respectively.
O-M117
Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 (also defined by the phylogenetically equivalent mutation Page23) is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries, especially among Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples.
O-M117 has been detected in samples of Tamang (38/45 = 84.4%)，Tibetans (45/156 = 28.8% or 13/35 = 37.1%), Tharus (57/171 = 33.3%), Han Taiwanese (40/183 = 21.9%), Newars (14/66 = 21.2%), the general population of Kathmandu, Nepal (13/77 = 16.9%), Han Chinese (5/34 = 14.7% Chengdu, 5/35 = 14.3% Harbin, 4/35 = 11.4% Meixian, 3/30 = 10.0% Lanzhou, 2/32 = 6.3% Yili), Tungusic peoples from the PRC (7/45 = 15.6% Hezhe, 4/26 = 15.4% Ewenki, 5/35 = 14.3% Manchu, 2/41 = 4.9% Xibe, 1/31 = 3.2% Oroqen), Koreans (4/25 = 16.0% Koreans from the PRC, 5/43 = 11.6% Koreans from South Korea), Mongols (5/45 = 11.1% Inner Mongolian, 3/39 = 7.7% Daur, 3/65 = 4.6% Outer Mongolian), and Uyghurs (2/39 = 5.1% Yili, 1/31 = 3.2% Urumqi) (, , and ).
Like O-M7, O-M117 has been found with greatly varying frequency in many samples of Hmong-Mien-speaking peoples, such as Mienic peoples (7/20 = 35.0% Mountain Straggler Mien, 9/28 = 32.1% Blue Kimmun, 6/19 = 31.6% Flower Head Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Top Board Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Thin Board Mien, 11/47 = 23.4% Western Mien, 6/33 = 18.2% Northern Mien, 5/31 = 16.1% Lowland Yao, 5/35 = 14.3% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 5/37 = 13.5% Zaomin, 5/41 = 12.2% Lowland Kimmun, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien, 2/32 = 6.3% Mountain Kimmun, but 0/35 Yao from Bama, Guangxi), She (6/34 = 17.6% She, 4/56 = 7.1% Northern She), and Hmongic peoples (9/100 = 9.0% Miao from Hunan, 4/51 = 7.8% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 3/49 = 6.1% Miao from Yunnan, 1/49 = 2.0% Miao from Guizhou, but 0/36 Bunu from Guangxi) ( and ).
In a study published by Chinese researchers in the year 2006, O-M117 has been found with high frequency (8/47 = 17.0%) in a sample of Japanese that should be from Kagawa Prefecture according to the geographical coordinates (134.0°E, 34.2°N) that have been provided. However, in a study published by Japanese researchers in the year 2007, the same haplogroup has been found with much lower frequency (11/263 = 4.2%) in a larger sample of Japanese from various regions of Japan. More precisely, the Japanese members of O-M117 in this study's sample set have originated from Tokyo (4/52), Chiba (2/44), Gifu (1/2), Yamanashi (1/2), Hiroshima (1/3), Aichi (1/6), and Shizuoka (1/12).
In Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal state of Northeast India, O-M133 has been found in 19.7% (14/71) of a sample of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Garos, but in only 6.2% (22/353, ranging from 0/32 Bhoi to 6/44 = 13.6% Pnar) of a pool of eight samples of the neighboring Khasian-speaking tribes.
O-M300
O-M333
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic History
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Original Research Publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic Trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.
O-M122 (M122, P198)
O-P93 (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
O-M121 (M121, P27.2)
O-M164 (M164)
O-P201 (P201/021354)
O-002611 (002611)
O-M300 (M300)
O-M333 (M333)
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA O Subclades
Y-DNA Backbone Tree
References
Citations
Sources
Journal articles
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Websites
Sources for conversion tables
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Further reading
External links
Spread of Haplogroup O-M122, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
China DNA interest group at Facebook
China DNA Project Website at Family Tree DNA
O-M122 |
4148860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20Q-M242 | Haplogroup Q-M242 | Haplogroup Q or Q-M242 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It has one primary subclade, Haplogroup Q1 (L232/S432), which includes numerous subclades that have been sampled and identified in males among modern populations.
Q-M242 is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among Native Americans and several peoples of Central Asia and Northern Siberia.
Origins
Haplogroup Q-M242 is one of the two branches of P1-M45, the other being R-M207. P1, as well as R* and Q* were observed among Ancient North Eurasians, a Paleolithic Siberian population.
Q-M242 is believed to have arisen around the Altai Mountains area (or South Central Siberia), approximately 17,000 to 31,700 years ago. However, the matter remains unclear due to limited sample sizes and changing definitions of Haplogroup Q: early definitions used a combination of the SNPs M242, P36.2, and MEH2 as defining mutations.
Technical specification of mutation
The polymorphism, “M242”, is a C→T transition residing in intron 1 (IVS-866) of the DBY gene and was discovered by Mark Seielstad et al. in 2003.
The technical details of M242 are:
Nucleotide change: C to T
Position (base pair): 180
Total size (base pairs): 366
Forward 5′→ 3′:
Reverse 5′→ 3′:
Subclades
In Y chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of a haplogroup. These subclades are also defined by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique-event polymorphisms (UEPs). Haplogroup Q-M242, according to the most recent available phylogenetics has between 15 and 21 subclades. The scientific understanding of these subclades has changed rapidly. Many key SNPs and corresponding subclades were unknown to researchers at the time of publication are excluded from even recent research. This makes understanding the meaning of individual migration paths challenging.
Phylogenetic trees
There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup Q-M242. The scientifically accepted one is the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.
The 2015 ISOGG tree
The subclades of Haplogroup Q-M242 with their defining mutation (s), according to the 2015 ISOGG tree are provided below. The first three levels of subclades are shown. Additional detail is provided on the linked branch article pages.
Q-M242 M242
Q-P36.2 P36.2, L232, L273, L274 (Q1)
Q-MEH2 MEH2 (Q1a)
Q-F1096 F1096, F1215 (Q1a1)
Q-NWT01 NWT01 (Q1a1a)
Q-M120 M120, M265/N14 (Q1a1a1)
Q-M25 M25, M143 (Q1a1b)
Q-L712 L712 (Q1a1b1)
Q-M346 L56, L57, M346, L528 (Q1a2)
Q-L53 L53 (Q1a2a)
Q-L54 L54 (Q1a2a1)
Q-CTS11969 CTS11969, M930 (Q1a2a1a)
Q-M3 M3 (Q1a2a1a1)
Q-M19 M19 (Q1a2a1a1a)
Q-L804 L804 (Q1a2a1a2)
Q-CTS1780 CTS1780, M981, M971, Z780 (Q1a2a1b)
Q-L330 L330 (Q1a2a1c)
Q-F835 F835, L940 (Q1a2b)
Q-F1161 F1161
Q-L527 L527
Q-L275 L275, L314 (Q2)
Q-M378 M378/Page100, L214, L215/Page82 (Q2a)
Q-FGC1774 FGC1774, Y2016 (Q1b1a)
Q-245 L245 (Q1b1a1)
Q-Y1150 Y1150 (Q1b2) (Q1b-L68)
The Genomic Research Center draft tree
Below is a 2012 tree by Thomas Krahn of the Genomic Research Center. The first three levels of subclades are shown. Additional detail is provided on the linked branch article pages.
P-M45
Q-M242 M242
P36.2, L232, L273.1, L274.1
MEH2, L472, L528
M120, N14/M265
M25, M143, L714, L716
M346, L56, L57, L474, L892, L942
P89.1
NWT01
L275, L314, L606, L612
M378, L214, L215
The Y Chromosome Consortium tree
This is the 2008 tree produced by the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC). Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update. The first three levels of subclades are shown. Additional detail is provided on the linked branch article pages.
P-M45
Q-M242 M242
Q-P36.2 P36.2
Q-MEH2 MEH2
Q-M120 M120, N14, M265
Q-M25 M25, M143
Q-M346 L56, L57, M346
Q-P89.1 P89.1
Q-L275 L275
Q-M378 L214, L215, M378
Phylogenetic variants
The subclade (under Q-MEH2) proposed by Sharma (2007), which shows polymorphism (ss4bp, rs41352448) at 72,314 position of human arylsulfatase D pseudogene, is not represented in any current trees under Q-MEH2. The most plausible explanation for this could be an ancestral migration of individuals bearing Q-MEH2 to the Indian subcontinent followed by an autochthonous differentiation to Q-ss4bp.
Distribution
Americas
Several branches of haplogroup Q-M242 have been predominant pre-Columbian male lineages in indigenous peoples of the Americas. Most of them are descendants of the major founding groups who migrated from Asia into the Americas by crossing the Bering Strait. These small groups of founders must have included men from the Q-M346, Q-L54, Q-Z780, and Q-M3 lineages. In North America, two other Q-lineages also have been found. These are Q-P89.1 (under Q-MEH2) and Q-NWT01. They may have not been from the Beringia Crossings but instead come from later immigrants who traveled along the shoreline of Far East Asia and then the Americas using boats.
It is unclear whether the current frequency of Q-M242 lineages represents their frequency at the time of immigration or is the result of the shifts in a small founder population over time. Regardless, Q-M242 came to dominate the paternal lineages in the Americas.
North America
In the indigenous people of North America, Q-M242 is found in Na-Dené speakers at an average rate of 68%. The highest frequency is 92.3% in Navajo, followed by 78.1% in Apache, 87% in SC Apache, and about 80% in North American Eskimo (Inuit, Yupik)–Aleut populations. (Q-M3 occupies 46% among Q in North America)
On the other hand, a 4000-year-old Saqqaq individual belonging to Q1a-MEH2* has been found in Greenland. Surprisingly, he turned out to be genetically more closely related to Far East Siberians such as Koryaks and Chukchi people rather than Native Americans. Today, the frequency of Q runs at 53.7% (122/227: 70 Q-NWT01, 52 Q-M3) in Greenland, showing the highest in east Sermersooq at 82% and the lowest in Qeqqata at 30%.
Q-M242 is estimated to occupy 3.1% of the whole US population in 2010:
Mesoamerica & South America
Haplogroup Q-M242 has been found in approximately 94% of Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica and South America.
The frequencies of Q among the whole male population of each country reach as follows:
61% in Bolivia.
51% in Guatemala,
40.1% (159/397) to 50% in Peru
37.6% in Ecuador,
37.3% (181/485) in Mexico (30.8% (203/659) among the specifically Mestizo segment)
31.2% (50/160) in El Salvador,
15.3% (37/242) to 21.8% (89/408) in Panama,
16.1% in Colombia,
15.2% (25/165) in Nicaragua,
9.7% (20/206) in Chile,
5.3% (13/246 in 8 provinces in northeastern, central, southern regions) to 23.4% (181/775 in 8 provinces in central-west, central, northwest regions) in Argentina,
5% in Costa Rica,
3.95% in Brazil, and so on.
Asia
Q-M242 originated in Asia (Altai region), and is widely distributed across it. Q-M242 is found in Russia, Siberia (Kets, Selkups, Siberian Yupik people, Nivkhs, Chukchi people, Yukaghirs, Tuvans, Altai people, Koryaks, etc.), Mongolia, China, Uyghurs, Tibet, Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and so on. (For details, see below.)
North Asia
In Siberia, the regions between Altai and Lake Baikal, which are famous for many prehistoric cultures and as the most likely birthplace of haplogroup Q, exhibit high frequencies of Q-M242. In a study (Dulik 2012), Q-M242 (mostly Q-M346 including some Q-M3) has been found in 24.3% (46/189: 45 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25) of all Altaian samples. Among them, Chelkans show the highest frequency at 60.0% (15/25: all Q-M346), followed by Tubalars at 41% (11/27: 1 Q-M25, 10 Q-M346) and Altaians-Kizhi at 17% (20/120).
In a former study, Q-M242 is found in 4.2% of southern Altaians and 32.0% of northern Altaians with the highest frequency of 63.6% in Kurmach-Baigol (Baygol). The frequency reaches 13.7% (20/146) in the whole samples. In another study, the frequency rises up to 25.8% (23/89: all Q-M346) in Altaians. Based on the results of these studies, the average frequency of Q-M242 in Altaians is about 21%.
Tuva, which is located on the east side of Altai Republic and west of Lake Baikal as well as on the north side of Mongolia, shows higher frequency of Q-M242. It is found in 14%~38.0% (41/108) of Tuvans. Also, Todjins (Tozhu Tuvans) in eastern Tuva show the frequency at ≤22.2% (8/36 P(xR1))~38.5% (10/26, all Q-M346(xM3)). So, the average frequency of Q-M242 among Tuvans-Todjins in Tuva Republic is about 25%. Haplogroup Q-M242 has been found in 5.9% (3/51) of a sample of Tuvans from the village of Kanasi, 9.8% (5/51) of a sample of Tuvans from the village of Hemu, and 62.5% (30/48) of a sample of Tuvans from the village of Baihaba in northern Xinjiang near the international border with Altai Republic.
In Siberian Tatars, the Ishtyako-Tokuz sub-group of Tobol-Irtysh group has a frequency of Q-M242 at 38%.
The highest frequencies of Q-M242 in Eurasia are witnessed in Kets (central Siberia) at 93.8% (45/48) and in Selkups (north Siberia) at 66.4% (87/131). Russian ethnographers believe that their ancient places were farther south, in the area of the Altai and Sayan Mountains (Altai-Sayan region). Their populations are currently small in number, being just under 1,500 and 5,000 respectively. In linguistic anthropology, the Ket language is significant as it is currently the only surviving one in the Yeniseian language family which has been linked by some scholars to the Native American Na-Dené languages and, more controversially, the language of the Huns. (See: L. Lieti, E. Pulleybank, E. Vajda, A. Vovin, etc.)
Q-M346 is also found at lower rates in Sojots (7.1%, Q-M346), Khakassians (6.3%, Q-M346), Kalmyks (3.4%, Q-M25, Q-M346) and Khanty, and so on.
In far eastern Siberia, Q-M242 is found in 35.3% of Nivkhs (Gilyaks) in the lower Amur River, and 33.3% of Chukchi people and 39.2% of Siberian Yupik people in Chukotka (Chukchi Peninsula). It is found in 30.8% of Yukaghirs who live in the basin of the Kolyma River, which is located northwest of Kamchatka. It is also found in 15% (Q1a* 9%, Q-M3 6%) of Koryaks in Kamchatka.
East Asia
In some studies, various subgroups of Q-M242 are observed in Mongolia. Q1a2-M346 (mostly Q-L330) occupies 1.4~3.1% of Mongols (1/2~2/3 among Q samples), followed by Q1a1a1-M120 (0.25~1.25%), Q1a1b-M25 (0.25~0.63%), Q1b-M378. In another study, Q is found in 4% of Mongols. Karafet et al. (2018) found Q-L54(xM3) in 2.7% (2/75) and Q-M25 in another 2.7% (2/75) for a total of 5.3% (4/75) haplogroup Q Y-DNA in a sample of Khalkha Mongols from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Based on these studies, the average frequency of Q-M242 in Mongols is estimated to be about 4~5%.
However, most of Q-M242 people in East Asia belong to subclade Q-M120, which distributes most intensively across northern China (the provinces of which the capitals locate northern to Huai River-Qin Mountains line). Q-M242 ranged from 4~8% in northwest China (Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi), north China (Shanxi, Hebei), central China (Henan), and upper east China (Shandong) to 3~4% in northeast China. The average frequency of Q-M242 in northern China is around 4.5%. However, it decreases to about 2% in southern China. In a study published in 2011, researchers have found Q-M242 in 3.3% (12/361) of the samples of unrelated Han-Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University in Shanghai with the origins from all over China, though with the majority coming from east China. In another study published in 2011, Hua Zhong et al. found haplogroup Q-M242 in 3.99% (34/853, including 30/853 Q-M120, 3/853 Q-M346, and 1/853 Q-M25) of a pool of samples of Han Chinese from northern China and 1.71% (15/876, including 14/876 Q-M120 and 1/876 Q-M346) of a pool of samples of Han Chinese from southern China. Q1a1-M120 is unique to East Asians. It is not found in South east Asia except with low diversity in Y-STR among southern Han Chinese indicating it spread during the Neolithic with Han Chinese culture to southern China from northern China. Q1a3*-M346 is only found among Hui and southern Han Chinese in South East Asia in southern China but not found in non-Han indigenous peoples at all. It came from northern China (north east Asia) with the Han. Only Native Americans have Q1a3a-M3, which is a descendant haplogroup of Q1a3*-M346. The Americas was populated by migrants from Central Asia in prehistoric times. Q1a1 is attested in over 3,000 year old Han Chinese ancestral remains in the Shang and Zhou dynasties from the Hengbei archeological site. Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples.
Q-M242 has been found with notable frequency in some samples of Uyghurs: 15.38% (22/143, including 6/143 Q-M378, 5/143 Q-P36.2*, 4/143 Q-M120, 4/143 Q-M346, 1/143 Q-M25) of a sample of Uyghurs from the Turpan area (吐鲁番地区), 7.9% (6/76, including 2/76 Q1b1-L215/Page82/S325, 1/76 Q1a2-M346*, 1/76 Q1a1a1-M120, 1/76 Q1a2a1c-L330*, 1/76 Q1a2a1c1-L332) of a sample of Dolan Uyghurs (刀郎人) from Horiqol Township of Awat County, and 7.74% (37/478, including 24/478 Q-M346, 7/478 Q-P36.2*, 5/478 Q-M120) of a sample of Uyghurs from the Hotan area (和田地区). However, other studies have found haplogroup Q in much smaller percentages of Uyghur samples: 3.0% (2/67) Q-P36 Uygur, 1.6% (1/64) Q-M120 Lop Uyghur (罗布人). Haplogroup Q was not observed in a sample of 39 Keriyan Uyghurs (克里雅人) from the village of Darya Boyi, located on the Keriya River deep in the Taklamakan Desert.
Haplogroup Q was observed in 3.2% (5/156 : 2 Q-M120, 3 Q-M346) of males in Tibet in one study and in 1.23% (29/2354) of males in Tibet in another study, but this haplogroup was not observed in a sample of males from Tibet (n=105) in a third study.
It is found in about 1.9% of South Koreans, showing the highest frequency in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province at 2.7% and decreasing ones to the south (Kim 2010). It has been found in about 0.3% of Japanese (with known examples from Shizuoka and Saitama) and in 0.3%~1.2% of Taiwanese.
Subclade Q1b-M378 is also found in China and its neighboring countries at very low frequencies. It exists throughout all Mongolia, with rare examples in Japan.
Southeast Asia
Haplogroup Q shows low frequencies in Southeast Asia. In a study, the frequencies of haplogroup Q is 5.4% (2/37) in Indonesia, 3.1% (2/64) in the Philippines, 2.5% (1/40) in Thailand. However, other studies show 0% or near 0% frequencies in those countries.
In the case of Vietnam, the frequency is 7.1% in one study of a sample of Vietnamese reported to be from southern Vietnam and 4.3% in a sample of Kinh people from Ho Chi Minh City in southern Vietnam, but 0% or under 1% in other studies in which samples have been collected in Hanoi in northern Vietnam. So, it is hard to define average frequencies. However, Macholdt et al. (2020) have tested a sample of fifty Kinh people from northern Vietnam (all but one of whom are from the Red River Delta region, and 42 of whom are from Hanoi) and found that two of them (4%) belong to Q-M120.
Only some regions and ethnic groups in the continent show high frequencies. Q-M242 is found in 2.8% (3/106, all Q-M346) in Myanmar, and all the Q samples are concentrated in 18.8% in Ayeyarwady (2/11) and 7.1% Bago (1/14) regions in southwest Myanmar. And, Q-M242 is found in 55.6% (15/27) in the Akha tribe in northern Thailand.
Central Asia
In Central Asia, the southern regions show higher frequencies of Q than the northern ones.
In the northern regions, Q-M242 is found in about 2%~6% (average 4%) of Kazakhs. A study published in 2017 found haplogroup Q Y-DNA in 3.17% (41/1294) of a large pool of samples of Kazakh tribes; however, haplogroup Q was concentrated in the members of the Qangly tribe (27/40 = 67.5%), and it was much less common among the other tribes. The Qangly tribe is related at least in name to the earlier Kankalis and probably also the Kangar union. Haplogroup Q is found in about 2% of Kyrgyz people.
In the southern regions, Q-M242 is found in 5%~6% of Tajiks (Tajikistan). Karafet et al. 2001 found P-DYS257(xQ1b1a1a-M3, R-UTY2), which should be roughly equivalent to haplogroup Q-M242(xM3), in 4/54 = 7.4% of a sample of Uzbeks, apparently sampled in Uzbekistan. Wells et al. 2001 found P-M45(xM120, M124, M3, M173), which should be roughly equivalent to a mix of Q-M242(xM120, M3) and R2-M479(xR2a-M124), in 20/366 = 5.5% of a pool of samples of Uzbeks from seven different regions of Uzbekistan. Di Cristofaro et al. 2013 found Q-M242 in 11/127 = 8.7% of a pool of samples of Uzbeks from three different provinces of Afghanistan, including 5/94 Q-M242(xM120, M25, M346, M378), 4/94 Q-M346, and 1/94 Q-M25 (10/94 = 10.6% Q-M242 total) in a sample of Uzbeks from Jawzjan Province, whose northern border abuts the southeastern corner of Turkmenistan, and 1/28 Q-M242(xM120, M25, M346, M378) in a sample of Uzbeks from Sar-e Pol Province. Wells et al. (2001) found P-M45(xM120, M124, M3, M173) in 10.0% (3/30) of a sample of Turkmens from Turkmenistan, whereas Karafet et al. (2018) found Q-M25 in 50.0% (22/44) of another sample of Turkmens from Turkmenistan, so the frequency of haplogroup Q in that country is not yet clear. However, Grugni et al. (2012) found Q-M242 in 42.6% (29/68) of a sample of Turkmens from Golestan, Iran, and Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) found Q-M25 in 31.1% (23/74) and Q-M346 in 2.7% (2/74) for a total of 33.8% (25/74) Q-M242 in a sample of Turkmens from Jawzjan, Afghanistan, so the frequency of Q-M242 may reach about 40% in Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran who live in the areas adjacent to Turkmenistan.
Q-M242 accounts for 6.9% of Afghans in a study (Haber 2012). In another study (Cristofaro 2013) with a larger sampling, the frequency of Q rises to 8.9% (45/507). Haplogroup Q occurs at a frequency of 8% (11/136) in Afghan Pashtuns and 3% (5/142) in Afghan Tajiks. In this study(Cristofaro 2013), Turkmens of Jowzjan Province which is neighboring to Turkmenistan show the highest frequency at 33.8% (25/74: 23 Q-M25, 2 Q-M346), followed by Uzbeks at 8.7% (11/144: 6 Q*, 1 Q-M25, 4 Q-M346).
Southwest Asia
Southwest Asia exhibits high frequencies of Q in northern Iran, and gradually lowering ones to the southwest.
Q-M242 accounts for 5.5% (52/938) in Iran according to Grugni 2012, which shows a large and well allocated sampling. The Q samples (52) in the study consist of various subclades such as Q* (3), Q-M120 (1), Q-M25 (30), Q-M346 (8), Q-M378 (10). The highest frequency is at 42.6% (29/68, all Q-M25) in Turkmens of Golestan, followed by 9.1% in Isfahan (Persian people), 6.8% in Khorasan (Persian people), 6% in Lorestan (Luristan, Lurs), 4.9% in Azarbaijan Gharbi (5.1% of Assyrians and 4.8% of Azeris), 4.5% in Fars (Persian people), and so on. Turkmens are known as the descendants of Oghuz Turks who built many Turkic empires and dynasties. Other studies also show similar frequencies.
In a study (Zahery 2011), the frequency of Q is 1.9% (3/154: all Q-M378) in Iraqis (x Marsh Arabs), and 2.8% (4/143: 1 Q-M25, 3 Q-M378) in Marsh Arabs who are known as the descendants of ancient Sumerians.
Approximately 2.5% (4/157: 3 Q*, 1 Q-M346) of males in Saudi Arabia belong to haplogroup Q. It also accounts for 1.8% (3/164: 2 Q*, 1 Q-M346) in the United Arab Emirates and 0.8% (1/121: Q*) in Oman peoples.
Haplogroup Q-M242 has also been found in 1.1% (1/87, Q-P36) Syrians and 2.0% (18/914, 14 Q*, 4 Q-M25) in Lebanese.
Approximately 2% (10/523: 9 Q*, 1 Q-M25) of males in Turkey belong to haplogroup Q. In a study (Gokcumen 2008), it was found that among Turks who belong to the Afshar tribe (one of Oghuz Turks) haplogroup Q-M242 is seen with a prevalence of 13%.
South Asia
In Pakistan at the eastern end of the Iranian Plateau, the frequency of haplogroup Q-M242 is about 2.2% (14/638)~3.4% (6/176).
In a study (Sharma2007), Q-M242 is observed in 2.38% (15/630) of Indian people belonging to different regions and social categories. What is interesting is 14/15 samples do not belong to any known subgroups of Q-M242, with 4 among them showing novel (Indian-specific) ‘ss4bp’ allele under Q-MEH2. This study also reflects the results of some former studies (Sengupta 2006, Seielstad 2003). And, the accumulated result (frequency) of 3 studies is turned out to be 1.3% (21/1615), with 11 out of 21 Q samples. (For more information, see Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia)
In a regional study in Gujarat (Western India), Q-M242 was found at its highest 12% (3/25) among Nana Chaudharis while the overall percentage in Gujarat was found to be 2.8% (8/284). In another study, 2.6% of Tharus in Chitwan district and 6.1% (3/49) of Hindus in New Delhi, the capital of India were found to be Q-M242 positive.
In a study in which Q-M242 is just classified in P* group, P* (x R1, R2) accounts for 9.7% (23/237: Chakma 13/89, Marma 4/60, Tripura 6/88) in three ethnic groups of Bangladesh. In many cases, all or most of P* (x R1, R2) means Q-M242, and thus most of P* (9.7%) samples in that study can be estimated to be Q-M242.
1.2% of Nepalese people in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal and 3.2% of people from Tibet are in Q-M242.
3.3% of Sri Lankans are also in Q-M242.
Europe
Q-M242 is distributed across most European countries at low frequencies, and the frequencies decrease to the west and to the south.
Central- and Eastern Europe
In Central- Eastern Europe, Q-M242 comprises about 1.7% of males. Q-M242 is found in about 2% of Russians, 1.5% of Belarusians, 1.3% of Ukrainians 1.3% of Poles (Poland), 2% of Czechs, 1.5% of Slovaks, about 2.2% of Hungarians,{citation needed} 1.2% of Romanians, 0.8% of Moldovans, and 0.5% (4/808: 2 Q-M378, 1 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25) of Bulgarians On the other hand, 3.1% of Székelys from Transylvania (who have claimed to be descendants of Attila's Huns) turned out to be P* (xR1-M173), which virtually means Q-M242. In a related DNA Project of FT-DNA, the frequency of Q-M25 in Székelys (Szeklers) reaches 4.3%.
The Caucasus region shows a frequency at 1.2% in a study, but it may reach over 4% in Azerbaijan, in that 4.9% of the neighboring Iranian Azerbaijanis harbor Q-M242. It is 1.3% in Georgians and Armenians respectively, and Armenian subclades consist of Q-M378 (L245), Q-M346, and Q-M25.
Northern Europe
In Northern Europe, haplogroup Q comprises about 2.5% of males. According to the Swedish Haplogroup Database, 4.1% (27/664, as of Jan 2016) of Swedish males belong to Q-M242. About 2/3 of the samples analyzed subclades in detail belong to Q1a2b-F1161/L527 and about 1/3 are in Q1a2a-L804. By county, they are distributed intensively in the southern region (Götaland,: not to be confused with Gotland), and rarely to the north. If recalculated by county-population weights, the frequency of Q in Sweden reaches 4.7%.
In Norway, Q-M242 is found in about 2.6% (~4%) of males, with Q-L804 being more common than Q-F1161/L527. It is observed among 1.6% of males in Denmark, 3% in the Faroe Islands (known to be related to Vikings). In an article (Helgason et al.) on the haplotypes of Icelanders, 7.2% (13/181) of males in Iceland are labelled as R1b-Branch A, but they are actually Q-M242. On the other hand, it is 0.2% in Finland, 4.6% in Latvia, 1.1% in Lithuania, 0.5% in Estonia.
Western Europe
In Western Europe, Q-M242 is observed at very low frequencies, around 0.5% in most of the countries, such as Germany, France, United Kingdom, etc., but some regions show a little higher. It is 2.1% in Switzerland, and it reaches 5.1% in Lyon (Rhône-Alpes) region of France. It is about 4% in Shetland of northernmost Britain, with a place in it showing the highest figure at 8%. Shetland has been known to be a settlement of Vikings. And, surprisingly, Q-M242 in Shetland (also in some areas of Scandinavia, Faroe Islands, Iceland, and the United Kingdom) has turned out to be generically closely linked to the Q-M242 in Central Asia. Also, Shetland (Norse) Q-M242 is revealed to be linked to some Q-M242 of Azeris (Azerbaijan).
Southern Europe
Southern Europe also shows low frequencies of Q around 0.5%~1%, but some regions exhibits different figures. It is 1.9% in mainland Croatia, but it reaches 14.3% (13/91) in Hvar Islands and 6.1% (8/132) in Korčula. Also, it is about 0.6% in Italy, but it rises to 2.5% (6/236) in Sicily, where it reaches 16.7% (3/18) in Mazara del Vallo region, followed by 7.1% (2/28) in Ragusa, 3.6% in Sciacca, and 3.7% in Belvedere Marittimo.
On the other hand, according to a study (Behar 2004), 5.2% (23/441) of Ashkenazi Jewish males belong to haplogroup Q-P36. This has subsequently been found to be entirely the Q-M378 subclade and may be restricted to Q-L245. Also, 2.3% (4/174)~5.6% (3/53) of Sephardi Jews are in haplogroup Q.
Africa
Haplogroup Q is rarely found across North Africa. It is observed in 0.7% (1/147), of Egyptians and in 0.6% (1/156) of Algerian people. Surprisingly, it is also witnessed in 0.8% (3/381, all Q-M346) of males from Comoros which is located in between East Africa and Madagascar.
To combine the data above, Q-M242 is estimated to be in about 3.1% of males of the world.
Subclade distribution
Q (M242)
Q* — Found with low frequency in India and Pakistan. Important in Afghanistan, paragroup Q-M242 (xMEH2, xM378) was found in eight Pashtun males (3 Kabul, 4 Laghman, 1 Kapisa). Also found in one Rapanui male of Easter Island.
Q-P36.2 (P36.2) Found with low frequency in Iran.
Q-MEH2 (MEH2) Was found in Koryaks (at 10.3%), although the level of STR diversity associated with Q-MEH2 is very low, this lineage appears to be closest to the extinct Paleo-Eskimo individuals belonging to the Saqqaq culture arisen in the New World Arctic about 5.5 Ka.
Q-M120 (M120, M265/N14) — It has been found at low frequency among Han Chinese, Dungans, Vietnamese, Japanese, Kalmyks, Koreans, Mongols in Mongolia, Tibetans, and Hmong Daw in Laos. It also has been reported in samples of Bhutanese, Hazara, Bruneian Murut, and Peruvian populations.
Q-M25 (M25, M143) — Found with high frequency of 30-45% in Turkmens and Turkmenistan Confused with R1b1 because of P25. Found with high frequency in Turkmens of Golestan Province (Iran), Jawzjan ( Afghanistan), and with low to moderate frequency in Lebanon, Mongolia, and Turkey
Q-M346 (L56, L57, M346) — Found at low frequency in Europe, South Asia and West Asia. It has been found in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, India, Mongolia, Tibet, and Bali.
Q-L53 (L53, L54, L55, L213)
Q-M3 (M3) — Common in indigenous peoples of the Americas
Q-M19 (M19) — Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu
Q-M194 (M194) — In South America
Q-M199 (M199, P106, P292) — In South America
Q-M323 (M323) — It has been detected in Yemenite Jews.
Q-L275 (L275, L314)
Q-M378 (M378) — It is widely distributed in Europe, South Asia, West and East Asia. It is found among samples of Hazaras and Sindhis. It is also found in the Mongols, the Japanese people and the Uyghurs of North-Western China in two separate groups. The Q-M378 subclade is a branch to which Q-M242 men in some European Jewish Diaspora populations belong. Its subbranch Q-L245's subclades Q-Y2200 and Q-YP1035 are found in Ashkenazi Jews. Some Sephardic Jews carry other subclades of Q-L245, including Q-BZ3900, Q-YP745, and Q-YP1237. Q-M378 samples also have been located in Central America (Panama) and South America (Andean Region)
Y-DNA Q samples from ancient sites
South Central Siberia (near Altai)
Afontova-Gora-2, Yenisei River Bank, Krasnoyarsk (South Central Siberia of Russia), 17000YBP: Q1a1-F1215 (mtDNA R)
North America
Anzick-1, Clovis culture, western Montana, 12600YBP: Q1a2-L54* (not M3, mtDNA D4h3a)
Kennewick Man, Washington, 8500YBP: Q1a2-M3 (mtDNA X2a)
Altai (West Mongolia)
Tsagaan Asga and Takhilgat Uzuur-5 Kurgan sites, westernmost Mongolian Altai, 2900YBP-4800YBP: 4 R1a1a1b2-Z93 (B.C. 10C, B.C. 14C, 2 period unknown), 3 Q1a2a1-L54 (period unknown), 1 Q-M242 (B.C. 28C), 1 C-M130 (B.C. 10C)
Greenland
Saqqaq (Qilakitsoq), Greenland, 4000YBP: Q1a-YP1500 (mtDNA D2a1)
China
Hengbei site (Peng kingdom cemetery of Western Zhou period), Jiang County, Shanxi, 2800-3000YBP: 9 Q1a1-M120, 2 O2a-M95, 1 N, 4 O3a2-P201, 2 O3, 4 O*
In another paper, the social status of those human remains of ancient Peng kingdom(倗国) are analyzed. aristocrats: 3 Q1a1 (prostrate 2, supine 1), 2 O3a (supine 2), 1 N (prostrate) / commoners : 8 Q1a1 (prostrate 4, supine 4), 3 O3a (prostrate 1, supine 2), 3 O* (supine 3) / slaves: 3 O3a, 2 O2a, 1 O*
(cf) Pengbo (倗伯), Monarch of Peng Kingdom is estimated as Q-M120.
Pengyang County, Ningxia, 2500YBP: all 4 Q1a1-M120 (with a lot of animal bones and bronze swords and other weapons, etc.)
Heigouliang, Xinjiang, 2200YBP: 6 Q1a* (not Q1a1-M120, not Q1a1b-M25, not Q1a2-M3), 4 Q1b-M378, 2 Q* (not Q1a, not Q1b: unable to determine subclades):
In a paper (Lihongjie 2012), the author analyzed the Y-DNAs of the ancient male samples from the 2nd or 1st century BCE cemetery at Heigouliang in Xinjiang – which is also believed to be the site of a summer palace for Xiongnu kings – which is east of the Barkol basin and near the city of Hami. The Y-DNA of 12 men excavated from the site belonged to Q-MEH2 (Q1a) or Q-M378 (Q1b). The Q-M378 men among them were regarded as hosts of the tombs; half of the Q-MEH2 men appeared to be hosts and the other half as sacrificial victims.
Xiongnu site in Barkol, Xinjiang, all 3 Q-M3
In L. L. Kang et al. (2013), three samples from a Xiongnu) site in Barkol, Xinjiang were found to be Q-M3 (Q1a2a1a1). And, as Q-M3 is mostly found in Yeniseians and Native Americans, the authors suggest that the Xiongnu had connections to speakers of the Yeniseian languages. These discoveries from the above papers (Li 2012, Kang et al., 2013) have some positive implications on the not as yet clearly verified theory that the Xiongnu were precursors of the Huns.
Mongolian noble burials in the Yuan dynasty, Shuzhuanglou Site, northernmost Hebei China, 700YBP: all 3 Q (not analysed subclade, the principal occupant Gaodangwang Korguz (高唐王=趙王 阔里吉思)’s mtDNA=D4m2, two others mtDNA=A)
(cf) Korguz was a son of a princess of Kublai Khan (元 世祖), and was the king of the Ongud tribe. He died in 1298 and was reburied in Shuzhuanglou in 1311 by his son. (Do not confuse this man with the Uyghur governor, Korguz who died in 1242.) The Ongud tribe (汪古部) was a descendant of the Shatuo tribe (沙陀族) which was a tribe of Göktürks (Western Turkic Khaganate) and was prominent in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China, building three dynasties. His two queens were all princesses of the Yuan dynasty (Kublai Khan's granddaughters). It was very important for the Yuan dynasty to maintain a marriage alliance with Ongud tribe which had been a principal assistant since Genghis Khan's period. About 16 princesses of the Yuan dynasty married kings of the Ongud tribe.
See also
Populations
Y-DNA Q-M242 subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
Bibliography
*
External links
Spread of Haplogroup Q, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
The India Genealogical DNA Project
British Isles DNA Project
Q-M242
Natural history of the Americas |
4148872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage%20virtualization | Storage virtualization | In computer science, storage virtualization is "the process of presenting a logical view of the physical storage resources to" a host computer system, "treating all storage media (hard disk, optical disk, tape, etc.) in the enterprise as a single pool of storage."
A "storage system" is also known as a storage array, disk array, or filer. Storage systems typically use special hardware and software along with disk drives in order to provide very fast and reliable storage for computing and data processing. Storage systems are complex, and may be thought of as a special purpose computer designed to provide storage capacity along with advanced data protection features. Disk drives are only one element within a storage system, along with hardware and special purpose embedded software within the system.
Storage systems can provide either block accessed storage, or file accessed storage. Block access is typically delivered over Fibre Channel, iSCSI, SAS, FICON or other protocols. File access is often provided using NFS or SMB protocols.
Within the context of a storage system, there are two primary types of virtualization that can occur:
Block virtualization used in this context refers to the abstraction (separation) of logical storage (partition) from physical storage so that it may be accessed without regard to physical storage or heterogeneous structure. This separation allows the administrators of the storage system greater flexibility in how they manage storage for end users.
File virtualization addresses the NAS challenges by eliminating the dependencies between the data accessed at the file level and the location where the files are physically stored. This provides opportunities to optimize storage use and server consolidation and to perform non-disruptive file migrations.
Block virtualization
Address space remapping
Virtualization of storage helps achieve location independence by abstracting the physical location of the data. The virtualization system presents to the user a logical space for data storage and handles the process of mapping it to the actual physical location.
It is possible to have multiple layers of virtualization or mapping. It is then possible that the output of one layer of virtualization can then be used as the input for a higher layer of virtualization. Virtualization maps space between back-end resources, to front-end resources. In this instance, "back-end" refers to a logical unit number (LUN) that is not presented to a computer, or host system for direct use. A "front-end" LUN or volume is presented to a host or computer system for use.
The actual form of the mapping will depend on the chosen implementation. Some implementations may limit the granularity of the mapping which may limit the capabilities of the device. Typical granularities range from a single physical disk down to some small subset (multiples of megabytes or gigabytes) of the physical disk.
In a block-based storage environment, a single block of information is addressed using a LUN identifier and an offset within that LUN known as a logical block addressing (LBA).
Metadata
The virtualization software or device is responsible for maintaining a consistent view of all the mapping information for the virtualized storage. This mapping information is often called metadata and is stored as a mapping table.
The address space may be limited by the capacity needed to maintain the mapping table. The level of granularity, and the total addressable space both directly impact the size of the meta-data, and hence the mapping table. For this reason, it is common to have trade-offs, between the amount of addressable capacity and the granularity or access granularity.
One common method to address these limits is to use multiple levels of virtualization. In several storage systems deployed today, it is common to utilize three layers of virtualization.
Some implementations do not use a mapping table, and instead calculate locations using an algorithm. These implementations utilize dynamic methods to calculate the location on access, rather than storing the information in a mapping table.
I/O redirection
The virtualization software or device uses the metadata to re-direct I/O requests. It will receive an incoming I/O request containing information about the location of the data in terms of the logical disk (vdisk) and translates this into a new I/O request to the physical disk location.
For example, the virtualization device may :
Receive a read request for vdisk LUN ID=1, LBA=32
Perform a meta-data look up for LUN ID=1, LBA=32, and finds this maps to physical LUN ID=7, LBA0
Sends a read request to physical LUN ID=7, LBA0
Receives the data back from the physical LUN
Sends the data back to the originator as if it had come from vdisk LUN ID=1, LBA32
Capabilities
Most implementations allow for heterogeneous management of multi-vendor storage devices within the scope of a given implementation's support matrix. This means that the following capabilities are not limited to a single vendor's device (as with similar capabilities provided by specific storage controllers) and are in fact possible across different vendors' devices.
Replication
Data replication techniques are not limited to virtualization appliances and as such are not described here in detail. However most implementations will provide some or all of these replication services.
When storage is virtualized, replication services must be implemented above the software or device that is performing the virtualization. This is true because it is only above the virtualization layer that a true and consistent image of the logical disk (vdisk) can be copied. This limits the services that some implementations can implement or makes them seriously difficult to implement. If the virtualization is implemented in the network or higher, this renders any replication services provided by the underlying storage controllers useless.
Remote data replication for disaster recovery
Synchronous Mirroring where I/O completion is only returned when the remote site acknowledges the completion. Applicable for shorter distances (<200 km)
Asynchronous Mirroring where I/O completion is returned before the remote site has acknowledged the completion. Applicable for much greater distances (>200 km)
Point-In-Time Snapshots to copy or clone data for diverse uses
When combined with thin provisioning, enables space-efficient snapshots
Pooling
The physical storage resources are aggregated into storage pools, from which the logical storage is created. More storage systems, which may be heterogeneous in nature, can be added as and when needed, and the virtual storage space will scale up by the same amount. This process is fully transparent to the applications using the storage infrastructure.
Disk management
The software or device providing storage virtualization becomes a common disk manager in the virtualized environment. Logical disks (vdisks) are created by the virtualization software or device and are mapped (made visible) to the required host or server, thus providing a common place or way for managing all volumes in the environment.
Enhanced features are easy to provide in this environment:
Thin Provisioning to maximize storage utilization
This is relatively easy to implement as physical storage is only allocated in the mapping table when it is used.
Disk expansion and shrinking
More physical storage can be allocated by adding to the mapping table (assuming the using system can cope with online expansion)
Similarly disks can be reduced in size by removing some physical storage from the mapping (uses for this are limited as there is no guarantee of what resides on the areas removed)
Benefits
Non-disruptive data migration
One of the major benefits of abstracting the host or server from the actual storage is the ability to migrate data while maintaining concurrent I/O access.
The host only knows about the logical disk (the mapped LUN) and so any changes to the meta-data mapping is transparent to the host. This means the actual data can be moved or replicated to another physical location without affecting the operation of any client. When the data has been copied or moved, the meta-data can simply be updated to point to the new location, therefore freeing up the physical storage at the old location.
The process of moving the physical location is known as data migration. Most implementations allow for this to be done in a non-disruptive manner, that is concurrently while the host continues to perform I/O to the logical disk (or LUN).
The mapping granularity dictates how quickly the meta-data can be updated, how much extra capacity is required during the migration, and how quickly the previous location is marked as free. The smaller the granularity the faster the update, less space required and quicker the old storage can be freed up.
There are many day to day tasks a storage administrator has to perform that can be simply and concurrently performed using data migration techniques.
Moving data off an over-utilized storage device.
Moving data onto a faster storage device as needs require
Implementing an Information Lifecycle Management policy
Migrating data off older storage devices (either being scrapped or off-lease)
Improved utilization
Utilization can be increased by virtue of the pooling, migration, and thin provisioning services. This allows users to avoid over-buying and over-provisioning storage solutions. In other words, this kind of utilization through a shared pool of storage can be easily and quickly allocated as it is needed to avoid constraints on storage capacity that often hinder application performance.
When all available storage capacity is pooled, system administrators no longer have to search for disks that have free space to allocate to a particular host or server. A new logical disk can be simply allocated from the available pool, or an existing disk can be expanded.
Pooling also means that all the available storage capacity can potentially be used. In a traditional environment, an entire disk would be mapped to a host. This may be larger than is required, thus wasting space. In a virtual environment, the logical disk (LUN) is assigned the capacity required by the using host.
Storage can be assigned where it is needed at that point in time, reducing the need to guess how much a given host will need in the future. Using Thin Provisioning, the administrator can create a very large thin provisioned logical disk, thus the using system thinks it has a very large disk from day one.
Fewer points of management
With storage virtualization, multiple independent storage devices, even if scattered across a network, appear to be a single monolithic storage device and can be managed centrally.
However, traditional storage controller management is still required. That is, the creation and maintenance of RAID arrays, including error and fault management.
Risks
Backing out a failed implementation
Once the abstraction layer is in place, only the virtualizer knows where the data actually resides on the physical medium. Backing out of a virtual storage environment therefore requires the reconstruction of the logical disks as contiguous disks that can be used in a traditional manner.
Most implementations will provide some form of back-out procedure and with the data migration services it is at least possible, but time consuming.
Interoperability and vendor support
Interoperability is a key enabler to any virtualization software or device. It applies to the actual physical storage controllers and the hosts, their operating systems, multi-pathing software and connectivity hardware.
Interoperability requirements differ based on the implementation chosen. For example, virtualization implemented within a storage controller adds no extra overhead to host based interoperability, but will require additional support of other storage controllers if they are to be virtualized by the same software.
Switch based virtualization may not require specific host interoperability — if it uses packet cracking techniques to redirect the I/O.
Network based appliances have the highest level of interoperability requirements as they have to interoperate with all devices, storage and hosts.
Complexity
Complexity affects several areas :
Management of environment: Although a virtual storage infrastructure benefits from a single point of logical disk and replication service management, the physical storage must still be managed. Problem determination and fault isolation can also become complex, due to the abstraction layer.
Infrastructure design: Traditional design ethics may no longer apply, virtualization brings a whole range of new ideas and concepts to think about (as detailed here)
The software or device itself: Some implementations are more complex to design and code network based, especially in-band (symmetric) designs in particular — these implementations actually handle the I/O requests and so latency becomes an issue.
Metadata management
Information is one of the most valuable assets in today's business environments. Once virtualized, the metadata are the glue in the middle. If the metadata are lost, so is all the actual data as it would be virtually impossible to reconstruct the logical drives without the mapping information.
Any implementation must ensure its protection with appropriate levels of back-ups and replicas. It is important to be able to reconstruct the meta-data in the event of a catastrophic failure.
The metadata management also has implications on performance. Any virtualization software or device must be able to keep all the copies of the metadata atomic and quickly updateable. Some implementations restrict the ability to provide certain fast update functions, such as point-in-time copies and caching where super fast updates are required to ensure minimal latency to the actual I/O being performed.
Performance and scalability
In some implementations the performance of the physical storage can actually be improved, mainly due to caching. Caching however requires the visibility of the data contained within the I/O request and so is limited to in-band and symmetric virtualization software and devices. However these implementations also directly influence the latency of an I/O request (cache miss), due to the I/O having to flow through the software or device. Assuming the software or device is efficiently designed this impact should be minimal when compared with the latency associated with physical disk accesses.
Due to the nature of virtualization, the mapping of logical to physical requires some processing power and lookup tables. Therefore, every implementation will add some small amount of latency.
In addition to response time concerns, throughput has to be considered. The bandwidth into and out of the meta-data lookup software directly impacts the available system bandwidth. In asymmetric implementations, where the meta-data lookup occurs before the information is read or written, bandwidth is less of a concern as the meta-data are a tiny fraction of the actual I/O size. In-band, symmetric flow through designs are directly limited by their processing power and connectivity bandwidths.
Most implementations provide some form of scale-out model, where the inclusion of additional software or device instances provides increased scalability and potentially increased bandwidth. The performance and scalability characteristics are directly influenced by the chosen implementation.
Implementation approaches
Host-based
Storage device-based
Network-based
Host-based
Host-based virtualization requires additional software running on the host, as a privileged task or process. In some cases volume management is built into the operating system, and in other instances it is offered as a separate product. Volumes (LUN's) presented to the host system are handled by a traditional physical device driver. However, a software layer (the volume manager) resides above the disk device driver intercepts the I/O requests, and provides the meta-data lookup and I/O mapping.
Most modern operating systems have some form of logical volume management built-in (in Linux called Logical Volume Manager or LVM; in Solaris and FreeBSD, ZFS's zpool layer; in Windows called Logical Disk Manager or LDM), that performs virtualization tasks.
Note: Host based volume managers were in use long before the term storage virtualization had been coined.
Pros
Simple to design and code
Supports any storage type
Improves storage utilization without thin provisioning restrictions
Cons
Storage utilization optimized only on a per host basis
Replication and data migration only possible locally to that host
Software is unique to each operating system
No easy way of keeping host instances in sync with other instances
Traditional Data Recovery following a server disk drive crash is impossible
Specific examples
Technologies:
Logical volume management
File systems, e.g., (hard links, SMB/NFS)
Automatic mounting, e.g., (autofs)
Storage device-based
Like host-based virtualization, several categories have existed for years and have only recently been classified as virtualization. Simple data storage devices, like single hard disk drives, do not provide any virtualization. But even the simplest disk arrays provide a logical to physical abstraction, as they use RAID schemes to join multiple disks in a single array (and possibly later divide the array it into smaller volumes).
Advanced disk arrays often feature cloning, snapshots and remote replication. Generally these devices do not provide the benefits of data migration or replication across heterogeneous storage, as each vendor tends to use their own proprietary protocols.
A new breed of disk array controllers allows the downstream attachment of other storage devices. For the purposes of this article we will only discuss the later style which do actually virtualize other storage devices.
Concept
A primary storage controller provides the services and allows the direct attachment of other storage controllers. Depending on the implementation these may be from the same or different vendors.
The primary controller will provide the pooling and meta-data management services. It may also provide replication and migration services across those controllers which it is .
Pros
No additional hardware or infrastructure requirements
Provides most of the benefits of storage virtualization
Does not add latency to individual I/Os
Cons
Storage utilization optimized only across the connected controllers
Replication and data migration only possible across the connected controllers and same vendors device for long distance support
Downstream controller attachment limited to vendors support matrix
I/O Latency, non cache hits require the primary storage controller to issue a secondary downstream I/O request
Increase in storage infrastructure resource, the primary storage controller requires the same bandwidth as the secondary storage controllers to maintain the same throughput
Network-based
Storage virtualization operating on a network based device (typically a standard server or smart switch) and using iSCSI or FC Fibre channel networks to connect as a SAN. These types of devices are the most commonly available and implemented form of virtualization.
The virtualization device sits in the SAN and provides the layer of abstraction between the hosts performing the I/O and the storage controllers providing the storage capacity.
Pros
True heterogeneous storage virtualization
Caching of data (performance benefit) is possible when in-band
Single management interface for all virtualized storage
Replication services across heterogeneous devices
Cons
Complex interoperability matrices limited by vendors support
Difficult to implement fast meta-data updates in switched-based devices
Out-of-band requires specific host based software
In-band may add latency to I/O
In-band the most complicated to design and code
Appliance-based vs. switch-based
There are two commonly available implementations of network-based storage virtualization, appliance-based and switch-based. Both models can provide the same services, disk management, metadata lookup, data migration and replication. Both models also require some processing hardware to provide these services.
Appliance based devices are dedicated hardware devices that provide SAN connectivity of one form or another. These sit between the hosts and storage and in the case of in-band (symmetric) appliances can provide all of the benefits and services discussed in this article. I/O requests are targeted at the appliance itself, which performs the meta-data mapping before redirecting the I/O by sending its own I/O request to the underlying storage. The in-band appliance can also provide caching of data, and most implementations provide some form of clustering of individual appliances to maintain an atomic view of the metadata as well as cache data.
Switch based devices, as the name suggests, reside in the physical switch hardware used to connect the SAN devices. These also sit between the hosts and storage but may use different techniques to provide the metadata mapping, such as packet cracking to snoop on incoming I/O requests and perform the I/O redirection. It is much more difficult to ensure atomic updates of metadata in a switched environment and services requiring fast updates of data and metadata may be limited in switched implementations.
In-band vs. out-of-band
In-band, also known as symmetric, virtualization devices actually sit in the data path between the host and storage. All I/O requests and their data pass through the device. Hosts perform I/O to the virtualization device and never interact with the actual storage device. The virtualization device in turn performs I/O to the storage device. Caching of data, statistics about data usage, replications services, data migration and thin provisioning are all easily implemented in an in-band device.
Out-of-band, also known as asymmetric, virtualization devices are sometimes called meta-data servers. These devices only perform the meta-data mapping functions. This requires additional software in the host which knows to first request the location of the actual data. Therefore, an I/O request from the host is intercepted before it leaves the host, a meta-data lookup is requested from the meta-data server (this may be through an interface other than the SAN) which returns the physical location of the data to the host. The information is then retrieved through an actual I/O request to the storage. Caching is not possible as the data never passes through the device.
File based virtualization
File-based virtualization is a type of storage virtualization that uses files as the basic unit of storage. This is in contrast to block-based storage virtualization, which uses blocks as the basic unit. It is a way to abstract away the physical details of storage and allow files to be stored on any type of storage device, without the need for specific drivers or other low-level configuration.
File-based virtualization can be used for a variety of purposes, including storage consolidation, improved storage utilization, and disaster recovery. This can simplify storage administration and reduce the overall number of storage devices that need to be managed.
File-based virtualization can also improve storage utilization by allowing files to be stored on devices that are not being used to their full capacity. For example, if a file server has a number of hard drives that are only partially filled, file-based virtualization can be used to store files on those drives, thereby increasing the utilization of the storage devices.
Finally, file-based virtualization can be used for disaster recovery purposes. By replicating files across a variety of storage devices, it is possible to recover in case of a storage device failure.
File-based virtualization can be used to create a virtual file server (or virtual NAS device), which is a storage system that appears to the user as a single file server but which is actually implemented as a set of files stored on a number of physical file servers.
See also
Archive
Automated tiered storage
Storage hypervisor
Backup
Computer data storage
Data proliferation
Disk storage
Information lifecycle management
Information repository
Magnetic tape data storage
Repository
Spindle
References
Storage virtualization
Virtualization |
4148881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan%20Note | Nissan Note | The is a supermini/subcompact hatchback or a mini MPV manufactured and marketed worldwide by Nissan. Introduced in 2004, the first-generation Note was primarily marketed in Japan and Europe, and was produced in Japan and the United Kingdom. The second-generation model was sold in other regions, including North America where it was manufactured in Mexico and marketed as the Versa Note, and Thailand, where it serves as one of the B-segment hatchback offered by the brand alongside the smaller March/Micra under the Eco Car tax scheme.
In 2017, the second-generation Note was replaced by the French-built K14 Micra for the European market. The Versa Note was discontinued in North America in 2019 due to the decreasing demand for subcompact hatchbacks in the region. It continued to be produced and sold in Japan up to the introduction of the third-generation Note in late 2020.
The Note was introduced with a series hybrid drivetrain in late 2016 as the Note e-Power. Due to its popularity and the push of electrification, the third-generation Note is only available with the e-Power drivetrain, which consumes 29.5km/l (69m/USg).
First generation (E11; 2004)
Tone concept (2004)
Nissan Note was developed to replace the unpopular Almera Tino which has proved to be a failure in Europe, with only 200,000 cars sold in 7 years. The main rival of Almera Tino, Renault Scénic, had 1,400,000 cars sold just in two years after the introduction of the second-generation model. Renault will later also introduce their mini-MPV named Modus, which will also become best-seller by late 2005. The development of what would become Note started around summer 2002. As a result, the Nissan Tone concept was created. It was unveiled at the 2004 Paris Motor Show. While similar to production model in general, the concept has some unique features such as U-shaped panoramic roof, and a large dashboard screen inside. The concept was equipped with automatic gearbox and always had its rear doors locked. Chris Lee, Nissan's product manager, says that many millions of dollars were invested in development and that Note was meant to be sold with pricetag under €13,000.
Production model (2005)
The production version was unveiled and went on sale on 20 January 2005 in Japan. The European model was unveiled at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show, followed by the 2006 Geneva Motor Show. Retail models went on sale in Europe in early 2006. The United Kingdom was the first market to have the Note launch, being released on 1 March 2006. The car shares some of its underpinnings with the Renault Modus, and manufactured at Nissan's plant in Washington, England. Early models included a choice of four engines, which are 1.4-litre and 1.6-litre petrol; and two options of 1.5-litre diesel. It is an indirect successor to the conventional medium-sized Almera hatchback for the region.
The trim levels for the European market were the S, SE and SVE, while later it is replaced by Visia, Visia+, Acenta, Acenta R and Tekna. In Russia/CIS region, Nissan sold Note with Comfort, Luxury and Tekna trim levels. Cars made for this market before 2009 have standard OBDII diagnostics especially software disabled by Nissan.
Japanese version
European version
Safety
The 2006 Nissan Note, 1.4 Acenta (SE), five-door hatchback passed, July 2006, passed the Euro NCAP car safety tests with these ratings:
Adult occupant =
Pedestrian =
Production
Production of European model of Nissan Note began in January 2006 at Sunderland plant in the UK.
Nissan Note was produced in Nissan's Oppama Plant.
Marketing
A CD single called 'C'mon Everybody Note&Pencils' was released by Pony Canyon on 9 August 2006, which included Eddie Cochran's C'mon Everybody (original, DJ UTO remix, instrumental) used in the Nissan Note commercial premiered on 12 May 2006. The CD cover shows a Marine Blue Note 15S V package drawing on a 50m x 40m notebook with blue tire tracks. The Note commercial was performed by Toshihiro Yashiba of JFCT INC.
2007 facelift EU-made models
In 2007, Nissan slightly facelifted Note. Both bumpers become fully painted. Radio antenna moved to the rear of the roof. Headlamp washer lost its dedicated button and become fully automatic which lead to excessive cleaner fluid consumption. New radio models were offered and some less significant and invisible changes were made.
2008 update (only Japanese made models)
Nissan Note, +Plus navi HDD, Note Rider, Note Rider performance spec (2008–)
Changes to Nissan Note include:
redesigned head lamp, engine hood, front grille, front bumper coloured/gun metallic front grille on G/X series models,smoke plated front grille on sporty series models,3 new colours (blue turquoise titan pearl metallic, frost green titan metallic, amethyst grey pearl metallic) for total of 10 body colour choices,new seat and door trim options sand beige, black, carbon black (with red stitching),sand beige interior includes colour scheme change,2-link meter (LCD odometer, trim trip meter with fuel consumption display) as standard equipment,sporty series (15RX/15RS) includes white meter,dimpled leather-wrapped 3-spoke steering wheel with red stitching (standard in 15RX),rear centre arm rest with 2 cup holders (standard in 15G, 15G FOUR, 15RX) water spray seats (standard in 15G, 15G FOUR),cold terrain vehicles include 4-wheel drive as standard equipment,driver seat seat belt reminder as standard equipment,2-wheel drive models with HR15DE engine and Xtronic CVT transmission passed JC08 model fuel consumption and emission tests.
Japanese models went on sale on 16 January 2008. Early models include 15X F package, 15X, 15G, 15RS, 15RX, 15X FOUR F package, 15X FOUR, 15G FOUR.
European model was unveiled at the 2008 Paris Motor Show. The 1.5-litre dCi engine models went on sale in September 2008, followed by 1.4-litre petrol engine models in October 2008.
2010 Nissan Note update (EU made models only)
European second facelift/restyle models went on sale in the late 2010 as 2011 model year vehicles. As for early models Nissan provided choice of 3 engines (1.5-litre dCi turbo diesel engine (N/A in CIS/Russia), 1.4-litre with 65 kW (88 hp) and a 1.6-litre with 81 kW (110 hp) petrol), choice of 10 body colours (a metallic red and a metallic grey - added to replace three outgoing colours; two solid colours and 8 metallics).
On second facelift many changes were made in exterior and interior. Lights, bumpers, grille and dashboard were significantly changed. Nissan Connect Radio/Navi offered as option for high trim levels. AT software was tuned to stay on the safe side while ATF is not warm enough. There are variety of less significant changes.
Nissan Note 15X SV +Plasma, 15X FOUR SV +Plasma (2011-2012 Japanese made models only)
They are versions of Nissan Note 15X SV and 15X FOUR SV for the Japanese market, with intelligent air conditioning system with 1-touch clean switch.
The vehicles went on sale on 30 June 2011.
Autech Note Rider Blackline (2011-2012 Japanese made models only)
It is a version of the Nissan Note Rider 15X SV (2WD 1.5L) and 15X FOUR SV (e･4WD 1.5L) for the Japanese market, with exclusive dark chrome front grille, dark chrome bumper grille, exclusive dark emblem (Rider/AUTECH), intelligent air conditioning system, exclusive sports muffler (by FUJITSUBO) and exclusive pumper finisher (from Note Rider Autech option), choice of 2 body colors (white pearl (3 coat pearl), super black (pearl)).
The vehicles went on sale on 19 October 2011.
Marketing
As part of the 2008 Nissan Note launch in Japan, a series of television commercials based on The World of GOLDEN EGGS characters was produced. The corresponding web site <http://note-notte.com/> opened on 21 December 2007, followed by the 1st television commercial premiere in January 2008, and the opening of a special Nissan Note web site with The World of GOLDEN EGGS characters.
As part of the 2009 Nissan Note market launch in Japan, a series of animated commercials were premiered on 20 May 2009. The commercial was inspired by the Heidi, Girl of the Alps animated series, featuring Junichi Koumoto and Tomochika (as Heidi). The series was produced by studio crocodile inc.
2012 update (EU models only)
UK models included:
Acenta model includes new 'diamond cut' two-tone 16-inch alloy wheels, replacing the original 15-inch units, Colour coded door mirror covers, chrome front fog light surrounds, new seat fabric with blue stitching, climate control, automatic headlights, rain-sensitive wipers became standard equipment,N-TEC model includes darkened rear privacy glass, touch screen 'Connect' satellite navigation system. N-TEC+ model includes rear parking sensors, choice of 1.4, 1.6 petrol and 1.5 dCi engines.
UK models went on sale in February 2012.
Since beginning of 2012 and till the end of E11 production in 2013 at least in Russian marketed models/trims Nissan silently excluded seat belt pretensioners without any prior notes. Furthermore, seat belt pretensioners was listed in all the dealer offers and contracts while some people found no installed pretensioners on their places upon seat dismount. Later NM Russia acknowledged the lack of pretensioners in Nissan Note 2012–2013.
Nissan Connect
Nissan Connect is an auto entertainment system offered with many Nissan cars. There are a few different models of NC for different cars. It is an inexpensive CD/USB audio player with a built-in 4-channel amplifier, 5" LCD, resistive touchscreen and GPS receiver. The only navigation software is built into the firmware. No user apps could be installed on the device. Maps could only be updated using Nissan DRM protected SD cards ($150+). Cellular communications are not supported by hardware. Audio/amplifier quality can be assumed as acceptable. System was developed by Bosch Portugal as stated on stickers and is Linux based. Sources of firmware were not published which does definitely violate Linux open source license.
Production
, Nissan has sold 940,000 units of Nissan Note.
Note inspired by adidas (2005)
It is a version of the Nissan Note inspired by multi-sports brand adidas, with user-changeable treatment on the front/rear bumpers; fabrics and rubber materials used on dashboard, door trim, etc.
The vehicle was unveiled at the 2005 Tokyo Motor Show.
Autech Note Rider (2006)
The vehicle was unveiled at the 2006 Tokyo Auto Salon.
Second generation (E12; 2012)
Invitation Concept
Showcased in 2012 at the 82nd Geneva Motor Show, the Invitation Concept is a hatchback concept built on the V platform, designed to be sold alongside Nissan Micra and Nissan Juke. It featured a swage line at the side body panel, independent front MacPherson struts with coil springs, torsion beam rear axle, Around View Monitor (AVM) safety technology, Nissan Safety Shield System.
Initial release
The second generation Nissan Note was based on the Nissan INVITATION concept.
The vehicle was unveiled at the Osanbashi venue in Yokohama, followed by Nissan Gallery on 28 August 2012.
The European model was unveiled at the 83rd Geneva Motor Show.
The Latin American model was unveiled at the Port of Cartagena de Indias in Colombia.
It would replace the Nissan Livina for other countries' markets (except China and parts of Asia) within 2013.
Japanese models went on sale on 3 September 2012. Early Note models include a choice of HR12DE (S, X, X FOUR) and HR12DDR (S DIG-S, X DIG-S, MEDALIST) engines, Xtronic CVT transmission. Early Note Rider models include a choice of HR12DE (X, X FOUR) and HR12DDR (X DIG-S) engines, Xtronic CVT transmission. The width dimension is kept under 1700mm on all international models so that versions in Japan will be in compliance with Japanese Government dimension regulations with engine displacement kept under 2000cc so that Japanese versions will offer Japanese buyers annual road tax savings for smaller engines.
Hong Kong models went on sale on 21 September 2012. Early models included DIG-S with HR12DDR engine, XTRONIC CVT transmission, ISS idle mode.
Latin American models went on sale in July 2013. Early models included Sense (manual and CVT) and Advance (manual and CVT).
European models went on sale in summer 2013, with deliveries beginning in autumn 2013. Early models include a choice of 3 engines (1.2-litre 80PS petrol, 1.2-litre 98PS DIG-S petrol, 1.5-litre 90PS turbo diesel), manual or CVT transmission, 3 trim levels (Visia, Acenta and Tekna).
Nissan said the drag coefficient is 0.298. The frontal area is 2.13 m2, making the drag area CdA to be at 0.639 m2.
Note Medalist
It is a version of the Nissan Note for the Japanese market, with plated door handles, exclusive Beatnic Gold body color, suede-like cloth seats and artificial leather, piano-like center cluster finisher and genuine leather-wrapped steering wheel. The highest grade "MEDALIST" is also a model that inherits the concept of Tidus and comes from Laurel's grade of the same name.
Versa Note (2013–2019)
The Versa Note is a version of the Note for the US market, as a replacement of the outgoing Versa hatchback.
The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 North American International Auto Show.
US model went on sale in mid-2013 as 2014 model year vehicle. Early models include 1.6-liter DOHC 4-cylinder engine with dual fuel injection and Twin CVTC (Continuously Variable Timing Control), 5-speed manual or Xtronic CVT transmission, 5 grade levels (S, S Plus, SV, SL). A sporty SR model has been added to the 2015 lineup. New for 2017 a facelift with a new front bumper cover as well as rear (previously only available on the SR model), wheels and color choices.
Nissan discontinued the Versa Note in late 2019, while the Versa sedan continued to be offered for the 2020 model year onwards.
Engines
Production
The Japanese model of Nissan Note is manufactured at Nissan Motor Kyushu, while European models of Nissan Note were developed at Nissan Technical Centre Europe (NTCE) in both the UK and Spain and produced in Nissan Manufacturing UK in Sunderland.
Both the North American Nissan Versa Note and Latin American models of the Nissan Note are built in Nissan Mexicana SA de CV in Aguascalientes, Mexico.
, Japanese dealers have received 21,880 market orders of Nissan Note.
Marketing
As part of Nissan Note's market launch in Japan, Nissan Note's Japan website featured a flip book animation.
DRLs
Nissan Note uses PS19W DRLs in Argentine and European models.
2014 model year update
Nissan Note, Emergency Brake Package, Note MEDALIST, Autech Note AXIS, Autech Note Rider (Black Line), Driver Seat Mighty Grip (2013-)
Changes include:
HR12DDR and HR12DE engines include emission reduction,Addition of Emergency Brake Package (Emergency Brake, Lane Departure Warning (LDW), VDC, Emergency Assist for Pedal Misapplication (optional)).,Addition of Moving object detection for Around View Monitor (optional in X, X DIG-S, X FOUR, X FOUR Aero Style, X Emergency Brake Package, X FOUR Aero Style Emergency Brake Package),Super UV-blocking green glass (standard in all but S, S DIG-S),standard rear centre seat headrest
The vehicle was unveiled at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show in 2013.
Japanese model went on sale on 25 December 2013.
Engines
On 24 October 2016, Renault-Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn revealed at the Nissan Note factory in Japan the facelifted MY2017 Note model, with a special powertrain called e-Power. It uses only an electric motor to move the car, while a petrol engine is used as a generator producing electricity that goes directly into propelling the electric motor or, when electricity is in excess, to charge the batteries (similar to BMW's REX).
2017 model year update – e-Power
Nissan unveiled a new hybrid powertrain in Note e-Power on 2 November 2016 in Japan.
The company's new e-Power series hybrid system consists of a small 1.2-liter, three-cylinder gasoline engine (HR12DE) and an electric traction motor (EM57), which is shared with the Nissan Leaf, pairs with a much smaller battery (1.5 kWh) than the Leaf's. Unlike typical power-split parallel hybrid vehicles, in the series hybrid scheme, the small engine only charges the battery, and the electric motor is the sole source of traction with no plug-in capability. The motor power output rating is and torque.
As of 2017, the Nissan Note is being sold only in Asia and Americas. UK production for European and Argentine markets ended in March that year to increase capacity for Qashqai.
Third generation (E13; 2020)
The third-generation Note was revealed in Japan on 24 November 2020 and went on sale on 23 December 2020. It is based on the CMF-B platform. For this generation, the Note is only available with an e-Power series hybrid 2WD or 4WD drivetrain (introduced later in 2021), in which one electric motor powering the front axle and another motor powering the rear axle.
Japanese models went on sale in December 2020. Initial models included the e-Power, followed by e-Power AWD in 2021.
Note Aura
An upmarket version called the Note Aura was introduced and went on sale in June 2021. It features a redesigned front and rear fascia, wider body, and a and torque electric motor. Initial models include G, G leather edition, G Four, G Four leather edition.
Note Autech Crossover
The Note Autech Crossover went on sale in October 2021 in Japan. It is a version of the Note with crossover body, with exclusive blue signature LEDs, metal-finish door mirrors, 25 mm of increased ground clearance via retuned suspension and larger diameter tyres. Initial grades include X and X Four.
Powertrain
Reception
In 2013, the Note won the RJC Car of the Year award, beating out the Suzuki Wagon R and the Mazda CX-5. Five years later, it became the top-selling compact car in Japan for 2018 and won the Japanese environmental award on the same year.
References
External links
Note
Cars introduced in 2004
2010s cars
2020s cars
Mini MPVs
Hatchbacks
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Hybrid electric cars
Partial zero-emissions vehicles
Production electric cars
Euro NCAP superminis
Vehicles with CVT transmission |
4149018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio%20repeater | Amateur radio repeater | An amateur radio repeater is an electronic device that receives a weak or low-level amateur radio signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. Many repeaters are located on hilltops or on tall buildings as the higher location increases their coverage area, sometimes referred to as the radio horizon, or "footprint". Amateur radio repeaters are similar in concept to those used by public safety entities (police, fire department, etc.), businesses, government, military, and more. Amateur radio repeaters may even use commercially packaged repeater systems that have been adjusted to operate within amateur radio frequency bands, but more often amateur repeaters are assembled from receivers, transmitters, controllers, power supplies, antennas, and other components, from various sources.
Introduction
In amateur radio, repeaters are typically maintained by individual hobbyists or local groups of amateur radio operators. Many repeaters are provided openly to other amateur radio operators and typically not used as a remote base station by a single user or group. In some areas multiple repeaters are linked together to form a wide-coverage network, such as the linked system provided by the Independent Repeater Association which covers most of western Michigan, or the Western Intertie Network System ("WINsystem") that now covers a great deal of California, and is in 17 other states, including Hawaii, along with parts of four other countries, Australia, Canada, Great Britain and Japan.
Frequencies
Repeaters are found mainly in the VHF 6-meter (50–54 MHz), 2-meter (144–148 MHz), 1.25-meter band (1 meters) (220–225 MHz) and the UHF 70 centimeter (420–450 MHz) bands, but can be used on almost any frequency pair above 28 MHz. In some areas, 33 centimeters (902–928 MHz) and 23 centimeters (1.24–1.3 GHz) are also used for repeaters. Note that different countries have different rules; for example, in the United States, the two-meter band is 144–148 MHz, while in the United Kingdom (and most of Europe) it is 144–146 MHz.
Repeater frequency sets are known as "repeater pairs", and in the ham radio community most follow ad hoc standards for the difference between the two frequencies, commonly called the offset. In the USA two-meter band, the standard offset is 600 kHz (0.6 MHz), but sometimes unusual offsets, referred to as oddball splits, are used. The actual frequency pair used is assigned by a local frequency coordinating council.
In the days of crystal-controlled radios, these pairs were identified by the last portion of the transmit (Input) frequency followed by the last portion of the receive (Output) frequency that the ham would put into the radio. Thus "three-four nine-four" (34/94) meant that hams would transmit on 146.34 MHz and listen on 146.94 MHz (while the repeater would do the opposite, listening on 146.34 and transmitting on 146.94). In areas with many repeaters, "reverse splits" were common (i.e., 94/34), to prevent interference between systems.
Since the late 1970s, the use of synthesized, microprocessor-controlled radios, and widespread adoption of standard frequency splits have changed the way repeater pairs are described. In 1980, a ham might have been told that a repeater was on "22/82"—today they will most often be told "682 down". The 6 refers to the last digit of 146 MHz, so that the display will read "146.82" (the output frequency), and the radio is set to transmit "down" 600 kHz on 146.22 MHz. Another way of describing a repeater frequency pair is to give the repeater's output frequency, along with the direction of offset ("+" or "plus" for an input frequency above the output frequency, "−" or "minus" for a lower frequency) with the assumption that the repeater uses the standard offset for the band in question. For instance, a 2-meter repeater might be described as "147.36 with a plus offset", meaning that the repeater transmits on 147.36 MHz and receives on 147.96 MHz, 600 kHz above the output frequency.
Services
Services provided by a repeater may include an autopatch connection to a POTS/PSTN telephone line to allow users to make telephone calls from their keypad-equipped radios. These advanced services may be limited to members of the group or club that maintains the repeater. Many amateur radio repeaters typically have a tone access control (CTCSS, also called CG or PL tone) implemented to prevent them from being keyed-up (operated) accidentally by interference from other radio signals. A few use a digital code system called DCS, DCG or DPL (a Motorola trademark). In the UK most repeaters also respond to a short burst of 1750 Hz tone to open the repeater.
In many communities, a repeater has become a major on-the-air gathering spot for the local amateur radio community, especially during "drive time" (the morning or afternoon commuting time). In the evenings local public service nets may be heard on these systems and many repeaters are used by weather spotters. In an emergency or a disaster a repeater can sometimes help to provide needed communications between areas that could not otherwise communicate. Until cellular telephones became popular, it was common for community repeaters to have "drive time" monitoring stations so that mobile amateurs could call in traffic accidents via the repeater to the monitoring station who could relay it to the local police agencies via telephone. Systems with autopatches frequently had (and still have) most of the public safety agencies numbers programmed as speed-dial numbers.
US repeater coordination
Repeater coordination is not required by the Federal Communications Commission, nor does the FCC regulate, certify or otherwise regulate frequency coordination for the Amateur Radio Bands.
Amateur Radio Repeater Coordinators or coordination groups are all volunteers and have no legal authority to assume jurisdictional or regional control in any area where the Federal Communications Commission regulates the Amateur Radio Service. The United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 47 CFR, Part 97, which are the laws in which the Amateur Radio Service is regulated clearly states the definition of Frequency Coordinator.
The purpose of coordinating a repeater or frequency is to reduce harmful interference to other fixed operations. Coordinating a repeater or frequency with other fixed operations demonstrates good engineering and amateur practice.
UK repeaters
In the UK, the frequency allocations for repeaters are managed by the Emerging Technology Co-ordination Committee (ETCC) of the Radio Society of Great Britain and licensed by Ofcom, the industry regulator for communications in the UK. Each repeater has a NOV (Notice of Variation) licence issued to a particular amateur radio callsign (this person is normally known as the "repeater keeper") thus ensuring the licensing authority has a single point of contact for that particular repeater.
Each repeater in the UK is normally supported by a repeater group composed of local amateur radio enthusiasts who pay a nominal amount e.g. £10–15 a year each to support the maintenance of each repeater and to pay for site rents, electricity costs etc. Repeater groups do not receive any central funding from other organisations.
Such groups include the Central Scotland FM Group and the Scottish Borders Repeater Group.
Repeater equipment
The most basic repeater consists of an FM receiver on one frequency and an FM transmitter on another frequency usually in the same radio band, connected together so that when the receiver picks up a signal, the transmitter is keyed and rebroadcasts whatever is heard.
In order to run the repeater a repeater controller is necessary. A repeater controller can be a hardware solution or even be implemented in software.
Repeaters typically have a timer to cut off retransmission of a signal that goes too long. Repeaters operated by groups with an emphasis on emergency communications often limit each transmission to 30 seconds, while others may allow three minutes or even longer. The timer restarts after a short pause following each transmission, and many systems feature a beep or chirp tone to signal that the timeout timer has reset.
Repeater types
Conventional repeaters
Conventional repeaters, also known as in-band or same-band repeaters, retransmit signals within the same frequency band, and they only repeat signals using a particular modulation scheme, predominately FM.
Standard repeaters require either the use of two antennas (one each for transmitter and receiver) or a duplexer to isolate the transmit and receive signals over a single antenna. The duplexer is a device which prevents the repeater's high-power transmitter (on the output frequency) from drowning out the users' signal on the repeater receiver (on the input frequency). A diplexer allows two transmitters on different frequencies to use one antenna, and is common in installations where one repeater on 2 m and a second on 440 MHz share one feedline up the tower and one antenna.
Most repeaters are remotely controlled through the use of audio tones on a control channel.
Cross-band repeaters
A cross-band repeater (also sometimes called a replexer), is a repeater that retransmits a specific mode on a frequency in one band to a specific mode on a frequency in a different band. This technique allows for a smaller and less complex repeater system. Repeating signals across widely separated frequency bands allows for simple filters to be used to allow one antenna to be used for both transmit and receive at the same time. This avoids the use of complex duplexers to achieve the required rejection for same band repeating.
Some dual-band amateur transceivers are capable of cross-band repeat.
Amateur television repeaters
Amateur television (ATV) repeaters are used by amateur radio operators to transmit full motion video. The bands used by ATV repeaters vary by country, but in the US a typical configuration is as a cross-band system with an input on the 33 or 23 cm band and output on 421.25 MHz or, sometimes, 426.25 MHz (within the 70 cm band). These output frequencies happen to be the same as standard cable television channels 57 and 58, meaning that anyone with a cable-ready analog NTSC TV can tune them in without special equipment.
There are also digital amateur TV repeaters that retransmit digital video signals. Frequently DVB-S modulation is used for digital ATV, due to narrow bandwidth needs and high loss tolerances. These DATV repeaters are more prevalent in Europe currently, partially because of the availability of DVB-S equipment.
Satellite repeaters
In addition, amateur radio satellites have been launched with the specific purpose of operating as space-borne amateur repeaters. The worldwide amateur satellite organization AMSAT designs and builds many of the amateur satellites, which are also known as OSCARs. Several satellites with amateur radio equipment on board have been designed and built by universities around the world. Also, several OSCARs have been built for experimentation. For example, NASA and AMSAT coordinated the release of SuitSat which was an attempt to make a low cost experimental satellite from a discarded Russian spacesuit outfitted with amateur radio equipment.
The repeaters on board a satellite may be of any type; the key distinction is that they are in orbit around the Earth, rather than terrestrial in nature. The three most common types of OSCARs are linear transponders, cross-band FM repeaters, and digipeaters (also referred to as pacsats).
Linear transponders
Amateur transponder repeaters are most commonly used on amateur satellites. A specified band of frequencies, usually having a bandwidth of 20 to 800 kHz is repeated from one band to another. Transponders are not mode specific and typically no demodulation occurs. Any signal with a bandwidth narrower than the transponder's pass-band will be repeated; however, for technical reasons, use of modes other than SSB and CW are discouraged. Transponders may be inverting or non-inverting. An example of an inverting transponder would be a 70cm to 2m transponder which receives on the 432.000 MHz to 432.100 MHz frequencies and transmits on the 146.000 MHz to 146.100 MHz frequencies by inverting the frequency range within the band. In this example, a signal received at 432.001 MHz would be transmitted on 146.099 MHz. Voice signals using upper sideband modulation on the input would result in a LSB modulation on the output, and vice versa.
Store-and-forward systems
Another class of repeaters do not simultaneously retransmit a signal, on different frequency, as they receive it. Instead, they operate in a store-and-forward manner, by receiving and then retransmitting on the same frequency after a short delay.
These systems may not be legally classified as "repeaters", depending on the definition set by a country's regulator. For example, in the US, the FCC defines a repeater as an "amateur station that simultaneously retransmits the transmission of another amateur station on a different channel or channels." (CFR 47 97.205(b)) Store-and-forward systems neither retransmit simultaneously, nor use a different channel. Thus, they must be operated under different rules than more conventional repeaters.
Simplex repeater
A type of system known as a simplex repeater uses a single transceiver and a short-duration voice recorder, which records whatever the receiver picks up for a set length of time (usually 30 seconds or less), then plays back the recording over the transmitter on the same frequency. A common name is a "parrot" repeater.
Digipeater
Another form of repeater used in amateur packet radio, a form of digital computer-to-computer communications, is dubbed "digipeater" (for DIGItal rePEATER). Digipeaters are often used for activities and modes such as packet radio, Automatic Packet Reporting System, and D-STAR's digital data mode. Also commercial digital modes such as DMR, P25 and NXDN. Some modes are full duplex and internet linked.
SSTV repeater
An SSTV repeater is an amateur radio repeater station that relays slow-scan television signals. A typical SSTV repeater is equipped with a HF or VHF transceiver and a computer with a sound card, which serves as a demodulator/modulator of SSTV signals.
SSTV repeaters are used by amateur radio operators for exchanging pictures. If two stations cannot copy each other, they can still communicate through a repeater.
One type of SSTV repeater is activated by a station sending it a 1,750 Hz tone. The repeater sends K in morse code to confirm its activation, after which the station must start sending a picture within about 10 seconds. After reception, the received image is transmitted on the repeater's operation frequency. Another type is activated by the SSTV vertical synchronization signal (VIS code).
Depending on the software it uses (MMSSTV, JVComm32, MSCAN, for example), an SSTV repeater typically operates in common SSTV modes.
Repeater networks
Repeaters may be linked together in order to form what is known as a linked repeater system or linked repeater network. In such a system, when one repeater is keyed-up by receiving a signal, all the other repeaters in the network are also activated and will transmit the same signal. The connections between the repeaters are made via radio (usually on a different frequency from the published transmitting frequency) for maximum reliability. Some networks have a feature to allow the user being able to turn additional repeaters and links on or off on the network. This feature is typically done with DTMF tones to control the network infrastructure. Such a system allows coverage over a wide area, enabling communication between amateurs often hundreds of miles (several hundred km) apart. These systems are used for area or regional communications, for example in Skywarn nets, where storm spotters relay severe weather reports. All the user has to know is which channel to use in which area.
Voting systems
In order to get better receive coverage over a wide area, a similar linked setup can also be done with what is known as a voted receiver system. In a voted receiver, there are several satellite receivers set up to receive on the same frequency (the one that the users transmit on). All of the satellite receivers are linked to a voting selector panel that switches from receiver to receiver based on the best quieting (strongest) signal, and the output of the selector will actually trigger the central repeater transmitter. A properly adjusted voting system can switch many times a second and can actually "assemble" a multi-syllable word using a different satellite receiver for each syllable. Such a system can be used to widen coverage to low power mobile radios or handheld radios that otherwise would not be able to key up the central location, but can receive the signal from the central location without an issue. Voting systems require no knowledge or effort on the part of the user – the system just seems to have better-than-average handheld coverage.
Internet linking
Repeaters may also be connected over the Internet using voice over IP (VoIP) techniques. VoIP links are a convenient way to connecting distant repeaters that would otherwise be unreachable by VHF/UHF radio propagation. Popular VoIP amateur radio network protocols include D-STAR, Echolink, IRLP, WIRES and eQSO. Digital Mobile Radio (DMR), D-STAR, Fusion, P25 and NXDN all have a codec in the user radio and along with the encoded audio, also send and receive user number and destination information so one can talk to another specific user or a Talk Group. Two such worldwide networks are DMR-MARC and Brandmeister.
For example, a simplex gateway may be used to link a simplex repeater into a repeater network via the Internet.
Operating terms
Timing Out is the situation where a person talks too long and the repeater timer shuts off the repeater transmitter.
Kerchunking is transmitting a momentary signal to check a repeater without identifying. In many countries, such an act violates amateur radio regulations. The term "Kerchunk" can also apply to the sound a large FM transmitter makes when the operator switches it off and on.
Lid refers to a poor operator (radio methods) usually from improper training from other Amateurs or exposure to different types of operation such as CB radio.
References
External links
Free information web site devoted to those that build repeaters of any type: amateur, commercial, GMRS, public safety, etc.
Repeater
Radio electronics |
4149299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Canongate | The Canongate | The Canongate is a street and associated district in central Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. The street forms the main eastern length of the Royal Mile while the district is the main eastern section of Edinburgh's Old Town.
David I of Scotland, by the Great Charter of Holyrood Abbey c.1143, authorised the Abbey to found a burgh separate from Edinburgh between the Abbey and the city. The burgh of Canongate which developed was controlled by the Abbey until the Scottish Reformation, when it came under secular control. In 1636 the adjacent city of Edinburgh bought the feudal superiority of the Canongate but it remained a semi-autonomous burgh under its own administration of bailies chosen by Edinburgh magistrates, until its formal incorporation into the city in 1856.
The burgh gained its name from the route that the canons of Holyrood Abbey took to Edinburgh—the canons' way or the canons' gait, from the Scots word gait meaning "way". In more modern times, the eastern end is sometimes referred to as part of the Holyrood area of the city. The burgh of Canongate had a sometimes turbulent relationship with its neighbour, Edinburgh. The main reason for this was the continual battle over their exact boundaries up until their unification in 1856, an event which proved unpopular with the former's townsfolk.
The Canongate contains several historic buildings including Queensberry House, now incorporated in the Scottish Parliament Building complex, Huntly House (now the Museum of Edinburgh), the Canongate Tolbooth (now housing the People's Story Museum) and the Canongate Kirk, opened in 1691 replacing Holyrood Abbey as the parish church of the Canongate. The church is still used for Sunday services as well as weekday concerts.
Early history
The Canongate owes its existence to the establishment of Holyrood Abbey in 1128. King David I, who established the Abbey, gave the surrounding area to the Augustinian canons then resident at Edinburgh Castle in the form of a regality. The King also gave leave to the canons to establish a burgh between the abbey and Edinburgh, and as it was the only burgh within the regality it was given the status of burgh of regality of Canongate. The area originally controlled by the abbey included the lands of Broughton, areas around the Pleasance and North Leith, giving the canons access to a port.
In 1380, the Canogate, lying outwith the city walls of Edinburgh, was largely destroyed by fire at the hands of the English army under Richard II.
Medieval and post-medieval
Holyrood Palace was developed from the 14th century onwards as successive monarchs made increasing use of the Abbey for political events such as parliaments and royal councils. The word "Pallais" appears in a reference to the royal lodgings in the reign of James IV, but they were first converted to palace buildings by James V in 1525.
Archaeological excavations in 1999 and 2000 found part of the medieval boundary ditch. It is thought to run underneath and follow the route of Holyrood road. There appears to have been one created in the 12th century that was then filled in and a new one created in the 13th/14th century with palisade added to it. The archaeologists also found evidence of the 'city walls' that were built in 1513. Those walls were meant be boundaries but not defensive. Those attacking Edinburgh generally stormed through the Water-Yett (Water Gate) and took possession of the Canongate. They then would attempt to assault Edinburgh through the Netherbow Port.
Rough Wooing
In May 1544, during the Rough Wooing, the English army under Lord Hertford attacked and burnt Edinburgh. The English Master of Ordnance, Christopher Morris, brought artillery up the Canongate to assault Edinburgh's Netherbow Gate. During this operation some of the English gunners were killed. The English infantry attacked the gate and, according to the English narrative, pulled one of the Scottish artillery pieces through its gunloop. The Scots could not retaliate due to heavy small arms fire and archery, during which Morris placed a cannon close to the gate. After three or four rounds, the gate was breached and the English army stormed through killing 300 or 400 defenders. The Scottish heavy guns were withdrawn from the High Street into the Castle. According to a report sent to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, the English troops were unused to urban warfare and fought amongst each other on the Royal Mile, and William Howard, a brother of the Duke of Norfolk, was hurt in the cheek by an English arrow.
Marian civil war
In the 1560s, several servants of Mary, Queen of Scots, formed relationships with women in the Canongate. The church authority, the Kirk Session, disapproved of them as fornicators, as they mostly had no plans for marriage. Some of the women were made to stand at the burgh cross with bared heads for three hours.
After Mary was forced to abdicate, there was civil war in Scotland. Her supporters in Scotland took control of Edinburgh Castle, and the king's party resided in the Canongate and at Leith. Regent Lennox lodged in the Canongate house of Cuthbert Ferguson in 1571. The house was protected from cannon shot with bags of wool and animal skins.
Tennis courts and lodging houses
There were several tennis courts in Edinburgh and the Canongate. One was close to the Palace, at the lodging of Henry Kinloch, and another was built nearby in 1623 by Alexander Peiris. Kinloch and Peiris also kept lodging houses, Kinloch hosted the French ambassador Rambouillet in February 1566. Rambouillet was entertained at the Palace by Mary, Queen of Scots in "maskrie and mumschance" during which her ladies were dressed in men's clothes. Anne Halkett, the religious writer, stayed with Peiris at the foot of the Canongate in 1650. She was told that it was a "civil house, and the best quality lay there that had not houses of their own".
Merchants and craftsmen
Goldsmiths including John Acheson, James Gray who sold pearls to Mary, Queen of Scots, and pistol-makers like John Kello had shops on the street, and in the 1590s there was a Flemish clockmaker, Abraham Wanweyneburgh. The mason Gilbert Cleuch had a house in the Canongate. When James VI returned to Edinburgh in 1579 after spending his childhood at Stirling Castle, some courtiers including the master of his wine cellar, Jerome Bowie, acquired houses in the Canongate.
17th and 18th centuries
The accession of King James VI to the throne of England in 1603 began the long and slow decline of the Canongate. The loss of the royal court from the Holyrood Palace inevitably affected the wealth of the surrounding area. Some aristocrats continued to live and build substantial houses and gardens on the street, including Mary Sutton, Countess of Home, whose townhouse, old Moray House still survives in part.
The union of the parliaments in 1707 also affected the area, as up until then Edinburgh had been the location of the Parliament of Scotland with the Canongate providing a fashionable suburb for the dwellings of the political class. The North Bridge, finally opened in 1772, provided a new and more convenient route from Edinburgh to the port of Leith effectively bypassing the Canongate which had until then been the main route from Edinburgh to Leith via Easter Road causing even more neglect to the residential area which was gradually taken over by industrial premises including breweries and a large gasworks. Archaeological excavations have shown that it was at this time many of the back gardens were turned into industrial sites.
Canongate remained a centre for the manufacture and retail of luxury goods and domestic furnishings. Carnation striped worset wool wall hangings for Newbiggin House were woven in the Canongate by James Crommie in 1665. James Leblanc made mirrors, and argued with Sarah Dalrymple, who had a business painting furniture and mirrors in the Japan style, over a possible monopoly on glass for mirrors and lighting sconces.
The Canongate was an important district during the Scottish Enlightenment partly because of the presence of the Canongate Theatre (1746-1786), of which one of the proprietors was Lord Monboddo. The philosopher David Hume performed in a play staged there.
19th century
Writing in 1824, Robert Chambers said of the Canongate, "As the main avenue from the palace into the city, it has borne upon its pavements the burden of all that was beautiful, all that was gallant, all that has become historically interesting in Scotland for the last six or seven hundred years".
Sir Walter Scott writing in 1827 stated; "Sic itur ad Astra; This is the path to heaven. Such is the ancient motto attached to the armorial bearings of the Canongate, and which is inscribed, with greater or less propriety, upon all the public buildings, from the church to the pillory, in the ancient quarter of Edinburgh which bears, or rather once bore, the same relation to the Good Town that Westminster does to London".
20th and 21st centuries
The area has seen various attempts at improvements and slum clearance, including various schemes by Ebenezer James MacRae in the 1930s and Sir Robert Hurd in the 1950s in traditional style replicating original facades. Another scheme, completed in 1969, by the Basil Spence practice was in modern style but in proportion to surrounding buildings.
Due to the redevelopments of the 1950s/60s the overcrowded and impoverished area suffered from serious depopulation. From the 1960s onwards the Canongate area became notably less industrial, with all of the breweries closing. Residential redevelopment began on former industrial sites in the 1990s and 2000s with flats, offices and other commercial operations being built south of the main road, reversing the decline in population. Whilst much of this development has a modern appearance, some attempt has been made in terms of layout to retain the "fishbone" pattern characteristic of the Royal Mile.
As of 2006, the redevelopment of former industrial land to the north of the Canongate, once occupied by Victorian gasworks and a later bus garage, has proved controversial, partly due to the original proposal, now abandoned, to demolish some of the replacement buildings from the 1930s.
Above all, the construction of the new Scottish Parliament Building on the site of the old Younger's Abbey Brewery has led to a resurgence of the area's vitality with the Canongate becoming the centre of Scottish political life.
Although modern development is arguably of high quality it fails to reflect the traditional character of the area.
Education
The Royal Mile Primary School, formerly known as Milton House Public School, is a non-denominational state school that provides primary education for 5- to 11-year-old children. It was designed in 1886 by Robert Wilson, architect for the Edinburgh Board of Education.
Within the school, there is also a nursery which caters for 3- to 5-year-old children. As the school is so central to the Canongate community, its pupils are often involved in illustrious events at the Scottish parliament and Edinburgh Castle. It is used as a polling station for the constituents of Edinburgh Central.
The Canongate is also the location of Moray House, the Education department of the University of Edinburgh (formerly Moray House College of Education). It comprises a number of buildings centred on St. John Street, some of which are historic, whilst others are purpose built. A number of other university buildings including the Pleasance student union building and the Centre for Sport and Exercise are located in the area historically covered by the Canongate.
Historic crosses
There were three crosses on the Canongate section of the Royal Mile.
The ancient Mercat Cross (Market Cross) or Burgh Cross is shown on Gordon of Rothiemay's 1647 plan as being in the middle of the road nearly opposite the tolbooth. Gordon shows it as being similar to the Edinburgh Mercat Cross with the shaft and cross mounted on a stone gallery. The much-altered cross now stands in the south-east corner of Canongate Churchyard to the right hand side of the entrance to Canongate Kirk.
The St John's Cross used to stand further up the Canongate to the west. The site is now marked by a maltese cross formed by coloured setts in the road surface near the top of St John's Street (). It was known as St. John's Cross because it stood on property thought to belong to the Knights of St. John in the Middle Ages, and it marked the ancient boundary of that part of the Royalty of Edinburgh which lay outwith the Netherbow Port and the city wall.
Where the Girth Cross, which has also been called the "Abbey" or "South" Cross at various times, once stood is now marked by a radiating circle of setts. (). It marked the western limit of the Girth of Holyrood, "the greatest sanctuary in Scotland, and the last to disappear". It is shown on a map of the 1573 siege of Edinburgh, published in Holinshed's Chronicles in 1577, as an ornamental shaft elevated on a flight of steps and was not demolished until after 1767. In its shadow proclamations were read and executions were carried out. A notable execution took place next to the cross in 1600 when the young and beautiful Jean Kincaid (Lady Warriston) was beheaded by the Maiden for conspiring in the murder of her abusive husband.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the Canongate features a white hart's head and a golden cross, recalling the old legend in which King David I was saved from goring from a stag by the sudden appearance of a holy cross. The arms, though technically obsolete since the abolishment of the burgh of Canongate in 1856, can still be seen in many locations in and around the district, including on Edinburgh's mercat cross where they appear alongside the royal arms of Britain, Scotland, England and Ireland, the burgh arms of Edinburgh and Leith, and the arms of the University.
The motto is Sic itur ad astra meaning 'thus you shall go to the stars', a quote from Virgil's Aeneid.
Important buildings
Canongate Kirk 1691.
Moray House, built by Mary, Countess of Home around 1625, extended as Moray House College of Education.
Queensberry House, 1686, now part of the Scottish Parliament.
Canongate Tolbooth, 1591, now the People's Story Museum.
167–169 Canongate, early 17th century, upper floors part of People's Story Museum, ground floor a public house.
Lodge Canongate Kilwinning Number 2 1736, the oldest purpose built masonic lodge still used for its original purpose, officially "Lodge no. 2" attended by Robert Burns who was Invited to become their poet laureate.
Chessel's Court, 1745.
Morocco Land, a tenement of 1730 bearing the carved upper torso of a Moor.
Shoemaker's Land, a tenement of 1725.
Bible Land, a tenement of 1677.
Huntly House, from 1517, now the Museum of Edinburgh.
Whitefoord House, 1769, now the home of the Scottish Veterans Association.
White Horse Close, a picturesque courtyard dating from around 1680 which served the Edinburgh-London coach and mailcoach route in the 18th century, restored in the early 1960s.
Golfers Land
Palace of Holyroodhouse, the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland.
Holyrood Abbey
Famous residents
Bruce Chatwin (1940–89) lived in Canongate while a student at University of Edinburgh from 1966 to 1968
Oliver Cromwell stayed at Old Moray House during two periods of residence in Scotland
John Craig, former Dominican priest, colleague of John Knox in St Giles'
John Gay stayed at Queensberry House as guest of his patron, 3rd Duke of Queensberry
Lord Milton
Mary Dudley, Countess of Home, builder of old Moray House.
Very Rev Dr Patrick MacFarlan, born in Canongate manse
Christian Ker Reid, silversmith born here
Tobias Smollett lodged briefly at his sister's house above St. John's Pend
Adam Smith lived in Panmure Close
Lord Monboddo, whose house stood in St. John's Street
Sir William Wardlaw, 16th baronet lived at Chessels Court
John Nisbet, Lord Dirleton
William Bannatyne, Lord Bannatyne lived and died in Whiteford House.
Literature
It appears in chapter 49 of the Pickwick Papers by Dickens.
Walter Scott named Chronicles of the Canongate (1820s) after the area.
Notes
References
External links
Kincaid map showing Canongate closes in 1784
Edinburgh Old Town Association
Areas of Edinburgh
Royal Mile
Burghs
Scottish parliamentary locations and buildings |
4149679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace%20Defense%20Command | Aerospace Defense Command | Aerospace Defense Command was a major command of the United States Air Force, responsible for continental air defense. It was activated in 1968 and disbanded in 1980. Its predecessor, Air Defense Command, was established in 1946, briefly inactivated in 1950, reactivated in 1951, and then redesignated Aerospace rather than Air in 1968. Its mission was to provide air defense of the Continental United States (CONUS). It directly controlled all active measures, and was tasked to coordinate all passive means of air defense.
Air defense during World War II
Continental United States air defense forces during World War II were initially under the command of the four air districts – Northeast Air District, Northwest Air District, Southeast Air District, and Southwest Air District. The air districts were established on 16 January 1941, before the Pearl Harbor attack. The four air districts also handled USAAF combat training with the Army Ground Forces and "organization and training of bomber, fighter and other units and crews for assignments overseas". The air districts were redesignated on 26 March 1941 as the First Air Force, Second Air Force, Third Air Force, and Fourth Air Force. The First and Fourth Air Forces, through their interceptor commands, managed the civilian Aircraft Warning Service on the East and West Coasts, respectively.
The USAAF's Aircraft Warning Corps provided air defense warning with information centers that networked an area's "Army Radar Stations" which communicated radar tracks by telephone. The AWC information centers also integrated visual reports processed by Ground Observer Corps filter centers. AWC information centers notified air defense command posts of the "4 continental air forces" for deploying interceptor aircraft which used command guidance for ground-controlled interception. The USAAF inactivated the aircraft warning network in April 1944.
Continental Air Forces
Continental Air Forces (CAF) was activated on 12 December 1944 with the four "Air Forces" as components to consolidate the CONUS air defense mission under one command. For aircraft warning, in 1945 CAF had recommended "research and development be undertaken on radar and allied equipment for an air defense system [for] the future threat", e.g., a "radar [with] range of 1,000 miles, [to detect] at an altitude of 200 miles, and at a speed of 1,000 miles per hour". HQ AAF responded that "until the kind of defense needed to counter future attacks could be determined, AC&W planning would have to be restricted to the use of available radar sets". CAF's January 1946 Radar Defense Report for Continental United States recommended military characteristics for a post-war Air Defense System "based upon such advanced equipment", and the HQ AAF Plans reminded "the command that radar defense planning had to be based on the available equipment."
Reorganization of Continental Air Forces began in 1945, when ground radar and interceptor plans were prepared for the transfer at CAF HQ in the expectation that 'it would become Air Defense Command.' CAF installations that were transferred to ADC included Mitchel Field (21 March 1946), Hamilton Army Airfield (21 March 1946), Myrtle Beach Army Air Field (27 March 1946), Shaw Field (1 April 1946), McChord Field (1 August 1946), Grandview Army Air Field (1 January 1952), Seymour Johnson Field (1 April 1956), and
Tyndall Field (1 July 1957).
Air Defense Command 1946
Air Defense Command was activated on 21 March 1946 with the former CAF Fourth Air Force, the inactive Tenth Air Force, and the tbd's Fourteenth Air Force. Second Air Force was reactivated and added on 6 June 1946. In December 1946 the "Development of Radar Equipment for Detecting and Countering Missiles of the German A-4 type" was planned, part of the Signal Corps' Project 414A. The Distant Early Warning Line was "first conceived—and rejected—in 1946".
A 1947 proposal for 411 radar stations and 18 control centers costing $600 million was the Project Supremacy plan for a postwar Radar Fence that was rejected by Air Defense Command since "no provision was made in it for the Alaska to Greenland net with flanks guarded by aircraft and picket ships [required] for 3 to 6 hours of warning time", and "Congress failed to act on legislation required to support the proposed system". (In the spring and summer of 1947, 3 ADC AC&W plans had gone unfunded.) By 1948 there were only 5 AC&W stations, including the Twin Lights station in NJ that opened in June and Montauk NY "Air Warning Station #3 (5 July)--cf. SAC radar stations, e.g., at Dallas & Denver Bomb Plots.
ADC became a subordinate operational command of Continental Air Command on 1 December 1948 and on 27 June 1950, United States air defense systems began 24-hour operations two days after the start of the Korean War. By the time ADC was inactivated on 1 July 1950, ADC had deployed the Lashup Radar Network with existing radars at 43 sites. In addition, 36 Air National Guard fighter units were called to active duty for the mission.
Reformation 1951
ADC was reinstated as a major command on 1 January 1951 at Mitchel Air Force Base, New York. A rudimentary command centre was established that year from a former hallway/latrine area. The headquarters was moved to Ent Air Force Base in Colorado Springs on 8 January 1951. It received 21 former ConAC active-duty fighter squadrons (37 additional Air National Guard fighter squadrons if called to active duty). ADC was also assigned the 25th, 26th 27th and 28th Air Divisions (Defense) ADC completed the Priority Permanent System network for Aircraft Warning and Control (ground-controlled interception) in 1952. Gaps were filled by additional Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) radar stations and the Ground Observation Corps (disbanded 1959). In May 1954, ADC moved their initial, rudimentary command center into a "much improved 15,000-square-foot concrete block" building with "main battle control center".
During the mid-1950s, planners devised the idea of extending the wall of powerful land-based radar seaward with Airborne early warning and control units. This was done by equipping two wings of Lockheed RC-121 Warning Star aircraft, the 551st Airborne Early Warning and Control Wing, based at Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, and the 552nd AEWCW, based at McClellan Air Force Base, California, one wing stationed on each coast. The RC-121s, EC-121s and Texas Towers, it was believed, would contribute to extending contiguous east-coast radar coverage some 300 to 500 miles seaward. In terms of the air threat of the 1950s, this meant a gain of at least 30 extra minutes warning time of an oncoming bomber attack. ADC's Operation Tail Wind on 11–12 July tested its augmentation plan that required Air Training Command interceptors participate in an air defense emergency. A total of seven ATC bases actively participated in the exercise, deploying aircraft and aircrews and supporting the ADC radar net. As the USAF prepared to deploy the Tactical Air Command E-3 Sentry in the later 1970s, active-duty units were phased out EC-121 operations by the end of 1975. All remaining EC-121s were transferred to the Air Force Reserve, which formed the 79th AEWCS at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida in early 1976. The active duty force continued to provide personnel to operate the EC-121s on a 24-hour basis, assigning Detachment 1, 20th Air Defense Squadron to Homestead AFB as associate active duty crews to fly the Reserve-owned aircraft. Besides monitoring Cuban waters, these last Warning Stars also operated from NAS Keflavik, Iceland. Final EC-121 operations ended in September 1978.
Air and Aerospace Defense Command
The United States Army Air Forces activated Air Defense Command (ADC) in 1946, with a Numbered Air Force of the former Continental Air Forces, from which it took its mission of air warning and air defense. In September 1947, it became part of the newly established United States Air Force. The command become a subordinate organization of Continental Air Command (ConAC) on 1 December 1948. ConAC gradually assumed direct charge of ADC air defense components, and ADC inactivated on 1 July 1950. But five months later, on 10 November 1950, Generals Vandenberg and Twining notified General Ennis C. Whitehead that "the Air Force had approved activation of a separate Air Defense Command [from CONAC] with headquarters on Ent." The new command's mission was to be to stop a handful of conventionally armed piston engine-powered bombers on a one-way mission. The command was formally reactivated on 1 January 1951.
With advances in Soviet bombers, ADC completed improved radar networks and manned interceptors in the 1950s. At the end of the decade it computerized Air Defense Direction Centers to allow air defense controllers to more quickly review integrated military air defense warning (MADW) data and dispatch defenses (e.g., surface-to-air missiles in 1959). ADC began missile warning and space surveillance missions in 1960 and 1961, and established a temporary missile warning network for the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1968 it was redesignated Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM).
In 1975, ADCOM became a specified command and the United States' executive agent in the North American Air Defense Command—the single CINCNORAD/CINCAD commanded both. ADCOM's last surface-to-air missiles were taken off alert in 1972, and the Federal Aviation Administration took over many of ADCOM's SAGE radar stations.
Tactical Air Command and ADTAC
On 1 October 1979 ADCOM interceptors/bases and remaining air warning radar stations transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC), with these "atmospheric" units assigned to Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC). ADCOM's missile warning and space surveillance installations transferred in 1979 to the Strategic Air Command's Directorate of Space and Missile Warning Systems (SAC/SX),) and the North American Aerospace Defense Command's Air Force Element, NORAD/ADCOM (AFENA), which was redesignated the Aerospace Defense Center. The command was inactivated on 31 March 1980.
With the disestablishment of TAC and SAC in 1992, the Aerospace Defense Center, the ADCOM specified command organizations, along with SAC's missile warning and space surveillance installations. became part of Air Force Space Command (AFSPC). Air Force Space Command activated its headquarters in the same Chidlaw Building where ADCOM had been inactivated.
Chronology of major events
27 March 1946 : The United States Army Air Force activates the Air Defense Command at Mitchel Field, New York
1 December 1948 : Air Defense Command became a component of Continental Air Command
1 July 1950 : Air Defense Command inactivated because the Continental Air Command gradually assumed full charge of United States air defense
1 January 1951 : Air Defense Command reestablished at Mitchel AFB
8 January 1951 : Air Defense Command headquarters moved to Ent Air Force Base, Colorado
1 October 1953 : The 4701st Airborne Early Warning and Control Squadron, the first AEW&C system, was activated at McClellan AFB, California.
15 April 1957 : Air Defense Command assigned operational control of the DEW Line and all atmospheric defense units of the inactivated Northeast Air Command.
12 September 1957 : NORAD is established at Ent AFB with Canadian Air Defense Command air defense units and United States Continental Air Defense Command air defense units
1 December 1958 :SAGE Combat Center No 1 at Hancock Field, New York became operational
1 January 1959: The first BOMARC squadron, the 46th Air Defense Missile Squadron was activated at McGuire AFB, New Jersey.
30 September 1960: ADC's BMEWS Central Computer and Display Facility at Ent AFB achieved initial operational capability, providing missile warning to SAC and The Pentagon
1 July 1961: ADC took over the Laredo and Trinidad missile and space vehicle tracking stations
15 January 1968 : Air Defense Command is redesignated as Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM)
1 July 1975 : Aerospace Defense Command designated a "Specified Command" taking over Continental Air Defense Command roles and responsibilities
1 October 1975 : Alaskan ADCOM Region established, Aerospace Defense Command assumes control of missile warning and space surveillance forces of Alaskan Air Command
29 May 1979: The USAF made a public announcement of its plans to reorganize its aerospace defense forces. Consequently, the USAF inactivated ADCOM as a major command and reassigned its resources to other commands.
31 March 1980: Aerospace Defense Command inactivated at the Chidlaw Building in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Interceptor Aircraft
ADC had four day-type fighter squadrons (FDS) in 1946. The ADC interceptor force grew to ninety-three (93) active Air Force fighter interceptor squadrons, seventy-six (76) Air National Guard fighter interceptor squadrons, several U.S. Navy fighter squadrons, USAF and USN airborne early warning squadrons, radar squadrons, training squadrons, and numerous support units that have played important roles in our nation's defense.
The first ADC interceptor, the P-61 Black Widow, did not have the capabilities to engage the Soviet Tu-4 bomber. Its successor, the F-82 Twin Mustang, was even more disappointing. It took a long time to get into production and did not perform well in inclement weather.
The early jet fighters, such as the F-80 Shooting Star and F-84 Thunderjet, lacked all-weather capability and were deemed useless for air defense purposes. Much hope was placed on two jet-powered interceptors, the XP-87 Blackhawk and the XP-89 Scorpion. (Designations changed to XF-87 and XF-89.) They, in turn, also proved to be inadequate: the XF-87 was cancelled and the Scorpion underwent extensive redesign.
The first-generation jets gave way to all-weather dedicated interceptor jets. The F-94 Starfire was pressed into service as an "interim" interceptor, and North American in 1949 pushed an interceptor version of the Sabre, the F-86D. Despite the demands its complexity made upon a single pilot, the F-86D was backed by senior Air Force officials. Some 2,504 would be built and it would in time be the most numerous interceptor in the Air Defense Command fleet, with more than 1,000 in service by the end of 1955
The F-86D was not ideal, however; its afterburner consumed a great deal of fuel in getting it to altitude, and the pilot was overburdened by cockpit tasks. The F-89D was modified to accept AIM-4 Falcon guided missiles (F-89H) and AIR-2 Genie atomic warhead rockets (F-89J) as armament. The F-86D was modified (F-86L) to include an FDDL SAGE data link that permitted automatic ground control. The F-86L and F-89H became available in 1956, and the F-89J in 1957.
The first of the Century Series supersonic interceptors was the F-102A Delta Dagger in 1956, followed by the F-104A Starfighter in 1958. The F-101B Voodoo and F-106 Delta Dart were first received by ADC during the first half of 1959. By 1960, the ADC interceptor force was composed of the F-101, F-104, F-106, and the F-102.
The North American F-108 Rapier was the first proposed successor to the F-106. It was to be capable of Mach 3 performance and was intended to serve as a long-range interceptor that could destroy attacking Soviet bombers over the poles before they could get near US territory. It was also to serve as the escort fighter for the XB-70 Valkyrie Mach-3 strategic bomber, also to be built by North American. The Air Force expected that the first F-108A would be ready for service by early 1963. An order for no less than 480 F-108s was anticipated.
However, by mid-1959, the Air Force was already beginning to experience some doubts about the high cost of the Rapier program. The primary strategic threat from the Soviet Union was now perceived to be its battery of intercontinental ballistic missiles instead of its force of long-range bombers. Against intercontinental ballistic missiles, the F-108A interceptor would be completely useless. In addition, the Air Force was increasingly of the opinion that unmanned intercontinental ballistic missiles could accomplish the mission of the B-70 Valkyrie/F-108 Rapier combination much more effectively and at far lower cost. Consequently, the F-108A project was cancelled in its entirety on 23 September 1959, before any prototypes could be built.
In 1968, ADCOM began the phaseout of the F-101 and F-102 interceptors from active duty units, with both types mostly being transferred to the Air National Guard. The F-101 would remain in a limited role on active duty until 1982, serving in such roles as towed target carrier aircraft and simulated enemy radar contacts for Airborne Weapons Controller students training for duties aboard the E-3 Sentry AWACS. The F-102 would see service until the mid-1980s as the PQM-102 aerial target drone. The F-106 Delta Dart was the primary air defense interceptor aircraft for the US Air Force during the 1970s and early 1980s. It was also the last dedicated interceptor in U.S. Air Force service to date. It was gradually retired during the 1980s, though the QF-106 drone conversions of the aircraft were used until 1998 as aerial targets under the FSAT program.
Interceptor gunnery training
B-57E Canberra dedicated Air Defense Command target towing aircraft were used for training of F-86D Sabre, F-94C Starfire, and F-89D Scorpion interceptors firing 2.75-inch Mk 4/Mk 40 Folding-Fin Aerial Rockets. Due to the nature of air-to-air weapon training requiring a large amount of air space, only a few locations were available for practice ranges. ADC assigned these aircraft to bases close to these large, restricted areas, and fighter-interceptor squadrons deployed to these bases for this type of "hot fire" training which took place in these ranges.
The gunnery schools were located at Yuma AFB, Arizona (17th Tow Target Squadron (TTS)), and later moved to MacDill AFB, Florida where the training continued over the Gulf of Mexico. With the move to Florida, the 3d TTS was formed at George AFB, California which performed training over the Mojave Desert in Southern California. Additional units were located at Biggs AFB, near El Paso, Texas (1st TTS) and the 4756th TTS was located at Tyndall AFB, Florida to support the Fighter Weapons Center located there. ADC also supported overseas training at Johnson AB, Japan (the 6th Tow Target Squadron). From Johnson AB, B-57Es deployed to Clark AB, Philippines; Andersen AFB, Guam, Naha AB, Okinawa and Itazuke AB, Misawa AB and Yokota AB, all in Japan for training of the interceptor squadrons assigned to those bases. The 6th TTS was inactivated by late 1957 and the Canberra trainers were designated a flight of the 8th Bombardment Squadron at Johnson AB. In Europe, USAFE supported a squadron of B-57E gunnery trainers at Wheelus AB, Libya where European-based interceptors deployed for "live firing" over the vast desert range there.
To provide challenges for interceptors, The B-57Es towed styrofoam, bomb-shaped radar reflectant targets. These could be towed at higher altitudes than the high-drag 45' banners but hits could still be scored on them. By 1960, the rocket firing interceptors were giving way to F-102 Delta Dagger interceptors firing heat-seeking AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missiles. This made the target towing mission of the B-57E obsolete, and the B-57Es were adapted to electronic countermeasures and faker target aircraft (EB-57E) (see below).
In order to cover combat losses in the Vietnam War caused by two major ground explosions, twelve B-57Es were reconfigured as combat-capable B-57Bs at the Martin factory in late 1965 and were deployed to Southeast Asia for combat bombardment operations. Six other B-57Es were converted to RB-57E "Patricia Lynn" tactical reconnaissance aircraft in 1966 during the Vietnam War, operating from Tan Son Nhut Air Base until 1971.
Interceptor Missiles (IMs)
The Bomarc Missile Program delivered the first CIM-10 Bomarc supersonic surface-to-air missile to ADC during September 1959 at Fort Dix's BOMARC Base No. 1 near the missile launch control center on McGuire AFB (groundbreaking for McGuire's Air Defense Direction Center to house the IBM AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central for Bomarc ground-controlled interception had been in 1957.) To ensure probability of kill before bombers could drop their weapons, the AN/FSQ-7 used the Automatic Target and Battery Evaluation (ATABE) to determine which bombers/formations to assign to which manned interceptor base (e.g., using nuclear air-to-air missiles), which to assign to Bomarcs (e.g., with W-40 nuclear warheads) and if available, which to assign to the region's Nike Army Air Defense Command Post (that also had ATABE software for efficiently coordinating fire from multiple Hercules missile batteries.) Bomarc missiles bases were along the east and west coasts of North America and the central areas of the continent (e.g., Suffolk County Missile Annex was on Long Island, New York.) The supersonic Bomarc missiles were the first long-range anti-aircraft missiles in the world, and the longer range BOMARC B models required less time after erected until they could be launched.
Defense Systems Evaluation
"Faker", or simulated target aircraft flew mock penetrations into air defense sectors to exercise GDI stations, Air Defense Direction Centers, and interceptor squadrons. Initially using modified B-25 Mitchell and B-29 Superfortress bombers, the aircraft would fly attack profile missions at unexpected, random times and attempt to evade coverage by flying at low altitudes and randomly flying in different directions to confuse interceptors. The aircraft were modified to carry electronic countermeasures (ECM) gear to attempt to confuse radar operators. In 1957, the propeller-driven aircraft were phased out and replaced by Martin B-57 medium bombers which were being phased out of Tactical Air Command. Initially RB-57As from reconnaissance units were modified to have their former camera bays refitted to carry out the latest ECM systems to confuse the defenders. Wing racks, originally designed for bombs, now carried chaff dispensers and the navigator position was replaced with an Electronic Warfare Officer (EWO). The modified B-57s were designated as EB-57 (E for special electronic installation).
Considerable realism would be generated into these simulated aggressor attack missions being flown by the B-57 crews. Often several EB-57s were used to form separate tracks and provide a coordinated jamming attack to complicate the testing. When inside the range of the GCI radar, and in anticipation of interception, chaff was dispensed to confuse the defense force and electronic pulses to jam radar signals were turned on. It was up to the defending interceptors and GCI stations to sort out the correct interception.
Units operating these specially equipped aircraft were designated Defense Systems Evaluation Squadrons (DSES). The 4713th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron was stationed for training in the Northeast. The 4713th also deployed frequently to USAFE in West Germany for training of NATO forces. The other was the 4677th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, which concentrated on Fighter Interceptor Squadron training for units in the Western United States. In 1974, the 4713th DSES was inactivated and its EB-57s were divided between two Air National Guard units and the 4677th DSES was redesignated as the 17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron. This unit was inactivated in July 1979 and was the last to fly B-57s in the active duty USAF. It shared the Defense Systems Evaluation mission with the Kansas and Vermont Air National Guard. Defense Systems Evaluation operations were also carried out by the 6091st Reconnaissance Squadron, Yokota AB, Japan; later the 556th Reconnaissance Squadron and moved to Kadena AB, Okinawa. EB-57s were also deployed to Alaskan Air Command, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, frequently.
The 134th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, Vermont Air National Guard, retired its last EB-57 in 1983, and the operational use of the B-57 Canberra ended. ADC supported 4-story SAGE blockhouses were hardened for overpressures of . NORAD sector direction center (NSDCs) also had air defense artillery director (ADAD) consoles [and an Army] ADA battle staff officer." The sector direction centers automatically communicated crosstelling of "SAGE reference track data" to/from adjacent sectors' DCs and to 10 Project Nike Missile Master Army Air Defense Command Posts.
Continental defense
From 1 September 1954 until 1975, ADC was a component of the unified Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) along with the Army's ARAACOM (1957 ARADCOM) and until 1965, the Navy's NAVFORCONAD. The USAF as the executive CONAD agent initially used ADC's:
General Benjamin Chidlaw as CINCONAD,
headquarters staff and ADC HQ building for the unified command staff, and
new blockhouse for the unified command center
ADC'a Permanent System radar stations were used for CONAD target data, along with Navy picket ships (Atlantic and Pacific Barrier until 1965) and Army Project Nike "target acquisition radars".
A CONAD reorganization that started in 1956 created a separate multi-service CONAD headquarters staff (with an Air Force Element), separated command of ADC from CINCONAD, and in 1957 added Alaskan Air Command and Northeast Air Command components to ADC Former NEAC installations in the smaller "Canadian Northeast Area" were transferred to the Canadian Air Defence Command. (e.g., the Hall Beach DEW Line station constructed 1955–1957--cf. Canada's Hopedale stations of the 1954 Pinetree Line and 1957 Mid-Canada Line.)
64th Air Division personnel were assigned to main stations of the 1957 DEW Line and annually inspected auxiliary/intermediate DEW stations maintained by the "DEW M&O Contractor." On 1 March 1957 CONAD reduced the number of ADC interceptor squadrons on alert for the Air Defense Identification Zone. "At the end of 1957, ADC operated 182 radar stations…32 had been added during the last half of the year as low-altitude, unmanned gap-filler radars. The total consisted of 47 gap-filler stations, 75 Permanent System radars, 39 semimobile radars, 19 Pinetree stations,…1 Lashup[-era] radar and a single Texas Tower". ADC subsequently became a component of , After the NORAD agreement was signed on 12 May 1958, ADC became a NORAD component.
SAGE The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) for radar operators was installed at ADC's general surveillance stations by deploying Burroughs AN/FST-2 Coordinate Data Transmitting Set electronics. Implementation of the SAGE Geographic Reorganization Plan of 25 July 1958 activated new ADC military installations, e.g., GATR stations for vectoring manned interceptors as well as BOMARC missile launch complexes with nearby GAT Facilities. On 20 December 1958 NORAD approved the "USAF ADC Plan" which included 10 Super Combat Centers (SCCs) in underground bunkers to replace 5 above-ground Combat Centers remaining to be built. Modification of FAA radars to the ARSR-1A configuration (Amplitron, "antenna gear box modification", etc.) were to be complete by November 1960 (e.g., at the Fort Heath radar station) and all 3 Texas Towers were in-service by April 1959 with ADC detachments/radars on offshore platforms near the New England coast, and the Continental Air Defense Integration North schedule for gap-filler radars included those for "P-20F, London, Ontario; C-4-C, Brampton, Ontario; C-5-C, Mt Carleton, New Brunswick; and C-6-D, Les Etroits. Quebec"—in the spring of 1959, ADC requested the Air Defense Systems Integration Division to study accelerating the scheduled 1962 deployment of those 4 sites. After the planned SCCs were cancelled in 1960, the SAGE System was augmented by the "pre-SAGE semiautomatic intercept system" for Backup Interceptor Control as at North Bend AFS in February 1962 (BUIC II first at North Truro AFS in 1966.)
By 30 June 1958, the planned ADC anti-ICBM processing facility to coordinate the ABM missile fire was considered "the heart of the entire [planned] ballistic missile defense system (conceived to have Nike Zeus and Wizard missiles.) On 19 October 1959, HQ USAF assigned ADC the "planning responsibility" for eventual operations of the Missile Defense Alarm System to detect ICBM launches with infrared sensors on space vehicles.
Missile warning and space surveillance
ADC's BMEWS Central Computer and Display Facility was built as an austere network center (instead of for coordinating anti-ICBM fire) which "at midnight on 30 September I960…achieved initial operational capability" (IOC). On 1 July 1961 for space surveillance, ADC took over the Laredo Test Site and the Trinidad Air Station from Rome Air Development Center. The "1st Aero" cadre at the Hanscom AFB NSSCC moved 496L System operations in July 1961 to Ent's "SPADATS Center" in the annex of building P4. Operational BMEWS control of the Thule Site J RCA AN/FPS-50 Radar Sets transferred from RCA to ADC on 5 January 1962 (the 12MWS activated in 1967.) By 30 June 1962, integration of ADC's BMEWS CC&DF and the SPADATS Center was completed at Ent AFB, and the Air Forces Iceland transferred from Military Air Transport Service to ADC on 1 July 1962.
The 9th ADD established the temporary 1962 "Cuban Missile Early Warning System" for the missile crisis. Responsibility for a USAFSS squadron's AN/FPS-17 radar station in Turkey for missile test monitoring transferred to ADC on 1 July 1963, the same date the site's AN/FPS-79 achieved IOC. By January 1963, ADC's Detachment 3 of the 9th Aerospace Defense Division (9th ADD) was providing space surveillance data from the Moorestown BMEWS station "to a Spacetrack Analysis Center at Colorado Springs." On 31 December 1965, Forward Scatter Over-the-Horizon network data from the 440L Data Reduction Center was being received by ADC for missile warning, and a NORAD plan for 1 April 1966 was for ADC to "reorganize its remaining 26th, 28th, 29th, and 73d Air Divisions into four air forces."
The 1966 20th Surveillance Squadron began ADC's phased array operations with the Eglin AFB Site C-6 Project Space Track radar (the Eglin phased array's IOC was in 1969, and the North Dakota CMEWS "began passing" PARCS phased array data to NORAD in 1977 after being "modified for the ADCOM mission".
After claiming in March 1958 that "the Army's ZEUS did not have the growth potential to handle possible enemy evasion decoy and countermeasure tactics", the USAF similarly identified by early 1959 that its planned Wizard missile was "not cost effective" against ICBM warheads.—the Army Zeus deployed successors against ICBMs (SAFEGUARD System, 1975–6) and space vehicles (Johnston Atoll, 1962–75). After tests of the 1959 High Virgo (at Explorer 5), 1959 Bold Orion (Explorer 6), and 1963 Project 505 (Nike Zeus) anti-satellite tests (the latter's nuclear burst destroyed a satellite), the Air Force Systems Command ASM-135 ASAT collided with a satellite in 1984.
Consolidated C3
ADC's Consolidated Command. Control and Communications Program, FY 1965–1972 was an outgrowth of a 196x "ADC-NORAD PAGE Study" for replacing SAGE/BUIC with a Primary Automated Ground Environment (PAGE) . The program with a Joint DOD/FAA National Airspace System (NAS) resulted with DOD/FAA agreements for a common aircraft surveillance system, with the FAA "to automate its new National Airspace System (NAS) centers". ADC estimated its portion "would cost about $6 million, with annual operating, maintenance, and communication costs about $3.5 million" ("the first BUIC III was set to begin in April 1967 at Z-50, Saratoga Springs".)
As the space mission grew the command changed its name, effective 15 January 1968, to Aerospace Defense Command, or ADCOM. Under ADCOM, emphasis went to systems for ballistic missile detection and warning and space surveillance, and the atmospheric detection and warning system, which had been in an almost continuous state of expansion and improvement since the 1950s, went into decline.
BOMARC, for example, was dropped from the weapons inventory, and the F-101 and F-102 passed from the regular Air Force inventory into the National Guard. To save funds and manpower, drastic reductions were made in the number of long range radar stations, the number of interceptor squadrons, and in the organizational structure. By 1968 the DOD was making plans to phase down the current air defense system and transition to a new system which included an Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), Over-the-Horizon Backscatter (OTH-B) radar, and an improved F-106 interceptor aircraft.
The changing emphasis in the threat away from the manned bomber and to the ballistic missile brought reorganization and reduction in aerospace defense resources and personnel and almost continuous turmoil in the management structure. The headquarters of the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) and ADC were combined on 1 July 1973. Six months later in February 1973, ADC was reduced to 20 fighter squadrons and a complete phaseout of air defense missile batteries.
Continental Air Command was disestablished on 1 July 1975 and Aerospace Defense Command became a specified command by direction of the JCS. Reductions and reorganizations continued into the last half of the 1970s, but while some consideration was given to closing down the major command headquarters altogether and redistributing field resources to other commands, such a move lacked support in the Air Staff.
Inactivation
In early 1977 strong Congressional pressure to reduce management "overhead", and the personal conviction of the USAF Chief of Staff that substantial savings could be realized without a reduction in operational capability, moved the final "reorganization" of ADCOM to center stage. Two years of planning followed, but by late 1979 the Air Force was ready to carry it through. It was conducted in two phases:
On 1 October 1979 ADCOM atmospheric defense resources (interceptors, warning radars, and associated bases and personnel) were transferred to Tactical Air Command. They were placed under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), compatible to a Numbered Air Force under TAC. With this move many Air National Guard units that had an air defense mission also came under the control of TAC. ADTAC was headquartered at Ent Air Force Base, Colorado, with North American Aerospace Defense Command. In essence, Tactical Air Command became the old Continental Air Command. On the same date, electronic assets went to the Air Force Communications Service (AFCS).
On 1 December 1979 missile warning and space surveillance assets were transferred to Strategic Air Command. On the same date the Aerospace Defense Center, a Direct Reporting Unit, was established from the remnants of ADCOM headquarters.
ADCOM, as a specified command, continued as the United States component of NORAD, but the major air command was inactivated on 31 March 1980. The unit designation of the MAJCOM reverted to the control of the Department of the Air Force.
Commanders
Lt. Gen George Stratemeyer
Maj. Gen Gordon Saville
Lt. Gen Ennis Whitehead
Gen Benjamin W. Chidlaw
Maj. Gen Frederick Smith Jr. – from 31 May 1955
Gen Earle Partridge (acting)
Lt. Gen Joseph H. Atkinson – became ADC commander on 22 September
Lt. Gen Robert Lee
Lt. Gen Herbert Thatcher
Lt. Gen Arthur Agan
Lineage
Established as Air Defense Command on 21 March 1946
Activated as a major command on 27 March 1946
Became a subordinate operational command of Continental Air Command on 1 December 1948
Discontinued on 1 July 1950
Reestablished as a major command, and organized, on 1 January 1951
Became a specified command in 1975
Redesignated Aerospace Defense Command on 15 January 1968
Major Command inactivated on 31 March 1980
Components
Air Defense Forces
Central Air Defense Force (CADF)
Activated on 1 March 1951 at Kansas City, Missouri
Moved to Grandview AFB, 10 March 1954
Station redesignated Richards-Gebaur AFB, 27 April 1952
Inactivated, 1 January 1960
Eastern Air Defense Force (EADF)
Activated by Continental Air Command on 1 September 1949 at Mitchel AFB, New York
Moved to Stewart AFB and assigned to Air Defense Command on 1 January 1951
Inactivated, 1 January 1960
Western Air Defense Force (WADF)
Activated by Continental Air Command on 1 September 1949 at Hamilton AFB, California
Reassigned to Air Defense Command, 1 January 1951
Inactivated, 1 July 1960
Air Forces
First Air Force
Assigned to Air Defense Command, 27 March 1946 at Mitchel Field, New York
Moved to Fort Slocum, New York, 3 June 1946
Reassigned to Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948
Reassigned to Air Defense Command, 1 April 1966
Inactivated, 31 December 1969
Second Air Force
Reactivated on 6 June 1946 at Fort Crook, Nebraska
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Inactivated, 1 July 1948
Fourth Air Force
Assigned to Air Defense Command, 21 March 1946 at March Field, California
Moved to Hamilton Field, California on 19 June 1946
Reassigned to Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948
Discontinued, 1 September 1960
Reactivated 1 April 1966 and assigned to Air Defense Command
Inactivated, 30 September 1969
Tenth Air Force, 21 March 1946 – 1 December 1948; 20 January 1966 – 8 October 1976
Reactivated 27 May 1946 at Brooks Field, Texas
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Reassigned to Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948
Inactivated, 1 September 1960
Reactivated 1 April 1966 and assigned to Air Defense Command
Assigned to Richards-Gebaur AFB
Inactivated, 30 September 1969
Eleventh Air Force*
Activated 13 June 1946 at Olmsted Field, Middletown, Pennsylvania
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Inactivated, 1 July 1948
Fourteenth Air Force, 21 March 1946 – 1 December 1948; 20 January 1966 – 8 October 1976
Reactivated 24 May 1945 at Orlando Air Base, Florida
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Reassigned to Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948
Inactivated, 1 September 1960
Reactivated 1 April 1966 and assigned to Air Defense Command
Assigned to Gunter AFB, Alabama
Redesignated Fourteenth Aerospace Force, 1 July 1968
Moved to Ent AFB, Colorado
Inactivated, 1 October 1976
Air Forces Iceland
Assigned to Air Defense Command from Military Air Transport Service, 1 July 1962
Stationed at Keflavik Airport, Iceland
Assigned to 64th Air Division
Transferred to: 26th Air Division, 1 July 1963
Transferred to: Goose Air Defense Sector, 4 September 1963
Transferred to: 37th Air Division, 1 April 1966
Transferred to: 21st Air Division, 31 December 1969
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
.Note: Assigned to Olmsted AFB, Pennsylvania, but never equipped or manned. Not to be confused with Eleventh Air Force, which was assigned to Alaskan Air Command
Regions
Alaskan ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, 1 October 1975
Missile warning and space surveillance forces reassigned to Strategic Air Command, 1 December 1979
Redesignated as Alaska NORAD Region (ANR), 14 June 1983
Operational atmospheric defense units under operational control of Eleventh Air Force
20th ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Fort Lee AFS, Virginia, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 20th Air Division
21st ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Hancock AFS, New York, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 21st Air Division
23d ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Duluth AFS, Minnesota, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 23d Air Division
24th ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Malmstrom AFB, Montana, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 24th Air Division
25th ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at McChord AFB, Washington, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 25th Air Division
26th ADCOM Region
Designated and activated at Luke AFB, Arizona, 8 December 1978
Supplementary ADCOM designation of 26th Air Division
Air Divisions
8th Air Division (Aircraft Early Warning & Control)
Activated 1 May 1954 at McClellan AFB, California
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Transferred to Air Defense Command, 1 May 1955
Inactivated, 1 July 1957
9th Air Division (Defense)
Activated 8 October 1954 at Geiger Field, Washington
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Inactivated, 15 August 1958
Reactivated on 15 July 1961 as 9th Aerospace Air Division at Ent AFB, Colorado
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Designated 9th Aerospace Defense Division by 31 May 1963
Discontinued, 1 July 1968
20th Air Division
Activated on 8 October 1955 at Grandview AFB, Missouri
Assigned to Central Air Defense Force
Station renamed Richards-Gebaur AFB, 27 April 1957
Inactivated 1 January 1960
Reactivated on 1 April 1966 at Truax Field, Wisconsin
Assigned to Tenth Air Force
Discontinued 31 December 1967
Reactivated on 19 November 1969 at Fort Lee AFS, Virginia
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
21st Air Division
Activated 20 January 1966
Organized at McGuire AFB, New Jersey 1 April 1966
Assigned to First Air Force
Discontinued and inactivated 31 December 1967
Reactivated on 19 November 1969 at Hancock AFS, New York
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
23d Air Division
Activated 19 November 1969 at Duluth AFS, Minnesota
Assigned to First Air Force
Reassigned to Air Defense Command on 1 December 1969
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
24th Air Division
Activated 19 November 1969 at Malmstrom AFB, Montana
Assigned to Tenth Air Force
Reassigned to Air Defense Command on 1 December 1969
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
25th Air Division
Activated 25 October 1948 as 25th Air Division (Defense) at Silver Lake, Washington
Assigned to Fourth Air Force
Reassigned to Western Air Defense Force, 1 February 1950
Moved to McChord AFB, 15 September 1951
Redesignated 25th Air Division (SAGE), 1 March 1959
Reassigned to Air Defense Command on 1 July 1960
Reassigned to Fourth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Reassigned to Tenth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Reassigned to Aerospace Defense Command, 1 December 1969
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
26th Air Division
Activated 16 November 1948 at Mitchel AFB, New York
Assigned to First Air Force
Moved to Roslyn AFS, New York 18 April 1949
Redesignated 26th Air Division (Defense), 20 June 1949
Reassigned to Eastern Air Defense Force, 1 September 1950
Redesignated 26th Air Division (SAGE), 8 August 1958 and moved to Syracuse AFS, New York
Transferred to Air Defense Command on 1 August 1959
Moved to Stewart AFB, New York, 15 June 1964
Redesignated 26th Air Division, 20 January 1966 and moved to Adair AFS, Oregon
Inactivated, 30 September 1969
Reactivated 19 November 1969 at Luke AFB, Arizona
Reassigned to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
27th Air Division
Activated as 27th Air Division (Defense) on 20 November 1950 at Norton AFB, California
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Inactivated, 1 October 1959
Organized as 27th Air Division on 1 April 1966 at Luke AFB, Arizona
Assigned to Fourth Air Force
Reassigned to Tenth Air Force on 15 September 1969
Inactivated 19 November 1969
28th Air Division
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force on 1 January 1951 as 28th Air Division (Defense)
Assigned to Hamilton AFB, California
Redesignated as 28th Air Division (SAGE) and transferred to Air Defense Command, 1 July 1960
Redesignated 28th Air Division, 1 April 1966
Moved to Malmstrom AFB, Montana and assigned to Tenth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Inactivated 19 November 1969
29th Air Division
Activated 1 March 1951 at Great Falls AFB, Montana
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Transferred to Central Air Defense Force, 16 February 1953
Great Falls AFB renamed Malmstrom AFB, Montana, 1 October 1955
Redesignated as 29th Air Division (SAGE) and transferred to Air Defense Command, 1 July 1960
Moved to Richards-Gebaur AFB, Missouri, 1 July 1961
Redesignated 29th Air Division, 1 April 1966
Moved to Duluth AFS, Minnesota, and assigned to Tenth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Reassigned to First Air Force on 15 September 1969
Inactivated 19 November 1969
30th Air Division,
Activated on 16 December 1949 as 30th Air Division (Defense) at Selfridge AFB, Michigan
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Moved to Willow Run AFS, Michigan on 1 April 1952
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force, 1 April 1952
Redesignated 30th Air Division (SAGE), 1 April 1959 and moved to Truax Field, Wisconsin
Reassigned to Air Defense Command on 1 July 1959
Redesignated 30th Air Division and moved to Sioux City AFS, Iowa (w/o p/e), 1 April 1966
Reassigned to Tenth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Discontinued 18 September 1968
31st Air Division
Activated on 8 October 1950 as 31st Air Division (Defense) at Selfridge AFB, Michigan
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Reassigned to Air Defense Command on 1 January 1951
Moved to Snelling AFS, Minnesota on 18 December 1950
Reassigned to Central Air Defense Force, 20 May 1950
Inactivated 1 January 1960
Organized at Oklahoma City AFS, Oklahoma on 1 April 1966
Assigned to Fourteenth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Reassigned to Tenth Air Force on 1 July 1968
Inactivated on 31 December 1969
32d Air Division
Assigned on 1 January 1951 to Eastern Air Defense Force at Stewart AFB, New York
Moved to Syracuse AFS, New York, 15 February 1952
Inactivated on 15 August 1958
Reactivated on 15 November 1958 as 32d Air Division (SAGE) at Dobbins AFB, Georgia
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Reassigned to Air Defense Command, 1 August 1959
Moved to Oklahoma City AFS, Oklahoma, 1 August 1961
Discontinued 4 September 1963
Organized at Gunter AFB, Alabama, 1 April 1966
Assigned to Fourteenth Air Force
Reassigned to Tenth Air Force, 1 July 1968
Inactivated 31 December 1969
33d Air Division
Activated on 19 March 1951 as 33d Air Division (Defense) at Tinker AFB, Oklahoma
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Reassigned to Central Air Defense Force, 20 May 1951
Moved to Oklahoma City AFS, Oklahoma, 1 July 1956
Redesignated 33d Air Division (SAGE) and moved to Richards-Gebaur AFB, Missouri, 1 January 1960
Reassigned to Air Defense Command
Discontinued 1 July 1961
Organized on 1 April 1966 as 33d Air Division at Fort Lee AFS, Virginia
Assigned to First Air Force
Inactivated 19 November 1969
34th Air Division
Activated on 5 January 1951 at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Reassigned to Central Air Defense Force 15 February 1953
Inactivated 1 January 1960
Organized at Custer AFS, Michigan, 1 April 1966
Assigned to First Air Force
Inactivated 31 December 1969
35th Air Division
Activated on 1 July 1951 at Kansas City, Missouri
Assigned to Central Air Defense Force
Moved to Dobbins AFB, Georgia, 1 September 1951
Reassigned to Eastern Air Defense Force, 10 April 1955
Inactivated 15 November 1958
Organized on 1 April 1966 at Syracuse AFS, New York
Inactivated 19 November 1968
36th Air Division
Activated 1 April 1966 at Topsham AFS, Maine
Assigned to First Air Force
Inactivated 30 September 1969
37th Air Division
Activated on 10 October 1951 at Lockborne AFB, Ohio under Strategic Air Command
Moved to Truax Field, Wisconsin 8 September 1955 and transferred to Air Defense Command
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Inactivated 1 April 1959
Organized on 1 April 1966 at Goose AFB, Labrador, Canada
Assigned to First Air Force
Reassigned to Aerospace Defense Command, 1 December 1969
Inactivated 10 June 1970
58th Air Division (Defense)
Activated 8 September 1955 at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Inactivated 1 February 1959
64th Air Division
Transferred on 1 April 1957 to Air Defense Command from Northeast Air Command
Assigned to Pepperrell AFB, Newfoundland
Moved to Stewart AFB, New York, 26 May 1960
Discontinued, 1 July 1963
73d Air Division
Activated 1 July 1957 as 73d Air Division (Weapons) at Tyndall AFB, Florida
Assigned to Air Defense Command
Redesignated 73d Air Division, 1 March 1963
Discontinued 1 April 1966
85th Air Division
Activated 8 September 1955 at Andrews AFB, Maryland
Assigned to Eastern Air Defense Force
Inactivated 1 September 1958
Air Defense Sectors
Albuquerque Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 January 1960 at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico
Assigned to 33d Air Division
Discontinued 1 November 1960
Bangor Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 January 1957 at Topsham AFS, Maine
Assigned to 32d Air Division
Reassigned to 26th Air Division, 15 August 1958
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Boston Air Defense Sector
4622d Air Defense Wing (SAGE) redesignated 8 January 1957
Activated at Stewart AFB, New York
Assigned to 26th Air Division
Moved to Syracuse AFS, New York 1 April 1966
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Chicago Air Defense Sector
4628th Air Defense Wing redesignated 8 March 1957
Activated at Truax Field, Wisconsin
Assigned to 37th Air Division
Reassigned to 30th Air Division, 1 April 1959
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Detroit Air Defense Sector
4627th Air Defense Wing redesignated, 8 January 1957
Activated at Custer AFS, Michigan
Assigned to 30th Air Division
Reassigned to 26th Air Division, 4 September 1963
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Duluth Air Defense Sector
Activated 8 October 1957 at Duluth AFS, Minnesota
Assigned to 37th Air Division (EADF)
Reassigned to 31st Air Division (CADF), 20 December 1957
Reassigned to 37th Air Division, 1 January 1959
Reassigned to 30th Air Division, 1 April 1959
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Goose Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 April 1960 at Goose AFB, Labrador, Canada
Assigned to 64th Air Division
Reassigned to 26th Air Division (SAGE), 1 July 1963
Discontinued on 1 April 1966
Grand Forks Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 December 1957 at Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota
Assigned to 31st Air Division
Reassigned to 29th Air Division, 1 January 1959
Discontinued on 1 December 1963
Great Falls Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 March 1959 at Malmstrom AFB, Montana
Assigned to 29th Air Division
Discontinued on 1 April 1966
Kansas City Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 January 1960 at Richards-Gebaur AFB, Missouri
Assigned to 33d Air Division
Reassigned to 29th Air Division, 1 July 1961
Discontinued 1 January 1962
Los Angeles Air Defense Sector
Activated on 15 February 1959 at Norton AFB, California
Assigned to 27th Air Division
Reassigned to Western Air Defense Force, 1 October 1959
Reassigned to 28th Air Division, 1 July 1960
Reassigned to Fourth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Discontinued 25 June 1966
Minot Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 April 1959 at Minot AFB, North Dakota
Assigned to 29th Air Division
Discontinued 15 August 1963
Montgomery Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 September 1957 at Gunter AFB, Alabama
Assigned to 35th Air Division
Reassigned to 32d Air Division, 15 November 1958
Reassigned to 26th Air Division (SAGE), 1 July 1963
Assigned to Air Defense Command, 1 October 1964
Discontinued 1 April 1966
New York Air Defense Sector
4621st Air Defense Wing (SAGE) redesignated, 8 January 1957
Assigned to McGuire AFB, New Jersey
Assigned to 26th Air Division
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 January 1960 at Oklahoma City AFS, Oklahoma
Assigned to 33d Air Division
Reassigned to 32d Air Division, 1 July 1961
Discontinued 1 September 1961
Reactivated 25 June 1963 at Oklahoma City AFS
Assigned to 29th Air Division (SAGE)
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Phoenix Air Defense Sector
Activated on 15 June 1959 at Luke AFB, Arizona
Assigned to Western Air Defense Force
Reassigned to 28th Air Division, 1 July 1960
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Portland Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 September 1958 at Adair AFS, Oregon
25th Air Division
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Reno Air Defense Sector
Activated on 15 February 1959 at Stead AFB, Nevada
Assigned to 25th Air Division
Reassigned to 28th Air Division, 1 July 1960
Reassigned to Fourth Air Force, 1 April 1966
Discontinued 25 June 1966
San Francisco Air Defense Sector
Activated on 15 February 1959 at Beale AFB, California
Assigned to 28th Air Division
Discontinued 1 August 1963
Sault Sainte Marie Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 November 1958 at K. I. Sawyer AFB, Michigan
Assigned to 37th Air Division
Reassigned to 30th Air Division, 1 April 1959
Discontinued 15 December 1963
Seattle Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 January 1958 at McChord AFB, Washington
Assigned to 25th Air Division
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Sioux City Air Defense Sector
Activated on 1 October 1959 at Sioux City AFS, Iowa
Assigned to 20th Air Division
Reassigned to 33d Air Division, 1 January 1960
Reassigned to 29th Air Division, 1 July 1961
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Spokane Air Defense Sector
Activated on 8 September 1958 at Larson AFB, Washington
Assigned to 25th Air Division
Discontinued 1 September 1963
Syracuse Air Defense Sector
4624th Air Defense Wing (SAGE), redesignated 8 January 1957
Activated at Syracuse AFS, New York
Assigned to 32d Air Division
Reassigned to 25th Air Division, 15 August 1958
Discontinued 4 September 1963
Washington Air Defense Sector
4625th Air Defense Wing (SAGE) redesignated 8 January 1957
Activated at Fort Lee AFS, Virginia
Assigned to 85th Air Division
Reassigned to 26th Air Division, 1 September 1958
Discontinued 1 April 1966
Other
Air Force Element, NORAD/ADCOM (AFENA)
Activated tbd
Redesignated a Direct Reporting Unit of USAF as Aerospace Defense Center, 1 December 1979
Air Defense Weapons Center
Organized at Tyndall AFB, Florida, 31 October 1967
Assigned to Air DefenseCommand
Transferred to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
Aerospace Defense Command Combat Operations Center (COC)
Designated and activated as NORAD Combat Operations Center, 21 April 1976
Assigned to Cheyenne Mountain Complex City, Colorado
Assigned to Aerospace Defense Command, 21 April 1976
Redesignated ADCOM CONIC, 30 June 1976
Transferred to Tactical Air Command, 1 October 1979
References
</ref>
Major commands of the United States Air Force
Air defense units and formations of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War
Military units and formations established in 1968
Military units and formations disestablished in 1980 |
4149732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear%20of%20Flying%20%28album%29 | Fear of Flying (album) | Fear of Flying is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Mya, released on April 25, 2000, by University Music Entertainment and Interscope Records. Following the success of her debut album Mya (1998), Interscope promptly allocated the singer studio time and assembled recording sessions beginning as early as September 1999 which concluded in March 2000. For this record, Mya made the conscious decision to become involved more creatively, opting to pen her own lyrics after securing a publishing deal to launch her own publishing company as well as collaborate with a wider range of established producers and songwriters on the album. Looking to embrace a more mature sound, Harrison consulted and collaborated with a bevy of producers which included Rodney Jerkins, Swizz Beatz, Wyclef Jean, Knobody, Robin Thicke, Tricky Stewart, and Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis.
A hip hop soul album, Mya described Fear of Flying as a metaphor for the ups and downs of life, a theme present throughout the album which includes handling things like an adult and knowing you must have faith to make anything happen. Lyrically, the album's material addressed the singer's romantic relationships which symbolized her relationship with family, friends and acquaintances. Noting that Fear of Flying is "a reflection of being in love for the very first time, experiencing success and the fears of fame."
Upon its release, the album received mixed reviews from music critics citing some of the album's "tepid material." Commercially well received, Fear of Flying debuted with a Top 20 placement at number 15 on the Billboard 200. Initially though, the album stalled on the charts until the release of the album's second single and in turn solidified Fear of Flying a hit garnering multiplatinum success. To keep the album's momentum, nearly seven months after its original release, Fear of Flying was re–released with two new additional songs on November 7, 2000.
In support of the album, three singles were released – "The Best of Me", "Case of the Ex", and "Free", which attained international chart success. Due to the album's success, Fear of Flying earned Soul Train Awards and MOBO nominations.
Considered her most expressive effort to date, Fear of Flying helped established Mya as a household name in mainstream media and redefine a golden age for R&B. In April 2020, to commemorate the album's twentieth anniversary, Universal Music Group released an expanded edition featuring over 10 rare remixes and bonus tracks.
Background
Following the commercial success of her debut Mya (1998), Mya quickly re-entered the recording studio to begin work on her second album. During her two years away, she toured with several artists, and made her film debut in the thriller In Too Deep (1999). Additionally, she was selected by Bongo jeans as their spokesperson and had a Tommy Hilfiger lipstick shade named after her. During the development stages of the album, Mya consulted several different producers for her follow-up album, including She'kspere, Knobody, Tricky Stewart, and Robin Thicke as well as Wyclef and Swizz Beatz of Ruff Ryders. A number of guest vocalists whom contributed to the project, included TLC's Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, Jordan Knight, and Beenie Man. In addition, Harrison launched her own publishing company, Art of War.
Mya, who did some writing on her debut album, was heavily involved in the production of Fear of Flying, commenting: "I wanted to get that hands-on experience. I was involved in every single process, from writing and recording to producing, mixing, and mastering." In response to the album's material, the singer commented that many of the album's songs are about female empowerment. "I'm learning that the decisions being made ultimately affect me, so I make most of them with the insight and help of other people", she explained. "I still have to focus on what feels good to me and what's going to work in the long run, instead of selling 20 million records or being controversial." The album's title, came from a song Mya recorded by the same name—not from Erica Jong's 1973 novel of the same name. During an interview with Billboard, which discussed the title, Mya noted that while she had not been aware of the book, she later "started reading it and noticed a lot of similarities: "Fear of Flying is a metaphor for the ups and downs of life. It's about handling things like an adult, knowing you must have faith to make anything happen." Interscope hired photographer and director David LaChapelle to shoot the images for the album's packaging. While she admired the work of Dave La Chapelle, Mya revealed she cropped the original album's cover because it focused on her body, commenting, "I didn't like it. It wasn't capturing."
Development
Mya considers her first album an experiment and a learning ground. Prior to entering a recording studio, she had no vocal training and was doing improv-breathing the whole time on every song. With Fear of Flying, she acknowledged she learned things such as how she likes to work and what works right for her in the studio. On Fear of Flying, she received vocal training and noted her vocals got along better with live performances. Speaking with Time, Mya revealed with Fear of Flying she took more control over her sound and image. She commented that Fear of Flying was "an opportunity and a test."
For her second studio album, Mya wrote a lot, openly admitting, "Writing helps me sort through feelings that I'm trying to figure out." She noted her journal is filled with curse words and exclamation points, explaining, "It's either extreme highs or extreme lows." In an interview with the New York Daily News, Mya explained that the album was "about independence." She acknowledged with Fear of Flying she became "more confident", while commenting, "I'm a lot more straightforward. Things I didn't know how to say or when to say, I'm saying now."
During the recording process, Mya explained she clicked more with producers that like to start from scratch, commenting, "It allowed me to be involved in the process. They were interested in what I had to say which made me feel good about myself." One producer Mya gelled with was Wyclef Jean. Speaking on working with him, she commented, "He was interested in what I had to say. My ideas—what I had to bring to the table. He wasn't afraid to go back into the studio and change things." Robin Thicke, a then-up-and-coming producer, was another Mya meshed well with. Of his contribution to Fear of Flying Mya commented, "he is a true talent and I enjoyed working with him." While reviewing Fear of Flying, in an article, Time noted on her debut effort, Mya was a "lovestruck teen" while on Fear of Flying, "she's a woman coming face to face with romantic entanglements." With 18 tracks featured on the album, Time applauded the album to manage that rare thing: to combine captivating beats with hummable melodies. Commenting on the finished product, Time wrote, "This is hip-hop soul with plenty of pop appeal."
Music and composition
Musically, Fear of Flying has been described as a "smooth, catchy, personalized mixture of street-spice soul." According to multiple critics, the album is more focused on themes than coherency of musical style. Sonically, the album's sound veers from quiet storm tracks to hard-edged Timbaland homages to cheerleader romps. The album's focal theme is "proper behavior on the dangerous grounds of courtship" and ranges from uptempo tracks to inspirational ballads. Several of the album's 18 tracks were co-written by Mya, with Vibe magazine noting in an article that "Mýa tackles difficult melodic and rhythmic twists without ditching a nice conversational tone." Fear of Flying opens with an intro courtesy of Swizz Beatz. Titled, "Turn It Up" it features a stop-start beat and samples of a cooing baby. Next up, "Case of the Ex," a song structured around producer Tricky Stewart's "driving, Beethoven-meets-Timbaland" chord changes, where Mýa expresses distrust in her lover. It is built around a catchy yet fairly complicated chorus and clever lyrics. It is followed by the "dramatic" "Ride & Shake", which was compared to the work of Whitney Houston. The mildy racy Rodney Jerkins-produced "That's Why I Wanna Fight" is a sensuous midtempo and served as the album's fourth track. Structured, similarly to Marvin Gaye's 70s material, Harrison adopts Gaye's double singing technique. Track five, the dance-oriented imaginative "Pussycats" is a nursery rhyme-influenced song produced by Wyclef Jean and Jerry Duplessis. A frisky jam, it samples the sound of mewing cats.
The album's "combative" sixth track, "The Best of Me", was produced by Swizz Beatz, and features Jadakiss. Described as "edgy" and "street savvy," Mya commented on the message behind the song, suggesting, "It's about setting standards for yourself, about following them through and not allowing the temptations of a heat of the moment situation to lure you into something that you may regret later in life." Described as "mildy structure," the album's seventh track "Lie Detector," is another midtempo which finds Mya refusing advances. The TLC-sounding "How You Gonna Tell Me" courtesy of She'kspere and Kandi has Mya telling her girlfriend to spare her bad advice. Lyrically and conceptually, Mya opted to add her thoughts to the song, explaining, "I wanted the song to be about people preaching to me what they don't practice. About how these specific people speak to me on the way I should live and my reaction to them and their twisted lives." While the "dance-floor-ready" "Takin' Me Over," produced by Robin Thicke featuring Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, begins with Mya acting like the women she has expressed dislike for, while holed up in her bathroom with hair products. A catchy slice of retro soul, "Takin' Me Over" is '60s Motown meets early '00s and shows Mya in a playful coy mood. Mya dubs it her "don't give a damn song."
The lush title track, "Fear of Flying" is a folk-ish quasi ballad produced by Knobody and uses the idea of being afraid to fly as a metaphor for other issues. The Soulshock and Karlin production, "Can't Believe", and remake of Michael Jackson's "The Lady In My Life", titled "Man In My Life", are standard fare A/C broken-hearted emotional ballads, while on a romantic note, the ballad "No Tears On My Pillow" written by Mya and the song's producer Robin Thicke served as the album's fifteenth track. Followed by "For the First Time" a sexual surrender cut produced by Swing Mob member Daryl Pearson. The album's closing track, an outro, "Get Over" is a spoken word "thank you" midtempo with calypso tinge.
Release and promotion
Initially set for a late 1999 release, Fear of Flying was later scheduled for a February 2000 release, before Interscope settled on an April 25, 2000, release date. In Germany, it was released June 19, 2000, while in the United Kingdom, the album was released on July 24, 2000. Interscope hoped that the album would attract both pop and R&B/hip-hop audiences, with Steve Stoute, president of black music and executive VP for Interscope-Geffen-A&M, commenting that all marketing surrounding the album's release would "be paying attention to the street audiences with this album." He added, "We're also looking to build upon her previous success. She gained a large pop audience through 'Ghetto Supastar' and 'Take Me There.' She's also grown as an artist and her music reflects that." Promotion for Fear of Flying began in January 2000 when Mya was featured in the February issue of Vibe. In early April 2000, Billboard reported that Mya was set to attend MTV's annual Spring Break special in Cancun. Additionally, that article mentioned that Mya was due to tape an episode of Total Request Live. On May 6, 2000, Mya performed at the Revlon Run/Walk for Women event. On May 17, 2000, she performed "The Best of Me" with Jadakiss on House of Style. In May, she joined and performed on the MTV European Tour. On May 26, 2000, ABC aired their "25 Hottest Stars Under 25" special, which Mya was a part of. On May 29, 2000, she performed "The Best of Me" at the 2000 World Music Awards. In June 2000, Mya joined the Southern California leg of Nickelodeon's All That! Music and More Festival. In July 2000, Mya appeared on the shows CBS Morning Show, CNN's Show Biz, and Farmclub.com; her appearances and performance aired on July 8–10, 2000, on USA Network. In mid-2000, Mya opened for Montell Jordan on his European tour; during a Vibe interview it mentioned that she was heading to Germany to begin the tour. In September 2000, she performed "Case of the Ex" on BET's 106 & Park. On October 23, 2000, she performed "Case of the Ex" on Total Request Live. The following month, November 6 and 11, she performed "Case of the Ex" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and the former and "Free" on Soul Train. On December 6, 2000, Mya made an appearance on Live with Regis and Kelly. The following day, December 7, 2000, she performed "Case of the Ex" and "Free" on MTV's Fashionably Loud. On December 15, 2000, Mya performed "Case of the Ex" on The Queen Latifah Show.
In February 2001, during All Star weekend Mya performed at the fifth annual NBA Team Up Celebration, which was held at Constitution Hall. On February 20, Mýa made an appearance on The Rosie O'Donnell Show.
The following day after she was invited as a presenter at the 43rd Grammy Awards ceremony. Mya co-hosted and performed at the 2001 Soul Train Music Awards, which were held on February 28, 2001, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. In March 2001, Mya was a part of Janet Jackson's MTV Icon special, during which she performed in the dance tribute. After serving as an opening act on other featured tours, Mýa branched out on her own and embarked on her first headlining tour. Entitled, the Fear of Flying Tour, the outing was an eleven-day city tour that began on March 21, 2001, and concluded April 1, 2001. On April 17, 2001, Mya performed on The Queen Latifah Show. On June 15, 2001, she made an appearance on Live! with Regis and Kelly ; Seven days later Mya went on The Daily Show. On July 4, 2001, it was announced that she was added to the performer lineup at the York State Fair. On July 14, Mya performed in concert at Six Flags St. Louis. On August 9, she performed at the Wisconsin State Fair;
the following day Mya performed at the Ohio State Fair. On September 7, 2001, Mya performed at Michael Jackson's 30th anniversary concert, which was televised. To continue promoting the album, Mya appeared on MTV's Music in High Places, a music and travelogue series where recording artists travel to exotic sites for a series of acoustic concerts.
She performed acoustic renditions of her songs while in Sicily, Italy, performing a set comprising her songs "Free", "Ghetto Superstar", "I'll Be There", "Movin' On", "Sweet Thing", and "The Best of Me", among others. Her episode aired on December 20, 2001.
On November 7, 2000, Fear of Flying was re-released with a revised track listing which featured the single "Free" and a new track titled "Again & Again". The repackaged edition of the album was released on February 19, 2001, in the United Kingdom and on May 8, 2001, in Germany. The UK reissue contains the track "Whatever Chick", a song that would later be featured on her third studio album, Moodring (2003), appearing there in a reworked and explicit version, retitled "Whatever Bitch". The Australian reissue of Fear of Flying also contained the exclusive tracks "Girls Like That" and "Telephone Games."
Singles
In support of the album, Interscope Records released three singles from Fear of Flying. Initially, before "The Best of Me" was chosen as the album's lead single, the song "Lie Detector" was a potential contender. The instrumental for "The Best of Me" was originally expected to be used and recorded by rapper DMX in a Miami recording session with Swizz. However, the instrumental of the song was left unused until the producer returned to New York City to start work on Mya's album at The Hit Factory. Upon accidentally pushing a button in the studio, Mya's management reportedly "jumped up and said 'That's it, that's it when they heard the song's instrumental. The record was among the last tracks recorded for the album. Jadakiss, then a member of the Ruff Ryders Entertainment's group The LOX, was chosen as the featured artist on the song as a result of label connections with Interscope Records. Released on March 6, 2000, "The Best of Me" peaked at number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 14 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Internationally, the single found modest chart success, peaking at number 26 in Germany, while charting moderately in the Netherlands and Switzerland.
The second single, "Case of the Ex", was released commercially on August 28, 2000. Originally a rap song, producer Tricky Stewart heavily rearranged the track to make it fit Mya's persona. The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 10 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Globally, "Case of the Ex" experienced similar success, peaking at number one in Australia for two weeks and earned a platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association. In the United Kingdom the song charted within the top 10 and earned a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry. Elsewhere in Europe the song peaked within the Top 40 in The Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Scotland, France and Germany.
The third and final single released from the album, "Free", originally appeared on the original soundtrack to the crime comedy film Bait (2000) starring Jamie Foxx. The track was written and produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. "Free" reached number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 52 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Internationally, "Free" performed even better, peaking within the top 10 in Australia. The song received a platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association. Elsewhere, the song charted within the top 20 in the United Kingdom and Poland, and within the top 40 in Ireland and Scotland.
Critical reception
People named Fear of Flying their Album of the Week and called it an "unexpected treat", though commenting that "Mya offers no bold new sonic innovations. She does breathe life and sass into a genre too long held hostage by formula." In his review for AllMusic, Jon Azpiri wrote that "Mya's sophomore effort proves that she is a promising young talent, but still has yet to develop the chops necessary to rank among the best of R&B divas." He felt that "without the energy of collaborators in the mix, many of her solo tracks wander into predictability. The album relies too heavily on tepid ballads such as the title track and 'Man of My Life'. Yet songs like 'Can't Believe', "For the First Time', and 'Lie Detector' show an emotional depth that lacked in her debut." Josh Tyrangiel of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a C rating. He found that "Mýa can sing well enough; now she needs to find something to sing about." Rolling Stone magazine writer Ernest Hardy gave the album 2 stars out of 5 and wrote: "The signature quiver in Mya's voice does give her some sonic identity, but otherwise this could be the music of Destiny's Child, Aaliyah or any of the countless interchangeable hip-hop/R&B divas."
The Source magazine gave the album a positive review, writing, "reaching out to hip-hop heads [...] Mya proves she can hold her own in this competitive game of young female musicians. She's well on her way [to] the class of elite divas". Uncut called the album a "crafted, coffee-rich affair blending soul and swing [...] it's a grower which oozes class." While Q magazine rated the album 3 stars out of 5 and wrote: "Mya demonstrates enough sass to suggest a sunny future." Vibe stated that "the starlet has decided to show off her range [...] as if she and her top-notch producers attempted to wipe out the competition by transforming Mya into each of her rivals in turn [...] a grand tour through the ever-changing moods of female adolescence".
Accolades
Awards and nominations
Listings
Commercial performance
In the United States, Fear of Flying debuted and peaked at number 15 on the Billboard 200 and at number seven on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart with first-week sales of 72,000 copies sold. In its second and third week, the album sold an estimated 42,784 and 33,907 copies, respectively. Thirteen weeks after its release, the album sat at number 109 on the Billboard 200. During its chart run, Fear of Flying remained on the Billboard 200 for a total of 52 consecutive weeks. Towards the end of 2000, Billboard ranked the album as the 144th best-selling album in the US, while at the end of 2001 it was ranked as the 178th best-selling album. On June 8, 2000, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) denoting shipments in excess of 500,000 copies. While on March 28, 2001, the album was certified platinum by the RIAA. By May 2003, the album had sold 1.2 million copies in the United States alone, according to Nielsen SoundScan.
In Canada the album debuted at number 51 on [[RPM (magazine)|''RPM s Top Albums/CDs]] chart, during the week of May 15, 2000. In its second week on the chart it rose 12 spots to its peak position of number 39, during the week ending on May 22, 2000. In total Fear of Flying spent nine consecutive weeks on the Top Albums/CDs chart. On January 15, 2001, the album was certified gold by Music Canada for denoting shipments of 50,000 copies. In Germany, the album debuted at number 52 on July 3, 2000, where it stayed at its peak position for a total of two weeks; in total it has spent 16 consecutive weeks on the German Albums Chart.
In Australia it debuted at number 54 on the Australian Albums Chart and reached number 28 in its 18th non-consecutive week. It spent a total of 25 non-consecutive weeks on the chart and was eventually certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) in September 2001. In Switzerland, the album debuted at number 84 on July 16, 2000. It reached its peak at number 33, 6 weeks later on August 20, 2000. Overall, the album has spent a total of 16 consecutive weeks on the Swiss Albums Chart. For the week of February 25, 2001 - March 3, 2001 the album debuted and peaked at number 81 on the UK Albums Chart. In its 12th week on the UK R&B Albums chart it peaked at number 17, during the week of June 10, 2001 - June 16, 2001. By May 18, 2001, worldwide sales for Fear of Flying (2000) stood at six million copies sold combined with sales from Mya's debut album.
Impact and legacy
Mya have been credited with popularizing Y2K R&B. Erika Brooks Adickman of Idolator commented her music "epitomized everything that was great about turn-of-the millennium R&B." Described as sultry and futuristic, Alex Frank of Vogue applauded Harrison capabilities to "elbowed out the crunchy catchiness of Britney Spears and aggression of Kid Rock" with interesting, seductive music. With the dominant sounds of R&B production at the time, he also commended the singer for "creating something preppy and poppy and radio-friendly that kept pace with the Britneys and the N'Syncs without sacrificing experimentation." While, all in all, he characterized Mya's brand of R&B as "neo-R&B—an innovative take on a beloved genre that promised a way forward." He finished with Mya is "proof of a kind of inevitability of influence, with her sound now palpable in the music of a whole new generation of musicians who grew up on her hits."
Following its release, Fear of Flying cemented Mya place at the forefront of the genre's stars. American author Stacy-Deanne noted Fear of Flying took Mya to "new heights" and established her as a household name in mainstream media. Deanne recognized with Fear of Flying it exemplified why fans truly appreciated her music and saluted the sophomore effort as "poetic," "sexy," "passionate," and "honest sensitivity." Consequently, she expressed, Fear of Flying had succeeded in a way that the first album had not...it had "crossover appeal." In the midst of her success, Deanne opined Harrison proved herself a well rounded-performer with flexible abilities who was consistently a "source of attraction" on television and on tour. Essentially, Deanne dubbed Fear of Flying as Harrison's most expressive effort. Similarly, The Guardian lauded Fear of Flying as "a new golden age for R&B," while emphasizing Mya's "lightly melismatic vocals suited these rhythmically tricksy tales, capturing perfectly the highly charged sadness of a dead affair." In honor of their "2000 week," Billboard highlighted and included "How You Gonna Tell Me" on their 40 Best Deep Cuts of 2000 list, suggesting,"Tell Me" would've made a much likelier hit than the tepid "Best of Me."
Several recording artists have covered, sampled, or inspired by the singles from Fear of Flying such as Father, Tory Lanez, Jack Back, Giant Claw, Harloe, Sir Babygirl, and Normani.
Track listing
Notes
signifies a vocal producer
signifies an additional vocal producer
signifies a co-producer
signifies an additional producer
signifies a Pro Tools producer
signifies a remixer
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Fear of Flying.Performers and musicians Robert Aaron – horn
Beenie Man – vocals
Michael Cain – keyboards
Joe Davi – acoustic guitar
Rick Davies – horn
Traci Hale – backing vocals
Norman Hedman – percussion
Sean Hurley – bass guitar
Jadakiss – vocals
Elijah Joy – voice-over
Jordan Knight – vocals
Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes – vocals
Maiesha Rashad – voice-over
Marlon Williams – guitarTechnical'''
Mya – vocals (lead and background), production, executive production
Jerry Duplessis – production
A. Islam Haqq – production, executive production
Wyclef Jean – production
Rodney Jerkins – production
Kandi Burruss – co-production
Pro-Jay – programming, production
Chris "Tricky" Stewart – keyboards, programming, production
Swizz Beatz – production
Robin Thicke – programming, production
Anthony Dent – programming, production
Brandon Abeln – engineering
Ralph Cacciurri – engineering
Keith Cohen – engineering
Kevin Crouse – engineering
Chris Frame – engineering
Brad Gilderman – engineering
Jason Groucott – engineering, mix engineering
Tal Herzberg – engineering
Adam Holmstead – engineering
Ricco Lumpkins – engineering
Michael Sherman – engineering
Brian "B Luv" Thomas – engineering
Darrel Thorpe – engineering
Richard Travali – engineering, mix engineering
Dylan Vaughan – mix engineering
Kieran Wagner – engineering
Doug Woulson – engineering
Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing, mix engineering
Glen Marchese – mixing
Manny Marroquin – mixing
Tony Maserati – mixing
Chris Athens – mastering
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Notes
References
2000 albums
Albums produced by Jerry Duplessis
Albums produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Albums produced by Robin Thicke
Albums produced by Rodney Jerkins
Albums produced by Soulshock and Karlin
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by Trackmasters
Albums produced by Tricky Stewart
Albums produced by Wyclef Jean
Albums recorded at Chung King Studios
Albums recorded at Westlake Recording Studios
Hip hop soul albums
Interscope Records albums
Mýa albums |
4149786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro%20Beach%20Soccer%20League | Euro Beach Soccer League | The Euro Beach Soccer League (EBSL) is the premier competition in beach soccer contested between European men's national teams. The competition has been held annually since its establishment in 1998, making it the oldest beach soccer tournament in Europe and one of the oldest in the world, only surpassed in longevity by the World Cup and Mundialito events. The EBSL was originally created to promote the newly founded sport in Europe in a competitive environment and was originally called the European Pro Beach Soccer League until 2004.
Organised by Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW), the teams compete in two divisions; A, consisting of the league's 12 best nations and B, consisting of the other teams competing that year. A system of promotion and relegation exists between the two divisions.
The typical league format is played in two phases; a regular season and a post-season. Teams play in stages of fixtures during the regular season, hoping to earn enough points for their division's league table to qualify for their respective post-season events; for Division A, the Superfinal, in which league title is then directly contested, and for Division B, the Promotion Final, in which promotion to A is then directly contested.
The competition takes place between June and September. The league's rounds of matches are staged in a series of locations across Europe in which multiple nations gather to play, having spread as west as Dublin, Ireland and as east as Baku, Azerbaijan. Matches take place every few weeks over the course of a weekend, including Fridays. At most, Division A teams play 10 games a season and Division B nations, 7 games.
38 nations of Europe have competed since the initial 1998 season. Only four have featured in every season – France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The most successful nation is Portugal with eight titles, followed by Spain and Russia with five titles each. Italy have three titles (and are also current champions), Switzerland have two titles, whilst Germany, France and Ukraine have one title each.
History
Foundation
After beach soccer's inception in 1992, the sport grew quickly. In 1996, the Pro Beach Soccer Tour (PBST) was created by Beach Soccer Company (BSC) – a series of exhibition events across the world, totalling in 60 games by the end of 1997. In Europe, the interest generated was particularly prevalent. Unsatisfied with the status quo, representatives of six European beach soccer promoter entities met with the Graham family and Gabby Roe of BSC at Le Méridien hotel in Monte Carlo, Monaco, to discuss how to collectively grow the European game, namely Natalie Aubery (Monaco), Joël Cantona (France), Alex Colombo (Italy), Nicola Owen (Germany), Eric Steffan (Portugal), and Joan Cusco and Santi Soler (Spain). They perceived that the media, sponsors and fans in Europe desired a multi-event, summer-long competition, touring the continent with consistent national teams and star players to support in a competitive environment. Consequently, BSC proceeded to launch the first European Pro Beach Soccer League season (EPBSL) in 1998, moulded and structured as such.
Initial seasons (1998–2000)
In the inaugural season of 1998, seven countries took part, mostly from Western and Southern Europe – France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Yugoslavia, Switzerland and Portugal. The league events travelled across Europe, with multiple countries hosting rounds of fixtures called stages (see defunct formats for more), concluding in Monte Carlo, which saw Germany crowned champions – their only title to date. During this time, Prince Albert of Monaco became Honorary President of the EPBSL and Monte Carlo was chosen to host the final stage each year including a gala event. Spain went on to win the 1999 and 2000 editions, the latter famed for its conclusion with the title decided in the very last match of the season with the narrow 6–5 Spanish defeat of arch-rivals Portugal. Austria and the Netherlands also debuted during these years.
Much of the success of the league's early years is attributed to the recognisable retired association footballers who made the transition to the sand, attracting fans to attend and watch matches on TV. These included Eric Cantona, Michel, Claudio Gentile, Uli Stielike, Karl-Heinz Rummenigge, Emilio Butragueño and Andreas Brehme to name a few. Meanwhile, dedicated beach soccer players, without the footballing fame of these stars also made a name for themselves, most notably the young duo of Spain's Amarelle and Portugal's Madjer.
Introduction of the Superfinal and multiple divisions (2001–2005)
In 2001, thanks to a merger deal, Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW) became the league's new organisers. Subsequently, the competition underwent significant changes. The league was split into two phases – the existing regular season and a new post-season play-off phase called the Superfinal, in which the league champions would be determined instead of via the end of regular season league table. Furthermore, BSWW divided the nations of the league into two divisions (A and B) in 2002, with a short-lived third division (C) created in 2004 (see defunct formats for more). The league also doubled as the qualification route for European nations to the upcoming edition of the Beach Soccer World Championships.
Despite the new format, Iberian dominance continued initially. Spain claimed their third straight title in 2001, two-time runners-up Portugal finally claimed their first title in 2002, and Spanish superiority resumed as they won their fourth crown after just six seasons in 2003. However, such dominance ended with the results of 2004 and 2005 which finally saw new champions in France and Italy respectively, overcoming Spain and Portugal in the final of each respectively. Nations like England, Norway, Belgium, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine and Russia all joined the league during this period, expanding participation to more northern and eastern Europeans nations. However, they failed to make an impact against the superior, established Southern European quartet. Personnel-wise, European teams were quickly transitioning away from being composed of retired star footballers to comprising predominately younger players attempting a career in the new sport.
Commercially, the league enjoyed some of its greatest success at this time; BSWW secured "vastly expanded television coverage" of the EBSL from such networks as Sky Sports (UK), RAI (Italy), SIC (Portugal) and NRK (Norway) and "unprecedented demand from promoters" to host league events. Major sponsorship deals were also struck with McDonald's, Coca-Cola and MasterCard; in 2004, the competition was renamed to the shortened Euro Beach Soccer League (EBSL), and the latter became lead sponsors.
Third format era (2006–2007)
The EBSL once again underwent significant changes in 2006, entering its third distinct format era. In summary, the new format had Division B start and complete their regular season first, early in the summer. The top teams then qualified to play in Division A, to compete alongside the top tier's automatic entrants, which began its regular season later in the summer. The top teams at the end of the Division A regular season then proceeded to the Superfinal to contest the league title as usual. (see defunct formats for more)
Having switched from Monte Carlo to Marseille in 2005, BSWW made the French city the Superfinal's permanent new home for 2006 and 2007. Its impressive hosting was key in FIFA's decision to award the city as hosts of the 2008 World Cup. The EBSL continued to double as the World Cup qualification route for European nations into the FIFA era.
These years saw the Iberian nations return to the summit; Spain won their fifth title in 2006 and Portugal their second in 2007, narrowly denying France their own second crown by a single goal in the final. However the latter year saw the birth of a new European power, that of Russia who finished top of the Division A regular season table in just their first season in the top tier, ultimately finishing third in the Superfinal. This era saw the rise of the likes of Switzerland and Poland, establishing themselves as regular participants of the top tier.
Promotion and relegation (2009–present)
The 2008 season was greatly affected by the scheduling of the World Cup which shortened the league's calendar. Because of the time constraints, the incumbent format could not be implemented. Instead, all teams competed in one unified division in what was ultimately an anomalous season in terms of its format.
Heading into the 2009 season, BSWW did not return to the 2006–07 format but instead completely revamped the league's configuration, primarily introducing a system of promotion and relegation between Divisions A and B by making the Superfinal a Division A only event and establishing a second post-season event exclusively for Division B nations, the Promotion Final, in which promotion is achieved. The regular seasons of the two divisions were also reverted back to occur concurrently as in 2001–05. (see current format for more)
During this era participation has continued to increase, breaking the 20-team barrier in 2011 and a record 27 nations competed in 2017, seeing participation expand to some of Europe's least populated nations such as Lithuania and Andorra, and to the continent's most eastern periphery with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan debuting and becoming league regulars. The Superfinal and regular season stages have also spread out further across Europe; the former has been staged in Estonia, The Netherlands and Russia, whilst the latter have been hosted in Serbia, Hungary and Ukraine. Russia's rise culminated with their first title in 2009; with four further titles since, Russia equalled Spain and Portugal's long standing record tally of five titles in 2017, and at least finishing in the top four every season from 2007–19, the Russians have cemented their position as a superpower. During this period Portugal have continued to be a dominant side, becoming only the second team after Spain (1999–2001) to win three titles in a row (2019–2022), to move clear as the record-holding champions, now with eight. Meanwhile, Switzerland and Ukraine claimed their maiden crowns, and Belarus have also broken into the elite by reaching their first final in 2021. On the other hand, this era has seen the demise of nations like France, who saw relegation to Division B in 2010 and again 2012, meanwhile Spain have only made two finals during these ten years, despite their five previous titles.
The 2020s began with a series of disruptions to the league. The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted the 2020 season and also somewhat affected the 2021 season. And in 2022, longstanding and major league members, Russia and Belarus, were excluded from the competition in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Competition structure
Current format
In 2009, BSWW overhauled the existing league structure and introduced a new format that remains in use, featuring a system of promotion and relegation between two divisions of teams. The league currently consists of two phases – a regular season, typically taking place between June and August, and two post-season events, taking place in August or September. Minor amendments to the format were made in 2013 that focused on increasing the size of Division A and the number of teams advancing to the post-season events.
Divisions A and B
The nations of the EBSL are divided between two divisions; A, the league's top tier, and B, the league's lower tier. Each season, Division A nations aim to win the EBSL title, whilst Division B nations aim to be promoted to Division A, with one promotion spot available per season.
12 countries comprise Division A. These are the league's best teams. It features the top 11 finishers from the previous year's final Division A regular season league table, plus the one nation who earned promotion from Division B at end of the preceding season (the Promotion Final winners). Division B hosts all other participants, those with lesser ability on the sand than those in the top tier. The division features teams from the previous Division B season who were not promoted, nations returning after an absence from competing, the team relegated from Division A at the end of the previous season, and any debutants. Hence the total number of nations competing in Division B varies by season and as such is not fixed in size like Division A.
Regular season
The league begins with the regular season, consisting of multiple rounds of fixtures taking place every few weeks. Each set of matches is treated as its own event, known as a stage. Each stage of the season is hosted in a different European country. Typically, both Division A and Division B matches are organised to take place together during the same stage event. Overall, Division A nations generally take part in two stages per year and Division B nations, one stage each.
In each stage, the participating teams compete in groups of four in a round robin format (sometimes Division B nations play in groups of three) over the course of three days (usually Friday, Saturday and Sunday). Teams earn points for their divisions’ league table for winning matches during these stages, trying to earn enough to qualify for their respective divisions' post-season events (see below). The team who earned the most points during the event are declared stage winners and are presented with a trophy. Individual awards are also presented for the MVP, best goalkeeper and top scorer.
Superfinal
The post-season event for Division A teams is called the Superfinal. Of the 12 teams in Division A, the top eight ranking nations with the most points in the Division A league table at the end of the regular season proceed to the Superfinal. In this event, the participating nations directly compete for the league title. A four-day event, the eight teams are split into two groups of four, competing in a round robin format. The two group winners then proceed to the final, with the winner of this concluding match crowned champions of the EBSL.
Promotion Final
The post-season event for Division B nations is called the Promotion Final, staged in parallel with the Superfinal during same dates and in the same location. The top seven ranking nations with the most points in the Division B league table at the end of the regular season proceed to the Promotion Final. In this event, teams directly compete for the single promotion spot available. An eighth nation also takes part, the team that finished last in Division A, who compete to try and defend their Division A status.
The eight teams are split into two groups of four, competing in a round robin format. The two group winners then proceed to the final to play for promotion. The Division B nation which wins this match is promoted to Division A the next season, with the team bottom of Division A relegated. However, if the defending Division A team successfully wins the Promotion Final, fending off the challenge of the Division B teams, they will retain their Division A status for the next season, denying any prospective Division B team promotion.
Defunct formats
Locations of events
Part of the original concept of the EBSL was to link the multiple promoters of beach soccer in the different countries of Europe under the umbrella of a single Europe-wide competition. This was to ensure a strong structure of development for beach soccer throughout the Old Continent through such unity. This has meant that BSWW have hosted and continue to host EBSL events right across Europe.
The table below shows the countries which have hosted EBSL events, in order from that which has hosted the most, down to the least. The specific host towns and cities in each country are also listed. Overall, in 24 seasons, there have been 138 events hosted in 69 different locations in Europe.
Teams
As of the 2021 season, 24 teams comprise the Euro Beach Soccer League, split between two divisions: Division A consisting of 12 teams and Division B comprising 12 teams. Teams move between the divisions through a promotion and relegation process established in the 2009 season. One team a season can be promoted/relegated from each division. Prior to 2009, teams were simply allocated to divisions at the start of each season.
An eight team group from 2009 to 2012, the size of the top division has been fixed at 12 since 2013, seeing four extra teams promoted at the end of the 2012 season. However, teams returning after an absence from competing and new nations debuting are placed into the bottom division, hence its size, and the overall number nations participating in the league, has varied every season throughout the history of the competition.
Having started with seven nations in 1998 (France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Yugoslavia, Switzerland and Portugal), the milestone of 10 participating nations was reached in the 2002 season and 20 teams first took part in the 2011 season; the record is currently 27 teams, first achieved in the 2017 season. Overall, 36 different nations have competed since the opening edition. 20 members of UEFA are yet to enter the league. National teams such as Croatia, Malta and Slovenia have expressed interest in joining the league in the past, but have so far not participated.
Current line-up
2022 season results:
Inactive teams
Of the 36 nations that have competed at some point since the start of the EBSL, 16 are currently inactive – absent from competing in the league in recent years, but may return to compete again in the future. However, note that Monaco are not a FIFA member and so are not eligible to return to compete – their solo appearance in 2004 took place before FIFA became governing body of beach soccer.
Results
Season-by-season
The results shown were decided via the Superfinal since 2001 and via the end of season league table between 1998 and 2000.
The awards shown were presented after the Superfinal. However note that the awards presented to the players listed between 1998 and 2007 were based on those players' performances and goals amassed over the entire season. From 2008 onwards, season-encompassing awards were made defunct – the players listed received the awards based solely on their performance in the season-ending Superfinal.
Successful teams
Promoted and relegated teams (Promotion Final results)
The following table lists the results from the final match of the Promotion Final – the secondary post-season event in existence since 2009 from which the winner is promoted from Division B to Division A. (see Competition structure#Promotion Final for more)
The table also shows which defending Division A team failed to defend their place in the top tier during the Promotion Final and were therefore relegated (if applicable). The promoted teams are also listed because, in some seasons, more teams than simply the Promotion Final winners gained promotion. These special circumstances are explained via footnotes.
Statistics
Regular season stage winners
The first phase of the EBSL is the regular season. The matches of the regular season have been organised as both small-scale knockout tournaments and also round robin tournaments known as stages; the latter is the current format being used. The team which earns the most points at the end of the stage are declared stage winners and receive a trophy.
The following tables list every nation that has ever won a stage and how many stages in total they have won, by division. For comparison, the number of stages said team has ever played in that division in order to achieve the number of stage victories is also shown.
Division A
This table shows the teams which have won Division A regular season stages.
Division B
This table shows the teams which have won Division B regular season stages since the division was introduced in 2002.
Teams without a stage win
The following teams have previously competed in Division A or B but currently have zero stage victories in that division. The notes that apply to the above two tables also apply here.
Superfinal appearances
The Superfinal is the post-season event in which the nations with the most points at the end of the regular season qualify to play in, with the winner becoming league champions.
The table below lists all the teams who have ever qualified for Superfinal and the total number of times said team has appeared in the event.
Portugal are the only team to appear in all 22 Superfinals. Of the eight winners of the EBSL, Switzerland appeared in most Superfinals before finally winning the title, claiming the crown at their ninth attempt. Meanwhile, Poland and Belarus have appeared in the most Superfinals (seven) without yet winning the title.
All-time tables
Division or status in 2020:
Division A
The all-time Division A table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has ever played whilst being a member of Division A of the EBSL.
Division B
The all-time Division B table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has ever played whilst being a member of Division B of the EBSL since the division's establishment in 2002.
References
Notes
Citations
External links
Euro Beach Soccer League, at Beach Soccer Worldwide
Euro Beach Soccer League, at ZeroZero.pt (in Portuguese)
International beach soccer competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 1998
1998 establishments in Europe
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualification
European championships in association football |
4149791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-faced%20honeyeater | Yellow-faced honeyeater | The yellow-faced honeyeater (Caligavis chrysops) is a small to medium-sized bird in the honeyeater family, Meliphagidae. It takes its common and scientific names from the distinctive yellow stripes on the sides of its head. Its loud, clear call often begins twenty or thirty minutes before dawn. It is widespread across eastern and southeastern Australia, in open sclerophyll forests from coastal dunes to high-altitude subalpine areas, and woodlands along creeks and rivers. Comparatively short-billed for a honeyeater, it is thought to have adapted to a diet of flies, spiders, and beetles, as well as nectar and pollen from the flowers of plants, such as Banksia and Grevillea, and soft fruits. It catches insects in flight as well as gleaning them from the foliage of trees and shrubs.
Some yellow-faced honeyeaters are sedentary, but hundreds of thousands migrate northwards between March and May to spend the winter in southern Queensland, and return in July and August to breed in southern New South Wales and Victoria. They form socially monogamous pairs and lay two or three eggs in a delicate cup-shaped nest. The success rate can be low, and the pairs nest several times during the breeding season.
Honeyeaters' preferred woodland habitat is vulnerable to the effects of land-clearing, grazing, and weeds. As it is common and widespread, the yellow-faced honeyeater is considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to be of least concern for conservation. It is considered a pest in orchards in some areas.
Taxonomy
The yellow-faced honeyeater was first described, and placed in the genus Sylvia, by ornithologist John Latham in his 1801 work Supplementum Indicis Ornithologici, sive Systematis Ornithologiae. French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot described it as Melithreptus gilvicapillus in 1817, and English zoologist George Robert Gray as Ptilotis trivirgata in 1869. The specific name chrysops is derived from the Ancient Greek words chrysos meaning 'gold' and prosopo meaning 'face', in reference to the stripe of yellow feathers.
The yellow-faced honeyeater was classified in the genera Meliphaga and then Lichenostomus until 2011. Delineating the latter genus had been systematically contentious, and evaluations of relationships among honeyeaters in the genus, using dense taxon and nucleotide sampling, confirmed previous findings that Lichenostomus is not monophyletic. Five species have previously been described as comprising the Caligavis subgroup, but studies, using the mitochondrial DNA, identified the yellow-faced honeyeater as most closely related to the black-throated honeyeater (C. subfrenatus) and the obscure honeyeater (C. obscurus) of New Guinea; they were, therefore, grouped into the genus Caligavis. The generic name derives from the Latin caligo 'mist, obscurity' and avis 'bird'. The bridled honeyeater (B. frenatus) and the Eungella honeyeater (B. hindwoodi) were sufficiently different to be placed in a separate genus as Bolemoreus. A 2017 genetic study, using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, found the ancestor of the yellow-faced honeyeater diverged from the common ancestor of the other two Caligavis species around seven million years ago.
There are three subspecies of the yellow-faced honeyeater, two of which were described by Gregory Mathews in 1912. There are only very slight differences between the nominate race and C. c. samueli found in the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia, and C. c. barroni from the Clarke Range and the Atherton Tableland in Queensland. The latter race is described as "poorly differentiated" and "possibly not worthy of recognition" by the Handbook of the Birds of the World.
The Surgeon-General of New South Wales John White caught a specimen in May 1788 calling it a yellow-faced flycatcher in his Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, which was published in 1790. Latham called it the black-cheeked warbler. John Gould called it the yellow-faced honeyeater in 1848, which has become its official name. It is also known as the yellow-gaped honeyeater, or the quitchup, in reference to its call.
Description
Appearance
The yellow-faced honeyeater is a medium-small, greyish-brown bird that takes its common name from distinctive yellow stripes on the sides of the head. Yellow feathers form a narrow stripe above the gape, which broadens and curves below the eye to end in a small white patch of feathers on the ear coverts. Above the yellow stripe is a black eye stripe which is broken by a small yellow to off-white patch behind the eye, and below is another distinct black stripe running the length of the yellow line. The chin, throat, and breast are a pale greyish-brown, streaked with slightly darker grey, and the abdomen is light grey. The upper body is a dark greyish-brown to olive-brown. Olive-green outer edges on the remiges combine to form an olive panel on the folded wing. The bill is black and slightly down-curved, and the gape is cream. The legs and feet are grey-brown. The iris is a dusky blue in adult birds, and brown in juveniles. The juvenile is very similar to the adult, with slightly less streaking on the breast, an orange-brown tip on the bill, and a yellower gape; male and female birds are also similar, with the male being slightly larger (on average, heavier); and in the field there are no visible differences between the subspecies. The yellow-faced honeyeater averages in length, with a wingspan of , and a weight of , with an average of ).
Vocalizations
One of the first birds heard in the morning, the yellow-faced honeyeater utters calls that are full and loud, and extremely varied. The male sings from a roost for up to an hour, beginning twenty or thirty minutes before dawn. The song is a running series of cheerful notes sounding like chick-up, chick-up, from which its common name of quitchup is derived. Counter-singing (repeating the first bird's song) by neighbouring birds is common. The territorial call, also given by opponents during fights, is a long preet with an upward inflection. The alarm call is a loud trilling whistle. Common calls, thought to be contact calls, are animated two-note calls variously described as , , cr-rook, cr-rook or put-put, put-put.
Distribution and habitat
Habitat
Across its range, the yellow-faced honeyeater is found in a variety of habitats—in open sclerophyll forests from coastal dunes to high-altitude subalpine areas, and often in riparian woodlands. It most commonly dwells in open forests dominated by spotted gum (Corymbia maculata) with ironbarks and stringybarks, such as narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra) and silver-leaved ironbark (E. melanophloia), with a light, shrubby understorey, and less often in dry, open forests and woodlands dominated by Angophora, Acacia, Banksia, Casuarina or Callitris, or in high-altitude, tall, open forests of alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) and woodlands dominated by snow gum (E. pauciflora) or white box (E. albens). It has been recorded in coastal heath when banksias are blooming, and among flowering mangroves. It occupies areas infested with weeds, such as Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) and blackberries, and in developed areas including orchards, parks and gardens, where it feeds on cultivated fruit and flowers. It can be found in forests regenerating after fire or logging, though it is more common in mature forests. Where it is found in woodland, it is usually woodland near forest or with an understory of sclerophyll plants.
Range
The yellow-faced honeyeater ranges across a broad arc generally along the coastline from near Cooktown in Far North Queensland, and between a line from Charters Towers south to Albury and the coast, and then west to the Fleurieu Peninsula and the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia. Population densities have been recorded from 0.01 birds per hectare (2.5 acres) near Armidale in New South Wales to 7.8 birds per hectare at Tarnagulla, Victoria. During the winter months of June and July, numbers are generally lower in Victoria and higher in Queensland, following their northward migration.
Migration
There are resident populations of the yellow-faced honeyeater throughout its range, but it is for the most part a seasonal, latitudinal, daytime migrant. During the autumn (March to May), it migrates north along the highlands and coastal fringe of eastern Australia to southern Queensland, to return in the spring (August to October) of the same year. The birds commonly move in flocks of 10 to 100 birds, but occasionally in larger groups of 1,000 or more. The groups can include other species, such as the white-naped honeyeater, fuscous honeyeater, noisy friarbird, and silvereye. They move in successive flocks at a rate of up to several thousand birds an hour. Over 100,000 birds were recorded passing Hastings Point in New South Wales over the course of a single day in May 1965. The species is able to detect geomagnetic fields, and uses them to navigate while migrating. Experiments, where the vertical component of the magnetic field was reversed, indicate that the magnetic compass of the yellow-faced honeyeater is based on the inclination of the field lines and not on polarity, meaning they distinguish between the direction of the equator and the South Pole, rather than north and south. Their flight is in one general direction, but is not in a straight line, as the flocks stay in vegetated areas, negotiate gaps in the mountain ranges, and detour around cities.
The migration of many birds in Australia, including honeyeaters, has generally been described as occurring mainly in response to external environmental stimuli, such as food availability or an influx of water. The yellow-faced honeyeater has been found to have a broad range of characteristics that are more often associated with Northern Hemisphere migrants. These are an annual cycle of migratory restlessness, seasonally appropriate orientation based on magnetic, solar and polarised light cues, and a migration program based on the magnetic inclination compass.
Behaviour
The yellow-faced honeyeater is usually seen singly, in pairs or in small family groups, when not migrating. They forage as individuals, as pairs or as small groups of up to ten birds, and during migration in larger groups. They sometimes feed in large, mixed-species, foraging flocks, composed predominately of insectivorous birds.
Feeding
Comparatively short-billed for a honeyeater, the yellow-faced honeyeater is thought to have adapted to a mixed diet. Its diet consists of nectar, pollen, fruit, seeds, honeydew, and insects. It is arboreal, foraging primarily among the foliage and flowers of trees, shrubs, and mistletoes, less often on branches and tree-trunk, and rarely on the ground. Yellow-faced honeyeaters feed on nectar around 40% of the time, and on insects around 60% of the time. The yellow-faced honeyeater feeds on insects by gleaning, sallying, catching in flight, or probing in bark crevices. The insects eaten are primarily Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, maggots, gnats, and midges), beetles, and spiders. A study of the pollen on the bills and foreheads of captured birds found that 70% carried pollen from silver banksia (Banksia marginata), 61% from heath-leaved banksia (Banksia ericifolia), and 22% carried pollen from other plants in the area including fern-leaved banksia (Banksia oblongifolia), mountain devil (Lambertia formosa), and green spider-flower (Grevillea mucronulata).
In April and May, before the autumn migration, the yellow-faced honeyeater increases its nectar consumption, which increases its body mass. The average body mass in late autumn of is 13% higher than the average recorded between January and April, and the yellow-faced honeyeater begins the migration with healthy fat reserves.
Breeding
The yellow-faced honeyeater breeds in monogamous pairs in a breeding season that extends from July to March, with migrating birds nesting later than sedentary birds. They nest solitarily in all-purpose territories that both parents defend against conspecifics and other species including thornbills, spinebills and silvereyes, although the male is involved in more aggressive interactions than the female. Within a breeding season, females lay two or three clutches of eggs, re-nesting with the same partner in the same territory. Banded birds have been identified in the same territory for periods of up to five years.
The nest is built in the understorey shrubs, relatively close to the ground. Nests have been recorded in prickly coprosma (Coprosma quadrifida), Cassinia, tea-trees (Melaleuca), eucalypts and acacias, as well as in garden shrubs. The nest is a fragile, cup-shaped structure, swollen at the sides and narrower at the rim. The female builds the nest, but is often accompanied by the male as she gathers nesting material. Most nests are built of greenish material, which varies with the location; in coastal areas, grass is the primary material; in mountain forests, the nest is often covered with moss. One bird was recorded repeatedly flying between the nest and a koala away and plucking the long hair near its ears to incorporate in the nest. The nests are very fine, with the eggs visible through the gauze-like walls, and they sometimes fall apart. They have been known to disintegrate with eggs and nestlings falling through the bottom.
The female undertakes the incubation alone. Eggs are oval, approximately long and wide, and pinkish white in colour with spots and blotches of dark reddish-brown. The clutch size varies from one to three eggs, and eggs take around two weeks to hatch. Upon hatching, both parents feed the nestlings and remove faecal pellets. The chicks fledge after thirteen days, and leave the parental territory after a further two weeks. The success rate can be as low as 16% of eggs developing into fledged young, with nest failure, hot weather, heavy rain, human activity (including fungicide spraying and nest damage), egg destruction by brood parasites, and predation by brown snakes, cats, and currawongs, all recorded as contributing to brood failure. Among the species that parasitize the nests of yellow-faced honeyeaters are fan-tailed cuckoos, brush cuckoos, pallid cuckoos, shining bronze-cuckoos, and Horsfield's bronze-cuckoos. The yellow-faced honeyeater promptly nests again after both successful and failed breeding attempts.
A paternity analysis of yellow-faced honeyeater nestlings found that 10 of 18 nestlings were fathered by the male of the nesting pair, with clear evidence for extra-pair paternity in the case of the remaining 44%. This conflicts with the usual pattern, where genetic monogamy is linked to the characteristics of strong social pairing, essential paternal contributions to brood-rearing, and to sexual monomorphism; characteristics that are exhibited by the yellow honeyeater, for example.
Conservation status
Several ectoparasites, which can affect survival and reproductive fitness, have been found on the yellow-faced honeyeater: the mites, Ptilonyssus meliphagae and P. thymanzae, and Ixodes species ticks.
In general, honeyeaters require extensive corridors of mature trees along their migratory routes, and flowering woodlands for nesting, so they are vulnerable to the effects of land-clearing, grazing and weed infestation. The woodland habitat they prefer is considered an endangered ecological community. As it is common and widespread, the yellow-faced honeyeater is considered by the IUCN to be of least concern for conservation. A field experiment to determine whether yellow-faced honeyeater nests were less successful in fragmented habitats found that nests closer to forest margins actually had a higher success rate than those deeper in the forest. However, the yellow-faced honeyeater tends to nest away from the edge of forest remnants; experiments with natural and artificial nests at varying distances from the open areas showed no increase in the number of avian predators at the forest edge. The results of the field experiment did not support the "ecological trap" and "predator influx" theories, and contribute to a belief that fragmented habitats may not be as problematic as previously thought. In some areas, the species is considered a pest because of its intrusion into orchards and urban gardens, where it damages fruit.
References
Bibliography
External links
Photos, audio and video of yellow-faced honeyeater from Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library
Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the yellow-faced honeyeater
yellow-faced honeyeater
Birds of Queensland
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Victoria (state)
Endemic birds of Australia
yellow-faced honeyeater
Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist) |
4149880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatWest%20Three | NatWest Three | The NatWest Three, also known as the Enron Three, are the British businessmen Giles Darby, David Bermingham and Gary Mulgrew. In 2002, they were indicted in Houston, Texas, on seven counts of wire fraud against their former employer, Greenwich NatWest, as part of the Enron scandal.
After a high-profile battle in the British courts, the three men were extradited from the United Kingdom to the United States in 2006. On 28 November 2007, each pleaded guilty to one count of wire fraud in exchange for the other charges being dropped. On 22 February 2008, they were each sentenced to 37 months in prison. Initially they were jailed in the US, but were later repatriated to British prisons to serve out the rest of their sentences. They were released from custody in August 2010.
Background
In 2000, Giles Darby, David Bermingham and Gary Mulgrew worked for Greenwich NatWest, then a unit of National Westminster Bank, which was later acquired by Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS). The three were involved in Greenwich NatWest's dealings with the American energy company Enron. As a result of these dealings, NatWest owned a stake in a Cayman Islands-registered partnership, Swap Sub.
Swap Sub was a special-purpose entity created by Andrew Fastow, Enron's CFO, ostensibly for the purpose of hedging Enron's investment in Rhythms NetConnections, an internet service provider. Swap Sub's assets consisted of cash and Enron stock. Its liability was an option giving Enron the ability to require it to buy Enron's entire investment in Rhythms NetConnections at a predetermined price in 2004. In addition to NatWest, Credit Suisse First Boston held an equal stake in Swap Sub. The remainder was owned by a partnership managed by Fastow.
In March 2000, Enron terminated the hedging arrangement with Swap Sub. Fastow persuaded Enron to pay Swap Sub a $30 million fee to terminate the option and recover the Enron stock it owned, even though, because of a decline in the price of the Rhythms stock, Swap Sub owed Enron a large amount of money. $10 million of the payment went to Credit Suisse First Boston; Fastow falsely claimed to Enron that the other $20 million would go to NatWest, but in fact only $1 million did so. The payment, which was formally agreed on 22 March 2000, resulted in large profits for Swap Sub, enriching several Enron employees who had acquired ownership interests in the partnership.
Crime
According to the Statement of Facts which was signed by all three defendants as part of their eventual plea bargain, the Three realized in early 2000 that, because of rises in the stock prices of Enron and Rhythms, NatWest's interest in Swap Sub "had quite some value". On 22 February of that year, the three bankers made a presentation to Enron CFO Andrew Fastow suggesting ways in which this value could be captured; however, Fastow ultimately rejected this proposal.
Shortly afterwards, Fastow contacted Gary Mulgrew in late February or early March 2000 and offered to purchase NatWest's interest in Swap Sub. He also offered Mulgrew what is described in the Statement of Facts as "an unspecified financial opportunity" if he were to leave NatWest. Mulgrew discussed this conversation with Darby and Bermingham. On 6 March 2000, Fastow's assistant Michael Kopper contacted Darby with a formal proposal that a company Kopper controlled should purchase NatWest's stake in Swap Sub for $1 million. Mulgrew and Darby subsequently recommended to their superiors that NatWest should accept this offer.
Later that month, the three bankers learned that the "unspecified financial opportunity" which had been mentioned to Mulgrew involved their personally acquiring a portion of NatWest's stake in Swap Sub. In furtherance of this, Kopper set up a deal for the Three to acquire a put option on half of NatWest's former stake in the company. On 17 March, Darby collected the signatures needed to finalize the NatWest sale. On 20 March the Three executed the option agreement with Kopper. The Three concealed both their dealings with Fastow and Kopper, and the fact that they now had a financial interest in the company that bought Swap Sub, from their superiors at NatWest.
According to the Statement of Facts, the Three were unaware of the 22 March agreement to pay $30 million to Swap Sub. On 21 April 2000, Bermingham, who had resigned from NatWest in the meantime, exercised the options, resulting in a profit of more than $7 million. He subsequently split the proceeds with Darby and Mulgrew.
Timeline of legal proceedings
FSA investigation
In November 2001 the three bankers, having now moved to work at Royal Bank of Canada, learned that the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was investigating Fastow and voluntarily met with the British Financial Services Authority (FSA) to discuss the deal. According to their own account, the Three initiated this meeting in order to "ensure transparency". Bermingham later claimed that "[w]e gave [the FSA] everything because we thought we had nothing to hide."
In February 2002 the FSA completed its inquiries without taking any action. It later emerged that the FSA had passed the results of its investigation to the SEC, which had in turn passed them on to the prosecutors in the US Department of Justice. According to a report in The Times the FSA report was so detailed that it told the SEC whom to interview and what evidence would be needed to secure a conviction, and concluded that "there appears to be evidence that the three individuals were subject to a major conflict of interest".
Issue of arrest warrants and indictment
US arrest warrants for the Three were issued in June 2002. They were indicted by a grand jury in Houston, Texas in September of the same year on seven counts of wire fraud. The warrants were among the first issued by Enron prosecutors; media reports speculated that their main purpose was to induce the Three into a plea bargain whereby they would testify against Kopper and Fastow (seen as more important prosecution targets) in exchange for reduced sentences.
During the long delay caused by the decision of the Three to fight extradition, however, Kopper and Fastow both pleaded guilty and entered into plea bargains themselves. Thus, in an ironic turn of events, Kopper and Fastow were likely to have been the key prosecution witnesses against the Three if the case had gone to trial.
The indictment set out seven counts of wire fraud, each one corresponding to a document (fax, email or wire transfer) that was transmitted electronically in the United States in furtherance of the alleged fraudulent scheme. In addition to the facts agreed to as part of the eventual plea bargain, the indictment alleged that the Three knew, at the time they recommended the sale of Swap Sub to NatWest, that its value was significantly greater than $1 million, and that the 22 February presentation to Fastow was part of the fraudulent scheme. Although Enron officials were involved, the indictment did not allege that Enron Corporation itself was a victim of the scheme, or that the Three's activities had any connection to Enron's collapse.
The evidence against the NatWest Three included preparations for the 22 February presentation, which contained the phrase
Problem is that it is too obvious (to both Enron and LPs) what is happening (ie, robbery of LPs), so probably not attractive. Also no certainty of making money ...
Prosecutors alleged that the use of the word "robbery" in the presentation showed that the Three knew that they were planning to commit a crime. They also cited the discrepancy between the amounts of money accepted by NatWest ($1 million) and Credit Suisse First Boston ($10 million) for their equal stakes in Swap Sub.
Extradition to the United States
US prosecutors began to pursue proceedings in what they expected to be a "routine" extradition in the summer of 2002. The Three were arrested in Britain on 23 April 2004. Extradition proceedings under the Extradition Act 2003 commenced in June of that year amid widespread controversy.
In September 2004 a judge at Bow Street Magistrates' Court ruled that the extradition could proceed. The Three responded by suing Britain's Serious Fraud Office (SFO) in the High Court of Justice, seeking judicial review to force a prosecution in the UK which would have taken precedence over the US investigation.
In response the SFO issued a statement defending its decision to defer to prosecutors in the US:
After a significant delay, the extradition was endorsed by Home Secretary Charles Clarke in May 2005. The Three appealed this decision also in the High Court. On 20 February 2006 both the appeal against extradition and the suit to force the SFO to prosecute (which were consolidated into one case) were rejected by the High Court. The bankers appealed further to the House of Lords, but this appeal failed on 21 June 2006. On 27 June 2006 the Three lost an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights. Rumours in the British press that the government would support the Three's case were rejected by Attorney General Lord Goldsmith on 7 July 2006.
Initial court proceedings in the United States
After all legal avenues of appeal against extradition had been exhausted, the Three arrived in Houston on 13 July 2006. They spent one night in that city's Federal Detention Center before being released into the custody of their attorney, under a requirement that they wear electronic monitoring devices. On 21 July, a judge ruled that the Three could go free on bond but could not leave the Houston area, could not meet with each other without their lawyers present, and were required to raise between $80,000 and $150,000 by the end of the month. US immigration services gave them permission to accept employment in the US for a period of one year, but, because of the judge's order, they were not permitted to leave the Houston area to seek or obtain work.
Trial date postponements
On 2 August 2006 the trial date was delayed indefinitely from 13 September 2006, in order to allow two of the Three to secure legal representation. On 9 August 2006 the legal situation of the Three was complicated by subpoenas served on them in an Enron-related civil suit against Royal Bank of Canada. On 12 August 2006 all three informed the judge that they had retained attorneys.
On 6 September 2006, the trial date was set for February 2007 if witnesses could be obtained in time, failing that for 4 September 2007. Until that time the Three were required to wear monitoring devices and were forbidden from leaving the Houston area. On 1 August 2007, the trial date was moved back yet again to January 2008. This was following another earlier postponement to 22 October. This further delay was a significant blow to the three, and their supporters stressed again the problems they were facing with the scale of legal fees and further separation from their families in the UK.
Witnesses controversy
On 6 August 2007, the Three asked the judge in the case to order six former colleagues living in Britain to provide video testimony for their defence. In a court filing explaining this request, they alleged that "[s]everal individuals now refuse to travel to the United States to appear on defendants' behalf because they feel, or have been, threatened by the [US] government". Such a request would have required the co-operation of British authorities.
The Three's filing also claimed that Royal Bank of Scotland was obstructing attempts to contact a larger group of thirty-six employees who were also potential witnesses, claiming that "[t]he Royal Bank of Scotland and the Royal Bank of Canada have… taken steps to prevent Defendants from securing the testimony of former colleagues", and that "counsel for the purported victim in this case [RBS] has interfered with the ability of defence counsel to obtain relevant testimony". They concluded that the Three's ability "to mount a vigorous defence has thereby been severely compromised, if not eviscerated". The Three went so far as to publicly name the prospective witnesses in the hope that that would encourage some of them to speak out.
Plea bargain
On 28 November 2007, the Three accepted a plea bargain, pleading guilty to one count of wire fraud. In exchange, prosecutors agreed to drop the other six counts, and to support the application by the Three to serve part of their sentences in the United Kingdom. In the plea agreement, the Three pleaded guilty to count four of the indictment, relating to the email from London to Houston of the final Swap Sub sale documents. A "statement of facts" was appended to the plea agreement as Exhibit A and was signed by all three defendants.
Prosecutor Alice Fisher stated, "[t]hese three defendants admitted today that they defrauded NatWest by entering into a secret and illegal deal with officers from Enron – a deal that yielded millions in profits for them personally at the expense of their employer". However, an article in The Daily Telegraph argued that the guilty pleas were motivated not by actual guilt, but rather by the prospect of further delays before the trial and possible 35-year sentences if convicted. Other British commentators agreed that this was a possibility. The Telegraph piece went on to claim that the statement of facts did not state that the Three knowingly defrauded NatWest. The original indictment alleged that the Three knew that NatWest's stake was worth far more than the $1 million it was being sold for; the statement of facts claimed only that bankers believed it was likely that they would make significant amounts of money as a result of the transaction, based on information that they concealed from their employer.
In August 2010 Bermingham and Mulgrew appeared in a video on ungagged.net, a site devoted to attacking the US Department of Justice's handling of the Enron collapse. In the video David Bermingham recanted his guilty plea, and both he and Mulgrew claimed that they had been pressured into accepting plea bargains, attacking the US judicial system and characterising their treatment as "torture". Giles Darby said that he "fundamentally" disagreed with the claims made by Bermingham and Mulgrew in the video.
Sentencing and prison
The NatWest Three were sentenced on 22 February 2008 to 37 months of imprisonment. They were given no remission for the time they had spent in the United States awaiting trial. They were also required to repay $7.3 million to Royal Bank of Scotland, the successor bank to Greenwich NatWest, of which $1.25 million would be due when the men surrendered themselves to prison authorities. During sentencing, the Three each made brief statements to the judge. Mulgrew said that he had shown a "lack of integrity" and "exercised poor judgement", concluding that "I have no one to blame but myself". Darby admitted that he was "wrong", and said "I deeply regret my involvement in this whole affair."
Darby's lawyer stated that "Andy Fastow and the culture of greed at Enron corrupted everybody and everything it came in contact with", and added that the Three "are as much victims as anybody else." The Three requested to be assigned to the low-security federal prison in Allenwood, Pennsylvania. In April 2008, each was assigned to a different prison: Mulgrew was ordered to surrender to the facility in Big Spring, Texas on 30 April; Giles Darby to the Allenwood facility on 7 May; and David Bermingham to the prison in Lompoc, California, on 9 May.
Mulgrew, Darby and Bermingham were assigned consecutive federal inmate numbers (66096-179, 66097-179 and 66098-179 respectively). They were later allowed to serve the remainder of their sentence in England. Bermingham was moved from Spring Hill Open Prison to a closed prison in Grendon Underwood in August 2009. The three were released in August 2010.
Public relations campaign in Britain
Press coverage of the Three in Britain was initially mostly negative, focusing on the amount of money the men had gained and their extravagant lifestyles.
For example, The Independent wrote that the men saw themselves as "womanising buccanneers who played as hard and as fast as they pursued their deals", and The Sunday Times described Mulgrew as "fiercely competitive" with "a massive ego" and "scars on his arms" from his former career as a nightclub bouncer. The tone of the reporting changed when the Three secured the services of Bell Yard Communications, a public relations firm which specialised in "public reputation management during times of corporate crisis or dispute", headed by Melanie Riley. Adrian Flook of M: Communications was also involved. Both firms claimed to be working pro bono. Riley said that "I have been working pro bono for the last six months because I believe in the case. We have worked hard to ensure that people understood the inequity of the Extradition Act."
Guardian journalist Nick Davies, in his book Flat Earth News, described the strategy adopted by Bell Yard:
Davies later recounted the reaction of the press:
Riley summed up her strategy as follows:
M: Communications co-founder Nick Miles added:
An article in the Financial Times also highlighted the achievements of the public relations team:
The Three feature as victims of British justice in the £500,000 documentary Taking Liberties, made by Bermingham's film finance acquaintance.
Extradition controversy
The extensive news coverage of the Three in Britain resulted in a large-scale debate over the merits of their extradition to the United States under the then new Extradition Act 2003. In particular, a high-profile campaign against the extradition was led by The Daily Telegraph newspaper. Several arguments were raised against the extradition.
Jurisdiction argument
It was argued that the crime was committed by British citizens living in Britain against a British company based in London, the nation's capital city and that, therefore, any resulting criminal case fell under British legal and territorial jurisdiction and should be tried by a British court. However, British authorities decided not to prosecute due to a purported lack of evidence.
Fair trial argument
Some argued that it would be very difficult for Three to receive a fair trial in Texas. The case could have taken years to come to trial. The trial was scheduled to begin in September 2006, but was repeatedly postponed to January 2008. The three accused men would be forced to remain in the US, far away from their families in the UK. Additionally, while on bail they would be unable to find gainful employment in order to fund a legal defence against the charges brought against them. (The Three were permitted to seek employment in the US provided they remained in Houston.)
It was also claimed that the defendants would be handicapped in preparing a defence because most of the evidence and witnesses were overseas in the UK. They argued that witnesses would be reluctant to come to Texas.
Extradition inequality argument
It was alleged that the extradition arrangements between the US and the UK were highly unequal. The Act's terms made it easier to extradite British citizens to America than vice versa. There has been much criticism of the fact that the Americans do not have to produce a prima facie case to extradite British citizens, whereas there was no comparable facility to extradite US citizens to the UK. Despite this, the head of Britain's Serious Fraud Office, Robert Wardle, has claimed that there would have been enough evidence to extradite the Three to the US even under the old extradition arrangements. He expressed astonishment that the men had become a "cause célèbre", and expressed confidence that the Three would get a fair trial in the US. Supporters of the Three claim that when the extradition law was passed in the wake of 11 September the British government stated that it was only to be used in the so-called war against terror and if the treaty was ratified by the US. However, neither of these conditions was written into the text of the extradition law, and neither had been fulfilled in the case of the Three at the time of their extradition. (The treaty was subsequently ratified by the US in September 2006.)
House of Commons debate
The Speaker of the House of Commons, Michael Martin, allowed an emergency debate, on 12 July 2006, on both the treaty and the 'Natwest Three' after a request by Liberal Democrat MP Nick Clegg.
Neil Coulbeck
On 12 July 2006, a former Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) executive and FBI prosecution witness Neil Coulbeck had been found dead, after committing suicide by slitting his wrists. Coulbeck had worked for RBS until 2004, latterly as Head of Group Treasury.
It had been suggested by friends and family that the FBI 'hounded' Coulbeck. At the inquest into his death, Coulbeck's wife stated that he had been deeply disturbed by the extradition of the Three, and it was known that he had provided a crucial statement which in part led to their extradition. The FBI denied this, saying that it had interviewed Coulbeck only once, four years earlier.
Relevance in future extradition cases
The case of the NatWest Three was cited in Parliament in relation to the 2020 US extradition request for Mike Lynch, founder of software company Autonomy. David Davis stated:
Publications
Comments on the attempt by the US to extradite Autonomy founder Mike Lynch: "[i]t is a near statistical certainty that someone extradited to the US will end up guilty, most probably through a plea bargain rather than going to trial, because the criminal justice system in the US is so heavily geared towards this outcome".
"[A]longside the horror stories about gang beatings and brutality, Giles also wrote about the larger-than-life characters he met and the unexpected antics of his fellow inmates."
"The remarkable true story of one man’s journey from a Glasgow orphanage to a notorious gang-infested prison in Texas. Driven by his desire to return to his son in England and haunted by the increasingly frustrating search for his missing daughter".
See also
Babar Ahmad
David Carruthers
Peter Dicks
Gary McKinnon
Christopher Tappin
Syed Talha Ahsan
Richard O'Dwyer
References
Bibliography
External links
Friends Extradited (a supporter website)
"Telegraph executives lend support to 'NatWest Three'", guardian.co.uk; accessed 16 November 2015.
Inmate Tracker – shows Bermingham's term in the Federal Bureau of Prisons system
Inmate Tracker which shows Mulgrew's term in the Federal Bureau of Prisons system
Inmate Tracker – shows Darby's term in the Federal Bureau of Prisons system
Gary Mulgrew profile, ft.com; accessed 16 November 2015.
June 2002 crimes in the United States
British fraudsters
English white-collar criminals
Corporate crime
Enron scandal
Quantified groups of defendants
People extradited from the United Kingdom to the United States
Living people
NatWest Group litigation
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4149944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach%20Soccer%20Worldwide | Beach Soccer Worldwide | Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW) is the organisation responsible for the founding and growth of association football's derivative sport of beach soccer. The founding partners of BSWW codified the rules of beach soccer in 1992, with BSWW as it is known today having been officially founded in late 2000 as a singular institution to develop the sport and organise international beach soccer competitions across the globe, primarily between national teams. The company is recognised as playing the biggest role in helping to establish the rules of beach soccer, to spread and evolve the sport around the world as cited by FIFA who took on governing body status of the sport from BSWW in 2005. Having established the sport's key regulations, FIFA acknowledged BSWW's framework, making their rules the official laws of beach soccer and now controls them and any modifications.
Today, under the recognition of FIFA, BSWW continues to be main organisation that organises beach soccer tournaments and development (with FIFA's assistance) around the world, mainly in Europe, including the Euro Beach Soccer League, BSWW exhibition tour events and others, having involved over 110 national teams in the sport, as well as newly founded club competitions. Its founders also established the Beach Soccer World Championships; BSWW created a partnership with FIFA, FIFA Beach Soccer S.L., in 2005 to manage the tournament as the newly named FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup, the only major international beach soccer tournament that BSWW does not have a hand in organising but which is all the management of FIFA.
Members of the organisation serve on FIFA's Beach Soccer Committee.
First international matches was played in 1993 for men and 2009 for women.Now (July 2023) 193 Men / 64 Women club and 101 Men / 23 Women national team sorted in World Ranking.
History
Founding
BSWW's routes are traced back to 1992 with the establishment of the official rules of the sport by Giancarlo Signorini, the founding partner of Beach Soccer Company (BSC). In 1992, Signorini staged a pilot event in Los Angeles in order to test out and perfect these rules which remain very similar today. In July 1993, with the aid of his own company, BSI, Signorini organised the first professional beach soccer event, held on Miami Beach, Florida. A keen interest was taken by Brazilian sports marketing agency, Koch Tavares, who replicated the event in 1994 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Viking Graham Sports Group, a Philadelphia based investment group, acquired BSI's rights to stage professional beach soccer events, forming a partnership with Signorini to create Beach Soccer Company.
Koch Tavares and BSC went on to be the main two entities involved in promoting beach soccer for the rest of the 1990s, with the former responsible for organising the Beach Soccer World Championships beginning in 1995, and the latter establishing the Pro Beach Soccer Tour in 1996, a series of worldwide professional exhibition tournaments to promote the sport, and the European Pro Beach Soccer League in 1998, all contested between national teams as opposed to clubs. BSC relocated to Monaco in 1998 and again to Barcelona in 1999, renaming to become Pro Beach Soccer, S.L. (PBS) in 2000 to reflect the branding of their established events.
In October 2000, the entity of Koch Tavares responsible for beach soccer and PBS came together to register one single company in order to streamline development of the sport under one unifying company, as opposed to multiple parties involved trying to synchronise progress between one another, officially forming Beach Soccer Worldwide, opting to remain based in Barcelona. Starting with the 2001 season, BSWW took on roles of organising all major competitions of the preceding companies including the Pro Beach Soccer Tour and European Pro Beach Soccer League, whilst supervising the World Championships and the newly created America's League, all remaining focused on national teams. This was also done to make it easier to bring on board sponsors, coordinate media coverage and present the football alternative to FIFA under a clearly defined, all-encompassing, representative body for beach soccer.
FIFA partnership
BSWW's attention immediately turned to FIFA. Beach Soccer Company had already ensured all tournaments from 2000 onwards were played under FIFA's fair play rules and delegates from both parties met multiple times to discuss for BSWW's rules of the sport and competitions to gain recognition and backing of football's governing body. By 2002, FIFA had come to an agreement with BSWW to adopt the rules and regulations that had been established over the previous decade, with some minor changes to ensure FIFA's interest in key components of regular football were respected and acknowledging key major tournaments in the sport including the World Championships. During this time, BSWW also brought on board major sponsors such as MasterCard, McDonald's and Coca-Cola for certain time period.
The involvement with FIFA was furthered in 2004 when FIFA Beach Soccer S.L. was established in agreement and partnership with BSWW, to take over responsibility of the World Championships, being beach soccer's primary tournament, to become an official FIFA competition. The newly named FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup would start in 2005, with BSWW staff acting as advisers. It was also agreed that FIFA would become the sport's governing body, taking over from BSWW.
However at this time FIFA also recognised BSWW as the main entity behind past and more importantly continuing promotion and development of the sport elsewhere besides the new World Cup, and so BSWW retained the organisation responsibilities and control of other beach soccer championships like the EBSL, with FIFA only taking full control of the World Cup. So much so that after the first successful World Cup in 2005, when FIFA established World Cup qualifying tournaments to promote the sport across all confederations to start in 2006, all responsibility was handed to BSWW to organise and execute such events, with FIFA only supervising.
Continued development
Since then, BSWW has continued to develop the sport worldwide, now aided greatly with FIFA's beach soccer training courses and refereeing. The Euro Beach Soccer League (dropping the pro from the title in 2004 as it was no longer reflecting of the company name) has remained BSWW's main asset, gathering up to 27 nations to compete in recent editions compared to just 7 in the first event in 1998 in a summer-long event. The Pro Beach Soccer Tour has also been renamed to the BSWW Tour for the same reasons, continuing exhibition events to promote the sport as far wide and remote as Réunion and Cape Verde with around 10 tour events a year. BSWW has continued organising the World Cup qualifiers, as well as establishing new regular international competitions such as the Intercontinental Cup (similar to the FIFA Confederations Cup) since 2011 and generating more interest from big sponsors like Samsung and Huawei.
BSWW representatives, in partnership with FIFA, have liaised with the International Olympic Committee a number of times, with Olympic-affiliated events such as the Asian Beach Games integrating beach soccer from 2008 onward, the South American Beach Games from 2009 and the European Games starting from 2015. The ultimate aim is to have beach soccer a sport in the summer Olympics. But despite a campaign for inclusion in the Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 Olympics., the sport was ultimately not included and so lobbying in cooperation with FIFA continues, to ultimately fulfil the goal of making beach soccer an Olympic sport. In 2017, BSWW secured beach soccer as a sport at the inaugural Olympic-affiliated World Beach Games in 2019 and hope to use its inclusion as a springboard for future absorption into the Summer Olympics.
More recently, a greater involvement from certain confederations in organising World Cup qualifying championships has eased the full involvement of BSWW, allowing the federation to promote the club side of the game more, establishing the Mundialito de Clubs (Club World Cup) in 2011 and the Euro Winners Cup (similar to the UEFA Champions League) in 2013.
Development of the women's game has also become a target for BSWW, with the first official game between Switzerland and Germany in 2009, promoting further international exhibition tournaments and friendlies involving nations such as England, Italy and the Czech Republic, with the Euro Winners Cup having a 16-club women's version for the first time in 2016 and the first Women's Euro Beach Soccer Cup also taking place in 2016.
BSWW has organised and delivered over 200 international events in more than 50 countries worldwide, involving over 110 nations from all confederations, assembling an audience of over 250 million households in 180 countries. Vice-president Joan Cuscó continues to serve on FIFA's Beach Soccer committee as BSWW's representative. In 2017, BSWW and FIFA agreed to extend their partnership until at least 2024.
Identity
Flag
Stars awards
It has been standard practice for BSWW to award prizes to the top scorer, MVP and best goalkeeper at the conclusion every event of their organisation. However, in 2014, BSWW took this concept of awards to a new level, establishing beach soccer's first annual end of season awards ceremony, taking place during November in Dubai. The ceremony, a gala event attended by many of the world's leading figures in the sport, celebrates the achievements of top performers worldwide over the course of the season and has been compared to FIFA's The Best awards and the Ballon D'or in association football, in both importance, grandeur and equivalence for the those involved in beach soccer.
Some of the many prizes awarded on the night include best player of the year, best coach of the year, best goal and best team.
BSWW structured tournaments
BSWW organises and has an input in many different competitions; the following are regular events that are ongoing:
Advisory role:
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup
Considerable input, with involvement from confederations, under the supervision of FIFA:
AFC Beach Soccer Championship
Africa Beach Soccer Cup of Nations
CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship
CONMEBOL Beach Soccer Championship
OFC Beach Soccer Championship
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualifiers (UEFA)
Euro Beach Soccer League
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Laos national beach soccer team (2008)
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Ecuador national beach soccer team (2009)
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Zanzibar national beach soccer team (2014) Unofficial
Uganda national beach soccer team (2014)
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Kenya national beach soccer team (2015)
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Guadeloupe national beach soccer team (2015)
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Malta national beach soccer team (2015)
Guyana national beach soccer team (2017)
Bonaire national beach soccer team (2019)
Kyrgyzstan national beach soccer team (2019)
Malawi national beach soccer team (2022)
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Switzerland women's national beach soccer team (2009)
Germany women's national beach soccer team (2009)
Portugal women's national beach soccer team (2010)
Haiti women's national beach soccer team (2010)
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Turks & Caicos Islands women's national beach soccer team (2012)
England women's national beach soccer team (2014)
Greece women's national beach soccer team (2016)
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Mexico women's national beach soccer team (2017)
Russia women's national beach soccer team (2018)
Algeria women's national beach soccer team (2019)
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Brazil women's national beach soccer team (2019)
Paraguay women's national beach soccer team (2019)
Argentina women's national beach soccer team (2019)
Chile women's national beach soccer team (2019)
Ukraine women's national beach soccer team (2021)
Sweden women's national beach soccer team (2022)
Trinidad and Tobago women's national beach soccer team (2022)
Poland women's national beach soccer team (2022)
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4150177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks%20in%20the%20Cold%20War | Tanks in the Cold War | Tank development both evolved considerably from World War II and played a key role during the Cold War (1945–1990). The period pitted the nations of the Eastern Bloc (organized under the Warsaw Pact in 1955) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO (since 1949) against each other.
After World War II, tank design budgets were cut and engineering staff was often scattered. Many war planners believed that with the advent of nuclear weapons the tank was obsolete, given that a tactical nuclear weapon could destroy any brigade or regiment, whether it was armoured or not.
In spite of this, tanks would not only continue to be produced in huge numbers, but the technology advanced dramatically as well. Tanks became larger and advances in armour made it much more effective. Aspects of gun technology changed significantly as well, with advances in shell design and terminal effectiveness.
Soviet domination of the Warsaw Pact led to effective standardization on a few tank designs. Oppositely, the key NATO nations – the US, UK, France, and West Germany – all developed their own tank designs. These had little in common, with smaller NATO nations purchasing or adapting one or more of these designs.
The Korean War proved that tanks were still useful on the battlefield, given the hesitation of the great powers to use nuclear weapons. In the 1950s, many nations' tanks were equipped with NBC (nuclear, biologic, and chemical) protection, allowing mechanized units to defend against all three types of weapon, or to conduct breakthroughs by exploiting battlefield nuclear strikes.
The decades since have seen continual improvements in tank design, but no fundamental change. Among these have been larger yet guns, correspondingly improved armor systems, and refinements to targeting and ranging (fire control), gun stabilisation, communications and crew comfort.
Transition to main battle tanks
During and after World War II some medium tanks designs, such as the American M26 and Soviet T-44, were mass produced before the concept of a main battle tank idea had evolved. These were highly similar to early main battle tanks, with powerful guns, moderate armor, and decent mobility. Their successors, the M46 Patton and T-54, followed suit before the main battle tank doctrine was fully accepted.
Development of the main battle tank
Medium tanks gradually evolved into the new concept of the main battle tank. This transition happened gradually in the 1950s, as it was realized that medium tanks could carry guns (such as the US 90 mm gun, Soviet 100mm D-10 tank gun, and especially the British L7 105 mm gun) that could penetrate any practical level of armour at long range. The World War II concept of heavy tanks, armed with the most powerful guns and heaviest armour, became obsolete since they were just as vulnerable as other vehicles to the new medium tanks. Likewise, World War II had shown that lightly armed, lightly armoured tanks were of little value in most roles. Even reconnaissance vehicles had shown a trend towards heavier weight and greater firepower during World War II; speed was not a substitute for armor and firepower.
An increasing variety of anti-tank weapons and the perceived threat of a nuclear war prioritized the need for additional armor. The additional armour prompted the design of even more powerful guns. The main battle tank thus took on the role the British had once called the 'Universal tank', filling almost all battlefield roles. Typical main battle tanks were well armed and highly mobile, but cheap enough to be built in large numbers. The classic main battle tanks of the 1950s were the British Centurion, the Soviet T-55 series, and the US M46 thru the M48 series, which saw continuous updates throughout the Cold war. For example, the Centurion began life with the highly effective 17-pounder (76.2 mm) gun, but was upgraded to 20 pounder (84 mm) and then 105 mm main armament by 1959, with improved fire control and new engines.
The Soviet T-55 started with a 100 mm gun, but has been upgraded with both 115 mm and 125 mm guns, much improved fire control systems, new engines, track, etc. The M46 series evolved through to the M60 series. The first Soviet main battle tank was the T-64 while the first American MBT was the M60 combat tank.
These vehicles and their derivatives formed the bulk of the armoured forces of NATO and the Warsaw Pact throughout the Cold War; many remain in use in the 21st century.
Light tanks
Light tanks, such as the Soviet PT-76, maintained limited roles such as amphibious reconnaissance, support of Airborne units, and in rapid intervention forces which were not expected to face enemy tanks. The US M551 Sheridan had similar strengths and weaknesses, but could also be airdropped, either by parachute or LAPES. The value of light tanks for scouting has been diminished greatly by helicopters, although many continued to be fielded. During the early Cold War the US wielded the more conventional M41 Walker Bulldog. From the mid-late Cold War Infantry Fighting Vehicles such as the Soviet BMP and US M2 Bradley to an extent replaced light tanks, being similar to the extent that they are lesser armed and armored but lighter and cheaper than main battle tanks. At the end of the Cold War light tank-like armored cars were designed such as the South African Rooikat and the Italian B1 Centauro which have seen service in the post-Cold War era.
Heavy tanks
Heavy tanks such as the T-10 continued to be developed and fielded along with medium tanks until the 1960s and 1970s, when the development of anti-tank guided missiles and powerful tank guns rendered them ineffective. The combination of large high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warheads, with a long effective range relative to a tank gun, and with high accuracy, meant that heavy tanks could no longer function in a stand-off, or overwatch role; much cheaper antitank guided missiles could fill this role as well. Medium tanks were just as vulnerable to the new missiles, but could be fielded in greater numbers and had higher battlefield mobility.
The development of antitank weapons and countermeasures
After the Yom Kippur War of 1973, when Israeli tanks were destroyed in large quantities by man-portable wire-guided missiles (ATGMs) fired by Egyptian infantry, concerns were raised on the vulnerability of tanks on the battlefield to antitank weapons. Subsequent analysis showed that Israeli forces had underestimated their opponents during the first phases of the war; their all-tank tactics ignored the newfound ability of Infantry armed with cheap AT weapons to stop tanks. Tactically, there was renewed recognition for the need for combined-arms tactics. This led to greater mechanization of Infantry and advanced artillery tactics and warheads. Tanks alone were vulnerable to Infantry, but a combined team of tanks, mechanized Infantry, and mechanized artillery could still win in the new environment.
In 1974, the United States initiated a program to modernise its existing tank fleet and start real mass production of the M60A1, and later the M60A3; at the same time the M1 was developed. Budgets for tank design and production picked up during the administration of president Ronald Reagan, following tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.
In response to infantry-portable and vehicle-mounted ATGMS, ever more capable vehicle armour were developed. Spaced armour, composite, explosive reactive armour, and active protection systems—like the Russian Shtora, Drozd, and Arena—were added to old and new tanks. Despite these improvements the larger missiles remained highly effective against tanks.
Missile armed tanks
During the latter half of the 20th century, some tanks were armed with ATGMs (Anti-Tank Guided Missiles) which could be launched through a smoothbore or (in the case of "Shillelagh") a rifled main gun barrel with a provision to prevent imparting "spin" to the missile. In the U.S., the M60A2, M551 Sheridan, and prototype MBT-70, with 152 mm barrel/launchers used the Shillelagh infrared-guided missile.
During WWII a few tanks designs such as the M4 Sherman were modified to carry unguided rockets on the turret in addition to their main gun. This concept was to a limited extent carried into the Cold War with ATGMs; examples include the French AMX-13 and the Swedish Strv 81 (the Swedish version of the British centurion), both modified to carry SS.11 missiles on the top and sides of the turret, respectively.
The MBT-70 was cancelled prior to production due to high cost, and superseded by the M1 Abrams, which used a conventional gun. The M551 and the M60A2 were widely considered disappointing due to problems of overall complexity, sensitive advanced electrical systems (some components of which involved the Shillelagh guidance system) and issues related to the conventional rounds with combustible cases, though the Sheridan would serve into the 1990s before finally being withdrawn. The M60A2's were eventually replaced by M60A3s using conventional 105 mm guns.
The Soviet Union put gun-launched missiles into service in the mid-1970s, which continue to be used in CIS forces. Tanks capable of firing gun-launched missiles in Russian service include the T-72, T-80, T-90, and upgraded T-55 (T-55AM2). Ukraine also employs missile-armed T-64, T-80, and T-84 tanks.
History in the Cold War
Korean War
In the Korean War M24 Chaffees were the first U.S. tanks to fight the North Korean T-34-85s. The Chaffee fared poorly against these much better-armed and armored medium tanks. Chaffees were more successful later in the war in their reconnaissance role, supported by heavier tanks such as the M4 Sherman, M26 Pershing, and M46 Patton.
The heavier but older Pershing was deemed unsatisfactory due to its inferior mobility, which was unsuitable for a medium tank role as it used the same engine that powered the much lighter M4 Sherman, and 1949, the upgraded M26 received a new power plant and a main gun with bore evacuator, and the M46 Patton designation. Less than a thousand were upgraded to M46 standard.
On 8 August 1950 the first M46 Pattons landed in South Korea. The tank proved superior to the much lighter North Korean T-34-85, which were encountered in relatively small numbers. By the end of 1950, 200 M46 Pattons had been fielded, forming about 15% of US tank strength in Korea; the balance of 1,326 tanks shipped to Korea during 1950 included 679 M4A3 Shermans, 309 M26 Pershings, and 138 M24 Chaffee light tanks. Subsequent shipments of M46 and M46A1 Pattons allowed all remaining M26 Pershings to be withdrawn during 1951, and most Sherman equipped units were also reequipped.
By 1953 the M24 Chaffees were completely replaced by the M41 Walker Bulldog, which was rushed to the battlefield by the U.S. Army. The Walker Bulldog was too late to see combat during the Korean War.
British Centurion tanks, assisted by Cromwells in the reconnaissance role, arrived in Korea in late 1950. The UK tanks had to operate in much colder conditions than their usual deployments on the North German Plain. The Centurions covered the retreat at the battle of the Imjin River with the tanks from C Squadron, 8th Hussars, under the command of Major Henry Huth and by 55 Squadron, Royal Engineers. The British position on the Imjin river "was deemed safe" but vulnerable in case of an attack which prove to be case, and the tanks were able stand their ground in the battle. The Centurions were also in Operation Commando and were used to capture high ground earning praise from the commander of I Corps. Thereafter the war was largely static and the Centurions were used as artillery against the infantry attacks which generally happened at night.
Interwar
The M47 Patton was intended to replace the M46 Patton and M4 Sherman tanks. It had a 90 mm gun and a crew of 5. Despite it being the primary tank of the US it never saw combat while in US service. In early 1951, the U.S. initiated the design of the M48 Patton, designated the T-48 with a 90 mm gun. The T48 featured a new turret, new redesigned hull and an improved suspension. The hull machine gunner position was removed, reducing the crew to 4. On 2 April 1953, the Ordnance Technical Committee Minutes (OTCM), standardized the last of the Patton series tanks as the M48 Patton.
Nearly 12,000 M48s were built from 1952 to 1959. The early designs, up to the M48A2, were powered by a gasoline 12-cylinder engine which was coupled with an auxiliary 8-cylinder engine. The gas engines gave the tank a short operating range and were prone to catching fire when hit; this version was considered unreliable.
The M103 heavy tank was manufactured at the Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant and the first units were accepted in 1957.
The M103 was designed to counter Soviet heavy tanks. Its long-ranged 120 mm gun was designed to hit enemy tanks at extreme distances, although it was never used in combat. Of the 300 M103s built, most went to the Marines. The tank was relatively underpowered and the drive systems were fragile. The turret of the M103 was larger than that of the M48 or the M60 to make room for the huge 120 mm gun and the two loaders assigned to it, in addition to the gunner and the commander. The driver sat in the hull. The gun was capable of elevation from +15 to -8 degrees.
The British introduced their Heavy Gun Tank F214 Conqueror with the same 120mm gun as the M103 into service in 1955. It stayed in service until 1960; the upgrading of Centurion tank to the L7 105mm gun having removed its purpose.
While the US Army deactivated its heavy armor units with the reception of the new M60 series main battle tanks in 1960, the remaining M103s stayed within the US Marine Corps inventory until they began receiving the M60 series MBT. With the disappearance of the heavy tank from US forces came the full acceptance of the main battle tank in 1960 for the US Army, and later for the US Marine Corps.
The British successor to Centurion was Chieftain in 1966. Chieftain was heavily armoured and had a 120mm gun following a doctrine of long range fire and survivability that would be needed against the more numerous Warsaw Pact tanks in the event of an invasion of West Germany.
Vietnam War era
Tanks for the most part, saw limited action in Vietnam compared to the heavy fighting in Korea, but even in the Vietnam jungle the M48 Patton saw tank-to-tank duels. On March 3, 1969, the Special Forces camp at Ben Het was attacked by the NVA 202nd Armored Regiment. The 202nd was tasked with the mission of destroying the camp's 175 mm self-propelled guns. One of the PT-76s had detonated a land mine, which not only alerted the camp, but also lit up the other PT-76s attacking the firebase. Flares had been sent up, thus exposing adversary tanks, but sighting in on muzzle flashes, one PT-76 scored a direct hit on the turret of a M48, killing two Patton crewmen and wounding two more. A second Patton, using the same technique, destroyed a PT-76 with their second shot. At daybreak, the battlefield revealed the wreckage of two PT-76s and one BTR-50 armored personnel carrier.
The M48s saw extensive action during the Vietnam War, over 600 Pattons would be deployed with US Forces during the war. The initial M48s landed with the US Marines in 1965. Remaining Pattons deployed to South Vietnam were in three U.S. Army battalions, the 1-77th Armor near the DMZ, the 1-69th Armor in the Central Highlands, and the 2-34th Armor near the Mekong Delta. Each battalion consisted of approximately fifty seven tanks. M48s were also used by Armored Cavalry Squadrons in Vietnam, until replaced by M551 Sheridan tanks. The M67A1 flamethrower tank (nicknamed the Zippo) was an M48 variant used in Vietnam.
When US forces commenced redeployment operations, many of the M48A3 Pattons were turned over to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces, in particular creating the ARVN 20th Tank Regiment; which supplemented their M41 Walker Bulldog units. During the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) Easter Offensive in 1972, tank clashes between NVA T-54/PT-76 and ARVN M48/M41 units became commonplace, but on 23 April 1972, tankers of the 20th Tank Regiment were attacked by an NVA infantry-tank team, which was equipped with the new 9M14M Malyutka (NATO designation: Sagger) wire guided anti-tank missile. During this battle, one M48A3 Patton tank and one M113 Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle (ACAV) were destroyed, becoming the first losses to the Sagger missile; losses that would echo on an even larger scale a year later during the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East in 1973.
In the mid-1970s, the M48A5 upgrade was developed to allow the vehicle to carry the heavier 105 mm gun. This was designed to bring the M48s up to speed with the M60 tanks then in regular use. Most of the M48s were placed into service with reserve units by this time. By the mid-1990s, the M48s were phased out.
The M48s performed admirably in Vietnam in the infantry-support role. However, there were few actual tank versus tank battles. The M48s provided adequate protection for its crew from small arms, mines, and rocket-propelled grenades.
The plans were laid in the US in the late fifties, for a tank with a 105 mm main gun and a redesigned hull offering better armor protection. The resulting M60 largely resembled the M48 it was based on, but has significant differences. The M60 mounted a bore evacuated 105 mm main gun, had a hull with a straight front slope whereas the M48's hull was rounded, had three support rollers per side to the M48's five, and had road wheels constructed from aluminum rather than steel.
The hull of the M60 was a single piece steel casting divided into three compartments, with the driver in front, fighting compartment in the middle and engine at the rear. The driver looked through three M27 day periscopes, one of which could be replaced by a night vision periscope. Initially, the M60 had essentially the same turret shape as the M48, but this was subsequently replaced with a distinctive "needlenose" design that minimized frontal cross-section to enemy fire. The M60 was the last US main battle tank to utilize homogeneous steel armor for protection. It was also the last to feature either the M60 machine gun or an escape hatch under the hull.
Originally designated the M68, the new vehicle was put into production in 1959, reclassified as the M60, and entered service in 1960. Over 15,000 M60s (all variants) were constructed.
In 1963, the M60 was upgraded to the M60A1. This new variant, which stayed in production until 1980, featured a larger, better-shaped turret and improvements to the armor protection and shock absorbers. The M60A1 was also equipped with a stabilization system for the main gun. However, the M60A1 was still not able to fire on the move, as the system only kept the gun pointed in the same general direction while the tank was traveling cross country. It did however enable the coaxial machine gun to be brought to bear while moving.
The M551 Sheridan was initiated when the replacement for the M41 Walker Bulldog, the T92 Light Tank, was canceled.
The need for even lighter weight to make the tank transportable presented the design with a particularly difficult problem; guns capable of defeating modern tanks at reasonable ranges were so large that they demanded a large vehicle to carry them, so large that they couldn't be used as a "light" tank. The use of HEAT rounds instead of conventional penetrating ammunition could address this, but HEAT rounds work better at larger calibers. Gun weight is typically the product of caliber and muzzle velocity, so in the case of the XM551 they sacrificed the muzzle velocity, producing the low-velocity but relatively large-caliber 152 mm M81. HEAT rounds fired by the M81 could defeat any contemporary tank at shorter ranges, but its low velocity made it difficult to use at longer ranges, especially against moving targets. The large low-velocity gun was also ideal for infantry support, where higher performance anti-tank guns would often fire right through soft targets and their small-caliber guns left little room for explosive filler. The M551 Sheridan tank would thus be ideal for both direct fire support as well as short-distance anti-tank engagements.
The only niche where the M551 Sheridan was not ideal was the medium and long-range anti-tank engagement. The muzzle velocity was so low that a HEAT round fired at longer ranges would have to be "lofted", making aiming difficult, and the flight time would be so long that a moving target would be very difficult to hit. However, it appeared there was a solution to this problem by equipping the tank with gun-fired anti-tank missiles. For longer range engagements a missile would be fired instead of a HEAT round, and although its velocity would also be relatively slow, the guidance system would make a hit highly likely anyway. The M551 Sheridan appeared to offer the best of both worlds; for infantry support the large calibre gun allowed it to fire full-sized artillery rounds and canister shot, while also giving it reasonable short-range anti-tank performance from the same gun.
The M551 Sheridan had a steel turret and aluminum hull. It was powered by a large diesel engine. The M551 thus had excellent mobility, able to run at speeds up to 45 mph, which at that time was unheard of for a tracked vehicle. Swimming capability was provided by a flotation screen. Production started on late July 1966, and entered service in June 1967. More than 1,600 M551s were built between 1966 and 1970. Total cost of the M551 program was $1.3 billion.
The vehicle proved to be very noisy and unreliable under combat conditions. The armor was thin enough that it could be penetrated even by heavy machine gun rounds as well as being highly vulnerable to mines. Firing the gun would often adversely affect the delicate electronics, which were at the early stages of transitioning to solid state, so the missile and guidance system was omitted from vehicles deployed to Vietnam. The gun had problems with cracks developing near the breech after repeated firing. Most field units were modified to help address the problem but gun also was criticized for having too much recoil for the vehicle weight, the second and even third road wheels coming clear off the ground when the main gun fired.
The Sheridan saw extensive action in the Vietnam War, being assigned to nearly all armored cavalry squadrons in country. In 1969, armored cavalry units began replacing their M48 Patton tanks.
The battle reports from the troops were sometimes glowing, while the reports higher up the chain of command were often negative. A 1969 evaluation of the vehicles found the M551 was employed in reconnaissance, night patrol and road clearing, accumulating 39,455 road miles and 520 combat missions, with a ready rate of 81.3 percent. Despite vulnerability to rockets and mines, it was judged worth applying modifications and equip all cavalry squadrons with the Sheridan.
The Sheridan was much appreciated by the infantry who were desperate for direct-fire support, which generally served in combination with ACAVs (M113s) as armored cavalry units consisted of both M113s and M551s as part of their TO&E. Armor units consisted solely of tanks (minus headquarters company) and Mechanized Infantry units consisted solely of M113s. In this role the real problem with the Sheridan was its limited ammunition load of only 20 rounds and 8 missiles (though M551s in Vietnam service were not equipped with missiles or their guidance equipment, increasing the basic load of conventional rounds).
A common field-modification was to mount a large steel shield, known as an "ACAV set" (Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle), around the commander's 50-cal. (12.7 mm) gun, allowing it to be fired with some level of protection. The driver has an unusual rotating hatch which has vision blocks when rotated forward. Included with the set was an extra layer of steel belly armor which was bolted onto the vehicle's bottom, although only covering from the front to halfway to the end, possibly due to weight reasons.
A standard modification made during the mid-70's was the addition of the "Cereal Bowl" commander's cupola. This mod came about due to the broken rib effect that occurred when the Sheridan fired conventional rounds, the recoil would pitch the TC against the armor plating resulting in cracked ribs.
Post-Vietnam
The US Army began to phase out the Sheridan in 1978, although at the time there was no real replacement. Nevertheless, the 82nd Airborne were able to keep them on until 1996. The Sheridan was the only air-deployable tank in the inventory, and as an elite force they had considerably more "pull" than general infantry and armor units who were forced to get rid of them. Their units were later upgraded to the M551A1 model, including a thermal sighting system for the commander and gunner.
The Sheridan's only air drop in combat occurred during Operation Just Cause in Panama in 1989, when fourteen M551's were deployed; four were transported by C-5 Galaxies and ten were dropped by air, but two Sheridans were destroyed upon landing. The Sheridans' performance received mixed reviews. They were lauded by their operators and some commanders as providing firepower in needed situations to destroy hard targets. However, the Sheridans' employment of only HEAT rounds limited their effectiveness against reinforced concrete construction.
Fifty-one Sheridans were deployed in the Gulf War as some of the first tanks sent. They would not be very effective against the Russian-built T-72s. Their role was limited by age and light armor to reconnaissance duties, possibly 6 or less Shillelagh missiles were test fired at empty Iraqi bunkers, these fewer than a half-dozen missiles, were the only time that the Shillelagh had been fired in a combat environment, from the inventory of the aforementioned 88,000 missiles produced.
Several attempts to upgun or replace the Sheridan have been made, but none were successful. Several experimental versions of the Sheridan mounting a new turret carrying a 105 mm gun were made, but the resulting recoil was too great. Several possible replacements for the M551 were tested as a part of the XM8 Armored Gun System and Expeditionary tank efforts of the early and late 1980s respectively, but none of these entered service. The Stryker Mobile Gun System has replaced the light tank role of the United States.
During the 1960s, the US and West Germany entered a joint project for a new tank common to both armies and intended to enter service in the 1970s. The MBT-70 project was technically advanced with sophisticated suspension, a low silhouette, spaced armor and advanced gun systems but suffered from excessive costs and the Germans pulled out of the project at the end of the decade.
After Vietnam, the M60 tank was upgraded and designated the M60A2. It featured an entirely new low-profile turret with a commander's machine-gun cupola on top, giving the commander a good view and field of fire while under armor but spoiling the low profile. It also featured a 152 mm gun, which fired conventional rounds as well as guided missiles.
The M60A2 proved a disappointment, though technical advancements would pave the way for future tanks. The Shillelagh/M60A2 system was phased out from active units by 1981, and the turrets scrapped. Most of the M60A2 tanks were rebuilt as the M60A3.
In 1978, work began on the M60A3 variant. It featured a number of technological enhancements, including smoke dischargers, a new rangefinder, and M21 ballistic computer, and a turret stabilization system. In addition it reverted to the 105 mm gun. All active American M60s eventually underwent the conversion to the A3 model. The M60A3 was phased out of US service in 1997.
The German Leopard tank, another 105mm armed tank, was introduced in 1965. It was sold widely to several nations in NATO as well as worldwide. It was followed in 1979 by the Leopard 2 with a 120mm smoothbore gun.
In 1976, prototypes of a new tank which became the M1 Abrams were delivered by Chrysler Defense and General Motors armed with a 105 mm rifled gun. The Chrysler Defense design was selected for development as the M1. In 1979, General Dynamics Land Systems Division purchased Chrysler Defense. The M1 Abrams came from the diverted funds from the over budget and impractical MBT-70 and XM815 projects.
The M1 was the first of its kind. It feature a low profile turret and for the first time ever on a tank, composite Chobham armor. Despite all these advances, the Abrams still retained the 4-man crew of the M60 tank as the autoloader was considered unproven and risky. It was armed with the same L7-derived 105mm gun as the M60. Over 3200 M1 Abrams were produced and first entered US Army service in 1980. About 6,000 upgraded M1A1 Abrams were produced and used the German 120 mm smoothbore gun, improved armor, and a CBRN protection system.
As the Abrams entered service in the 1980s, they would operate alongside M60A3 tanks. These exercises usually took place in Western Europe, especially West Germany, but also in some other countries like South Korea. During such training, Abrams crews honed their skills for use against the Soviet Union. However, by 1991 the USSR had collapsed and the Abrams would have its trial by fire in the Middle East.
The British FV4030/4 Challenger, continuing with a 120mm rifled gun and protected by Chobham armor entered service in 1983.
Gulf War/Iraq war
The Gulf War saw the US Marines still deploying obsolete M60 tanks while the rest of the tank forces had Abrams.
The Iraqi forces were initially regular army units, equipped with tanks such as T-54/55 tanks and T-62s. The Coalition main battle tanks, such as the U.S. M1 Abrams, British Challenger 1, and Kuwaiti M-84AB were vastly superior to the Chinese Type 69 and domestically built T-72 tanks used by the Iraqis, with crews better trained and armoured doctrine better developed.
The majority of Iraqi armored forces still used old Chinese Type 59s and Type 69s, Soviet-made T-55s from the 1950s and 1960s, and some poor quality Asad Babil tanks (domestically assembled tank based on Polish T-72 hulls with other parts of mixed origin). These machines were not equipped with up-to-date equipment, such as thermal sights or laser rangefinders, and their effectiveness in modern combat was very limited.
The Iraqis failed to find an effective countermeasure to the thermal sights and sabot rounds used by Coalition armour. This equipment enabled them to engage and destroy Iraqi tanks from more than three times the range that Iraqi tanks could engage coalition tanks. Some Iraqi crews even fired training rounds at the U.S. and British tanks. These rounds (purchased in great number during the Iran–Iraq War due to their inexpensive cost) had soft steel penetrators and thus no hope of penetrating the advanced Chobham Armour of the Coalition tanks.
In the Iraqi war in 2003, an Iraqi division the 6th Armored Division of the Iraqi Army. which was equipped with T-55s and BMP-1s defending the control of key bridges over the Euphrates River and the Saddam Canal at Nasiriyah, were decimated by US Marines with M1 Abrams, and the division as a unit rendered incapable for combat during the Battle of Nasiriyah in March 2003, during the invasion.
In addition to the T-54/55 and T-62 tanks that Iraq had, the most feared to US armoured forces were the T-72 tanks in the Iraqi forces. Only Republican Guard divisions were equipped with Iraqi-modified T-72s. Many of the Iraqi T-72s were dug-in or hidden in groves, and then used to ambush the US or British tanks. In the war, the Iraqi T-72s were the preferred target for Apache helicopters and A-10s, in an attempt to diminish the combat power of Republican Guard divisions. The only chance for the Asad Babil T-72s against American tanks was to lure them to close range combat, or trying to ambush them from dug-in positions.
But even in those conditions, the M1s usually prevailed, as proven in circumstances like the Battle of Baghdad, and the drive to the capital, where dozens of Iraqi MBTs were obliterated, or near Mahmoudiyah, south of Baghdad, April 3, 2003, (Iraqi Freedom) when US tanks engaged their counterparts from just 50 yards, shattering seven enemy T-72s without losses. The Lion of Babylon T-72 was utterly outclassed by the M1 Abrams, the Challenger and by any other contemporary Western main battle tank during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
See also
History of the tank
Tanks in World War I
Comparison of World War I tanks
Tanks of the interwar period
Tanks in World War II
Comparison of early World War II tanks
Post-Cold War Tanks
References |
4150181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan%20College%20of%20South%20Jersey | Rowan College of South Jersey | Rowan College of South Jersey (RCSJ) is a public community college with two campuses in the South Jersey region of New Jersey. The first, Gloucester Main Campus, is in Sewell. The second, Cumberland Branch Campus, is in both Vineland and Millville. The college was established in 1966 as Gloucester County College (GCC). In 2014, the college changed its name to Rowan College of Gloucester County when Rowan University and Gloucester County College entered into a partnership. The college then expanded in 2019, combining Rowan College at Gloucester County (RCGC) and Cumberland County College to become Rowan College of South Jersey.
The college now offers conditional dual enrollment with Rowan University depending on GPA. While then GCC took the Rowan name, the community college maintains its independence with its own Board of Trustees and administration.
RCSJ has articulation and credit transfer agreements with many area and online colleges and universities, and several dual enrollment agreements. Academic areas include Nursing and Allied Health, an area with selective admissions, unlike most other programs, Gloucester County's Police Academy and related degrees, and continuing education.
As of February 2012, RCSJ has about of grounds on the main Gloucester Campus with twelve buildings, two of which Gloucester County organizational headquarters. It has an art gallery, a walking and jogging trail, and community gardens. Student life at the college includes KotoriCon, an anime convention, as well as many other activities.
History
Gloucester County voters passed a non-binding referendum in 1965, calling for the Board of Chosen Freeholders to start a community college in the county. Gloucester County College was established in 1966, when the New Jersey Department of Education approved its charter.
Buildings
The first classes were taught in the summer of 1967 at Monongahela Middle School and Deptford Township High School. The first building owned by RCSJ was the Instructional Center, which was completed in 1970. The first classes were taught there in the fall of that year. Other past building projects include the College Center (opened in January 1971), the Library (dedicated in October 1988), the Health Sciences building and the Police Academy (begun in 1993), and Scott Hall, which houses the chemistry and biology classrooms and laboratories (began in 2001 and dedicated in September 2002).
Presidents
20th century
The college's first president, William L. Apetz, began his tenure in September 1966. He retired from RCGC in 1980 and went on to be the first president of Sussex County Community College, another County College in New Jersey.
The second president was Gary L. Reddig, who was appointed in July 1980 and resigned on October 31, 1986, giving two reasons. First, he wished to assume the position of director of the County Community College Presidents Association of New Jersey. Second, he alleged that the then chair of the board of trustees, Richard J. Ambacher, Jr. (later a professor emeritus of Rowan University), had pressured him to get Ambacher's son a custodial job at the college and his daughter-in-law into the nursing program, which has selective admissions; he also claimed that Ambacher had otherwise interfered in college operations. Ambacher denied the allegations, and stated that he had only asked that the nursing program's admissions standards be altered to avoid bias against non-traditional students. One trustee resigned in sympathy with Reddig. A state investigation resulted in a report and letter recommending that the relationship between the board of trustees and the school be changed (including requiring the college president's approval for hiring done by the board), that trustee quorum requirements be increased, and that trustee training and selection be improved. The investigation did not find Reddig's allegations correct. One member of the Board of Chosen Freeholders asked for Ambacher's term as a trustee not to be renewed; Ambacher responded that this was a political maneuver in the context of an upcoming election. Ambacher did not seek another term as trustee after his existing term ended in November 1987, stating that this was due to health reasons (diabetes exacerbated by stress). There was considerable dismay at RCGC over these events, especially with accreditation renewal coming in spring 1987.
On October 4, 1987, Richard H. Jones became its third president, serving until his retirement on February 1, 1998. He had been a vice-president at RCGC, then acting president after Reddig's departure.
The fourth president was Gail O. Mellow, who was selected prior to Jones' retirement and worked with him from November 1, 1997, until his retirement.
21st century
Mellow served as president until she left to become president of LaGuardia Community College on August 1, 2000.
The fifth president was William F. Anderson, who had previously served as vice president, then as interim president. He resigned in July 2007, but stayed with RCGC as the food science program administrator.
Russell A. Davis was the sixth president from September 2008 until his resignation on April 13, 2011. He had earlier been vice president of student services, then acting president after Anderson's resignation. On April 29, 2011, Davis was charged with eleven counts of forgery of a signature to obtain loans from his pension/retirement account (similar to the loans allowed from a 401(k)); the prosecutor's office has not accused Davis of theft of college property.
The current president is Frederick Keating, who had been serving as interim president. He was previously RCSJ's vice president of student services and before that superintendent at the Gloucester County Institute of Technology (GCIT).
Problematic periods
There has been tension between faculty and administration on two occasions: a strike was threatened in 1989 over pay; further tension in 2002 was settled largely by Lalaji S. Deshbandhu, the late president of the RCSJ Faculty Association.
RCSJ's nursing program had difficulties in 1997–98, with lower pass rates (78% in 1998, and below 80% in 1997) on state examinations for nursing qualifications. These led to it being put on probation by the state. Changes made that elevated the pass rate to 93% for May–September 1999, taking the school from the bottom 20% of two-year nursing programs to the top 25%.
In 2008, the workweek was cut to four days during the summer, more buildings were closed during breaks, and there was increased scrutiny of purchases. RCSJ (including RCSJ Foundation) investment revenue went from $636,391 per year in 2007 to $202,805 per year in 2009.
Organization and administration
The college's governing body is the board of trustees. Eight trustees are appointed by the Gloucester County Administrator and Board of Chosen Freeholders; two are appointed by the governor of New Jersey; the eleventh trustee is the county Superintendent of Schools, a voting ex officio member; and the college president is a non-voting ex officio member.
RCGC's annual budget in 2009 was $39,388,473. The college is financially dependent primarily on money from Gloucester County and the State of New Jersey (about 49.1% of revenue in 2009), followed by funds from student tuition and fees (about 35.2% of revenue in 2009).
The RCGC Foundation holds the college's endowment ($4,761,853 as of 31 December 2018). Most income from the endowment is used to provide scholarships.
The academic divisions of RCGC are:
Division of Allied Health and Nursing
Division of Business Studies
Division of Health, Physical Education and Recreation (also includes Exercise Science)
Division of Liberal Arts
Division of Public Safety and Security (Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement)
Division of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Other Areas (including continuing education, some certificate programs, the Police Academy, and the Fire Academy)
Articulation and credit transfer agreements exist with 27 area or online four-year colleges and universities. These include Rowan University, Farleigh Dickinson University, Wilmington University, Temple University, Penn State University, the University of Maryland University College (UMUC), Thomas Edison State College, Drexel University, and Rutgers University. RCGC offers dual enrollment with Rowan, Farleigh Dickinson, Wilmington, and UMUC (generally only for some programs and majors). Stephen M. Sweeney, President of the New Jersey Senate, has called for other community colleges in South Jersey to follow RCGC in having dual enrollment agreements with Rowan.
Academics
Admissions
Most of RCGC's programs are open to anyone with a high school diploma or GED; some opportunities to take for-credit courses are available to high school students and others. (RCGC has links with the Gloucester County Institute of Technology (GCIT) and, to a lesser degree, with other high schools in the county.) There are, however, selective admissions for Nursing, Allied Health, and Automotive Technology.
Enrollment and demographics
The college awarded 819 associate degrees and 15 academic certificates in 2009–2010. Of the 1561 first-time, full-time students starting in 2007, 350 had graduated with associate degrees and 351 transferred (for example, to a four-year college or university) by 2010. The total percentage of 44.9% was the third highest among the nineteen New Jersey County Colleges (NJCCs); the median was 35.3%. Among all students in 2010, the percentage enrolled in remedial courses was 28.9% (seventh among the nineteen NJCCs; the median is 28.1%); among first-time, full-time students, the percentage was 63.3% (tenth among the nineteen NJCCs; the median is 63.3%). Enrollment in for-credit courses was 6,609 in 2010; of these, 1,557 (about 23.6%) were first-time, full-time students, and altogether 60% were full-time. 33.5% of RCGC's students in 2010 were between 18 and 21 (48.5% of full-time students and 10.6% of part-time students). In 2010, about 17% of RCGC's students came from outside Gloucester County; 99.5% were from New Jersey. In 2011, 170 of RCGC's students were veterans; On G.I. Jobs magazine's 2012 list of Military Friendly Schools, and on two lists from previous years, RCGC was ranked in the top 15% of universities, colleges, and trade schools nationwide for enrolling veterans as students.
Adjunct professors make up about 77.4% of the faculty. About 61.8% of course sections are taught by adjuncts or staff members rather than full-time faculty. RCGC ranks ninth out of the nineteen NJCCs in the proportion of course sections not taught by full-time faculty; the median is 60%.
Tuition/fees and financial aid
Tuition and fees at RCSJ are lowest for Gloucester County and Cumberland County residents, intermediate for other New Jersey residents, and highest for others. In this, the college follows the way other county colleges in New Jersey favor their counties or pairs of counties. The total of tuition plus fees for in-state but out-of-county full-time students at RCSJ in 2011–2012 was less than the in-county rates charged by all but three other county colleges in New Jersey. The same was true of part-time (twelve credits per year) rates, compared with those of all but two other county colleges in New Jersey.
Over 40% of students entering RCGC in 2010 received some form of financial aid. The most common source was a federally funded Pell Grant, received by about 34% of students. Approximately 1% received financial aid from the RCGC Foundation in 2010.
Accreditation and programs
Gloucester County College is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools' Commission on Higher Education. Some programs at RCGC are also accredited by other agencies. These include:
Nursing (including RN and LPN to RN, with an Associate of Science in Nursing) accredited by the New Jersey Board of Nursing and the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC);
Diagnostic Medical Sonography, accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs;
Nuclear Medicine Technology, accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Educational Programs in Nuclear Medicine Technology;
Paralegal degree and certificate programs, accredited by the American Bar Association Standing Committee on Legal Assistants.
RCGC also includes the Gloucester County Police Academy, and associate degrees in Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice are available. The Dean of the Police Academy is Fred H. Madden, who is also a New Jersey State Senator. (Such dual office-holding has been questioned by Chris Christie, Governor of New Jersey.)
Nursing and Allied health professions includes respiratory therapy, partially through cooperation with the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Nursing and Allied Health are areas in which RCGC operates selective admissions.
In its 2010 survey, Community College Week ranked RCGC 9th nationwide in the number of associate degrees awarded to education majors and 35th nationwide in the number of associate degrees awarded in parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies.
As well as face-to-face education, distance learning and hybrid (blended) distance and face-to-face learning are available for some courses using the Blackboard system.
In fall 2010, the top ten programs by numbers enrolled were:
Associate of Arts in Arts & Sciences (general; meant for transfer)
Associate of Science in Business administration
Associate of Arts in Education
Associate of Arts & Sciences in Criminal justice
Associate of Arts in Psychology
Associate of Applied Science in Law enforcement
Associate of Science in Arts & Sciences (general; meant for transfer)
Associate of Science in Biology
Associate of Science in Nursing (selective admissions)
Associate of Science in Exercise science
Academic calendar
RCGC uses a modified semester system. It has fall and spring semesters together with shorter winter and summer terms; the latter are further broken up into overlapping sessions of variable lengths (five weeks at the most for the winter term). A higher proportion of the winter and summer courses are blended/hybrid or distance education. As well as weekdays (including late afternoon and evening), courses are offered on Saturdays and Sundays.
Continuing education
Registration for continuing education courses totaled 35,773 in 2009, counting each course separately. A survey conducted by South Jersey Biz named RCGC "Best of Biz 2011" in the professional development category for its computerized office administration, network management, accounting, web development, and information technology programs.
RCGC offers subsidized ($25 or less registration fee and no class fee) courses to local residents in areas such as English as a Second Language, Adult Basic Education, and GED test preparation. It offers free classes in basic computer skills to employees of local businesses, in health information technology for a limited number of students, and in logistics. As with for-credit courses, GCC has traditional in-person, hybrid/blended, and purely online continuing education courses.
Campus
RCGC is close to Route 47 ( away by car) and Route 55 ( away by car). It is from Woodbury (Gloucester County's county seat), from Washington Township (Gloucester County's largest municipality), from Camden, New Jersey, and from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It has a bus stop that is on New Jersey Transit bus routes 408 and 463.
Buildings and usage
RCGC's Gloucester campus of about has twelve buildings as of February 2012; all are accessible by wheelchair. A University Center building is under construction. It is planned to use it from the fall of 2012 for RCGC classes in the daytime and dual enrollment undergraduate and graduate classes at night. Other buildings include Scott Hall, the Eugene J. McCaffrey, Sr. College Center, the Library, and the Early Childhood Education Center, which offers daycare services for children aged to students, faculty, staff, alumni, and Gloucester County residents. The entire campus is non-smoking except for specifically designated areas.
Some other Gloucester County organizations are headquartered at RCGC. The Gloucester County Community Service Corps (a branch of the Senior Corps) and the Volunteer Center of Gloucester County are in the Instructional Center building, In the College Center building there is the Center for People in Transition, a Displaced Homemaker program from the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs' Division on Women that serves former homemakers who have lost that role through bereavement, divorce, or other separation from a money-providing spouse. The center concentrates on women, and it is not clear whether a former househusband would be eligible. A number of its services, such as some of its workshops, are not restricted to displaced homemakers. When funding is available, the center also provides services to military spouses whose partners are overseas in Iraq or Afghanistan.
Inside the Gloucester College Center building is the Dr. Ross Beitzel Art Gallery, with a permanent collection valued at over $250,000. It is on display both in the gallery and throughout the campus and is the longest-running art exhibit among community colleges in New Jersey. Art exhibitions are sometimes held there.
The Cumberland Campus is divided between the city limits of Vineland and Millville.
Grounds
The grounds are part of the Gloucester County Educational Campus (GCEC), which also includes GCIT's campus. RCGC's campus includes over of walking and jogging trail (available for use by visitors as well as students, faculty, and staff) that goes through part of the forested area of the campus; it has 76 trail markers, for which GPS coordinates are available, and a map of the college course at an entrance to the trail.
The grounds are also used for the Community Gardens project, which started in 1973 and allows county residents to rent small plots of RCGC land to raise vegetables, flowers, and other plants. The rental money goes to the RCGC Foundation to help provide scholarships.
Off-campus sites
Two portions of RCGC are located off of the main campus. The first is the automotive technology program, most of which is located on the neighboring Gloucester Institute of Technology campus as part of the cooperation between RCGC and GCIT, with the additional involvement of the Ford Motor Company; it includes both classroom courses (some taken at RCGC's main campus) and paid internships. The second is the Gloucester County Fire Academy, located in Clarksboro, New Jersey.
Student life
Services for RCGC students include free short-term psychological counseling; on the counseling staff is a licensed clinical psychologist. The Student Assistance Center also provides workshops on topics such as stress management.
Student organizations
The Student Government Association, together with its advisor, distributes funding to other student organizations. RCGC has an active local chapter (Alpha Psi Pi) of the Phi Theta Kappa International Honor Society. Also active are the Student Veterans Organization, the Vanguard Fine Arts Club, and many other student clubs.
KotoriCon
One of the active student clubs at RCGC is the Japanese Anime Guild (JAG). They have held an annual anime convention called KotoriCon since January 2010. In addition to anime, KotoriCon includes video game tournaments, panels (with voice actors, for instance), cosplay events and competitions, Japanese swordplay and other martial arts demonstrations, Jedi events, music video contests, a charity auction, comedians, origami displays, concerts, and Japanese dance contests. The JAG Club sponsored a concert by Shonen Knife on 23 October 2011 as a prelude to KotoriCon.
Sports
The college's sports teams, known as the Roadrunners, have earned five NATYCAA (National Association of Two-Year College Athletic Administrators) Cups for the best overall non-scholarship two-year college in the nation, and thirty national championships in National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Division III. The Roadrunners compete in NJCAA Region XIX and are members of the Garden State Athletic Conference.
The college now offers 16 sports:
Baseball
Basketball (Men's)
Basketball (Women's)
Cross County (Men's & Women's)
Soccer (Men's)
Soccer (Women's)
Golf (Men's)
Softball
Tennis (Men's)
Tennis (Women's)
Track & Field (Men's & Women's)
Volleyball (Women's)
Wrestling
Golf (Women's)
National championships were won by these teams:
Men's Basketball – 1994
Baseball – 1992, 1993, 1999, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013
Wrestling – 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2007
Women's Cross Country – 2006, 2012
Men's Cross Country – 1995
Men's Tennis – 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
Softball – 2011, 2012
Women's Tennis - 2012, 2013, 2014
Men's Track & Field - 2014, 2018, 2019
Women's Track & Field - 2013
Website for Athletics is www.RCRoadrunners.com.
Notable alumni
Carmelo Marrero - wrestler; professional mixed martial arts fighter
Nick Comoroto, professional wrestler
Notes
*Together with the costs of books, supplies, and transportation, this is the cost of attendance or "sticker price".
References
External links
1966 establishments in New Jersey
Universities and colleges established in 1966
Garden State Athletic Conference
New Jersey County Colleges
NJCAA athletics
Universities and colleges in Cumberland County, New Jersey
Universities and colleges in Gloucester County, New Jersey |
4150217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakeezah | Pakeezah | (; ) is a 1972 Indian Hindustani-language musical romantic drama film that was written, directed, and produced by Kamal Amrohi. The film stars Ashok Kumar, Meena Kumari, and Raaj Kumar. It tells the story of Sahibjaan, a Lucknow-based tawaif. While asleep on a train, Sahibjaan receives a note from a stranger praising her beauty. Later, evacuating from a broken boat, she takes shelter in a tent and finds out its owner, a forest ranger named Salim, wrote the letter. Sahibjaan and Salim plan to get married, causing conflicts with Sahibjaan's professional background.
Amrohi, to whom Kumari was married, wanted to make a film dedicated to his wife; he began conceiving the story after the release of their collaborative film Daaera (1953). Production lasted 15 years. principal photography commenced in 1956 under the German cinematographer Josef Wirsching. The film faced many obstacles, particularly Amrohi and Kumari's separation in 1964 and Kumari's addiction to alcohol, which often made her unable to perform. After being postponed for many years, filming resumed in 1969 and finished in November 1971. The film's soundtrack, which became one of the highest-selling Bollywood soundtracks of the 1970s, was composed by Ghulam Mohammed and finished by Naushad, who also composed the background score.
Pakeezah, which was made on a budget of to , premiered on 4 February 1972 and garnered a mixed response from critics. It was criticised for its extravagance and plot. Nevertheless, it was the highest-grossing Indian film of the year, collecting after a theatrical run of over 50 weeks. Trade analysts said its popularity might have been due to Meena Kumari's death a month after its release. Meena Kumari was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress and won a special award at the Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards; the film also received nominations for Best Film and Best Director (Amrohi), and won N. B. Kulkarni a trophy for Best Art Direction at Filmfare.
The film is known for its lengthy production time and is considered to be a milestone of the Muslim social genre. Although initial critical reception to the film was unfavourable, it greatly improved in the years after its release. The film earned widespread praise for its luxurious, sophisticated sets and costumes. is also known for being Meena Kumari's last film to be released during her lifetime; her performance in it has been regarded as one of the best of her career. has often been included in listings of the best works of Indian cinema, including a poll conducted by the British Film Institute in 2007.
Plot
Nargis is a tawaif based in the Muslim quarter of Lucknow. She dreams of marrying Shahbuddin, the man she loves, but his family's patriarch Hakim Saab strongly opposes their relationship because he finds it unacceptable to welcome a tawaif as a daughter-in-law into his respected family. Dejected, Nargis flees to a nearby qabristan (cemetery) and lives there, giving birth to a daughter before dying. On her deathbed, Nargis writes Shahbuddin a letter asking him to come for his newborn daughter. Nargis' sister Nawabjaan is buying jewellery when she finds a piece that is similar to one owned by Nargis. She asks the jeweller its origin and is led to the cemetery. She finds Nargis' body and her daughter, whom she takes back to her kotha (brothel).
When Nargis' belongings are sold several years later, a man finds Nargis' letter and delivers it to Shahbuddin. Shahbuddin tracks down Nargis' now-adult daughter Sahibjaan's whereabouts and finds her working as tawaif at Nawabjaan's brothel. Nawabjaan, however, does not want him to take Sahibjaan away, and takes her niece and flees to another town. While travelling by train, a young man enters Sahibjaan's compartment and seeing her sleeping. Struck by her beauty, he leaves her a note. After arriving at her destination, Sahibjaan wakes up and finds the note. She reads it and falls in love with the stranger.
A brothel patron named Nawab wishes to own Sahibjaan and takes her to his boat for a night. The boat, however, is attacked by elephants and Sahibjaan is carried away by the fast-flowing river in the broken boat. She is taken to the riverside tent of Salim, a forest ranger. Sahibjaan reads Salim's diary and learns it was him who had left her a note on the train. Sahibjaan has finally met the stranger but feigns amnesia to avoid telling him of her profession. Before sunset, Nawabjaan finds Sahibjaan and takes her back to the brothel. Sahibjaan keeps thinking about Salim and runs away from the brothel. Without realising, she runs along the railway and gets her gharara (clothing) stuck there. Upon seeing an approaching train, Sahibjaan panics, stumbles and faints. The train stops before running over her and people come to help her. One of them is Salim, who takes her to his home.
Salim and Sahibjaan plan to elope to live peacefully but her profession as a tawaif makes her doubtful of the plan. When Salim anoints her to marry her, she refuses and decides to return to the brothel. Salim, who is heartbroken, eventually decides to marry someone else at his family's request and invites Sahibjaan to perform a mujra at his wedding. During the event, Nawabjaan recognises Shahbuddin, Salim's paternal uncle, and calls him to witness the irony of the situation: his own daughter dancing and entertaining his family. Shahbuddin's father tries to shoot Nawabjaan to silence her but instead kills Shahbuddin while trying to protect her. With his dying breath, Shahbuddin asks Salim to marry Sahibjaan. Salim's doli (wedding palanquin) defies convention and arrives at Sahibjaan's brothel, fulfilling Shahbuddin's wishes.
Cast
The cast is listed below:
Ashok Kumar as Shahbuddin
Meena Kumari as Nargis/Sahibjaan
Raaj Kumar as Salim Ahmed Khan
Veena as Nawabjaan
Nadira as Gauharjaan
D. K. Sapru as Hakim Saab
Kamal Kapoor as Nawab Zafar Ali Khan
Vijayalakshmi as Rashidan
Production
The filmmaker Kamal Amrohi and actress Meena Kumari were married in 1952, and made Daaera (1953), a film based on their relationship. Although it received positive feedback from critics, the film under-performed at the box office. Daaera commercial failure left Amrohi feeling insecure about his career, and he wanted to make a film that would both establish him as a filmmaker and be a tribute to Kumari, reflecting his love for her. Amrohi started conceiving a story of a nautch girl in the mid-1950s. Starting in May or July 1956, Amrohi wrote the screenplay in Mahabaleshwar. At that time, many films with similar themes had vulgar scenes; not wanting to be similar, he made the screenplay more "realistic [and] unvulgarised". Amrohi had Kumari in mind while finalising it, and during writing read the film's dialogue to her and asked for her opinions. In 1958, he asked Akhtar ul Iman and Madhusudan to expand the screenplay.
Charging only , Kumari played the roles of Nargis and her daughter Sahibjaan, the central characters of the film. She was also involved as the costume designer and helped with casting. Since the film was dedicated to his wife, Amrohi focused the film's story entirely on her characters. In 1958, Amrohi stated he would play Salim because he could not find a suitable actor for the role, but he abandoned the idea because he found it difficult to act and direct at the same time. Ashok Kumar was cast in 1958 for the role but the plan was abandoned after several days of filming, and he got the role of Shahbuddin when filming was resumed. After considering a number of actors, Raaj Kumar became the final choice for the part as Salim; was his second collaboration with Amrohi after the hospital-set drama Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960). He joined the cast in 1968 but it was only announced a year later.
Principal photography was started by the German cinematographer Josef Wirsching on 16 July 1956. used CinemaScope. On Kumari's recommendation, Amrohi changed his plans to make the film in black-and-white, and in 1958, he started to make it entirely in colour with Eastmancolor. Filming progressed intermittently, largely determined by Kumari's availability during the 1950s. By early 1964, had been spent on the film, with particular focus on the sets. Also that year, Amrohi and Kumari separated due to personal differences but never actually divorced. In 1969 Kumari agreed to resume work on the film, and shooting restarted on 16 March. Amrohi invited the press to witness Kumari's return and made a documentary on it. Filming was completed in November 1971, and the editing, finished a month later, was done by D. N. Pai. From a reel of film, he retained . The background score was composed by Naushad and arranged by Kersi Lord.
Ghulam Mohammed composed the soundtrack to , except for the alap (title song) sequence, which Naushad himself composed. Amrohi, Kaifi Azmi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, and Kaif Bhopali served as the lyricists. Mohammed did not have a successful career, but Amrohi had seen and appreciated his work on Mirza Ghalib (1954). Recording started in December 1955 but was interrupted when Mohammed suffered a heart attack; nevertheless, he finished the soundtrack the same year. The 1960s marked the rise of the rock and roll genre in Bollywood films; after Mohammed's death in 1963, distributors suggested Amrohi replace him with a more commercial composer, but Amrohi refused to do so, insisting on keeping Mohammed's work. What remained uncomposed were the music for the alap and background score, and by the time production restarted, Amrohi chose Naushad to finish both because distributors persisted with their recommendation.
Release
Indian journalist Vinod Mehta and the author Bunny Reuben state that generated considerable pre-release anticipation; contrarily, authors Mohan Deep and Meghnad Desai say because of the lengthy production time, anticipation decreased up to the film's theatrical release. On 30 January 1972, The Illustrated Weekly of India carried an article by Kamal Amrohi, saying that he doubted Kumari could deliver a good performance at the age of almost 40. Filmfare published a promotional blurb of the film. A preview of was held for critics; Desai reported Amrohi was depressed because the film attracted more criticism than appreciation, which led him to go home drunk that night.
Amrohi originally set the film's release for 1971 but it was postponed due to the Indo-Pakistani War. premiered at Maratha Mandir, Bombay, on 4 February 1972; Kumari attended the opening with Amrohi, his son Tajdar, and Raaj Kumar. The composer Mohammed Zahur Khayyam called the film "priceless". According to an estimate by Box Office India, it was highest-grossing film of the year, grossing . Mint estimated its net profit to be . initially opened to mediocre box-office returns but the film became a sleeper hit and ran for over 50 weeks, in 33 of which it was fully booked. Film observers credited these boosts to the audience's sympathy, given Kumari's death a month later. Amrohi said two weeks after its release, trade analysts called the film a commercial success and added that the pre-release advertisements led it its success.
In late 1973, became the first film to be aired on Amritsar TV Centre, a television channel established in September 1973 in Amritsar, India, for broadcasting to Lahore, Pakistan. The film unexpectedly received an enthusiastic response from Pakistani viewers and people from other parts of India went to Lahore to watch it. According to Desai, public arrangements using big-screen televisions at traffic intersections were made for screening the film. Consequently, Amritsar TV started airing more films with similar themes. Due to the success of the televising of , few people visited cinemas on that day, leading the owners, who faced financial failure, to demand a ban on airing the film. Since then, has frequently been broadcast on television. In 2005, Tajdar informed a Stardust interviewer its rights had been sold for the next 50 years.
Critical reception
Initial
Upon its premiere, plot received unfavourable reviews from the Indian English-language press but according to Mehta, Urdu reviewers showed more enthusiasm, praising the historicity and sensitive, moving performances. The Times of India was highly critical of , describing it as a "lavish waste". Thought magazine panned the storyline of a prostitute as irrelevant for the 1970s but complimented the technical aspects, including the colour cinematography and Amrohi's dedication to continuing production of the film for such a long time. The Thought writer also added that the film's dialogue uses many metaphors, especially a scene in which Sahibjaan has a monologue about the letter she finds on the train, and considered it to be excessively philosophical and unnatural. Writing for Filmfare, S. J. Banaji gave the film a one-star rating, indicating "very poor" for the publication's standard, and criticised the film's narrative:
Nirmal Kumar Ghosh reviewed positively for Amrita Bazar Patrika, saying the popular belief among critics of the time was that the film's "overabundant wealth of dramatic conviction wrapped in superb cinematic fluidity is slow to its core". He thought its slowness makes the film "in perfect tune with its core, its world of hasteless fragrance, as if in terms of a sad-sweet dream which weaves its own slow spell while the outer world of time keeps ticking". Ghosh predicted it would be "a standing testimony to the great heights of tragedy that a peerless actress-tragedienne of Meena's calibre could climb to achieve deathlessness". While praising the film for promoting Muslim culture, Mehta saw Kumari's performance as "not genius" and commented; "While she was dancing, I would have preferred more lust. While she was playful, I would have preferred more frivolity. While she was briefly happy, I would have preferred more joy. While she was resigned, I would have preferred more fatalism."
Contemporary
Critical reception to has significantly improved since its release, with most praise going to Kumari's performance; contemporary critics have described the film as "iconic" a classic, and a magnum opus. In the 1988 book One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography, Anil Srivastava and Shampa Banerjee wrote the film recreates "a lost era of decadence, and the world of high-class courtesans who were artistes in their own right", accompanied by "an incredible romance which cannot be contained within a rational or a casual framework". In 1999, Derek Malcolm of The Guardian described it as a mixture of poetry, fantasy and nostalgia, commenting; "If there is nothing special about the plot, the way it is accomplished is often astounding. Amrohi ... saturates the screen not only with some amazing colour photography but with a swirling romanticism that somehow never tips over into the laughable". Malcolm included his review for The Guardian in his book, A Century of Films (2000).
Dinesh Raheja, in 2002, commended the film's lavish production designs, saying; "its splendour fills the eye, stirs the senses. And it ultimately showcases the heart beating at the film's core." He commented that Kumari's "understated performance and moist eyes sparkling with unshed tears have a hypnotic effect", saying Raaj Kumar's presence is felt because of his character's "likeable steadfastness". In 2005, British academic Rachel Dwyer applauded for presenting aesthetics in the cast and the choreography, and noted "the elaboration of scenery and in particular of clothing, tied to a certain nostalgia arising from the decline and disappearance of courtesan culture". She called Kumari's character a "quintessentially romantic figure: a beautiful but tragic woman, who pours out her grief for the love she is denied in tears, poetry and dance".
Writing for The Hindu in 2008, Anjana Rajan likened reviewing in the 21st century to stepping "into the twilight world when India was traditional even in its approach to modernity. When courtesy and wisdom were considered as important to a civilised society as appearances and grooming. And when commercial Hindi cinema looked society in the face to point out its flaws, yet laced the statement with a sad sweetness, a searing beauty." In a review carried by the Pakistani newspaper Dawn in 2012, Raza Ali Sayeed found the plot to be "over-the-top" but said it is helped by the visuals: "From the dazzling colors of the dresses worn by the courtesans, to the beautiful set pieces which bring the world of the tawaif to life, this film is a joy to the senses". He added the dialogue is "like a long poetry recitation from start to finish", and that the film belongs to Kumari. In 2017, American critic Maitland McDonagh of TVGuide referred to as a "passionate, opulent Indian melodrama".
Accolades
won Best Art Direction for Kulkarni at the 20th Filmfare Awards, and was also nominated in categories Best Film, Best Director (Amrohi), Best Actress (Kumari), Best Music Director (Mohammed), and Best Cinematographer (Wirsching). The awards were controversial; there was criticism after Mohammed lost the award to the duo Shankar–Jaikishan of Be-Imaan. In protest, Pran, the winner of Best Supporting Actor for Be-Imaan, returned his trophy and said Mohammed's loss was "an insult" for India's music industry. Filmfare, however, defended their decision by stating according to their rules, posthumous awards are not allowed; Mohammed had died in 1963. Filmfare editor B. K. Karanjia said both Kumari and Wirsching lost for the same reason.
Analysis
addresses prostitution and belongs to the Muslim social genre, a Bollywood film category exploring Muslim culture in the usual settings of Lucknow, Lahore, and Delhi that became popular in the 1930s. Films of the genre generally follow the romantic stories of members of a nawab family. In narrative, Nargis and Sahibjaan present as Lucknow-based tawaifs (entertainers) who fall in love with Shahbuddin and Salim, members of nawab families, respectively. Other aspects of Muslim culture, such as dance and costumes, are vital to the plot. According to the academic Sumitra S. Chakravarthy, is a film in which "high drama and spectacle combine with a fine evocation of the niceties" of Muslim culture and Urdu, the language used by most Indian Muslims.
The film's central character is Sahibjaan, and Shahbuddin and Salim appear only in secondary roles, which is uncommon for this type of story. follows society's rejection of prostitution; at the film's beginning, Shahbuddin arrives at his home with Nargis, whom he is preparing to marry. His father rejects Nargis, shouting, "She's not my daughter-in-law. She's your sin." The film also aims to capture Islamic traditions; in the ending, Sahibjaan is revealed by Shahbuddin to be the daughter of Nargis, whom his family rejected. Salim is also part of the family, being the son of Shahbuddin's brother. Sahibjaan and Salim subsequently marry, which her father requests before his death; this is not exceptional for a Muslim marriage—marriage between cousins is legal under Islamic law.
In Pakeezah, sexuality is represented but not directly depicted. Sex scenes are avoided and instead, like other Indian prostitution-related films, the film uses dance to emphasise the romance genre. Film analysts have considered the first encounter of Salim and Sahibjaan to be one of the most erotic scenes in the film. Salim and Sahibjaan meet in their respective railway journeys when Sahibjaan is sleeping and Salim enters her compartment and is amazed by her feet, placing a note there saying, "Aapke paon dekhe, bahut haseen hain. Inhein zameen par mat utariyega... maile ho jaayenge" ("I saw your feet. They are really beautiful. Please do not step on the ground... avoid making them dirty"). According to Sulagana Biswas of The Telegraph, writing in 2020, the letter can be dismissed in the 21st century as foot fetishism.
Voiceovers done by Amrohi play a significant role in , which several film analysts found to be his finest work. In the film's opening minutes, voiceover is used to identify Nargis as a courtesan with a "mesmerising voice" and whose tinkling of bells are "a sensation all over", and is the younger sister of the character Nawabjaan. Later in the film, the voiceover describes a man who wants to remove Nargis from her brothel, which is referred to as "this hell", and the black-dressed Shahbuddin then opens the doors. Sound motifs are used throughout the film; for instance, a train whistle represents Sahibjaan's hopes of escaping from her brothel and the alap represents her sadness. A number of symbols, such as a bird with clipped wings and a snake in Sahibjaan's brothel, are used to represent struggles in Kumari's personal life.
Legacy
Influence
attained cult status and became a milestone in Bollywood, particularly for its depiction of Muslim culture. The film has been considered one of Amrohi's best works alongside Mahal (1949) and Daaera (1953), and his monument to Kumari. established Amrohi's image as a prominent director. According to Raheja, Amrohi narrates "a story imbued with the despair and the euphoria of human desires so deftly that you are caught up in the swirl of the visual maximalism in the fanciful, almost surreal setting. And by the romanticism of the wish-fulfillment end." Amrohi said the film's success prompted many producers and actors to express their desire to collaborate with him. In 1983, he made an experimental, Muslim-themed biopic called Razia Sultan, which is about the female Sultan of Delhi of the same name. It was then the most-expensive Indian film, but failed to attract an audience and became his last work.
Critics have praised Kumari's performance as one of her career's bests, her swan song, and one that made her an "evergreen heroine" of Hindi cinema. was her last release in her lifetime; Gomti Ke Kinare, in which she also stars as a prostitute, was released after her death, though it failed commercially. Scholar Tejaswini Ganti said though she built her persona as a tragic actor in Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962), the image culminated with her performance in ; according to critic Nikhat Kazmi; "It wasn't incidental that Meena Kumari perfected the role of the virginal nautch-girl in Kamal Amrohi's ." In 2010, Filmfare included Kumari's work in their list of Bollywood's "80 Iconic Performances", praising her effort to deliver a sensitive performance.
has been noted for its unusually long production time, and is described by critics as the finest example of the Muslim social, a genre that declined in the 1970s with the rise of secular themes in Bollywood. Its sophisticated, lavish costumes and sets have been considered influential. The duo Abu Jani–Sandeep Khosla's design of Anarkali, the Indian version of a ball gown, was inspired by Kumari's costumes in ; it was shown in their first fashion show in 1988. Costume designer Salim Arif, in the 2003 book Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema, wrote Kumari "stood out as the perfect embodiment of the distinctive culture that Muslim socials were set in, with her sophisticated persona heightened manifold by the use of the nuances of the Urdu language, an air of nostalgia for a fading style, refined poetry and music, and exquisite costumes and jewellery". Costume designer Manish Malhotra, who watched premiere in 1972, said the film's costume and set designs are his favourite of any film.
Impact
has been included in several lists of best films. In 1992, Peter Wollen included in it his list of ten best films of world cinema, placing in the fifth position. In 2005, Rachel Dwyer selected the film for her book 100 Bollywood Films, and Rachna Kanwar of The Times of India included it in her 2005 list of "25 Must See Bollywood Movies". In 2007, it appeared in the British Film Institute's user poll of ten greatest Indian films. The American Indologist Philip Lutgendorf of the University of Iowa, who compiled a list of "Ten Indian Popular Films that are Not-to-be-missed" in 2014, placed in the third position. In 2016, Devesh Sharma from Filmfare included it in his "Seven Muslim Socials You Must Watch" list. The newspaper Mint chose in the list of "70 Iconic Films of Indian Cinema" in the next year. The film appeared in the 2018 book 100 Essential Indian Films, compiled by Rohit K. Dasgupta and Sangeeta Datta. In 2020, The Indian Express Shaikh Ayaz included as one of the "Hindi classics that defined the 1970s". On Eid al-Fitr 2021, Subhash K. Jha of Bollywood Hungama included it in his list of the holiday's must-watches.
The Urdu-language dialogue "Aapke paon dekhe, bahut haseen hain. Inhein zameen par mat utariyega ... maile ho jaayenge" ("I saw your feet. They are really beautiful. Please do not step on the ground ... avoid making them dirty") attained popularity among the audience; India Today and Filmfare gave it a place in their lists of "30 Best Dialogues in Bollywood Movies" (2006) and "20 Most Famous Bollywood Dialogue" (2017), respectively. Actor Madhuri Dixit called her favourite film and filmmaker Sanjay Leela Bhansali said it can make him happy, adding; "We already have . There is no need for another." Writing for Open in 2018, Dwyer said along with Deewaar (1975), Sholay (1975), and films of Bimal Roy and Guru Dutt "could constitute some kind of 'world cinema', where despite their typical features such as the use of melodrama and heightened emotion especially around the family, an engaging narrative, stars, a certain mise en scène, usually one of glamour, grandiloquent dialogues and all-important songs, they can be appraised on similar critical and aesthetic terms".
remained one of the most-talked-about Indian films decades after its release, and many books, including their chapters, and articles have been written about it. In the 1972 biography Meena Kumari, republished in 2013 under the title Meena Kumari: The Classic Biography, Mehta dedicated the fifth chapter to examining the film's production and release, followed by his commentary. Desai wrote the book : An Ode to a Bygone World (2013), providing an inside look at the production, release and thematic analysis. The book attracted positive reviews from critics, who praised his writing and extensive commentary. Biographer Raju Bharatan's Naushadnama, released that year, also contains a chapter about the film's musical composition and background score. is one of ten films whose production and release Padhye covered in her book Ten Classics (2020). In 2021, media reported the National Film Archive of India had obtained 18 minutes of film footage that includes a sequence of the original, black-and-white version of "Inhin Logon Ne" with a younger Kumari and different choreography.
See also
List of films with longest production time
Notes
References
Sources
Books
Magazines
Newspapers
Websites
External links
1972 films
1970s Hindi-language films
1970s Urdu-language films
1972 romantic drama films
Films about courtesans in India
Films about prostitution in India
Films set in the 20th century
Films set in the British Raj
Films set in Lucknow
Films shot in Mumbai
Films directed by Kamal Amrohi
Indian romantic drama films
Urdu-language Indian films |
4150342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Turkish%20sentiment | Anti-Turkish sentiment | Anti-Turkish sentiment, also known as Anti-Turkism (), or Turkophobia () is hostility, intolerance, or xenophobia against Turkish people, Turkish culture and the Turkish language.
The term refers to not only against Turks across all regions, but also against the subjects of the Ottoman Empire, as well as descendants of ethnic Turks such as Syrian Turkmen and Iraqi Turkmen. It is also applied to groups who developed in part under the influence of Turkish culture and traditions while converting to Islam, especially during the time of the Ottoman Empire, such as Albanians, Bosniaks and other smaller ethnic groups around Balkans.
Early modern period
In the Early modern period, the fall of Constantinople and the Ottoman wars in Europe—part of European Christians' effort to stem the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, the predecessor to Turkey—helped fuel the development of anti-Turkism. By the middle of the 15th century, special masses called missa contra Turcos (Latin for "mass against Turks") were held in various places in Europe to spread the message that victory over the Ottomans was only possible with the help of God and that a Christian community was therefore necessary to withstand the Turks.
16th century
As the Ottomans expanded their empire west, Western Europe came into more frequent contact with the Turks, often militarily.
During the Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War, the Ottomans conquered Cyprus.
In the 16th century, around 2,500 publications about the Turks—including more than 1,000 in German—were released in Europe, spreading the image of the "bloodthirsty Turk". From 1480 to 1610, twice as many books were published about the Turkish threat to Europe than about the discovery of the New World. Bishop Johann Faber of Vienna claimed, "There are no crueler and more audacious villains under the heavens than the Turks, who spare no age or sex and mercilessly cut down young and old alike and pluck unripe fruit from the wombs of mothers."
During this time, the Ottoman Empire also invaded the Balkans and besieged Vienna, sparking widespread fear in Europe, and especially in Germany. Martin Luther, the German leader of the Protestant Reformation, took advantage of these fears by asserting that the Turks were "the agents of the Devil who, along with the Antichrist located in the heart of the Catholic Church, Rome, would usher in the Last Days and the Apocalypse".
Luther believed that the Ottoman invasion was God's punishment of Christians for allowing corruption in the Holy See and the Catholic Church. In 1518, when he defended his 95 Theses, Luther claimed that God had sent the Turks to punish Christians just as he had sent war, plague, and earthquakes. (In response, Pope Leo X issued a papal bull in which he threatened Luther with excommunication and portrayed him as a troublemaker who advocated capitulation to the Turks.) In his writings On War Against the Turk and Military Sermon Against the Turks, Luther was "consistent in his theological conception of the Turks as a manifestation of God's chastising rod". He and his followers also espoused the view that the Ottoman–Habsburg Wars were a conflict "between Christ and Antichrist" or "between God and the devil".
Spurred by this argument, the Portuguese Empire, seeking to capture more land in East Africa and other parts of the world, used any encounter with the "Terrible Turk" as "a prime opportunity to establish credentials as champions of the faith on par with other Europeans".
Stories of the "dog-Turk" reinforced the negative image. The dog-Turk was claimed to be a man-eating being, half-animal and half-human, with a dog's head and tail. After the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the image of the dog-Turk became a figure used to ridicule Turks in carnival processions and masquerades, where "dog-Turk" characters began to appear alongside witches and clowns.
17th–18th centuries
According to some sympathetic Orientalist authors, negative accounts of Turkish customs and people written during the 17th and 18th centuries "served as an 'ideological weapon' during the Enlightenment's arguments about the nature of government", creating an image of the Turks that was "inaccurate but accepted". However, some contemporary reports documented brutality and corrupt governance against subjugated Christians, including the practice of Devshirme (); where Ottoman soldiers would take European Christian males, aged 8 to 20, forcibly recruiting soldiers from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, and relocate them to Istanbul. The devshirme was resented by locals for the fact that the children were taken forcibly from their parents.
In Sweden, the Turks were portrayed as the archenemies of Christianity. A book by the parish priest Erland Dryselius of Jönköping, published in 1694, was titled Luna Turcica eller Turkeske måne, anwissjandes lika som uti en spegel det mahometiske vanskelige regementet, fördelter uti fyra qvarter eller böcker ("Turkish moon showing as in a mirror the dangerous Mohammedan rule, divided into four quarters or books"). In sermons, the Swedish clergy preached about the Turks' cruelty and bloodthirstiness, and how they systematically burned and plundered the areas they conquered. In a Swedish schoolbook published in 1795, Islam was described as "the false religion that had been fabricated by the great deceiver Muhammad, to which the Turks to this day universally confess".
In 1718, James Puckle demonstrated two versions of his new invention, the Puckle gun: a tripod-mounted, single-barreled flintlock weapon fitted with a revolving cylinder, designed to prevent intruders from boarding a ship. The first version, intended for use against Christian enemies, fired conventional round bullets. The second, intended for use against the Muslim Ottomans, fired square bullets, designed by Kyle Tunis, which were believed to be more damaging and would, according to Puckle's patent, convince the Turks of the "benefits of Christian civilization".
Voltaire and other European writers described the Turks as tyrants who destroyed Europe's heritage; with Voltaire characterizing Turks as "tyrants of the women and enemies of arts" and "barbarian usurpers who must be chased out of Europe." In his book Orientalism, Edward Said noted, "Until the end of the seventeenth century the 'Ottoman peril' lurked alongside Europe to represent for the whole of Christian civilization a constant danger, and in time European civilization incorporated that peril and its lore, its great events, figures, virtues, and vices, as something woven into the fabric of life."
Anti-Turkism by Ottomans
Within the ruling class, Ottomans, called themselves "Osmanlı", to note a person of higher intellect and education with proficiency in Persian and Arabic literature, while the word "Turk" was used to discriminate against the nomad Turkomans of the steppes and Khurasan, and the illiterate Anatolian peasantry, and ethnic slurs such as Eşek Turk (donkey Turk) and Kaba Turk (rude Turk) were used to describe them. Other expressions included were "Turk-head" and "Turk-person". Within the Ottoman Empire, the term of "Etrak-i bi-idrak" was sometimes used to denote the Yörük backwoodsmen, bumpkins, nomad Turkomans in Anatolia. "Etrak-i bi-idrak", an Ottoman play on words, meant "the ignorant Turk". Another similar phrase was "Türk-i-bed-lika" which meant "the ugly-faced Turk".
Özay Mehmet, an academic of Turkish Cypriot descent, wrote in his book Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery:
Modern history
Before the 1960s, Turkey had a relatively low rate of emigration. However, after the adoption of a new constitution in 1961, Turkish citizens began to migrate elsewhere. Gradually, Turks became a "prominent ethnic minority group" in some Western countries. But from the beginning, they were subject to discrimination. At times, when host countries adopted more immigrant-friendly policies, "only the Turkish workers were excluded" from them.
In various European languages, the word "Turk" has acquired a meaning similar to "barbarian" or "heathen", or is used as a slur or curse. As a result, the word also has some negative connotations in the United States.
Arab World
The Arab World has a long history of mixed relations with the Turks back from the Ottoman Empire. In the past, the Ottoman conquest had absorbed a large number of Arab countries into its map, ultimately opened a chapter of a complicated relationship between Turks and Arabs. While both are Muslim majority, subsequent conflict of interests and the growing Turkification and nationalist movement had led to growing anti-Arabism among Turks, especially following the Arab Revolt during the First World War.
Egypt
Since it gained its independence in 1956, Egypt has always had a mixed relationship with Turkey, in particular due to Turkey's relationship with Israel and Egypt had once allied itself with Syria, leading to tensions between Turkey and Egypt.
Since Abdel Fattah el-Sisi came to power in 2014, anti-Turkism has spread in Egypt, as retribution for Erdoğan's growing hostility towards the Egyptian administration. The Egyptian Government has targeted the Turkish state for criticism by opposing it on issues which are extremely sensitive to it, such as recognizing the Armenian genocide, Turkish military invasion in Syria as el-Sisi allied with Bashar al-Assad. There is a growing fear of Turkish interference in Egyptian affairs, which contributed to the growth of Turkophobia in Egypt.
Iraq
The fear of Turkish influence has always dominated Iraq and as such, relationship between Iraq and Turkey has always been tense.
The position of the Iraqi Turkmen has changed from being administrative and business classes of the Ottoman Empire to an increasingly discriminated against minority. Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen have been victims of several massacres, such as the Kirkuk Massacre of 1959. Furthermore, under the Ba'ath Party, discrimination against the Iraqi Turkmen increased, with several leaders being executed in 1979 as well as the Iraqi Turkmen community being victims of Arabization policies by the state, and Kurdification by Kurds seeking to push them forcibly out of their homeland. Thus, they have suffered from various degrees of suppression and assimilation that ranged from political persecution and exile to terror and ethnic cleansing. Despite being recognized in the 1925 constitution as a constitutive entity, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status; hence, cultural rights were gradually taken away and activists were sent to exile.
In 1924, the Iraqi Turkmen were seen as a disloyal remnant of the Ottoman Empire, with a natural tie to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's new Turkish nationalist ideology emerging in the Republic of Turkey. The Iraqi Turkmen living in the region of Kirkuk were perceived as posing a threat to the stability of Iraq, particularly as they did not support the ascendancy of King Faisal I to the Iraqi throne. On May 4, these tensions boiled over into violence when soldiers from the Iraq Levies- a levied force raised by the British government after the First World War and consisting primarily of Assyrians- clashed with Turkmen in a Kirkuk market square after a dispute between an Assyrian soldier and a Turkmen shopkeeper. In the ensuing fracas, 200 Turkmen were killed by Assyrian soldiers.
Around 20 Iraqi Turkmen civilians were killed by the Iraqi police including women and children on 12 July 1946 in Gavurbağı, Kirkuk.
The Kirkuk massacre of 1959 came about due to the Iraqi government allowing the Iraqi Communist Party, which in Kirkuk was largely Kurdish, to target the Iraqi Turkmen. With the appointment of Maarouf Barzinji, a Kurd, as the mayor of Kirkuk in July 1959, tensions rose following the 14 July revolution celebrations, with animosity in the city polarizing rapidly between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen. On 14 July 1959, fights broke out between the Iraqi Turkmen and Kurds, leaving some 20 Iraqi Turkmen dead. Furthermore, on 15 July 1959, Kurdish soldiers of the Fourth Brigade of the Iraqi army mortared Iraqi Turkmen residential areas, destroying 120 houses. Order was restored on 17 July by military units from Baghdad. The Iraqi government referred to the incident as a "massacre" and stated that between 31 and 79 Iraqi Turkmen were killed and some 130 injured.
In 1980, Saddam Hussein's government adopted a policy of assimilation of its minorities. Due to government relocation programs, thousands of Iraqi Turkmen were relocated from their traditional homelands in northern Iraq and replaced by Arabs, in an effort to Arabize the region. Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. For example, the Ba'ath regime recognized that the city of Kirkuk was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation. Thus, the first wave of Arabization saw Arab families move from the center and south of Iraq into Kirkuk to work in the expanding oil industry. Although the Iraqi Turkmen were not actively forced out, new Arab quarters were established in the city and the overall demographic balance of the city changed as the Arab migrations continued.
Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. For example, the Iraqi Military Intelligence issued directive 1559 on 6 May 1980 ordering the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen officials from Kirkuk, issuing the following instructions: "identify the places where Turkmen officials are working in governmental offices [in order] to deport them to other governorates in order to disperse them and prevent them from concentrating in this governorate [Kirkuk]". In addition, on 30 October 1981, the Revolution's Command Council issued decree 1391, which authorized the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen from Kirkuk with paragraph 13 noting that "this directive is specially aimed at Turkmen and Kurdish officials and workers who are living in Kirkuk".
As primary victims of these Arabization policies, the Iraqi Turkmen suffered from land expropriation and job discrimination, and therefore would register themselves as "Arabs" in order to avoid discrimination. Thus, ethnic cleansing was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk. Those Iraqi Turkmen who remained in cities such as Kirkuk were subject to continued assimilation policies; school names, neighborhoods, villages, streets, markets and even mosques with names of Turkic origin were changed to names that emanated from the Ba'th Party or from Arab heroes. Moreover, many Iraqi Turkmen villages and neighborhoods in Kirkuk were simply demolished, particularly in the 1990s.
Over 135 Turkmens were massacred in 1991 during the Gulf War by the Iraqi Army.
The Kurds claimed de facto sovereignty over land that Iraqi Turkmen regards as theirs. For the Iraqi Turkmen, their identity is deeply inculcated as the rightful inheritors of the region as a legacy of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, it is claimed that the Kurdistan Region and Iraqi government has constituted a threat to the survival of the Iraqi Turkmen through strategies aimed at eradicating or assimilating them. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in Tal Afar. The formation of the Kurdistan Region in 1991 created high animosity between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen, resulting in some Iraqi Turkmen being victims of Kurdification, according to the Liam Anderson. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in the de facto capital of Erbil, a city in which they had assumed prominent administrative and economic positions. Thus, they increasingly came into dispute and often conflict with the ruling powers of the city, which after 1996 was the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Massoud Barzani.
According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen inflamed as the KDP and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmen, sought to marginalize them from the positions of authority and to subsume their culture with an all-pervading Kurdistani identity. With the support of Ankara, a new political front of Turkmen parties, the Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF), was formed on 24 April 1995. The relationship between the Iraqi Turkmen Front and the KDP was tense and deteriorated as the decade went on. Iraqi Turkmen associated with the Iraqi Turkmen Front complained about harassment by Kurdish security forces. In March 2000, the Human Rights Watch reported that the KDP's security attacked the offices of the ITF in Erbil, killing two guards, following a lengthy period of disputes between the two parties. In 2002, the KDP created an Iraqi Turkmen political organization, the Turkmen National Association, that supported the further institutionalization of the Kurdistan Region. This was viewed by pro-ITF Iraqi Turkmen as a deliberate attempt to "buy off" Iraqi Turkmen opposition and break their bonds with Ankara. Promoted by the KDP as the "true voice" of the Iraqi Turkmen, the Turkmen National Association has a pro-Kurdistani stance and has effectively weakened the ITF as the sole representative voice of the Iraqi Turkmen. Beginning in 2003, there were riots between Kurds and Turkmen in Kirkuk, a city that Turkmen view as historically theirs. According to United Nations reports, the KRG and Peshmerga were "illegally policing Kirkurk, abducting Turkmen and Arabs and subjecting them to torture". Between 2003 and 2006, 1,350 Turkmens in Tal A'far died and thousands of houses were damaged or demolished, resulting in 4,685 displaced families. A recognized genocide in 2014 was done to Iraqi Turkmen by the Islamic State.
Libya
As for the result of the current Libyan conflict since 2014, Libya was divided into two, where the Government of National Accord in Tripoli enjoys military support from Turkey. This has fueled tensions between Ankara and the Tobruk-based government, and anti-Turkish policies have been pursued by them, In 2019, the Tobruk-based army had arrested Turkish nationals, accusing them of sponsoring terrorism. In 2020, over 15 Turkish nationals have been taken into custody for the same reason. Haftar had also ordered shooting down any Turkish ships and interests, banning flights to Turkey.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has a very tense relationship with Turkey, owing it to Ottoman-Saudi War when the Saudis were defeated by the Ottomans, which contributed to the Turkish rule for another century before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and its alliance with the Al-Rashid family against the Al-Saud. The tensions rekindled in the 21st century with Erdoğan's desire to "revive the Ottoman Empire", which draws Saudi Arabia to be more antagonistic to Turkey. Saudi Arabia has since then made numerous policies, such as labeling the Ottoman Empire as the occupants of Arabia, financing movies that are deemed anti-Turkish, and recently, banning Turkish websites and leading boycotts against Turkey.
Syria
From the French mandate era to the Assad regime, the Turkish culture and language have perished for a section of the Syrian Turkmen community. Many Syrian Turkmen have become Arabized and assimilated in areas where they form a minority. Consequently, Arabization is mainly an exception in areas where the Syrian Turkmen live in areas where they form a significant population, where they have continued to maintain their Turkish identity and language despite discriminative state policies.
Since the Turkish annexation of Sanjak of Alexandretta, there is a strong anti-Turkish sentiment among the Syrian population. For the Syrians, the annexation of Alexandretta became a national wound and a symbol of increasing Turkish meddling of Syrian affairs. This had led to the beginning of anti-Turkish discrimination, intensified under the government of Hafez al-Assad and the Arabization process. Syrian Turkmen, suffered discrimination over employment and education and were forbidden from writing and publishing in their native Turkish dialect.
Syrian Turkmen occupied a low rung on the societal ladder, as reported by Al Bawaba, it was stated that Assad always sought to benefit his politically dominant Shiite religious minority. The report quoted Bayırbucak Turkmen as highlighting, "They would take Alawites first no matter what, even if they had degrees, Turkmen couldn't find jobs".
With the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, Syrian Turkmen had sided with the Syrian opposition, which fed the growth of anti-Turkism in Syria. The Syrian Armed Forces, with Russian support, often bombed Syrian Turkmen positions as well as increased xenophobic attacks against Turkmen, accusing them of being Ankara's stooge.
United Arab Emirates
In May 2017, the UAE's Ambassador to the United States, Yousef Al Otaiba described Turkey under Erdoğan as a "long-term threat" to both the UAE and the United States.
In December 2017, the UAE's foreign minister, Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, shared a tweet that claimed an Ottoman general had robbed Medina during Ottoman rule. Emirati diplomat Anwar Gargash then added, "The sectarian and partisan view is not an acceptable alternative, and the Arab world will not be led by Tehran or Ankara."
Further anti-Turkish policies led by the Emirates, such as arming the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces, clashing of influence during the Syrian Civil War, the issue of Qatar crisis and Egypt, and aftermath of the failed 2016 Turkish coup, led to further deterioration of relations and facilitate stronger anti-Turkish tones in the Emirates.
Kurds
A 2013 study showed that 13.2% of the Kurds in Turkey had a negative view of Turks. Other numbers include 22.3% who would not accept a Turkish son/daughter-in-law and 5% who would not want to live next to a Turk. The study also showed that left-oriented Kurds were less likely to show tolerance towards Turks, while religious affiliation did not play any significance.
Europe
According to Fatma Müge Göçek the main reasons for anti-Turkish sentiment in Western Europe are Armenian genocide denial and the role of Turkish migrant workers in the economy.
Albania
In the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Islamic culture and life was destroyed through state policies and a group of Albanian historians, often with nationalist perspectives promoted in their literature "the Turkish savagery" and Albanian Christian resistance toward the Ottoman Empire. Scholars who opposed anti-Turkish and anti-Muslim narratives were subjected to ostracism and penalties.
In the 2010s, opposition to Turkey building mosques in Albania or exerting its political influence exists among part of the population. They view Turkey as an interfering or autocratic power and Islam as a negative imposed Ottoman legacy.
Bulgaria
Before 1878, Turks accounted for an estimated one-third of the population of Bulgaria. In 1876, approximately 70% of the country's arable land belonged to Turks. This number declined from 1923 to 1949, when an estimated 220,000 Turks moved from Bulgaria to Turkey, a migration encouraged by the Turkish government. Another wave of about 155,000 left Bulgaria from 1949 to 1951, many of them forcibly expelled.
In 1984, the government implemented Bulgarisation policies to culturally assimilate Bulgarian Turks. Approximately 800,000 Turks were forced to adopt Bulgarian names. Furthermore, Bulgarian Turks were not allowed to use their Muslim names, speak Turkish in public places, or attend Muslim ceremonies. This assimilation campaign was labelled as an attempt for national revival and was called "The Revival Process".
On 24 December 1984, in the village of Mlechino, Bulgarian police and security forces shot at Turkish protesters when some 200 Turkish villagers from nearby smaller towns gathered to protest for the return of their passports and reinstatement of their Turkish names.
In many Turkish populated areas in Bulgaria, People from smaller towns and villages attempted to gather in larger towns with a government official with greater jurisdiction, to protest against the assimilation policies. These towns were often barricaded by Bulgarian security forces.
On 25 December 1984, close to the town of Benkovski, some 3,000 Turkish protesters from the nearby smaller villages confronted Bulgarian security forces and demanded to have their original identification papers back. The Bulgarian security forces managed to disperse the crowd and urged them to go back to their villages and inquire from the local mayors. After returning to their towns and discovering that the local municipality didn't have their passports and ID documentation the crowd marched back towards the town of Benkovski on the next day (26 December 1984). About 500 armed personnel from Bulgarian security forces were in position. The police presence in the area was previously increased under the guise of "exercise manoeuvres". When the crowd of 2,000 Turkish villagers approached the Bulgarian security forces opened fire with automatic weapons, wounding 8 people and killing 4. One of the killed was a 17-month-old Turkish baby. The victims were from the villages of Kayaloba, Kitna and Mogiljane. The gunshot wounds suggest that the security force had been aiming at the midsection of the bodies. The captured demonstrators were faced down on the snow for 2 hours and blasted with cold water coming from the fire fighting trucks. In a report by Atanas Kadirev the head of the Ministry of Interior Forces in Kardzhali stated "It was interesting how they endured the entire water from the fire fighters' cisterns". The temperature that day was minus 15 degrees Celsius.
On the same day, 26 December 1984, in the village of Gruevo, situated in Momchilgrad county, the Turkish community temporarily resisted the entry of security forces vehicles into the village by burning truck tires on the main road, but the security forces returned at night with reinforcements. The electricity to the village was cut. The villagers organized at the village entrance but were blasted with water from fire trucks. The security forces opened fire at the villagers and several civilians were wounded and killed. The wounded were refused medical treatment. There are reports of incarcerated Turks allegedly committing suicide while held for police questioning. In demonstrations in Momchilgrad at least one 16-year-old was shot and killed and there are reports of casualties also in Dzhebel.
The Bulgarian Ministry of Interior stated "during these few Christmas days there have been some 11 demonstrations in which approximately 11,000 Turks participated." A large number of the arrested protesters were later sent to the Belene labour camp at the gates of which it is written "All Bulgarian citizens are equal under the laws of the People's Republic of Bulgaria"
One of the most notable confrontations between the ethnic Turk population and the Bulgarian State Security apparatus and army was in the village of Yablanovo during January 1985 where the Turkish population resisted the tanks of the 3rd Bulgarian Army for 3 days. When the village was overrun the town hall was made into a temporary Command Centre where imprisoned Turks were tortured. The torture and violation was later continued in the underground cellars of the Ministry of Interior in the city of Sliven. Over 30 people are reported killed during the events in Yablanovo.
These events led to the beginning of the revival of the Turkish minority identity in Bulgaria and protests took place in some of the bigger settlements in the southern and northern Turk enclaves. Moreover, the Turkish community received the solidarity of Bulgarian intellectuals and opponents of the regime.
This led, a few years later, to the biggest exodus in Europe since World War II: After the Bulgaria–Turkey border was opened in June 1989, approximately 350,000 Turks left Bulgaria on tourist visas in the span of three months. Eventually, more than 150,000 Turks returned to Bulgaria—especially after the removal of Todor Zhivkov from power—but more than 200,000 chose to remain in Turkey permanently.
Former Bulgarian prime minister, Boyko Borisov, has been accused of having anti-Turkish tendencies. In December 2009, he backed a referendum, proposed by the nationalist party Attack (Bulgarian: Атака), on whether to allow daily Turkish-language news broadcasts on Bulgarian National Television, although he later withdrew his support. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, then the Turkish prime minister, "expressed his concern of rising anti-Turkish sentiments in Bulgaria" to the Bulgarian prime minister. The Turkish Foreign Ministry also "expressed its concern over the rising heated rhetoric in Bulgaria". According to a report by Ivan Dikov, "not just Атака but a large number of Bulgarians have resented the news in Turkish".
Borisov also referred to Turks (and Romani) as "bad human material" in 2009. The vice president of the Party of European Socialists, Jan Marinus Wiersma, said Borisov had "crossed the invisible line between right wing populism and extremism".
Some Bulgarian historians consider Bulgars, a semi-nomadic Turkic people, as Iranian. According to Raymond Detrez, the Iranian theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated. Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the proto-Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin.
Example for recent confrontation between the Turkish population of Bulgaria and Bulgarian politicians is Banya Bashi Mosque clashes
Belgium
There are approximately 290,000 Turkish citizens living in Belgium, The majority of whom left to Belgium in the 1950s. In the past several years, many right and left wings Belgian political parties criticized domestic Turkish politics and called for banning or deporting Turkish immigrants.
In 2015, a female employee shouted "Dirty Turk" (in Dutch: 'Vuile Turk') at a Supervisor of Turkish origin in the Volvo car factory in Ghent, which led to a Strike action by Turkish workers at the factory.
Filip Dewinter a right-wing Flemish nationalist party member said in May 2017 at TV-program De Zevende Dag,
Cyprus
The island of Cyprus became an independent state in 1960, with power shared between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots under the London–Zürich Agreements. But in December 1963, in events that became known as Bloody Christmas in which 364 Turks were killed, Turkish Cypriots were ousted from the republic and Greek Cypriots began a military campaign against them, leading to 11 years of ethnic clashes. Turkish Cypriots bore the heavier cost in terms of casualties, and some 25,000—about a fifth of the population of Turkish Cypriots—were internally displaced. Thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses left behind were ransacked or completely destroyed. They lived as refugees for at least ten years, until the 1974 Turkish invasion. By the late 1960s, approximately 60,000 Turkish Cypriots had left their homes and moved into enclaves. This resulted in an exodus of Turkish Cypriots, with the majority migrating to the United Kingdom and others to Turkey, North America, and Australia.
On 13 February 1963 Greeks and Greek Cypriots attacked the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Limassol with tanks killing 16 and injuring 35 Turks. Between 11 and 13 May 1964, Cypriot Police executed much as 28 Turkish Cypriot civilians in Famagusta and Akrotiri and Dhekelia. On 14 and 15 November 1967, Greek Cypriots murdered 26 Turkish Cypriots during their retreat from Kofinou.
Numerous atrocities against the Turkish Cypriot community were committed in response to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. In the Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre by EOKA B, 126 people were killed on 14 August 1974. The United Nations described the massacre as a crime against humanity, by saying "constituting a further crime against humanity committed by the Greek and Greek Cypriot gunmen." In the Tochni massacre, 85 Turkish Cypriot inhabitants were massacred.
The Washington Post covered another atrocity in which it is written that: "In a Greek raid on a small Turkish village near Limassol, 36 people out of a population of 200 were killed. The Greeks said that they had been given orders to kill the inhabitants of the Turkish villages before the Turkish forces arrived."
In Limassol, upon the fall of the Turkish Cypriot enclave to the Cypriot National Guard on 20 July 1974, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts. 1300 people were then led to a prison camp.
On 12 July 2020, The primate of the Church of Cyprus, Archbishop Chrysostomos II has expressed his opinions regarding the reversion of the Hagia Sophia museum to a mosque stating that "The Turks have remained uncivilized, they are rude, and they will remain [this way]." He added that "Turkey has learned to destroy, it has learned to appropriate the cultures of others and sometimes, when it does not benefit it, it destroys them and falsely presents cultures as its own."
Germany
Turks are "the most prominent ethnic minority group in contemporary Germany", and discrimination and violence against them are common. In public discourse and popular jokes, they are often portrayed as "ludicrously different in their food tastes, dress, names, and even in their ability to develop survival techniques".
The number of violent acts by right-wing extremists in Germany increased dramatically between 1990 and 1992. On November 25, 1992, three Turkish residents were killed in a firebombing in Mölln, a town in northern Germany. And on May 29, 1993, in an arson attack in Solingen, five members of a Turkish family that had resided in Germany for 23 years were burnt to death. Several neighbors heard someone shout "Heil Hitler!" before dousing the front porch and door with gasoline and setting fire to the home. Most Germans condemned these attacks, and many marched in candlelight processions.
According to Greg Nees, "because Turks are both darker-skinned and Muslim, conservative Germans are largely against granting them citizenship".
Greece
A member of the European parliament from the Greek far-right Golden Dawn party, former army lieutenant general Eleftherios Synadinos has been expelled from a European Parliament plenary session after a racist remark, stating that "As it has been expressed in scientific literature, the Turks are dirty and polluted. Turks are like wild dogs when they play but when they have to fight against their enemies they run away. The only effective way to deal with the Turks is with decisive and resolute attitudes."
Ioannis Lagos, who has been a Greek lawmaker serving as a Member of the European Parliament, has tore a Turkish flag made of paper into pieces in January 2020 during a session of debate for the humanitarian situation on the Greek islands due to illegal immigrations.
The former Greek Minister for Foreign Affairs Theodoros Pangalos stated in 2002 that Turks have been being allowed "to drag their bloodstained boots across the carpet" in the European Union capitals and has labelled Turks as "bandits, murderers, and rapists".
Netherlands
Turks are the largest ethnic minority group in the Netherlands. Although policies toward Turks in the Netherlands are more progressive than those in many other European countries, such as Germany, in a report on the Netherlands in 2008, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance wrote that the Turkish minority had been particularly affected by "stigmatization of and discrimination against members of minority groups". The report also noted that "the tone of Dutch political and public debate around integration and other issues relevant to ethnic minorities has experienced a dramatic deterioration".
According to the European Network Against Racism, an international organization supported by the European Commission, half of all Turks in the Netherlands report having experienced racial discrimination. The network also noted "dramatic growth" of Islamophobia. In 2001, another international organization, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, highlighted a negative trend in Dutch attitudes towards minorities, compared with average European Union results. That analysis also noted that, compared to other Europeans, the Dutch were "more in favor of cultural assimilation of minorities" rather than "cultural enrichment by minority groups".
Malta
The Maltese have a colourful vocabulary stemming from their fight against the Ottoman Empire during the Great Siege of Malta in 1565. For example, the expression tgħammed tork is used when the sun is visible during rainfall; it means "a Turk has been baptised", which was considered a rare event. The phrase twieled tork ("a Turk was born") is also used. Another expression is ħaqq għat-torok ("curse on the Turks"), used when something goes wrong.
Former Soviet Union
Armenia
According to a 2007 survey, 78% of Armenians see Turkey as a threat.
Georgia
Georgians look with a wary eye to Turkey's growing Neo-Ottomanism and the rise in popularity of irredentist maps showing Turkey with borders expanded into the former Ottoman Empire, usually including Adjara.
Although some Turks have since come back to Meskheti (which is near the Turkish-Georgian border), the Georgians and Armenians who settled in their homes have vowed to take up arms against any who return. Many Georgians have also argued that the Meskhetian Turks should be sent to Turkey, "where they belong".
Russia
According to Stanford University history professor Robert D. Crews, Russia has been historically more tolerant towards Turkic people than any other European administrations, and many Turkic people (Volga Tatars, Bashkirs, Karachays, Nogais, Kazakhs, Chuvash, for example), most of them Muslims, were fairly treated under Tsarist Russia. However, not all Turkic peoples received such generous treatment, for instance, Crimean Tatars under Russian Tsarist administration were forced to leave their houses for Turkey due to Russian colonial politics in the Crimean peninsula. Many Muslim Turks also formed a significant part of Russian Imperial administration and a major bulk of Russian army in its expansion.
In the Soviet Union, the NKVD and the Red Army carried out ethnic cleansing during World War II through mass deportations of Turks. In June 1945, Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet minister of foreign affairs, formally demanded that Turkey surrender three provinces (Kars, Ardahan, and Artvin), and Moscow was also preparing to support Armenian claims to several other provinces. War against Turkey seemed possible, and Joseph Stalin wanted to drive out Turks (especially in Meskheti) who were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions. The campaign is relatively poorly documented, but Soviet sources suggest that 115,000 Turks were deported, mainly to Central Asia. Most of them settled in Uzbekistan, but many others died along the way.
More recently, some Turks in Russia, especially Meskhetian Turks in Krasnodar, have faced human rights violations, including deprivation of citizenship and prohibitions on employment and owning property. Since 2004, many Turks have left the Krasnodar region for the United States as refugees. They are still barred from full repatriation to Georgia.
Uzbekistan
While Turkey and Uzbekistan have a fair relationship for being commonly Turkic, some tensions were witnessed.
In 1989, 103 people died and more than 1,000 were wounded in ethnic clashes between Turks and Uzbeks. Some 700 houses were destroyed, and more than 90,000 Meskhetian Turks were driven out of Uzbekistan. Many Turks see these events as their "second deportation". Those who remained in Uzbekistan complained of ethnic discrimination.
Former Yugoslavia
After the Ottoman Empire fell in the early 20th century, many Turks fled as Muhacirs (refugees). Others intermarried or simply identified themselves as Yugoslavs or Albanians to avoid stigma and persecution.
Historically, from the Ottoman conquest through the 19th century, many ethnically non-Turkish groups—especially the Muslim Slavs of the Balkans—were referred to in local languages as Turks. This usage is common in literature, including in the works of Ivan Mažuranić and Petar II Petrović-Njegoš. The religious ideology of Christoslavism, coined by Michael Sells, holds that "Slavs are Christian by nature and that any conversion from Christianity is a betrayal of the Slavic race". Under this ideology, as seen in Croatian and Serbian nationalism, South Slavic Muslims are not regarded as part of their ethnic kin; by virtue of their Muslim faith, they become "Turks".
North Macedonia
When North Macedonia proclaimed its independence in 1991, the Macedonian state implemented nationalist politics, which aimed to assimilate Macedonian Muslims into a broader category of "Macedonians". The government banned education in Turkish in all regions to "prevent Turkification". This, however, was met with resistance by Muslims who did not support the association and wanted to learn Turkish and continue their education in Turkish. The protests failed, although one person applied to the European Court of Human Rights. The case revolved around rights to education in the mother tongue.
Bosnian War
Ratko Mladić, Radovan Karadžić's military chief and fellow convicted criminal of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, described the conquest of Srebrenica massacre as an opportunity for "the Serbs to avenge themselves on the Turks".
On July 11, 1995, the town of Srebrenica fell to the Bosnian Serb Army. Its commander Ratko Mladić made his infamous statement at the same day, which has been used against him during International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, while he and his entourage posing for cameras with the town in the background:
Other countries
United States
Anti-Turkism first appeared in the United States during World War I, when the Armenian genocide began and was reported by American newspapers. These reports had reinforced a sense of solidarity to Armenians and increasingly anti-Turkish rhetorics in the United States, with the Turks being equally seen as a barbaric people.
Israel
As a result of the increasing Anti-Zionist and antisemitic sentiment by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Turkish-Israeli relations have been greatly damaged. However, Israelis have generally reserved criticism for only the Turkish government.
In 2019, Benjamin Netanyahu's son, Yair Netanyahu, published a tweet remarking that Istanbul was once called Constantinople, a centre of Orthodox Christianity before "Turkish occupation" of the city, sparking a political crisis between Turkey and Israel.
On 12 July 2020, a group of nine Israelis made up of Christians and Jews burned the Turkish flag at the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv in response to Erdoğan's decision to convert Hagia Sophia back into a mosque. They were later detained by Israeli police.
After the Gaza flotilla raid in 2010, where 10 Turks were killed, and the subsequent diplomatic crisis between Israel and Turkey, the number of Israeli tourists to Turkey shrunk to 100,000 as Israelis preferred to "refrain from visiting the country that was seen to be hostile to them".
By 2019, however, 500,000 Israelis visited Turkey, making it one of the most popular destinations for Israelis.
On 10 February 2023, Israeli top rabbi Shmuel Eliyahu claimed that the earthquake that devastated Turkey was "a divine punishment" because the Turkish government had "defamed" Israel.
New Zealand
The guns and magazines used by Brenton Tarrant, the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings, were covered in white writing naming historical events, people, and motifs related to historical conflicts, wars, and battles between Muslims and European Christians, as well as the names of recent Islamic terrorist attack victims and the names of far-right attackers. Notable references from Ottoman history included Skanderbeg (an Albanian nobleman who led an uprising against the Ottoman Empire), Antonio Bragadin (a Venetian officer who broke an agreement and killed Turkish captives), 1683 (which is the date of the Second Siege of Vienna), Miloš Obilić (who is said to have killed the Ottoman Emperor Murat I in Battle of Kosovo in 1389), János Hunyadi (who had blocked Ottoman attempts to take Belgrade), Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg (who defeated the Ottomans in 1683), the Battle of Kahlenberg (which marked the beginning of the Ottoman withdrawal from the Siege of Vienna) and "Turkofagos" (Turk eater), the nickname of Greek War of Independence revolutionary Nikitaras, which he used to shoot 91 people with, 51 fatal (one Turkish) and 40 wounded.
His 'manifesto' specifically refers to Turks and utters threats against Turkey, that Istanbul's mosques will be destroyed and Hagia Sophia will be Christianized.
He also identifies himself as a "kebab removalist", referencing to the anti-Muslim 'remove kebab' meme often used by the far-right ultra-nationalists and Islamophobes, that originated from Serbia and the Fourteen Words. He was also playing an associated propaganda song in his car before the shooting.
In contemporary media
Movies
Dracula Untold
The film has been accused of Islamophobia for the vilification of Mehmed II and for portraying the figure of Vlad the Impaler as a hero even though, according to Turkish journalist Elest Ali Korkmaz, he "indiscriminately killed Turks and Bulgarians" in real history.
Midnight Express
Midnight Express is criticized for its unfavorable portrayal of Turkish people.
In her 1991 book Turkish Reflections: A Biography of Place, Mary Lee Settle wrote: 'The Turks I saw in Lawrence of Arabia and Midnight Express were like cartoon caricatures, compared to the people I had known and lived among for three of the happiest years of my life.'
Pauline Kael, in reviewing the film for The New Yorker, commented, 'This story could have happened in almost any country, but if Billy Hayes had planned to be arrested to get the maximum commercial benefit from it, where else could he get the advantages of a Turkish jail? Who wants to defend Turks? (They don't even constitute enough of a movie market for Columbia Pictures to be concerned about how they are represented.)'
One reviewer, writing for World Film Directors, wrote: "Midnight Express is 'more violent, as a national hate-film than anything I can remember', 'a cultural form that narrows horizons, confirming the audience's meanest fears and prejudices and resentments'."
David Denby of New York criticized Midnight Express as 'merely anti-Turkish, and hardly a defense of prisoners' rights or a protest against prison conditions'. Denby said also that all Turks in the movie — guardian or prisoner — were portrayed as 'losers' and 'swine', and that 'without exception [all the Turks] are presented as degenerate, stupid slobs'.
Turkish Cypriot film director Derviş Zaim wrote a thesis at the University of Warwick on the representation of Turks in the film, in which he concluded that the one-dimensional portrayal of the Turks as 'terrifying' and 'brutal' served merely to reinforce the sensational outcome, and was likely influenced by such factors as Orientalism and capitalism.
Saturday Night Live
Greek actress Nia Vardalos, participated in a Saturday Night Live episode where Turks were portrayed as dirty, smoking, Arabic speaking, ragtag, nose picking and anti-Armenian characters, which was heavily criticized by the Turkish Forum, a network of expat Turks which protested NBC and asked for a public apology, and the show received heavy criticism by the Turks on the internet.
Expressions containing the word "Turk" in various languages
: In old French, terms such as "C'est un vrai Turc" ("A true Turk") were used to refer to brutish and cruel individuals.
: In contemporary Italian, phrases such as "bestemmia come un Turco" ("Cursing like a Turk") and "puzza come un Turco" ("Stinking like a Turk") are often used. The phrase "Mamma li Turchi!" ("Mommy, Turks are coming!") is used to disclaim fear and upheaval, is often used in media headlines. The phrase "fumare come un turco" ("Smoking like a Turk) is used to indicate excessive consumption of tobacco.
: Some offensive expressions are "Eruit zien als een Turk" ("to look like a Turk"), which means to "seem filthy", "repulsive", or "Rijden als een Turk" ("to drive like a Turk"), meaning "to drive recklessly".
: In Norwegian is used the expression "Sint som en tyrker" which means "angry as a Turk".
: In Romanian language it is common to call "a Turk" somebody who's stubborn, who is not able to understand.
: Spanish people used to say "turco" when they wanted to insult another person.
: In English, phrases such as "Johnny Turk", "out-paramour the Turk", "Turk's head", "turn Turk" and "young Turk" were historically used. Furthermore, the word itself used to have some negative connotations, such as when used to describe barbarians or savages.
See also
Anti-Hungarian sentiment
Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment
Anti-Mongolianism
Insulting Turkishness
Islamophobia
List of massacres of Turkish people
Persecution of Muslims
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
Red Jews
Remove Kebab
Tatarophobia
Turkish fear
References
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External links
Turkey in the Eye of the Beholder:Tracking Perceptions on Turkey through Political Cartoons by Sinan Erensü and Yaşar Adanalı
Patriotism versus Patria by Vartan Harutiunyan
Representation of Turkishness in Hollywood by Aslihan Tokgoz
TURKOPHOBIA:Its Social and Historical Roots By Sabirzyan BADRETDIN
The Unspeakable Turk political cartoons
Marco Türklere ders vermek istemiş!
History of the Turkish people
Turkish |
4150425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskerville | Baskerville | Baskerville is a serif typeface designed in the 1750s by John Baskerville (1706–1775) in Birmingham, England, and cut into metal by punchcutter John Handy. Baskerville is classified as a transitional typeface, intended as a refinement of what are now called old-style typefaces of the period, especially those of his most eminent contemporary, William Caslon.
Compared to earlier designs popular in Britain, Baskerville increased the contrast between thick and thin strokes, making the serifs sharper and more tapered, and shifted the axis of rounded letters to a more vertical position. The curved strokes are more circular in shape, and the characters became more regular. These changes created a greater consistency in size and form, influenced by the calligraphy Baskerville had learned and taught as a young man. Baskerville's typefaces remain very popular in book design and there are many modern revivals, which often add features such as bold type which did not exist in Baskerville's time.
As Baskerville's typefaces were proprietary to him and sold to a French publisher after his death, some designs influenced by him were made by British punchcutters. The Fry Foundry of Bristol created a version, probably cut by their typefounder Isaac Moore. Marketed in the twentieth century as "Fry's Baskerville" or "Baskerville Old Face", a digitisation based on the more delicate larger sizes is included with some Microsoft software.
History
Baskerville's typeface was part of an ambitious project to create books of the greatest possible quality. Baskerville was a wealthy industrialist, who had started his career as a writing-master (teacher of calligraphy) and carver of gravestones, before making a fortune as a manufacturer of varnished lacquer goods. At a time when books in England were generally printed to a low standard, using typefaces of conservative design, Baskerville sought to offer books created to higher-quality methods of printing than any before, using carefully made, level presses, a high quality of ink and very smooth paper pressed after printing to a glazed, gleaming finish.
While Baskerville's types in some aspects recall the general design of William Caslon, the most eminent punchcutter of the time, his approach was far more radical. Beatrice Warde, John Dreyfus and others have written that aspects of his design recalled his handwriting and common elements of the calligraphy taught by the time of Baskerville's youth, which had been used in copperplate engraving but had not previously been cut into type in Britain. Such details included many of the intricate details of his italic, such as the flourishes on the capital N and entering stroke at top left of the italic 'p'. He had clearly considered the topic of ideal letterforms for many years, since a slate carved in his early career offering his services cutting tombstones, believed to date from around 1730, is partly cut in lettering very similar to his typefaces of the 1750s. The result was a typeface cut by Handy to Baskerville's specifications that reflected Baskerville's ideals of perfection. According to Baskerville, he developed his printing projects for seven years, releasing a prospectus advertisement for the project in 1754, before finally releasing his first book, an edition of Virgil, in 1757, which was followed by other classics. At the start of his edition of Paradise Lost, he wrote a preface explaining his ambitions.
In 1758, he was appointed University Printer to the Cambridge University Press. It was there in 1763 that he published his master work, a folio Bible.
Reception
The crispness of Baskerville's work seems to have unsettled (or perhaps provoked jealousy in) his contemporaries, and some claimed the stark contrasts in his printing damaged the eyes. Baskerville was never particularly successful as a printer, being a printer of specialist and elite editions, something not helped by the erratic standard of editing in his books. Abroad, however, he was much admired (if not directly imitated, at least not his style of type design), notably by Pierre Simon Fournier, Giambattista Bodoni and Benjamin Franklin (who had started his career as a printer), who wrote him a letter praising his work. His work was later admired in England by Thomas Frognall Dibdin, who wrote that "in his Italic letter...he stands unrivalled; such elegance, freedom and perfect symmetry being in vain to be looked for among the specimens of Aldus and Colinaeus...Baskerville was a truly original artist, he struck out a new method of printing in this country and may be considered as the founder of that luxuriant style of typography at present so generally prevails; and which seems to have attained perfection in the neatness of Whittingham, the elegance of Bulmer and the splendour of Bensley." Thomas Curson Hansard in 1825 seems to have had misgivings about his work, praising his achievement in some ways but also suggesting that he was a better printer than a type designer. On his death his widow Sarah eventually sold his material to a Paris literary society connected to Beaumarchais, placing them out of reach of British printing. A. F. Johnson however cautions that some perhaps over-patriotic British writers on type design have over-estimated Baskerville's influence on continental type design: "there seems to be no trace of a Baskerville school outside Great Britain, except of course in the use of actual Baskerville types. Didot proceeded from the "romains du roi" and would have so proceeded if Baskerville had never printed. Even in England, where there was a Baskerville period in typography, the modern face came from the French, and not as a development from Baskerville."
Baskerville's styles of type and printing, although initially unpopular in Britain, proved influential for a brief transitional period in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, with printers and type designers such as Joseph Fry, Isaac Moore who may have been Fry's punchcutter, and Wilson of Glasgow. Bulmer, cut by the brother of Baskerville's foremen, was one design inspired by it, as is the Bell type cut by Richard Austin. Austin's biographer Alastair Johnston has described this period as a "glorious but short-lived" period of innovative type design in Britain "of harmonious types that had the larger-on-the-body proportions of the Romain du Roi, with the modelling of Baskerville but more colour and fine serifs". Philip Gaskell particularly highlights as a successful typeface of this period the Wilson foundry of Glasgow's 'startling' English-sized (14 pt) roman of 1760, following soon from Baskerville's first editions of 1757 and cut extremely large for its point size: "Baskerville's influence is obvious, but Wilson has outdone the master in the width, weight and even the size of the face. I think myself that with its large x-height, generous width and clean execution, this elegant fount carries out Baskerville's ideas better than did Baskerville himself." This period saw an increasing influence of Didone printing from the Continent, in particular the types of the Didot family and the editions published by Bodoni. The style then disappeared from view altogether following a full trend towards Didone typefaces, often with a much darker style of impression; Updike suggests that this change mostly happened around 1815–20. The Scotch Roman genre which proved popular in Britain and America is something of an intermediate between Didone typefaces and Baskerville's influence. The succession of more extreme "Didone" typefaces quickly replacing Baskerville's style has led to Baskerville being called "transitional" on the road to the Didone style which dominated printing for a long period, although of course Baskerville would not have considered his design "transitional" but as a successful end in itself.
The original Baskerville type (with some replaced letters) was revived in 1917 by Bruce Rogers, for the Harvard University Press, and also released by G. Peignot et Fils in Paris (France). Modern revivals have added features, such as italics with extra or no swashes and bold weights, that were not present in Baskerville's original work.
Baskerville is used widely in documents issued by the University of Birmingham (UK) and Castleton University (Vermont, USA). A modified version of Baskerville is also prominently used in the Canadian government's corporate identity program—namely, in the 'Canada' wordmark. Another modified version of Baskerville is used by Northeastern University (USA), and the ABRSM.
Characteristics
Key features of Baskerville are its E where the bottom arm projects further than the upper, a W with no centre serif, and in the lower-case g where the bottom loop is open. Some fonts cut for Baskerville have an 'R' with a straight leg; in others it is curved. Many characters have obvious ball terminals, in contrast to the more wedge-shaped serifs of earlier fonts. Most distinctive is the italic, in which the J has a centre-bar and many other italic capitals have flourishes, the 'p' has a tail pointing downwards and to the left (similar to the entrance stroke that would be made with a pen) and the w has a clear centre loop and swash on the left. In general, Baskerville's type has been described as 'rounder, more sharply cut' than its predecessors. (Some of these distinctive features are discarded in many revivals, as seen below.) Baskerville's type featured text figures or lower-case numbers, the only form of Arabic numerals in use at the time (Roman numerals would be used to align with the capitals). The capitals are very bold, and (like Caslon's) have been criticised for being unbalanced to the lower-case at large sizes.
Baskerville also produced a font for Greek, which survives at Oxford. It has sometimes been criticised as unidiomatic, and has not been particularly popular. He also had cut ornaments, many apparently copied or influenced from those offered by the Enschedé type foundry of Haarlem.
Metal type versions
The following foundries offered versions of Baskerville:
The original punches were sold by Baskerville's widow and eventually ended up in the possession of G. Peignot et Fils by way of Beaumarchais. Charles Peignot donated them to Cambridge University Press in 1953.
Since Baskerville's equipment was in France and therefore unavailable to them, the Fry type foundry of Bristol produced its own version in the late eighteenth century, presumably cut by typefounder Isaac Moore who also showcased them on his own specimen. These designs feature a slightly different 'a' at large sizes, which has been followed in many Baskerville revivals. Mosley comments that "In its larger sizes it is one of the most elegant types which have ever been cut, and it is by no means a simple derivative. The curves of the lower-case letters are flatter than Baskerville's and the serifs are slightly more tapered." Fry's version was showcased in a specimen attached to a 1787 reprint of John Smith's Printer's Grammar, in which it was frankly admitted that "The plan on which they first sat out was an improvement of the Types of the late Mr. Baskerville of Birmingham" but, presumably failing to achieve sufficient popularity, they additionally created copies of Caslon's types.
When Fry's successors closed, their version was acquired and issued (and some sizes possibly recut) by Stephenson Blake under the name "Baskerville Old Face"; many imitations follow its design, often adding lining figures at cap height and cropping the descenders as was necessary for "standard line" American printing.
The Fry Foundry version was also copied by American Type Founders. Finding Moore's italic unsatisfactory, they added an italic based on the slightly later Bell typeface cut by Richard Austin.
The British Monotype Corporation cut a copy of Baskerville in 1923 for its hot metal typesetting system, showcased in Penrose's Annual of 1924; it was extremely popular for printing in Britain during the twentieth century. As with other Monotype revivals, the design is now sometimes called Baskerville MT. It is bundled with OS X in a somewhat slender digitisation.
Schriftgießerei D. Stempel issued a revival in 1926 under the name "Original-Baskerville".
Linotype AG, the German arm of Mergenthaler Linotype, adapted the Stempel cutting of the face for linecasting in 1927.
Linotype's Baskerville was cut in 1923 by George W. Jones, and was re-cut in 1936. A bold version was cut by Chauncey H. Griffith in 1939. It may sometimes be called Baskerville LT.
More loosely, the Scotch Roman genre of transitional types reflects the influence of Baskerville's work, with increasing influence of Didone type from the continent around the beginning of the nineteenth century; the font Georgia is influenced by this genre. Due to the cachet of the name, some completely unrelated designs were named 'Baskerville' in the hot metal period.
Cold type versions
As it had been a standard type for many years, Baskerville was widely available in cold type. Alphatype, Autologic, Berthold, Compugraphic, Dymo, Star/Photon, Harris, Mergenthaler, MGD Graphic Systems, Varityper, Hell AG and Monotype, all sold the face under the name Baskerville, while Graphic Systems Inc. offered the face as Beaumont.
Digital versions
As a somewhat precise design that emphasises contrast between thick and thin strokes, modern designers may prefer different revivals for different text sizes, printing methods and onscreen display, since a design intended to appear elegant in large text sizes could look too spindly for body text. Factors which would be taken into account include compensation for size and ink spread, if any (the extent of which depends on printing methods and type of paper used; it does not occur on screens). Among digitisations, František Štorm's extremely complete range of versions is particularly praised for featuring three optical sizes, the text version having thicker strokes to increase legibility as metal type does. Meanwhile, the common digitisation of Baskerville Old Face bundled with many Microsoft products features dramatic contrasts between thin and thick strokes. This makes it most suited to headings, especially since it does not have an italic.
Another common question facing revivals is what to do with some letters such as 'N' in italics. On faithful revivals such as the Storm digitisation (shown at top right) they have a swash, but this may be thought too distracting for general use or to space poorly in all-caps text. Accordingly, many revivals substitute (or offer as an alternate) capitals without swashes.
Dieter Hofrichter, who assisted Günter Gerhard Lange in designing a Baskerville revival for Berthold around 1980, commented:
We went to Birmingham where we saw original prints by Baskerville. I was quite astounded by how sharp the printing of his specimens is. They are razor-sharp: it almost hurt your eyes to see them. So elegant and high-contrast! He showed in this way what he could achieve. That was Baskerville's ideal - but not necessarily right for today.
Many companies have provided digital releases (some of older Baskerville revivals), including Linotype, URW++, Bitstream and SoftMaker as well as many others. These may have varying features, for example some lacking small caps. Monotype Baskerville is installed on Macs as part of macOS, while many Windows computers receive Moore's adaptation under the name of Baskerville Old Face in the URW digitisation (that described above) without an italic or bold weight.
Adaptations
A particularly idiosyncratic Baskerville revival is Mrs Eaves (1996), designed by Zuzana Licko. Named after Baskerville's housekeeper-turned-wife, it uses a low x-height to create a bright page without reducing stroke width. Not intended for extended body text, it is often used on book titles and headings. It uses a variety of ligatures to create effects with linked characters. Licko later created a sans-serif companion, Mr. Eaves.
Big Moore by Matthew Carter is a recent, complex digitisation of the larger sizes of Isaac Moore's early adaptation, that often called Baskerville Old Face, adding an italic. Harriet is an adaptation by Okaytype inspired by American nineteenth-century printing.
Gallery
Some examples of volumes published by Baskerville.
Notes
References
.
.
- general survey of printing including of the years after Baskerville & his influence on printing. Many illustrations.
External links
Typophile: Baskerville
John Baskerville I Love Typography, Sep. 23, 2007
Open Baskerville – an open-source revival of Moore's Baskerville, without an italic
Transitional serif typefaces
Typefaces with text figures
Public domain typefaces
Typefaces with optical sizes
Letterpress typefaces
Photocomposition typefaces
Digital typefaces
Monotype typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1757 |
4151001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Film%20Critics%20Online | New York Film Critics Online | The New York Film Critics Online (NYFCO) is an organization co-founded by Harvey S. Karten and Prairie Miller in 2000, composed of Internet film critics based in New York City. The group meets once a year, in December, for voting on its annual NYFCO Awards. Prairie Miller, Avi Offer and Karen Benardello are the members of NYFCO's Governing Committee.
2001
Various Awards
Best Actor: Tom Wilkinson – In the Bedroom
Best Actress: Judi Dench – Iris
Best Cinematography: The Man Who Wasn't There – Roger Deakins
Best Debut Director: Todd Field – In the Bedroom
Best Director: David Lynch – Mulholland Drive
Best Documentary: The Gleaners and I
Best Film: Mulholland Drive
Best Foreign Language Film: 花樣年華 (In the Mood for Love) • Hong Kong
Best Screenplay (Adapted): In the Bedroom – Todd Field and Robert Festinger
Best Screenplay (Original): Mulholland Drive – David Lynch
Best Supporting Actor: Steve Buscemi – Ghost World
Best Supporting Actress: Maggie Smith – Gosford Park
Breakthrough Performer: Naomi Watts – Mulholland Drive
2002
Various Awards
Best Actor: Daniel Day-Lewis – Gangs of New York
Best Actress: Julianne Moore – Far from Heaven
Best Animated Film: Spirited Away
Best Cinematography: Far from Heaven – Edward Lachman
Best Director: Todd Haynes – Far from Heaven and Martin Scorsese – Gangs of New York (tie)
Best Documentary: Bowling for Columbine
Best Film: Chicago
Best Foreign Language Film: Y Tu Mamá También (And Your Mother Too) • Mexiko
Best Screenplay: Far from Heaven – Todd Haynes
Best Supporting Actor: Willem Dafoe – Spider-Man
Best Supporting Actress: Edie Falco – Sunshine State
2003
Top 10 Films
1. Lost in Translation
2. American Splendor
3. In America
4. 21 Grams
5. A Mighty Wind
5. Cold Mountain
5. Girl with a Pearl Earring
5. Lawless Heart
5. Les invasions barbares (The Barbarian Invasions)
10. The Station Agent
Various Awards
Best Actor: Bill Murray – Lost in Translation
Best Actress: Charlize Theron – Monster
Best Animated Film: Finding Nemo
Best Cinematography: Girl with a Pearl Earring – Eduardo Serra Best Director: Sofia Coppola – Lost in Translation Best Documentary: Winged Migration Best Film: Lost in Translation Best Foreign Language Film: Demonlover • France
Best Screenplay: In America – Jim Sheridan, Naomi Sheridan, and Kirsten Sheridan
Best Supporting Actor: Alec Baldwin – The Cooler Best Supporting Actress: Scarlett Johansson – Lost in Translation Breakthrough Performer: Peter Dinklage – The Station Agent2004
Top 9 Films
Sideways The Aviator Before Sunset Ying xiong (Hero) Kinsey La mala educación (Bad Education) The Incredibles Diarios de motocicleta (The Motorcycle Diaries) Shi mian mai fu (House of Flying Daggers)Various Awards
Best Actor: Jamie Foxx – Ray Best Actress: Imelda Staunton – Vera Drake Best Animated Film: The Incredibles Best Cinematography: Ying xiong (Hero) – Christopher Doyle
Best Debut Director: Joshua Marston – Maria Full of Grace Best Director: Martin Scorsese – The Aviator Best Documentary: Broadway: The Golden Age and Super Size Me (tie)
Best Film: Sideways Best Foreign Language Film: Diarios de motocicleta (The Motorcycle Diaries) • United States / Germany / UK / Argentina / Chile / Peru / France
Best Screenplay: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind – Charlie Kaufman
Best Supporting Actor: Thomas Haden Church – Sideways Best Supporting Actress: Virginia Madsen – Sideways Breakthrough Performer: Topher Grace – P.S. and In Good Company2005
Top 9 Films
(Alphabetical order)
Brokeback Mountain Capote The Constant Gardener Crash Good Night, and Good Luck La meglio gioventù (The Best of Youth) Munich The Squid and the Whale SyrianaVarious Awards
Best Actor: Philip Seymour Hoffman – Capote Best Actress: Keira Knightley – Pride & Prejudice Best Animated Film: Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit Best Cinematography: March of the Penguins – Laurent Chalet and Jérôme Maison
Best Debut Director: Paul Haggis – Crash Best Director: Fernando Meirelles – The Constant Gardener Best Documentary: Grizzly Man Best Film: The Squid and the Whale Best Foreign Language Film: Der Untergang (Downfall) • Austria / Germany / Italy
Best Screenplay: Crash – Paul Haggis
Best Supporting Actor: Oliver Platt – Casanova Best Supporting Actress: Amy Adams – Junebug Breakthrough Performer: Terrence Howard – Crash, Four Brothers, Get Rich or Die Tryin', and Hustle & Flow2006
Top 10 Films
(Alphabetical order)
Babel The Fountain Inland Empire Pan's Labyrinth (El laberinto del fauno) Little Children Little Miss Sunshine The Queen Thank You for Smoking Volver WaterVarious Awards
Best Actor: Forest Whitaker – The Last King of Scotland Best Actress: Helen Mirren – The Queen Best Animated Film: Happy Feet Best Cast: Little Miss Sunshine Best Cinematography: The Illusionist – Dick Pope
Best Debut Director: Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris – Little Miss Sunshine Best Director: Stephen Frears – The Queen Best Documentary: An Inconvenient Truth Best Film: The Queen Best Film Music or Score: The Illusionist – Philip Glass
Best Foreign Language Film: El laberinto del fauno (Pan's Labyrinth) • Mexico
Best Screenplay: The Queen – Peter Morgan
Best Supporting Actor: Michael Sheen – The Queen Best Supporting Actress: Jennifer Hudson – Dreamgirls and Catherine O'Hara – For Your Consideration (tie)
Breakthrough Performer: Jennifer Hudson – Dreamgirls2007
Top 11 Films
(Alphabetical order)
Atonement Before the Devil Knows You're Dead The Darjeeling Limited The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (Le scaphandre et le papillon) I'm Not There Juno Michael Clayton No Country for Old Men Persepolis Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street There Will Be BloodVarious Awards
Best Actor: Daniel Day-Lewis – There Will Be Blood
Best Actress: Julie Christie – Away from Her Best Animated Film: Persepolis Best Cast: Before the Devil Knows You're Dead Best Cinematography: There Will Be Blood – Robert Elswit
Best Debut Director: Sarah Polley – Away from Her Best Director: Paul Thomas Anderson – There Will Be Blood Best Documentary: Sicko Best Film: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (Le scaphandre et le papillon) and There Will Be Blood (tie)
Best Film Music or Score: There Will Be Blood – Jonny Greenwood
Best Foreign Language Film: Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others) • Germany and Persepolis • France (tie)
Best Screenplay: The Darjeeling Limited – Wes Anderson, Jason Schwartzman, and Roman Coppola
Best Supporting Actor: Javier Bardem – No Country for Old Men Best Supporting Actress: Cate Blanchett – I'm Not There Breakthrough Performer: Elliot Page – Juno2008
Top 10 Films
(Alphabetical order)
Che A Christmas Tale (Un conte de Noël) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button The Dark Knight Happy-Go-Lucky Milk Rachel Getting Married Slumdog Millionaire WALL-E The WrestlerVarious Awards
Best Actor: Sean Penn – Milk Best Actress: Sally Hawkins – Happy-Go-Lucky Best Animated Film: WALL-E Best Cast: Milk Best Cinematography: Slumdog Millionaire – Anthony Dod Mantle
Best Debut Director: Martin McDonagh – In Bruges Best Director: Danny Boyle and Loveleen Tandan – Slumdog Millionaire Best Documentary: Man on Wire Best Film: Slumdog Millionaire Best Film Music or Score: Slumdog Millionaire – A. R. Rahman
Best Foreign Language Film: 4 luni, 3 săptămâni și 2 zile (4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days) • Romania
Best Screenplay: Slumdog Millionaire – Simon Beaufoy
Best Supporting Actor: Heath Ledger – The Dark Knight (post-humously)
Best Supporting Actress: Penélope Cruz – Vicky Cristina Barcelona Breakthrough Performer: Sally Hawkins – Happy-Go-Lucky2009
Top 11 Films
(Alphabetical order)
Adventureland Avatar Fantastic Mr. Fox The Hurt Locker Inglourious Basterds The Messenger Precious A Serious Man Two Lovers Up Up in the AirVarious Awards
Best Actor: Jeff Bridges – Crazy Heart Best Actress: Meryl Streep – Julie & Julia Best Animated Film: Up Best Cast: In the Loop Best Cinematography: Inglourious Basterds – Robert Richardson
Best Debut Director: Marc Webb – (500) Days of Summer Best Director: Kathryn Bigelow – The Hurt Locker Best Documentary: The Cove Best Film: Avatar Best Film Music or Score: Crazy Heart – Steve Bruton, T Bone Burnett, and Jeffrey Pollack
Best Foreign Language Film: Das weiße Band – Eine deutsche Kindergeschichte (The White Ribbon) • Germany
Best Screenplay: Inglourious Basterds – Quentin Tarantino
Best Supporting Actor: Christoph Waltz – Inglourious Basterds Best Supporting Actress: Mo'Nique – Precious Breakthrough Performer: Christoph Waltz – Inglourious Basterds2010
Top 10 Films
(Alphabetical order)
127 Hours Another Year Black Swan Blue Valentine The Ghost Writer Inception The Kids Are All Right The King's Speech Scott Pilgrim vs. the World The Social NetworkVarious Awards
Best Actor: James Franco – 127 Hours Best Actress: Natalie Portman – Black Swan Best Animated Film: Toy Story 3 Best Cast: The Kids Are All Right Best Cinematography: Black Swan – Matthew Libatique
Best Debut Director: John Wells – The Company Men Best Director: David Fincher – The Social Network Best Documentary: Exit Through the Gift Shop Best Film: The Social Network Best Film Music or Score: Black Swan – Clint Mansell
Best Foreign Language Film: Io sono l'amore (I Am Love) • Italy
Best Screenplay: The Social Network – Aaron Sorkin
Best Supporting Actor: Christian Bale – The Fighter Best Supporting Actress: Melissa Leo – The Fighter Breakthrough Performer: Noomi Rapace – The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo2011
Top 10 Films
(Alphabetical order)
The Artist The Descendants Drive The Help Hugo Melancholia Midnight in Paris Take Shelter The Tree of Life War HorseVarious Awards
Best Actor: Michael Shannon – Take Shelter Best Actress: Meryl Streep – The Iron Lady Best Animated Film: The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn Best Cast: Bridesmaids Best Cinematography: The Tree of Life – Emmanuel Lubezki
Best Debut Director: Joe Cornish – Attack the Block Best Director: Michel Hazanavicius – The Artist Best Documentary: Cave of Forgotten Dreams Best Film: The Artist Best Film Music or Score: The Artist – Ludovic Bource
Best Foreign Language Film: جدایی نادر از سیمین (A Separation) • Iran
Best Screenplay: The Descendants – Nat Faxon, Jim Rash, and Alexander Payne
Best Supporting Actor: Albert Brooks – Drive Best Supporting Actress: Melissa McCarthy – Bridesmaids Breakthrough Performer: Jessica Chastain – The Tree of Life, The Help, The Debt, and Take Shelter2012
Top 10 Films
(Alphabetical order)
Argo Beasts of the Southern Wild Django Unchained Les Misérables Life of Pi Lincoln The Master Moonrise Kingdom Silver Linings Playbook Zero Dark ThirtyVarious Awards
Best Actor: Daniel Day-Lewis – Lincoln Best Actress: Emmanuelle Riva – Amour Best Animated Film: Chico and Rita Best Cast: Argo Best Cinematography: Life of Pi – Claudio Miranda
Best Debut Director: Benh Zeitlin – Beasts of the Southern Wild Best Director: Kathryn Bigelow – Zero Dark Thirty Best Documentary: The Central Park Five Best Film: Zero Dark Thirty Best Film Music or Score: Django Unchained – Various Artists
Best Foreign Language Film: Amour • France
Best Screenplay: Zero Dark Thirty – Mark Boal
Best Supporting Actor: Tommy Lee Jones – Lincoln Best Supporting Actress: Anne Hathaway – Les Misérables Breakthrough Performer: Quvenzhané Wallis – Beasts of the Southern Wild2013
Top 11 Films
(Alphabetical order)
12 Years a Slave Before Midnight Blue Is the Warmest Colour Dallas Buyers Club Gravity Her Inside Llewyn Davis Nebraska Philomena Prisoners The Wolf of Wall StreetVarious Awards
Best Actor: Chiwetel Ejiofor – 12 Years a Slave Best Actress: Cate Blanchett – Blue Jasmine Best Animated Film: The Wind Rises Best Cast: American Hustle Best Cinematography: Gravity – Emmanuel Lubezki
Best Debut Director: Ryan Coogler – Fruitvale Station Best Director: Alfonso Cuarón – Gravity Best Documentary: The Act of Killing Best Film: 12 Years a Slave Best Film Music or Score: Inside Llewyn Davis – T Bone Burnett
Best Foreign Language Film: La Vie d'Adèle : Chapitres 1 et 2 (Blue Is the Warmest Colour) • France
Best Screenplay: Her – Spike Jonze
Best Supporting Actor: Jared Leto – Dallas Buyers Club Best Supporting Actress: Lupita Nyong'o – 12 Years a Slave Breakthrough Performer: Adèle Exarchopoulos – Blue Is the Warmest Colour2014
Top 10 Films
(Alphabetical order)
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) Boyhood Guardians of the Galaxy The Imitation Game A Most Violent Year Mr. Turner Selma The Theory of Everything Under the Skin WhiplashVarious Awards
Best Actor: Eddie Redmayne – The Theory of Everything Best Actress: Marion Cotillard – Two Days, One Night Best Animated Film: The Lego Movie Best Cast: Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) Best Cinematography: Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) – Emmanuel Lubezki
Best Debut Director: Dan Gilroy – Nightcrawler Best Director: Richard Linklater – Boyhood Best Documentary: Life Itself Best Film: Boyhood Best Film Music or Score: Get On Up – Thomas Newman
Best Foreign Language Film: Deux jours, une nuit (Two Days, One Night) • Belgium
Best Screenplay: Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) – Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Nicolás Giacobone, Alexander Dinelaris, Jr., and Armando Bo
Best Supporting Actor: J. K. Simmons – Whiplash Best Supporting Actress: Patricia Arquette – Boyhood Breakthrough Performer: Jack O'Connell – Unbroken and Starred Up2015
Top 10 Films
(Alphabetical order)
45 Years The Big Short Bridge of Spies Brooklyn Carol Mad Max: Fury Road Sicario Spotlight Steve Jobs TrumboVarious Awards
Best Actor: Paul Dano – Love & Mercy Best Actress: Brie Larson – Room Best Animated Film: Inside Out Best Cast: Spotlight Best Cinematography: Mad Max: Fury Road – John Seale
Best Debut Director: Alex Garland – Ex Machina Best Director: Tom McCarthy – Spotlight Best Documentary: Amy Best Film: Spotlight Best Film Music or Score: Love & Mercy – Brian Wilson and Atticus Ross
Best Foreign Language Film: Saul fia (Son of Saul) • Hungary
Best Screenplay: Spotlight – Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer
Best Supporting Actor: Mark Rylance – Bridge of Spies Best Supporting Actress: Rooney Mara – Carol Breakthrough Performer: Alicia Vikander – The Danish Girl and Ex Machina2016
Top 12 Films
(Alphabetical order)
Arrival Fences Free State of Jones Hell or High Water I, Daniel Blake Jackie La La Land Loving Manchester by the Sea Moonlight O.J.: Made in America Toni ErdmannVarious Awards
Best Actor: Casey Affleck – Manchester by the Sea Best Actress: Isabelle Huppert – Elle Best Animated Film: Kubo and the Two Strings Best Cast: Moonlight Best Cinematography: Moonlight – James Laxton
Best Debut Director: Robert Eggers – The Witch Best Director: Barry Jenkins – Moonlight Best Documentary: 13th Best Film: Moonlight Best Film Music or Score: La La Land – Justin Hurwitz
Best Foreign Language Film: 아가씨 (The Handmaiden) • South Korea
Best Screenplay: Moonlight – Barry Jenkins
Best Supporting Actor: Mahershala Ali – Moonlight Best Supporting Actress: Viola Davis – Fences Breakthrough Performer: Ruth Negga – Loving2017
Top 10 Films
(Alphabetical order)
Call Me by Your Name Dunkirk The Florida Project Get Out I, Tonya Lady Bird Mudbound Phantom Thread The Post The Shape of WaterVarious Awards
Best Actor: Gary Oldman – Darkest Hour Best Actress: Margot Robbie – I, Tonya Best Animated Film: Coco Best Cast: Mudbound Best Cinematography: The Shape of Water – Dan Laustsen
Best Debut Director: Jordan Peele – Get Out Best Director: Dee Rees – Mudbound Best Documentary: Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story Best Film: The Florida Project and Mudbound (tie)
Best Film Music or Score: Baby Driver – Steven Price and Kristen Lane
Best Foreign Language Film: Aus dem Nichts (In the Fade) • Germany
Best Screenplay: Get Out – Jordan Peele
Best Supporting Actor: Willem Dafoe – The Florida Project Best Supporting Actress: Allison Janney – I, Tonya Breakthrough Performer: Timothée Chalamet – Call Me by Your Name2018
Top 10 Films
BlacKkKlansman Eighth Grade The Favourite First Reformed Green Book If Beale Street Could Talk Leave No Trace Roma A Star Is Born ViceVarious Awards
Best Actor: Ethan Hawke - First Reformed Best Actress: Melissa McCarthy - Can You Ever Forgive Me? Best Animated Feature: Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse Best Breakthrough Performance: Elsie Fisher - Eighth Grade Best Cinematography: Roma Best Director: Alfonso Cuaron - Roma Best Debut Director: Bo Burnham - Eighth Grade Best Documentary: Won't You Be My Neighbor? Best Ensemble: The Favourite Best Foreign Language Film: Cold War Best Screenplay: The Favourite Best Supporting Actor: Richard E. Grant - Can You Ever Forgive Me? Best Supporting Actress: Regina King - If Beale Street Could Talk Best Use of Music: If Beale Street Could Talk2019
Top 10 Films
(Alphabetical order)
1917 The Farewell Hustlers The Irishman Jojo Rabbit Joker Marriage Story Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Parasite The Two PopesVarious Awards
Best Actor: Joaquin Phoenix – Joker Best Actress: Lupita Nyong'o – Us Best Animated Film: I Lost My Body Best Cast: Knives Out Best Cinematography: 1917 – Roger Deakins
Best Debut Director: Lila Avilés – The Chambermaid Best Director: Bong Joon-ho – Parasite Best Documentary: Apollo 11 Best Film: Parasite Best Foreign Language Film: Portrait of a Lady on Fire • France
Best Screenplay: Parasite – Bong Joon-ho and Han Jin-won
Best Supporting Actor: Joe Pesci – The Irishman Best Supporting Actress: Laura Dern – Marriage Story Best Use of Music: Rocketman Breakthrough Performer: Kelvin Harrison, Jr. – Luce and Waves2020
Top 10 Films
(Alphabetical order)
The Assistant First Cow I'm Thinking of Ending Things Minari Never Rarely Sometimes Always Nomadland One Night in Miami... Promising Young Woman Tommaso The Trial of the Chicago 7Various Awards
Best Actor: Riz Ahmed – Sound of Metal Best Actress: Carey Mulligan – Promising Young Woman Best Animated Film: Soul Best Cast: The Trial of the Chicago 7 Best Cinematography: Joshua James Richards – Nomadland Best Debut Director: Emerald Fennell – Promising Young Woman Best Director: Chloé Zhao – Nomadland Best Documentary: The Way I See It Best Film: Minari Best Foreign Language Film: Minari • United States
Best Screenplay: Emerald Fennell – Promising Young Woman Best Supporting Actor: Leslie Odom, Jr. – One Night in Miami... Best Supporting Actress: Ellen Burstyn – Pieces of a Woman and Youn Yuh-jung – Minari (tie)
Best Use of Music: Branford Marsalis – Ma Rainey's Black Bottom Breakthrough Performer: Kingsley Ben-Adir – One Night in Miami... and Maria Bakalova – Borat Subsequent Moviefilm'' (tie)
Notes
References
External links
NYFCO.net Official site
American film critics associations |
4151271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jundallah%20%28Iran%29 | Jundallah (Iran) | Jundallah (), also known as the People's Resistance Movement of Iran (PRMI), was a Sunni militant organization based in Sistan and Baluchestan, a province in southeast Iran, that claims to be fighting for the "equal rights of Sunni Muslims in Iran".
The organization was founded by Abdolmalek Rigi, an ethnic Baloch who was captured and executed at Evin Prison in Tehran in 2010. It was believed to have between 700 and 2,000 fighters. Jundallah commanders claim the group had killed up to 400 Iranian soldiers.
Jundallah had been officially designated as a terrorist organization by Iran, Japan, New Zealand and the United States. The U.S. Department of State says, “Jundallah, which was designated as an FTO and SDGT in 2010, began using the new name Jaysh al-Adl and associated aliases in 2012.” It has been linked to and taken credit for numerous acts of terror, kidnappings and the smuggling of narcotics. According to many sources, the group was linked to al-Qaeda. The group shared its name with another Baloch militant organization active in Pakistani Balochistan as part of the same insurgency.
Background
Jundallah was thought to have begun in 2003 and it is known for attacks against high-profile Iranian targets, both military and civilian. Its origin and structure remain unclear. It had been suggested that it might be an offshoot of Baluchi Autonomist Movement, which was created and supported by Saddam Hussein along with other militant groups like Mujahideen-e Khalq, to wage a proxy war on Iran during the Iran–Iraq War. There appears to be at least another militant organization with the name of Jundallah operating independently in Pakistan.
Iran accuses the United States and other foreign elements of backing Jundallah, possibly from Pakistani territory with Islamabad's support, despite Pakistan's alleged history of cooperation with Iran to suppress trans-border militants, whereas Jundallah denies any connections to al-Qaeda or the Taliban, as well as foreign governments such as the United States and Great Britain. The United States also denies any support or involvement with this group.
In an October 17, 2008 interview aired on Al-Arabiya TV, its leader Abdolmalek Rigi stated the group had given "over 2,000 men" military, political and ideological training but that the number of its members "in the mountains does not exceed 200." It had also been alleged that Jundallah is involved in smuggling Iranian diesel fuel to Afghanistan and Pakistan, the price of which is more than five times cheaper than the diesel fuel in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The diesel fuel is then bartered with opium, which is smuggled into Iran from Afghanistan and Pakistan to be sold in Iran.
Terrorist designation
Though the United States State Department under Hillary Clinton considered designating Jundullah as a terrorist organization in 2009, it wasn't until November 3, 2010, that it designated Jundallah as a Foreign Terrorist Organization, noting that Jundallah "had engaged in numerous attacks resulting in the death and maiming of scores of Iranian civilians and government officials. Jundallah uses a variety of terrorist tactics, including suicide bombings, ambushes, kidnappings and targeted assassinations." Iran hailed the decision.
Views and goals
Jundullah have been referred to as separatists by various media, and Iranian leaders have stated that Jundullah is proxy group used by the enemies of Iran to destabilise the Islamic Republic. The group's (now dead) leader Abdolmalek Rigi, however, always denied the organization had any separatist agenda, or foreign links, claiming that they "merely fight for equal rights for Sunni Muslims" in predominantly Shi'a Iran.
In an interview with Rooz (an Iranian online newspaper), Rigi declared himself an Iranian and stating Iran was his home, and that he merely aimed at improving the lives of Sunni Baluchis in a democratic Iran. Dan Rather's US cable channel HDnet's television news magazine Dan Rather Reports, also interviewed Rigi and showed a video of Rigi personally cutting off his brother in-law Shahab Mansouri's head. In the same interview, Rigi described himself as "an Iranian" and denied that his goal is to form a separate Baluch state. He claimed that his goal is to "improve conditions for ethnic Baluchis", and that his group is "fighting exclusively for the rights of Sunni Muslims in Iran".
In an October 17, 2008, interview aired on Al-Arabiya TV, Abdolmalek stated, "the only thing we ask of the Iranian government is to be citizens. We want to have the same rights as the Iranian Shiite people. That's it." He described his group as an Islamic awakening movement but denied any ties with Al Qaeda or the Taliban. He also told the interviewer that despite the fact that "many of us have been martyred ... we are prepared to reach an understanding with the Iranian government, Insha Allah."
International sponsorship
United States and Israel
A report by Brian Ross and Christopher Isham of ABC News in April 2007 alleged that Jundallah "had been secretly encouraged and advised by American officials" to destabilize the government in Iran, citing U.S. and Pakistani tribal and intelligence sources. The report alleges that U.S Vice President Dick Cheney discussed the activity of the group against Iran during his visit to Pakistan. In a blog, the network stated that the support was believed to have started in 2005 and been arranged so that the U.S provided no direct funding to the group, which would require congressional oversight and attract media attention, drawing parallels between American support for Jundallah and U.S. involvement in Nicaragua.
The report was denied by Pakistan official sources, but ABC stood by their claim despite the denial. Alexis Debat, one of the sources quoted by Ross and Isham in their report alleging U.S support for the Jundullah, resigned from ABC News in June 2007, after ABC officials claimed that he faked several interviews while working for the company. Ross went on to say the Jundullah story had many sources, adding, "We’re only worried about the things Debat supplied, not about the substance of that story." According to Ross, ABC had found nothing that would undermine the stories Mr. Debat worked on. However, he acknowledged that as the stories of fabrications continue to roll in, the network "at some point had to question whether anything he said can be believed." This caused the network in 2007 to send a second team of producers to Pakistan investigating the original reports.
Gholamali Haddadadel, Iranian parliament speaker in 2007, told reporters that Jundallah is part of pressure tactics used by United States to subdue Iran, and hoped with Pakistani help, Iran would be able to defeat Jundallah.
On April 2, 2007, Abdolmalek Rigi appeared on the Persian service of Voice of America, the official broadcasting service of the United States government, which identified Rigi as "the leader of popular Iranian resistance movement" and used the title of "Doctor" with his name. This incidence resulted in public condemnation by the Iranian-American community in the U.S, many of whom are opponents of the Iranian government, as well as Jundallah.
Investigative journalist Seymour Hersh revealed another report in July 2008 that alleged that US congressional leaders had secretly agreed to former president George W. Bush's USD 400 million funding request, which gives the US a free hand in arming and funding terrorist groups such as Jundullah militants.
Three days after the 2009 terror attack against Zahidan mosque, Iranian speaker of parliament Ali Larijani claimed, that Iran had intelligence reports regarding the United States links with certain terrorist groups operating against Iran and accused the United States of commanding them. He also said that the United States is trying to start a civil war between Shia and Sunni segments of Iranian society. Regarding the investigation of the terrorist act he added that Iran would want Pakistan to cooperate fully and not become a mere part of the designs against Iran.
According to a 2007 article in The Daily Telegraph, Jundallah is just one part of a Black Operation Plan involving psychological operations and other covert operations to support dissents among minorities (Baloch, Arab, Kurds, Azeris, etc.) in Iran, which along with tactics of military posturing, risky maneuvers and occasional conciliatory gestures are designed to improve United States bargaining position in any future negotiation with Iran. Furthermore, these Black Operations build upon a coordinated campaign consisting of disinformation, placement of negative newspaper articles, propaganda broadcasts, the manipulation of Iran's monetary currency and international banking transactions.
Iranian Interior Minister Mostafa Pour-Mohammadi had said United States intelligence operatives have been meeting and coordinating with Anti-Iranian militants in Afghanistan as well as encouraging drug smuggling into Iran. A former Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army General Aslam Beg had accused the Coalition Forces in Afghanistan of training and supporting Jundallah against Iran.
After Rigi was arrested on 23 February 2010, Iran's intelligence minister Heydar Moslehi at a press conference in Tehran claimed that Rigi had been at a US base in Afghanistan 24 hours before his arrest. At a press conference, he flourished a photograph which he said showed Rigi outside the base with two other men, though he gave no details of where the base was, or how or when the photograph was obtained. Photographs were also shown of an Afghan passport and identity card said to have been given by the Americans to Rigi. Moslehi also alleged that Rigi had met the then NATO secretary-general, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, in Afghanistan in 2008, and had visited European countries. He said agents had tracked Rigi's movements for five months, calling his arrest "a great defeat for the US and UK". On February 25 Iranian state television broadcast a statement by Rigi stating he had had American support and that
"The Americans said Iran was going its own way and they said our problem at the present is Iran… not al-Qaeda and not the Taliban, but the main problem is Iran. We don't have a military plan against Iran. Attacking Iran is very difficult for us (the US). They [Americans] promised to help us and they said that they would co-operate with us, free our prisoners and would give us [Jundullah] military equipment, bombs, machine guns, and they would give us a base."
BBC News carried a report on the statements, noting that "It is not possible to say whether Abdolmalek Rigi made the statement freely or under duress." The US had denied having links with Rigi's group, Jundullah. Reuters also reported that Geoff Morrell, Pentagon press secretary, dismissed claims by the Iranian government that Mr. Rigi had been at an American military base just before his arrest. Morrell called the accusations of American involvement "nothing more than Iranian propaganda." According to a former U.S. intelligence officer, Rigi was captured by Pakistani officials and delivered to Iran with U.S. support: "It doesn't matter what they say. They know the truth."
On November 3, 2010, the U.S. Department of State officially designated Jundallah as a Foreign Terrorist Organization, thereby making it a crime for any person in the United States or subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to knowingly provide material support or resources to Jundallah.
In January 2012, an article by Mark Perry questioned the validity of the previous allegations, asserting that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) "had barred even the most incidental contact with Jundallah." The rumors originated in an Israeli Mossad "false flag" operation; Mossad agents posing as CIA officers supposedly met with and recruited members of Jundullah in cities such as London to carry out attacks against Iran. President George W. Bush "went absolutely ballistic" when he learned of Israel's actions, but the situation was not resolved until President Barack Obama's administration "drastically scaled back joint U.S.-Israel intelligence programs targeting Iran" and ultimately designated Jundallah a terrorist organization in November 2010. Although the CIA cut all ties with Jundallah after the 2007 Zahedan bombings, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and United States Department of Defense continued to gather intelligence on Jundallah through assets cultivated by "FBI counterterrorism task force officer"; the CIA co-authorized a 2008 trip McHale made to meet his informants in Afghanistan. According to The New York Times: "Current and former officials say the American government never directed or approved any Jundallah operations. And they say there was never a case when the United States was told the timing and target of a terrorist attack yet took no action to prevent it."
On November 9, 2014, The New York Times published an article on the front page of its Late Edition, which states that an FBI counterterrorism task force officer by the name of Thomas McHale "had traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan and developed informants inside Jundallah's leadership, who then came under the joint supervision of the FBI and CIA."
United Kingdom
Iranian authorities also accused the United Kingdom of supporting Jundallah.
In a BBC production "Panorama: Obama and the Ayatollah", a terrorist organisation which had carried out acts of terror leading to death of civilians and children in Iran is briefly mentioned but not named, with the official prosecution files and their Interpol warrants blacked out in video. The international warrants call for their arrest under international anti-terrorism laws, which had not happened and Tehran blames western governments particularly the British government for protecting them from an international arrest.
Pakistan
Jundallah is also actively involved and conducts terrorist attacks having linked up with other banned religious groups . Pakistan had worked with Iran especially during the time of the Shah in fighting many of the separatist groups in Balochistan. Pakistan's assistance in the capture and arrest of Jundallah's leader. Despite denials, a few Iranian MPs have often even castigated Pakistan's efforts in tackling the Baloch-based insurgency. Hossein Ali Shahriari, Zahedan's representative in parliament, rhetorically asked, "Why does our diplomatic apparatus not seriously confront the Pakistani government for harboring bandits and regime's enemies? Why do security, military and police officials not take more serious action?". It had been claimed, Jundallah can not operate with at least some degree of support from within Pakistan and that elements from within Pakistani security establishment, particularly ISI with financial support of Saudi Arabia and its supplementation through the largest opium black market in the world have woven a complicated web of drug smugglers and terrorists to project power in the region and beyond. General Hasan Firoozabadi of Iranian Army said, one of the main bases of Jundallah had been identified and pointed out to Pakistan and Iran is awaiting for Pakistan's action on the matter. In a rare criticism Iranian Intelligence minister after the Saravan attack claimed Pakistan is not meaningfully cooperating with Iran on the issue of Jundallah.
At least some Iranian analysts believe this huge transnational web comprising economic, political and military dimensions is ultimately being run by CIA (Special Activities Division), aiming to topple or at least weaken Iranian government; with Pakistan just being a pawn much like the earlier United States support for Mujahedin against Soviet Union with collaboration of Pakistan. These analysts believe the ideological element supporting Jundallah and similar groups come from religious madrassah's of Pakistan supported religiously and financially by the United States and Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Arabia
Iran considers Jundallah as a group connected to Taliban and their opium revenues, as well as receiving financial and ideological support directly from Saudi Arabia in collusion with other hard-line elements within Pakistan and Afghanistan. Others alleged that United States had long supported Low intensity conflict and assassinations with Saudi money, especially against nationalists, socialists, and Shias.
American journalist Dan Rather had traveled to Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, Sweden, and France investigating Jundallah and its funding sources. On the US cable channel HDnet's television news magazine Dan Rather Reports, he indicated that support comes from Balochis in Sweden where Radio Baloch FM is broadcast from Stockholm.
Timeline
2005 Attack on Iranian President
The motorcade of Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was ambushed during his visit to Balochistan province, in which at least one of his bodyguards was killed and others injured.
2006 Tasooki Attack
On 16 March 2006, four days before Iranian new year, Jundallah blocked a road near Tasooki and killed 21 civilians. A thirteen-year-old student on his way to new year holidays was caught in the crossfire.
2007 Zahedan Bombing
On February 14, 2007, a car bomb and gunfire directed at a bus killed 18 members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. Guards commander Qasem Rezaei said, "This blind terrorist operation led to the martyrdom of 18 citizens of Zahedan" and attributed the attack to "insurgents and elements of insecurity." Jundallah claimed responsibility for the attack on 15 February.
Iranian security forces also arrested five suspects, two of whom were carrying camcorders and grenades when they were arrested, while the police killed the main "agent" of the attack. Among the arrestees was Said Qanbarzehi, a Balochi, who was hanged in Zahedan prison on 27 May 2007. He had been sentenced to death at the age of 17 along with six other Balochi men—Javad Naroui, Masoud Nosratzehi, Houshang Shahnavazi, Yahya Sohrabzehi, Ali Reza Brahoui and Abdalbek Kahrazehi (also known as Abdalmalek)—in March 2007, despite the absolute international prohibition on the execution of child offenders. Two days later on Friday, Feb 16 2007, Jundallah bombed a girls school in city of Zahedan and the leader of the group took responsibility for it on the official TV of MEK.
Mass abduction
Jundallah militants kidnapped 21 Iranian truck drivers near Chabahar on August 19, 2007 and brought them to Pakistan. Pakistani forces later freed all of them.
Police abduction
In June 2008, 16 police officers in Saravan were abducted and brought into Pakistan. Jundullah claimed responsibility and subsequently demanded the release of 200 militants from the Iranian government. Some sources claim that one of the hostages was released in September, 2008, while others assert that all 16 were killed by Jundullah in December.
Saravan Bombing
In a rare suicide bombing in Iran, a car bomb was driven into a security building in Saravan, on December 29, 2008. The explosion killed four Iranians.
Saravan Ambush
On January 25, 2009, 12 members of the Revolutionary Guards were ambushed and killed by Jundallah near Saravan.
Zahedan Mosque Blast
A bomb blast on May 28, 2009 rocked a mosque in the south-eastern Iranian city of Zahedan as mourners participated in a ceremony marking the death of the daughter of the prophet of Islam, which killed 25 people and injured 125 others, less than 3 weeks before the Iranian 2009 presidential elections. The Iranian government promptly accused the United States of having financed and orchestrated the attack in order to destabilize the nation in the leadup to its presidential election. Two days after the attack, three men were publicly hanged for smuggling the explosives used in the attack into Iran from Pakistan. The trio were already in prison at the time of attack and had been tried for previous attacks by Jundallah including the 2007 Zahedan bombings. Interior Minister Sadegh Mahsouli said in a statement posted on the Internet that "those who committed the Thursday bombing are neither Shia nor Sunni. They are Americans and Israelis." Abdel Raouf Rigi, the spokesman for Jundallah, claimed responsibility on a Saudi Arabian state owned TV channel, Al-Arabiya.
2009 Pishin Bombing
On October 18, 2009, 42 people were killed in a suicide bombing in the Pishin District of Sistan-Baluchistan, including at least 6 officers in Iran's Revolutionary Guards, including the deputy commander of the Guards' ground force, General Noor Ali Shooshtari, and the Guards' chief provincial commander, Rajab Ali. Jundallah claimed responsibility.
Capture of Abdolmalek Rigi
On February 23, 2010, Iran captured Abdolmalek Rigi. Heydar Moslehi, Iran's minister of intelligence, claims Rigi was at an American military base in Afghanistan prior to his capture and was arrested on a flight from Dubai to Kyrgyzstan, but this had been disputed. Other accounts report that Rigi was apprehended in Pakistan and turned over to Iranian authorities.
On February 26, Rigi appeared on Iranian TV, claiming that the U.S. promised him financial and military aid to fight the Iranian government, which the U.S. denied. He was executed on June 20, 2010 in the Evin Prison in Tehran.
Activities following Rigi's execution
In the wake of Rigi's capture and execution, Al-Arab claimed that Jundallah named Muhammad Dhahir Baluch as his replacement.
2010 Zahedan bombings
On July 16, 2010, 27 people were killed in a double suicide bombing at the Jamia mosque in Zahedan. The blasts, timed 20 minutes apart to maximize injuries, are believed to have killed several members of the Revolutionary Guard.
December 2010 Chah Bahar bombings
Two bombs near a mosque in south-eastern Iran which killed an estimated 39 people at a Shia mourning ceremony. The Fars news agency said there were four bombers: two of them detonating explosives attached to their belts, a third was shot at by Iran's intelligence service; and the fourth was arrested. Iran blamed Pakistan and its intelligence services, the ISI, for the attacks.
Offshoots
The Baluch militant groups Jaish ul-Adl and Harakat Ansar Iran recruited many members of Jundallah in their continued violent campaign against the Iranian state.
October 2012 Chah Bahar bombing
According to Voice of Russia, a suicide bomber attacked a mosque in south eastern Iran on 19 October 2012, killing one person and wounding several more worshippers who gathered for their Friday prayer. Later, Seyyed Baqer Husseyni, Majlis member, said that "the October 19th crime was committed by the same people who removed the Mojahedin Khalq Organization (MKO – opposition group) from the list of terrorists and who train mercenaries and use them against the people. They are guided by America and Israel." A Sunni group claimed responsibility for the attack, saying "We, the Mujahideen of Harakat Ansar Iran, proudly bring you the news of our first successful operation from our new series of operations code named Ra'ad (operation storm). In this operation, approximately 20 officers of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards (Pasadaran) were killed by an explosive-rigged van in the city of Chabahar, Iran, while one brother Mujahid, Hamza Saravani, was martyred."
In literature
The Scriptwriter is the first English language novel written about Jundallah by a writer from the Pakistan/Iran region.
See also
Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden
Arrest of Abdolmalek Rigi
Attack on Tasooki (2006)
Baloch
Baluchi Autonomist Movement
CIA activities in Iran
Iran–Iraq War
Irregular Warfare
List of designated terrorist organizations
Opium production in Afghanistan
Persecution of Shia Muslims
Religious terrorism
Sistan and Baluchistan Province
Special Activities Division
References
Jundallah (Iran)
Baloch nationalist organizations
Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist
Guerrilla organizations
Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom
Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States
Islamist groups
Sunni Islamist groups
National liberation movements
Organisations designated as terrorist by Iran
Paramilitary organisations based in Iran
Separatism in Iran
Balochistan
Iran–United States relations
Jihadist groups in Afghanistan
Militant opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran
Organisations designated as terrorist by New Zealand
Organisations designated as terrorist by Japan |
4152018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce%208%20series | GeForce 8 series | The GeForce 8 series is the eighth generation of Nvidia's GeForce line of graphics processing units. The third major GPU architecture developed by Nvidia, Tesla represents the company's first unified shader architecture.
Overview
All GeForce 8 Series products are based on Tesla. As with many GPUs, the larger numbers these cards carry does not guarantee superior performance over previous generation cards with a lower number. For example, the GeForce 8300 and 8400 entry-level cards cannot be compared to the previous GeForce 7200 and 7300 cards due to their inferior performance. The same goes for the high-end GeForce 8800 GTX card, which cannot be compared to the previous GeForce 7800 GTX card due to differences in performance.
Max resolution
Dual Dual-link DVI Support:
Able to drive two flat-panel displays up to 2560×1600 resolution. Available on select GeForce 8800 and 8600 GPUs.
One Dual-link DVI Support:
Able to drive one flat-panel display up to 2560×1600 resolution. Available on select GeForce 8500 GPUs and GeForce 8400 GS cards based on the G98.
One Single-link DVI Support:
Able to drive one flat-panel display up to 1920×1200 resolution. Available on select GeForce 8400 GPUs. GeForce 8400 GS cards based on the G86 only support single-link DVI.
Display capabilities
The GeForce 8 series supports 10-bit per channel display output, up from 8-bit on previous Nvidia cards. This potentially allows higher fidelity color representation and separation on capable displays. The GeForce 8 series, like its recent predecessors, also supports Scalable Link Interface (SLI) for multiple installed cards to act as one via an SLI Bridge, so long as they are of similar architecture.
NVIDIA's PureVideo HD video rendering technology is an improved version of the original PureVideo introduced with GeForce 6. It now includes GPU-based hardware acceleration for decoding HD movie formats, post-processing of HD video for enhanced images, and optional High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) support at the card level.
GeForce 8300 and 8400 series
In the summer of 2007 Nvidia released the entry-level GeForce 8300 GS and 8400 GS graphics cards, based on the G86 core. The GeForce 8300 was only available in the OEM market, and was also available in integrated motherboard GPU form as the GeForce 8300 mGPU. The first version of the 8400 GS is sometimes called "GeForce 8400 GS Rev. 1".
As with many entry-level graphics cards, these cards are often less powerful than mid-range and high-end cards. Because of the reduced performance of these cards, they are not intended to be used for intense 3D applications such as fast, high-resolution video games. However, they could still play most games in their lower settings and resolutions, making these cards popular among casual gamers and HTPC (Media Center) builders without a PCI Express or AGP slot on the motherboard.
The GeForce 8300 and 8400 series were originally designed to replace the low-cost GeForce 7200 series and entry-level GeForce 7300 series. However, they could not do so due to their inferior gaming performance.
At the end of 2007 NVIDIA released a new GeForce 8400 GS based on the G98 (D8M) chip. It is quite different from the G86 used for the "first" 8400 GS, as the G98 features VC-1 and MPEG2 video decoding completely in hardware, lower power consumption, reduced 3D-performance and a smaller fabrication process. The G98 also features dual-link DVI support and PCI Express 2.0. G86 and G98 cards were both sold as "8400 GS", the difference showing only in the technical specifications. This card is sometimes referred to as "GeForce 8400 GS Rev. 2".
During mid-2010 Nvidia released another revision of the GeForce 8400 GS based on the GT218 chip. It has a larger amount of RAM, and is capable of DirectX 10.1, OpenGL 3.3 and Shader 4.1. This card is also known as "GeForce 8400 GS Rev. 3".
GeForce 8500 and 8600 series
On April 17, 2007, Nvidia released the GeForce 8500 GT for the entry-level market, and the GeForce 8600 GT and 8600 GTS for the mid-range market.
Nvidia introduced 2nd-generation PureVideo with this series. As the first major update to PureVideo since the GeForce 6's launch, 2nd-gen PureVideo offered much improved hardware-decoding for H.264.
GeForce 8800 series
The 8800 series, codenamed G80, was launched on November 8, 2006, with the release of the GeForce 8800 GTX and GTS for the high-end market. A 320 MB GTS was released on February 12 and the Ultra was released on May 2, 2007. The cards are larger than their predecessors, with the 8800 GTX measuring 10.6 in (~26.9 cm) in length and the 8800 GTS measuring 9 in (~23 cm). Both cards have two dual-link DVI connectors and an HDTV/S-Video out connector. The 8800 GTX requires 2 PCIe power inputs to keep within the PCIe standard, while the GTS requires just one.
8800 GS
The 8800 GS is a trimmed-down 8800 GT with 96 stream processors and either 384 or 768 MB of RAM on a 192-bit bus. In May 2008, it was rebranded as the 9600 GSO in an attempt to spur sales.
On April 28, 2008, Apple announced an updated iMac line featuring an 8800 GS. However, the GPU is actually a rebranded GeForce 8800M GTS. It features up to 512 MB of 800 MHz GDDR3 video memory, 64 unified stream processors, a 500 MHz core speed, a 256-bit memory bus width, and a 1250 MHz shader clock.
8800 GTX / 8800 Ultra
The 8800 GTX is equipped with 768 MB GDDR3 RAM. The 8800 series replaced the GeForce 7950 Series as Nvidia's top-performing consumer GPU. GeForce 8800 GTX and GTS use identical GPU cores, but the GTS model disables parts of the GPU and reduces RAM size and bus width to lower production cost.
At the time, the G80 was the largest commercial GPU ever constructed. It consists of 681 million transistors covering a 480 mm² die surface area built on a 90 nm process. (In fact the G80's total transistor count is ~686 million, but since the chip was made on a 90 nm process and due to process limitations and yield feasibility, Nvidia had to break the main design into two chips: Main shader core at 681 million transistors and NV I/O core of about ~5 million transistors making the entire G80 design standing at ~686 million transistors).
A minor manufacturing defect related to a resistor of improper value caused a recall of the 8800 GTX models just two days before the product launch, though the launch itself was unaffected.
The GeForce 8800 GTX was by far the fastest GPU when first released, and 13 months after its initial debut it still remained one of the fastest. The GTX has 128 stream processors clocked at 1.35 GHz, a core clock of 575 MHz, and 768 MB of 384-bit GDDR3 memory at 1.8 GHz, giving it a memory bandwidth of 86.4 GB/s. The card performs faster than a single Radeon HD 2900 XT, and faster than 2 Radeon X1950 XTXs in Crossfire or 2 GeForce 7900 GTXs in SLI. The 8800 GTX also supports HDCP, but one major flaw is its older NVIDIA PureVideo processor that uses more CPU resources. Originally retailing for around US$600, prices came down to under US$400 before it was discontinued. The 8800 GTX was also very power hungry for its time, demanding up to 185 watts of power and requiring two 6-pin PCI-E power connectors to operate. The 8800 GTX also has 2 SLI connector ports, allowing it to support NVIDIA 3-way SLI for users who run demanding games at extreme resolutions such as 2560x1600.
The 8800 Ultra, retailing at a higher price, is identical to the GTX architecturally, but features higher clocked shaders, core and memory. Nvidia later told the media the 8800 Ultra was a new stepping, creating less heat therefore clocking higher. Originally retailing from $800 to $1000, most users thought the card to be a poor value, offering only 10% more performance than the GTX but costing hundreds of dollars more. Prices dropped to as low as $200 before being discontinued on January 23, 2008. The core clock of the Ultra runs at 612 MHz, the shaders at 1.5 GHz, and finally the memory at 2.16 GHz, giving the Ultra a theoretical memory bandwidth of 103.7 GB/s. It has 2 SLI connector ports, allowing it to support Nvidia 3-way SLI. An updated dual slot cooler was also implemented, allowing for quieter and cooler operation at higher clock speeds.
8800 GT
The 8800 GT, codenamed G92, was released on October 29, 2007. The card is the first to transition to 65 nm process, and supports PCI-Express 2.0. It has a single-slot cooler as opposed to the double slot cooler on the 8800 GTS and GTX, and uses less power than GTS and GTX due to its 65 nm process. While its core processing power is comparable to that of the GTX, the 256-bit memory interface and the 512 MB of GDDR3 memory often hinders its performance at very high resolutions and graphics settings. The 8800 GT, unlike other 8800 cards, is equipped with the PureVideo HD VP2 engine for GPU assisted decoding of the H.264 and VC-1 codecs. Performance benchmarks at stock speeds place it above the 8800 GTS (640 MB and 320 MB versions) and slightly below the 8800 GTX. A 256 MB version of the 8800 GT with lower stock memory speeds (1.4 GHz as opposed to 1.8 GHz) but the same core is also available. Performance benchmarks have shown that the 256 MB version of the 8800 GT has a considerable performance disadvantage when compared to its 512 MB counterpart, especially in newer games such as Crysis. Some manufacturers also make models with 1 GB of memory; and with large resolutions and big textures one can perceive a performance difference in the benchmarks. These models are more likely to take up to 2 slots of the computer.
The release of this card presents an odd dynamic to the graphics processing industry. At an NVIDIA projected initial street price of around $300, this card outperforms the ATI flagship HD2900XT in most situations, and even NVIDIA's own 8800 GTS 640 MB (previously priced at an MSRP of $400). The card, only marginally slower in synthetic and gaming benchmarks than the 8800 GTX, also takes much of the value away from Nvidia's own high-end card.
The performance (at the time) and popularity of this card is demonstrated by the fact that even as late as 2014, the 8800 GT was often listed as the minimum requirement for modern games developed for much more powerful hardware.
8800 GTS
The first releases of the 8800 GTS line, in November 2006, came in 640 MB and 320 MB configurations of GDDR3 RAM and utilized Nvidia's G80 GPU. While the 8800 GTX has 128 stream processors and a 384-bit memory bus, these versions of 8800 GTS feature 96 stream processors and a 320-bit bus. With respect to features, however, they are identical because they use the same GPU.
Around the same release date as the 8800 GT, Nvidia released a new 640 MB version of the 8800 GTS. While still based on the 90 nm G80 core, this version has 7 out of the 8 clusters of 16 stream processors enabled (as opposed to 6 out 8 on the older GTSs), giving it a total of 112 stream processors instead of 96. Most other aspects of the card remain unchanged. However, because the only 2 add-in partners producing this card (BFG and EVGA) decided to overclock it, this version of the 8800 GTS actually ran slightly faster than a stock GTX in most scenarios, especially at higher resolutions, due to the increased clock speeds.
Nvidia released a new 8800 GTS 512 MB based on the 65 nm G92 GPU on December 10, 2007. This 8800 GTS has 128 stream processors, compared to the 96 processors of the original GTS models. It is equipped with 512 MB GDDR3 on a 256-bit bus. Combined with a 650 MHz core clock and architectural enhancements, this gives the card raw GPU performance exceeding that of 8800 GTX, but it is constrained by the narrower 256-bit memory bus. Its performance can match the 8800 GTX in some situations, and it outperforms the older GTS cards in all situations.
Compatibility issue with PCI-E 1.0a on GeForce 8800 GT/8800 GTS 512 GB cards
Shortly after their release, an incompatibility issue with older PCI Express 1.0a motherboards was unmasked. When using the PCI Express 2.0 compliant 8800 GT or 8800 GTS 512 in some motherboards with PCI Express 1.0a slots, the card would not produce any display image, but the computer would often boot (with the fan on the video card spinning at a constant 100%). The incompatibility has been confirmed on motherboards with VIA PT880Pro/Ultra, Intel 925 and Intel 5000P PCI-E 1.0a chipsets.
Some graphics cards had a workaround, which was to re-flash the graphics card's BIOS with an older GEN1 BIOS. However this effectively made it into a PCI Express 1.0 card, not being able to utilize the PCIE 2.0 functions. This could be considered a non-issue however since the card itself could not even utilize the full capacity of the regular PCIE 1.0 slots, there was no noticeable performance reduction. Also flashing of the video card BIOS voided the warranties of most video card manufacturers (if not all) thus making it a less-than-optimum way of getting the card to work properly. A workaround to this is to flash the BIOS of the motherboard to the latest version, which depending on the manufacturer of the motherboard, may contain a fix. In relation to this compatibility issue, the high numbers of cards reported as DOA (as much as 13–15%) were believed to be inaccurate. When it was revealed that the G92 8800 GT and 8800 GTS 512 MB were going to be designed with PCI Express 2.0 connections, NVIDIA claimed that all cards would have full backwards-compatibility, but failed to mention that this was only true for PCI Express 1.1 motherboards. The source for the BIOS-flash did not come from NVIDIA or any of their partners, but rather ASRock, a mainboard producer, who mentioned the fix in one of their motherboard FAQs. ASUSTek, sells the 8800 GT with their sticker, posted a newer version of their 8800 GT BIOS on their website, but did not mention that it fixed this issue. EVGA also posted a new bios to fix this issue.
Technical summary
Direct3D 10 and OpenGL 3.3 support
1 Unified shaders: texture mapping units: render output units
2 Full G80 contains 32 texture address units and 64 texture filtering units unlike G92 which contains 64 texture address units and 64 texture filtering units
3 To calculate the processing power, see Performance.
Features
Compute Capability 1.1: has support for Atomic functions, which are used to write thread-safe programs.
Compute Capability 1.2: for details see CUDA
GeForce 8M series
On May 10, 2007, Nvidia announced the availability of their GeForce 8 notebook GPUs through select OEMs. The lineup consists of the 8200M, 8400M, 8600M, 8700M and 8800M series chips.
It was announced by Nvidia that some of their graphics chips have a higher than expected rate of failure due to overheating when used in particular notebook configurations. Some major laptop manufacturers made adjustments to fan setting and firmware updates to help delay the occurrence of any potential GPU failure. In late July 2008, Dell released a set of BIOS updates that made the laptop fans spin more frequently. As of mid-August 2008, nVidia had yet to give further details publicly, though it had been heavily rumored that most, if not all, of the 8400 and 8600 cards had this issue.
GeForce 8400M series
The GeForce 8400M is the entry level series for the GeForce 8M chipset. Normally found on mid-range laptops as an alternative solution to integrated graphics, the 8400M was designed for watching high-definition video content rather than gaming.
Versions include the 8400M G, 8400M GS, and 8400M GT.
While the 8400M series is not designed for gaming, the GDDR3-equipped 8400M GT can handle most games of its time at medium settings, and was suitable for occasional gaming.
GeForce 8600M series
The GeForce 8600M was offered in mid-range laptops as a mid-range performance solution for enthusiasts who want to watch high-definition content such as Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD movies and play then-current and some future games with decent settings.
Versions include the 8600M GS and 8600M GT (with the GT being the more powerful one). They provided decent gaming performance (due to the implementation of GDDR3 memory in the higher-end 8600M models) for then-current games.
It is available on the Dell XPS M1530 portable, Asus G1S, Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21Z, in selected Lenovo Ideapad models, some models of the Acer Aspire 5920, Acer Aspire 9920G and BenQ Joybook S41, also available on the MacBook Pro, and some models of Fujitsu Siemens.
The common failure of this chip in, amongst others, MacBook Pro's purchased between May 2007 and September 2008 were part of a class-action suit against nVidia which resulted in Apple providing an extended 4 year warranty related to the issue after confirming that the issue was caused by the Nvidia chip themselves. This warranty replacement service was expected to cost nVidia around $150 to $200 million and knocked over $3 billion off their market capitalisation after being sued by their own shareholders for attempting to cover the issue up.
GeForce 8700M series
The GeForce 8700M was developed for the mid-range market. The 8700M GT is the only GPU in this series.
This chipset is available on high-end laptops such as the Dell XPS M1730, Sager NP5793, and Toshiba Satellite X205.
While this card is considered by most in the field to be a decent mid-range card, it is hard to classify the 8700M GT as a high-end card due to its 128-bit memory bus, and is essentially an overclocked 8600M GT GDDR3 mid-range card. However, it shows strong performance when in a dual-card SLI configuration, and provides decent gaming performance in a single-card configuration.
GeForce 8800M series
The GeForce 8800M was developed to succeed the 8700M in the high-end market, and can be found in high-end gaming notebook computers.
Versions include the 8800M GTS and 8800M GTX. These were released as the first truly high-end mobile GeForce 8 Series GPUs, each with a 256-bit memory bus and a standard 512 megabytes of GDDR3 memory, and provide high-end gaming performance equivalent to many desktop GPUs. In SLI, these can produce 3DMark06 results in the high thousands.
Laptop models which include the 8800M GPUs are: Sager NP5793, Sager NP9262, Alienware m15x and m17x, HP HDX9494NR and Dell M1730. Clevo also manufactures similar laptop models for CyberPower, Rock, and Sager (among others) - all with the 8800M GTX, while including the 8800M GTS in the Gateway P-6831 FX and P-6860 FX models.
The 8800M GTS was used in modified form as the GeForce 8800 GS in the early 2008 iMac models.
Technical summary
The series has been succeeded by GeForce 9 series. The GeForce 9 Series has been in turn succeeded by the GeForce 200 Series. An exception to this is the GeForce 8400 GS, which has not been renamed in neither the GeForce 9 and GeForce 200 Series.
Problems
Some chips of the GeForce 8 series (concretely those from the G84 [for example, G84-600-A2] and G86 series) suffer from an overheating problem. Nvidia states this issue should not affect many chips, whereas others assert that all of the chips in these series are potentially affected. Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang and CFO Marvin Burkett were involved in a lawsuit filed on September 9, 2008, alleging their knowledge of the flaw, and their intent to hide it.
End-of-life driver support
Nvidia has ceased Windows driver support for GeForce 8 series on April 1, 2016.
Windows XP 32-bit & Media Center Edition: version 340.52 released on July 29, 2014; Download
Windows XP 64-bit: version 340.52 released on July 29, 2014; Download
Windows Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 32-bit: version 342.01 (WHQL) released on December 14, 2016; Download
Windows Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 64-bit: version 342.01 (WHQL) released on December 14, 2016; Download
Windows 10, 32-bit: version 342.01 (WHQL) released on December 14, 2016; Download
Windows 10, 64-bit: version 342.01 (WHQL) released on December 14, 2016; Download
See also
Comparison of Nvidia graphics processing units
GeForce 7 series
GeForce 9 series
GeForce 100 series
GeForce 200 series
GeForce 300 series
Nvidia Quadro - Nvidia workstation graphics system
Nvidia Tesla - Nvidia's first dedicated general purpose GPU (graphical processor unit)
References
External links
NVIDIA's GeForce 8 series page
Nvidia GeForce 8800 Series
Nvidia GeForce 8600 Series
Nvidia GeForce 8500 Series
Nvidia GeForce 8400 Series
Nvidia GeForce 8800M Series
Nvidia GeForce 8600M Series
Nvidia GeForce 8400M Series
Nvidia Nsight
Nvidia GeForce Drivers for the GeForce 8x00 series (v. 340.52)
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GPU Architecture Overview - a somewhat longer and more detailed document about the new 8800 features
OpenGL Extension Specifications for the G8x
Computer-related introductions in 2006
8 Series
Graphics cards |
4152227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netphen | Netphen | Netphen () is a town in the Siegen-Wittgenstein district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It lies on the river Sieg, roughly 7 km northeast of Siegen.
Geography
Location
Netphen lies on the Rothaargebirge's southern slope and forms the natural boundary of the Wittgensteiner Land. The municipal area is made up of many dales and mountain ridges. Northeast of the constituent community of Walpersdorf lies the source of the river Sieg and in the Lahnhof – another constituent community whose name takes the definite article – lies the source of the river Lahn.
Population development
(in each case at 31 December)
1998 – 25,027
1999 – 25,048
2000 – 25,034
2001 – 25,038
2002 – 25,078
2003 – 25,117
2004 – 24,855
Constituent communities
Afholderbach
This constituent community of Netphen has a population of around 205 as of the 31 of December 2013.
The area is around 5.9 km²
The first mention of the area was on the 13 of February 1345 as "afelterbach".
Beienbach
The constituent community of Beienbach lies at the end of a small side dale of the Sieg between Netphen and Deuz and is fringed by spruce and broadleaf forest on the heights and by agricultural areas as well as old "fruit meadows" (where various fruit trees grow) right at the edge of the community. It is also crossed by the Katzenbach. It had its first documentary mention in 1299.
Brauersdorf
Brauersdorf lies near the Netphen Leisure Park (Netphener Freizeitpark) with its swimming pool, ice skating rink, fitness and sport centre, miniature golf course, and so on. Furthermore, the community lies right at the Obernau Dam.
Deuz
Owing to its advantageous location, Deuz became the first industrial community in the old Amt of Netphen. Moving the Irle iron foundry from Kaan-Marienborn to Deuz is viewed as an economic birth. Over the years, further businesses have set up shop in Deuz.
Dreis-Tiefenbach
Dreis-Tiefenbach is, with its population of about 5300, Netphen's biggest constituent community, lying about 262 to 350 m above sea level on an area of some 7.5 km². It is roughly 6 km from Siegen and 4 km from Netphen (main town). Dreis-Tiefenbach lies on Federal Highway (Bundesstraße) 62, which joins with the Hüttentalstraße. The community's environs consist of relatively broad, thick mixed forest and broad meadows. Dreis-Tiefenbach was likely once settled by Celts. It had its first documentary mention in 1239.
Eckmannshausen
Eschenbach
Frohnhausen
Frohnhausen lies roughly 2 km from Netphen (main town). As of 2005, some 470 people live there. The community ranges from 350 to 540 m above sea level, and roughly 70% of it is wooded, with the rest made up of fields, meadows, and built-up areas.
The heart of the village consists mainly of half-timbered houses protected as monuments and built in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Grissenbach
Grissenbach lies in Netphen's east, right at the foot of the Rothaargebirge Nature Park. As with Frohnhausen, 70% of the community is wooded, with the rest made up of fields, meadows, and built-up areas. The community ranges from 336 to 530 m above sea level, and has an area of 4.6 km².
As of June 2005, Grissenbach is home to 894 people, giving it a population density of 194/km², considerably lower than the average for the Federal Republic of Germany (about 230/km²).
Hainchen
Hainchen's area encompasses 10.7 km², 6.5 km² of which is wooded, with the rest made up of meadows and built-up areas. The boundary runs for roughly 8 km along the border with Hesse. As well, Hainchen borders on the town of Bad Laasphe in the north and in the south on the community of Wilnsdorf. The difference in elevation between the entrance to the community and the exit from it at the Hessian border is 96 m (384 to 480 m).
From the entrance to the Geiersgrundbach Valley to the boundary with Bad Laasphe, the difference in elevation is 190 m.
The community has developed from one of small handicraft businesses and independent farmers to an industrial community nowadays, with two prefabricated house companies, one mechanical workshop and four service-sector businesses setting up shop here. Furthermore, there are four businesses using agricultural land, two of which are major landholders.
All together, there are 129 registered jobs in the community. The overwhelming majority of workers commute to neighbouring areas (Greater Siegen, neighbouring areas in Hesse). An advantage to the community is the nearby A 45, only 14 km away and reachable in a matter of minutes. The advantageous transport links have also had something to do with revitalizing the hiking trails along the Rothaarsteig, 7 km of which run through Hainchen.
Hainchen also has a castle, the Burg Hainchen, built in the heights with a moat. It has been standing at least since 1290, the year when it was first mentioned in a document.
Welgersdorf
Some 400 people live in Welgersdorf. Things to see there include the Mahnglockenturm (bell tower), the Backes (an old bakehouse), the old mill and Saint Elisabeth's Chapel. Here, too, the Wurstekommission – "Sausage Commission" – has been represented since 1919 (this is an organization dedicated mostly to scaring away evil spirits at New Year's Eve; they get their name from the door-to-door sausage donations that they seek for the attendant festival).
Herzhausen
Herzhausen was for a long time an independent community, but is now a constituent community of Netphen. Lying in the middle of the Rothaargebirge, Herzhausen is even now still shaped by agriculture and forestry as well as ancient Siegerland traditions such as the Hauberg (a long-standing practice of coöperative forestry in this region) or the Martinsfeuer, or Saint Martin's Fire, a custom on Saint Martin's Day (11 November). The high point of the year is the yearly shooting festival, known far beyond the regional bounds.
Herzhausen lies on the state highway (Landesstraße) between Dreis-Tiefenbach and Hilchenbach. In 2005, a citizens' club was founded. Also once found in Herzhausen was the district garbage dump. The storage of household rubbish there, however, is no longer allowed, and it is now used as an earth dump. Further trash is now sorted for incineration and forwarded.
Irmgarteichen
Roughly 900 people call Irmgarteichen home. It was once a community with great (ecclesiastical) importance. In Irmgarteichen, many clubs have had a hand in shaping the community as it is today. Very important rites are Drette Krestach and the Osterfeuer of the Hermedeicher Jonge.
Nenkersdorf
Nenkersdorf lies east of the constituent community of Grissenbach. The historic watermill on the eastern edge of the community is said to be particularly worth seeing.
Lahnhof
The Lahnhof, whose name takes the definite article (always der/den/dem Lahnhof, des Lahnhof(e)s in German), lies in the southeast Rothaargebirge at a height of 607 m above sea level. Its name first appeared in a document in 1333. Right nearby rise the rivers Lahn, Sieg and Eder. The pristine nature, to say nothing of the outstanding views when the weather is good, has led the Lahnhof to become, just as was also true one hundred years ago, one of the best loved local outing destinations from near and far.
Oelgershausen
Salchendorf
Since at least 1920 there has been in Salchendorf a youth association called the Wurstekommission (see Helgersdorf above) which has about 50 active members, 14 of whom are on the council of elders. In the middle of the village has stood since 1995 the Wurstekommission Memorial.
A Salchendorf portal is in the planning stage.
Sohlbach
Unglinghausen
Walpersdorf
Walpersdorf had its first documentary mention in 1344. It is well known for its charcoal kilns and nature reserve with its snowflake meadows. Geographically, Walpersdorf, the first place on the river Sieg, lies at the edge of the Rothaarsteig hiking trail. About 3 km away rise the rivers Sieg, Lahn and Eder.
Werthenbach
Wertenbach was once an independent community. It came into being sometime between 900 and 1300 and has an adjusted area of 9.37 km², meaning that the area was once greater, but early in the 18th century, former border forests and protected woodlands belonging to the local lord were merged with neighbouring communities.
Werthenbach, unlike other constituent communities' names like Sohlbach, Beienbach, Grissenbach, and so on, is not the community's original name, but rather it was once called Werthenbrecht. The placename element brecht that occurred in the name before it was corrupted can be compared to the common mountain name Bracht, and in the Rhenish Slate Mountains can still be found as a description for newer "clearing" communities.
Werthenbach's earliest mentions:
1336 Hartmann von Wertinbrecht
1343 Hartmann von Wertinbracht
1344 Wernckenbracht.
In 1343, the Lords of Bicken relinquished an estate (actually a Hauberg – see Herzhausen above) to the villagers in what was then called Wertinbracht as long as they paid a yearly fee for this favour to the Monastery of Keppel. The earnings from the Bicken estates in 1447 amounted to a "tithe of 7 Malter of corn, 11 Malter of oats" (a Malter being "15 pieces", so 105 and 165 respectively). Eleven houses stood on monastery land in 1566.
A few meadows in Werthenbach have names bearing witness to the old landlords' ownership or rights. Zehntwiese, for instance, refers to Zehnten – tithes.
The Herrenberg (mountain) has a name suggesting lordly ownership ("Herr" means "lord").
The local "Hauberg" forestry coöperative, popularly called "Kloster" ("Monastery") evokes the Keppel Monastery's historical ownership of the land.
In Werthenbach, on the street "Am Heller", 5 holiday cottages are to be built by 2007. Despite considerable protest from some quarters of the village community, the holiday village was approved on 27 March 2006 by the Netphen Town Development Board. Critics hold that it is unfair that rather than private houses, holiday cottages are being built on these lots. They will be built by a local prefabricated house company.
History
The earliest mention of this region of Siegen-Wittgenstein goes back to the 11th century. Here, as in most parts of the old Siegen district, the princely House of Nassau is named as the local overlords.
In 1215, the Lords of Hain were mentioned as being at Hainchen Castle.
From 1635 to 1637 raged the Plague.
In 1742, Netphen, like all other places north of the Lahn, passed to Prince Wilhelm Karl Friso of Orange, Prince of Diez and heir to the United Netherlands, thereby making the Principality of Nassau-Siegen part of the Netherlands.
Napoleon added the Siegerland to the Grand Duchy of Berg as part of his rearrangement of Germany. This change was, however, undone in 1813 and Netphen once again became Orange domain. In 1815, the House of Orange forwent all its German possessions and Netphen passed to Prussia in 1816.
On 1 January 1969, as part of municipal reform, the greater community of Netphen came into being. On 30 June 1997, Netphen's population reached the 25,000 mark, thereby earning it town status. This was not made official, however, until just before the turn of the millennium, on 1 January 2000.
Politics
Mayors
1969–1989: Gerhard Josef Zimmermann (CDU)
1989–1994: Helmut Buttler (SPD)
1994–2009: Rüdiger Bartsch (independent)
2009–present: Paul Wagener (independent)
Town council
The town council's 38 seats are apportioned thus, in accordance with municipal elections held on May 25, 2014 and September 21, 2014.
CDU 15 seats
SPD 10 seats
Greens 2 seats
FDP 1 seats
UWG 5 seats
Die Linke 1 seat
Note: UWG is a citizens' coalition.
Coat of arms
Netphen's civic coat of arms might heraldically be described thus: Per fess, azure semee of billets a demi-lion Or armed and langued gules and Or a boar saltant sable langued gules.
The lion is from Nassau's arms. The springing boar is copied from the oldest preserved seal of the Siegerland Court, from 1467. It belonged to the "Schöffen tzo Netfe ind Irmgarteichen", or the Jurymen at Netphen and Irmgarteichen. The Netphen symbol has its origins in the old Yule festival, in which the boar was sacrificed to the gods.
Town partnerships
Żagań, Poland, since 1995
Quiévy, France
Vrchlabí, Czech Republic
Culture and sightseeing
Museums
Heimatmuseum
Since 1996 there has existed in the local history museum a great exhibition room with exhibits from prehistory and early history. The focus is on the Netpherland economy with tanning, charcoal making, the Hauberg forestry system, the practice of Hude ( ≈ silvopasture) and beekeeping. The same building also houses the cultural and tourism office.
Buildings
Martinikirche
The Martini Church is a hall church from the 13th century. Beginning at dusk and into the night, the Romanesque tower is lit up.
Obernautalsperre
The Obernau Reservoir, which holds 15 000 000 m³ of water is the biggest drinking water reservoir in the Siegerland. A track leading all the way round the reservoir invites hikers. Towering over the reservoir is the Alte Burg, or Old Castle, a "flight castle" (one used mainly for retreat or refuge) and a place of worship from La Tène times about 500 BC. Every New Year's Eve, a Volkslauf ( ≈ fun run) is held there.
Wasserburg Hainchen
In Hainchen is found the reconstructed Wasserburg Hainchen, a moat-ringed castle.
Nenkersdorf Watermill
The mill's history goes back to the 12th century. It belonged until the 14th century to the Lords (Schlossherren) of Hainchen. At that time, the lord gave it to his tenant. Since that time, for more than five generations, the mill has been under the Weber family's ownership.
Walpersdorf charcoal kiln
Making charcoal is a tradition that goes back a long time in the Siegerland, owing mainly to another long tradition, iron smelting. In Walpersdorf is found the Siegerland's only charcoal kiln that is still used. The charcoal is made out of oak, birch and beech, yielding roughly one tonne of charcoal for every four of wood.
Sport
Netphen has a leisure park with a tennis hall, an ice stadium and an indoor swimming pool. The tennis hall and ice stadium were completed in October 1976, and on 14 May 1977 opened together with the indoor swimming pool. The outdoor swimming pool followed a short time later. Netphen's biggest sport club is the TVE.
Culinary specialities
Riewekooche, a kind of potato bread, is the local contribution to the world of food.
Economy and infrastructure
Established businesses
AMOVA
The plant for AMOVA manufactures a variety of goods handling systems, for the aviation, port logistics, and metal fabrication industries.
Firma Walzen Irle GmbH
Walzen Irle GmbH is a roller manufacturer. The traditional business can look back on a 180-year history, and was the first company in Germany to make chilled cast iron rollers. Today Walzen Irle belongs to the Irle Group and is a 100% daughter company of Irle-Deuz GmbH.
Flender-Flux
Flender-Flux is a traditional business in Deuz with a 240-year history whose main business is in manufacturing metal roof systems.
Deuzer Maschinenfabrik Heitze GmbH & Co.
The firm began on 1 May 1939 as a limited partnership for the purpose of making machines and apparatuses and also pursuing trade in the same, under the name Maschinenfabrik M Heitze, Kommanditgesellschaft, and under the personally liable partner, millwrighting master Martin Heitze, the engineer Edmund Dietrich and the director Ernst Zimmermann.
By late 1939, the first works hall with a floor area of 600 m² was in place, and it was equipped with 3 lathes, 1 drilling machine, 1 handheld welding site and 5 millwrighting workplaces. Machine production did not, however, begin before the war broke out that same year.
In 1939, the workforce was 6 persons. By late 1945, this had risen to 8. The first machines built at the plant were ones for woodworking, such as firewood cutting machines, carpenter's circular saws, wood drilling machines and long band saws. This production stopped in 1945 after more than 200 machines had been completed.
When Mr. Honig joined the firm after the Second World War as a constructing engineer, and later a shareholder, his connection to his former employer, the Waldrich firm in Siegen, led to the company's beginning production, with the Eugen Waldrich firm in Bad Godesberg, of glass pane finishing machines late in 1945.
The programme was based on folding-arm polishing machines, combination grinding and polishing machines, horizontal grinding machines, glass drilling machines and groove cutting machines. Production continued until 1965, shutting down only slowly after having fulfilled the glass industry's backlog.
Bombardier Transportation
In Netphen lies a Bombardier Transportation works at which bogies are made.
Transport
The main road to the town is Federal Highway (Bundesstraße) B 62, crossing the municipal area from southwest to northeast. At Dreis-Tiefenbach is an interchange with the Siegen municipal Autobahn (Hüttentalstraße).
For goods transport, there was once a railway line that ran from Irmgarteichen to Siegen-Weidenau. It was abandoned in 2004, except for works runs between Walzen Irle's works.
A short stretch of the Rothaarbahn railway cuts across the municipal area in the northeast, but there is no stop.
The world's first motorised bus route ran through the town, operated by the Netphener Omnibus-Gesellschaft as Siegen-Netphen-Deuz. It opened on 18 March 1895 with one bus powered by a single-cylinder petrol engine supplied by Benz & Cie. Local passenger transport now is supplied by Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd (VGWS)(South Westphalia Transport Community) bus routes.
The town is connected to regional air travel through the Siegerland Airport in Burbach, southwest of Netphen.
Notable people
Paul Scheuerpflug (1896–1945), German officer, most recently Generalleutnant in the Second World War
Klaus-Peter Thaler (born 1949), cyclist
References
External links
Deuz
Beienbach
Irmgarteichen
Oelgershausen
Deuzer Maschinenfabrik Heitze GmbH & Co.
Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Rothaar Mountains
Siegen-Wittgenstein
Siegerland |
4152401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto%20Burri | Alberto Burri | Alberto Burri (12 March 191513 February 1995; ) was an Italian visual artist, painter, sculptor, and physician based in Città di Castello. He is associated with the matterism of the European informal art movement and described his style as a polymaterialist. He had connections with Lucio Fontana's spatialism and, with Antoni Tàpies, an influence on the revival of the art of post-war assembly in America (Robert Rauschenberg) as in Europe.
Life
In the “Overrated and Underrated” column published by the American art magazine ARTnews, Alberto Burri's name is often mentioned. Carolyn-Christov-Bakargiev mentioning him in the January 2005 issue for example.
Alberto Burri was born on 12 March 1915 in Città di Castello, in Umbria to Pietro Burri, a tuscan wine merchant, and Carolina Torreggiani, an umbrian elementary school teacher. In 1935, Burri attended a government High school in Arezzo living as a boarder in a pension, and as his school reports noted, he studied Classics on a private school in Città di Castello. On his return from North Africa, Burri and his younger brother Vittorio were enrolled in the medical school in Perugia, and following his African adventure, Burri decided he wanted to specialize in tropical diseases. Burri graduated from medical school in 1940, and on 12 October that year, two days after Italy's entrance into World War II, with an precocious voluntary experience in the Italo-Ethiopian War, was then recalled into military service, and sent to Libya as a combat medic. Army records show that within 20 days of this order, Burri received a temporary discharge to allow him to complete his medical internship and gain the diploma to qualify as a medical doctor. Burri claimed he studied art history, because he wanted to be able to understand the works of art that surrounded him. He also studied Greek, a language in which he became proficient, and later in life was able to read and enjoy Classical Greek literature. On 8 May 1943 the unit he was part of was captured by the British in Tunisia and was later turned over to the Americans and transferred to Hereford, Texas in a prisoner-of-war camp housing around 3000 Italian officers, where he began painting. After his liberation in 1946, he moved to Rome and devoted himself exclusively to painting; his first solo exhibition took place at the La Margherita Gallery in 1947. He then exhibited at the Marlborough Gallery in New York and at the Gallery de France in Paris.
Prevented from practicing his medical profession, Burri had the opportunity of choosing a leisure activity thanks to the YMCA Association. Using the limited amount of materials available in the camp he took on the activity of painting, at the age of almost 30 and without any kind of academic reference. Meanwhile, the tragic death of his younger brother Vittorio on the Russian front in 1943 had a strong impact on him. Shutting himself off from the rest of the world, and depicting figurative subjects on thick chromatic marks, he progressively realized the desire of abandoning the medical profession, in favor of painting.
Paintings
From abstraction to matter
Once Burri returned to Italy on 27 February 1946, his decision collided with the severe post–World War II recession and his parents' dissatisfaction. He moved to Rome as a guest of the violinist and composer Annibale Bucchi, his mother's cousin, who encouraged his activity as a painter.
While in Rome, he had the chance of establishing a contact with the few but very active institutions dedicated to painting, which were creating a new platform for visual arts after the war.
He remained a reserved artist, ceaselessly working and creating, initially in a small studio in Via Margutta but frequently moving out. As a matter of fact, Milton Gendel – an American journalist who visited Burri's studio in 1954 –, later reported: "The studio is thick-walled, whitewashed, neat and ascetic; his work is 'blood and flesh', reddened torn fabric that seems to parallel the staunching of wounds that Burri experienced in wartime.”
Burri's first solo figurative artworks exhibition took place on 10 July 1947 at the gallery-cum-bookshop La Margherita, in Rome, presented by the poets Leonardo Sinisgalli and Libero De Libero. However, Burri's artistic production flowed definitively into abstract forms before the end of the same year, the use of small format tempera resulting from the influence of such artists as Jean Dubuffet and Joan Miró, whose studio was visited by Burri during a trip to Paris in the winter of 1948.
Tars, Molds, Hunchbacks
Burri's artistic research became personal in short time, between 1948 and 1950 he began experimenting with using unusual, 'unorthodox' materials such as tar, sand, zinc, pumice, and Aluminium dust as well as Polyvinyl chloride glue, this last material being elevated to the same importance as oil colors. During this artistic transition, the painter showed his sensitivity to the mixed-media type of abstraction of Enrico Prampolini, a central figure in Italian Abstract art. Nonetheless Burri went one step further in his Catrami (Tars), presenting tar not as a simple collage material, but as an actual color which – by way of different lucid and opaque shades in monochrome black–, blended itself with the totality of the painting.
His 1948 "Nero 1" (Black 1) was later taken by the artist as initial milestone of his painting and established the prevalence of the black monochrome, which will be maintained as close identity throughout his career, alongside white, since Bianchi (Whites) 1949–50 series, and red.
The following series of Muffe (Molds) literally presented the spontaneous reactions of the materials employed, enabling matter to 'come to life' in drippings and concretions which reproduced the effects and appearance of real mold. In some artworks of the same period which he called Gobbi (Hunchbacks), Burri focused on the painting's spatial interaction, achieving another original outcome due to the incorporation of tree branches on the rear of the canvas which pushed two-dimensionality towards Three-dimensional space.
In 1949 the critic Christian Zervos published the photo of a Catrame (exhibited in Paris the previous year) in the renowned Cahiers d'art.
Despite Burri's affinity with informalism and his friendship with Ettore Colla, which brought Alberto close to the Gruppo Origine (established and disbanded in 1951 by Colla himself, Mario Balocco and Giuseppe Capogrossi), the painter's artistic research appeared more and more solitary and independent.
Sacchi and the American emergence
Starting in 1952 Burri achieved a strong, personal characterization with the Sacchi (Sacks), artworks directly obtained from jute fabric widely distributed by the Marshall Plan: color almost entirely disappeared, leaving space for the surface material so that painting coincide with its matter in its total autonomy, as it was no more separation between painting surface and its form.
The formal artistic elegance and the spatial balances obtained through aeroform steams, craters, rips, overlapping color layers and different forms, differentiated Burri's art, founded on attentive reflections and precise calculations, from the impulsive gestures that characterized Action painting during the same period.
Burri offered an initial view of these peculiar elements in 1949, with SZ1 (acronym for Sacco di Zucchero 1 meaning Sack of Sugar, 1): the presence of a portion of the american flag contained in the artwork anticipated the use of the same subject made by pop art. In Burri's case, however, there were no social or symbolic implications, the painting's formal and chromatic balance being the only real focus.
Censorship and success
Burri's Sacchi did not win the public's understanding and were instead considered as extremely far from the notion of art. In 1952, year of his first participation at the Venice Biennale exhibition, the Sacks titled Lo Strappo (The Rip) and Rattoppo (Patch) were rejected.
Again, in 1959 a point of order of the Italian Parliament asked for the removal of one of the painter's works from the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna in Rome.
Burri's work received a different and positive consideration in 1953, when James Johnson Sweeney (director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum) discovered Burri's paintings at the Obelisco Gallery in Rome, and subsequently introduced the artist's work to the United States, in a collective exhibition representative of the new European artistic tendencies. This encounter subsequently led to a life-long friendship with Sweeney becoming an active a proponent of Burri's art in leading American Museums and writing the very first monograph about the artist in 1955.
During the same year Robert Rauschenberg visited the painter's studio two times: despite the linguistic differences between the two artists prevented them to talking to each other, Rauschenberg's visits provided substantial input for the creation of his Combine Paintings.
Burri's strong relationship with the United States became official when he met Minsa Craig (1928–2003), an American ballet dancer (student of Martha Graham) and choreographer whom he married on 15 May 1955 in Westport, Connecticut. They stuck together through thick and thin, for the rest of their lives.
Adoption of fire
After a few sporadic attempts, in 1953–54 Burri conducted a carefully planned experimentation with fire, through small combustions on paper, which served as illustrations for a book of poems by Emilio Villa. The poet was one of the first to understand the painter's revolutionary artistic potential, writing about it since 1951 and working with him to artist's books. He later recalled a common visit to an oil field (for a 1955 reportage for the magazine "Civiltà delle Macchine") as a strong influence for the artist's interest on the use of fire.
Combustions, Woods, Irons, Plastics
The procedure adopted for the Combustioni (Combustions) passed from paper to the Legni (Woods) around 1957, in thin sheets of wood veneer fastened to canvas and other supports.
In the same period Burri was also working on the Ferri (Irons), creations made out of metal sheets cut, and welded by Blow torch, to aim the general balance of the elements. The best known application of this procedure was reached in the Plastiche (Plastics) during the Sixties, when a gradual critic openness towards Burri's art showed up in Italy as well.
The blowtorch was only apparently a destructive device. Indeed, the craters modeled by the flame on cellophane, black, red or transparent plastic or on the Bianchi Plastica (White Plastic) series, in which the transparent plastic is laid on a white or black support, were lightly directed by the painter's blowing. The balances of the matter were thus highlighted once again, in a sort of 'defiance' towards of flame's randomness on the one hand, and in a sort of attempt to 'dominate chance', intrinsic to Burri's philosophy, on the other.
From Cretto to Cellotex
From 1963 on, Burri and his wife started spending their winters in Los Angeles. The painter progressively detached himself from the city's artistic community, deeply focusing on his own work. During his recurrent trips to Death Valley National Park, the artist found in the natural cracking of the desert the visual spur which led him, starting from 1973, to create Cretti (Cracks) developing the use of the crackled paint effect of his 1940's artworks.
Employing a special mixture of kaolin, resins and pigment, the painter dried its surface with the heat of an oven. Burri arrested the heating process at the desired moment using a PVA glue layer, thus obtaining greater and lesser cracking effects, which were always balanced thanks to the painter's extensive knowledge of chemistry.
Grande Cretto at Gibellina
Burri reproduced the procedure used for the Cretti, either black or white, also in sculpture, on large extensions in the University of California, Los Angeles and Naples (Museo di Capodimonte) Grandi Cretti (Large Cracks) made of baked clay (both 49 x 16) and, most importantly, in the vast cement covering of the Cretto di Burri at Gibellina, upon the ruins of the old small Sicilian town destroyed by the 1968 earthquake. Began in 1984 and interrupted in 1989, the work was completed in 2015, for the artist's centenary of birth. It is one of the largest works of art ever realized, extending over an area of approximately 85,000 square meters. Its white concrete covering expands over the town, following the old street map in long arterial roads and corridors, which are walkable, thus symbolically bringing the devastated town back to life.
Cellotex and the large cycles of paintings
During the Seventies Burri's art saw a gradual transition towards wider dimensions, while retrospectives followed one another around the world. The great solo exhibition crossing the United States in 1977–78 and ending at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York is one example.
In the 1979 cycle of paintings called Il Viaggio (The Journey) Burri retraced, through ten monumental compositions, the key moments of his artistic production.
The privileged material during this phase is Celotex (the author added an l to its name), an industrial mixture of wood production scraps and adhesives, very often used in the making of insulating boards. Up to then, the painter had used this material in his previous works since the early 1950s as a support for his acetate and acrylic works.
After that Cellotex was used for cyclical series conceived as polyptych on a dominant and clear geometrical structure, through extremely thin scratched shades or juxtapositions of smooth and rough portions like Orsanmichele (1981), or in black monochromes variations like Annottarsi (Up to Nite, 1985), as well as in multicolored forms like Sestante (Sextant, 1983) or the homage to the gold of Ravenna mosaics in his last Nero e Oro (Black and Gold) series.
Sculpture and set design
Burri's entire artistic production was conceived by the author as an inseparable whole of form and space, both in painting and in sculpture. An example is the recurrent motif of the archivolt, viewed in its plain form in painting and in perspective in such iron sculptures as Teatro Scultura – a work presented at 1984 Venice Biennale –, and in the 1972 Ogive series in ceramics.
The strong continuity of Burri's sculptural works with his paintings can also be seen in the Los Angeles UCLA and Naples Capodimonte ceramic Grandi Cretti (with the help of the long collaborator ceramist Massimo Baldelli), or in the Grande Ferro (Large Iron) exhibited in Perugia on the occasion of the 1980 meeting between the artist and Joseph Beuys.
The Large Cretto at Gibellina doesn't properly fall under the category of land art, but it has features combining architecture, sculpture and space. Other sculptures on iron are permanently held in Città di Castello museums, Ravenna, Celle (Pistoia), Perugia and Milan, where the rotating wings of the Teatro Continuo (Continuous Theatre) is both real scenic space and sculpture, employing the Sforza Castle park as natural backcloth.
Theatre sets
Theater had a privileged role in Burri's artistic production. Though in isolated interventions, the painter worked in the fields of prose, ballet and opera. In 1963 Burri designed the sets for Spirituals, Morton Gould's ballet at La Scala, in Milan. The painter's Plastiche emphasized the dramatic force of such plays as the 1969 Ignazio Silone stage adaptation in San Miniato (Pisa) and Tristan and Iseult, performed in 1975 at the Teatro Regio in Turin.
In 1973 Burri designed sets and costumes for November Steps, conceived by his wife Minsa Craig, with a score by Toru Takemitsu. The ballet was interacting with an early example of visual art by a film clip depicting how the Cretti progressively came into being.
Graphic work
Burri never considered graphic art of secondary importance to painting. He participated intensively in the experimentation of new printing techniques as the 1965 reproduction of the Combustioni – in which the husband and wife team of Valter and Eleonora Rossi perfectly succeeded in mimicking the effect of burning on paper –, or the irregular Cretti cavities (1971) with the same printers.
Further innovative developments can be found in the silk screens Sestante (1987–89) – with the help of Burri's old friend and collaborator Nuvolo – to the Mixoblack series (1988), created with the Los Angeles print workshop Mixografia using marble dust and sand to create printing surfaces with certain textural three-dimensional effects.
A telling fact is that Burri used the money from the Feltrinelli Prize for graphics – awarded to him in 1973 by the Accademia dei Lincei – to promote and support the restoration of Luca Signorelli's frescos in the small oratory of San Crescentino, only few kilometers far from Burri's country house in Città di Castello; a further example of how modern and contemporary are mentally close in Burri's art.
Legacy
Alberto Burri died childless on 13 February 1995 in Nice, in the French Riviera, where he had moved for the ease of living and because of a pulmonary emphysema.
Just before his death, the painter was awarded the Legion of Honour and the title Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, besides being named an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. His graphic series Oro e Nero (Gold and Black), was donated by the artist among others at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence 1994, by which time he was already beginning to be considered more of a 'classical' than a 'contemporary' artist.
Alberto Burri's art captured the interest of many contemporary artist colleagues, from Lucio Fontana and Giorgio Morandi to Jannis Kounellis, Michelangelo Pistoletto and Anselm Kiefer, who recognized Burri's greatness – and, in some cases, influence – time and time again.
Foundation and the museums
In accordance with the painter's will, the Fondazione Palazzo Albizzini was established in Città di Castello in 1978, in order to copyright Burri's own work. The first museum collection, inaugurated in 1981, is the one situated inside the Albizzini Renaissance apartment building. The 15th century Patrician house, belonged to the patrons of Raphael's Wedding of the Virgin, was refurbished by the architects Alberto Zanmatti and Tiziano Sarteanesi in accordance with Burri's own plans.
The second collection is that of the Città di Castello former tobacco drying sheds, an industrial structure gradually abandoned during the 1960s and inaugurated in 1990, expanding over an area of 11,500 square meters. At present, the structure features the totality of large cycles of painting by the artist, monumental sculptures and, from March 2017 on, the painter's entire graphic production.
The structure's black exterior and the particular space adaptations represent one last attempt by Burri to create a total work of art, in continuity with the idea of formal and psychological balance he constantly pursued.
Critical appraisal
Alberto Burri is recognized as a radical innovator of the second half of the twentieth century, as a precursor of the solutions found by such artistic movements as Arte Povera, Neo-Dada, Nouveau réalisme, Postminimalism and process art, leaving open many critical interpretations and methodological interpretations of his work.
In his 1963 monograph, Cesare Brandi highlighted the essentialness of Burri's painting and his rejection of both decorative detail and the historical avant-gardes' (e.g. Futurism) provocations, favoring a new approach through an 'unpainted painting' concept.
On the other hand, Enrico Crispolti interpreted Burri's employment of material from an existential point of view – as James Johnson Sweeney similarly had in the very first monograph on Burri published in 1955 – implying a criticism towards a certain post-war ethical drift.
Pierre Restany considered him as a "special case" in the Minimalism history, having been "the monumental outsider and genial precursor at the same time". Maurizio Calvesi adopted a psychoanalytic reading during the years, finding "ethical values" in his art, identifying at the same time the Renaissance origins of Burri's homeland: Piero della Francesca would have inspired in Burri the sense of space and solemnity of the masses which the painter then transferred on the combusted woods or the worn-out sacks.
More recently, Burri's position has been reevaluated thanks to the 2015 major retrospective exhibition Alberto Burri: The Trauma of Painting curated by Emily Braun for the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and to the 2016 collective exhibition Burri Lo spazio di Materia tra Europa e USA edited by the current Foundation chairman Bruno Corà, which foregrounded the radical change in traditional Western painting and modern collage brought about by Burri, while also focusing on his 'psychological' recovery of classical painting's formal balances alive.
Among the many historical readings, Giulio Carlo Argan's judgment (written in the 1960 Venice Biennale catalogue) remains emblematic: "For Burri we must speak for an overturned Trompe-l'œil, because it is no more painting to simulate reality, but it is reality to simulate painting."
Exhibitions
Burri's career began in Rome with a first solo exhibition in 1947 at La Margherita bookshop, owned by Irene Brin, where he presented his first abstract works the following year. Brin and her husband, Gaspero del Corso founded the Obelisco Gallery, the first art gallery to open in Postwar Rome, featuring the 1952 solo exhibition Muffe e Neri (Molds and Blacks) and the first Combustions in 1957. The Burri's first exhibition with the Sacchi was presented by the poet Emilio Villa at the Origine Foundation in 1952, in confirmation of his increasingly original production. The Ferri (Irons) were held at Galleria Blu in Milan.
From 1953 on, Burri regularly exhibited his works in the United States, at the Allan Frumkin Gallery (Chicago), the Stable Gallery and the Martha Jackson Gallery in New York. In the same year, the director and curator of Guggenheim Museum James Johnson Sweeney included Burri in the landmark exhibition Younger European Painters: A Selection bringing his work to focus in the international community.
Burri's initially seesawing relationship with the Venice Biennale marked its turning point in 1960, when he was offered his first solo area by Giulio Carlo Argan. In 1962 Cesare Brandi presented the Plastiche at the Marlborough Fine Art in Rome. The first anthological retrospectives were held around this time and in the following decade, as the solo exhibitions at the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris (1972), the one in Francis of Assisi Sacred Convent (1975) and the great traveling exhibit which started at the UCLA's Frederick S. Wight Gallery in Los Angeles, moved to the Marion Koogler McNay Art Institute in San Antonio (Texas) and ended in 1978 at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.
From 1979 on, the Large Cycles of paintings on Cellotex dominated Burri's entire subsequent production, which was conceived for big spaces such as cathedrals (like the 1981 Cycle in Florence titled Gli Orti) or former industrial complexes, like the Giudecca Isle's ex-boatyards in Venice, where he exhibited the chromatic series Sestante. In 1994, Burri presented the cycle titled Burri The Athens Polyptych. Architecture with Cactus for the exhibit curated by Giuliano Serfafini at the National Gallery (Athens), and then at the Italian Institute of Culture in Madrid (1995).
The 1996 posthumous anthological exhibition at Palazzo delle Esposizioni (Rome) was successfully repeated at Lenbachhaus (Munich) and at the Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels. In 2015–16 the major retrospective exhibition The Trauma of Painting organized by Emily Braun at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York (later at the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf in 2016) received much international attention to the painter's art.
At the conclusion of the centenary of Alberto Burri's birth, the exhibition titled Burri Lo spazio di materia tra Europa e USA curated by Bruno Corà established a comparison between the epigones of 20th century material art. The exhibit was held in Città di Castello, in the exhibition space of the former tobacco drying sheds which, since 2017, house the painter's graphic collection.
Art market
At a Sotheby's London sale of works from a private collection in the north of Italy, Burri’s Combustione legno (1957) was auctioned for 3.2 million in 2011. On 11 February 2014 Christie's established the artist's record with the work Combustione Plastica, sold for £4,674,500 (estimate range of £600,000 to £800,000). The work (signed and dated on the back) in plastic, acrylic and combustion (4 ft x 5 ft) was made between 1960 and 1961.
The artist's record was established in 2016 in London when, during the evening dedicated by Sotheby's to the 1959 contemporary Sacco e Rosso, the artwork was sold for over £9 million, thus doubling the previous record.
Tributes
Alberto Burri's art has inspired many Italian directors, among which Michelangelo Antonioni, who drew inspiration from the painter's material research for his 1964 Red Desert.
Composer Salvatore Sciarrino wrote an homage to commemorate the painter's passing in 1995, commissioned by Città di Castello's Festival delle Nazioni. For the same festival the former tobacco drying sheds became the setting of a composition by Alvin Curran in 2002.
The Large Cretto at Gibellina has functioned several times as a set for the Orestiadi Festival and as set for a 2015 performance by artists Giancarlo Neri and Robert Del Naja (Massive Attack). The 1973 ballet November Steps, with Burri's sets and costumes, was proposed again in 2015 by the Guggenheim Museum, New York. In 2016 choreographer Virgilio Sieni created the work Quintetti sul Nero, inspired by the Umbrian master. In 2017 John Densmore (The Doors) performed in front of the Grande Nero Cretto (Large Black Crack) at UCLA, Los Angeles during the event Burri Prometheia.
Throughout the years, fashion designers have drawn inspiration from Burri, from Roberto Capucci, with his 1969 item of clothing Omaggio a Burri which has asymmetric features recreating the Cretti effects, up to Laura Biagiotti for her (last) 2017 collection.
In 1987 Burri created the official 1990 FIFA World Cup posters. The Umbria Jazz Festival used the Sestante series for the 2015 edition poster, celebrating the artist's centenary of birth.
Documentaries
1960 Carandente, Giovanni. Burri, Rome
1974 Simongini, Franco. Brandi, Cesare. Alberto Burri: l'avventura della ricerca (RAI/TV)
1976 Quilici, Folco. Brandi, Cesare. L'Italia vista dal cielo. Umbria (Esso)
1995 Rubini, Rubino. Burri (P.P.M., Rome)
2011 Gambino, Davide. Guarneri, Dario. Alberto Burri, La vita nell'arte (Centro sperimentale di Cinematografia sezione documentario Sicilia)
2015 Severi, Luca. Alberto Burri e Piero della Francesca le due rivoluzioni (Zen Europe/Sky)
2015 Noordkamp, Petra. Il Grande Cretto di Gibellina (Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation)
2015 Valeri, Stefano. Alberto Burri Il tempo dell'arte (Fondazione Palazzo Albizzini Collezione Burri)
2016 Moneta, Matteo. Alberto Burri e la sua città (3D Produzioni/ Fondazione Palazzo Albizzini Collezione Burri)
2017 Sterparelli, Giuseppe. VARIAZIONI: a visual polyphony
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Braun, Emily, with Fontanella, Megan, & Stringari, Carol (2015). Alberto Burri: The Trauma of Painting. New York: Guggenheim Museum Publications.
Carandente, Giovanni (2007). "Burri: Memories of a Friendship 1948–1988", in Palumbo (Piero), Burri. Una vita. Milan: Electa. 2007, pp. 176–183.
Melandri, Luisa, with Duncan, Michael (2010). Combustione, Alberto Burri and America. Los Angeles: Santa Monica Museum of Art. Exhibition catalogue.
Tolomeo, Maria Grazia, & Christov-Bakargiev, Carolyn (1997). Burri Retrospektiv 1915–1995. Milan: Electa. Exhibition catalogue.
Trucchi, Lorenza (2007). "Nobilis et Humilis" in Palumbo (Piero), Burri. Una vita'', Electa, Milan, 2007, pp. 184–185.
External links
Fondazione Palazzo Albizzini "Collezione Burri", with photographs of works
Solomon R. Gugghenheim Museum New York Alberto Burri The Trauma of Painting exhibition page (2015–16)
Trailer Alberto Burri and Piero della Francesca: the Two Revolutions documentary by Luca Severi (2015)
Abstract painters
Art Informel and Tachisme painters
1915 births
1995 deaths
Umbrian painters
University of Perugia alumni
20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian contemporary artists
People from Città di Castello
20th-century Italian sculptors
20th-century Italian male artists
Italian male sculptors
20th-century Italian physicians
Italian abstract artists |
4153354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SodaStream | SodaStream | SodaStream International Ltd. () is an Israel-based manufacturing company best-known as the maker of the consumer home carbonation product of the same name. The company's soda machines, in the style of soda siphons, add carbon dioxide to water from a pressurized cylinder to create carbonated water for drinking. It also sells more than 100 types of concentrated syrups and flavourings that are used in the process of making carbonated drinks. In 2018, SodaStream distributed its products to 80,000 individual retail stores across 45 countries.
The company was founded in 1903 in England. After it merged with Soda-Club in 1998, it was relaunched with an emphasis on healthier drinks, and went public on the Nasdaq stock exchange in November 2010. SodaStream is headquartered in Kfar Saba, Israel, and has 13 production plants. In August 2018, the company was acquired by PepsiCo for US$3.2 billion. PepsiCo was attracted to the company due to its technological innovations and a desire to move into providing more healthy products; SodaStream has since launched a variety of PepsiCo flavours into their range.
Until 2015, the company's principal manufacturing facility was located in Mishor Adumim, an industrial park within the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Adumim in the West Bank, which generated controversy and a boycott campaign. In October 2015, under growing pressure from activists of the Palestinian-led BDS movement, SodaStream closed its facility in Mishor Adumim and relocated it to the town of Lehavim in Israel proper.
Product
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Subsidiary of Cadbury Schweppes; purchase by Soda-Club
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In 1998, SodaStream was bought by Soda-Club, an Israeli company founded in 1991 by Peter Wiseburgh, who from 1978 to 1991 had been Israel's exclusive distributor for SodaStream, creating the world's largest home carbonation systems supplier. In 2003, Soda-Club closed the SodaStream factory in Peterborough, moving the company's gas cylinder refilling and refurbishment department to Germany. Under the ownership of Soda-Club, the brand has been relaunched in many markets, with new machines and new flavours available in 41 countries. In 2012, SodaStream teamed with Yves Béhar to introduce SodaStream Source, a line of soda machines designed with a special emphasis on sustainability. Béhar's design earned SodaStream a Good Housekeeping Institute seal of approval in 2013.
2010 NASDAQ IPO
SodaStream International Ltd. went public on the NASDAQ stock exchange in November 2010. The stock offering was jointly led by J.P. Morgan Securities and Deutsche Bank Securities.
At the time, the IPO was the eighth largest for an Israeli company on the NASDAQ and during the year 2010 one of the top-performing IPOs generally. To celebrate SodaStream's listing on the NASDAQ, CEO Daniel Birnbaum was invited to ring the exchange's closing bell on 3 November 2010. By August 2011, SodaStream's market capitalisation had risen from $367 million to $1.46 billion.
During 2012, the stock experienced aggressive growth, with earnings per share growing 57%. In June 2013, Israeli financial newspaper Calcalist incorrectly predicted a $2 billion Pepsi takeover of SodaStream, sending SODA stock higher before the rumours were promptly debunked by PepsiCo.
Analysts had expected another 27% growth in 2013 with earnings projected to grow 30% over the next 5 years. 2013's actual net earnings were down relative to 2012 despite an increase in sales; in 2014, the company's stock dropped to its lowest value since 2012. Barclays PLC analyst David Kaplan cited US Secretary of State John Kerry's warnings about the economic effects of boycotts and the company's failure to clarify the reasons for missed earning targets as causes for the drop.
In October 2014, SodaStream announced its revenue for 2014 was expected to decline to $562.7 million, a 9% decrease from the previous year, while a report by Zacks Equity Research stated that net income for 2014 is expected to be 42% lower than in 2013. Zacks Equity Research cited declining sales in the United States, where an increasing number of consumers are choosing "more natural, less caloric and water based beverages" as opposed to traditional carbonated soft drinks.
Sales
Some 20% of households in Sweden owned SodaStream machines as of 2010. In January 2011, the company marked the sale of its millionth soda maker in the country. Europe accounts for 45% of SodaStream's sales.
Since May 2012, SodaStream has been sold in over 2,900 Walmart locations in the United States. In June, equity research firm Monness Crespi Hardt & Co. stated that SodaStream's machines were selling out at Walmart. SodaStream's U.S. sales grew from in 2007 to in 2011. Despite record sales, profit margins are declining. SodaStream's estimated 2013 net income ($41.5 million on an annual revenue of $562 million in 2013, compared to 2012's $43.86 million of net income on $436.32 million of revenue) fell short of targets and investor expectations. Sodastream also sells its product at most Bed Bath & Beyond stores.
Marketing
In its marketing, the company focuses on environmental attractiveness of using tap water and returnable gas cylinders. SodaStream has been involved in environmental projects, including waste reduction, beach cleanup and reforestation.
In 2011, SodaStream partnered with the Israel Union for Environmental Defense to launch an initiative promoting waste reduction and an improvement in the quality of tap water. Also in 2011, SodaStream launched a campaign with Erin O'Connor to raise awareness to the effects of plastic bottle waste on the environment. As part of the company's support for Climate Week, in 2012 SodaStream donated £1,000 to a school in Crediton, Devon in the United Kingdom to fund an educational beach cleaning initiative. SodaStream partnered with Trees for the Future in 2012 to launch the Replant Our Planet initiative: for each home beverage carbonation system sold from its Rethink Your Soda product line, SodaStream committed to planting hundreds of thousands of trees in Brazil. SodaStream Italy and the Municipality of Venice partnered in 2012 to organize Join the Stream: fight the bottle, a cleanup initiative with its starting point at the Lido di Venezia. Actress Rosario Dawson launched the first annual Unbottle the World Day in New York City in July 2012. The campaign, initiated by SodaStream to raise awareness to the impact of cans and plastic bottles on the environment, calls on the United Nations to designate one day of the year a "Bottle Free Day".
Advertising campaigns
In 2010, SodaStream launched an international campaign to raise awareness of bottle and can consumption. The campaign involves the display of cages in various countries, each containing 10,657 empty bottles and cans. Begun in Belgium, the Cage campaign has since visited 30 countries with the message that the waste produced by one family over the course of five years from beverage containers – 10,657 bottles and cans – can be replaced by a single SodaStream bottle. When a cage went on display in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2012, Coca-Cola demanded that SodaStream remove its products from the cages and threatened to sue SodaStream. SodaStream responded by dismissing the threats and announcing that it would display the cage outside Coca-Cola's headquarters in Atlanta.
A 30-second television commercial promoting sustainability, showing soda bottles exploding each time a person makes a drink using a SodaStream machine, was banned in the United Kingdom in 2012. Clearcast, the organization that approves TV advertising in the UK, explained that they "thought it was a denigration of the bottled drinks market". The same ad, crafted by Alex Bogusky, ran in the United States, Sweden, Australia, and other countries. An appeal by SodaStream to reverse Clearcast's decision to censor the commercial was rejected. A similar advertisement, which featured a pair of Coca-Cola and Pepsi deliverymen reacting to the exploding bottles, was expected to air during Super Bowl XLVII in February 2013, but was rejected by CBS for its direct references to Coke and Pepsi. The previous SodaStream ad was shown in its place. SodaStream CEO said "The banned ad was a win because of the quality as well as the quantity of the exposure we received".
The company's 2020 advertising campaign featured Snoop Dogg in the United States and Priyanka, the first season winner of Canada's Drag Race, in Canada.
Influencer marketing
Since 2016, SodaStream has worked with influencer marketing in social media.
Production facilities
SodaStream has 13 production facilities worldwide. From 2016, SodaStream's principal manufacturing facility is in Idan HaNegev Industrial Park north of Beersheba, Israel. The plant provides employment for around 1,400 workers, many of them Negev Bedouins. The cornerstone for the plant was laid in 2011, it opened in 2015. An additional plant, which began operating in 2011 in Ashkelon, produces SodaStream syrups and flavours. Another plant operated in the Alon Tavor industrial zone near the Israeli city of Afula, between 2011 and 2015, but was closed once the Idan HaNegev facility was opened.
In Europe, the company employs 250 people, in two main sites; at SodaStream's European commercial and logistics center, which is located in Rijen, Netherlands and at a manufacturing facility in Limburg an der Lahn, Germany. SodaStream's US headquarters is at Mount Laurel, New Jersey.
Controversies
As part of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) activist campaign launched in 2005 to pressure Israel to end the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, SodaStream was criticized for operating its primary manufacturing plant in the Mishor Adumim industrial zone in the West Bank.
The Court of Justice of the European Union ruled in 2010 that SodaStream was not entitled to claim a "Made in Israel" exemption from EU customs payments for products manufactured in the West Bank because Israeli settlements in the West Bank are outside the territorial scope of the EC-Israel Agreement.
In January 2014, Oxfam accepted the resignation of Scarlett Johansson, a Jewish-American actress, as ambassador for that organisation, a role she had held for eight years, after she became a brand ambassador for SodaStream. Oxfam has stated that "businesses, such as SodaStream, that operate in settlements further the ongoing poverty and denial of rights of the Palestinian communities that we work to support" and opposes all trade with the settlements citing their illegality under international law. Johansson reportedly resigned because of "a fundamental difference of opinion in regards to the boycott, divestment and sanctions movement". In her statement she described SodaStream as "not only committed to the environment but to building a bridge to peace between Israel and Palestine, supporting neighbours working alongside each other, receiving equal pay, equal benefits and equal rights". SodaStream CEO Daniel Birnbaum also accused Oxfam of supporting the BDS movement against Israel as a whole, a charge Oxfam denied, saying that "this is about trade from the settlements" and specific to settlements outside Israel's pre-1967 border. which Oxfam states, due to their location, pose an obstacle to any future two-state solution.
According to Birnbaum, the boycott had no impact on the growth rate of SodaStream, and he said, all SodaStream products sold in Norway, Sweden and Finland are manufactured in China.
In January 2014 a Paris court ruled that Association France Palestine Solidarité (AFPS), a group campaigning to remove SodaStream from stores, must compensate SodaStream €6500 because the group falsely claimed the products are sold "illegally and fraudulently" due to their use of the "Made in Israel" label while being partly manufactured in the West Bank.
Human Rights Watch stated that "It is impossible to ignore the Israeli system of unlawful discrimination, land confiscation, natural resource theft, and forced displacement of Palestinians in the occupied West Bank, where SodaStream is located". The United Church of Canada launched a campaign to boycott SodaStream products manufactured in the West Bank.
In July 2014, UK department store John Lewis removed all SodaStream products from its stores, amidst growing BDS pressure and declining sales. Its Oxford Street, London store had been the site of biweekly protests against the sale of SodaStream products. In July 2014, after two years of weekly BDS protests, SodaStream also closed its Brighton store.
Birnbaum said that the factories are apolitical. "We don't take sides in this conflict. He described the factory as "building bridges between us and the Palestinian population, and we provide our Palestinian employees with respectable employment opportunities and an appropriate salary and benefits". SodaStream employed 500 West Bank Palestinians. Addressing the location of SodaStream's Ma'ale Adumim plant, Birnbaum said "we're here for historical reasons." The choice was made by company founder Peter Weissburgh, back in the 1990s, long before SodaStream was taken over by the current owners, who appointed Birnbaum in 2007. Birnbaum said that factory presence was a reality and he would not bow to political pressure to close it: "We will not throw our employees under the bus to promote anyone’s political agenda...I just can't see how it would help the cause of the Palestinians if we fired them."
Supporters of the factory cited the West Bank's high unemployment rate and low GDP as evidence the jobs were badly needed. Opponents argued that the small number of jobs provided by the factories in the settlements did not outweigh the effect the Israeli presence had on the Palestinian economy. Others argued that SodaStream was exploiting local cheap labour. Workers' incomes at the factory were substantially above the 1450 shekel/month Palestinian Authority minimum wage.
All but one of the Palestinian employees interviewed by The Christian Science Monitor supported Johansson's stance and opposed a boycott of SodaStream, stating that a boycott would only hurt them. One Palestinian employee said he was ashamed to work for SodaStream and felt like a "slave" working on an assembly line for twelve hours a day. Another Palestinian employee interviewed by Reuters reported that: "Most of the managers are Israeli, and West Bank employees feel they can't ask for pay rises or more benefits because they can be fired and easily replaced."
In December 2014, Harvard University Dining Services halted SodaStream machine purchases for its dining facilities due to demonstrations by the Harvard College Palestine Solidarity Committee and the Harvard Islamic Society. A few days later, however, Harvard's President Drew Faust reversed the decision, claiming she had not been aware of it in the first place.
When French host Cyril Hanouna aired a homophobic prank on French TV in May 2017, SodaStream first refused to stop advertising and supporting Hanouna's program, but eventually decided to withdraw its advertising.
Firing of Palestinian workers
In July 2014, SodaStream fired 60 Palestinian workers after they had complained about not receiving sufficient food to break Ramadan fasts during night shifts. The workers were not allowed to bring their own food into the plant due to Jewish dietary restrictions being enforced. According to SodaStream the workers had called for a wildcat strike. According to the workers they were fired after filing a formal complaint. SodaStream claimed that the workers were given a hearing and that they were not denied severance pay.
SodaStream announced that its factory in Ma'ale Adumim would be closed by the end of 2015 in order to save $9 million in production costs. The plant's operations were transferred to a new factory in Lehavim, where it reportedly "employ a significant number of Bedouin Arabs". The move laid off 500 Palestinian workers, although 74 Palestinian workers moved with SodaStream when it relocated. However, the Israeli government initially refused to renew the Palestinians' work permits. SodaStream protested the government decision. Around a year later, the Israeli government renewed the working permits of the 74 Palestinian workers and they returned to SodaStream.
Some news sources reported that SodaStream blamed the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement (BDS) for the closing of its plant. Mahmoud Nawajaa, the BDS coordinator in Ramallah, called the loss of Palestinian jobs at SodaStream "part of the price that should be paid in the process of ending the occupation". SodaStream CEO Daniel Birnbaum blamed Benjamin Netanyahu for the Palestinian job losses. According to Birnbaum, all of the Palestinian employees had passed Israeli security clearance, but were denied permits to work after Netanyahu intervened. Birnbaum claimed that Netanyahu wanted the Palestinians fired so he could then blame BDS. Netanyahu's office denied Birnbaum's claims.
See also
List of Israeli companies
Economy of Israel
References
Further reading
External links
Official SodaStream site
SodaStream UK advert from 1980 on YouTube
"Get busy with the fizzy" lyrics
YouTube video about Sodastream's factory in Mishor Adumim
Carbonated drinks
Carbonated water
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Drink companies of Israel
Food and drink companies established in 1903
1903 establishments in England
Home appliance manufacturers of Israel
Israeli brands
2010 initial public offerings
2018 mergers and acquisitions
Mergers and acquisitions of Israeli companies
PepsiCo subsidiaries
Kitchenware brands
British companies established in 1903 |
4153566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter%20%28magazine%29 | Encounter (magazine) | Encounter was a literary magazine founded in 1953 by poet Stephen Spender and journalist Irving Kristol. The magazine ceased publication in 1991. Published in the United Kingdom, it was an Anglo-American intellectual and cultural journal, originally associated with the anti-Stalinist left. The magazine received covert funding from the Central Intelligence Agency who, along with MI6, discussed the founding of an "Anglo-American left-of-centre publication" intended to counter the idea of Cold War neutralism. The magazine was rarely critical of American foreign policy and generally shaped its content to support the geopolitical interests of the United States government.
Spender served as literary editor until 1967, when he resigned. The revelation of the covert CIA funding of the magazine occurred that year. He had heard rumours but had not been able to confirm them. Thomas W. Braden, who headed the CIA's International Organizations Division's operations between 1951 and 1954, said that the money for the magazine "came from the CIA, and few outside the CIA knew about it. We had placed one agent in a Europe-based organization of intellectuals called the Congress for Cultural Freedom." Frank Kermode replaced Spender, but he too resigned when it became clear the CIA was involved. Roy Jenkins observed that earlier contributors were aware of U.S. funding but believed it came from philanthropists, including a Cincinnati gin distiller.
Encounter experienced its most successful years in terms of readership and influence under Melvin J. Lasky, who succeeded Kristol in 1958 and would serve as the main editor until the magazine ceased publication in 1991. Other editors in this period included D. J. Enright.
Founding and first editors
In October of 1953 Encounter first launched, it included a monthly Anglo-American journal of politics and culture, and was sponsored by the Paris-based Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF). The CCF was an organization of largely center-left artists and intellectuals founded in 1950. In line with its title, it was dedicated to countering on behalf of the non-communist West the overtures and influence in the culture of the Soviet Union, which remained under the rule of Joseph Stalin until 1953, and the Communist Party for several further decades.
The covert partial funding of Encounter by the Central Intelligence Agency (and Britain's MI6), via such American organizations as the Farfield Foundation, and thence to the CCF, was revealed in 1967 in the pages of Ramparts, The New York Times, and the Saturday Evening Post. According to CIA official Ray S. Cline the journal "would not have been able to survive financially without CIA funds". Its bibliography shows shifting patterns of high-journalistic political allegiance, especially in the cultural sphere. Shifts on both sides of the Atlantic triggered by the rise of the "neoconservative" tendency in opposition to the prevailing left-liberalism in elite opinion are evident.
The choices for the first two Encounter co-editors, the American political essayist Irving Kristol (1920–2009) and the English poet Stephen Spender (1909–95) were telling, and in retrospect, can be seen to have set in template much of the course of the magazine's evolution even over its final twenty-three years succeeding Spender's resignation in 1967, after the revelations of covert CIA-funding.
Irving Kristol and the New York intellectuals
Irving Kristol edited the political articles in Encounter from 1953 until 1958, and though still a self-described liberal at the time, he was already laying the foundations of his eventual stance, from the late 1970s until his death in 2009, as the "godfather of neoconservatism." Influenced by his experiences in the City College of New York cafeterias of the late 1930s, where Marxists, Trotskyists and Stalinists argued freely, Kristol had already, as early as 1952, in his writings in Commentary during the McCarthy years, set the tone for the neo-populist critique of liberal "new class" elites he would later seed during his almost forty-year stint (1965–2002) as founding co-editor of The Public Interest, the public-policy quarterly.
Stephen Spender and the English literary legacy
Stephen Spender cut a larger figure in strictly cultural circles, though with strong political engagements of his own – he was, at 44, one of England's leading men of letters of his generation, having been a prime constituent of the 1930s "MacSpaunday" generation of young English poets whose other members included Louis MacNeice, W.H. Auden, and C. Day Lewis. During his brief Communist phase in the 1930s, he had served in the Spanish Civil War with the anti-Franco International Brigades and later contributed to the essay collection The God That Failed (1949) edited by Richard Crossman. The other contributors who had become disillusioned with Communism included Louis Fischer, André Gide, Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, and Richard Wright; Koestler and Silone would in turn become from its outset regular contributors to Encounter. Spender's apprenticeship in the editor's chair had come over a decade before when he served as deputy to the English aesthete Cyril Connolly in editing, for its first two years, the influential literary monthly Horizon (1940–49), many of whose writers would show up in Encounter in due course throughout the 1950s and after.
Spender's range of cultural contacts, in and out of the academic world, combined with the high-stakes sense of Cold War cultural mission driving the Paris-based CCF, enabled Encounter to publish, especially during its first fourteen years prior to the revelation of the early CIA funding and the defections so provoked, an international range of poets, short-story writers, novelists, critics, historians, philosophers and journalists, from both sides of the Iron Curtain. The long tail of the Bloomsbury, World War I, and Bright Young Things generations of the early 20th century was a marked feature of the early years of Spender's tenure as the editor of the Encounters literary pages, with contributors such as Robert Graves, Aldous Huxley, Nancy Mitford, Bertrand Russell, Edith Sitwell, John Strachey, Evelyn Waugh, and Leonard and Virginia Woolf – Virginia in posthumous diary form, her surviving husband Leonard as a political essayist and reviewer.
Oxbridge and London academics
Encounter provided a prime forum for academics from the colleges of Oxford, Cambridge, and London Universities—Isaiah Berlin, Hugh Trevor-Roper, and A. J. P. Taylor among them—who discussed European history and the intellectuals helping to shape it. Trevor-Roper used the magazine as an outlet for his attacks, one on Arnold Toynbee's bestselling ten-volume Study of History, and on The Origins of the Second World War by A. J. P. Taylor.
Early outings by Encounter belletrists came when Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh playfully debated over successive issues the fine points of upper-class vs. lower-class English usage ("U and non-U"), as did C. P. Snow and others, if less playfully, Snow's depiction within of a yawning chasm of mind between the "Two Cultures" of the hard sciences and the humanities. Among the magazine's early luminaries in aesthetics and the history of art were Stuart Hampshire and Richard Wollheim.
Political contours
On the political side of Encounter, Kristol brought on board many members of the group usually known as The New York Intellectuals, both journalist, literary and polemical or social-scientific, among whom he had passed the years of his apprenticeship: the sociologists Daniel Bell and Nathan Glazer, who, respectively, would later serve as his successive co-editors (and, like Spender, political foils, especially in Bell's more pronounced case) at The Public Interest, Sidney Hook, and, not least, the ideological hummingbird and scourge of "Midcult" Dwight Macdonald, who spent a year (1955–56) in London as associate editor, a tenure with which he would later attempt to make a retrospective reckoning in his "Politics" column in Esquire for June 1967 in what he would describe several months later as his "Confessions of an Unwitty CIA Agent". Mainline Americans for Democratic Action-style left-liberal Democrats such as Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. and John Kenneth Galbraith rounded out the American contours in politics, while the early English contributions in politics came largely from the social-democratic, anti-Communist, anti-unilateral nuclear disarmament wing of the Labour fold, as represented by C.A.R. Crosland (Anthony Crosland) (a close friend of Daniel Bell), R.H.S. Crossman (Richard Crossman), and David Marquand, with occasional contributions from Conservative journalists such as Peregrine Worsthorne and the young Henry Fairlie broadening the coverage.
Encounter provoked controversy, with some British commentators arguing the journal took an excessively deferential stand towards United States foreign policy. Cambridge literary critic Graham Hough described the magazine as "that strange Anglo-American nursling" which had "a very odd concept of culture indeed". The Sunday Times referred to Encounter as "the police-review of American-occupied countries".
Discussing the Encounter of the 1950s, Stefan Collini in 2006 wrote that although Encounter was not "narrowly sectarian in either political or aesthetic terms, its pages gave off a distinct whiff of Cold War polemicizing".
Melvin Lasky and the 1960s
The transition to Kristol's replacement on the political side of Encounter in 1958 by Melvin J. Lasky (1920–2004) was seamless, and a key factor both in the broadening of the magazine's international scope to include a deeper extension of its European coverage, from the Soviet bloc not least, as well as its coverage of the newly decolonized nations of Africa and Asia. After combat with the seventh army and postwar service in Berlin under military governor Lucius Clay, Lasky founded the German-language monthly Der Monat (The Month), and, amid an adult life spent largely ever since in Germany, was enlisted in 1955 back in New York to edit the first two numbers of The Anchor Review (1955–57), an annual published by the new Anchor Books imprint of Doubleday, fruit of the 1950s quality-paperback revolution spearheaded by Jason Epstein, and whose international roster of high-humanist contributors – Auden, Connolly, Koestler, Silone – made it resemble a concurrent mini-Encounter.
Ties to Eastern Bloc dissidents
During his 32 years at Encounter, Lasky, with his balding head and Van Dyke beard centrally cast as an inverted Lenin, proved instrumental in the long and dedicated cultivation of contacts from among the persecuted writers of Poland (i.a. Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herbert), East Germany, Hungary, Romania, the Soviet Union, and then-Yugoslavia, and devoted extensive front-cover coverage throughout the 1960s and 1970s to the judicial travails in Russia of Andrei Sinyavsky (aka "Abram Tertz", under which nom de plume several samizdat short stories appeared), Yuli Daniel, Joseph Brodsky and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and in Poland to the case of Leszek Kołakowski, the philosopher exiled to the West in 1968 by the Polish Communist Party, and who became one of the magazine's defining contributors, whose blend of intellectual history and anti-Soviet militancy made him a sort of Slavic cross between Isaiah Berlin and Sidney Hook. A special 65-page anthology in April 1963, "New Voices in Russian Writing," presented, with the aid of translations by poets W. H. Auden, Robert Conquest, Stanley Kunitz and Richard Wilbur, a selection of the latest works of the rising generation of Russian poets and short-story writers, among them Andrei Voznesensky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, and Vasily Aksyonov ("Matryona's Home," the most-read short story by Solzhenitsyn, was held over until the next issue).
Focus on decolonized nations
As for the nations of the so-called developing world, thanks in part to Spender's early attention to matters echt-English, the aftermath of the British Empire not least, Indian affairs, especially as they involved writers and intellectuals, were prominent on the contents page, with the heterodox essayist and memoirist Nirad Chaudhuri among the earliest of the magazine's long-serving correspondents from the subcontinent. Lasky, for his part, having written and published Africa For Beginners in 1962, made a point of devoting a special issue to that continent, along with others devoted to Asia and Latin America.
Changing times
The 1960s would prove to be the high-water mark of Encounters time on the world newsstand. As distinguished symposiasts from diverse spheres debated in its political sections such matters as the advisability of Britain's entry into the European Economic Community, the expansion of its tax-funded higher-education system, the aftermath of empire and the strains of assimilating the influx of immigrants from the decolonized nations, and the latest false dawn for socialists in Cuba, a rising generation of critics and scholars engaged the newly arrived high thinkers of the age – Clifford Geertz, R.D. Laing, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Konrad Lorenz, György Lukács, Marshall McLuhan – and speculated on the prospect of other false dawns in culture rather than politics. In the case of the imagined Arcadia presaged by the new wave of "high pornography", reformers like Olympia Press founder Maurice Girodias weighed in for the defense, with conservative sociologist Ernest van den Haag countering with a measured defense of the social need for both pornography and censorship, with the young George Steiner, dissenting from what to him seemed the neo-totalitarian import entailed by the literal stripping of literary characters of any vestige of privacy, in contrast to the more artful metaphoric indirections of such masters as Dante.
English poets
Encounter was eclectic in the poets it published. Its literary co-editors generally had a background in poetry, with Spender succeeded by the literary critic Frank Kermode. There were the critics, novelists and poets Nigel Dennis (1967–70) and D. J. Enright (1970–72), and the poet Anthony Thwaite (1973–85). Poets affiliated from the 1950s with The Movement —Kingsley Amis, Robert Conquest, Donald Davie, Enright, Thom Gunn, Elizabeth Jennings, Philip Larkin, and John Wain–contributed to the magazine, in many cases, in fiction and in essays also. Conquest, an independent historian of the Stalin years in Russia (The Great Terror, 1968), held a skeptical attitude toward left-liberalism. Amis published in Encounter in 1960 an article against the expansion of higher education, that proved influential.
Left-liberals vs. early neoconservatives
The more explicit development of that very skepticism, as it happened, came to mark the evolution of the political side of Encounter as it entered the 1970s and beyond. The ideological fissures in the world of Anglo-American political/literary journals began to see hairline crack turn to outright cleavage in the wake of the rise of the neoconservative movement. The biweekly New York Review of Books, founded in 1963, began to enlist from its outset a regular roster of the cream of the very sort of prestige British humanists and scientific essayists who had so distinguished themselves in the pages of Encounter in its first ten years, creating a rival outlet for them whose greater prominence in the much larger American market would only deepen after the 1967 high-profile resignations of Spender and Kermode, both of them at the very summit of Anglo-American literary life.
The then largely intra-Democratic rifts issuing from reactions to, for instance, the Vietnam War, student radicalism and the New Left, urban strife, the Great Society, the rise of Black Power and affirmative action, played out on the contents pages of the highbrow journals in a sharpening of sides among the political contributors to the liberal-to-radical (in politics if not in art and literature) New York Review in opposition to the post-1970 rightward shift of Commentary under Norman Podhoretz; the New York Review had already as of its third year (1965, when Kristol and Bell founded The Public Interest) shed the future neoconservatives who had marked its first two years. Another sign of the times came in 1972, when Daniel Bell, firmly of the social-democratic, anti-Stalinist, Old Left/Menshevik tendency, resigned from his co-editorship of The Public Interest, rather than strain his long friendship with Irving Kristol, who had recently left the Democratic fold and come out, for Richard Nixon, easing into his final four decades in the ideological orbit of, e.g., the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal. Some among the nascent neoconservatives, like Bell's successor Nathan Glazer, would remain Democrats, while others would form the Reagan Democrats and go on to play a pivotal role in the 1980 and 1984 elections.
1970s
The economic crisis of the 1970s, afflicting all the world's advanced democracies with a corrosive blend of decade-long inflation, sector-wide industrial strikes, overburdened welfare states expanded under pressure of an affluence-driven "revolution of rising expectations", the overturning of the supremacy of Keynesian economics under a simultaneous inflation and recession long thought inconceivable, and the resulting unraveling of the postwar, bipartisan social-democratic consensus – such was the stuff of a good portion of the debate on domestic affairs within Encounter throughout the 1970s. Those from the center-left addressing such topics included the veteran analysts of capitalism Andrew Shonfield and Robert Skidelsky, biographer of Keynes, and economic historian of Depression Britain. Among those from the developing New Right to assail eminent thinkers leftward was the Australian-born LSE political scientist Kenneth Minogue, among whose many contributions was a stinging rebuke to John Kenneth Galbraith for offering, in his 1977 documentary series The Age of Uncertainty, far more wit than wisdom – a charge to which the Harvard economist replied, wittily.
Novelist and political writer, Ferdinand Mount, then in his thirties and later to serve as a Thatcherite policy adviser early the next decade, did regular double duty as political essayist and book reviewer. And thirty years after The Road to Serfdom had made the name of Friedrich A. Hayek known among the non-economist educated public, the Austrian-born thinker, in the decade that saw his writings earn him both the Nobel Prize in Economics and a starring role in the education of the English prime minister newly arrived at its end, contributed four essays in the history of ideas, among them one on "The Miscarriage of the Democratic Ideal" and another on his cousin Ludwig Wittgenstein. Shirley Robin Letwin took the American liberal legal philosopher Ronald Dworkin to task for promoting judicial activism in his signature work Taking Rights Seriously, while the conservative philosopher Roger Scruton, a recent Encounter hand, examined the cultural roots of latter-day ills, and economist EJ Mishan> assayed the parasitic moral hazards arising from economic growth. And lively debate over the north–south divide, the Brandt Report, and western foreign aid to the 'Third World' was on hand courtesy of the prestigious development economist Peter Bauer and his critics.
Hazards of détente
In foreign affairs in the 1970s, Encounters prime interests, along with Euro-terrorism and Euro-communism, included the strains upon the detente with the Soviet Union inaugurated during the Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford years posed by the military buildup and underlying intentions, conventional and nuclear, of the Soviet Union, the latter's renewed adventurism-by-proxy in the Middle East and in Africa, and its ongoing abuses in human rights and in the coerced psychiatric treatment of dissidents. One of the prime set-pieces among the hawk-vs-dove needle-matches underway came with a six-installment series in which the eminent diplomat-historian — and "containment" theorist of the first years of the Cold War — George F. Kennan, then in his early seventies, squared off against his critics in the form of several interviews he had granted to George Urban of Radio Free Europe, with detailed rejoinders — and another mutual follow-up round — in succeeding issues by the veteran historian of the Russian empire at the University of London's School of Slavonic and Eastern European Studies, Hugh Seton-Watson, by Richard Pipes of Harvard — the latter due in several years for a post helping Ronald Reagan plot strategy toward the Soviet Union — and Leopold Labedz, Polish-born editor of Survey, a quarterly journal of Soviet-bloc affairs. The exchanges, marked each time on the part of Kennan's critics by a ritual and almost incantatory deference to his stature and role as almost Old Testament wise man, grew increasingly testy on both sides, with Seton-Watson accusing Kennan of allowing his aristocratic-utopian hand-wringing over Western cultural degeneracy to vanquish his sense of the moral urgency and legitimacy of the west's need to better defend itself against a newly hardened foe, with Pipes accusing him of an overly-optimistic estimate of relaxation in Soviet military strategy since the death of Stalin, charges amplified by Labedz. Kennan, for his part in reply, fired back from several angles with a long-running complaint of his, perhaps best summarized as: nobody understands me.
Contributing literary figures
The range of literary figures, some young and others established, whose first contributions to Encounter came during the 1970s included novelists Martin Amis, Italo Calvino, Elias Canetti, Margaret Drabble, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, Paul Theroux, D.M. Thomas, William Trevor, critics and essayists Clive James, Gabriel Josipovici, Bernard Levin, David Lodge, Jonathan Raban, Wilfrid Sheed, Gillian Tindall, poets Alan Brownjohn, Douglas Dunn, Gavin Ewart, James Fenton, Seamus Heaney, Erica Jong, Michael Longley, John Mole, Blake Morrison, Andrew Motion, Tom Paulin, Peter Porter, Peter Reading, Peter Redgrove, Vernon Scannell, George Szirtes, and R. S. Thomas.
1980s and end of the Cold War
The final decade for Encounter, the 1980s, was marked by regular elegy for old and distinguished friends of the magazine who had aged along with it, chief among them the Hungarian-born writer Arthur Koestler and the French political philosopher and journalist Raymond Aron. Longtime social-democrat friend of the magazine Sidney Hook died at 86 in July 1989, missing by less than six months the peaceful revolutions in Eastern Europe, previewed his memoir Out of Step: An Unquiet Life in the Twentieth Century in Encounter in the mid-1980s. As Brezhnev gave way to Andropov, then to Chernenko and finally to Gorbachev, such contributors as former Labour cabinet secretary (Lord) Alun Chalfont were dedicated to exposing what they saw as the errors of assorted unilateralist disarmers in the peace movement and foes of nuclear deterrence such as the English historian E.P. Thompson, as the NATO agreement to counteract Soviet SS-20s in the European theater took shape. The Polish resistance still covertly active after the crushing of the Solidarity trade union movement by martial law received ongoing coverage. Encounters range of political contributors edged closer to the stateside neoconservative orbit found in the 1980s grouped round, such as Commentary, the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal, and the American Spectator.
Edward Pearce, a regular contributor to the magazine in the 1980s, claimed that Encounter's editors reassigned him from political writing to theatre criticism after he repeatedly used his Encounter column to criticise the Thatcher government.
Though the literary side of Encounter throughout the 1980s featured a far smaller proportion of writers at the forefront of their national literatures as had its 1960s incarnation under Stephen Spender, and a 1983 change in cover design scrapped its austere "Continental" template in favor of a glossy look more characteristic of proverbially "slick" periodicals familiar from American newsstands, given the lofty heights from which it would recede, it still sustained its nonpolitical autonomy and ample proportions when the English poet Anthony Thwaite was replaced in 1985 by Richard Mayne, an English journalist, broadcaster, translator from the French, the magazine's Paris correspondent and "M." columnist, and former assistant to Jean Monnet, architect of the European Economic Community.
Encounter published its final issue in September 1990, almost a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Communist rule in the European satellites, and a year before the largely peaceful demise of Soviet rule itself. The magazine's end was brought about due to its increasing debts. The Bradley Foundation acquired the name a helped close down the Encounter organization in 1991.
Recognition
Thanks to the uncommon distinction, disciplinary and geographic range of the contributors it brought together in one venture, especially during the years 1953–67 prior to the CIA-funding revelations, Encounter earned regard as a high-water mark in postwar periodical literature. In a review of recent work by Stephen Spender in The New Republic in 1963, the American poet John Berryman wrote, "I don't know how Spender has got so many poems done, especially because he does many things besides write poetry: he is a brilliant and assiduous editor (I would call Encounter the most consistently interesting magazine now being published)." In the early 1970s, the American monthly Esquire said of Encounter that it was "probably not as good now as when it was backed by the CIA, but [it is] still the best general monthly magazine going." In the late 1970s, The Observer was of the opinion that "Encounter is a magazine which constantly provides, in any given month, exactly what a great many of us would have wished to read... there is no other journal in the English-speaking world which combines political and cultural material of such consistently high quality", while the International Herald Tribune called Encounter "one of the few great beacons of English-language journalism... a model of how to present serious writing." In a review in 2011 in The New Republic of a posthumous collection of essays by Irving Kristol, Franklin Foer wrote that "Encounter... deserve[s] a special place in the history of the higher journalism... [it] was some of the best money that the [CIA] ever spent. The journal, published out of London, was an unlikely coupling of the New York intelligentsia with their English counterparts—an exhilarating intermarriage of intellectual cultures. I am not sure that any magazine has ever been quite so good as the early Encounter, with its essays by Mary McCarthy and Nancy Mitford, Lionel Trilling and Isaiah Berlin, Edmund Wilson and Cyril Connolly. In his typically self-effacing manner, Kristol heaped credit upon Spender for the achievement."
Most prolific authors
The following is a list of all authors who appeared in Encounter at least ten times:
Dannie Abse (16)
Anna Adams (11)
F.R. Allemann (15)
Kingsley Amis (11)
Raymond Aron (37)
W.H. Auden (33)
A. J. Ayer (12)
Luigi Barzini (25)
Daniel Bell (16)
Max Beloff (71)
Bernard Bergonzi (22)
Vernon Bogdanor (13)
Francois Bondy (70)
Jorge Luis Borges (13)
John Bossy (14)
Malcolm Bradbury (24)
Edwin Brock (16)
D.W. Brogan (32])
Alan Brownjohn (42)
Zbigniew Brzezinski (10)
Alastair Buchan (19)
Anthony Burgess (13)
Alun Chalfont (10)
Michael Charlton (10)
Nicola Chiaromonte (10)
Robert Conquest (21)
Hilary Corke (42)
Maurice Cranston (33)
C.A.R. Crosland (18)
R.H.S. Crossman (17)
Brian Crozier (10)
Marcus Cunliffe (30)
Nigel Dennis (43)
Milovan Djilas (12)
Douglas Dunn (52)
Alistair Elliot (14)
D.J. Enright (80)
Martin Esslin (25)
Gavin Ewart (37)
H.J. Eysenck (15)
Henry Fairlie (24)
François Fejtő (11)
Leslie Fiedler (11)
Constantine FitzGibbon (17)
John Fuller (11)
Roy Fuller (22)
P. N. Furbank (18)
T.R. Fyvel (27)
John Gohorry (19)
Geoffrey Gorer (17)
Julius Gould (15)
K.W. Gransden (17)
Günter Grass (11)
Robert Graves (13)
Herb Greer (11)
Geoffrey Grigson (30)
John Gross (18)
Paul Groves (13)
Louis J. Halle (10)
Michael Hamburger (19)
Stuart Hampshire (19)
Patrick Hare (14)
Anthony Hartley (64)
Ronald Hayman (18)
John Holloway (20)
Sidney Hook (30)
Michael Howard (18)
G.F. Hudson (12)
Ted Hughes (10)
Michael Hulse (16)
Dan Jacobson (15)
Elizabeth Jennings (18)
Jenny Joseph (11)
Elie Kedourie (20)
Frank Kermode (31)
Roy Kerridge (11)
Arthur Koestler (19)
Leszek Kołakowski (12)
Irving Kristol (46)
Leopold Labedz (22)
Walter Laqueur (26)
Melvin J. Lasky (72)
Laurence Lerner (39)
Norman Levine (10)
Penelope Lively (12)
Michael Longley (13])
John Loveday (12)
Edward Lowbury (10)
Richard Löwenthal (39)
Edward Lucie-Smith (15)
Herbert Lüthy (18)
George MacBeth (14)
Dwight Macdonald (17)
Colin MacInnes (24)
Alasdair MacIntyre (12)
John Mander (24)
Golo Mann (17)
David Marquand (21)
Derwent May (11)
Gerda Mayer (10)
Richard Mayne (including "M." and "R.M" of "Books Encountered" feature) (172)
George Mikes (19)
Stephen Miller (10)
Kenneth Minogue (21)
E. J. Mishan (13)
John Mole (39)
Jan Morris (pre-April 1973 as James Morris) (39)
Blake Morrison (10)
Ferdinand Mount (16)
Kathleen Nott (15)
Frank Ormsby (17)
Tom Paulin (16)
Edward Pearce (66)
Peter Porter (56)
Isabel Quigly (11)
Jonathan Raban (11)
Herbert Read (10)
Peter Reading (19)
Peter Redgrove (38)
Goronwy Rees (including as columnist "[R.]") (158)
Jean-François Revel (61)
Eric Rhode (13)
Theodore Roethke (11)
David Rokeah (18)
Alan Ross (20)
Carol Rumens (11)
Malcolm Rutherford (13)
William Sansom (12)
Vernon Scannell (27)
Leonard Schapiro (10)
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. (12)
Peter Scupham (10)
Hugh Seton-Watson (16)
Edward Shils (22)
Andrew Shonfield (22)
Ruth Silcock (10)
Burns Singer (18)
Stephen Spender (45)
George Steiner (24)
Christopher Sykes (31)
David Sylvester (17)
George Szirtes (17)
D.M. Thomas (14)
R.S. Thomas (20)
Anthony Thwaite (38)
Gillian Tindall (13)
Charles Tomlinson (10)
Philip Toynbee (18)
William Trevor (11)
Hugh Trevor-Roper (14)
George Urban (13)
John Wain (42)
Vernon Watkins (10)
George G. Watson (20)
John Weightman (86)
Peter Wiles (12)
Nicholas Snowden Willey (14)
Angus Wilson (26)
Richard Wollheim (12)
Peregrine Worsthorne (15)
David Wright (17)
See also
CIA and the Cultural Cold War, for the general concept
Congress for Cultural Freedom – CIA program to fund European magazines
Who Paid the Piper?, book by Frances Stonor Saunders published by Granta Books (UK) in 1999 (US edition published as The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters, The New Press, 2000)
References
Cold War propaganda
Congress for Cultural Freedom
Defunct literary magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct political magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1953
Magazines disestablished in 1991
Magazines published in London
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Poetry magazines published in the United Kingdom
CIA activities in the United Kingdom |
4153768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilu | Jilu | Jīlū was a district located in the Hakkari region of upper Mesopotamia in modern-day Turkey.
Before 1915 Jīlū was home to Assyrians and as well as a minority of Kurds. There were 20 Assyrian villages in this district. The area was traditionally divided into Greater and Lesser Jīlū, and Ishtāzin - each with its own Malik, and consisting of a number of Assyrian villages. In the summer of 1915, during the Assyrian genocide, Jīlū was surrounded and attacked by Turkish troops and neighboring Kurdish tribes under the leadership of Agha Sūtū of Oramar. It is now located around Yeşiltaş, Yüksekova.
After a brief struggle to maintain their positions, the Assyrian citizens of Jīlū were forced to flee to Salmas in Iran along with other refugees from the Hakkari highlands. Today their descendants live all over the world including Iraq, Syria, Iran, Lebanon, Russia, the United States, Canada, Australia and Europe. In Syria's al-Hasakah Governorate there are two villages, Tel-Gorān and Abū-Tīnā, established in 1935 by Jīlū refugees from Iraq on the banks of the Khabur River.
Geography and Nature
The Jīlū district is home to the second highest mountain range in Turkey, the Cilo-Sat range, which are an eastern extension of the Taurus Mountains. The highest peak in the Cilo-Sat range is Toura Jelu (also known as Cilo dağı, maximum elevation 4,168 m), from the summit of which one can see as far as the city of Mosul in Iraq. The southern slopes of the massif are covered with broad-leaved forests (primarily oak), and the northern slopes are covered with steppes and shrub thickets where the inhabitants of Jīlū and Dīz would graze their herds during the summer. Among the animals which abound in these mountains are bears, leopards, wolves, foxes, chamois, wild goats, and ovis (wild sheep), of which there are three varieties. There are also many birds, especially the large yellow partridge, and the red-legged variety.
History
Not much is known about Jīlū's pre-Christian history due to its inaccessibility and instability, restricting any form of fieldwork, though prehistoric rock carvings have been found in the Gevaruk valley near Sāţ and on the Tirisin Plateau. These have been dated to 10,000 years ago.
According to the Acts of Saint Mari, it was his disciple St. Ţomīs who was the first to bring Christianity to the region of Gawar and Zozān (including Jīlū) in the 1st century AD.The text also mentions that he was martyred somewhere in the Gawar plain, not far from Jīlū, and that later on a church was established on his burial site. Indeed, the ancient church in the Jīlū village of Sāţ (modern-day İkiyaka) is dedicated to St. Mārī, and is the only church in the Hakkari region or northern Iraq historically known to have had been. Mārī was also the name of one of the area's earliest bishops. He was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Catholicos Mār Dādīshoʿ in 424 AD.
A hitherto unpublished text of the Acts of St. Mammes of Caesarea, who lived in the 3rd century AD, also credits him with having traveled to the village of Oramar (modern-day Dağlıca) where he built a church, known today as El Ahmar Kilisesi. A church also in Oramar dedicated to his disciple St. Daniel is now the village mosque. Afterwards, St. 'Azīzā - reputedly a disciple of Mar Awgin - is credited with having arrived in Jīlū during the 4th century AD, establishing a monastery in the village of Zêrīnī. The earliest surviving manuscript from the Jīlū district was copied in this monastery and dates back to 1212/3.
The Jīlū district is also home to one of the region's oldest churches, founded by St. Zayʿā and his disciple St. Tāwor in 427 AD. According to the Saint's vita, Jīlū at that time was the center of a kingdom named Jīlām-Jīlū and the church construction project was led by its king Bālaq son of King Zūraq. This church for many centuries was the cathedral of the Mār Sargīs Metropolitan Bishops of Jīlū. Most Jīlū's ancient churches are still standing, despite having been abandoned and in a state of decay for nearly a century.
5th century, Church of the East origins
The Jīlū district was also important in the history of the Church of the East from an early period. At the synod of Catholicos Mār Isaac in 410 AD Beth-Bghāsh, located in the Jīlū village of Bé-Baghshé, was confirmed as a suffragan diocese of the ecclesiastical province of Adiabene. The future Catholicos-Patriarch Timothy I, an influential figure in the Church of the East's missionary movement, became bishop of Beth-Bghāsh c.770 AD, upon the retirement of his elderly uncle Gīwargīs, and remained in the diocese until his election as Catholicos-Patriarch in 780 AD. Although a native of Hazzah near Arbil, his family is traditionally held to have originated from Jīlū.
15th century, destruction and revival
In 1448 the Jīlū district was ravaged by the Qara Qoyunlu and many of its villages lay abandoned for over a century. This is probably the reason why the colophon of a manuscript copied in 1490 at Bé-Silim in the Baz district mentions only the metropolitan of Mosul. Normally, Baz would have been included in either the diocese of Beth-Bghāsh or Jīlū.
Most of the refugees from Jīlū fled to Assyrian districts in neighboring Iran. Evidence for this appears in the inclusion of Jīlū in the title of the metropolitan of Salamas around 1552, and the copying of a manuscript in the village of Naze north of Urmia in 1563 by the priest Paul of Oramar. Additionally, many Chaldean families in the Urmia region trace their ancestry to settlers originally from Jīlū. Among the most well known are the Malek-Yonan family of Geogtapa, who are descended from a Jīlū chieftain who founded the village in the 16th century. He also built a church there dedicated to St. Zayʿā which he set with stones brought from the original church in Jīlū.
Later in the 16th century, many inhabitants from Jīlū returned to rebuild their homes and churches. Those of Zêrīnī found the church of St. 'Azīzā in ruins and, after rebuilding it, they acquired a text of the saint's legend from the town of Bakhdida in the Nineveh Plains.
16th-17th century
Since the 16th century, and probably even earlier, the village of Mātā d-ʿUmrā d-Mār Zayʿā was the seat of a metropolitan bishop of the Church of the East. The diocese of this metropolitan bishop included the Hakkari districts of Jīlū, Baz, Tkhuma, Chāl (modern-day Çukurca), Ţāl, and Rékān.
The first historical mention of the diocese of Jīlū is from 1580, when the metropolitan of Jīlū, Siirt and Salamas, was elevated to the patriarchate of the Chaldean Catholic Church as Mār Shim'on IX Dinha (1580-1600). That year the new patriarch consecrated a metropolitan for Jīlū named Mār Sargīs, who was among the signatories of a letter from him to Pope Gregory XIII, and he is probably the same as the Metropolitan Mār Sargīs of Jīlū mentioned in hierarchies listed in the reports of 1607 and 1610 sent by Catholic patriarch Mār Shim'on X Eliyā (1600-1638) to Pope Paul V.
In 1610 also, the large village of Sāţ is recorded as being the residence of bishop named Mār Gīwargīs, who was probably a suffragan of Mār Sargīs. The report of 1610 also mentioned that the Malik of Jīlū was named David, and he commanded 4,000 fighting men; the Malik of Ishtāzin was named 'Caitar', and he was in charge of 500 fighters; and Sāţ was led by a man named 'Chartus', probably also a Malik, who in his turn commanded 300 fighters.
In the late 17th century the diocese severed its ties with Catholicism, along with the rest of the Qudshānis patriarchate, and returned to being traditionalist. The metropolitan bishops of Jīlū were usually nominated from the same clan and all bore the hereditary title Mār Sargīs. An exception to this appears to have been the patriarch Mār Shim'on XV Michael Mukhattas (1740-1780), who is said to have been metropolitan of Jīlū before being elevated to the patriarchate and, indeed, the Cathedral of Sts. Zayʿā and Tāwor is commonly held to have served at certain times as the residence of the patriarchs of that line.
It is during this period that a new line of bishops belonging to the same clan as the metropolitans of Jīlū, Bé-Yagmālā, was established at the village of Gāgawran (modern-day Aksu) in the nearby Gāwār plain. These distant blood-relatives, who took the name Mār Slīvā, probably began as suffragans of Mār Sargīs and are first mentioned in a manuscript colophon from 1743.
19th century
Nineteenth-century bishop Mār Yawsip Sargīs was described by Sir Austen Henry Layard, who met him at the village of Nahrā in late August 1849, as "... a young man of lofty stature and handsome countenance..." and likened his look to that of a hunter or warrior.
In 1891 he was visited by British explorer and writer Isabella Bird, who described him as "a magnificent-looking man with a superb gray beard, the beau-ideal of an Oriental ecclesiastic."
This bishop was approached by the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1890 and 1895, but on both occasions he refused to convert to Catholicism. It is around this time that the inhabitants of the large and isolated village of Sāţ converted to the Catholicism in their entirety.
20th century, post-genocide
The last of these metropolitan bishops to reside at Mātā d-Mār Zayʿā was Mār Zayʿā Sargīs, who was consecrated at 11 years of age. During the Assyrian genocide the bishop moved to the Salamas district between 1915 and 1918, then remained at the Baqubah refugee camp between 1918 and 1920, before moving to Mosul in 1920. From 1921 onward his see was fixed at the village of Khirshéniyah, immediately to the northwest of Alqosh in the Dohuk Governorate, where a small church was built dedicated to St. Zayʿā. Then in 1941 his see was moved to Baghdad, where a large Jīlū émigré community existed at Camp al-Sikak (the "Railroads Camp") with a mud-brick church dedicated to St. Zayʿā built in the 1920s.
After the Iraqi revolution in 1958, a new Cathedral dedicated to St. Zayʿā was built at Karrādat Maryam, with large contributions in money and in kind from Jīlū entrepreneurs Lira and Supar. On 24 June 1959 the new cathedral was dedicated by Metropolitan Mar Yawsip Khnanishu and Bishop Mār Īshoʿ Sargīs. This dedication was marked by the attendance of high-profile officials, among them the new Iraqi president Abd al-Karim Qasim, as well as other religious leaders.
In the mid-1980s the cathedral was appropriated by the Iraqi government, which planned to turn the surrounding area into a restricted area. In return, a parcel of land was given in the Mechanics' quarter (Hayy al-Mīkānīk) of Dora, Baghdad. A new cathedral was built there and dedicated in 1986, forming the only parish of the "diocese of Baghdad" to which the current bishop from this line, Mar Yawsip Sargis, was assigned. In 2002 the bishop left for the United States and has since been unable to return to his diocese. He currently resides in exile at Modesto, California. For many years after the 2003 invasion of Iraq the cathedral in Baghdad was closed, reopening in 2009. With the death of the resident parish priest in 2011, the cathedral is no longer used for regular worship.
Legend and Tradition
According to Lalayan (Assyrians of the Van District, 1914), there was an oral legend concerning the origins and history of the Maliks of Greater Jīlū. The tradition is probably full of historical errors, but must have some element of truth to it.
It narrates that a man named Mandū, from the clan of "Nebuchadnezzar," for some unknown reason set out from the city of Āthor (Mosul), traveling in the company of his four brothers: Bārut, Yôsip, Bākus and Issé. Mandū had promised that he would settle in a place where they could feed him the head and shanks of a sheep (a dish called pāchā). After a long journey Mandū and his brothers arrived at a place named Pāchū, where a poor man fed them pāchā. Mandū observed that he had reached his destination and decided to stay there and become the head of that district. He chose a good place, later known as Zārānīsh (Zêrīnī), just opposite from Pāchū. There he built a house for himself.
One day as Mandū was walking in the forest, he saw four birds but did not know from where they had come. He also saw a black stone, and nearby, a locked church. In his dream that night he saw the key to the church and a candelabra buried under the black stone. The next morning he went and found the key under the black stone, opened the church and entered it to pray. From that day that church became a place for worship for all the residents of the village. One day, as Mandū was walking according to his habit, he saw a large cave filled with human bones. He inquired and was told that some people had escaped from the Persians and had hidden themselves in this cave. The Persians found the cave and lit a fire before its entry, killing those inside it.
Around the village there used to live some pagans who Mandū converted to Christianity, killing those who refused to. Mandū did not molest those from four well-known families though, and ordered them to go and live in a nearby village. They went as ordered and their descendants still remained for some time but did not increase. Each had remained one family only. Descendants of Malik Mandū became Maliks of Greater Jīlū, and also took the name of Mandū.
The same tradition recounts that during the reign of one of the Maliks, the Mar Shim'on (Catholicos-Patriarch of the Church of the East) fled from Āthor (Mosul) and sought refuge in Alqosh. The Persians then came and conquered the area and took Mār Shim'on to Persia, permitting him to live in the town of Ushnū, where he settled as a refugee and built a large cathedral. After a while Malik Mandū is said to have freed Mār Shim'on from the Persians and brought him to Zêrīnī. For 60 years after that time the Mār Shim'ons lived in Zêrīnī. The grave of one of them was even said to be located in the village cemetery. It is not clear why they left Zêrīnī and settled in the village of Tirqônis, and later in Qudshānis, which was given to them as a gift by Malik Mandū. They did not stay long in Qudshānis either because the village was near Julamerk, and prone to the raids of its Kurdish Emir (prince).
He was therefore obliged to move to the district of Dīzan. Malik Mandū was not pleased that Mār Shim'on had left Qudshānis. He conferred with the Kurdish Emir of Julamerk on how he could return Mār Shim'on to Qudshānis. He went to Dīzan and burned Mār Shim'on's residence near the village of Rabbān Dād-Īsho'. Later they collected money and built a new one for him in Qudshānis, and invited him to live in it. In this manner Mār Shim'on was made to accept the invitation to go and settle in Qudshānis.
It continues to tell that the 'throne' of Malik Mandū was inherited by Malik Ahron. He attacked the Kurdish castle of Khirwāt (modern-day Hirvata near the Gawar Plain), took it and destroyed it. It was a great victory. Malik Ahron was followed by another who took the name Mandū. He also, like former Maliks, was a man of war. When there was a conflict with Malik Khubyar of Bāz, he attacked the district and killed a number of its inhabitants. Malik Mandū was followed by Malik Sulaymān and during his reign the Ottoman Government thought it was necessary to post its representatives in those parts. The Government appointed a local Rayyis (Chief) each in Julamerk, Gawar, and Shamdinan (Shamsdin). These Chiefs tried in every way to prevent fighting between the various tribes in the area. Therefore, Malik Sulaymān and Malik Shlëmun who followed him, both had kept peace among the other tribes.
Malik Shlëmun was followed by Malik Wardā. It was said that he was bribed by the Kurdish chief of Oramar, not to aid the Assyrian tribes of Dīzan, Ţyāré, Tkhūmā when they were attacked by Kurdish Emir Badr Khān Beg of Bohtan and his allies. During the massacres of Badr Khan the Kurds attacked, plundered, killed and stole their cattle, but Malik Wardā did not interfere to defend the Assyrian tribes. Malik Īshū, who followed Malik Wardā, attacked the Assyrian Tkhuma Tribe and took away 2,000 head of sheep. After that the tribe of Dīzan attacked Tkhūmā, occupied the lands of Qarāsū, and put their own cattle in their planted fields. Malik Īshū attacked the Dīzan tribe, and took their cattle. He then controlled their fields and collected their farming produce for himself.
Malik Īshū was followed by Malik Mirzā. Nothing is known about this Malik. During the time of Malik Khālil who followed Malik Mirzā, Kurdish tribes attacked Jīlū tribes and stole 2,000 head of sheep. Malik Khālil complained to the Ottoman government, later taking 400 strongmen from his tribe and 40 Turkish soldiers to attack the Kurdish chief of Oramar. He was forced to pay Malik Khālil 200 Liras, 682 sheep, seven mules, four cows, and some carpets and other things. Afterwards, in 1909 Malik Khālil traveled to Europe to collect money. He was dressed in his native clothes and was introduced into the presence of Pope Pius X. He explained to the Pope that he was Malik of Jīlū and added that there was no education in his country and requested Pope's permission to collect money to open schools.
The Pope gave his permission and in a short time he collected 18,000 Vatican Liras and returned home where he began to build a school building. He again went back to Europe to collect money. It appeared that he was impersonating a Catholic monk in his travels in Germany. As Lalayan had learned from a German Consul he knew, the German Government arrested Malik Khālil since they suspected him of fraud, i.e. collecting money for himself in the name of the Church, and he had requested the Consul to introduce him personally to German Government!
Lalayan (Assyrians of the Van District, 1914), also recounts the oral legend concerning the origins and history of the Maliks of Lesser Jīlū. It narrates that Malik Zāmū, considered the head of his clan, along with his brother Bayrijjé and their relatives, had come from the village of Ţirnākhīr in the Bohtān region and settled in the village of Ţelānā in Greater Jīlū. They had been exiled from their former homes by Kurds. Several Maliks inherited his position. One of the Maliks made strong kinship ties with one of the well-known families of Ţelānā by giving his daughter in marriage to one of their sons. It is not known when they settled in Zīr. From this clan was born a strongman named Aro, who later brought Ţelānā under his rule, and assumed the title and authority of Malik. He was succeeded by his son Malik Gewargīs, and then his grandson Malik Khammū, of whom nothing particular is known.
Notable Jīlū Assyrians
Margaret George Shello (1942–1969)
Peshmerga combat woman, Kurdistan Democratic Party Activist, and commander of a guerrilla unit during the First Kurdish Iraqi War (1961-1970). Also known as "Daya Kurdistan" (the mother of Kurdistan).
Fadi Merza Be-Gulawi
World champion Muay Thai kickboxer
Malik Andrious
Malik of Greater Jilu in the early 1920s. He was deported with Catholicos-Patriarch Shimun XXI Eshai of the Assyrian Church of the East to Cyprus in 1933 after the Simele massacre.
Malik Qambar
Malik Qambar was a Catholic-Assyrian national leader and general of the Assyro-Chaldean battalion formed in 1920 as part of the French Foreign Legion.
See also
List of Assyrian tribes
List of Assyrian settlements
Assyrian Church of the East
Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318
Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552
Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552
Tyari
Gawar
Nochiya
Arosh and Halmon
Öveç, Şemdinli
Beyyurdu, Şemdinli
References
Sources
Assyrian tribes
Hakkari |
4153825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20E.%20Apgar | Charles E. Apgar | Charles Emory Apgar (June 28, 1865 – August 17, 1950) was an American business executive and amateur radio operator. He is known for making early recordings of radio transmissions at the start of World War I. The recordings that he made of a wireless telegraphy station owned by a German Empire-based company operating from the United States were used to expose an espionage ring. They provided evidence of clandestine messages being sent in violation of a prohibition intended to maintain United States neutrality. This proof of illicit operation led to the government seizing control of the facility to stop the activity. Apgar's efforts received extensive coverage in newspapers and technical science magazines at the time. His contributions were praised by government investigators. Publications continued to remark on his work many years later.
Biography
Apgar was born in Gladstone, New Jersey on June 28, 1865. He was a student at Centenary Collegiate Institute in 1880. He attended Wesleyan University in 1887-88 though he never graduated. He then married Helen May Clarke and they had three children: Charles Emory Apgar Jr., who died at a young age; Lawrence C. Apgar, who became a professor of music; and Dr. Virginia Apgar, who was a pioneer in obstetrics and neonatology. They owned a suburban home in residential Westfield, New Jersey, from New York City.
Apgar was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Westfield. He became a Master Mason at a Freemasonry lodge in 1906. He worked as a business executive in a variety of positions for New York Life Insurance Company and later for the brokerage firm Spencer Trask & Co. In 1915, during the time when his recordings gained notoriety, he was employed as a salesman for Haynes Automobile Company. He was also an amateur astronomer whose calculations of the motions of Jupiter's satellites were regularly published in the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. He died in Westfield at the age of 85.
Amateur radio
Apgar became interested in wireless telegraphy after reading about an amateur who had heard election returns transmitted by a newspaper on election night (i.e. before the results could be widely distributed the following morning.) He built his first "home-made" wireless telegraphy equipment on December 11, 1910 – one month after the election. He listened to news bulletins from the New York Herald station OHX in Manhattan. The station had been created to send news to approaching ocean liners and receive reports about their voyage.
After the passage of the Radio Act of 1912, he was licensed to use the call sign 2MM from 1913 to 1915. At the experimental wireless station inside his home in Westfield he operated a 450watt amateur station. The equipment he constructed could use a wavelength of during an era when few amateurs went beyond . It was described as a "high-grade plant" of "extraordinary efficiency." In April 1913 he became an associate member of the recently founded Institute of Radio Engineers. He was an early participant in the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) by October 1913. He soon began publishing descriptions of wireless equipment that he had designed in technical magazines.
He built equipment that could greatly amplify the sound from his radio receiver. Connected to a device that he called a "loud talker-horn" (an early type of loudspeaker) it could be heard away. An editor of a magazine was so impressed that he enthusiastically described it as "One of the greatest feats ever produced by any amateur..." Apgar also devised a method to record the signals from stations that he listened to. His accounts of the equipment he used to make the recordings were featured in magazines such as The Wireless Age and Electrical Experimenter. His recordings were colloquially referred to as "canned messages."
Wireless recordings
Apgar's equipment was mostly homemade with the exception of the headphones and of an improved Audion designed by Edwin Howard Armstrong that was part of the circuit used to detect and amplify the signal. It was connected to a Dictaphone which allowed him to record Morse code transmissions on wax cylinders made by Edison Manufacturing Company. His first recording was made October 12, 1913, of the New York Herald station, which by this time was using the call sign WHB. By October 1914, he had recorded other transmissions including the United States Navy station NAA sending time signals.
Sayville station
Apgar then became interested in wireless station WSL in Sayville, New York, on the coast of Long Island. In the evenings, he spent time tuning his radio to the messages sent by Sayville to other stations, a practice known as "listening in." It was a high power commercial station designed for long distance communication. The station was operated by the Atlantic Communications Company which was primarily owned by the German company Telefunken. The station was built to establish two-way communication with the Nauen Transmitter Station POZ in Europe which was jointly owned by the Imperial German Army and Imperial Mail. Nauen was the only station in Europe capable of transmitting to North America at the time. It was mostly sending news that Sayville received and distributed by landline telegraph to American wire services.
During construction in August 1912, the US Navy began observing Sayville because it was reportedly controlled by a company that was under the influence of the government of the German Empire. The company claimed that it had no such connection. It had become operational in July 1913. These were the first regular transmissions between the United States and Germany. The equipment that Apgar built was sensitive enough that he also often clearly heard the Nauen station that was distant. Apgar listened to Sayville and made his first recordings of it in November 1913. In February 1914, Apgar sent some of these cylinder recordings to the operators of Sayville, at their request.
At the start of World War I, the United States declared that it was neutral in the conflict. In August 1914, President Woodrow Wilson issued an executive order that prohibited radio communication of an "unneutral nature" from United States territory. Any communication that could aid military activities would have jeopardized neutrality. This was due to an article in the Hague Convention that stated: "belligerents are forbidden to erect on the territory of a neutral power a wireless telegraphy station or other apparatus for the purpose of communicating with belligerent forces on land or sea." The US Navy stationed personnel at the facility to inspect the messages before they were sent and enforce the order if needed. Sayville was considered one of the three most important stations to which this order applied.
During the war the German transatlantic telegraph cable was intentionally cut by the British which resulted in the German embassy becoming heavily reliant on the new wireless station. The summer residence of German ambassador Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff in Cedarhurst, New York, on Long Island had a direct telegraph line to Sayville to relay diplomatic communication to Germany by wireless. The US Navy began to have doubts about the legitimate operation of the station after they learned that a technical advisor there, physicist and engineer Jonathan Zenneck, was a captain in the German marines. The station was soon suspected of violating the presidential prohibition by including secret messages despite the government censorship.
During the summer months, reception of wireless signals was difficult due to adverse atmospheric conditions that increased static. Long distance communication was possible only during the night for brief intervals. To alleviate this limitation Sayville "quietly" (such that only a few government officials were aware of it) made major improvements to its equipment. In April 1915, the transmitter was upgraded from 35 to 100 kilowatts and three tall antenna towers were installed, transforming it into one of the most powerful transatlantic stations in this part of the world. By May the Telefunken station at Sayville and another at Tuckerton, New Jersey, were accused of sending messages to a German U-boat providing information that allowed the submarine to "ambush" and sink the RMS Lusitania. This led to greater scrutiny of activity at the station.
Investigation
Apgar noticed the peculiar messages sent from Sayville. He informed an inspector from the Department of Commerce Radio Bureau about the odd messages and his recordings of them. Apgar knew L. R. Krumm, Chief Radio Inspector for the Port of New York and New Jersey, and the inspector had been aware of his recordings for some time. Krumm visited Apgar to examine his apparatus and witness a demonstration. Krumm then alerted the United States Secret Service and suggested that they contact Apgar. At the request of William J. Flynn, Chief of the Secret Service, Apgar commenced making regular recordings of the station on June 7, 1915. This continued every night for two weeks. He alternated between two cylinder recorders to ensure uninterrupted capturing of the messages while he replaced a full cylinder with a new blank one. During this time he made 11 hours of permanent recordings that captured 25,000 words transmitted by the station. Apgar was paid for this work by the government through Flynn.
The original messages, approved by government censors, were suspected to contain subsequently altered Morse code that could be used as a cipher. The Sayville station was equipped with a type of Wheatstone system that used perforated paper tape to automatically key the transmitter. An operator produced the tape containing the message before sending. The tape was then run through the transmitter control equipment at a high speed. It operated at 150 wpm (words per minute), significantly faster than the 50 wpm that a highly skilled operator could send manually. The transmissions were so rapid that it made the messages unintelligible to a listener. It was a "meaningless, musical hum or buzz which puzzled all hearers" and sounded like a "titanic bumblebee." Apgar transcribed the previous night's recording each morning by playing the wax cylinder on a phonograph at a much slower speed. He would then telephone the Secret Service to file a report about the transmissions. He made 175 recordings of these suspicious messages, each cylinder containing 4 minutes of transmission time. In addition to his daily reports he turned over the original cylinder recordings to government investigators.
The messages from Sayville were then discussed by the Cabinet of the United States. The recordings proved that the suspected covert messages were present within the approved transmissions. Apgar's "canned" messages are credited with establishing the truth about the Sayville station's activity, though the exact nature of the messages on the recordings remained an official secret. This evidence led to Wilson ordering the US Navy to seize the facility on July 8, 1915. The seizure caused consternation among officers in the Imperial German Navy. The US Navy operated the station in trust to send commercial messages for the duration of the war.
Encoded messages
After listening to the recordings it took the Secret Service four months to decode the hidden messages. A covert message interspersed with the censor approved text might include the addition of "5-8-K-14-B" for example. This would direct the recipient to the fifth and eighth words on page 11, and the fourteenth word on page 2, of a rare edition of a German dictionary.
A variety of alternate methods of encoding were used. For long distance communication in this era it was standard practice to employ repetition to ensure successful reception. The message "Pr 3." would be sent "Pr 3. Pr 3." for example. The Sayville transmissions varied this practice by sometimes sending "Pr Pr 3 Pr. 3." – a significant variation that a casual listener might overlook. These were alleged to be a key to an acrostic code.
Other methods of obfuscation included using innocuous English or American sounding fictitious names such as "Frederick Chappell" to refer to the German submarine Deutschland or "Theodore Hooper" as a code name to refer to Capt. von Papen, the German military attaché in Washington, DC. The phrase "Expect father to-morrow" would be interpreted as "The political situation between America and Germany grows worse. It is imperative that you take care of your New York affairs." These names and phrases were concealed in communications that masqueraded as commercial messages. Copies of these were provided to the government by the Providence Journal which accused the German Embassy of revealing secret information about the movements of the allied navy fleet. The headline of the story was subtitled: "Ambassador Breaks Pledges and with Captain Boy-Ed Has Tricked United States Authorities for Months." In 2004, that same newspaper reported that much of John R. Rathom's reporting was a fraud: "In truth, the Providence Journal had acquired numerous inside scoops on German activities, mostly from British intelligence sources who used Rathom to plant anti-German stories in the American media."
Significance and legacy
Hiram Percy Maxim has noted that he and other amateurs also noticed these messages: "Apgar, the old sleuth, smelled something just about the time the rest of us did." Flynn describes the importance of Apgar's contributions to the government seizure: "It was really his absolutely faithful records of all of the signals sent out from Sayville that caused the United States to seize the famous station." Extensive coverage in the media in 1915 included a magazine cover story about Apgar that referred to him as "A Wireless Detective in Real Life."
A 1923 article by William J. Burns, then director of the Bureau of Investigation, in Popular Radio included a photo of Apgar. It was captioned "The Radio Detective Who Unfathomed the Famous 'Nauen Buzz'" and the description read:
During the early days of the World War the incredibly rapid and undecipherable radio signals between the most powerful broadcasting station in Germany and the station of the "Telefunken Company" at Sayville, Long Island, N. Y., aroused the attention of the U. S. officials. But it was radio amateur, Charles E. Apgar of Westfield, N. J., who finally found the solution by means of amplifiers that recorded these signals on wax phonograph cylinders. By this means the messages were de-coded – and the Long Island station was promptly seized. This picture shows Mr. Apgar operating the same apparatus which he used on that historic occasion.
The Sayville incident has been described as one of the first "overt acts" that led to American entry into World War I two years later. The specific information recorded on the wax cylinders remained a closely guarded secret in the government archives for many years.
The cylinders that he recorded were acquired by NBC in 1934. An example was displayed, along with the original receiving set that Apgar donated, as part of a museum exhibit in the lobby of Rockefeller Center. Apgar's work received renewed attention early during World War II when amateur radio operators began listening for "fifth column" activity such as odd coded messages sent from "mystery" stations. His work was noted by the ARRL in 2015 during a commemoration held on the 100th anniversary of the sinking of Lusitania. At this time he was also inducted into the CQ Amateur Radio Hall of Fame.
Some of Apgar's homemade equipment has been preserved at The Henry Ford museum. His original wax cylinders are believed to be lost, but some samples of his recordings survive. An interview of Apgar by George Hicks was broadcast on station WJZ and the NBC Blue Network on Dec. 27, 1934. A tape copy of the original aluminum phonograph discs and a transcript is in the Recorded Sound Collection of the Library of Congress. A recording of this broadcast donated by Thorn Mayes is in the collection of the Antique Wireless Association. Broadcast historian Elizabeth McLeod considers Apgar's cylinders to be the earliest surviving recordings of a radio transmission based on research done by Dr. Michael Biel. Apgar has been referred to as a "pioneer home-recorder." He has also been credited with making the first permanent record of a wireless message.
Fictional portrayal
After Flynn's retirement from the Secret Service, his experiences were adapted by Courtney Ryley Cooper into a 20-part spy thriller. These were published as weekly installments in The Atlanta Constitution's magazine section during 1918. The title of the series was The Eagle's Eye: A True Story of the Imperial German Government's Spies and Intrigues in America. An episode titled "The Great Hindu Conspiracy" begins with a minor character named Charles E. Apgar. He is described as a "wireless expert" who is recruited to record messages from Sayville. The fictional Apgar is said to be "quite a linguist." The letter combinations hidden in the messages remind the character of Hindi. This observation is an important clue in the espionage investigation featured in the storyline. The episodes were also released as a serial film titled The Eagle's Eye. Fifteen of the episodes were republished as chapters in a book in 1919, though the story with Apgar was not included.
Notes
References
American electrical engineers
20th-century American inventors
Radio pioneers
Amateur radio people
1950 deaths
1865 births
People from Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey
People from Westfield, New Jersey
Wesleyan University alumni
Engineers from New Jersey |
4153913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Air%20Force%20strategic%20wings | List of United States Air Force strategic wings | During the tremendous U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command (SAC) expansion of the early and mid-fifties, bases become overcrowded, with some of them supporting as many as 90 B-47s and 40 KC-97s. The first B-52 wings were also extremely large – composed of 45 bombers and 15 or 20 KC-135s, all situated on one base. As the Soviet missile threat became more pronounced and warning time became less, SAC bases presented increasingly attractive targets. It was necessary to break up these large concentrations of aircraft and scatter them throughout more bases. Several KC-97 squadrons were separated from their parent B-47 wings and relocated to northern bases. The B-47 dispersal program was a long range one and would be affected primarily through the phase out of wings in the late fifties and early sixties.
With the B-52 force, which was still growing, dispersal became an active program in 1958. Basically the B-52 dispersal program called for larger B-52 wings already in existence to be broken up into three equal-sized wings of 15 aircraft each, with two of them being relocated, normally to bases of other commands. In essence, each dispersed B-52 squadron became a strategic wing. This principle would also be followed in organizing and equipping the remained of the B-52 force. Headquarters USAF established the entire force at 42 squadrons in 1958. Ideally, each B-52 wing would have an air refueling squadron of 10 or 15 aircraft.
By the end of 1958, SAC had activated 14 strategic wings, but only three had aircraft assigned. The others were in various stages of development, with some having only a headquarters and one officer and one airman authorized".
Redesignation to AFCON status
When the B-52 dispersal began in the fifties, the new units created to support this program were named strategic wings and given four-digit designations, for example, the 4137th Strategic Wing. Under the USAF organization and lineage system, these four-digit units fell into the MAJCOM (major air command controlled) category and their lineage (histories, awards, and battle honors) ended with their discontinuance and could never be revived. In sharp contrast, AFCON (Headquarters USAF controlled) units, which were readily distinguished by having one, two or three digit designations, could go through a series of inactivations and activations and still retain their lineage.
Headquarters SAC was well aware of the historical significance of records and accomplishments of the strategic wings and the need to perpetuate this lineage as well as the lineage of many illustrious unit that were no longer active.
In order to retain the lineage of the combat units and to perpetuate the lineage of many currently inactive units with illustrious World War II records, Headquarters SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its strategic wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to activated AFCON units, most of which were inactive at the time.
The reorganization process, which extended from 1 January through 1 September, was applied to 22 B-52 strategic wings, three air-refueling wings, and the 4321st Strategic Wing at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. These units were discontinued and two and three-digit AFCON units were activated. In most cases, the bombardment squadron that had been assigned to the strategic wings were inactivated and bombardment squadrons that had previously been assigned to the newly activated wings were activated. While these actions were almost tantamount to redesignation, they were not official redesignation. Therefore, the records, awards and achievements of the strategic wing could not be inherited by the bomb wings".
6th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 25 March 1967.
At: Eielson AFB, AK.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Strategic Aerospace Division.
Equipment: KC-135A/Q's, RC-135D's, RC-135E, & RC135S's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 12th Strategic Aerospace Division on 2 July 1968.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Strategic Aerospace Division on 30 June 1971.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 47th Air Division on 1 October 1976.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Air Division on 1 October 1985.
Changed equipment in: 1985 to KC-135s, RC-135s, TC-135s.
Redesignated as: 6th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing on 1 April 1988.
Detachment 1 Designated on 25 March 1967.
Located at: Shemya Air Force Base
43d Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 4 February 1970.
Activated on: 1 April 1970.
At: Andersen AFB, Guam.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force. (Attached to the Air Division, Provisional, 57 from 1 June 1972 to 1 November 1973).
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135s
Reassigned to: Strategic Air Command, 3rd Air Division on 1 January 1975.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 3rd Air Division on 31 January 1982.
Redesignated on: 4 November 1986 as 43rd Bombardment Wing.
It activated again in Apr 1970, replacing the 3960 Strategic Wing at Andersen AFB, Guam. On 1 July 1970, the 43d also assumed tasks formerly handled by the Bombardment Wing, Provisional, 4133, including a combat mission. Employed attached aircraft and aircrews of other Strategic Air Command units to participate in "Arc Light" combat missions in Southeast Asia from 1 July to mid-Aug 1970, and again from Feb 1972 to Aug 1973. Following the end of combat operations, provided routing training and ground alert with B-52 and KC-135 aircraft, the latter provided by other Strategic Air Command units on loan. During 1975, provided logistical and medical support to thousands of Vietnamese refugees evacuated from their homeland and located temporarily at Guam awaiting resettlement in the United States. Trained to remain proficient in strategic and conventional warfare capabilities. Beginning in 1974, controlled TDY tankers and crews participating in the Pacific (formerly Andersen) Tanker Task Force that supported Strategic Air Command operations in the western Pacific. In Jul 1986, activated the 65 Strategic Squadron to control the TDY air refueling forces.
Strategic Wing, Provisional, 72
Established: Late 1972
At: Andersen AFB, Guam
Discontinued: 15 November 1973
Activated on paper on 16 June 1952, but not operational until it absorbed the residual resources of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing in October 1952. Designated as the 72nd Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Ramey AFB, PR. Conducted global strategic reconnaissance, Mar. 1953–1955, with RB-36 Peacemaker aircraft, gradually shifting to a bombardment-training mission beginning in 1954. Redesignated as the 72nd Bombardment Wing (Heavy)in 1955 Converted to B-52Gs and added refueling to its global mission in 1958. It was inactivated on 30 June 1971. Established as the Strategic Wing (Provisional), 72 in late 1972 at Andersen AFB, Guam, with approximately 100 B-52Gs. The Strategic Wing (Provisional), 72 flew 8,010 sorties over South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and Cambodia and flew the last sorties of the Vietnam War on 15 August 1973. The wing lost 6 B-52Gs (one aircraft lost skirting around a typhoon en route to target, and five shot down over Hanoi during combat operations in December 1972.
95th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 2 October 1966.
At: Goose AB, Canada.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: KC-135s (attached).
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 2 October 1966.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 45th Air Division on 31 March 1970.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 1 January 1975.
Inactivated on: 30 September 1976.
98th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 25 June 1966.
At: Torrejon AB, Spain.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: KC-135s (attached)/ Spanish Tanker Task Force.
Inactivated on: 31 December 1976.
Detachment 1
Activated on: 25 June 1966.
Located at: RAF Upper Heyford, UK
Relocated to: RAF Mildenhall, UK 1 April 1970
Equipment: RC-135s KC-135s
Inactivated on: 31 December 1976.
306th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 14 August 1976.
At: Ramstein AB, Germany.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: KC-135s, RC-135s.
Moved to: RAF Mildenhall, UK in 1978.
Reassigned to: Strategic Air Command, 7th Air Division on 1 July 1978.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 7th Air Division on 1 January 1982.
Inactivated on: 1 March 1992.
307th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 21 January 1970
Activated on: 1 April 1970.
At: U-Tapao, Thailand.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force. (Attached to Air Division, Provisional, 17 from 1 June 1972 to 31 December 1974).
Equipment: B-52Ds, KC-135A's.
Changed equipment in: 1973 to B-52s.
Changed equipment in: 1974 to B-52s, KC-135s.
Changed equipment in: 1975 to B-52s, KC-135s,
Reassigned on: Strategic Air Command, 3rd Air Division on 1 January 1975.
Inactivated on: 30 September 1975.
Strategic Wing, Provisional, 310
Established: 1 June 1972
At: U-Tapao RTNAF, Thailand.
Attached to: Air Division, Provisional, 17
Equipment: KC-135A's (Young Tiger Tanker Task Force)
Assigned Squadron's: Air Refueling Squadron, Provisional, 901
Air Refueling Squadron, Provisional, 902
Discontinued on: 1 July 1974
376th Strategic Wing (1970–1991)
Replaced 4252nd Strategic Wing
Established: 1 April 1970
At: Kadena AB, Okinawa (Island returned to Japan on 15 April 1972)
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force 1 April 1970
3rd Air Division 1 January 1975*Equipment: B-52D's (to Mid 1970) KC-135A/Q's RC-135's
Assigned Squadron's: 909th Air Refueling Squadron
82nd Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
Inactivated: O/A 1991
3918th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964.
At: RAF Upper Heyford, England
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 7th Air Division.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1965.
3920th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964.
At: RAF Brize Norton, England
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 7th Air Division.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1965.
3960th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 1 November 1965.
At: Andersen AFB, Guam.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 3rd Air Division.
Inactivated on: 1 April 1970.
Resources absorbed by 43rd Strategic Wing in 1970.
3970th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964
At: Torrejon AB, Spain.
Assigned to: Sixteenth Air Force, 65th Air Division.
Reassigned to: Strategic Air Command on 15 April 1966.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966.
Replaced by 98th Strategic Wing in 1966
3973d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964.
At: Moron AB, Spain.
Assigned to: Sixteenth Air Force, 65TH Air Division..
Reassigned to: USAFE on 15 April 1966.
4026th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 August 1958.
At: Wurtsmith AFB, MI.
Equipment: KC-135's. (B-52H's were delivered to the 379th BW Spring/Summer 1961)
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force on 1 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Inactivated on: 9 January 1961
Replaced by 379th Bombardment Wing in 1961.
4038th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 August 1958.
At: Dow AFB, ME.
Equipment: B-52G's KC-135's.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 820th Air Division on 1 January 1959
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 6th Air Division on 1 April 1961.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963
Replaced by 397th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4039th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 8 August 1958.
At: Griffiss AFB, NY.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force. 820th Air Division on 5 January 1959
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 6th Air Division on 1 April 1961.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Resources absorbed by 416th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4042d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 August 1958.
At: K. I. Sawyer AFB, MI.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force on 9 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 410th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4043d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1959.
At: Wright-Patterson AFB, OH.
Assigned to: Second Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Resources absorbed by 17th Bombardment Wing in 1959.
4047th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1961
At McCoy AFB, FL.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force, 823rd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s.
Inactivated on: 1 April 1963.
Aircraft and crews reassigned to the 306th Bombardment Wing 1 April 1963 from the 99th Bombardment Wing / 347th Bombardment Squadron at Westover AFB Massachusetts.
4062nd Strategic Wing (Missile)
Activated on: 1 December 1960.
At: Hill AFB, UT.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 22nd Air Division.
Equipment: Minuteman I (RAILROAD BASED UNIT).
Inactivated on: 20 February 1962.
The Unit Never Became OPERATIONAL
4080th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 15 June 1960.
At: Laughlin AFB, TX.
Reassigned to Second Air Force.
Moved to: Davis Monthan AFB, AZ on 1 July 1963.
Equipment: CH-3, AQM-34, U-2, DC-130.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 12th Strategic Aerospace Division on 12 July 1963.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966 and resources absorbed by the 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing.
4081st Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1957.
At: Ernest Harmon AFB, Newfoundland.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: KC-97's.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966.
4082d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1957.
At: Goose AB, Newfoundland.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 2 October 1966.
4083d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1957.
At: Thule AB, Greenland.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Inactivated on: 1 July 1959.
4123d Strategic Wing "Strength through Unity"
+Activated on: 10 December 1957.
At: Carswell AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 19th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Moved to: Clinton – Sherman AFB, OK, on 1 March 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Air Division on 1 March 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 April 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 70th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (redesignated 70th Bombardment Wing on Activation at Clinton-Sherman AFB) in 1963.
4126th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 3 February 1959
At: Beale AFB, CA.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135's.
Changed equipment in: 1961 to B-52s, KC-135's, Titan Is.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 March 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 456th Strategic Aerospace Wing in 1962.
4128th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 5 January 1959.
At: Amarillo AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 47th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 November 1962
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Resources absorbed by 461st Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4130th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 October 1958.
At: Bergstrom AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 19th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s and KC-135s.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 4th Air Division on 1 July 1963.
Inactivated on: 1 September 1963.
Resources absorbed by 340th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4133d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 September 1958.
At: Grand Forks AFB, ND.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Strategic Air Division on 1 February 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Air Division on 1 July 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 319th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4134th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 May 1958.
At: Mather AFB, CA.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Air Division
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 320th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4135th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 December 1958.
At: Eglin AFB, FL.
Assigned to: Second Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 39th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4136th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 September 1958.
At: Minot AFB, ND.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Air Division on 1 July 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 November 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 450th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4137th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1959.
At: Robins AFB, GA.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 465th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4138th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 January 1959.
At: Turner AFB, GA.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by the 484th Bombardment Wing.
4141st Strategic Wing "Peace Through Power"
Activated on: 1 September 1958.
At: Glasgow AFB, MT.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Strategic Aerospace Division on 15 February 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Air Division on 1 July 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 April 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by the 91st Bombardment Wing.
4157th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1962.
At: Eielson AFB, AK
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-47's, B-52s, KC-97's, KC-135A's, RC-135E, RC-135S (with J-57 Engines), RC-135D's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 July 1965.
Inactivated on: 25 March 1967.
Detachment 1
Located at: Shemya Air Force Base
Resources absorbed by 6th Strategic Wing on 25 March 1967.
4158th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 November 1963.
At: Elmendorf AFB, AK
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-47's, KC-97's.
Reassigned in: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 July 1965.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966.
4170th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1959.
At: Larson AFB, WA.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's, Titan I's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by the 462nd Strategic Aerospace Wing.
4228th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1958.
At: Columbus AFB, MS.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 4th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by the 454th Bombardment Wing.
4238th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 March 1958
At: Barksdale AFB, LA.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 4th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 April 1963
Replaced by 2nd Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4239th Strategic Wing "First Always"
Activated on: 1 July 1956.
At: Kincheloe AFB, MI.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Replaced by 449th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4241st Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 October 1958.
At: Seymour Johnson AFB, NC.
Assigned to: Second Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 15 April 1963.
Resources absorbed by 68th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4245th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 5 January 1959.
At: Sheppard AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Air Division.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 April 1962.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.
Resources absorbed by 494th Bombardment Wing in 1963.
4252d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 12 January 1965.
At: Kadena AFB, Okinawa.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 3rd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1970.
Resources absorbed by 376th Strategic Wing in 1970.
4258th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 2 June 1966.
At: U-Tapao, Thailand.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: B-52, KC-135s.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1970.
Replaced by the 307th Strategic Wing in 1970
4320th Strategic Wing (Missile)
Organized on: 1 February 1958.
At: Francis E. Warren AFB, WY.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 1st Missile Division.
Discontinued on: 12 February 1958.
Replaced Strategic Missile Wing (Provisional) of Air Research and Development Command. Replaced by 706th Strategic Missile Wing
4321st Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 October 1959.
At: Offutt AFB, NE.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 17th Air Division.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 818th Strategic Aerospace Division on 15 August 1962
Inactivated on: 1 January 1963
Replaced by 385th Strategic Aerospace Wing on 15 November 1962.
See also
Strategic Air Command wings
References
Strategic wings of the United States Air Force |
4154197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Y-chromosome%20DNA%20haplogroup | Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup | thumb|500 Y-DNA phylogeny and haplogroup distribution.
(a) Phylogenetic tree. 'kya' means 'thousand years ago'.
(b) Geographical distributions of haplogroups are shown in color.
(c) Geographical color legend.
In genetics, a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
The Y-chromosome accumulates roughly two mutations per generation. Y-DNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree that share hundreds or even thousands of mutations unique to each haplogroup.
The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA, informally known as Y-chromosomal Adam) is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living humans are descended patrilineally. Y-chromosomal Adam is estimated to have lived roughly 236,000 years ago in Africa. By examining other bottlenecks most Eurasian men (men from populations outside of Africa) are descended from a man who lived in Africa 69,000 years ago (Haplogroup CT). Other major bottlenecks occurred about 50,000 and 5,000 years ago and subsequently the ancestry of most Eurasian men can be traced back to four ancestors who lived 50,000 years ago, who were descendants of African (E-M168).
Naming convention
Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of Y-DNA SNP markers. Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP, the SNP furthest down in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature). YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with the first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP.
Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. This change in nomenclature has resulted in inconsistent nomenclature being used in different sources. This inconsistency, and increasingly cumbersome longhand nomenclature, has prompted a move toward using the simpler shorthand nomenclature.
Phylogenetic structure
Phylogenetic tree of Y-DNA haplogroups
Major Y-DNA haplogroups
Haplogroups A and B
Haplogroup A is the NRY (non-recombining Y) macrohaplogroup from which all modern paternal haplogroups descend. It is sparsely distributed in Africa, being concentrated among Khoisan populations in the southwest and Nilotic populations toward the northeast in the Nile Valley. BT is a subclade of haplogroup A, more precisely of the A1b clade (A2-T in Cruciani et al. 2011), as follows:
Haplogroup A
Haplogroup A00
Haplogroup A0 (formerly also A1b)
Haplogroup A1 (also A1a-T)
Haplogroup A1a (M31)
Haplogroup A1b (also A2-T; P108, V221)
Haplogroup A1b1a1 (also A2; M14)
Haplogroup A1b1b (also A3; M32)
Haplogroup BT (M91, M42, M94, M139, M299)
Haplogroup B (M60)
Haplogroup CT
Haplogroup CT (P143)
The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups except for A and B) are M168 and M294. The site of origin is likely in Africa. Its age has been estimated at approximately 88,000 years old, and more recently at around 100,000 or 101,000 years old.
Haplogroup C (M130)
Haplogroup C (M130, M216) Found in Asia, Oceania, and North America
Haplogroup C1 (F3393/Z1426)
Haplogroup C1a (CTS11043)
Haplogroup C1a1 (M8, M105, M131) Found with low frequency in Japan
Haplogroup C1a2 (V20) Found with low frequency in Europe, Armenians, Algeria, and Nepal
Haplogroup C1b (F1370, Z16480)
Haplogroup C1b1 (AM00694/K281)
Haplogroup C1b1a (B66/Z16458)
Haplogroup C1b1a1 (M356) Found with low frequency in South Asia, Southwest Asia, and northern China
Haplogroup C1b1a2 (B65)
Haplogroup C1b1a2a (B67) Found among Lebbo' people in Borneo, Indonesia
Haplogroup C1b1a2b (F725) Found among Han Chinese (Guangdong, Hunan, and Shaanxi), Dai people (Yunnan), Murut people (Brunei), Malay people (Singapore), and Aeta people (Philippines)
Haplogroup C1b1a3 (Z16582) Found with low frequency in Saudi Arabia and Iraq
Haplogroup C1b1b (B68) Found among Dusun people (Brunei)
Haplogroup C1b2 (C-Z16582)
Haplogroup C1b3 (B477/Z31885)
Haplogroup C1b3a (M38) Found in Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia
Haplogroup C1b3b (M347, P309) Found among the indigenous peoples in Australia
Haplogroup C2 (M217, P44) Found throughout Eurasia and North America, but especially among Mongols, Kazakhs, Tungusic peoples, Paleosiberians, and Na-Dené-speaking peoples
Haplogroup D (CTS3946)
Haplogroup D (CTS3946)
Haplogroup D1 (M174) Found in Japan, China (especially Tibet), the Andaman Islands
Haplogroup D1a (CTS11577)
Haplogroup D1a1 (Z27276, Z27283, Z29263)
Haplogroup D1a1a (M15) Found mainly in Tibetans, Qiangic peoples, Yi, and Hmong-Mien peoples
Haplogroup D1a1b (P99) Found mainly in Tibetans, Qiangic peoples, Naxi, and Turkic peoples
Haplogroup D1a2 (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P12, P37.1, P41.1 (M359.1), 12f2.2) Found mainly in Japan
Haplogroup D1a3 (Y34637) Found in Andamanese peoples (Onge, Jarawa)
Haplogroup D1b (L1366, L1378, M226.2) Found in Mactan Island, Philippines
Haplogroup D2 (A5580.2) Found in Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Syria
Haplogroup E (M96)
Haplogroup E (M40, M96) Found in Africa and parts of the Middle East and Europe
Haplogroup E1 (P147)
Haplogroup E1a (M33, M132) formerly E1
Haplogroup E1b (P177)
Haplogroup E1b1 (P2, DYS391p); formerly E3
Haplogroup E1b1a (V38)
Haplogroup E1b1a1 (M2) Found in Africa, especially among Niger–Congo-speaking populations.; formerly E3a
Haplogroup E1b1a2 (M329) Found in Africa, especially in Ethiopia among Omotic-speaking populations.; formerly E3*
Haplogroup E1b1b (M215)
Haplogroup E1b1b1 (M35) Found in Horn of Africa, North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (especially in areas near the Mediterranean and the Balkans); formerly E3b
Haplogroup E2 (M75)
Haplogroup F (M89)
The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa.
F xG,H,I,J,K is rare in modern populations and peaks in South Asia, especially Sri Lanka. It also appears to have long been present in South East Asia; it has been reported at rates of 4–5% in Sulawesi and Lembata. One study, which did not comprehensively screen for other subclades of F-M89 (including some subclades of GHIJK), found that Indonesian men with the SNP P14/PF2704 (which is equivalent to M89), comprise 1.8% of men in West Timor, 1.5% of Flores 5.4% of Lembata 2.3% of Sulawesi and 0.2% in Sumatra. F* (F xF1,F2,F3) has been reported among 10% of males in Sri Lanka and South India, 5% in Pakistan, as well as lower levels among the Tamang people (Nepal), and in Iran. F1 (P91), F2 (M427) and F3 (M481; previously F5) are all highly rare and virtually exclusive to regions/ethnic minorities in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, South China, Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam. In such cases, however, the possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some may belong to misidentified subclades of Haplogroup GHIJK.
Haplogroup G (M201)
Haplogroup G (M201) originated some 48,000 years ago and its most recent common ancestor likely lived 26,000 years ago in the Middle East. It spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution.
It is found in many ethnic groups in Eurasia; most common in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia and the Levant. Found in almost all European countries, but most common in Gagauzia, southeastern Romania, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Tyrol, and Bohemia with highest concentrations on some Mediterranean islands; uncommon in Northern Europe.
G-M201 is also found in small numbers in northwestern China and India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and North Africa.
Haplogroup G1
Haplogroup G2
Haplogroup G2a
Haplogroup G2a1
Haplogroup G2a2
Haplogroup G2a3
Haplogroup G2a3a
Haplogroup G2a3b
Haplogroup G2a3b1
Haplogroup G2b
Haplogroup G2c (formerly Haplogroup G5)
Haplogroup G2c1
Haplogroup H (M69)
Haplogroup H (M69) probably emerged in South Central Asia or South Asia, about 48,000 years BP, and remains largely prevalent there in the forms of H1 (M69) and H3 (Z5857). Its sub-clades are also found in lower frequencies in Iran, Central Asia, across the middle-east, and the Arabian peninsula.
However, H2 (P96) is present in Europe since the Neolithic and H1a1 (M82) spread westward in the Medieval era with the migration of the Roma people.
Haplogroup I (M170)
Haplogroup I (M170, M258) is found mainly in Europe and the Caucasus.
Haplogroup I1 Nordid/Nordic Europids (M253) Found mainly in northern Europe
Haplogroup I2 Dinarid/Dinaric Europids (P215) Found mainly in Balkans, southeast Europe and Sardinia save for I2B1 (m223) which is found at a moderate frequency in Western, Central, and Northern Europe.
Haplogroup J (M304)
Haplogroup J (M304, S6, S34, S35) is found mainly in the Middle East, Caucasus and South-East Europe.
Haplogroup J* (J-M304*) is rare outside the island of Socotra.
Haplogroup J1 Semitid/Bedouinid Arabids (M267) are associated with Northeast Caucasian peoples in Dagestan and Semitic languages speaking people in the Middle East, Ethiopia, and North Africa and also found in Mediterranean Europe in smaller frequencies much like haplogroup T.
Haplogroup J2 Syrid/Nahrainid Arabids (M172) is found mainly in the Semitic-speaking peoples, Anatolia, Greece, the Balkans, Italy, Iran, the Caucasus, South Asia, and Central Asia.
Haplogroup K (M9)
Haplogroup K (M9) is spread all over Eurasia, Oceania and among Native Americans.
K(xLT,K2a,K2b) – that is, K*, K2c, K2d or K2e – is found mainly in Melanesia, Aboriginal Australians, India, Polynesia and Island South East Asia.
Haplogroups L and T (K1)
Haplogroup L (M20) is found in South Asia, Central Asia, South-West Asia, and the Mediterranean.
Haplogroup T (M184, M70, M193, M272) is found at high levels in the Horn of Africa (mainly Cushitic-speaking peoples), parts of South Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean. T-M184 is also found in significant minorities of Sciaccensi, Stilfser, Egyptians, Omanis, Sephardi Jews, Ibizans (Eivissencs), and Toubou. It is also found at low frequencies in other parts of the Mediterranean and South Asia.
Haplogroup K2 (K-M526)
The only living males reported to carry the basal paragroup K2* are indigenous Australians. Major studies published in 2014 and 2015 suggest that up to 27% of Aboriginal Australian males carry K2*, while others carry a subclade of K2.
Haplogroups K2a, K2a1, NO & NO1
Haplogroup N
Haplogroup N (M231) is found in northern Eurasia, especially among speakers of the Uralic languages.
Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both northward and westward into Siberia, being the most common group found in some Uralic-speaking peoples.
Haplogroup O
Haplogroup O (M175) is found with its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, South Asia, and islands in the Indian Ocean (e.g. Madagascar, the Comoros).
Haplogroup O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)
Haplogroup O1a (M119, CTS31, F589/Page20, L246, L466) Found in eastern, central, and southern Mainland China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, especially among Austronesian and Tai–Kadai peoples
Haplogroup O1b (P31, M268)
Haplogroup O1b1 (M95) Found in Japan, China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, especially among Austroasiatic- and Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples, Malays, and Indonesians
Haplogroup O1b2 (SRY465, M176) Found in Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and Southeast Asia
Haplogroup O2 (M122) Found throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesia including Polynesia
Haplogroups K2b1, M & S
No examples of the basal paragroup K2b1* have been identified. Males carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.
Its primary subclades are two major haplogroups:
Haplogroup S (B254) also known as K2b1a: found in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and;
Haplogroup M (P256) also known as K2b1b: found in New Guinea and Melanesia.
Haplogroup P (K2b2)
Haplogroup P (P295) has two primary branches: P1 (P-M45) and the extremely rare P2 (P-B253).
P*, P1* and P2 are found together only on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. In particular, P* and P1* are found at significant rates among members of the Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon. While, P1* is now more common among living individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, it is also found at low levels in mainland South East Asia and South Asia. Considered together, these distributions tend to suggest that P* emerged from K2b in South East Asia.
P1 is also the parent node of two primary clades:
Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and;
Haplogroup R (R-M207). These share the common marker M45 in addition to at least 18 other SNPs.
Haplogroup Q (MEH2, M242, P36) found in Siberia and the Americas
Haplogroup R (M207, M306): found in Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia
Haplogroup Q M242
Q is defined by the SNP M242. It is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 32,000 years ago. The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2008 ISOGG tree are provided below. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. This low frequency value has been found as a novel Q lineage (Q5) in Indian populations
The 2008 ISOGG tree
Q (M242)
Q*
Q1 (P36.2)
Q1*
Q1a (MEH2)
Q1a*
Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14) Found with low frequency among Bhutanese, Dungans, Han Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Mongolians, Naxi, and Tibetans
Q1a2 (M25, M143) Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia
Q1a3 (M346)
Q1a3* Found at low frequency in Pakistan, India, and Tibet
Q1a3a (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Q1a3a*
Q1a3a1 (M19) Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu
Q1a3a2 (M194)
Q1a3a3 (M199, P106, P292)
Q1a4 (P48)
Q1a5 (P89)
Q1a6 (M323) Found in a significant minority of Yemeni Jews
Q1b (M378) Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis
Haplogroup R (M207)
Haplogroup R is defined by the SNP M207. The bulk of Haplogroup R is represented in the descendant subclade R1 (M173), which originated on the Siberia. R1 has two descendant subclades: R1a and R1b.
R1a is associated with the proto-Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic peoples, and is now found primarily in Central Asia, South Asia, and Eastern Europe.
Haplogroup R1b is the dominant haplogroup of Western Europe and is also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia and Africa. Its subclade R1b1a2 (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern Western European populations, and has been associated with the Italo-Celtic and Germanic peoples.
Haplogroup R1 (M173) Found throughout western Eurasia
Haplogroup R1a (M420) Found in Central Asia, South Asia, and Central, Northern and Eastern Europe, Balkans
Haplogroup R1b (M343) Found in Western Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, and northern Cameroon
Haplogroup R2 (M124) Found in South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe
Chronological development of haplogroups
See also
List of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
Genetic history of Europe
List of Y-DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms
List of Y-STR markers
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
* (haplogroup)
Molecular phylogeny
Genetic genealogy
Genealogical DNA test
Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
References
2005 Y-chromosome Phylogenetic Tree, from FamilyTreeDNA.com
A Nomenclature system for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups, Genome.org
Further reading
(chart highlighting new branches added to the A phylotree in March 2013)
External links
ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree
Family Tree DNA Public Haplotree
Chart of the speed of different Y chromosomal STR mutation rates
Map of Y Haplogroups
Atlas of the Human Journey, from the Genographic Project, National Geographic
DNA Heritage's Y-haplogroup map
Video tutorial on Discovering Paternal Ancestry with Y-Chromosomes
Haplogroup Predictor
As PDF Paper that defined "Eu" haplogroups
Y-DNA Haplogroup and Sub-clade Projects
Kerchner's YDNA Haplogroup Descriptions, Projects & Links
Y-DNA Testing Company STR Marker Comparison Chart
Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation
Y Chromosome Consortium
Genetics-related lists |
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