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Depression is a common problem for seniors. It can be caused by things like the death of a loved one, changes in health or movement, or being alone. Seniors can process depression and improve their general health and well-being with the right help from the home care team and resources. Consider the following suggestions for helping seniors deal with depression.
Seniors are more likely to get depressed if they live alone. Encourage them to stay in touch with their friends and family, and help them find ways to meet new people. This can mean joining a senior center or community group in their area, attending social events, or getting involved in online forums. Also, seniors who are dealing with depression should get professional help, like counseling or therapy, if they need it. With home care assistance, seniors also gain the socializaiton they need to work through depressive feelings.
Help Seniors Form Good Habits
Seniors must care for their bodies to feel better and generally be healthier. Seniors should be encouraged to eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and avoid bad habits like smoking and drinking. The home care team can help seniors by setting up regular checkups with their doctor and helping them deal with any long-term problems, like diabetes or high blood pressure if they have them.
Help Seniors Emotionally
People may feel many different things as they age, from loneliness and isolation to anxiety and sadness. Seniors need mental support, so listen to their worries, cheer them up, and help them find resources like support groups and counseling services. Loved ones and the home care team can tell them they are not alone.
Help Seniors With Technology
Seniors with depression can use technology to stay in touch with family and friends, keep track of their health, and access essential resources. The home care team can help adults set up and use technology like smartphones, tablets, or computers and show them how to use apps, websites, and other tools that can make their lives easier. Also, seniors dealing with depression can find help online, such as virtual support groups and tools for mental health.
Encourage Seniors to Engage in Hobbies and Other Interests
Seniors can improve their mood and general health by pursuing hobbies and interests. They should be encouraged to do things they like, like gardening, painting, or playing music. Also, the home care team can encourage seniors to find ways to give back to their community by volunteering or in other ways. Ultimately, seniors can feel better about life and have a better mood if they have a sense of purpose and are involved in the world around them.
Helping seniors deal with depression takes a multifaceted approach that looks at their physical, emotional, and social well-being. Home care aides can help seniors process depression and improve their general quality of life by encouraging healthy habits, giving emotional support, using technology, and more. With the right tools and help, seniors can continue to do well and make the most of their golden years.
If you are considering home care in Houston, TX for an aging loved one, please call the caring staff at At Your Side Home Care. We will answer all of your senior care questions. Call today: (832) 271-1600.
At Your Side Home Care, provides exceptional home care for seniors and families in Houston, West Houston, Katy, Memorial, The Heights, Spring Valley, Garden Oaks, Hunters Creek, River Oaks, Hilshire Village, Galleria, Cinco Ranch, Spring Branch, Sugar Land, Missouri City, Richmond, Rosenburg, Piney Point, Bay City and surrounding areas. | <urn:uuid:638bfecf-f1f0-474e-a6fc-d533da230950> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.houston-homecare.com/home-care-tips-for-helping-seniors-deal-with-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.943117 | 736 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The portfolio diet—a plant-based diet designed to lower unhealthy cholesterol—may lower the risk of heart disease and stroke, according to a new Harvard Chan School study.
People who eat just two servings of red meat per week may have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to people who eat fewer servings, and the risk increases with greater consumption, according to a…
Eating a Mediterranean or Green Mediterranean diet rich in polyphenols is associated with slower biological aging, according to a new study co-authored by researchers at Harvard Chan School.
Two faculty members from Harvard Chan School—Sara Bleich and Christian Happi—have been elected to the National Academy of Medicine.
Eating high amounts of ultra-processed foods may increase the risk of developing depression, according to a new study co-authored by researchers at Harvard Chan School.
With the end of pandemic-era federal support that provided free school breakfasts and lunches for all, experts worry that kids who continue to need free meals will face increasing stigma.
People who tend to stay up late have a higher risk of developing diabetes than those who rise early, a new study found.
“Mindful eating”—the practice of taking time to consciously experience, enjoy, and express gratitude for a meal—offers myriad health benefits, according to Harvard Chan School’s Lilian Cheung.
People who adhere to a Mediterranean lifestyle—which includes a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; healthy eating habits like limiting added salts and sugars; and habits promoting adequate rest, physical activity, and socialization—have a lower risk…
In spite of claims that diets eliminating all lectins can cure some health conditions, these claims are not backed by sufficient scientific evidence—and going lectin-free may in fact do more harm than good, according to experts. | <urn:uuid:1b6f7b36-23f0-4204-8e92-f15138798536> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/nutrition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.943378 | 382 | 2.8125 | 3 |
We need to talk about Halloween candy.
Public awareness of our plastic pollution crisis is at a high, plastic straws and bags are getting banned in cities and states across the country, and yet there has been almost no discussion about the massive environmental problem that Halloween candy creates.
Americans will buy approximately 600 million pounds of Halloween candy this year, spending $2.6 billion on bite-sized candy bars and bags of candy corn. After the holiday, nearly all the wrappers and packages from these confections will end up in landfills, where they’ll sit around for decades or more.
Candy wrappers are very hard to recycle. Like most food wrappers and packages, candy wrappers are not meant to be mixed with bottles and cans and sent to a sorting facility. “They are too small for our equipment to sort,” said John Hambrose, communications manager at Waste Management Inc., one of the largest sanitation companies in the U.S. Most curbside recycling programs prioritize capturing rigid plastics like bottles, jugs and materials that are at least the size of a credit card.
And it’s not just size that’s a problem. It’s what candy wrappers are made from.
“There are so many varieties of candy out there and equally abundant are the types of wrappers,” Jeremy Walters, sustainability manager for Republic Services, another major waste disposal company, told HuffPost in an email. “Though some wrappers feel like paper, they often have a ‘waxy’ or ‘poly-coating,’ leaving it unfit to be mixed with paper for recycling.”
Recycling systems aren’t designed to capture and sort wrappers “because they have little dollar value,” said Nick McCulloch, senior manager of sustainability at Rubicon Global, a waste reduction tech company.
“Recycling is in part about economics — the value of the raw materials you’re collecting needs to exceed the cost of collecting them. Candy wrappers make that math hard because they’re made from low-value plastics,” he told HuffPost. “You’d have to collect tens of thousands of wrappers to help make those economics work.”
Nevertheless, a few small efforts exist to curb the waste associated with hard-to-recycle materials like candy wrappers.
In September, HuffPost reported on the launch of the first municipal program in the country that encourages residents to throw flexible plastics, including candy wrappers, in the recycling bin. Eight thousand households in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, are participating so far, and nearby communities will join the experiment by the end of the year. The area uses a recycling facility with the advanced technology to deal with flexible plastics. Most facilities around the country would need millions of dollars to upgrade their equipment.
This month, recycling company TerraCycle and tech company Rubicon Global partnered to launched a “Trick or Trash” program for Halloween candy wrappers. Initially, school teachers and students could request a free recycling box before the holiday; and once the box was full, they’d return it to TerraCycle, which cleans and breaks down the wrappers to be made into new items. But due to overwhelming demand in more than 40 states, the companies had to stop sending out free boxes. Schools can still purchase a recycling box for snack and candy wrappers, but they’ll have to pay TerraCycle $81 to cover the costs associated with recycling these items.
Some food manufacturers have begun to experiment with wrappers made from recyclable materials. In the U.K., Nestlé recently launched its first recyclable paper packaging for a snack bar. The company did not respond when HuffPost asked whether it planned to use this new packaging on other products.
Walters told HuffPost that he worries about this so-called recyclable paper packaging.
“In theory it is a step in the right direction, but ultimately the biggest issue with this packaging is going to be contamination,” Walters wrote. “If you love chocolate as much as I do, you probably have experienced the Earth-shattering disappointment of opening up your chocolate bar and realizing it melted in your bag over the course of the day. Think about the sticky, chocolatey mess inside that wrapper. If that new ‘recyclable’ type of wrapper is soiled with chocolate or other food materials it cannot be mixed with paper grades coming out of the modern-day recycling center.”
“It is overwhelming to enter the Halloween aisle this time of year and think about where all of this plastic will end up.”
So what’s an environmentally conscious trick-or-treater to do?
In the zero-waste Facebook group of which I’m a member, I asked if folks had alternatives to Halloween candy wrapper hell. Several members said they went out of their way to hand out plastic-free treats ― like playing cards made from paper, compostable chewing gum from a plastic-free store, or classic Halloween favorites that come in paper containers (like Nerds, Lemonheads and Milkduds).
“If we all make it a point to support companies and brands who are really tackling the problem of disposability and taking steps to find solutions, we can force meaningful change,” said Sue Kauffman, North American public relations manager of TerraCycle.
Waste Management’s Hambrose agreed, saying that people can make a difference “by purchasing products that use less packaging and recycled materials,” and by sharing their concerns with elected officials.
Individual actions won’t get us very far so long as companies keep churning out candy in single-use packaging, according to Greenpeace representative Perry Wheeler. “It’s time to rethink how we are delivering these products while still making it enjoyable for children,” Wheeler said.
“It is overwhelming to enter the Halloween aisle this time of year and think about where all of this plastic will end up — polluting our oceans, waterways, or communities,” he added. “The cost of inaction on our throwaway culture is just too high to ignore.”
One member of the Facebook group said this is not an issue their household bothers to tackle, despite working toward a waste-free lifestyle. “I have no solutions,” they wrote. “We just deal the best we can.” They added that they try to limit the number of houses they visit to collect less candy in the first place.
Another option is extreme action, like banning all unrecyclable food packaging, not just candy wrappers. Such an effort, however, would not only be unpopular, and therefore unlikely to gain political traction; it’d be tough to enact and enforce.
Bans on plastic straws and shopping bags are highly controversial, and there isn’t a consensus yet on how effective they are. Research published earlier this year found that California’s ban on plastic shopping bags might be driving up sales of plastic garbage bags. And bans on plastic straws have proved difficult to implement.
When we asked Hambrose whether a gigantic trash-hauler and recycler like Waste Management would favor a potential ban on candy wrappers, he was aghast.
“Waste Management would never get between a trick-or-treater and a candy bar,” Hambrose said. “We can’t think of anything more horrifying.”
HuffPost’s “This New World” series is funded by Partners for a New Economy and the Kendeda Fund. All content is editorially independent, with no influence or input from the foundations. If you have an idea or tip for the editorial series, send an email to [email protected] | <urn:uuid:6f5d5378-73d7-40ca-9103-dd9de3e38873> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ban-halloween-candy-plastic-wrappers_n_5db758c3e4b006d49173a25f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.94307 | 1,639 | 2.875 | 3 |
Most people have problems with their memory on some days and not others. When you are feeling alert, well rested and healthy, you are less likely to have problems with everyday remembering. But if you have been having a bad day, or are tense or depressed, you may experience problems with your memory.
Since memory is part of your cognitive process, it makes sense that anything that interferes with optimum brain function can affect how well you retrieve and store information. Both your body and your mind – hence your memory – are influenced by diet, medications, stress level, exercise, smoking, and relaxation.
Your mood affects your ability to remember. When you can’t remember something, you can get even more frustrated and create even more stress, which in turn affects your memory. Anxiety and depression are the two major causes of memory problems at any age. When you are deeply depressed or overstressed, you tend to turn inward. You do not record information the way you normally do and your thoughts are occupied with negative emotions. It is important to relax and de-stress so your memory function can get back to normal. Practice breathing and visualization techniques every day so that when you need them, they will be second nature to you.
Not eating a balanced diet can also have a negative impact on your memory, as it can impair the nervous system. Too many food additives and too much sugar contribute to memory malfunction. You need a healthy diet full of vitamins, minerals, iron, and protein.
You also need to drink plenty of water. Have you ever felt tired and disoriented in the middle of the day, and perked up after having some water? That is because dehydration can lead to confusion and other thinking problems.
Getting enough sleep is also essential for a good memory. This gives your brain some needed rest and relaxation. During certain periods of deep sleep that occur about every hour and a half, the brain disconnects from the senses and processes, reviews, consolidates, and stores memory. To interfere with this crucial time of sleep will seriously affect how your memory functions.
Alcohol, smoking, and caffeine are all memory inhibitors. Consuming too much of these will impair your ability to store new information and cause short term memory loss.
It may not be easy at first, but moderating your lifestyle and living in a healthy, balanced way can have a tremendous impact on you and your memory. | <urn:uuid:fc0aefce-c2eb-48ec-a9d6-8cd471e86e1b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.improvememory.org/blog/memory-loss/memory-and-lifestyle-how-your-lifestyle-affects-your-memory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.948128 | 488 | 3.234375 | 3 |
We Are Grateful: Otsaliheliga [hc]
Written by Traci Sorell, an enrolled citizen of the Cherokee Nation. Illustrated by Frané Lessac.
The Cherokee community is grateful for blessings and challenges that each season brings. This is modern Native American life as told by an enrolled citizen of the Cherokee Nation.
The word otsaliheliga (oh-jah-LEE-hay-lee-gah) is used by members of the Cherokee Nation to express gratitude. Beginning in the fall with the new year and ending in summer, follow a full Cherokee year of celebrations and experiences. Written by a citizen of the Cherokee Nation, this look at one group of Native Americans is appended with a glossary and the complete Cherokee syllabary, originally created by Sequoyah. 32 pages
"The book underscores the importance of traditions and carrying on a Cherokee way of life while simultaneously incorporating modernity and challenging dated media images of Indigenous people." -The Horn Book, Starred Review (Primary)
September 4, 2018
AR Level=3.0; Lexile Level=970
2019 Orbis Pictus Honor Book
2019 Sibert Honor Book
NPR's Guide To 2018’s Great Reads
2018 Book Launch Award (SCBWI)
Kirkus Reviews Best Books of 2018
School Library Journal Best Books of 2018 | <urn:uuid:e53c4821-a2cc-4ab0-96dd-5f3991438a4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.inscribedbooks.biz/store/p431/We-Are-Grateful.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.874598 | 282 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Girl with Big, Big Questions [hc]
Companion to The Boy with Big, Big Feelings
Written by Britney Winn Lee & illustrated by Jacob Souva
"Why can't people live on the moon?"
"Can I be president when I grow up?"
"What makes a person good?"
These are just some of the questions that bubble forth from one little girl with twinkling eyes and a curious mind. When the girl finds that her big questions make some people uncomfortable, she stops. But then she learns that her questions can solve problems and that asking questions is how we learn and grow.
Celebrate the spirit of curiosity and the joy of learning with this lively picture book about a persistent girl and her quest for knowledge. 32 pages
August 10, 2021 | <urn:uuid:d4c7420d-658a-4a17-9477-9facbe3ea76b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.inscribedbooks.biz/store/p942/Girl-with-Big-Big-Questions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.937535 | 162 | 2.65625 | 3 |
As we continue going through the list of the top 10 brightest winter stars, Pollux, Castor and Procyon pop up as notable stars in the Winter Spiral pattern, and they also happen to be high in the southern sky at 8 p.m. the week of March 4.
Procyon is the brightest star in the constellation Canis Minor and the eighth brightest in the night sky. Canis Minor is a tiny constellation with only two bright stars. To find it, face due south at 8 p.m. and you’ll see Sirius, the brightest of the two, then look above and to the left of Sirius to find Procyon in the Canis Minor constellation. Right next to Procyon is Gomeisa.
Canis Minor is widely known in Greek and Roman mythology as Orion’s smaller hunting dog, but the constellation originated in ancient Mesopotamia. Despite their differences in brightness, the Babylonians thought of Procyon and Gomeisa as twins. They represent the deities Shara and Lulal respectively, and in some stories, were sons of Ishtar, the Queen of Heaven.
Procyon is relatively close to Earth: only 12 light years away. It is about 1.5 times larger than the sun, but it is reaching the end of its life. Sometime in the next 100 million years, Procyon will begin to turn into a red giant star, expanding and engulfing the surrounding celestial bodies. It is orbited by a smaller star that is about half the mass of the sun, as well as a tiny, hot white dwarf star, making Procyon a triple system.
Another, more familiar pair of twins is located in the constellation Gemini – Pollux and Castor – and they stand high in the southern sky above Procyon. Pollux has an orange hue and is located about 34 light years from Earth, but it is twice as massive as the sun. Castor is a little further out, 51 light years away, and is white in color.
Ironically, Castor is drastically different from Pollux. As mentioned, Pollux is a single, orange giant star while Castor is a complicated sextuple star system. The system is grouped into pairs and, like ice skating partners, they pirouette in their orbits around a common center. Two of the pairs orbit each other while the third, much smaller pair, orbits them.
While Gemini represents twins to the Greeks and Romans, the Mayans see these stars as part of an owl, with Castor and Pollux as the eyes.
Last week, the New Horizons spacecraft returned its high resolution image of the 19-mile-long icy body 2014 MU69, also known as Ultima Thule, on Jan. 1, 2019. From this angle, MU69 looks like two snowballs stuck together, but as the spacecraft flew past, images show that it is quite flat, like two pancakes. How exactly it formed is unknown, but more information is still downloading from the spacecraft.
Meanwhile, astronomers from the Carnegie Institution for Science recently announced the discovery of an object in our solar system so distant they nicknamed it “FarFarOut.” Observations suggest that it is more than 4.5 times further from the sun than Pluto. What makes the find amazing is that the object is tiny – only 248 miles in diameter. How cool is that?
Kevin D. Conod is the planetarium manager and astronomer at the Newark Museum’s Dreyfuss Planetarium. For updates on the night sky, call the Newark Skyline at (973) 596-6529. | <urn:uuid:c288603e-1c13-4994-8c76-3a16272f31f4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.jerseysbest.com/community/jersey-skies-two-sets-of-twins-in-the-winter-sky/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.952062 | 747 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Nice unbroken specimen preserved in its natural phosphatic matrix.
In the international market is very common to find Mosasaurus rests coming from the phosphate quarries of the Upper Cretaceous of the Ouled Abdoun Basin (Morocco).
This quarries have been exploited since the beginning of the past century. Many sellers that sell this fossils do not make a good precise taxonomic identification work.
In these sites there are numerous different species of Mosasaurus described in the enormous assemblage of giant marine reptiles that reigned the seas during the Cretaceous.
The main rich levels in these paleontological taxons are in the deeper stratigraphic levels of the sedimentarian filling of the Ouled Abdoun Basin. The age of these correspond to the Maastrichtian stage, 66 million years ago.
Most of the research carried out on these marine reptiles from Morocco have been performed by French researchers.
Next we list the different Mosasaur species which have been recognised in the phosphate rocks in North Africa:
-Halisaurus aramborgi (Bardet et al., 2005)
-Halisaurus walkeri (Lingham-Solier, 1998)
-Prognathodon sp (Dollo, 1889)
-Prognathodon anceps (Leiodon anceps)
-Prognathodon solvay (Dollo, 1889)
-Prognathodon currii (Christiansen & Bonde, 2002)
-Eremiasaurus heterodontus (LeBlanc et al., 2012)
-Mosasaurus beaugei (Arambourg, 1952)
-Mosasaurus hoffmanni (Mantell, 1829)
-Tylosaurus (Marsh, 1872)
-Platecarpus ptychodon (Arambourg, 1954)
-Globidens phosphaticus (Bardet et al., 2005)
-Carinodens belgicus (Bardet et al., 2005)
The Ouled Abdoun Basin (or Khouribga Basin), located in the central sector of Morocco, is an enormous sedimentarian basin represented mostly by a vast filling of phosphate sediments. Apart from having a relevant raw material to be extracted, it has a series of very important paleontological sites in which amazing assemblages from big and small marine vertebrates are present. The basin has a so great continuity in its stratigraphic record that both the Upper Cretaceous as well as the two first epochs of the Paleogene (Paleocene and Eocene) can be studied.
The main assemblage of vertebrate fossils of the Paleogene sector present there is composed by sharks, fish, turtles, marine snakes, rays, crocodiles, other types of reptiles and even marine birds. In the Cretaceous part we can add Mosasaurs, Pterosaurs and Plesiosaurs.
Next you can visit a link with very interesting information about this sedimentarian basin rich in fossil vertebrates: Ouled Abdoun Basin
Squamata Oppel, 1811
Mosasauridae Gervais, 1853
Mosasaurinae Gervais, 1853
Globidensini Russell, 1967
Globidens Gilmore, 1912
Globidens phosphaticus, Bardet & Pereda Suberbiola, nov. sp.2005
Sources: The Fossil Forum - Moroccan Mosasaurs - General Fossil Discussion
Etymology – In reference to the deposits which have yielded this species.
-The North African Mosasaur Globidens phosphaticus from the Maastrichtian of Angola
-A New Species of Globidens from Morocco
-Insights into the anatomy and functional morphology of durophagous mosasaurines (Squamata: Mosasauridae)
Diagnosis – In comparison to G. alabamaensis and G. dakotensis, strongly heterodont. Anterior teeth broadly conical, taller than long, posteriorly recurved then straight, with discrete apical carinae. Mid-posterior teeth bulbous, anteriorly taller than long becoming longer than tall posteriorly, irregularly oval in cross-section, with an inflated posterior surface, a large eccentric and recurved apical nubbin, vertical sulci on medial and lateral faces, no carinae, and enamel surface covered by crude anastomosing ridges.
†Globidens, Gilmore 1912 (mosasaur)
Reptilia - Squamata - Mosasauridae
Full reference: C. W. Gilmore. 1912. A new mosasauroid reptile from the Cretaceous of Alabama. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 41(1870):479-484
Parent taxon: Globidensini according to A. R. H. LeBlanc et al. 2012
See also Antunes 1964, Bardet et al. 2005, Bell and Polcyn 2005, Carroll 1988, Dortangs et al. 2002, Gilmore 1912, McDowell and Bogert 1954, Polcyn et al. 2010, Russell 1967, Russell 1970, Sepkoski 2002 and Thurmond 1969
Sister taxa: Carinodens, Prognathodon
Subtaxa: Globidens alabamensis, Globidens dakotensis, Globidens phosphaticus, Globidens schurmanni
Ecology: aquatic carnivore
Environments: marine, carbonate, estuary/bay, marginal marine, shallow subtidal.
Age range: 84.9 to 66.043 Ma
• Cretaceous of Angola, Belgium, Egypt , Jordan , Morocco , Syria , United States ( Alabama, Delaware, Kansas, South Dakota, Texas)
Sources: Globidens sp : Fossilworks (Paleobiology Database) | <urn:uuid:c77a5159-f175-43cf-b8b5-ec86ac09d87a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.jurassic-dreams.com/products/06598-nicely-preserved-globidens-phosphaticus-mosasaur-tooth-on-matrix-cretaceous-fossil-for-sale | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.789001 | 1,238 | 2.734375 | 3 |
All about stamps and how to use them
If you have a letter or parcel to send, it can be confusing to know exactly what’s required of you to make sure your items don’t get lost in the post. So if you’re looking for a better understanding of how the shipping process of letters and parcels works, you’ve come to the right place!
Today we’ll take a look at stamps, by far the oldest and most common way of “paying” for postage.
What are stamps even used for?
Stamps effectively serve as the currency of the letter world. They determine how quickly your mail will make it to its final destination. And by having your letter “stamped”, it’s basically a way of letting the post-office know that you’ve paid for the shipping. Simple!
But the thing is, when it comes to sending letters and parcels, stamps are usually the toughest obstacle to tackle. The more you’re willing to pay for a stamp, the quicker your item will turn up. Naturally, the size and weight of a letter or parcel will also determine the type of postage you’ll need to attach.
When it comes to using stamps, they fall into two distinct classes:
- First class stamps – these cost slightly more and will be typically delivered the next working day (even on Saturdays)
- Second class stamps – the cheaper option and, perhaps unsurprisingly, one which takes longer for mail to be delivered. You can expect second class mail to take 2-3 working days t o deliver.
The size and weight of a parcel or letter will also impact the cost of a stamp. The following table breaks down how much you should expect to pay for first and second class variants according to size requirements:
However, keep in mind that these prices might slightly differ.
A brief history of postage stamps in Great Britain
It all began in 1840, when Rowland Hill convinced the Parliament to adopt the Uniform Fourpenny Post where a flat rate would be charged, regardless of distance. This is how the stamp was basically born. The stamp was originally for use only within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and as such was, in effect, a local stamp.
During the Victorian Era, there was an explosion of experimentation when it came to stamps and shipping letters. The inefficiency of using scissors to cut stamps from the sheet inspired trials with rouletting (the Archer Roulette), and then with perforation, which became standard practice.
As you might be well aware, stamps come in a multitude of shapes and designs. These are usually done to commemorate an important person or event.
The graphic element of a stamp design falls into one of four major categories:
- Portrait bust – profile or full-face
- Emblem – coat of arms, flag, national symbol, posthorn, etc.
- Numeric – a design built around the numeral of value
- Pictorial stamps
The use of portrait busts (of the ruler or other significant person) or emblems was typical of the first stamps. This was an extension from currency, which was the closest model available to the early stamp designers.
Usage pattern has varied considerably. For example, from 1840 to 1900, all British stamps used exactly the same portrait bust of Victoria, enclosed in a dizzying variety of frames. The choice of pictorial designs is governed by a combination of anniversaries, required annual issues (such as Christmas stamps), postal rate changes, exhaustion of existing stamp stocks, and popular demand.
The usual shape of a postage stamp is a rectangle, this being an efficient way to pack stamps on a sheet. A rectangle wider than tall is called a “horizontal design”, while taller than wide is a “vertical design”.
A number of additional shapes have been used, including triangles, rhombuses, octagons or even circles.
To sum up
While the most of us consider stamps just tiny pieces of paper that have to be put on envelopes, some people consider them collectables, and stamp collecting is quite a common hobby. Sometimes it can be annoying that we have to purchase the stamp (or stamps), then having to stick them on envelopes. It all seems like such a chore, but this is the way it worked for hundreds of years.
Because governments issue stamps of different denominations in unequal numbers and routinely discontinue some lines and introduce others, and because of their illustrations and association with the social and political realities of the time of their issue, they are often prized for their beauty and historical significance by stamp collectors.
No matter how you look at them, whether you’re a collector or you consider them a hassle, stamps are a symbol of mail and shipping. | <urn:uuid:ba968cbe-e645-4487-857c-1381636e6a4d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.justshipit.co.uk/all-about-stamps-and-how-to-use-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.949041 | 991 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Five Tips for Healthy Eating During the Holidays
The holiday season is a time to celebrate with family and friends, and it is usually a time when favorite family recipes encourage eating binges. As much as we all love the holidays, these all-day-eating-and-drinking holidays often result in overeating and weight gain.
To avoid this trap of gluttony, Kent State University nutrition experts Tanya Falcone, nutrition and dietetics instructor and coordinator of Kent State University’s Center of Nutrition Outreach, and Megan Cascaldo, campus dietitian, provide useful tips and recommendations for eating well during the holidays.
Average weight gain from Thanksgiving to Jan. 1 is six pounds, Falcone says. This weight gain sticks with us throughout the year and accumulates over time. Additionally, the average American consumes approximately 6,000 calories on Thanksgiving Day alone, Falcone says. On the recommended 2,000-calorie-per-day diet, that is equivalent to eating nine meals and nine snacks; that doesn’t include the leftovers that we eat the next day.
Here are five tips to lighten your plate.
Stay on Schedule
It is easy to change your eating habits when you know there is an entire day of eating ahead. We can all relate. There is a huge meal later in the day, and we don’t want to be full when we get there. Maintaining a normal eating schedule is key, Falcone says.
“Have your regular meals,” Falcone says. “Don’t overdo it, but don’t underdo it either.”
It is important to wake up and eat breakfast to help avoid overeating later.
Although your grandma might make the best pumpkin pie in the world, you don’t have to eat three slices. This doesn’t mean you can’t enjoy your favorite treats, but you must be more selective of the portion sizes that you have on your plate.
“Instead of having the apple pie, pumpkin pie and a bowl of ice cream – and then have four more pieces – have one small piece of each,” Falcone says.
We all have that one food that we love. If you know that your aunt’s sweet potato casserole is good, but your grandma’s cornbread is the best, just have the cornbread, says Cascaldo.
“Remember, gravy is a topping and not an entrée itself,” says Cascaldo.
“Instead of shoveling food in our mouths just because it’s so good and we want so much more, we need to take our time to actually taste the food and enjoy it,” says Falcone.
Shrink the Plate
Portion control is another excellent strategy. If you want to eat something that is not as healthy as other options, cut the portion size. It is not necessary to put everything on your plate just because it’s available.
Did you know that a serving size of meat is only three ounces? That is about the size of a deck of cards, says Cascaldo.
“Instead of grabbing a huge piece of turkey, grab a little bit of everything you like as samples,” says Cascaldo.
There is not a lot of time to get out and exercise during the holidays, especially for those who are cooking. Without even thinking about it, those preparing the food can have an entire meal before sitting down at the table.
“If you are going to taste what you are making, don’t taste it more than once or twice,” Falcone says. “Just by tasting, you can really rack up those calories.”
To save room for the big meals, you can have others help taste the food.
If it is not easy for you to turn down an extra plate or if you have more than one place to visit, sometimes the only answer is creativity. Whoever cooked the food does not want to waste what they took so long to make, but you must have a plan to avoid possibly offending them or overeating.
Here is one way to attack this problem. At the first place you are eating at, select your favorite items for that meal. For your next destination, you can inform them that you have already had a meal, but you would love to take some home.
In the end, healthy eating during the holidays is a mindset. To avoid the 6,000-calorie marathon of eating, you have to have a plan and stick to it.
The Center of Nutrition Outreach at Kent State University provides free nutrition counseling to all Kent State faculty, students and staff, as well as free or low-cost services to community members of Portage County.
For nutrition counseling or to make an appointment, email [email protected] or call 330-672-2063. | <urn:uuid:b9ea7a48-a061-4af8-bb87-ffdf8f07e9ff> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kent.edu/einside/news/five-tips-healthy-eating-during-holidays | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.960195 | 1,026 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The American Cocker Spaniel was developed as a breed in the United States for small game birds. Physically, the most distinctive feature is its rounded, domed head with a broad, square muzzle. The American Cocker Spaniel is noted for its affectionate and playful character.
The breed has a small to medium size, with a robust structure. Males can weigh between 11 and 13 kg, while females range between 9 and 11 kg. The height in males is between 37 and 39 cm and in females between 34 and 37 cm. Their life expectancy is 10 to 14 years. The American Cocker Spaniel belongs to Group 8 of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI), which includes retrievers, hunting hounds and water dogs.
Breed history in brief
The Spaniel is a very old type of dog, which because of its name "Spaniel" is believed to be closely related to Spain, considered its possible country of origin. In the 19th century, in England, certain breed standards began to be described, therefore, the different Spaniels were classified as specific breeds. One of the spaniels was classified as a Cocker because it specialized in woodcock hunting.
In the early 19th century, the English Cocker Spaniel arrived in the United States. Originally, the Cocker Spaniel was bred for hunting birds, and was sometimes used to drive the animals to the hunters. Over time, breeders began to select dogs of smaller size and more distinctive appearance to obtain the current American Cocker Spaniel. Today, although still used for hunting, it is also very popular as a family pet.
The size of the American Cocker Spaniel is medium to small with a robust and well proportioned body. The chest is deep and the back is strong and slopes slightly downward from the shoulders to the tail. The head is broad and rounded and the muzzle is square and deep. The eyes are large, round and usually dark in color. The ears are long and hanging, covered with long, silky hair.
The coat of the American Cocker Spaniel is silky, smooth or slightly wavy. The ears, chest, belly and legs have a lot of medium length hair, while the hair on the head is shorter and finer. The preferred coat color is solid black but may also include tan markings, or show other colorations such as red or beige. A coat variant, also common, is parti-color.
The American Cocker Spaniel stands out as a friendly, affectionate and outgoing dog. It has a playful, lively and loyal personality, which makes it an ideal companion for many families. In addition, it is also known for its trainability and desire to please its owners.
Common health problems
As with other dog breeds, American Cocker Spaniels can be prone to health problems. Some of the most common disorders and diseases are hip dysplasia, intervertebral disc disease, progressive retinal atrophy and cataracts.
Do you still not know the true nature of your dog?
Unlock the secrets of your pet's DNA with our two ranges. | <urn:uuid:5fae8dfd-9cc1-4158-b4dd-bcb4f430a18a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kokogenetics.com/en/results/dog-dna-test-breed/american-cocker-spaniel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.965393 | 646 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The reddish egret (Egretta rufescens) is a medium-sized heron that is a resident breeder in Central America, the Bahamas, the Caribbean, the Gulf Coast of the United States (primarily Texas), and Mexico. The egret is known for its unusual foraging behavior compared to other herons as well as its association with mud flats, its habitat of choice.
The reddish egret was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the herons, cranes and egrets in the genus Ardea and coined the binomial name Ardea rufescens. Gmelin based his description on that of the English ornithologist John Latham who in 1785 had included the species in his multi-volume A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham had in turn based his own description on the "L'Aigrette rousse, de la Louisiane" that the French polymath Comte de Buffon had described and illustrated in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. The reddish egret is now placed with 12 other species in the genus Egretta that was introduced in 1817 by the German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster. The genus name comes from the Provençal French word for the little egret, aigrette, a diminutive of aigron, "heron". The specific epithet rufescens is Latin meaning "reddish".
- E. r. rufescens (Gmelin 1789) – south USA, West Indies and Mexico
- E. r. dickeyi (Van Rossem, 1926) – Baja California (Mexico)
This species reaches 68–82 cm (27–32 in) in length, with a 116–125 cm (46–49 in) wingspan. Body mass in this species can range from 364–870 g (0.802–1.918 lb). Among standard linear measurements, the wing chord is 29–34.3 cm (11.4–13.5 in), the tail is 8.8–13 cm (3.5–5.1 in), the bill is 7.3–9.2 cm (2.9–3.6 in) and the tarsus is 11.7–14.7 cm (4.6–5.8 in). It is a medium-sized, long-legged, long-necked heron with a long pointed pinkish bill with a black tip. It is distinctly larger than other co-existing members of the genus Egretta, but smaller than the great blue heron and great egret. The legs and feet are bluish-black. While the sexes are similar, there are two distinct color morphs. The adult dark morph has a slate blue body and reddish head and neck with shaggy plumes. The adult white morph has entirely white body plumage. Young birds have a brown body, head, and neck. During mating, the male's plumage stands out in a ruff on its head, neck and back. The bird's usual cry is a low, guttural croak.
The reddish egret is considered one of the most active herons, and is often seen on the move. It stalks its prey (fish, frogs, crustaceans, and insects) in shallow water, typically near mud flats, while frequently running energetically and using the shadow of its wings to reduce glare on the water once it is in position to spear its prey. Due to its bold, rapacious yet graceful feeding behavior and its typical proximity to mud flats, author Pete Dunne nicknamed the reddish egret "the Tyrannosaurus rex of the Flats".: 135
The reddish egret is a resident breeder in Central America, The Bahamas, the Caribbean, the Gulf Coast of the United States, and Mexico. Its breeding habitat is tropical swamps. It nests in colonies, often with other herons, usually on platforms of sticks in trees or shrubs. These colonies are usually located on coastal islands. In Texas, however, these nests are often built on the ground, sometimes on oyster shell beaches. These birds have raucous courtship displays. They generally involve shaking of the head during the greeting ceremony, followed by chases and circle flights. They also involve raising of the neck, back and crest feathers, accompanied by bill clacking, similar to the tricolored heron (Egretta tricolor).
According to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, there are only 1,500 to 2,000 nesting pairs of reddish egrets in the United States — and most of these are in Texas. They are classified as "threatened" in Texas and receive special protection.
Intermediate morph in Jacksonville, Florida
Fishing the mangroves, Lac Cai, Bonaire
Canopy fishing, Lac Cai, Bonaire
Reddish Egret (Bolsa Chica Wetlands - Huntington Beach, CA)
- BirdLife International (2020). "Egretta rufescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22696916A154076472. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22696916A154076472.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- "Egretta rufescens (Gmelin, 1789)". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- Koczur, Lianne M.; Green, M. Clay; Ballard, Bart M.; Lowther, Peter E.; Paul, Richard T. (2020). Rodewald, P.G. (ed.). "Reddish Egret (Egretta rufescens), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.redegr.01.
- Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 628.
- Latham, John (1785). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 3, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 88, No. 56.
- Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1780). "L'Aigrette rousse". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 7. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. p. 378.
- Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "L'Aigrette rousse, de la Louisiane". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 10. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 902.
- Forster, T. (1817). A Synoptical Catalogue of British Birds; intended to identify the species mentioned by different names in several catalogues already extant. Forming a book of reference to Observations on British ornithology. London: Nichols, son, and Bentley. p. 59.
- Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 143, 341. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- "Reddish Egret (Egretta rufescens)". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- "Reddish Egret". World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on 2018-05-08. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
- "Reddish Egret". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
- Lowther, Peter E.; Paul, Richard T. (2002). Poole, A. (ed.). "Reddish Egret (Egretta rufescens)". The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bna.633.
- Dunne, Pete (2006). Pete Dunne's Essential Field Guide Companion: A Comprehensive Resource for Identifying North American Birds. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-23648-1. Retrieved 25 March 2023 – via Internet Archive.
- BirdLife International (2023). "Species factsheet: Egretta rufescens". BirdLife Species Factsheets. BirdLife International. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- "Tricolored Heron". HeronConservation. Key Biscayne, Florida: HeronConservation. 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. | <urn:uuid:83cbe11d-49b0-4eef-af75-d2a6c91e6b49> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.lazynaturalist.com/reddish-egret-egretta-rufescens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.809059 | 2,036 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Little children can be introduced to the joys of music early in life. Music helps in boosting the reading scores of a child and helps in brain development for language skills. When it comes to teaching preschoolers music, there are some simple methods to follow as a teacher or parent at home.
PLAY Preschool in Los Angeles is a credible name when it comes to pre-kindergarten education for students in the USA. The teachers here are reputed for being friendly, skilled, and compassionate when it comes to providing quality education to young minds. When it comes to music lessons, teachers say little children love music. The following are some simple ways to get them involved in music lessons for cognitive and language development:
- Display enthusiasm – Little children are curious, so before you get them into any music lesson, show the child enthusiasm and interest. Children love to follow their teachers and parents, so get their attention with your enthusiasm. When you show how much you love music, they will pick up the same vibes too. They start to show their excitement. You can take a group of preschoolers and organize a dance party. At the beginning of every class, you should start with a new song. Encourage the little dancers to clap, bop, and dance to the beats of the music. In this way, you get them interested in the class and get them to learn the importance of rhythms.
- Make music a daily routine for the child – There are studies and research revealing the brains of a child develop faster when exposed to songs and music. You can encourage the brain development of a child when you play music and listen to songs. You can make them an integral part of their daily routine. When listening to music becomes a habit, it becomes a part of the child’s life. Parents can sing lullabies to their children before bedtime. There are musical books that play popular songs for preschoolers. They use stories to help the child retain the song mentally.
- Music and songs improve the child’s vocabulary – When preschoolers listen to songs regularly, they learn new words. Teachers use nursery rhymes to teach children. In this way, they enjoy songs with stories. They improve their mobility as they dance with these songs. Nursery rhymes use repetitive words, and practicing them in class and at home helps the child to improve their language skills.
The teachers at PLAY Preschool say preschoolers gleefully enjoy music and songs in class. They love learning with their class-mates in groups and are happy to dance along to rhythmic beats. Songs boost the function of a child’s brain and help the child learn new words. Some children learn music at an early age only to grow up and become famous musicians in the future. Music is an excellent tool to educate preschoolers in an enjoyable and fun way always! | <urn:uuid:5abc2736-e5e1-4483-a4f9-8913afadeec8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.learnasyoulift.com/play-preschool-teaching-music-to-preschoolers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.956425 | 579 | 3.6875 | 4 |
The first coffee production in Costa Rica dates back to the late 18th century. The government created major incentives to cultivate coffee by giving farmed land to the growers for free after five years of coffee cultivation. It turned coffee into the most important export good and was a substantial part of the country's economic rise.
However, until the mid 1990s, coffee production also put its shadows on Costa Rica: water used for fermenting the beans left the washing stations without filtering while deforestation had reached a critical level. It was in 1995 when the government stepped in once again and caused a radical change by creating strict environmental laws in coffee production.
Nowadays, Costa Rica has a reputation for having some of the highest production and quality standards. This not only includes high quality standards with respect to coffee cups, but also to social welfare and environmental-friendly processing technologies in production. Costa Rican coffees tend to have medium body, are well-balanced surprise with fresh and sweet acidity. | <urn:uuid:d69d2860-0a5c-4f96-9fb1-bc2955cf1e8a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.list-beisler.coffee/en/origins/costarica.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.964647 | 196 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Presbyopia: Ageing eyes
Everyone develops presbyopia during their lifetime.
Most people, whether they have previously worn glasses or not, experience the symptoms of presbyopia in their 40s – although some people do not experience it until their mid-50s.
As we age, the lens inside the eye loses its ability to change shape and shift the focus of the eye from distance to near.
Effectively, the zoom system in the eye becomes weaker.
This means that your ability to read small print (e.g. smartphone screens) diminishes and you require different lenses for focusing on close and distant objects.
Traditionally, people have used reading glasses, bifocal or varifocal lenses to correct presbyopia, or have resorted to undergoing a Clear Lens Exchange procedure (replacing the lens inside the eye with an artificial one).
However, London Vision Clinic has been using PRESBYOND® Laser Blended Vision to correct the symptoms of presbyopia since 2004; this is a much safer and less invasive procedure than Clear Lens Exchange, as it does not require the surgeon to go inside the eye to remove the lens. | <urn:uuid:b561957d-1bc8-4582-b0bb-6d3ce4417a0e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.londonvisionclinic.com/laser-eye-guide/how-the-eye-works/presbyopia-ageing-eyes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.949869 | 237 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Table of Contents
The psychological contract is different from a regular written contract between the employer and the employee. It is not a hard copy of the document but a mental document that both employer and employee sign internally.
It is a set of unwritten agreements regarding the expectations of both the employer and the employee. Apart from the regular psychological contract, there are also emotionally stronger attachments, which are long-term contracts. These contracts could specify growth opportunities in the future in exchange for a long-term commitment by the employee.
The primary advantage of having a psychological contract is maintaining a positive relationship between the employer and the employee on a mutually agreed set of rules. It focuses on the humanitarian aspect of the working relationship than a commercial one.
A psychological contract is formed over time and adapts and evolves to the culture of the organization. They are also considered as promises in everyday transactions and interactions in the offices.
Importance of Psychological Contract
Employer well communicates the psychological contract to the employee. Sometimes it could be reversed as well. The rules set in the psychological contract are to be followed by both the parties to maintain the contract. The agreement should be transparent, and there should not be any hidden message or agenda relating to it.
The contract is primarily created to foster transparent and smooth relations between the employee and employer. The psychological contract is said to nurture and flourish the relationship of employer and employee beyond business.
Long-lasting and trustworthy relationships flourish between both. That is to say; it happens when both employer and employee stay loyal to the agreement’s terms.
Following is an example of a Psychological Contract
An employee applies to a company for a particular position. However, the company thinks that the employee requires training for some time, and after the training period is over, he may be eligible for the position.
The employer offers a job to the candidate with the condition that only after completing the said training can he be employed to join the organization. This is not written in the offer letter, but it is mentioned verbally, which is nothing but a psychological contract.
The psychological contract is essential to get things done without interruption of unnecessary paperwork than the approvals and possible expenses. Psychological contracts nurture positivity in teams and team members. They increase productivity by offering positive motivation to the employees bound by the psychological contract.
Psychological contracts are utilized to fill holes so that employers can keep and retain highly skilled and professional employees with promises. Promises are not written on paper to avoid the presence of any traditional contact, but they are described and understood implicitly.
Sometimes the psychological contract is present between the manager and his immediate subordinate. The psychological contract offers flexibility and time-saving implementation of things that could take days or even weeks to get approved and implemented.
For example, a manager can directly talk with his subordinates about getting a big order against which the manager will give a big raise. Such a thing will take weeks to get approved, not to mention, involve multiple people. Instead, the manager chose a psychological contract to get the job done immediately. If the employee stays honest with his words and gets the order, the employer should remain honest to his word and try to increase as much increment as possible.
Development of Psychological Contract
The psychological contract is continually evolving in the workplace. They are changed and refined as and when needed by the employer and the employee. In the above example, the manager can ask the employee to fulfill one more order against which he will try to get a bigger increment. This is in addition to the first order which he had promised.
Therefore modifications are normal for the psychological contract. Sometimes things that are not said should be taken for granted in the psychological contract. Since there is no definition or wording of the contract, many things are open to interpretation. As long as the final result is achieved, the commitment remains intact.
The employee will put his efforts to get a specific job done against which the employer has to provide security, recognition, and whatever else was promised to the employee.
A casual talk between the employer and the employee in a cafeteria or in the office or even on the phone is enough for the psychological contract. Dedication and commitment from the employee are expected against the psychological contract commitments.
When Psychological Contracts are not Fulfilled
The trust and loyalty between the employer and the employee are severely affected if the contract is breached. Both of them believe that it is the other’s duty to stick to the contract and feel that the other has failed to fulfill their obligations against the contract.
Since there are unwritten rules in the psychological contract, fulfilling and not fulfilling both can be tricky. There is extreme resentment between the employer and the employee for not fulfilling the contract.
The first reaction from the employee is demotivation and dissatisfaction. The employee may question the employer for not fulfilling the agreement. The employee may exhibit negative behavior and deliberately perform some malicious or deviant activities, which will not be either in his favor or in the employer’s favor.
On the other hand, if an employee does not fulfill the contract, the same negativity will be there from the employer. The employer will develop a negative attitude towards the employee, which will be evident in various things like delayed increment, constant queries, longer approval times than others, etc.
The ideal way to get through the situation is that the party who could not fulfill the contract should honestly acknowledge that the contract has been violated, and relevant coping strategies should be promised.
This should not again turn out like a psychological contract, and the coping strategies should be fulfilled as promised. Sometimes the relationship between the employer and the employee balances of again after some time, and at other times, it does not.
Problems of Psychological Contract
There are many hurdles in the psychological contract.
Sometimes the employee may not agree with specific terms and conditions of the contract because of many differences. These differences can be cultural or generational or any other. Generational differences mean that there could be different views on the rewards and recognition by the employer and the employee. The perspectives of both may not match, which will lead to certain differences.
As much as possible, a common ground is found and defined before going ahead with the psychological contract.
Personal agendas could also dampen the psychological contract. Sometimes the employer or the employee may take certain things for granted about the other, which will not be excepted by everyone. This will also lead to false assumptions and possible violations of the contract.
The views of both employer and the employee must be matched before the implementation of the psychological contract. Because, if their views do not match, the result and expectations after achieving the contract on both of them will be different.
This is why it is determined that the contract should be as transparent as possible. When either party feels that they have not been respected in the contract, it will lead to underperformance, underproductivity, and demotivation. It can be on either or both sides. Therefore, human resource departments must get involved and pay attention to the employee and the employer’s expectations.
Strengthening the Psychological Contract
Transparency and equality are crucial in the psychological contract, and it is expected that both sides fulfill it. To create a healthy psychological contract, both of them should be fulfilled. If any party detects a possible breach shortly, they should inform the other one about it and make necessary adjustments.
Sometimes the contract may change between the process. Whatever is the reason, both of them should be transparent to each other while turning the contract because it is easier to fix the contract rather than get it breached.
Managing Psychological Contract
A psychological contract is easy to breach rather than an employment contract. To ease the tension, it is to be ensured that there are common grounds. Assumption between employers and employees is to be avoided as much as possible. If need be, the psychological contract is to be turned into a proper written agreement. However, it does not have to be an official document, but a general expectation list which is to be encouraged amongst the employees, written on a paper, works just fine.
Usually, the HR department and talent management department can do it easily by allocating a set of incentives to both the employer and the employee. As long as there is no ethical compromise or an organization’s culture is not breached in any way, the Psychological contract will be valid and can be fulfilled.
Psychological contracts are crucial in freelancing jobs, and the nature of the job is changing every day; thereby, the psychological contract is gaining more and more importance.
A rigid psychological contract does get the job done, but flexible psychological contracts surely get the job done. The flexibility should not be seen as a compromise in the psychological contract but rather a necessity and an unwritten operating procedure.
Advantages of Psychological Contract
Psychological contracts are motivating to the employees and lead to positivity in the organization. They reinforce the cultural and organizational values of the employees and instill teamwork.
As long as both parties communicate the mutual expectations openly, there is very little chance that the psychological contract will be breached. The contract not only improves the performance of the employees or a team but enhances the company’s future.
Psychological contracts are becoming more and more relevant in today’s changing job environment. Apart from providing a positive push to the employee, they are fast and can be implemented easily. However, being transparent and honest is essential for the success of the psychological contract.
Liked this post? Check out the complete series on Human resources | <urn:uuid:54e860f5-9cc3-4b44-a014-57133d6b6f81> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.marketing91.com/psychological-contract/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.961314 | 1,937 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Knowing how to listen to others is perhaps the most important conflict de-escalation technique there is. This microlearning shows you what active listening is, and also what it isn’t, since those examples are rather amusing. And since listening is a non-verbal skill, we also included some other non-verbal techniques in here. In fact, we packed so much stuff in this video you’ll wonder how the whole thing doesn’t explode at the end. (Answer, because we didn’t have the budget for it.) This course is part of a microlearning series that provides a solid foundation of techniques and strategies for de-escalating even the most contentious of conversations. | <urn:uuid:547a8081-3069-454b-8777-d7c295e88de2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.masterytcn.com/courses/conflict-de-escalation-techniques-active-listening/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.946726 | 142 | 2.953125 | 3 |
And it came to pass on the eighth day, that Moses called Aaron and his sons, and the elders of Israel…
This “eighth day”—the day that followed the seven-day inauguration of the Sanctuary—was the first of Nissan, a day that “wore ten crowns”: it was a Sunday, the first day of the week; it was the beginning of a new year;it was the first day that the divine presence came to dwell in the Sanctuary; the first day of the kehunah (priesthood); the first day of the service in the Sanctuary; and so on. There is even an opinion that this was the anniversary of the creation of the universe.
With so many “firsts” associated with this day, why does the Torah refer to it as “the eighth day”?
The number seven represents the natural reality. The world was created, and continues to be created anew each week, in a seven-day cycle. There are seven sefirot, divine attributes that define G-d’s relationship with our reality; these are reflected in the seven middot, the seven traits of the human heart.
Thus our sages explain the special significance of the number eight. If seven is the number of creation’s natural cycles, “eight” represents that which is higher than nature, the “circumference” that encompasses the circle of time and space. On that eighth day, the day that the divine presence came to dwell in the Israelite camp, we were granted the potential to reach beyond the natural and the norm, to break free of the seven-dimensional cycle that defines and confines our existence.
A Timely Reading
Shemini, “The Eighth,” is the name of the Torah section (Leviticus 9-11) we read this week, which derives its name from its opening verse:
“And it came to pass on the eighth day…”
A Jew “lives with the times,” drawing inspiration and guidance from the weekly Torah reading. Each year, when the section of Shemini comes along in the annual Torah-reading cycle, it inspires us to liberate ourselves from the systems and routines that have come to define our lives and reach for that higher, “eighth” dimension.
Indeed, the section of Shemini is usually read on the Shabbat after Passover, when we are engaged in the “Counting of the Omer” that connects Passover to Shavuot. The Counting of the Omer is itself a quest for the “eighth dimension”: a seven week, 49-day count leading to a 50th day (7×7+1) that is the scene of the divine revelation of Shavuot.
A Turn of the Calendar
This year, the configuration of our calendar emphasizes the lesson of Shemini in a most unique way.
Each of the Torah’s 53 sections is generally read during one week of the year—in part on Monday and Thursday mornings, and the previous Shabbat afternoon, and in its entirety on Shabbat morning. At times, however, a particular section may be “lived with” for more than one week. When Shabbat coincides with a festival, a special reading associated with the festival is read, and the regular reading is moved ahead to the next week. The Shabbat afternoon readings, however, and the Monday and Thursday readings (when these are not themselves festival days), are still from the “weekly” section—the section that would have been read that Shabbat were it not a festival.
This year, both the first and last days of Passover fall on Shabbat. As a result, the section of Shemini is twice “postponed” and is publicly read in the synagogue eight times over the course of three weeks: on the Shabbat afternoon, Monday and Thursday before Passover; on the afternoon of the first day of Passover; on the afternoon of the last day of Passover; on the Monday, Thursday and Shabbat mornings the week after Passover.
So this year, the lesson of Shemini is even more compelling than in other years. It is read eight times, granting us the power of eight, eight times over.
Based on an address by the Rebbe, Shabbat Shemini 5751 (April 13, 1991)
Adapted from the teachings of the Rebbe by Yanki Tauber
. Though the Jewish year is usually reckoned as beginning on the first of Tishrei, the month of Nissan is designated by the Torah as “the first of the months of the year” (Exodus 12:2. See Our Other Head, WIR, vol. IX, no. 26).
. Talmud, Shabbat 87b.
. Ibid. Cf. Talmud, Rosh HaShanah 10b.
. Keli Yakar on Leviticus 9:1. Thus, the mitzvah of circumcision on the eighth day of life takes precedence over the mitzvah of Shabbat, the seventh day of the cycle of creation.
. See The Journey in last week’s issue of Week In Review.
. Sefer HaSichot 5751, vol. II, pp. 475-477. | <urn:uuid:cd4d529b-472d-442a-bd7e-5017deb6c767> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.meaningfullife.com/eight-times-eight/?tva_skin_id=2632/feed/feed// | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.952204 | 1,133 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Molten Salt Metal-Air Battery Can Extend the Range of Electric Vehicles
The battery can store and discharge as much power as Li-ion batteries, with higher safety and lower cost
A team of researchers from the University of Nottingham, in collaboration with six research institutes of China, has designed a new rechargeable battery using salt as a key ingredient to extend the range of electric vehicles.
The researchers explained that many electric vehicles (EVs) are powered by rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which lose energy over time. These batteries can also overheat during working or charging under certain conditions that can decrease battery life and miles per charge.
To resolve these issues, the researchers claim to have developed an affordable, recyclable, and rechargeable battery by combining a solid-oxide fuel cell and a metal air-battery. These batteries can store and discharge as much power as lithium-ion batteries, with more safety and lower cost.
A solid-oxide fuel cell converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity as a result of a chemical reaction. But these durable, low-cost, and efficient cells are not rechargeable. On the other hand, rechargeable metal-air batteries generate power using cheap metals like iron and the oxygen present in the air but are not very durable.
The researchers designed a high-temperature iron-air battery that uses cheap and inflammable molten salt as an electrolyte for electric conductivity that could help enhance the energy storage, power capacity, and lifecycle of a battery.
Goerge Chen, who is leading a molten salt electrolysis laboratory in Nottingham, said, “However, in extreme heat, molten salt can be aggressively corrosive, volatile, and evaporate or leak, which is challenging to the safety and stability of battery design. There was an urgent need to fine-tune these electrolyte characteristics for better battery performance and enable its future use in electric transport.”
To overcome this barrier, the researchers used solid oxide nano-powders that can turn molten salt into soft-solid salt, which is more suitable as an electrolyte for metal-air batteries and can operate at 800°C.
The researchers said this technology would provide an easy and efficient way to design high-performance molten salt metal-air batteries with better stability and safety.
“The modified molten salt metal-air battery has potential applications in new markets, including electric transport and renewable energy, which requires storage solutions in homes and at grid-level. The battery can store solar heat and electricity, which is desirable for both domestic and industrial energy needs. These batteries are currently used in Spain and China at large scale to capture and store solar heat, which is then converted to electricity,” Chen added.
In July 2020, researchers at Stanford University claimed that they had developed a new electrolyte design that boosts the performance of lithium metal batteries that could increase the driving range of EVs.
Mercom earlier reported that a team of researchers led by Hun-Gi Jung at the Center for Energy Storage Research at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology had come up with silicon anode materials that could increase the battery capacity by four times as compared to the traditional graphite anode materials.
Harsh Shukla is a staff reporter at Mercom India. Previously with Indian Express, he has covered general interest stories. He holds a Masters Degree in Journalism from Symbiosis Institute of Media and Communication, Pune. | <urn:uuid:93500d61-1040-412e-b833-828e80eca5be> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mercomindia.com/molten-salt-metal-air-battery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.951721 | 699 | 3.234375 | 3 |
What Does Andrew Mean in the Bible?
Andrew was the name of one of Jesus’ disciples. He was born in Bethsaida, which was located near the Sea of Galilee. Because many major trade routes passed through this region, Andrew would have known Aramaic, Greek, and Latin. Andrew was the type of person who would be willing to learn anything and speak it well.
Andrew was a disciple of Jesus
Andrew was a disciple of Jesus in the bible, and is known as a man of action. He was a member of the inner circle of disciples, and was with Jesus on the Mount of Olives when Jesus spoke about the eschatological signs of the end of the world. Andrew was practical, too. Before following Jesus, he was a disciple of St. John the Baptist.
Andrew had a deep love for spiritual matters, and he wanted to spend his life in fellowship with God. He had been a disciple of John the Baptist, and when he proclaimed Jesus to be the Lamb of God, Andrew followed him. Andrew also spent time with other holy men, indicating his desire to know God.
Andrew’s death is well-documented, but there are some doubts about his death. Many believe that Andrew was crucified like Christ, but he was actually crucified on a cross in the shape of an “X” instead of a cross. This shape was later used as a symbol for Christians, and many people still refer to it as St. Andrew’s cross. Andrew was also said to have felt unworthy of suffering the same fate as Jesus.
Andrew was a man of compassion and kindness. He helped his brother Peter discover the Messiah, and also brought him to the Messiah. Andrew was also mentioned by name in the story of Jesus feeding the five thousand people. Philip told Andrew that 200 denarii of bread would not be enough to feed five thousand. Despite the fact that Andrew was correct in monetary terms, he showed that he was willing to use others to help the Messiah.
Andrew was one of the earliest disciples of Jesus in the Bible. He was a man of high intelligence and was one of the first disciples to know Jesus. However, he abandoned Jesus on the night He was arrested, but Christ forgave his betrayal and forgived His followers of their sins. He was also a man who understood the Great Commission before Jesus did.
Andrew was a disciple of Jesus and a disciple of John the Baptist. He was a fisherman by trade, and made his living on the Sea of Galilee. He was from the city of Bethsaida, which is located on the northwest shore of Galilee.
Andrew was a fisherman
Andrew was a disciple of Jesus Christ and a fisherman by trade. He was also the brother of Simon Peter. There is very little in the Bible about him, but stories from the gospels show him to be a thoughtful and humble leader. He also proved to be faithful in bringing others to Christ during His ministry.
Andrew was one of the disciples of Jesus who was not a member of the inner circle of the apostles. He was a fisherman who belonged to Bethsaida in Galilee. Like his brother Simon Peter, Andrew was a Greek. The gospel of John gives him a much more prominent role than his brother. He was also close to the people whom John was writing to, making him an intimately connected figure. Andrew was called to the apostleship in three stages. His first assignment was as a fisherman in the Sea of Galilee.
The Bible tells us that Andrew was a fisherman, but he grew up to become a devoted disciple. Andrew is the patron saint of fishermen and singers. He is also the patron saint of several countries and cities, including France, Italy, Russia, and Scotland. His feast day is celebrated on November 30.
Andrew was a disciple of Jesus Christ, and he was often associated with the apostles. Although his name is not frequently mentioned in the Bible, he does appear on the list of apostles four times. The early church fathers regarded the Acts of Andrew as apocryphal because of its excessive verbosity. They tried to align it with orthodox teachings and added a few things to it.
St. Andrew is revered in the church for his miraculous powers. His relics were originally preserved in the city of Patras. Around 357, St. Regulus, a monk at the time, received a vision to keep the relics of Andrew in a hidden place. The relics were then transferred to Constantinople. Later, Pope Paul VI returned the head to Patrai, Italy.
Andrew was one of Jesus’ closest friends and he was one of the few disciples who stayed with him the longest. He witnessed most of the miracles performed by Christ, and his humble character shined through. In fact, his humble nature came into evidence in the feeding of the five thousand. In fact, Andrew was one of the few disciples who was willing to assist Christ in his mission.
Andrew is a Greek name
The Greek name Andrew reflects the name of Jesus’ first disciple. It also implies “manly strength” or “courage.” In the Bible, the name Andrew is related to the Hebrew word ndr, which means “vow.” The niphal form of drr is “freely flow.”
Andrew was from Bethsaida, a town in Galilee. His father was named John. The Gospel of Joh places Andrew in a prominent place in Jesus’ life, which suggests that he was an intimate part of the people for whom Joh wrote. Andrew’s calling to apostleship occurred in three stages.
Although the name Andrew is Greek, it shares some common traits with the name Peter. Peter also had three names: Shimon, Aramaic Kepha, and Greek Petros. While the Aramaic name Peter is the one that has been preserved in the New Testament, his Greek name Petros was added to the Hebrew text.
Andrew was one of the first evangelicals to come to Jesus outside of the Jewish people. His incident with the curious Greeks foreshadowed a day when God would reveal to Peter that all people are welcome to follow Jesus. In fact, Andrew was one of the more influential apostles and was privy to Jesus’ teachings.
Andrew was a manly disciple
Andrew was one of the disciples of Jesus. He was a brother of Peter and a fisherman. His name means “manly” in Greek. He was also Jewish. Although he was not the most scholarly of the disciples, Andrew did his best to follow Jesus’ example.
Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter. He was a fisherman who shared a house with Simon. The two of them worked together on the Sea of Galilee and lived in Capernaum. The fishermen in Capernaum were hardworking and reliable. They made a great living off the fish they caught.
Andrew was one of Jesus’ apostles. He was born in Bethsaida, a village in the Galilee. He had been a disciple of John the Baptist before. After hearing him speak about Jesus as the “Lamb of God”, Andrew became a disciple. He wanted to take his brother Simon to meet Jesus.
Andrew was an excellent fisherman, who possessed courage and boldness. He was also decisive and deliberate, driven by a passion for the truth. His relationship with Christ helped him to be a manly disciple. He also shared a unique relationship with his brother.
Andrew’s name means “manly” in Greek. He lived up to his parents’ expectations and proclaimed the gospel wherever he went. He was eventually martyred for his faith. The government of Scotland has a website dedicated to him and encourages people to do small acts of kindness for others on St. Andrew’s Day. While the website’s aim is good, it ignores many of the most important facts about St. Andrew.
The life of Andrew is well documented in the Gospels and the book of Acts. It is interesting to note that Andrew had an unorthodox book that was not included in the Bible. While Peter was the most outspoken disciple, Andrew didn’t have as much public ministry as his brother. Andrew knew his place in building God’s kingdom. Andrew did not need the accolades of others to justify his actions.
The Bible mentions Andrew three times. He was a fisherman who became a stated disciple of the Lord after his brother John was arrested. Andrew was also a secret disciple who asked questions privately about Jesus’ future appearance. He was also present at the feeding of the five thousand, and introduced the Greeks to Jesus. After this, Andrew’s biography is sparse. | <urn:uuid:6363df0d-53da-460e-839e-9a385457f4fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.missionalmanifesto.net/what-does-andrew-mean-in-the-bible/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.992708 | 1,794 | 3.46875 | 3 |
5 Takeaways That I Learned About
Fuse gives protection to your electronic and electrical devices. Once a fuse in used, it must be replaced right away. This comes in a large main electrical service equipment or a small glass tube. These are generally rated on its size, interruption speed, and voltage it can handle. Whether you’re looking for a fuse for new application or replacement, here are some essential things you must keep in mind.
No. 1 – Before you purchase a new fuse, make sure to know the voltage type to be protected. Fuses are rated by the voltage amount and whether its an alternating current or direct current. But, there are also fuses which can handle both AC and DC power. However, these ratings aren’t the same when it comes to the overall power to be used for protection. So, make sure to pick a fuse that has the correct voltage range of the circuit.
No. 2 – The next thing to determine is the electrical circuit’s amperage which should be protected by the fuse. Wire coil windings are used in fluorescent lighting or motor lighting. These wire coils will have a current inrush once started. Choose a fuse that has a time delay rating or specially manufactured for motor starting. With this, you can be sure that the electrical load gets protection while the overall interruption rating of the fuse is exceeded by the inrush current.
No. 3 – Make sure to determine the size of the fuse holder. Some fuse holders will only connect to certain type of fuses. These fuse connection points are made to fit a specific space and the characteristics of the fuse. For instance, the small glass tube fuse should also be replaced with the same kind. When it comes to the time delay fuse, it has a particular length and diameter. Fuses of different types which may have the same rating and voltage will not suit in that holder. You can’t also replace a less capability fuse for a fuse that handles high amperage and voltage like the large knife blade fuse.
No. 4 – Another important factor to consider is the internal element replacement. There are fuses which has an internal element replacement. You can withdraw these pieces from the cylindrical container once they have blown. And in the round cartridge, the metal fuse strip is put back. After, the circuit is reset for power. Basically, the fuse elements are available in different boxes and rated similarly to a one-time fuse.
No. 5 – Finally, you should pick a fuse with an inspection window. The use of these windows is to show whether the fuse has blown or not. Whether its for home setting or industrial applications, this type is very helpful. You just have to check it from time to time in order to identify any issues with the electrical circuits.
So, these are the different things that you need to look into when replacing your fuse. Now, you are ready to purchase the right fuse for your use. | <urn:uuid:5ee91ec8-49f7-4eaa-be48-1e4e01a0c6d8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mrtravel.us/5-takeaways-that-i-learned-about-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.942974 | 604 | 2.9375 | 3 |
View complete article and references at Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina at: https://docsouth.unc.edu/commland/monument/389
Description: This granite memorial honors the service of the members of 82nd Airborne Division paratroopers who sacrificed their lives in the global war on terrorism. The memorial is composed of a wide smooth obelisk of light granite, approximately 11 to 12 feet high and weighing 13 tons, resting on a two tier granite base. The four sides are inscribed, the front with a general commemoration and the sides with the names of service personnel. The commemorative site has expanded to include a low granite wall behind the obelisk to include the names of additional service personnel as time goes on. The front face of the column also includes the inscribed images of four of the insignia of the 82nd Airborne.
Front: 82nd AIRBORNE / DIVISION / IN MEMORY / OF THE PARATROOPERS / WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES / IN SUPPORT OF THE / GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM
Dedication date: The obelisk was installed sometime after the beginning of the military efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq following the September 11, 2001 attacks. The expanded memorial with the addition of the wall was dedicated in May 2008.
Materials & Techniques: Granite
Sponsor: The expansion of the memorial was made possible by a fundraising campaign led by retired sergeants majors and officers.
Post dedication use: Ceremonies have been held each year at the site since its installation. The site has become solemn ground for the families of those serving and who have lost their lives in military service.
Subject notes: The 82nd Airborne Memorial demonstrates the changing nature of the commemorative landscape and the need for expansion of existing sites to honor soldiers lost in ongoing global military efforts. The last name added to the obelisk -- Sgt. Clayton Dunn -- was added when the soldier was killed in a roadside bomb attack in Iraq in May of 2007. Some 5,000 soldiers have lost their lives in Iraq and Afghanistan since the beginning of the global war on terrorism effort. Other military commemorations around the country have encountered the same need to expand their sites to allow for ongoing commemorations.
Location: The marker is located in the memorial garden area outside the 82nd Airborne Museum on Ardennes Road.
City: Fort Bragg
Subjects: Iraq War, 2003-2011,Operation Enduring Freedom,Veterans of Multiple Wars
11 July 2014 | Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina | <urn:uuid:8da382e2-3947-4b5c-8f4d-6e235ccf9fb0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ncpedia.org/monument/82nd-airborne-paratroopers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.946376 | 527 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Light micrograph of Fahrenholzia pinnata
Louse (plural: Lice) is any of the small, wingless, dorsoventally flattened insects comprising the neopteran order Phthiraptera. This order of over 3,000 species consists mostly of biting, chewing, or sucking members that are obligate external parasites or scavengers on birds and mammals.
Also known as fly babies, every avian order and most mammalian orders are infected with these parasites. However, they are not found on monotremes (the platypus and the echidnas or spiny anteaters) and a few eutherian orders, namely the bats (Chiroptera), whales, dolphins, and porpoises (Cetacea), and pangolins (Pholidota).
Three of the sucking lice of the suborder Anoplura are well-known external parasites on humans: Head lice (Pediculosis humanus capitis), body lice (Pediculosis humanus corporis), and pubic lice (Phthirus pubis). While lice infestations are not dangerous by themselves, they can be a serious health problem given that some lice can be vectors carrying organisms that cause other diseases, such as trench fever, epidemic typhus, and relapsing fever (Frey 2002). Good personal hygiene and care in sexual behaviors are key to preventing infestations.
Historically, the lice have been divided into two main groups, the sucking lice of the suborder Anoplura and the chewing lice of the order Mallophaga. However, Mallophaga now is considered to be paraphyletic and generally the Phthiraptera now are divided into four suborders (ITIS 2004; ITIS 2007).
The term lice often is used more generally for parasitic animals that are not part of Phthiraptera, such as fish lice, which are a group of parasitic crustaceans, and book lice, which are insects that received their name from feeding on the paste used in binding books.
As lice spend their entire lives on the host, they have developed adaptations that enable them to maintain close contact with the host. These adaptations are reflected in their tiny size (0.5 to 8 millimeters); stout legs and claws that are adapted to cling tightly to hair, fur, and feathers; and a wingless and dorsoventrally flattened body.
The dorso-ventrally flattened body of the louse is divided into head, thorax, and abdomen and there are a pair of eyes and a pair of antennae on the head. A louse's color varies from pale beige to dark gray; however, if feeding on blood, it may become considerably darker.
Lice feed on skin (epidermal) debris, feather parts, [Chlorine] sebaceous secretions, and blood. While some parasitic forms survive by piercing the skin and sucking blood, utilizing piercing mouthparts, others act as scavengers on their host, having chewing mouthparts.
A louse's egg is commonly called a nit. Lice attach their eggs to their host's hair with specialized saliva that results in a bond that is very difficult to separate without specialized products. Living lice eggs tend to be pale white. Dead lice eggs are more yellow.
The order has traditionally been divided into two suborders; the sucking lice (Anoplura) and chewing lice (Mallophaga). However, recent classifications suggest that the Mallophaga are paraphyletic and four suborders are now recognized (ITIS 2007; ITIS 2004):
- Anoplura: Sucking lice, including head and pubic lice (see also Pediculosis or Head lice)
- Rhyncophthirina: Parasites of elephants and warthogs
- Ischnocera: Avian lice
- Amblycera: Chewing lice, a primitive order of lice
- Amblycera: Jumping lice have very strong hind legs and can jump a distance of three feet.
Lice and humans
Humans are unique in that they host three different kinds of lice: Pediculosis humanus capitis (head lice), Pediculosis humanus corporis (body lice, which live mainly in clothing), and Phthirus pubis (pubic lice). All three are members of the Anoplura suborder, and contain sucking mouthparts allowing them to feed on human blood and lay their eggs on the human body or on clothing. The DNA differences between head lice and body lice provide corroborating evidence that humans started wearing clothes at approximately 70,000 B.C.E. (Travis 2003).
Lice infections are known as pediculosis and includes infections of the skin, hair, or genital region caused by lice living directly on the body or on clothing (Frey 2002). The Latin name for louse is the source of the name pediculosis (Frey 2002).
Head lice. The head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) is an obligate ectoparasite of humans that spend their life on human scalps and feed exclusively on human blood (Buxton 1947). Humans are the only known host of this parasite (Buxton 947). Transmission from person to person can occur by the sharing of combs, hats, or hair brushes, with epidemics common among school-age children (Frey 2002). The head lice is about 0.15 centimeters (0.06 inches) in length. The adult form visible on the scalp and especially around the ears and the grayish-white nits (eggs) may be seen at the base of the hairs (Frey 2002). After the nits hatch (3 to 14 days), they must feed on blood within a day or die (Frey 2002). They may spread to eyebrows, eyelashes, or one's beard. Itching can lead to bacterial infection and there can be swelling or inflammation of the neck glands. Head lice do not spread systemic diseases as do body lice.
Body lice. Body lice (Pediculosis humanus corporis) is similar in size to head lice, but are rarely seen on the human skin because they only come to the skin to feed (Frey 2002). Poor personal hygiene or wearing the same clothing repeatedly without laundering is associated with infestation of body lice, and the lice can spread by shared bedding or personal contact (Frey 2002). Complications of body lice infestations are headache, fever, and bacterial infection, and body lice can spread systemic typhus and other infections.
Pubic lice. The pubic or crab louse (Phthirus pubis) spends its entire life on human hair and feeds exclusively on blood. Humans are the only known host of this parasite. The mouthparts are adapted to piercing the skin and sucking blood. The second and third pair of legs, with their terminal claws, are adapted to holding the hair shaft, while the first pair of leg holds the skin during feeding. Abdominal protuberances on the side of the body are characteristic of this species. Males are slightly smaller than females. The eggs are oval-shaped and around 0.8 millimeters (0.03 inches) in length. Immediately after oviposition, they are shiny, round, and transparent. Pubic lice are 1 to 2 millimeters (0.04 to 0.08 inches) in size, varying according to the stage of their development. They are usually whitish-grayish in color though they become reddish-brown for some time after a blood-meal.
Pubic lice is spread commonly by intimate contact, although it also can be spread by using the clothes, bedding, or towels of an infected person (Frey 2002). Usually pubic lice appears on the pubic hair, although it can spread elsewhere, and can appear on the eyelashes of a child born to infected mothers (Frey 2002). Recent DNA evidence suggests that pubic lice spread to the ancestors of humans approximately 3.3 million years ago from the ancestors of gorillas by using an abandoned gorilla nest and other communal areas with them, and are more closely related to lice endemic to gorillas than to other lice species infesting humans (Reed et al. 2007; Smith 2007).
Diagram of a louse, by Robert Hooke, 1667.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Buxton, P. A. 1947. The Louse: An Account of the Lice Which Infest Man, Their Medical Importance and Control, 2nd edition. London: Edward Arnold.
- Frey, R.J. 2002. Lice infestation. In J.L. Longe (ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 2nd edition, volume 3. Detroit: Gale Group/Thomson Learning. ISBN 0787654922.
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2004. Phthiraptera Haeckel, 1896. ITIS Taxonomic Serial No.: 624282. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2007. Mallophaga. ITIS Taxonomic Serial No.: 103337. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
- Reed, D.L., J.E. Light, J.M. Allen, and J.J. Kirchman. 2007. Pair of lice lost or parasites regained: The evolutionary history of anthropoid primate lice. BMC Biology 5: 7. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
- Smith, L. 2007. Bed-hopping led humans to 3 million-year itch. The Australian March 08, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
- Travis, J. 2003. The naked truth? Lice hint at a recent origin of clothing. Science News 164(8): 118.
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William Kingdon Clifford
William Kingdon Clifford (May 4, 1845 - March 3, 1879) was an English mathematician and philosopher. Along with Hermann Grassmann, he invented what is now termed geometric algebra, a special case being the Clifford algebras named in his honor, which are used in contemporary mathematical physics. He was the first to suggest that gravitation might be a manifestation of an underlying geometrical structure of the universe, and contributed the advancement of non-Euclidean geometry developed by Bernhard Riemann and Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky.
Under the influence of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer, Clifford developed a type of Darwinian theory of ethics within an atheistic framework. He coined the phrase "mind-stuff," comparable to the atom in physical matter, to refer to the contents of which the conscience is composed. He coined the term “tribal self” for the conscience, and developed a theory of ethics proposing that moral progress consists of subverting egotistical impulses to the dictates of the “tribal self,” which ensures the well-being and survival of the tribe; he suggested that some types of innate knowledge may have been “phylo-genetically” learned and passed down through successive generations. Due to his abhorrence of religion, he tried to explain the origin of moral and spiritual principles in biological terms and attempted to explain the development of ethics based on Darwinian theory of evolution.
Clifford was born at Exeter, England, on May 4, 1845. His second name, Kingdon, was the maiden name of his mother, who died when he was nine years old. During his childhood, Clifford showed exceptional ability at school, especially in mathematics. At the age of fifteen, he went on to King's College, London and in 1863 entered Trinity College, Cambridge, on a minor scholarship. He published his first mathematical paper just two months later. He was elected a member of “The Apostles,” an elite society at Cambridge whose membership included a number of British intellectuals. The society admitted only twelve students who were in residence at Cambridge, and in an effort to embody the “spirit of the Apostles,” they were required, during their weekly debates, to give their honest opinions on the most inflammatory and sensitive issues, and to respect the views of the other members. Clifford studied Greek, German, Spanish, French, Arabic and Sanskrit, as well as Morse code and shorthand. He was responsible for the translation of Bernhard Riemann’s 1854 paper on non-Euclidean geometry into English.
Clifford entered Cambridge as a member of the Anglican high church, but after reading Charles Darwin and meeting Herbert Spencer, he renounced his faith and became an advocate of agnosticism, and later, atheism. All the members of Cambridge University were required to reaffirm their faith in the Church of England annually, by publicly signing a declaration of the 39 Articles of the Protestant Faith, which had been formulated three hundred years earlier. By refusing to sign this declaration in 1866, Clifford excluded himself from a professorship at Cambridge, but he was elected fellow from 1868 to 1871, after being second “wrangler” in 1867 and second "Smith's prizeman." Being second was a fate he shared with others who became famous mathematicians, including William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and James Clerk Maxwell.
In 1870 Clifford was part of an expedition to Italy to observe an eclipse, and survived a shipwreck along the Sicilian coast. In 1871 he was appointed professor of applied mathematics and mechanics at University College London, then known as the “godless college.” In 1874 he became a fellow of the Royal Society. He was also a member of the London Mathematical Society and the Metaphysical Society.
His contemporaries considered him a man of extraordinary acuteness and originality, gifted with quickness of thought and speech, a lucid style, wit and poetic fancy, and social warmth. In 1875 Clifford married Lucy Lane, originally from Barbados, who later became a well-known journalist and novelist in England. The couple had two daughters. He loved entertaining children, and wrote, “The Little People,” a book of fairy stories.
In 1876 Clifford suffered a serious collapse, possibly brought on by overwork; he taught and administered by day, and wrote by night. A six-month holiday in Algeria and Spain strengthened him enough to resume his duties at University College for eighteen months. To accommodate his failing health, the Senate of King’s College changed its statutes to allow Clifford to lecture only when he was able, and on topics of his own choosing. A Public Testimonial Fund was set up with the contributions of more than two hundred friends and colleagues, so that he would know of their support before his death. Late in 1878 he collapsed again. He went to Madeira to recover, but died there of tuberculosis on March 3, 1879.
Clifford was an innovator against the excessively analytic tendency of Cambridge mathematicians. After his death, a British journalist described him as “being equally at home in Space of 3, 4 or x dimensions.” Influenced by Riemann and Lobachevsky, Clifford studied non-Euclidean geometry. In 1870 he wrote On the Space Theory of Matter, arguing that energy and matter are simply different types of curvature of space. These ideas later played a fundamental role in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.
Clifford is now best remembered for his eponymous Clifford algebras, a type of associative algebra that generalizes the complex numbers and William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions. He employed octonions (biquaternions) to study motion in non-Euclidean spaces and on certain surfaces, now known as Klein-Clifford spaces. He showed that spaces of constant curvature could differ in topological structure. He also proved that a Riemann surface is topologically equivalent to a box with holes in it (Penrose 2004).
As a teacher, Clifford focused on forcing a student to think for himself, rather than on teaching the solution to a problem. He introduced the graphical and geometrical methods of the Germans August Ferdinand Möbius and Carl Cullman to English mathematicians.
His theory of graphs, or geometrical representations of algebraic functions, provided valuable suggestions for future mathematicians. He was interested in universal algebra and elliptic functions. His papers "Preliminary Sketch of Biquaternions” (1873), "On the Canonical Form and Dissection of a Riemann's Surface" (1877), and "Classification of Loci" (1878) are considered classics in mathematics. He also published several papers on algebraic forms and projective geometry.
Ethics and Philosophy of Science
Clifford developed a Darwinian evolutionary ethical theory, suggesting that some types of innate knowledge are “phylo-genetically” learned and passed down through successive generations. Thus we can instinctively know certain concepts which our ancestors may have had to struggle to work out by trial and error.
Clifford's name is chiefly associated with two phrases which he coined, "mind-stuff" and the "tribal self." “Mind-stuff” refers to the contents of which the conscience is composed. Clifford, influenced by the ideas of Baruch Spinoza, suggested that all existence involved “mind,” and that man’s awareness of the content of this mind was evolutionary. The relationship a material object and the “mind” associated with it was similar to the relationship between the printed words of a sentence and the meaning it conveys when it is read by someone.
The idea of the "tribal self" is essential to Clifford's ethical view. No human being exists in isolation; by nature man is part of a social organism. Moral progress involves the development in each individual of a "tribal self," or conscience, which directs the individual to behave in a way conducive to the welfare and survival of the "tribe." The ideal is to become a public-spirited and efficient citizen.
Much of Clifford's contemporary prominence was due to his attitude towards religion. He waged war on the ecclesiastical systems which seemed to him to favor "Obscurantism," and to put the claims of their sect above those of human society. He referred to Christianity as a plague, and to the clergy as enemies of humanity. Clifford was regarded by the church as a dangerous champion of the anti-spiritual tendencies then imputed to modern science. His 1879 essay, “The Ethics of Belief,” asserted that it was immoral to believe in something for which one did not have evidence, and criticized religious thinkers who proclaimed that blind faith was a virtue: "It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence." This paper was attacked by pragmatist philosopher William James in his lecture, “The Will to Believe.” These two works are often read and published together as touchstones for the debate over evidentialism, faith, and overbelief.
Most of Clifford’s work was published posthumously.
- 1872. On the aims and instruments of scientific thought. (In William B. Ewald (ed.), From Kant to Hilbert: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics, 2 vols. Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0198532717. pp. 524-541)
- 1876. On the space theory of matter. (Ewald, pp. 523)
- 1877. "The Ethics of Belief," Contemporary Review.
- 1878. Elements of Dynamic, vol. 1.
- 1879. Seeing and Thinking, popular science lectures.
- 1879. Lectures and Essays, with an introduction by Sir Frederick Pollock.
- 1882. Mathematical Papers, edited by R Tucker, with an introduction by Henry John Stephen Smith.
- 1885. The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences. Completed by Karl Pearson.
- 1887. Elements of Dynamic, vol. 2.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Clifford, William Kingdon and Timothy J. Madigan (intro.). The Ethics of Belief and Other Essays (Great Books in Philosophy). Prometheus Books, 1999. ISBN 1573926914
- Clifford, William Kingdon. Lectures and Essays. Obscure Press, 2006.
- Clifford, William Kingdon. Seeing and Thinking. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1428600132
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- Chisholm, M. 2002. Such Silver Currents - The Story of William and Lucy Clifford, 1845-1929. Cambridge, UK: The Lutterworth Press. ISBN 0718830172
- Lounesto, P. 1997. Clifford Algebras and Spinors. Second edition, 2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521005515
- Penrose, Roger. 2004. The Road to Reality, Chapter 11. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0739458477
All links retrieved May 10, 2023.
- "The Ethics of Belief" by William Kingdon Clifford,“The Will to Believe” by William James, and “An Examination of ‘The Will to Believe’” by A. J. Burger
General Philosophy Sources
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Paideia Project Online
- Project Gutenberg
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So in short, how do essential oils and carrier oils differ?
Carrier oil tends to be extracted from nuts, seeds or fruit through cold processing / pressing. *Emu oil being our exception! They tend not to have any smell, or only a very slight smell, and are quite thick in consistency.
Essential oils tend to be extracted from plants or shrubs through distillation (water or steam usually). The parts of the plant might include: roots, bark, stems, leaves, flowers. Essential oils tend to be very aromatic, and are much thinner than Carrier oils in their consistency.
But we rarely use one without the other because they are a bit like peas in a pod! | <urn:uuid:b676b6b4-af48-453c-829e-25dd00a6df7d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.oomeo-natural.com/ingredients/carrier-oils/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.971482 | 142 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In our second release of the Continuum Robot Visualization Toolkit (CRVisToolkit), you will find a new set of MATLAB functions for visualization and plotting of concentric tube continuum robots (CTCR). With a framed curve represented by a series $n$ of 4x4 homogeneous transformation matrices (reshaped columnwise into a $n$x16 vector), indices of the tube end points, as well as the tube radii as input, you to create a MATLAB figure. In addition, we provide a utility function
robotindependentmapping(kappa, phi, ell, ptsperseg) which generates a framed backbone curve using constant curvature arc parameters and the desired number of points (per segment) as input.
function [fig] = draw_ctcr(g,tube_end,r_tube,options) % DRAW_CTCR Creates a figure of a concentric tube continuum robot (ctcr) % % Takes a matrix with nx16 entries, where n is the number % of points on the backbone curve. For each point on the curve, the 4x4 % transformation matrix is stored columnwise (16 entries). The x- and % y-axis span the material orientation and the z-axis is tangent to the % curve. % % INPUT % g(n,16): backbone curve with n 4x4 transformation matrices reshaped into 1x16 vector (columnwise) % tube_end(1,m): indices of g where ctcr tubes terminate % r_tube(1,m): radii of tubes % options: % tipframe (shows tip frame, default true/1) % baseframe (shows robot base frame, default false/0) % projections (shows projections of backbone curve onto % coordinate axes, default false/0) % baseplate (shows robot base plate, default false/0) %
We provide an example file
ctcr_draw_example.m to create a figure of a CTCR with three tubes. The example also makes use of the new utility function
robotindependentmapping(kappa, phi, ell, ptsperseg). This function takes constant curvature parameters and generates a backbone curve. This backbone curve $g$ is in the format required by
function g = robotindependentmapping(kappa, phi, ell, ptsperseg) % ROBOTINDEPENDENTMAPPING creates a framed curve for given configuration parameters % % EXAMPLE % g = robotindependentmapping([1/40e-3;1/10e-3],[0,pi],[25e-3,20e-3],10) % creates a 2-segment curve with radius of curvatures 1/40 and 1/10 % and segment lengths 25 and 20, where the second segment is rotated by pi rad. % % INPUT: configuration parameters % kappa (nx1): segment curvatures % phi (nx1): segment bending plane angles % l (nx1): segment lengths % ptsperseg (nx1): number of points per segment % if n=1 all segments with equal number of points % OUTPUT: backbone curve % g (n,16): backbone curve with n 4x4 transformation matrices reshaped into 1x16 vector (columnwise) %
Find out more and test CRVisToolkit on GitHub
Happy continuum robot visualization!
The CRVisToolkit stems from the Continuum Robotics Laboratory MATLAB codebase that grew over the past decade of our research activities. Numerous students contributed in one way or the other to the CTCR visualization and are acknowledged here in no particular order: Josephine Granna, Sven Lilge, and Malte Bormann. | <urn:uuid:51727d48-c22a-4b57-8923-cc95179e55ed> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.opencontinuumrobotics.com/hands-on/2023/02/17/CRVis-ctcr.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.703406 | 783 | 2.53125 | 3 |
As a parent, placing your baby facing out towards the world while carrying them may seem to be the perfect solution to keep them content and allow them to connect with their world. All of this whilst still being close to you which provides them with any reassurance they need. Although it seems to be a win-win situation for both baby and parent, carrying your baby forward facing in a carrier is somewhat of a controversial topic. One of the main concerns raised by professionals is that babies are placed in this position before they are safely old enough to do so.
The earliest a baby should ever be placed forward facing in a carrier is 6 months of age. A baby who is younger than this does not yet have sufficient neck and head control and there is also a concern that their hips and spine are not adequately supported in a healthy position.
There is much more which should be considered when carrying your baby forward facing than simply turning them around in their carrier.
When is it safe to carry a baby in the outward facing position?
There are a few factors which contribute to the fact that it is safest to start carrying your baby forward facing when they are 6 months old.
While some manufacturers indicate you can allow forward facing from 3 months of age, it is important to also take into consideration your baby’s growth and development.
Factors influencing the age at which a baby can forward face are:
- A baby’s head is considerably larger and heavier than the rest of their body. This coupled with the fact that very few of the muscles they need to support their head up have developed sufficiently, means that a baby younger than 6 months of age should not be carried forward facing in a carrier. Not only are their heads too heavy to hold up but their muscles have also not yet been activated to help them.
- Another fact which supports this age is that a baby’s hips develop rapidly during the first 6 months. This means that it is vital that they are carried in a position which supports healthy hip development. Not all forward facing carriers allow for correct hip and spine positioning as they may not support a “frog’-like” position of the legs or maintain a “c” curl of their spine.
- It is also around this time that your baby begins to show more interest in their surroundings as they are awake more. You may notice them trying to turn their head to see things if they are facing you. This is also related to the fact that the improvement in their head control and neck strength allows for their eyes to better focus on objects, begin tracking items and see more colours.
- In order to be able to be carried in this position, your baby needs to be tall enough. A baby who is tall enough for a forward facing carrier is able to place their chin higher than the top of the carrier.
While there are no specific guidelines regarding how long your baby can be carried forward facing in a carrier for, it is generally suggested that they spend a maximum of 20-30 minutes at a time.
What constitutes strong enough head and neck support?
In the first month or so your baby will begin to lift their head up while lying on their tummy. This progresses during the next two months to them lifting their head up higher and starting to raise part of their chest off the floor. By 4 months of age, your baby should be able to hold their head up on their own unsupported. Although this may appear as though they have sufficient head control, your baby still needs to build endurance which will help them be able to maintain that position for longer periods of time.
In order for a baby to be able to support themselves in an upright position, which is needed when facing outwards in a carrier, they need to be able to keep their head up using minimal effort. At the same time, they should be able to turn their head from side to side and up and down with ease while using controlled and purposeful movements. This generally coincides with the time during which they are able to sit using their hands to support them. As they continue to get stronger, generally around 7 months old, they are able to sit independently without relying on their hands.
Why is carrying your baby in a forward facing position not recommended?
There are a few core reasons why this position is not one which is frequently recommended, especially before 6 months of age.
Your babies hips and spine are not in the optimal position:
This is generally one of the main arguments professionals use when indicating why forward facing of an infant, especially one younger than 6 months, should not be done. While there is no scientific evidence to prove that this position is harmful, it is known that the inward-facing position is seen as hip healthy.
To promote healthy hip development, the National Hip Dysplasia Institute, indicates that your baby’s hips and legs should be in a “frog-like” or “M” shape position when they are carried. In this position their hips are bent and naturally spread apart with their thighs being supported completely by the carrier. Their knees are also bent and sit higher than their bottoms while their pelvis tilts back. A carrier that has a narrow seat area is not able to support the length of your infant’s thighs and results in their legs dangling down. The forces which this places on your baby’s hips, especially with extended use, can contribute to the development of hip dysplasia.
To support the natural development of the curves of their spine, it is important that your baby’s back remains in a “c” curl. As they develop head control and neck strength, the natural curves of their spine then begin to develop. Carrying your baby forward facing makes it more difficult to encourage the natural development of spinal curves. When your baby is placed in a position they are not yet physically ready for, certain muscles are challenged too early which can increase the pressure on certain places of the spine. This can result in the curves becoming too deep or not deep enough in addition to other structural changes.
Your baby may become easily over stimulated
One of the concerns of your baby facing outwards too early is that their brains are not yet able to process all of the new things they are seeing and hearing. They are not yet able to ignore or sift through information which is coming in through their eyes and ears and only take note of things which are important or necessary. A busy environment such as a shopping centre can become very overwhelming for a baby especially when they face outwards to the world. As an occupational therapist, having a baby who is overwhelmed with sensory input, can result in them becoming unsettled and difficult to calm down and sleep.
In this position, it is very difficult for your baby to try and reduce the amount of sensory information they are getting as they are not able to turn their heads into your chest. It is also difficult for you to pick up on signs that your baby is becoming overstimulated as you are not able to see their face. For example, a baby who tries to look away or stops making eye contact with you can mean that they are becoming overwhelmed with sensory input.
Another possible sign of overstimulation in your infant is if they start hiccupping (not directly after a feed). If you are able to pick up these signs early on, you can reduce the amount of sensory input they are receiving and use other therapeutic strategies to help your baby regulate again.
This position does not provide your baby’s head and neck with sufficient support:
This is especially concerning should your baby fall asleep while forward-facing in a carrier. Due to the weight of their head and reduced neck strength, there is a natural tendency for their head to flop forward. If this were to happen in the inward-facing position, their head would rest on the carrier's chest and their breathing would not be obstructed. However, if this occurred in a forward-facing position, their chin would rest on their own chest which can compromise their airway.
Therefore there is no safe position for your infant to sleep in when forward-facing in a carrier. It is often indicated in the manual of reputable carriers that your infant must be turned around should they fall asleep while forward-facing.
This position is not as comfortable for the wearer:
The National Hip Dysplasia Institute points out that unpublished studies show that carrying a baby inward-facing is more comfortable for the wearer. This is because the baby’s centre of gravity is closer to the wearer’s as they are higher up.
A baby who is forward-facing in a carrier is in essence suspended from the carrier’s shoulder’s. This is especially true as a baby who is carried inwards naturally wraps and grasps their legs around your waist which reduces the strain on your core muscles.
What are the benefits of carrying your baby forward-facing?
While there are certain things to be aware of when carrying your baby forward-facing your baby in a carrier, allowing them to do so after 6 months of age can be beneficial for the following reasons:
- At 6 months of age, your baby is becoming more aware and interested in their surroundings and so forward-facing continuously allows them to experience new sights and sounds while still being close to you.
- By being close to you they are able to adjust being in the outside world while feeling safe and protected.
- They are exposed to more conversations and social interactions which can promote their speech and language skills as well as cognitive abilities. This includes increased exposure to various facial expressions and body language.
- It allows your baby to experience everyday tasks and activities.
- They are able to experience the world from your perspective as opposed to viewing things from lower down when they are in a pram.
What types of baby carriers are best for forward-face carrying?
Generally speaking, most types of carriers can be used forward-facing as long as they promote ergonomic carrying. An ergonomic baby carrier is one which allows for optimal positioning of your infant as well as comfort.
When using a soft-structured carrier for forward-facing, it is essential that the seat portion of the carrier supports your infant's thighs from their hips to the back of their knees. This will assist in encouraging correct hip positioning. Also be sure to read the manufacturer's instructions as this will guide you regarding the age at which your baby may forward-face as well as any other important information regarding this position
Traditionally, experts feel that wraps are the best way to forward-face your infant as they promote ergonomic babywearing. They are easy to adjust and ensure that your baby’s hips form an “M” shape to promote healthy development.
CARRIERS THAT CAN BE USED OUTWARD FACING
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The extent to which genetics contribute to the development of addiction to opioid pain medication is the subject of a new investigation, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). CRI Lifetree, a leader in specialized early stage research with particular expertise in pain, human abuse liability, psychiatry, neurology and diabetes, is among the facilities awarded the NIH research grant.
The grant will enable researchers to conduct the first-ever, genome-wide association study of the characteristics of patients who develop addiction after being treated with opioids for chronic noncancerous pain. The project is expected to form the basis of follow-up studies with far-reaching impact on public health and clinical treatment decisions. In awarding the grant, the review committee noted the lack of similar studies in the field and lauded the potential for increasing important knowledge.
More than 100 million people in America live with chronic pain, according to the Institute of Medicine. Prescription opioids are increasingly used to treat chronic noncancerous pain but have been accompanied by a rising burden of opioid abuse and addiction. The dearth of studies means little information is available to reliably inform physicians as to which patients may develop problems. Estimates of drug abuse range from 3 to 40 percent of opioid-treated patients.
“The country has two serious problems—opioid addiction and chronic pain,” said Lynn R. Webster, MD, Medical Director of CRI Lifetree and study co-investigator. “There are no good ways to identify who is vulnerable to abuse. This study, over the course of the next several years, should address this question.”
Charles O’Brien, MD, PhD, of the University of Pennsylvania, will head the research team, which also includes investigators from the University of Washington and encompasses expertise in addiction psychiatry, pain management and psychiatric genetics. The study is expected to follow 4,000 patients with chronic noncancerous pain, half of whom have been treated for opioid addiction and half of whom have been maintained on opioid therapy for greater than six months without demonstrating signs of addiction.
A particular focus of the genetic analysis will be the mu opioid receptor (MOR) gene (OPRM1), which prior research suggests is critical to the drugs’ rewarding properties. The investigative team will also compare differences among groups with varying psychiatric illnesses, drug-seeking behaviors, substance use and socioeconomic factors. It is hoped that if specific behavioral and genetic factors that predispose a person to addiction can be isolated, that knowledge can be used to test patients for vulnerability prior to beginning opioid therapy.
Date: September 6, 2012
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The main features of Stadium Light?
1. High light intensity requirements
The space height of the stadium is very high, and the larger the stadium is, the higher it is; the light intensity of several million cd (candela: light intensity unit) needs to be emitted by the lamps to meet the requirements of TV broadcast;
2. Accurate light distribution and diverse light distribution
Because Stadium Light needs to be broadcast on TV; it not only needs to meet the requirements of illuminance and uniformity on the horizontal plane, but also to meet the requirements of illuminance and uniformity on the vertical plane, but also control the incident angle of light so as not to give players the position and field of view of the activity. It will cause glare inside, affecting the level of performance, and at the same time, it will not spill over to the auditorium. The beams of multiple lamps should be used to meet and cooperate with each other to achieve the lighting effect, and wide beam lamps should not be used.
3. Anti-glare and anti-overflow structure
Anti-glare is one of the important indicators of sports lighting. In addition to professional light distribution design, the glare control of lamps also needs to add a shading structure to reduce glare and prevent spillage, which should not affect the auditorium.
4. Good color rendering
Color rendering is a measure of color reproduction. It is 100Ra under sunlight. The light is artificial light. The higher the color rendering index, the higher the color reproduction and the more comfortable the light. The light of the lamp should have a very good ability to restore color, and the color rendering index should not be lower than 80. The color rendering index of high-definition TV broadcasts of major international competitions should not be lower than 90Ra; color rendering is not only for videography, but also important for athletes.
5. Angle adjustment device
During the installation of the luminaire, the aiming of the luminaire is the last step to complete the installation. Aiming at the target position of the lighting designer can achieve the design level of illuminance and uniformity. The lamps should have a flexible, accurate and reliable aiming adjustment device. | <urn:uuid:f42cec35-1264-40ab-a601-b73b4727b8b3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.reitaledlighting.com/news-show-958615.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.922973 | 454 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Getting rid of grubs fast can be done in a few different ways. One way is to first identify the presence of grubs. To do this, look for the presence of large patches of yellow or brown grass, or turf that can easily be lifted up or rolled back like a carpet.
Another sign that grubs are present is the presence of birds, moles, raccoons, skunks and armadillos as they are attracted to grubs for food.
Once the grubs have been identified as the source of the problem, there are a few different ways to get rid of them. One way is to use pesticides, such as neem oil or insecticidal soap, to kill the grubs.
These are available at most garden and home improvement stores. A second method is to apply beneficial nematodes to the soil. These microscopic worms penetrate the grubs’ bodies and release bacteria that will kill them.
Lastly, applying milky spore, a naturally occurring bacteria, can provide long term protection against grubs. The milky spore will actually remain in the lawn, killing future generations of grubs.
To get rid of grubs quickly and effectively, it’s important to take proactive steps, such as aerating the lawn, improving drainage and maintaining a thick, healthy lawn. This will help to keep the grub population manageable and make it harder for them to survive.
Do grubs come to the surface after treatment?
Yes, grubs usually come to the surface after treatment, because they have been killed by the insecticide. Treatment with insecticides like imidacloprid, clothianidin, or halofenozide will kill grubs after they have ingested the product.
However, the grub’s body may take a few days to reach the upper soil layers. After the grub has died, bacteria in the soil will work to break down the body, which is why you may see dead grubs at the surface.
If only some of the grubs have been killed, then you may need to apply additional treatments as needed. Always follow label directions for use of any insecticide when trying to control grubs.
Does rain bring grubs to the surface?
Yes, rain can bring grubs to the surface. Grubs are the larvae of various types of insects, such as beetles, moths, and some wasps. These larvae live in the soil and feed off of decaying organic matter and other small organisms.
When it rains, the extra moisture softens the soil and can lead to grubs coming to the surface as they move around feeding and searching for food. This process is known as geotaxis. While the rain doesn’t directly bring the grubs to the surface, the moisture allows them to travel more easily through the soil in search of food, bringing them closer to the surface.
The type of grubs that come to the surface depend on the type of soil and climate in an area, as some grubs prefer wetter conditions while others prefer drier environments. Additionally, many species of grubs are considered beneficial to lawns and gardens, as they aerate the soil, help with soil fertility, and break down organic material into smaller particles which helps with water retention.
Do grubs like wet soil?
Grubs usually prefer moist soil and can be found in soil that is damp but not overly wet. The grubs feed on and break down organic matter, so having moist soil allows them to better break down the organic matter they feed on and begin the process of decomposition.
Grubs can survive in wet soils, but they generally prefer moist soil because it allows them to move more easily and contains more of the organic matter they feed on. The grubs are most active in the morning and evening when the temperatures are less extreme.
So, overall, it can be said that grubs generally prefer moist soil over wet soil.
What animal eats grubs at night?
Many species of animals can be found eating grubs during the night, depending on their natural habitat. Several types of insects are known to feed on grubs at night, including beetles, moths, and even some species of spiders.
Some mammals, such as badgers and foxes, also feed on grubs while they are out hunting during the evening hours. Amphibians, like frogs and salamanders, often feast on grubs as well, particularly during the summer months when the grubs are most plentiful.
Finally, even some birds, such as owls and blackbirds, can be caught feasting on the occasional grub when night falls.
What is the time to treat for grubs?
The time to treat for grubs depends on the species of grub and the region in which the infestation is located. In general, active grubs can be treated with insecticides in early fall; however, many experts suggest treating in late summer.
The best time to target newly-hatched grubs is late summer to early fall while they are actively feeding and vulnerable. This is usually when grubs are in the second or third instar, which is the larvae stage before becoming a pupa and eventually an adult beetle.
In the southern United States, grub treatments can be applied as early as late June and throughout July, whereas in the northern United States, treatments may need to be applied from August to October.
A few species of grubs like Oriental beetles, which are most common in the Midwest, may need to be treated as early as June and July because these species can hatch eggs later in the season than other grub species.
It is important to be aware of the species present and to understand the location’s climate when determining the right time to treat.
Furthermore, the chemical used to target grubs should also be considered. Imidacloprid and clothianidin-based products are valued due to their high efficacy and long-term residual control of grubs. It is always best to consult with a local professional to determine the ideal time to apply a grub treatment and which chemicals to use.
Why are there so many grubs in my garden?
Many plant-feeding beetle larvae, such as Japanese beetles, are considered grubs. These insects can lay their eggs in the soil of your garden, which can then hatch into larvae and cause substantial damage to the roots of your plants.
Depending on where you live, various other types of grubs can be present in your garden as well. These can include the larvae of moths, flies and sawflies.
In addition, other insects that feed on plants, such as aphids, can cause a problem in your garden which can make it conducive to the presence of grubs. Aphids can weaken plant stems which can give grubs easy access to the plant root systems.
Another environmental factor that can increase the number of grubs in your garden is excess moisture. Wet soil will attract more grubs and encourage them to remain in the area.
In general, grubs are more likely to be present in an environment that is ideal for them and provides them with their preferred food source – decaying organic matter, such as leaves, grass clippings and other garden debris.
So, in order to reduce the number of grubs in your garden, you can eliminate the conditions that are favorable to their presence. This can involve keeping the soil dry by reducing the amount of watering and removing debris and plant debris on a regular basis.
You could also introduce beneficial insect predators, such as beetles and ground beetles, that feed on grubs, to help keep the population in check.
Is it good to have grubs in your soil?
Having grubs in your soil is actually very beneficial. Grubs are a type of beetle larvae, and they help aerate and cycle nutrients in your soil. While they can damage your lawn if they become overpopulated, they can also be beneficial when they are in small to moderate numbers.
Grubs are a food source for birds and other wildlife, so having them around can help attract beneficial wildlife to your garden. Grubs can also help control other pests, as they eat the roots of weeds as well as harmful insects.
Additionally, having grubs in your soil can help retain moisture, as the grubs create tunnels and channels, allowing water to move easily throughout the soil. In short, grubs are a great addition to a healthy and balanced soil ecosystem, and should not be seen as completely negative.
Can I treat for grubs in spring?
Yes, you can treat for grubs in the spring, but it is not typically recommended. Grubs are the larvae of various beetles, like Japanese beetles, and they often cause lawn damage by eating the grass roots.
If you do decide to treat for grubs in the spring, you will want to wait until the grubs reach their peak feeding period, which typically occurs between mid-June and mid-August in most locations. Before applying any treatments, it is important to diagnose the problem first since grubs can easily be misidentified and harmless insects can be treated unnecessarily.
More often than not, grubs can be treated effectively with beneficial nematodes or with milky spore, both of which can be purchased from garden centers or online. If your lawn is severely damaged from grub infestations, you can apply a chemical pesticide, which will effectively kill the grubs quickly.
However, be aware that chemical treatments may also kill earthworms and other beneficial organisms, so it is best to use those treatments judiciously.
How do you kill existing grubs?
The first step in killing existing grubs is to properly identify the grub species that is present in your lawn. This can be done by collecting and examining a few grubs and identifying them based on their size, color and shape.
Once identified, the next step is to use a pesticide that is formulated specifically for the grub species. Depending on the climatic conditions of your area, this may be a granular application, a liquid treatment or a soil injection.
Generally, several applications are required to eradicate all grubs.
The granular application will work best when the soil is moist and the grub larvae are actively feeding near the soil surface. When using the granular application, it is important to thoroughly water-in the pesticide in order to mobilize the material into the soil where the larvae are located.
The liquid treatment will also be effective when mixed with water and applied with a lawn sprinkler. The soil injection method requires the use of a device that can be used to inject a certain amount of pesticide into the soil.
This is the most effective method and should be used when dealing with large-scale infestations of grubs.
It is important to keep in mind that each of these methods may require multiple applications in order to effectively treat a large infestation. Furthermore, it is important to note that the timing for these treatments is important and should be done in accordance with the grub species’ life cycle.
This will ensure that any existing larvae are effectively eradicated.
How do you make homemade grub killer?
Making homemade grub killer is easy and inexpensive. First, you will need to create the mixture. You will need to mix together one gallon of warm water, 1/2 cup of dish soap, and 1/2 cup of garlic water.
The garlic water can be made by blending together 8 ounces of water and 4 cloves of garlic in a blender until completely blended. This concoction needs to be stirred together until it is completely mixed.
Once your mixture is complete, you will need to fill up your spray bottle with the mixture and then spray your garden or lawn with the homemade grub killer. Make sure to cover the entire area where the grubs are present.
This should kill any grubs in the area, but it may take several days or a few weeks for the grubs to die off completely.
Reapplication of the homemade grub killer will likely be necessary, so make sure to keep an eye on your garden or lawn for any returning grubs. This homemade solution can also be used as a deterrent, so spraying your garden or lawn once a week can help prevent the grubs from returning.
Does Dawn dish soap kill grubs?
No, Dawn dish soap will not kill grubs. Grubs are small beetle larvae that feed on the roots of plants. To effectively kill grubs you will need to use a chemical insecticide such as carbaryl or imidacloprid.
There are also biological insecticides containing parasites or disease-causing organisms that can be used to control grub populations. Additionally, you can physically remove grubs from the soil by hand.
However, this may not be a feasible or cost-effective solution for larger infestations. | <urn:uuid:c5576f92-18ba-4dcc-9814-24e5044e0f2c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.remodelormove.com/how-do-you-get-rid-of-grubs-fast/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.962838 | 2,648 | 2.6875 | 3 |
For children 3 to 6 years of age, we offer Primary Half-Day (pre-k) for ages 3-4, and Primary Full-Day (kindergarten) for ages 5-6. Extended day programs are available for an additional fee.
Primary Half-Day, ages 3-4, 8:30-11:45 a.m.
Children in primary are active, curious, and excited learners. With wonder and determination, they embrace our curriculum through Montessori materials. Hands-on learning resonates with these children-- materials help them learn the symbols and sounds of language and the meaning of numbers. They do not memorize; they learn by doing, which leads to concrete understanding and a strong foundation for abstract thinking skills. Students learn new concepts in manageable steps, guided by teachers with a detailed knowledge of what each child needs, then they practice their skills at their own pace. They enjoy practical life skills like gardening and food preparation, and they strengthen the social and emotional skills they need to be kind, compassionate members of a supportive community. Throughout primary, students experience unique attention from teachers who encourage them to pursue areas of interest and support them when they face challenges.
Primary Full-Day, ages 5-6, 8:30-3:10 p.m.
The third year of our primary level (which is kindergarten at conventional schools ) features extraordinary growth in our students. These children remain in the classroom in the afternoon after the younger primary students go home, giving them special time to work in a close-knit, small group. Parents often marvel at the magic that happens in the last year of primary as children advance in their academic skills, emotional maturity, and independence. From storytelling to continent studies to conflict resolution, our far-reaching curriculum encourages students to be well-rounded, confident people. The unique Montessori approach features a blend of teacher-led lessons and independent work so that children remain intrinsically motivated to work to their potential at their own pace. There is no limit to what a third-year primary student can accomplish; they can move on to lessons at the elementary level if that is where their learning takes them. Children also have time to master skills without being pressured or feeling anxious. Creative, happy, caring students leave our primary classrooms ready and excited to enter our elementary program.
In both programs, the curriculum includes spoken and written language, reading, mathematics, cultural studies (geography, history and science), art, sensorial work (sensory awareness) and practical life skills. Specialty areas of study such as physical education, library, Spanish and music are part of the standard curriculum.
Our Primary program promotes social skills, emotional growth, physical coordination and cognitive learning structured into multi-age groupings consisting of children 3 to 6 years of age.
- Primary half day: 3 to 4 years of age, five mornings a week, half days. (Extended day is available)
- Primary full day: 5 to 6 years of age, five days a week, full-day kindergarten. (Extended day is available) | <urn:uuid:3108a33e-b8bf-4086-b4bd-31fd0cb4a8df> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.richmont.org/montessori-programs/primary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.951499 | 628 | 2.578125 | 3 |
As I sat down today watching Shelley Moore's "See Ya Later SMART goals!", it hit me how her research should be used to help explain math and how we should teach it. In her video she talks about the belief that to prove learning happens, it must be capturable by someone else. In other words you need to be able to see learning happen. So not true.
This has lead to an issue as not everybody learns the same way and therefor cant show the same evidence of learning. Our brains work differently, so the person assessing may not see how you are learning because they learn in a different way. Hence a dilemma or big issue. You can see this really evident in mathematics, where there is a belief in one solution to a problem.
I found when I was young showing my teacher that I could answer the question my way was always WRONG. Or they answered with the statement "sure it work this time but it probably won't work the next time".
My brain sees math different than other people and especially different than the textbooks. Was I still learning? You betcha!
Was I still understanding? Yes for sure but I wasn't matching the little square peg that my math class had been designed as.
So how do we change this?
How do we get people to stop believing there is only one right answer or that you have to show your learning or that a test proves our assessment is there.
And how do we make math an all inclusive course, where all students can be successful.......
I have spent 30 years in senior math classes and I have seen how students hate being there or refuse to take the course or are counselled to not take the tough levels. I believe we can all learn math and that it is about the learning process to get to the answer and not just the answer. I want to see what my students are seeing as the path to the answer. My goal is to see how their brain sees the solution and help guide them through any trouble areas along the way. This has led me to make changes in my math classes over the years and as such helped me to create an amazing inclusive environment for all learners to feel comfortable to take even calculus.
Now I'm not saying my way is the be all end all for teaching math. I am just saying that we need to look at math classes and change the status quo, so our students feel accepted there and have successes. Lets change the stigma about needing a math brain or being a math person. We all use math everyday and we all have a math brain. We just need to know its ok to do math how your brain sees it being done.
How would I change a math classroom:
1. No more textbook!!! Use the text as a resource but not the only way to do questions.
2. No more tests!!! Lets look at assessment of, for and as learning. Does a test show learning? Not there are too many factors that affect this situation. Lets look at assessment differently. Try a performance task instead.
3. Stop the here are the steps.... There are numerous ways to solve a problem not just by showing these steps. Look and listen to how your students see the way to the solution.
4. Its not just about worksheets. Make math real life. When you are looking for questions make them multistep solutions and realistic. Or even think outside of the box and make art the assignment. ( Use desmos to make a picture with specific kinds of formulas)
5. Celebrate the small successes. Not everyone will be a pro at every part of math but everyone will find success in an area. Celebrate that. Build the confidence that they can be successful in other areas of math too.
6. No segregating in math. No groups based on skill level. Let everyone work together. I combined my precalculus and workplace math classes together for years. They helped each other and worked on projects together. the insight from everyone was needed for many projects.
These are my must haves for any grade, any school and really any math class. See what you need to make your math class an all inclusive group celebrating the successes of everyone. | <urn:uuid:fcef280d-1966-4bb6-869c-07696f202319> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.rilmcknight.com/post/2019/09/14/untitled | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.96857 | 857 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Most Australians enjoy one of the highest life expectancies of any country in the world — but this is not true for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Today, we held a morning tea to recognise this inequality, as part of Oxfam’s Close The Gap campaign. For a gold coin donation, guests enjoyed a morning tea with traditional aboriginal music and Close The Gap trivia. Attendees were also invited to sign a petition which calls on governments to provide adequate health services to Aboriginal peoples.
Miss out on the trivia this morning? Get the conversation started at your Close The Gap event with these questions and answers.
What is the life expectancy gap between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and other Australians?
A recent report, shows Indigenous males born between 2010 and 2012 have a life expectancy of 69.1 years, a decade less than their non-Indigenous counterparts. In some areas, including the Northern Territory this is much higher.
What is the median age of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Peoples?
The median age of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders is 22 years. This compares with 26 years for people living in Bandladesh and 38 years for non-indigenous people.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have the worlds oldest living human culture. True or false?
True. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders have a cultural heritage between 50,000 and 65,000 years old.
What percentage of Australians identity as Aboriginal?
Three percent of Australians identified as Aboriginal in the latest census.
There was around a dozen community spoken Aboriginal languages prior to European settlement. True or false?
False. It is estimated that in 1788, there were approximately 200-250 separate Aboriginal languages spoken across Australia.
Can you list factors which contribute to the indigenous health crisis?
Wildly recongised factors include a lack of access to culturally appropriate health services, dispossession from land, suppression of traditional culture, poor access to education, removal of indigenous children from their families and racism.
How much higher is the rate of death for Aboriginal people between the ages of 25 and 44 than for other Australians?
4 times higher! The death rate for Aboriginal people in 2011-2015 was 378 per 1000, versus 98 per 1000 for other Australians.
What historic milestone in working towards reconciliation with our indigenous communities will celebrate its 10 year anniversary in 2018?
The 13th of February, 2018, marks a decade since then Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, made his apology speech to the stolen generations on behalf of the Australian Parliament.
For more information visit www.oxfam.org.au/what-we-do/indigenous-australia/close-the-gap/ | <urn:uuid:e97df226-be8e-4c2e-bf83-67e4a1990405> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.rloa.org.au/post/close-the-gap-morning-tea-2018 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.944807 | 548 | 3.28125 | 3 |
What happens when we feed the pigeons?
Many people feed pigeons. The number of pigeons attracted to an area depends on the food available. If pigeons are being fed, more pigeons will be attracted to that area. All pigeons require nesting and roosting sites (eg balconies, window ledges and roof areas of surrounding buildings) as well as reliable food sources. It is vital that food sources for pigeons are kept to a minimum. There have been a number of cases where people have been prosecuted for causing a health risk by repeatedly feeding pigeons.
Are pigeons a health hazard?
Pigeons are regarded as unacceptable, especially in large numbers. They have the potential to transmit disease causing organisms.
Are they are problem?
Problems may arise when pigeons roost on buildings as they foul from ledges and other nesting or roosting areas. Their droppings cause an unsightly mess and may also cause slip hazards on walkways and pavements.
A BUILD UP OF PIGEON DROPPINGS MAY PROVIDE A FOOD SOURCE FOR A RANGE OF FLY SPECIES, PARTICULARLY IN PIGEON LOFTS.
THEIR PARASITES – FLEAS AND MITES CAN CAUSE NUISANCE TO HUMANS.
Pigeons can also cause a noise nuisance to people living and working in the area.
Human Disease Transmission
Birds are associated with dissemination of the causative agents of a large number of diseases that can affect the health of humans. There are more than 110 pathogens (8 virus, 55 fungi, 41 bacteria, 6 protozoa) reported to affect pigeons. Scientific papers implicating wild birds in the dissemination of zoonoses are easily found. These studies give pest controllers ample reasons for arguing that birds and their droppings can be a hazard to public health and that bird management could help in preventing the spread of disease. However, reports of actual cases of human diseases transmitted from birds are relatively rare (though it is likely that the majority of cases go unreported).
Reasons for Control
There are a variety of reasons for managing urban bird pests. These reasons generally involve health, safety or saving money, or a combination of these.
Control of Pigeons
Sabre has a number of methods at our disposal including netting, bird spikes, gel, electric tracks, controlled culling and trapping. We also have a team of dedicated abseilers to ensure that even the most difficult of locations can be reached
Bird Fouling creates not only an eyesore on buildings, walkways and front signage of businesses, it also has potential health risk implications that few businesses can afford i.e. Salmonella, Ornithosis (Feral Pigeons) and E.Coli (Gulls). Slip hazards can also be created on walkways in and around buildings from bird fouling, and due to the acidic nature of bird fouling, the fabrication and stonework of buildings can become damaged and weakened. Sabre offers a selection of Bird Control and Clearance Methods including:
- Universal Bird Point System – Can be installed on horizontal ledges, window ledges and other sites used by pigeons and gulls to deny them perching and roosting sites.
- Specialised Bird Netting – Can be installed into areas where prevention of bird ingress is required. A team of specialised installation and design technicians can tailor this form of bird control to any individual situation.
- Pigeon Clearance Works – No matter how small or large the amount of bird fouling, it creates serious health risks to humans and the correct disposal of such waste is essential. Sabre offer a professional and efficient fouling clearance and disinfection service throughout a wide spectrum of situations.
- Electric Bird Deterrent System- This latest generation of bird deterrent system works by sending a pulse of electricity to prevent birds from landing. Ideal for all locations as it is discreet, reliable and ideal for the changeable UK weather. It is used extensively on heritage sites and challenging building specifications.
Please call 01923 634564 for further assistance or e-mail [email protected] | <urn:uuid:27b17e7c-3f14-4bb3-9640-d3fc5f781bfb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sabrepestcontrol.co.uk/pigeons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.934444 | 870 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The Arab world is a region of immense range, history, and difficulty, and its media landscape shows these intricacies. In this informative article, we explore in to the issues confronted by media companies in revealing on Arab world activities and investigate the ideas gained from covering this active region.
- Diverse Countries, Languages, and Views
The Arab world encompasses numerous countries, each with its own culture, language, and historical context. Information businesses should steer that selection to provide appropriate and inclusive coverage. This involves not just linguistic challenges but additionally understanding the nuances of every society.
- Political Sensitivities
The Arab world is frequently marked by political tensions, conflicts, and local rivalries. Revealing on these dilemmas requires a delicate balance between showing the facts and respecting the sensitivities of various events involved. Writers should be wary in preventing prejudice and providing purpose analysis.
- Usage of Information
In some Arab countries, use of data can be confined, making it daily arab news for journalists to collect exact news. Censorship, constraints on push freedom, and the threat of reprisals against reporters may hinder the movement of information.
- Language Barriers
Arabic is the primary language in many Arab nations, and language barriers can be a significant problem for international media organizations. Precise translation and meaning are necessary to ensure that news is shown comprehensively and without misinterpretation.
- Moving Alliances and Alliances
The Arab world witnesses frequent shifts in political alliances and local dynamics. Media organizations should hold pace with one of these changes and provide context to help readers realize the implications for regional stability and international relations.
- Social Press and Resident Journalism
The rise of social networking and resident writing has had a profound impact on Arab world news coverage. These programs may both improve access to data and confuse initiatives to examine the reliability of media reports.
Confirming on the Arab world needs a nuanced knowledge of the region’s complexities, along with a responsibility to target, exact, and moral journalism. Despite the challenges, information agencies enjoy an important role in shedding mild on important dilemmas, fostering cross-cultural understanding, and facilitating knowledgeable discussions concerning the Arab world. | <urn:uuid:96695556-4bcc-4dba-ba7a-cbdde4fd1a3f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.schokland.info/2023/10/05/arab-world-today-current-events-and-developments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.899755 | 441 | 2.75 | 3 |
(Poet's title: Die Liebe (Klärchens Lied))
Set by Schubert:
[June 3, 1815]
In schwebender Pein,
Zum Tode betrübt,
Ist die Seele, die liebt.
Full of joy,
Full of suffering,
Being full of thoughts;
In hovering pain;
Exulting up to heaven
Distressed to death;
The only one that is happy
Is the soul that loves.
All translations into English that appear on this website, unless otherwise stated, are by Malcolm Wren. You are free to use them on condition that you acknowledge Malcolm Wren as the translator and schubertsong.uk as the source. Unless otherwise stated, the comments and essays that appear after the texts and translations are by Malcolm Wren and are © Copyright.
Being ‘thoughtful’ (considerate, reflective, contemplative etc.) is not quite the same thing as being ‘full of thoughts’ (worried, anxious, unsettled etc.). Little Klara (Klärchen) appears to be singing about what it is like to be full of thoughts (Gedankenvoll) rather than thoughtful; her ecstasy is bound up with pain and uncertainty. In some ways she is in a similar situation to Gretchen in the Cathedral:
Weh! Weh! Wär´ ich der Gedanken los, Die mir herüber und hinüber gehen Wider mich! Oh! Oh! If only I were free of these thoughts Which keep coming and going, Confusing me! Goethe, Faust Part One, 3794 - 3797
In other ways, though, her situation is not yet as serious. She is in love with an older man (beyond her station and not someone she could marry); part of her knows that things will not turn out well, but unlike Gretchen she has not yet been abandoned or ‘ruined’. There is probably more uncertainty than regret in her recurring thoughts.
The man she is in love with is Count Egmont, Prince of Gavere. At the time of the action of Goethe’s play (1566 – 1568) Egmont would have been in his 40’s (and married). There are suggestions in Goethe’s text that she is already sleeping with him: the man her mother wants her to marry, Brackenburg, says that he has heard that she regularly receives a male visitor at night and when Klärchen’s mother tells her to stop singing this love song she replies that she has often lulled a grown child to sleep with it.
This is the context in which Klärchen sings the song:
Egmont Act III Scene 2 Klärchen's home Mother: I have never seen a love like Brackenburg's; I thought such things only existed in stories about heroes. Klärchen: (goes in and out of the room, humming a song to herself) The only one that is happy Is the soul that loves. Mother: He is suspicious about your relationship with Egmont, but I believe that, if you would just be a bit friendly with him, and if you wanted it, he would still marry you. Klärchen: (sings) Full of joy, Full of suffering, Being full of thoughts; Stretching And worrying In hovering pain; Exulting up to heaven Distressed to death; The only one that is happy Is the soul that loves. Mother: Stop that babyish singing. Klärchen: Don't tell me off, it is a powerful song; I have already lulled a big child to sleep with it quite a few times. Mother: There is nothing in that head of yours but love. It makes you forget about everything else. You ought to show some respect to Brackenburg, I tell you! He could still make you happy. Klärchen: Him? Mother: Oh, yes. A time will come. You children don't look ahead and you pay no attention to what we have experienced. Youth and beautiful love, they all come to an end, and then a time comes when, thank God, you can find somewhere to crawl into. Klärchen: (shudders, is silent and gets up) Mother, let that time come like death. Thinking about it beforehand is terrible! - And if it comes! If we have to - then - let's do what we can! - Egmont, the idea of me having to do without you! - (in tears) No, it isn't possible, not possible. Enter Egmont
Klärchen’s shock at the end of this exchange and her lapse into incoherence as she begins to contemplate a realistic future suggest that although she has been singing of the state of love as making her ‘Gedankenvoll’ (full of thoughts) in fact she has not yet fully thought through the consequences of her actions. There seems to be no room in her teeming mind for this new thought.
Perhaps we should not be so prosaic (or so much like her mother) to ask how it is possible to be ‘full’ of three contradictory things at the same time (joy, suffering and thoughts: Freudvoll / Und leidvoll / Gedankenvoll sein). Perhaps the whole point is that the state of love fills us to overflowing and it is impossible to identify which is the overriding impression at any moment, or to pay attention to new ideas, given the inner torment that is let loose. Just as it is only ‘the soul that is in love’ that can know happiness, only those who do not know love (tedious people like ‘mother’ or ‘Brackenburg’) can question the compatibility of the claims that love both torments and delights us, that it takes us both to hell and to heaven. Does it not take a particular hardness of heart (‘no’, says mother, ‘just a bit of experience’) to point out that the final lines of the poem (‘Glücklich allein / Ist die Seele, die liebt’) seem to contradict all the talk earlier on about the agony of being in love and that these final words do not constitute a coherent summary of the text as a whole?
Original Spelling Die Liebe (Klärchens Lied) Freudvoll Und leidvoll, Gedankenvoll seyn; Langen Und bangen In schwebender Pein; Himmelhoch jauchzend Zum Tode betrübt; Glücklich allein Ist die Seele, die liebt.
Confirmed by Peter Rastl with Egmont. Trauerspiel von Goethe. Leipzig bei Georg Joachim Göschen 1788, page 87, and with Goethe’s Werke, Vollständige Ausgabe letzter Hand, Achter Band, Stuttgart und Tübingen, in der J.G.Cottaschen Buchhandlung, 1827, pages 231-232.
To see an early edition of the text, go to Page 87 [93 von 188] here: http://digital.onb.ac.at/OnbViewer/viewer.faces?doc=ABO_%2BZ259913204 | <urn:uuid:9ca227f5-8321-447c-be20-2da51ca8a928> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.schubertsong.uk/text/die-liebe-freudvoll-und-leidvoll/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.904227 | 1,585 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Posted on August 29, 2023 at 2:45 pm
Spokane County Library District’s seed library locations are:
Check for gardening programs on our online events calendar.
How Do Seed Libraries Work?
You borrow from a selection of vegetable, herb, and flower seeds during the year, plant them in your garden, and watch them grow.
When it’s time to harvest, collect some seeds to bring back to the library for the next round of gardeners to enjoy.
Our seed libraries accept heirloom vegetable seed donations year-round, during open hours.
Be sure to clearly separate and label the seeds you bring in the library for donation. You can get seed envelopes from any of our seed libraries.
Please bring seed donations into the library. Do not place seed donations in our book drop.
To learn how to save seeds from your garden, you can view our how-to videos found on our Seed Saving playlist on YouTube.
Check out materials from our catalog on gardening topics, including raised-bed gardening, container gardening, vermiculture (gardening with worms), and seed saving.
If you are thinking about trying some DIY garden projects, you’ll find helpful digital articles and resources from Hobbies & Crafts Reference Center, found in our Digital Library
Even More About Seed Libraries
What is a Seed Lending Library?
You borrow packets vegetable, herb, and flower seeds from a selection in the seed library at any time during the year, plant them in your garden, and watch them grow.
When it’s time to harvest, let a plant or two go to seed, collect the seeds (learn how), and bring them back to the library for the next round of gardeners to enjoy.
Our seed libraries are absolutely dependent upon donations for viability.
Details for seed donations:
- Keep varieties of seed types separated when returning or donating seeds
- Restock information includes the type of vegetable such as: pepper/sweet bell or pepper/habanero
- Only heirloom seeds have the ability to adapt and produce seeds
- Growing plants from hybrid seeds will not allow you to save seeds
About the seed library
- Is maintained by a volunteer-staff cooperative that donates, collects, and packages seeds
- Helps in collecting local heirloom varieties that might otherwise be lost
- Promotes local agriculture by growing collections of seeds locally adapted to the region
- Partners with local experts like the WSU Home Extension, Master Gardeners, and local heirloom growers
- Develops “how-to” classes from planting seeds, companion planting, and saving seeds to preserving your bounty
Why seed lending?
- The practice of saving seeds has been around for many centuries. Many of the varieties grown by our ancestors are being lost.
- Growing and saving seeds from old varieties helps to preserve genetic diversity and encourages our community to reconnect with traditions of growing tasty, healthy foods.
- Heirloom varieties provide different flavor profiles and interesting physical features, such as colorful carrots.
Tags: classes, events, flowers, food, fruit, gardener, gardening, growing, herbs, seed lending, seed libraries, seed library, urban farming, vegetables | <urn:uuid:db39f0c5-e1b3-42ce-9053-268a6ea0b8ea> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.scld.org/take-and-give-seed-libraries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.911892 | 665 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Humans are constantly producing materials that we need for our everyday lives. For example:
All of the above are produced from raw materials, which are limited in supply and some of which get more scarce every day. We can acquire raw materials through quarrying or mining.
These methods used to acquire resources are harmful to the environment. For example, quarrying destroys animal habitats and produces a large amount of dust.
Converting these raw materials into useful products requires a lot of energy. This energy often comes from limited resources, such as fossil fuels.
We can protect the environment by using fewer natural resources. One way to do this is by recycling and reusing products. This not only saves resources but also cuts down on waste that typically ends up in landfills. Also, using fewer resources means using less energy, which helps to reduce the need for fossil fuels.
It’s important to recycle materials such as:
If we don’t, they will end up taking up space in landfills.
An example of a limited resource is metal, which we can melt down and reshape into different products. However, recycling metals can be challenging as they often need to be separated into different types before they can be recycled. The amount of separation required depends on the desired properties of the final product.
Recycling paper involves breaking it down into smaller pieces and turning it into new sheets of paper. This method is cheaper and requires less energy than producing new paper from trees.
Some common uses for recycled paper include:
Not all plastics can be recycled. However, by recycling the ones that can be recycled, we can decrease our use of fossil fuels in creating new plastics. Recycling plastics also reduces the amount of plastic that ends up in landfills.
An example of plastic recycling is turning plastic bottles into a variety of items, such as packaging or plant pots.
Recycling glass is straightforward as it can be melted down and reshaped into new products. This process requires less energy and is cheaper than producing new glass from raw materials.
Reusing or crushing and melting down glass bottles can be used to make other glass products, like jars.
Sustainable development is about ensuring that we can meet the current needs without making life on our planet more difficult for future generations.
An example of this is using more wind energy. In recent years, wind power has become more competitive and cost-effective compared to electricity generated from coal.
Wind turbines are an effective method of generating energy because they are relatively low-cost and do not require a large amount of land. This means that different types of land can be used alongside wind turbines, such as farming or conservation.
As the cost of wind power continues to decrease, more communities around the world are adopting it as a source of electricity. | <urn:uuid:39879903-a142-4c76-8a90-cc8ecf5dd5db> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.shalom-education.com/courses/ks3-chemistry/lessons/earth-and-the-atmosphere/topic/limited-resources-and-recycling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.948576 | 574 | 4.28125 | 4 |
E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams in both developed and developing countries – albeit at different rates per region. Reusing, recycling and properly disposing of electronic waste is key to a sustainable future, and to ensuring essential raw materials do not run out. However, if e-waste recycling efforts are not tracked and reported in a compliant, systematic manner by certified recycling companies, large amounts of waste may end up being processed without proper monitoring or governance.
Based on previous research reports, the amount of waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) discarded globally is expected to increase significantly in coming years. According to research* carried out for the Bureau of International Recycling (BIR), global e-scrap generation will reach some 53.9 million tonnes by 2025. In 2016, this was at 41.2 million tonnes – an annual growth rate of just over 3 percent. Taking a rising global population into account, per capita e-scrap generation could climb some 20 percent worldwide from 5.6 kg per year in 2016, to 6.7 kg in 2025.
Scrap generation will increase across all regions.
On average, the largest amount of e-scrap per inhabitant was generated in the United States, Canada and Western Europe in 2016. The Asia and Pacific countries, however, with low to moderate generation per inhabitant (3.6 kg), create the largest amount of e-scrap in the world.
Nearly 40 percent of all global e-scrap is generated in this region, which is expected to be producing more used and end-of-life electronic scrap than any other – including North America and Western Europe combined – by 2025. In that year, APAC e-scrap generation per inhabitant is expected to have reached 5 kg, up from 3.6 kg in 2016.
More reporting and regulation is needed.
The United Nations University Global e-waste monitor* also emphasizes the high levels of e-waste generated in Asia, and mentions the fact that China generates the world’s largest amount of e-waste quantity (7.2 Million Metric tonnes, which could grow to 27 Million Metric tonnes by 2030).
A large majority of e-waste worldwide is managed outside official take-back systems, and data regarding its transboundary movement is not being documented. According to the UN report, some 34.1 million metric tonnes of e-waste generated worldwide in 2016 went untraced and unreported.
Globally e-waste volumes are high, but recycling is low.
The UN report claims that e-waste volumes continue to grow, but not enough is being recycled. In 2016, only 20 percent of 44.7 million metric tonnes (Mt) of generated e-waste was recycled through the correct channels.
66 percent of the world’s population is covered by e-waste legislation, but more must be done to stimulate e-waste policies. The report also highlights the lack of reliable e-waste data at the country level, with just 41 countries around the world collecting international statistics on e-waste.
Cheap solutions may not be responsible options.
A large contributor to e-scrap going unreported might result from companies seeking low-cost solutions for electronics disposal. Often inexpensive disposal options cause products to end up incinerated or disposed of in a landfill where in both cases valuable materials are likely not recovered and recycled into new products.
Additionally, these products are at risk of improper depollution which creates concerns for the environment and workers involved.
A third potential risk involves data security. Many electronic products hold company data. Best practices for preventing data breaches involve securely eradicating all stored data. This will also ensure the safety of the company’s reputation.
The risk this situation will grow is real due to the fact the composition of electronics products is changing rapidly. The amount of plastics is already increasing significantly and the number of products with built-in batteries also.
This makes it more costly to process equipment up to industry certifications, which incorporate all required safety and environmental standards.
Reuse: Items should be resold, with the client’s permission
When e-waste products are sold to developing countries as ‘second-hand’ goods, risks can present themselves if suitable processing capabilities do not exist.
In some cases, products are resold without the customer’s permission. If these items contain data or asset tags, this can lead to significant reputational damage for brands and companies.
Often, unauthorized resale results from the customer supplying e-waste, choosing the least expensive solution without knowing exactly what kind of service to expect.
Reusing electronic products, in general, is great and makes a positive contribution to the circular economy. Circular models help avoid depleting finite raw material resources. Companies committed to supporting the circular economy, like Sims Lifecycle Services (SLS), help drive these initiatives by,
- Keeping resources in use for as long as possible,
- Extracting maximum value from those resources while in use, and
- Recovering and regenerating products and materials at the end of their useful life.
It would be helpful for companies and governments to take responsibility for their e-waste and choose a vendor based on credentials, audit-able and demonstrable processes, and commitment to environmentally-responsible recycling, not on price alone.
When selecting an e-waste processor it is best to ensure they will provide you with,
- Guaranteed data destruction, as well as a secure chain of custody,
- Environmentally-friendly reuse and recycling,
- Compliance with corporate mandates and regulatory requirements,
- Fulfillment of corporate sustainability goals,
- An understanding of how employees, subcontractors and vendors are properly vetted.
Any responsible e-waste recycling company should be able to present all certifications and demonstrate how products are processed. This allows customers to demonstrate they have fed products into an official recycling route.
For more information about the reuse and recycling of electronic equipment please visit our website. | <urn:uuid:832ff8ea-bbdb-45cf-991c-3c589fd7a05b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.simslifecycle.com/blog/2019/closing-the-loop-global-trends-in-e-waste/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.93041 | 1,255 | 3.34375 | 3 |
爲什麽孩子學習唱歌進度好像較慢？ Why Kids May Have Slower Learning Progress Sometimes?
你孩子喜歡唱歌嗎？只要找對了歌唱老師，學唱歌不是難事，你也可以成為好像小巨肺譚芷昀一樣成功的表演者！如果你對唱歌有疑問，不如約一堂唱歌班，讓星級導師Steve Tam及其他聲樂導師幫你解決唱歌上的問題吧！歡迎來電查詢: Sing and You +852 21461188 ／ 96981248 (Whatsapp).
If you are a beginner in singing, expect to spend a period of time to figure out how to sing. Don't be easily discouraged - it is time well invested in finding your own voice and vocal style. Mastering vocal techniques is nothing like learning to play the piano; singing requires extra patience and perseverance . Only through long training process can children learn to control their own vocal cords and muscles. Therefore, slower progress at the beginning is common and parents must also support their child on their music journey. Start your singing journey at Sing and You.
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NABR & the Animal Welfare Act
NABR & the Animal Welfare Act. For more general information, see also main SourceWatch article U.S. Department of Agriculture.
In 1985, amendments were introduced to the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) in the U.S. Congress, which had bipartisan support. Primary sponsors were Sen. Robert Dole (R-KS) and Rep. George Brown (D-CA). Amendments required that dogs used for research be given regular exercise and a plan for “psychological well-being” of non-human primates. Also, that every institution establish their own Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to oversee and approve research and ensure compliance with federal law. Frankie Trull, president of the National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR), disputed the idea that dogs who leave their cage for exercise have better lives than those confined to cages their entire lives. According to Ms. Trull:
- “There are no scientific data which say any minimum exercise per day, or per week, is physiologically better. You just sleep better at night because you think if exercise is good for you, it must be good for the dog.”
She elaborated her fear that “research institutions may be reaching the point where research will be sacrificed for economic reasons” due to excessive regulations. These amendments passed. However, NABR pressured the USDA into weakening the law. According to Deborah Blum, author of "The Monkey Wars":
- "When the USDA announced that it would toughen earlier regulations, NABR filed an 118-page legal brief in opposition to the changes. After the agriculture agency backed down, issuing rules far more to the liking of the science community, Trull wrote the agriculture department a congratulatory letter, offering to provide any information needed and adding that “the association looks forward to continued cooperation with you.
NABR searched for ways to weaken the simple provision that dogs be given periodic exercise. On the floor of Congress, Senator Dole expressly stated his wish that dogs be released from their cages and exercised. However, due to loopholes in the text of the AWA, NABR successfully lobbied the USDA to reinterpret the provision. That is, individually caged dogs did not have to be exercised if their cage was twice the regulation size. Also, labs that confined beagles in pairs in double cages did not have to release them for exercise. The claim was that a cage double the length of a beagle plus six inches, was room enough for exercise and the dog could be left in a cage for years at a time; only to be removed for experiments. NABR also lobbied for weak interpretation of “psychological well-being” of primates. Members of Congress had consistently spoken out against cage sizes for laboratory primates (3 ft x 2 ft x 32 in.) . However, nothing changed in the USDA's final regulations except that now vivisectors could avoid even minimum regulations, if their institutional care committee approved. A lawsuit was subsequently filed and District Court Judge Charles Richey ruled in favor of animal protection organizations. The USDA and NABR appealed the ruling. Sadly, the Court of Appeals ruled that the plaintiffs lacked standing and overturned Judge Richey’s decision. The court stated that because the Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF) and the other plaintiffs were not themselves injured, they had no basis to sue, though the merits of their case were not disputed, This is a common in animal litigation.
Senator John Melcher, a veterinarian and the legislator responsible for the amendment requiring psychological well-being of primates, expressed disappointment that so many primates continued to be housed in tiny stainless steel boxes their entire lives, deprived of enrichment and socialization. In 1999, the Alternative Research and Development Foundation filed suit against the USDA to force them to regulate research on rats, mice and birds. The USDA filed a motion to dismiss, which failed. The USDA agreed to revisit their rules regarding rats, mice and birds and begin overseeing their treatment. Incredibly, NABR attempted file a third party motion to vacate the agreement between the USDA and ARDF. The Court of Appeals ruled that NABR had no basis for a lawsuit. The decision meant that the USDA would go forward with plans to cover rats, mice and birds under the AWA. The prospect of having 95% of laboratory animals with the slightest legal protection, put the vivisection industry into an uproar.
- “What are they thinking?” Exclaimed an angry Frankie Trull
The Association for American Medical Colleges also expressed their “disappointment.”
NABR & the Helms amendment
NABR immediately fell into action to find another means of excluding rats, mice and birds from the AWA. First, lobbyists persuaded Congress to put off protecting mice and rats for another year. During this time, an undercover PETA investigation documented horrific abuses to rats and mice and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Undercover footage showed fully conscious rats being crudely beheaded with scissors. Never-the-less, NABR successfully got Senator Jesse Helms (R-NC) to introduce an amendment, defining “animal” to explicitly exclude rats, mice, and birds. The amendment was attached to a massive farm subsidy bill without any debate. This was a political trick which forced any opposition to vote against a popular farm subsidy amendment. Senator Helms managed to have the bill become law without a vote in the House because Congress decided the amendment was too insubstantial to justify it. See also U.S. animal rights legislation.
USDA-APHIS AWA reports & facility information
The USDA Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service/Animal Care (USDA/APHIS/AC) is responsible for inspections, reporting and enforcing the Animal Welfare Act (AWA). The AWA is the only federal law that regulates animals bred and sold by dealers, animals in entertainment, zoo animals and laboratory animals.
Breeders, dealers, exhibitors, handlers & laboratories
As of May 26, 2009, the USDA began posting all inspection reports for animal breeders, dealers, exhibitors, handlers, research facilities and animal carriers by state. See also USDA Animal Welfare Inspection Reports.
Articles & sources
- Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act
- Animal testing
- Frankie Trull
- Humane Movement
- Foundation for Biomedical Research
- National Association for Biomedical Research
- Policy Directions Inc.
- Puppy Mills
- U.S. Global Exotics
- U.S. Government's War on Animals
- War on Animals
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Jim Drinkard AP Newsfeatures, Associated Press, April 6, 1986
- Laboratory Primate Newsletter, Volume 25 No. 3, JULY 1986
- Deborah Blum The Monkey Wars, December, 1995, p. 147, ISBN-13: 978-0195101096
- Janice C. Swanson, Ph.D.Exercise for Dogs, U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library, January 1979 - October 1991
- Animal Legal Defense Fund v. Espy, 29 F.3d 720 (1994)]
- Sen. John Melcher The Mental Health of Primates; We’re Still Needlessly Cruel to Research Animals in Our Labs, The Washington Post, September 1991
- Alternative Research and Development Foundation v. Veneman, 262 F.3d 406. DC Cir (2001).
- Washington Post, October 3, 2000
- Rick Weiss Lab animal abuses caught on PETA tape: Group circulates spy video to Congress, Washington Post, April 2002
- Jeremy Beckham Vivisectors and Robber Barons, PrimateLabs.com, accessed October 2009
- Animal Welfare Act and Regulations, USDA, May 2009 | <urn:uuid:8da4dfa3-583d-4fef-86d3-5618c9d52c1f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=NABR_%26_the_Animal_Welfare_Act | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.94429 | 1,623 | 3.015625 | 3 |
it's writing without the constraints that come with other kinds of writing like persuasive or expository.
As its name implies, creative writing is a type of writing that transcends the conventional boundaries of formal, academic, professional, or technical writing.
Instead, it includes a variety of diverse genres and writing techniques from both the fiction and non-fiction writing professions, including storytelling, playwriting, poetry, prose, journalism, and more.
In general, any form of writing that is original and self-expressive can be termed creative writing, despite the definition's sometimes hazy nature. It is often distinguished by a concentration on narrative craft, which emphasises components like character development, narrative, and storyline while also infusing its framework with creativity, originality, and tale.
Creative writing comes in many forms, encompassing a number of genres and styles. There are lots of different types of creative writing, which can be categorised as fiction or non-fiction. Some of the most popular being:
It's crucial to remember that there is no set definition of what it means to write a "good" work of creative nonfiction. Creative writing is an inventive process that is developed by the individual with all of their idiosyncrasies and peculiarities, as the term indicates.
There will never be a general description to define the "ideal" work of creative writing because it doesn't fit into any certain genre. Consider a Gothic short tale and then contrast its elements with those of a famous Romantic poetry; the two are so drastically different that comparing them would not be unfair. | <urn:uuid:44deb997-4ef4-46a8-9f3f-9f643839a95c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.speako.club/english-writing-skills/what-is-creative-writing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.956858 | 321 | 3.46875 | 3 |
St Francis Xavier
Francis Xavier was born in Spain on 7th April 1506 into a wealthy farming family. Little is known of his early life but we know he was brought up surrounded by war and his Father died when he was nine years old. Francis left Spain to go to university in Paris in 1525. He was ambitious and regarded as a fine Athlete, particularly at high jump. Francis shared a flat with Ignatius of Loyola. Ignatius was a very religious man who tried to convert Francis but Francis regarded him as a joke and was very sarcastic towards him. Ignatius finally broke down Francis’ resistance and converted him to Christianity. Following this Francis, Ignatius and three others founded a group called ‘the Society of Jesus’ (now the Jesuits) and they took the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
Francis graduated with a Master’s degree in Arts and remained at the university until 1534 teaching Philosophy. Francis hoped to go to the Holy Land to convert people to Christianity, but this didn’t happen because after he was ordained in 1537 the Pope sent him to Africa as one of the very first Jesuit missionaries.
Francis worked, preached and helped the sick in Mozambique before moving to Asia, taking the long journey by boat to Goa in India. In Goa Francis lived amongst the natives and adopted their customs for 10 years. During that time he converted tens of thousands of people to Christianity, and he built nearly 40 churches. Despite not speaking any foreign languages, Francis worked in Malacca, New Guinea, Borneo, the Philippines and Japan before dying en route to China in 1552 where he was planning to continue his missionary work. Francis endured great hardship during his time as a missionary through lack of funds and lack of co-operation from officials in Europe, however, he never gave up. His legacy was the real zeal, energy and enthusiasm he showed to tens of thousands of people who remained Christians for centuries. Francis was canonised by Pope Gregory XV in 1622 and is regarded as one of the greatest missionaries since St Paul. His feast day is 3 December.
When deciding our name, we wanted something that was different, memorable but that also had meaning. Francis Xavier was a teacher and as a missionary he gave much of his time to teaching children, realising that they are the future. He also tended the sick and those less fortunate. Despite encountering difficulties and resistance he never gave up.
As Teachers, Governors, Directors and Support Staff in the Xavier Catholic Education Trust we devote ourselves to serving the children and spreading the good news of the Gospel and like St Francis, we too will never give up in our mission. | <urn:uuid:f12ecb58-7a69-4064-82aa-932ffe0b6bb4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.stedmundsschool.co.uk/page/?title=St+Francis+Xavier&pid=159 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.988298 | 555 | 2.75 | 3 |
One cause for concern many drivers have during winter is seeing their vehicles have a high RPM when starting the car. This can be troubling to see simply because it is out of the ordinary. Fortunately, there is a simple answer for why this phenomenon occurs.
Why Does It Happen?
High RPMs in the cold is a result of combustion taking place in the engine. Your car is able to start because gasoline and air are coming together to form a spark. This spark is only possible if fuel and air are combined with the right timing and proper ratio. Gasoline vaporizes much more easily in warmer temperatures to get that spark.
In colder temperatures, fuel is more likely to get bogged down and thicken. Therefore, the vehicle overcompensates for this by producing a higher RPM initially to move gasoline more quickly. As soon as the vehicle turns on, the RPM goes back to normal, but that initial bump in RPM speed can take some drivers by surprise.
Is It Normal?
You have absolutely no reason to fear if your vehicle produces a higher RPM in cold weather. This is a perfectly normal occurrence. It is simply something your car needs to do so that it can start properly. You should not be concerned if your car jumps up to 1500 RPM and then shortly afterward goes back down to a normal 800 RPM.
When Should You See a Professional?
If your car starts at a high RPM and then goes down when you are actually driving, you have no reason to worry. However, if your car starts high and remains that way throughout the remainder of your commute, then that is cause for concern. This could be an indicator that you have a vacuum leak inside your vehicle, which needs to be addressed, as it could lead to internal damage within the engine. Other culprits for why this occurs include:
- Broken vacuum hose
- Broken vacuum booster
- Broken EGR valve
Ultimately, there is no reason to freak out when you see your car with a high RPM as soon as you start your vehicle in cold weather. It will likely decrease within a few minutes. However, if you are truly concerned for the well-being of your vehicle, then you can take it to a service center to get it checked by a professional. A qualified technician will let you know if there are any underlying issues that should be addressed. | <urn:uuid:51ab9fd6-d348-4c66-a508-2e67c3ad0cda> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sunautoservice.com/about-us/shop-talk/why-do-cars-idle-at-a-high-rpm-when-its-cold/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.962365 | 475 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Walk through the Old Goucher neighborhood in North Baltimore, and husbands Kelly Cross and Mateusz Rozanski will tell you how several of the tree-lined streets weren’t always filled with such greenery. The couple planted hundreds of trees and took out over 100 tons of concrete in the neighborhood over the past decade.
At first, they simply wanted to beautify the neighborhood, but soon realized that those projects were bringing other positive changes. Even if they didn’t have the official data to prove cause and effect, they know it feels cooler, and trees and other plants thrived where they removed concrete and improved access to water.
“One thing we found is just by virtually doing this stuff it changed the character of how people coming to the neighborhood treated the neighborhood,” Cross said.
Little did they know, their tree planting would become part of a bigger climate research effort.
Through a $25 million federally funded project called the Baltimore Social-Environmental Collaborative led by Johns Hopkins researchers, residents and government agencies are hoping to use projects like the couple’s to conduct meaningful urban climate science.
The project will focus first on extreme heat, outdoor and indoor air pollution, urban flooding and city decarbonization. The collaborative wants to build a measurement and modeling system to support and enhance environmental research in the Baltimore region, said Ben Zaitchik, the lead researcher and a Johns Hopkins University professor in the department of earth and planetary sciences.
The data is needed to evaluate existing inequities and ways to improve environmental conditions and climate resilience in marginalized neighborhoods of Baltimore, Zaitchik said. Data can also further support why investment needs to go toward improving environmental conditions, he added.
“We really want to have a system where we’re building these climate-resilient strategies together,” Zaitchik said.
The project is part of a U.S. Department of Energy effort to promote research on the impact of climate change on urban communities and address science challenges through climate and energy solutions. Baltimore is one of four sites the department is funding.
“The selected projects will advance our scientific understanding of urban systems and harness that understanding to inform equitable climate and energy solutions, strengthening community scale resilience in urban landscapes, and addressing climate change impacts on underrepresented and disadvantaged communities,” said Sally McFarlane, a program manager in the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science’s biological and environmental research program.
Several laboratories, colleges and universities are contributing to Baltimore’s project, including the University of Maryland, Baltimore County and Morgan State University. Zaitchik said they’re also also collaborating with the Office of Sustainability and the Department of Public Works.
James Hunter, an associate professor in Morgan State University’s department of civil and environmental engineering, said he feels colleges and universities could work better together and the project is an opportunity for institutions with strengths in different areas to do so. He also said there aren’t a lot of African American professionals in the environmental field, and the project could attract students.
As part of the project’s first year, weather stations have been placed in Roland Park, Abell, Westgate and other neighborhoods. Cross and Rozanski have a weather station in their garden that looks like a small toy panel on a tripod. The weather stations measure wind, radiation, humidity, precipitation, surface pressure and temperature. The data goes to a public website supported by the manufacturer. Also in place are iButtons, which help monitor heat conditions, placed in trees along streets or parks.
Zaitchik said the collaborative wants to continue involving other neighborhoods.
Broadway East is also a project collaborator. Separate from the project, Old Goucher, Broadway East, Clifton Park, Darley Park and other neighborhoods along the North Avenue corridor are part of a community group called the Baltimore Climate Resilience Coalition. The coalition aims to create walkable communities tailored to each neighborhood.
Ballington Kinlock, a resident of Broadway East and a health equity activist, said it was important for him to join the project’s steering committee to make sure his community “isn’t left out of the equation when it comes to climate change preparation and resilience.”
Some Baltimore residents said extreme heat is a problem in the city, especially during the summer. Urban heat islands — areas that have hotter temperatures because of how land is used and the number of people living in a place — are something the research will explore.
“The amount of the wrong hardscape just basically fuels the heat island even more,” Rozanski said as he pointed to a dying tree next to an asphalt parking lot in Old Goucher.
Nearly 86,000 people in Baltimore live in neighborhoods 10 degrees hotter than other areas, according to a report released by Climate Central, a nonprofit that studies the impacts of climate change. Baltimore was also one of only 12 cities where a percentage of the population lives in an area with an urban heat island temperature increase of over 12 degrees, said Jen Brady, a senior analyst with the organization.
Permeable surfaces, rooftop gardens and urban tree canopies are several commonly mentioned ways to help counteract urban heat islands. Tree canopies, though, aren’t equally dispersed. In areas like Old Town, Pigtown, Broadway East and Franklin Square, tree coverage is up to 60% less than in wealthier areas like Roland Park, Federal Hill and Canton, according to an American Forest database.
Zaitchik said the collaborative will also place instruments more advanced than the weather stations to measure energy and carbon fluxes in Broadway East and parts of West Baltimore. They’ll have to provide annual reviews of their work and ultimately deliver scientific results, but he said their success will have a deeper meaning.
“We’re building the climate science we need for an equitable and just future,” Zaitchik said. | <urn:uuid:5ac3ccf9-e5bf-401f-aecc-e3cd0c273c0a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/baltimore/north-baltimore/johns-hopkins-climate-change-old-goucher-heat-islands-WEYO5KCRKNEWNJNC6BAZESTJFQ/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.952967 | 1,222 | 3.125 | 3 |
Fasting, an ancient practice deeply rooted in Hinduism, transcends mere abstinence from food. It is a powerful tool that allows believers to engage in self-discipline, introspection, and spiritual growth. This practice holds profound significance, fostering a deeper connection between the physical, mental, and spiritual realms.
Fasting involves refraining from consuming food or certain types of food for a specific period. This physical discipline serves as a means to detach from material desires and worldly cravings. By directing the energy usually devoted to eating towards spiritual endeavors, individuals can experience heightened focus and awareness.
Fasting purifies the body by giving the digestive system a break, allowing it to detoxify and rejuvenate. The same principle applies to the mind: abstaining from external distractions and focusing inward aids in clearing mental clutter, promoting clarity, and creating space for profound spiritual experiences.
Hinduism recognizes the cyclical nature of time and the importance of aligning human actions with the rhythms of the universe. Fasting during auspicious days, such as Ekadashi or religious festivals, is believed to intensify the spiritual energy of those moments, aiding practitioners in their spiritual endeavors.
Fasting enhances meditation by minimizing physical distractions. The heightened state of awareness resulting from fasting can lead to deeper meditation experiences, providing insights into one's true nature and fostering self-realization.
Fasting promotes self-control, breaking the chains of attachment to sensory pleasures. The ego often thrives on indulgence; fasting challenges this egoic attachment, facilitating a sense of humility and self-transcendence.
Fasting is viewed as an offering and sacrifice to the divine. By voluntarily giving up food, devotees symbolize their devotion and surrender to higher spiritual truths, acknowledging the impermanence of physical needs in the face of spiritual pursuits.
Experiencing physical hunger can cultivate empathy for those who face food insecurity regularly. Fasting awakens a sense of compassion, encouraging individuals to help the less fortunate and engage in acts of charity.
The ultimate goal of fasting is not just abstaining from food but transforming the inner self. Fasting challenges beliefs, habits, and attachments, leading to a heightened awareness of one's motivations and actions.
Fasting in Hinduism is more than a ritual; it's a pathway to spiritual elevation and self-discovery. Through self-discipline, self-purification, and focused devotion, fasting becomes a catalyst for profound spiritual growth. By aligning physical abstinence with the pursuit of inner enlightenment, practitioners embark on a journey that nurtures the body, mind, and soul, ultimately bringing them closer to their spiritual essence.
Fasting is a practice in Hinduism that promotes spiritual growth through self-discipline, detachment from desires, and focused introspection. It detoxifies the body and mind, aligns practitioners with cosmic rhythms, and facilitates self-realization through enhanced meditation experiences.
Self-discipline is central to fasting in Hinduism. By refraining from food, individuals exercise control over physical desires, redirecting their energy towards spiritual pursuits, which strengthens willpower and promotes a sense of inner mastery.
Fasting involves abstaining from physical nourishment, serving as a tangible reminder of the impermanence of material pleasures. This detachment from sensory indulgence allows practitioners to focus on inner well-being and spiritual elevation.
Fasting minimizes distractions and physical sensations, facilitating deeper meditation experiences. The heightened state of awareness can lead to self-realization, insights into one's true nature, and a stronger connection with the inner self.
Hinduism emphasizes the importance of aligning human actions with the rhythms of the universe. Fasting during specific auspicious days, such as Ekadashi, is believed to intensify spiritual energy, aiding in profound spiritual experiences.
Fasting is viewed as an offering and sacrifice to the divine. By voluntarily giving up sustenance, devotees express their devotion and surrender to higher spiritual truths, symbolizing humility and commitment.
Yes, fasting can cultivate compassion. The experience of hunger can evoke empathy for those who regularly face food insecurity, prompting acts of kindness and charitable deeds.
The ultimate goal of fasting is to nurture the body, mind, and soul. By aligning physical abstinence with spiritual pursuits, practitioners deepen their connection with the divine, fostering holistic well-being and spiritual growth. | <urn:uuid:8e9cacb8-1a1e-46ab-8580-feee62d2eca1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.thedivineindia.com/the-spiritual-significance-of-fasting-in-hinduism-nurturing-the-soul/7274 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.915038 | 880 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Education is a cornerstone of human development, playing a pivotal role in shaping individuals, societies, and the world at large. It is through education that knowledge is imparted, skills are nurtured, and critical thinking is cultivated. In this article, we explore the multifaceted realm of education, examining its historical significance, evolving methodologies, and the transformative power it holds.
The Historical Journey:
Education has been an integral part of human civilization since ancient times. Early societies developed systems of passing down knowledge and skills through oral traditions and apprenticeships. Formal education systems emerged with the advent of ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China, where educational institutions and hierarchies of learning were established. Over time, educational philosophies evolved, encompassing the teachings of great thinkers such as Socrates, Confucius, and Ibn Sine.
Traditional Education Methods:
Throughout history, education predominantly relied on traditional methods, with classrooms, textbooks, and face-to-face interactions forming the foundation. Teachers played a central role in imparting knowledge, while students absorbed information through lectures, discussions, and written assignments. The exchange of ideas and the cultivation of social skills were fostered in educational institutions, enabling personal growth and intellectual development.
The Digital Revolution and Education:
The digital revolution has brought about a paradigm shift in education, transforming the way knowledge is accessed, disseminated, and assimilated. The integration of technology in classrooms has opened up new possibilities, enhancing engagement, personalization, and accessibility. Online learning platforms, virtual classrooms, and educational apps provide flexible learning opportunities, allowing students to learn at their own pace and from anywhere in the world.
The Importance of Holistic Education:
Beyond academic knowledge, education is increasingly recognized as a holistic process that encompasses the intellectual, emotional, social, and physical aspects of an individual. Holistic education emphasizes the development of critical thinking, creativity, problem-solving skills, and emotional intelligence. It promotes a well-rounded education that prepares students for the complexities of the modern world, fostering lifelong learning and adaptability.
Education for a Changing World:
In today’s rapidly evolving world, education faces the challenge of preparing students for a future characterized by uncertainty and constant change. The skills required for success in the 21st century, such as collaboration, adaptability, digital literacy, and cultural competency, must be integrated into educational frameworks. Additionally, education needs to address global challenges, including sustainability, social justice, and ethical considerations, empowering students to become responsible global citizens.
Education is no longer confined to formal institutions or a specific phase of life. Lifelong learning has gained prominence as a means of continuous personal and professional development. With the advent of online courses, webinars, and professional certifications, individuals have the opportunity to acquire new skills and knowledge throughout their lives, enabling career advancement and personal enrichment.
Challenges and Opportunities:
Education faces various challenges, including unequal access, inadequate resources, and outdated curricula. Addressing these issues requires concerted efforts from governments, educators, and society as a whole. However, these challenges also present opportunities for innovation and transformation. Embracing new pedagogical approaches, leveraging technology, and fostering inclusivity can pave the way for a more equitable and effective education system.
Education serves as a catalyst for personal growth, social progress, and economic development. It empowers individuals to explore their potential, contribute meaningfully to society, and adapt to an ever-changing world. By embracing innovation, inclusivity, and lifelong learning, we can harness the transformative power of education to shape a brighter future for generations to come. | <urn:uuid:834dffcf-df57-4560-8466-c48700cb8d7a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tipsdegree.com/education-empowering-minds-shaping-futures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.935876 | 738 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Did you know there are over 1300 different ethnic groups living indigenously in Indonesia? These various people groups speak a whopping 700+ languages across the Indonesian islands, making the country one of the most linguistically diverse on the planet. Thus, while the majority of Indonesians do speak Indonesian, the national language, for most of them, it’s not their first language. That honor goes to one of the hundreds of regional indigenous languages in the country.
Take Manggarai, for example. This is one of the biggest indigenous languages of Indonesia, spoken by more than 730,000 people as of 2009. Manggarai speakers use one of several dialects, and most also learn Indonesian to communicate with non-Manggarai speakers. With most Manggarai speakers bilingual in Indonesian, Manggarai’s future survival is coming under increasing threat, as some speakers could opt to forgo Manggarai entirely in favor of Indonesian. But Manggarai is a precious cultural treasure that we at TranslationServices.com believe should be preserved for generations to come. That’s why we’ve sought out top Manggarai translators and put together our very own team.
Let us provide a quote for our Manggarai translation services for free—just message us to ask for one.
Diving into the details of Manggarai
Manggarai’s 730,000-odd speakers come from East Nusa Tenggara, the southernmost province in Indonesia. Specifically, they live on the western portion of Flores Island, in Manggarai Regency, East Manggarai Regency, and West Manggarai Regency. As it’s written in the Latin alphabet, it’s easy for English speakers to read, as well as speakers of most other Indonesian languages, which are broadly written in the Latin script. Manggarai’s language family—the Malayo–Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family—is another similarity it shares with the majority of languages in Indonesia.
Manggarai features a default subject-verb-object word order, the same as English, although subject pronouns can be omitted when obvious from context. In questions, word order shifts to a verb-initial construction. Unlike English but like French, Manggarai speakers position adjectives after the noun they modify. Manggarai features limited inflection but not none—in particular, nouns can be marked with personal possessive inflection, and verbs and even adjectives can be marked for person. Verbs do not undergo inflection for tense, which can often be inferred through context without any explicit grammatical markers.
Manggarai’s limited inflection may make it sound easy, but the lack of grammatical markers can conversely lead to confusion. But don’t worry—our Manggarai translators can handle it with ease.
Choose between translation into Manggarai and translation from Manggarai.
We’ve built our team with quality and flexibility in mind. With a diverse range of translators specializing in different areas of Manggarai translation, we ensure we can cover a wide array of client needs, including both translation into Manggarai and translation from Manggarai. Our team can handle documents from way back, translating historical Manggarai texts into clear English, and we can expertly transform Manggarai stories into natural English. Our translators are also capable of translation research surveys into Manggarai, as well as educational material and everything from books and poems to websites and games. With the goal of preserving their precious Manggarai language, our translators always work hard to deliver quality and accuracy.
Let us know the details of your Manggarai translation project so we can get started on it today. | <urn:uuid:71a39979-c345-45ea-a00b-e0b81eeba5f7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.translationservices.com/post/introducing-our-manggarai-translation-team | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.908671 | 780 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Ka-25Ts Hormone-B search and rescue (SAR) Soviet Naval Helicopter - the "Ka-25" -- first observed in public at the Paris Air Show in 1967. It is actually somewhat unclear if there ever really was a "Ka-20"; certainly there was a prototype that got the name "Harp", but some sources hint the Ka-20 designation was a Soviet cover or a Western fiction. The "Ka-25PS" AKA NATO "Hormone-C", a utility transport / search and rescue (SAR) variant. It was similar to the Ka-25PL (Anti-Submarine). Hormone-B (Ka-25TS) - special electronics version, providing over-the-horizon target acquisition for ship-launched cruise missiles including SS-N-3B from "Kresta I" cruisers, SS-N-12 from "Kiev" and "Slava" class cruisers, SS-N-19 from battle cruisers Kirov and Frunze, and SS-N-22 from "Sovremenny" class destroyers. "Kiev" and "Kirov" class ships each carry three "Hormone-Bs", other classes one; larger undernose radome (NATO "Big Bulge") than Ka-25BSh, with spherical undersurface; cylindrical radome under rear cabin for datalink; when radar operates, all landing gear wheels can retract upward to minimise interference to emissions. | <urn:uuid:5032c42f-667e-4019-8f17-d15966f7a6cf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.traudlsmodellbau.com/ace-kamov-ka-25ts-hormone-b-cruise-missile-targeti.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.891974 | 317 | 2.671875 | 3 |
As a small business owner, it is always important that you track all your expenses, but it’s also important that you track your direct expenses and indirect expenses separately.
Tracking your direct and indirect expenses separately will allow you to follow your budget more closely. It will also help you price your products or services more accurately.
What are the direct expenses and indirect expenses?
Direct Expenses are the expenses which a business incurred or will incur to manufacture a product or provision of service. On the other hand, Indirect Expenses are incurred in running the day-to-day business operations of a company.
Examples Of Direct And Indirect Expenses
Examples of direct expenses are; direct labour (wages), cost of raw material, power, rent of factory, etc. Examples of indirect expenses are; printing cost, utility bills, legal & consultancy, postage, bad-debts, etc.
You can deduct business expenses from your taxes, so tracking your direct and indirect expenses separately will help you take advantage of those deductions, which will lower your tax burden.
Difference Between Direct Expenses And Indirect Expenses
1. Direct Expenses
Direct expenses can be traced to a specific product, service, customer, or project. These expenses are typically easy to assign because you can trace them back to a specific project, product, or even department. They are often used to determine the price of your products or services. Direct expenses are generally (but not always) variable costs.
Examples Of Direct Expenses
- direct labor – i.e. the cost of paying employees to produce your products;
- direct materials, including raw materials;
- commissions; and
- manufacturing supplies.
2. Indirect Expenses
Indirect expenses are trickier to assign to individual departments or projects because they cannot be directly traced back to a specific product, service, customer, or project. They’re part of your company’s overhead expenses and are the cost of maintaining your business, so they’ll exist even if you’re not manufacturing a product or performing a service.
Although indirect expenses cannot be traced back to a specific service or product, it’s still important to acknowledge indirect expenses when you’re pricing your products and services. Indirect expenses are generally (but not always) fixed costs.
Examples Of Indirect Expenses
- salaries of workers
- insurance premium
- depreciation of equipment
- equipment maintenance
- facility rent and utilities
- office supplies
- advertising and marketing. | <urn:uuid:15064dde-a7a5-4d26-af3b-3a1b179bd0f4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.trendingaccounting.com/2019/11/what-is-difference-between-direct-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.939568 | 522 | 3.265625 | 3 |
13 May 2021
Safeguarding the health of refugee and migrant children during COVID-19
"When COVID arrived here, I thought: ‘It's over, it will spread throughout the building’. I didn't think it was possible to avoid the spread of the outbreak. Instead, we have had very few cases and we owe this, above all, to the support we received from INTERSOS and UNICEF." Josehaly (Josy), a refugee living in Rome A field worker from Intersos fastens a mask for a young refugee girl in Rome. A field worker from Intersos fastens a mask for a young refugee girl in Rome. The ‘RM Child-Health’ initiative is funding work across five European countries to keep refugee and migrant children connected to health services. While the COVID-19 pandemic was not foreseen when the initiative was first launched, the strategic principles underpinning the ‘RM Child-Health’ initiative – flexibility, responsiveness to real needs, and building on what works – meant that UNICEF and partners could swing into action to safeguard the health and wellbeing of refugee and migrant children and overcome intensified and unprecedented challenges. Since the launch of the 27-month ‘RM Child-Health’ initiative in January 2020, activities were adapted quickly to address access to health services during the COVID-19 crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy and Serbia. This €4.3 million initiative, co-funded by the European Union Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, has shown refugee and migrant children and families how to protect themselves and others, and that they have every right to health care – even in a pandemic. The rapid escalation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe in 2020 exacerbated the already worrying state of health and wellbeing of the region’s most vulnerable people, including refugee and migrant children, and has had a protracted impact on their access to health and other vital services. The situation has been particularly dire for refugees and migrants who are not in formal reception sites, and who are, therefore, harder to reach and monitor. Refugee and migrant families living in over-crowded conditions with limited access to sanitation are at high risk of infection. These communities have often had to face a ‘double lockdown’, confined to their settlements and camps and having little or no access to accurate information on protecting themselves and others. The additional pressures have been severe. UNICEF and its partners in Bulgaria have seen appeals for support double from 30 to 60 cases per day. Far more refugees and asylum-seekers have been in urgent need of financial and material support, having lost their incomes because of the pandemic. There have been increased requests for support to meet the cost of medical care for children, which is not covered by the state budget, and more requests for psychosocial support. This increase in demand has, of course, coincided with serious challenges for service delivery. Restrictions on movement have curtailed in-person services, and partners have had to adapt the way in which they connect with refugees and migrants. The pandemic has had a direct impact on the provision of group sessions to share health-related information, as well as on the timely identification of children and women suffering from or at risk of health-related issues. The impact on vital services for timely and quality maternal and child health care, psychosocial support, recreational and non-formal services, and on services to prevent and respond to gender-based violence (GBV) has been profound. In Bulgaria, UNICEF and its partners were able to take immediate measures with support from the ‘RM Child-Health’ initiative to alleviate the impact, including online awareness raising and information sessions and the use of different channels for communication, including social media. UNICEF’s partners, the Council of Refugee Women in Bulgaria (CRWB) and the Mission Wings Foundation (MWF) adapted service delivery to allow both face-to-face interaction (while maintaining social distancing for safety) as well as assistance online and by telephone. Partners were able to continue to provide direct social services support while also delivering online consultations to refugees and migrants on cases of violence, as well as referral to specialized services. In Greece, the initiative supported the development of child-friendly information posters and stickers for refugee and migrant children and their families on critical preventive measures and on what to do and where to go if they experience any COVID-19 symptoms. In Italy, the initiative has supported outreach teams and community mobilization, providing refugee and migrant families with the information and resources they need to keep the pandemic at bay. In Rome, for example, health promoters from Intersos continued to work directly with refugee and migrant communities in informal settlements, not only to prevent infection but also to keep their spirits high, as one health promoter explained: "We have organized housing modules that are not only designed to keep the community safe, but also to stop loneliness overwhelming the people forced into isolation. The entire community has assisted people affected by the virus by cooking, washing clothes and offering all possible support, particularly to the children." UNICEF and its partners in Italy, as in other countries, have aimed to maintain continuity and unimpeded access to key services. Child protection, for example, has been mainstreamed into all project activities, and additional measures have been introduced, with a ramping up of activities to raise awareness and share information. UNICEF partners adapted quickly to the pandemic, with Médecins du Monde (MdM) activating a hotline number to provide remote counselling and psychological first aid (PFA). Centro Penc shifted to remote case management and individual psychological support, strengthening the capacity of cultural mediators to support GBV survivors, with UNICEF’s support. Young people were consulted and engaged through UNICEF’s online platform U-Report on the Move, with young U-reporters sharing information on the increased risks of GBV, as well as on available services. In Serbia, the initiative has supported UNICEF’s efforts to improve the immunization process for refugee children and migrants by strengthening the assessment and monitoring process. As a result of such efforts, refugees and migrants have been included in the national COVID-19 Immunization Plan. | <urn:uuid:afe46ad6-9db5-4156-adcc-2c1e24006ecc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.unicef.org/eca/search?force=0&query=immunization&f%5B0%5D=geographical_term%3A504d1e58-cf69-4e1e-93c6-cdc38f11b97e&f%5B1%5D=global_terms%3A9653fce4-9bbe-4d1f-ad35-ccc2fadcdd77&f%5B2%5D=global_terms%3Aa7405b89-0e30-4029-b1bc-4ee5fc07968f&f%5B3%5D=global_terms%3Ada649698-5109-40ea-8f3a-ea2d20162d53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.967433 | 1,296 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Hand washing is key to preventing spread of germs
Javaid is a hospital epidemiologist and Upstate University Hospital‘s director of infection control. With this year‘s flu season already under way, he reminds us that keeping hands clean helps prevent illness and infection from spreading. That‘s true in the hospital as well as in our homes, schools and workplaces.
At Upstate, Javaid compiles a monthly report to administrators about hand hygiene among staff, which is monitored by a mystery staff person who observes a variety of staff throughout the hospital. This person is trained to track not just whether people wash their hands, but whether they wash them adequately.
In addition, the hospital‘s annual training requirements include hand hygiene. Caregivers must wash hands prior to any patient contact, regardless of whether they put on gloves, Javaid says.
Hospital visitors, too, are encouraged to wash their hands. This helps protect their loved one – but it also goes a long way toward keeping visitors healthy. | <urn:uuid:6002a7b4-73f1-4670-9d54-9a2a4b3699e3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.upstate.edu/whatsup/2012/1210-hand-washing-is-key-to-preventing-spread-of-germs.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.960023 | 210 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Presented by John Fletcher, Camp Director
Nike Soccer Camp at Eckerd College
Soccer Tips: Heading the Ball
Soccer is a game with the ball at your feet. However, there are other body parts like your head that can make an impact as well. Anyone can head a ball just like anyone can kick a ball but doing it with the right technique makes a huge difference. Here are three tips presented by Nike Soccer Camps when heading the ball.
- Keep your eyes on the ball. When heading the ball, you should see the ball all the way from when it hits your head and into the direction you are aiming. Most players close their eyes at the last minute and they miss the ball, or it goes the wrong direction.
- Lean Back. Whether you are standing or jumping leaning back gives you the ability to get power on the ball.
- Follow through with your forehead. This is the toughest part of your head and can create the most power and speed on the ball. This goes for when you are standing or jumping.
Heading the ball well is something not a lot of players excel at. Being fearless is key when heading the ball. Learning how to correctly head the ball makes you become dangerous both offensively and defensively. Using these tips will give you an advantage over others. | <urn:uuid:392ba8db-99b9-4ffe-ac0f-430cb80a1257> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ussportscamps.com/tips/soccer/soccer-tips-heading-the-ball | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.949498 | 269 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Source: Earth’s Future
As the planet warms, climate tipping points, such as the melting of ice sheets or loss of the Amazon rainforest, become increasingly likely.
A net zero approach proposes reducing greenhouse gas emissions where possible and removing or offsetting those that are released. But such a large-scale greenhouse gas removal may be infeasible for a mix of technical, political, economic, environmental, and social reasons. Alternatively, a combination of lowered emissions and natural carbon sinks may allow atmospheric greenhouse gas levels to remain constant.
A new study by Abrams et al. examines committed global warming, or warming that continues after greenhouse gas emissions are held constant until a new thermal balance is achieved. It’s a bit like how turning a running faucet from hot to cold doesn’t immediately change the temperature of the water, because there is still hot water in the pipeline. The authors present three scenarios for how the global mean temperature could rise and trigger tipping point events. One represents an increased use of fossil fuels, another represents rapidly reaching net zero emissions, and a third closely matches the current trajectory.
In 2015, the Paris Agreement established a goal to limit global warming to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels by the end of the century. According to the researchers’ modeling, if atmospheric radiative forcing is kept constant at present levels, there is an 83% chance of exceeding 1.5°C and a 55% chance of exceeding 2.0°C during the temporary committed warming phase. In the scenario that best matches the current trajectory, the findings also estimate that six tipping points will be crossed by 2100. Without a net zero plan in place, the results demonstrate that temperatures may climb by about 2.7°C by 2100. The authors suggest a swift adoption of net zero policies and emission cuts to avoid these catastrophic scenarios, which would wreak havoc on Earth’s residents and ecosystems. (Earth’s Future, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF003250, 2023)
—Rebecca Owen (@beccapox), Science Writer | <urn:uuid:b32d4e8d-e521-4114-91cf-c9566c20dd42> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.vectorsjournal.org/climate-tipping-points-could-be-triggered-by-committed-warming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.902152 | 434 | 4.125 | 4 |
Scientists often look to fellow experts, other professions and published work for inspiration, or more simply, stand on the shoulders of giants. This is exactly what the oral health team at WALTHAM did to improve methods to measure dental plaque in pets. In human dental research, a painless technique that involves shining light on teeth and taking specialised digital photos is commonly used. But no one had tried this on cats and dogs before.
Over 80% of dogs and most cats suffer from gum disease, also known as periodontal disease. Whilst reversible in the early stages, as it progresses it can cause pain and ultimately result in tooth loss. Understanding how we can help prevent this condition developing is crucial for pet health, as is developing effective preventative care and treatment. The current method for measuring plaque deposits on the teeth requires assessment by a trained technician. This is time-consuming and open to human error. So the team turned to the approach used by human dentists, Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF), to see if it could work in pets too.
QLF imaging detects the natural fluorescence of plaque, it can, therefore, pick up differences between healthy and plaque covered teeth and these differences can be accurately analysed by a computer. This gives a highly visual representation of where plaque covers the tooth surface, allowing dentists to diagnose problems and recommend effective interventions. In pets, however, the use of QLF has not been widely explored. Corrin Wallis and Judi Allsopp, from the WALTHAM Oral Health team, initially wanted to see if QLF was a technique that could be used on dogs. The first task was to modify the software to enable the annotation of dog’s teeth, which is different to humans. But dogs also offered another unique challenge: their big slobbery lips. It took a bit of improvisation, but the floppy lips were eventually managed using a lip retractor commonly used by dentists for children. Combining these two methods, and using a specially adapted camera, clear images of plaque on the dog's teeth were obtained.
The team then compared the QLF technique with more traditional assessment methods done by eye to see if it was more accurate. Overall the computer analysis far outperformed a purely visual assessment. Plaque in pets is most effectively addressed by regular tooth brushing, but there are a variety of oral care chews on the market that has also been shown to reduce plaque build-up if used regularly. Testing these to make sure they work properly could become much easier with QLF imaging. Fewer animals are required to demonstrate efficacy and, as the method simply involves shining a light using a specialised camera, dogs habituated to the process by WALTHAM's positive reinforcement training are happy to show off their pearly whites to the lens.
With a huge tick in the box for canine QLF, it was time for the next challenge: QLF for cats. “Dogs have much larger, relaxed lips which allowed us to open the mouth to photo their teeth," explains Judi. "It was much more difficult in cats, especially to be able to picture the large molar teeth at the back of the mouth. But we got there in the end”. The team have now shared their results in two recently published papers in veterinary journals.
“Improving the methods that we use in our science on pets is so important,” explained Corrin. “We always need to review what we do and apply the 3Rs guidelines that underpin animal research. Reduce the number of animals we need, Refine the techniques we use and Replace animals with alternatives whenever possible. By demonstrating how effective this new method is, it means that we have refined our techniques and can reduce the number of cats and dogs we need to help with our research in the future”.
“The welfare of cats and dogs is at the core of WALTHAM science. We always take a caring science approach, but it is fantastic that we are able to share this with our peers in pet oral care research” added Zoe Marshall-Jones, lead scientist on the cat QLF research. | <urn:uuid:8adfa0cd-ef96-42ad-91e5-fa157c9a9d30> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.waltham.com/news-events/oral-health/shining-a-light-on-pet-dental-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.967516 | 852 | 3.46875 | 3 |
In 1999, the ATMEL introduced ATtiny Microcontrollers. There are several 8-pin based ATtiny microcontrollers are available like ATtiny11, ATtiny12, ATtiny22, ATtiny26, ATtiny24, ATtiny44, ATtiny84, ATtiny25, ATtiny45, ATtiny202/204/402/804/404 & ATtiny85 microcontroller with microchip technology. These microcontrollers became popular as tiny AVR controllers.
These are designed in small size with all the features of a microcontroller. They contain few Input-Output pins and limited program memory (data memory and SRAM is less). These are fully loaded with various features and multi-functional I/O pins. This article gives a brief description of pin configuration, technical specifications, and circuit diagram of the ATtiny85 Microcontroller.
What is a ATtiny85 Microcontroller?
ATtiny85 Microcontroller is a small 8-pin AVR microcontroller with high performance and is based on RISC advanced CPU architecture. It is available in 2 package types, which are used to interface and control various devices and sensors. It consumes low power and is available in small size with a program memory size of 8 Kbytes, EEPROM, and RAM of 512 Kbytes to store the code of the given instruction.
The main safety feature of this microchip is that the watchdog timer makes wide use in embedded and automation systems. It is one of the popular microcontrollers with many features. It is a microcontroller with a small size and can run different program codes.
It is also known as a small Arduino chip with few I/O pins, limited flash/program memory, SRAM, and EEPROM. For a small code, the ATtiny85 microcontroller chip is used instead of using ATmega328p or Arduino board. To get input from sensors, 3 pins are used as analog inputs from these limited I/O pins.
ATtiny85 Pin Configuration
The ATtiny85 microcontroller is a small 8-pin AVR controller. It has 8 I/O pins, in which 6 I/O pins are used for multiple functions and the other 2 pins are power pins used for VCC and GND. These 6 I/O pins are also known as PORTB pins, which are used as inputs or outputs based on the application.
According to the datasheet of ATtiny85, the PORTB pins are labeled as PB0, PB1, PB2, PB3, PB4, and PB5. The power pin VCC is connected to the supply and the GND pin is connected to common ground.
The pin diagram of the ATtiny85 microcontroller is illustrated in the figure below. The ATtiny85 pin configuration with related functions is given in the tabular form.
|PORTB Pin 1||PB5 (PCINT5, ADC0, dw, RESET)||Bidirectional I/O pin interrupt pin, reset pin, analog channel 0, define the word, reset pin, for bootloader reprogram and remove|
|PORTB Pin 2||PB3 (XTAL1, CLK1, ADC3, OC1B, PCINT3)||Bidirectional I/O pin, interrupt pin 3, crystal oscillator pin 3, clock 1, analog channel 3.
For USB programming, PWM, analog input, XTAL input
|PORTB Pin 3||PB4 (XTAL2, CLK0, ADC2, OC1B, PCINT4)||Bidirectional I/O pin, interrupt pin, clock 0, crystal oscillator 2 for USB programming, PWM, analog input, and XTAL output|
|PORTB Pin 4||GND||Ground pin. It is the negative supply given to the chip|
|PORTB Pin 5||PB0 (MOSI, AINO, OC0A, OC1A, D1, SDA, AREF, PCINT0)||Bidirectional I/O pin works as PWM output, SPI, and I2C (serial data) communication|
|PORTB Pin 6||PB1 (MISO, AIN1, OC0B, OC1A, D0, PCINT1)||Bidirectional I/O pin, used for PWM output and SPI data output|
|PORTB Pin 7||PB2 (SCK, ADC1, T0, SCL, PCINT2)||Bidirectional I/O pin, used for analog input and SCK for SCL and SPI data|
|PORTB Pin 8||VCC||A positive power supply is given to the chip. Usually 5 Volts.|
ATtiny Microcontroller Specifications or Features are as follows
- It is an advanced RISC architecture design with high performance.
- It uses an 8-bit CPU
- It has 8 number of Input-Output (I/O) pins
- It contains 8 programmable Input-Output (I/O) pins
- Its operating voltage ranges from +1.8Volts to +5.5Volts and +2.7Volts to +5.5Volts (absolute supply voltage is maximum +6Volts)
- The DC current per I/O pin is of a maximum of 40mA.
- The DC current flow through GND and VCC pins is of a maximum of 200mA
- It operates at a temperature of -55°C to +125°C
- Communication Interfaces
- For programming ATtiny Microcontroller, master/Slave SPI Serial Interface is used (5, 6, and 7 pins)
- For connecting sensors and peripheral devices, I2C or Two-Wire Serial Interface is used. (5 and 7 pins)
- To communicate with other controllers, Universal Serial Interface is used. (5, 6, and 7 pins)
- It doesn’t contain UART Interface
- It has 4-channels with 10-bit ADC resolution
- It has one Analog Comparator
- It contains Two 8-bit counters, which work as a timer module.
- The number of PWM outputs are 4
- The frequency range of the external oscillator is 0-20MHz (For ATtiny 85) and 0-10MHz (For ATtiny85V)
- The frequency range of the internal oscillator is 0-8MHz with an internal calibrated R-C oscillator
- The speed of the CPU is 1MBPS (1MHz)
- The size of the flash memory or program memory is 8Kbytes (10000 erase/write cycles)
- The size of the RAM is 512 Bytes on Internal SRAM
- The size of the EEPROM is 512 Bytes of In-system programmable EEPROM
- It contains a program lock and watchdog timer
- It has 3 power save modes such as power down, ADC noise reduction, and Idle modes.
- It contains 32 registers.
- In an operating mode of 1.8V, the current consumption is 300 microAmps. While in the power-down mode of 1.8V, the current consumption is 0.1 microAmps.
- It contains a 10-bit ADC with 4 channels.
Alternative ATtiny85 Microcontrollers are; ATtiny45, ATtiny25, ATtiny25V, ATtiny85V, ATtiny45V microcontrollers are the alternative ATtiny85 microcontrollers.
ATtiny45 microcontroller is a popular and very cheapest 8-pin AVR controller based on RISC advanced architecture and developed in AVR IDE. It contains a program memory size of 4 Kbytes. It has several modes of power-saving so that it can be used in mobile embedded systems. It provides high performance with a low power controller.
Circuit Diagram/How to Use?
To learn how to use the ATtiny85 Microcontroller, consider an example of an LED blinking project. In this project, the LED circuit can be built using an ATting85 microcontroller. It blinks/flashes the digital device like LED can be ON and OFF continuously at the predetermined time interval.
The ATtiny85 microcontroller has 6 input/output pins (I/O pins) with 2 power pins of VCC and GND. That means, it is possible to connect 6 output devices to this chip. In this LED blinking project example, only 1 LED is connected to the microcontroller and it helps to know how to turn it ON and OFF. The components required to design this circuit are,
- ATtiny85 Microcontroller
- Resistor with 47O Ohms resistance.
The circuit diagram of the LED blinking circuit with the ATtiny85 microcontroller is shown below.
The supply of 5 Volts is connected to pin VCC (pin 8) to power up the ATtiny85 microcontroller chip. While the pin GND (pin 4) is connected to the ground. The PORTB I/O pins are used as output pins. One end of the 470 ohms resistor is connected to the output pin PBO (pin 5) of the ATtiny85 and the other end is connected to the anode terminal of the LED and while the cathode terminal is connected to the ground.
Here we are using only 3 I/O pins out of 6 I/O pins. This connection provides the necessary supply to the LED. Since LED requires only 10-20mA of current and it doesn’t need more power. These are all the connections required to turn ON and OFF the LED with the help of the ATtiny85 microcontroller chip.
When the digital device (LED) is connected to the PORTB pins (I/O pins) of the ATtiny85 chip, the positive power is provided by these pins to the output device. So, the other end of the LED is connected to the ground.
The code required to turn ON and OFF the LED Or blink the LED using the ATtiny85 microcontroller is given below.
DDRB= 0xff; // all the pins are set as output pins.
PORTB= 0xff; // all the PORT B pins are set to HIGH
_delay_ms(1000);// turns ON the LED for a second
PORTB= 0x00;//turns OFF the LED
_delay_ms(1000);// turns OFF the LED for a second
It is important to include the library function, that is #include<avr.i/o.h>. After that, the main loop is created, which contains the infinite loop that is the while(1) loop. Therefore the code of the program is executed continuously again and again.
To make all the I/O pins of the ATtiny85 chip as output pins, the DDRB pin is stated as 0xff in the loop.
To set all the outputs HIGH (turns ON the outputs), PORTB= 0xff. Hence the output device LED, which is connected to the PBO turns ON. A delay of 1000 is used to produce a delay of half a second.
To create a delay, the function _delay_ms() is given. The numerical value given in the delay function represents the delay in milliseconds. For example, a number of 500 produces a delay of 500 msec, ie., half a second (for 0.5 sec, 0.5×1000 = 500 msec) Similarly, 1000 numbers produce a delay of 1000 msec, ie., one full second. Note that one second = 1000 msec. That means, from the given code, the LED turns ON for a second and then turns OFF.
To turn all the outputs of ATtiny85 and LED output OFF, the PORTB = 0xff code is declared. After that, a delay of 1000 msec is given to turn OFF the LED for a second.
This loop is started again and continues forever to turn ON the LED for a second and then turn OFF the LED for a second. Until the power is OFF, the circuit performs this operation by blinking the LED.
Where to Use ATtiny85 Microcontroller/Applications
The applications of the ATtiny85 Microcontroller are given below.
- Used in weather sensing systems
- Used in Solar based applications
- Used in Health and medical equipment
- Used in controlling systems of Industrial machinery.
- Used in automobile and IOT related applications
- Used in the charger, power supply, and power regulating systems
- Used in solar-based systems
- Used in Security systems
- Used in wireless communication systems
- Used in drivers, display units like LCD and LED, peripheral interfacing systems, measurement, and manipulation of analog signals.
- Used in various embedded systems like vending machines, coffee machines, etc.
- Used in hobby projects and development boards
- In robotics
- Power management and monitoring systems
- In AVR control systems of aeronautical technology
Thus, this is all about an overview of ATtint85 microcontroller – definition, pin diagram/pin description, circuit diagram/how to use, specifications, where to use/applications. Here is a question for you, “What are the technical specifications of the ATtiny45 Microcontroller? | <urn:uuid:a483159e-fd3a-4dea-b794-3a044b6f5b08> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.watelectronics.com/attiny85-microcontroller/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.854053 | 2,760 | 3.578125 | 4 |
This folk tale is reportedly from Greece, but you can find variations across Europe. It is a tale that also goes by the name 'Strawberries in the snow', but we know the story as 'The Twelve Months'.
In this tale about kindness and gratitude, two sisters visit twelve elderly ladies who are settled around a campfire in a cave. When asked what they think of the twelve months, they both give different answers and return home with different gifts.
After listening to the story, consider the following questions/activities:
What do you think of the twelve months?
Do you have a favourite month? Why?
Plan to go to the same forest at different times of the year and notice how it changes. Seek out a favourite tree and watch the remarkable changes through the months. | <urn:uuid:e7666a02-32ee-4530-be78-a7b5b721b694> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.webekids.net/community/storytelling/storytelling-the-twelve-months | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.943151 | 162 | 3.28125 | 3 |
At Children's Hospital, Music Is A Form Of Treatment For Young Patients
Nicole Steele, clad in a face mask and thin plastic protective cover over her shirt, strung a ukulele while 14-year-old Yaheim Young played alongside her. The two had a jam session on the ninth floor of the UPMC Children's Hospital in Lawrenceville.
They practiced a simple, three-chord progression that Steele taught to Young during an earlier session: Young set the basic rhythm with his strums—one, two, three four—as Steele filled the space in between with a more complex pattern.
Young has been in and out of Children's Hospital over the years, most recently since being diagnosed with diabetes.
In her job a music therapist at the hospital, Steele works with a handful of patients like Young each day.
"On top of having that therapeutic training and the counseling training, we are trained musicians, as well. So we have tools that we can use, be it guitar or piano or drumming, that we can connect to kids on a non-verbal and or verbal level," said Steele.
According to Noah Potvin, a professor at Duquesne University, music therapy saw rapid development as a field after World War II. When music was played for veterans, it seemed help them manage "shell-shock," or what we would today consider post-traumatic stress disorder.
Potvin said there’s research-based evidencein his field to suggest that music therapy is effective at reducing pain and anxiety, although the exact mechanisms are still a bit of a mystery.
"We’re now in this position where we’re trying to understand the how," Potvin said. "How does music impact the individual on this level? How do we get from somebody who experiences an eight out of 10 pain everyday of their life, but experiences a six out of 10 pain within a music therapy session?"
Modern music therapists are academically trained and practice in a variety of settings, such as in nursing homes, with outpatients and of course, at hospitals.
Steele is one of two music therapists at Children's -- Kory Antonacci is the second one. They spend most of their time moving throughout the hospital, hitting all the different units for sessions with patients of all ages.
Sometimes, they may just play while the patient listens. Other times, like with Young, they might actually teach them to use a certain instrument and play along.
"But the goals that we’re really working on inside that session don’t have anything to do with being a ukulele player," said Steele.
Those goals can vary depending on the patient and the situation. For example, Jaycee Park, a 14-year-old recovering from a multi-organ transplant, said she'll often have sessions with Antonacci in anticipation of an unpleasant procedure.
"[When] Kory comes before and cheers me up, it's always a nice distraction, especially if I'm having a bad day," Park said.
Antonacci also recalled another patient she had worked with in the past, who was a singer.
"She had to regain her breath support ... so [we worked on] that, retraining her body to be able to provide the lung capacity to be able to sing again," said Antonacci.
But the music can also serve as a bridge to a conversation.
"'What is it like to have to stay with us for 30 days here?' If I know they have they got some really hard information: 'what was that like for you to to hear that?'" said Steele. "[It's] processing that information, processing their emotions.”
Chronic illness and extended hospital stays can have a profound affect on children. They often miss their friends at school and the routines of normal life. Losing their hair to cancer may cause damage to their self-esteem. They may even be afraid of dying from their condition.
Scott Maurer, a pediatric oncologist at Children’s, said many patients won’t normally open up about these things to their doctor or nurse, but it’s important information for the medical staff to have.
"If we can better learn how to care for someone’s emotional health, we’re better able to take care of the whole patient," said Maurer.
He said sometimes it’s necessary to prescribe powerful drugs like opioids or benzodiazepines to treat pain or anxiety in his patients. These can be effective, but are also highly addictive.
So whenever possible, he prefers to avoid prescribing them and said one way to do that is collaborating with a music therapist to identify the root causes of these problems in the patient.
There’s a certain weight to that kind of work. Antonacci has been doing it at Children's for three years, and Steele for 12.
Steel said there have been plenty of rough days, but there are a lot of good ones too. And she doesn’t regret it.
“To be able to work with the patients and families and staff like this, it’s truly, truly extraordinary," she said. "I feel very, very lucky to do this work.”
WESA’s Bridges to Health series covers the well-being of Pennsylvanians and is funded by the Jewish Healthcare Foundation. WESA also receives funding from UPMC. | <urn:uuid:1280bbd7-4ba9-484b-a059-b9fcd3d31aae> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.wesa.fm/science-health-tech/2018-01-30/at-childrens-hospital-music-is-a-form-of-treatment-for-young-patients | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.973758 | 1,124 | 2.625 | 3 |
Interior Department Proposes Adaptive Management Framework For Glen Canyon Dam
Proposed Roadmap To Provide Certainty, Predictability For Water And Power Users, Protects Environmental And Cultural Resources
February 1, 2016
The U.S. Department of the Interior has released a proposed framework for adaptively managing Glen Canyon Dam over the next 20 years with the goal of creating certainty and predictability for power and water users while protecting environmental and cultural resources in Grand Canyon National Park and the Colorado River ecosystem. The draft environmental impact statement (EIS) is available to the public for review and comment for 90 days.
Brings Together Diverse Stakeholders
"This document is the result of incredible collaboration and cooperation; bringing together diverse stakeholders of the Colorado River to provide certainty, clarity and predictability around the management and operation of Glen Canyon Dam, so that we can better protect the national treasure of Grand Canyon National Park while continuing to provide water and power to millions across the southwestern United States," said Deputy Secretary of the Interior Michael L. Connor.
"Today's release of a draft proposal for the long-term experimental and management plan of Glen Canyon Dam is based on the latest available science, but public participation is paramount to this process so we encourage all interested parties to join us in this effort to adaptively manage these resources over the next two decades."
The National Park Service and the Bureau of Reclamation led examination of seven possible alternatives in the draft EIS, including a preferred alternative that would provide assurances for water and power users while mitigating adverse impacts on Grand Canyon National Park. Research and proposed experimental actions under the plan will preserve and improve the resources in Glen Canyon and Grand Canyon while continuing to ensure that water and power needs are met.
A Major Step
"This is a major step toward enhancing our stewardship of the waters of the Colorado River," said Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner Estevan López. "Now is the time for the public to make their voices heard. Public participation is an integral part of this planning process and the successful management of the dam for the future."
The high-flow experimental releases of water from the dam considered in the draft EIS are designed to mimic the natural flooding of the Colorado River through the Glen and Grand canyons that occurred before the construction of Glen Canyon Dam. Sand stored in the river channel is picked up by high-volume water releases from the dam and re-deposited in downstream reaches as sandbars and beaches.
Key Fish, Wildlife Habitat
These sand features and associated backwater habitats can provide key fish and wildlife habitat, potentially reduce erosion of archaeological sites, restore and enhance riparian vegetation, increase beaches, and enhance wilderness values along the Colorado River in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and Grand Canyon National Park.
The preferred alternative identified in the draft EIS continues the high-flow experiments carried out in recent years to help restore the natural ecosystem, but enables continued adaptations and establishes criteria to trigger future releases, which will create certainty and predictability for water users and other stakeholders along the Colorado River.
Public Participation Is Key
"Public participation is key to fulfilling our stewardship responsibilities as envisioned under the Grand Canyon Protection Act," said National Park Service Director Jonathan B. Jarvis. "The long-term planning process has given us and our stakeholders the opportunity to use the past 20 years of scientific information to guide decisions for the next 20 years."
Comment Until April 7
Reclamation and the National Park Service began developing the draft EIS for this framework in 2011. The draft EIS and all its alternatives will be the subject of extensive public hearings and discussion before the comment period closes on April 7, 2016, laying the groundwork for preparation of a final EIS. To submit a comment, visit http://parkplanning.nps.gov/projectHome.cfm?projectId=39292. For more information about the draft EIS, visit http://ltempeis.anl.gov. | <urn:uuid:005884be-1728-4084-a234-05f28927dde5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.westernoutdoortimes.com/story/2016/02/01/rving/interior-department-proposes-adaptive-management-framework-for-glen-canyon-dam/2564.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.904113 | 806 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Circular bioeconomy has become a sustainable business model for commercial production that promises to reuse, recycle & recover while considering less environmental footprints in nutraceutical industries. Microalgae biotechnology has the synergy to bioremediate waste stream while generating high-value-added compounds such as astaxanthin, protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids that are potential compounds used in various industries, thus, the integration of this approach provides economic advantages. However, since the industrial production of these compounds is costly and affected by unstable climate in the Nordic regions such as low temperature, light intensity, and polar circle, the focus of biosynthesis has shifted from less tolerant commercial strains towards indigenous strains. Nutraceutical productions such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and protein can now be synthesized at low temperatures which significantly improve the industry's economy. In this review, the above-mentioned compounds with potential strains were discussed based on a Nordic region's perspective.
Bibliographical notePublisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Environmental Engineering
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
- Waste Management and Disposal | <urn:uuid:43c1c249-0ce0-4010-a50c-8d86b883ca1e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://yonsei.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/nutraceutical-productions-from-microalgal-derived-compounds-via-c | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.934358 | 233 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Real Presence within the Eucharist
The doctrine of the Real Presence asserts that in the Holy Eucharist Jesus is literally and wholly present—body and blood, soul and divinity—under the appearances of bread and wine. The Catechism of the Catholic Church 1367 states; “The sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice: “The victim is one and the same: the same now offers through the ministry of priests, who then offered himself on the cross; only the manner of offering is different.” “And since in this divine sacrifice which is celebrated in the Mass, the same Christ who offered himself once in a bloody manner on the altar of the cross is contained and is offered in an unbloody manner… this sacrifice is truly propitiatory.” Thus, it is a memorial of Christ’s unique bloody sacrifice offered 2,000 years ago “once for all”, but is made truly present to us in the form of bread and wine as an unbloody sacrifice made possible by Christ’s eternal priesthood as well as His eternal sacrifice of Himself to the Father. CCC 1357-1358 states; “
We must therefore consider the Eucharist as:
-thanksgiving and praise to the Father;
-the sacrificial memorial of Christ and his Body;
-the presence of Christ by the power of his word and of his Spirit.”
The Catholic Church has consistently taught the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist from its very beginning. The idea that Communion is a mere symbol of Christ’s death or a simple memorial meal is a sixteenth century theological innovation that was initially rejected even by the original Protestant reformers.
The core of this belief is stated explicitly by Christ in John chapter 6; “the living bread which came down from heaven; if any one eats of this bread, he will live for ever; and the bread which I shall give for the life of the world is my flesh. . . . unless you eat the flesh of the Son of man and drink his blood, you have no life in you” (John 6:51,53). Christ’s disciples asked how this was possible. Rather than explaining with a metaphor, Jesus reiterated that his flesh was “true food” and his blood was “true drink” (John 6:55). When His disciples heard this, they were taken aback, responding “this is a hard saying” (John 6:60). This is the only time in the Gospels that Christ’s own disciples leave Him over one of His teachings. Scripture even indicates that this is when Judas fell away (John 6:64).
Christians who deny the Real Presence in the Eucharist will point to verse 63, where Jesus says, “It is the spirit that gives life; the flesh is useless. The words that I have spoken to you are spirit and life.” They claim that if the ‘flesh is useless’ and that Jesus’ words are ‘spirit’ then Jesus was clearly speaking in metaphor. This does not work for three reasons. The first is that when Jesus says “the flesh is useless”, he is referring to the carnal understanding of fallen human flesh being incapable of grasping spiritual realities such as the Eucharist. Second, “of the spirit” cannot mean “metaphor” as no where in the Bible is a spirit just a metaphor. God the Father, the Holy Spirit, the angels, demons, and our own souls are all spirits and none of them are understood to be metaphors. Lastly, it is clear that the disciples leaving Jesus understood His words to be literal (hence it being a hard saying). If Christ was speaking in metaphor, He had a moral obligation to call those disciples back and explain that to them. He does not do this, but in fact, turns to the Apostles and asks them if they also wish to leave. Peter’s response is a confused one as he believes Jesus has the words of ever-lasting life, but does not seem to understand what they mean (John 6:67-70).
Christ’s meaning would become clear at the Last Supper while they were celebrating the Passover and Jesus; “took bread, and when he had given thanks he broke it and gave it to them, saying, “This is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.” And likewise the cup after supper, saying, “This cup which is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood” (Luke 22:19-20). The Apostles understood these words to be literal as St. Paul later confirms in 1 Corinthians when he: equates the bread and wine with the body and blood of Christ (10:16-21); states that abusing the meal is abusing Christ (11:23-28); and pronounces judgment on those who do not discern what the Eucharist really is: “For any one who eats and drinks without discerning the body eats and drinks judgment upon himself” (11:29).
So clear was the Church’s understanding of the Eucharist as Jesus’ body and blood that Christians were accused of being cannibals by non-Christians unfamiliar with it’s doctrines. The first few centuries are filled with Church Father quotes defending the Real Presence in the Eucharist (see below). The only writings that deny this are of Gnostic origin, which was a heresy that believed all flesh was evil and some sects took it so far as to claim that Christ never had a body at all and -being pure spirit- laughed at their folly when they tried to crucify Him.
The first Christian writer to truly deny the truth of the Eucharist appears to have been Berengarius of Tours in the eleventh century. Berengarius held that Christ was present in the Eucharist “as mere sign and symbol” and that, “bread must remain.” Fortunately, he recanted of his heresy in 1079. It is of interest, however, that St. Thomas Aquinas calls Berengarius “the first deviser of this heresy,” (ST IIIa, q.75, a.1) which indicates that no one of import denied the Eucharist for the first 1,000 years of Christian history. The next person to deny it came 500 years later during the Protestant Reformation. Ulrich Zwingli, who became the theological forerunner of the Anabaptist movement, began the first large-scale movement to deny the reality of the sacraments. So bizarre was this position that the Anabaptists were violently persecuted as heretics even by other Protestants. Martin Luther firmly challenged Ulrich Zwingli on what Luther felt was a clear deviation from Scripture.
Historical Belief in the
50 This is the bread that comes down from heaven, so that one may eat of it and not die. 51 I am the living bread that came down from heaven. Whoever eats of this bread will live forever; and the bread that I will give for the life of the world is my flesh.” 52 The Jews then disputed among themselves, saying, “How can this man give us his flesh to eat?” 53 So Jesus said to them, “Very truly, I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you. 54 Those who eat my flesh and drink my blood have eternal life, and I will raise them up on the last day; 55 for my flesh is true food and my blood is true drink. 56 Those who eat my flesh and drink my blood abide in me, and I in them. 57 Just as the living Father sent me, and I live because of the Father, so whoever eats me will live because of me. 58 This is the bread that came down from heaven, not like that which your ancestors ate, and they died. But the one who eats this bread will live forever.” 59 He said these things while he was teaching in the synagogue at Capernaum. 60 When many of his disciples heard it, they said, “This teaching is difficult; who can accept it?” 61 But Jesus, being aware that his disciples were complaining about it, said to them, “Does this offend you? 62 Then what if you were to see the Son of Man ascending to where he was before? 63 It is the spirit that gives life; the flesh is useless. The words that I have spoken to you are spirit and life. 64 But among you there are some who do not believe.” For Jesus knew from the first who were the ones that did not believe, and who was the one that would betray him. 65 And he said, “For this reason I have told you that no one can come to me unless it is granted by the Father.” 66 Because of this many of his disciples turned back and no longer went about with him. 67 So Jesus asked the twelve, “Do you also wish to go away?” 68 Simon Peter answered him, “Lord, to whom can we go? You have the words of eternal life.
Then he took a loaf of bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to them, saying, “This is my body, which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.” 20 And he did the same with the cup after supper, saying, “This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood.
1 Corinthians 11:23-29
For I received from the Lord what I also handed on to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took a loaf of bread, 24 and when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, “This is my body that is for you. Do this in remembrance of me.” 25 In the same way he took the cup also, after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me.” 26 For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. 27 Whoever, therefore, eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be answerable for the body and blood of the Lord. 28 Examine yourselves, and only then eat of the bread and drink of the cup. 29 For all who eat and drink without discerning the body, eat and drink judgment against themselves.
Church Father Quotes:
St. Ignatius of Antioch (35-107 A.D.)
“I have no taste for corruptible food nor for the pleasures of this life. I desire the bread of God, which is the flesh of Jesus Christ . . . and for drink I desire his blood, which is love incorruptible” (Letter to the Romans 7:3 [A.D. 110]).
“Take note of those who hold heterodox opinions on the grace of Jesus Christ which has come to us, and see how contrary their opinions are to the mind of God. . . . They abstain from the Eucharist and from prayer because they do not confess that the Eucharist is the flesh of our Savior Jesus Christ, flesh which suffered for our sins and which that Father, in his goodness, raised up again. They who deny the gift of God are perishing in their disputes” (Letter to the Smyrnaeans 6:2–7:1 [A.D. 110]).
St. Justin Martyr
“For not as common bread nor common drink do we receive these; but since Jesus Christ our Savior was made incarnate by the word of God and had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so too, as we have been taught, the food which has been made into the Eucharist by the Eucharistic prayer set down by him, and by the change of which our blood and flesh is nurtured, is both the flesh and the blood of that incarnated Jesus” (First Apology 66 [A.D. 151]).
St. Irenaeus of Lyons
“If the Lord were from other than the Father, how could he rightly take bread, which is of the same creation as our own, and confess it to be his body and affirm that the mixture in the cup is his blood?” (Against Heresies 4:33–32 [A.D. 189]).
“He has declared the cup, a part of creation, to be his own blood, from which he causes our blood to flow; and the bread, a part of creation, he has established as his own body, from which he gives increase unto our bodies. When, therefore, the mixed cup [wine and water] and the baked bread receives the Word of God and becomes the Eucharist, the body of Christ, and from these the substance of our flesh is increased and supported, how can they say that the flesh is not capable of receiving the gift of God, which is eternal life—flesh which is nourished by the body and blood of the Lord, and is in fact a member of him?” (ibid., 5:2).
Tertullian of Carthage
“[T]here is not a soul that can at all procure salvation, except it believe whilst it is in the flesh, so true is it that the flesh is the very condition on which salvation hinges. And since the soul is, in consequence of its salvation, chosen to the service of God, it is the flesh which actually renders it capable of such service. The flesh, indeed, is washed [in baptism], in order that the soul may be cleansed . . . the flesh is shadowed with the imposition of hands [in confirmation], that the soul also may be illuminated by the Spirit; the flesh feeds [in the Eucharist] on the body and blood of Christ, that the soul likewise may be filled with God” (The Resurrection of the Dead 8 [A.D. 210]).
St. Hippolytus of Rome
“‘And she [Wisdom] has furnished her table’ [Prov. 9:2] . . . refers to his [Christ’s] honored and undefiled body and blood, which day by day are administered and offered sacrificially at the spiritual divine table, as a memorial of that first and ever-memorable table of the spiritual divine supper [i.e., the Last Supper]” (Fragment from Commentary on Proverbs [A.D. 217]).
Origen of Alexandria
“Formerly, in an obscure way, there was manna for food; now, however, in full view, there is the true food, the flesh of the Word of God, as he himself says: ‘My flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink’ [John 6:55]” (Homilies on Numbers 7:2 [A.D. 248]).
St. Cyprian of Carthage
“He [Paul] threatens, moreover, the stubborn and forward, and denounces them, saying, ‘Whosoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord unworthily, is guilty of the body and blood of the Lord’ [1 Cor. 11:27]. All these warnings being scorned and contemned—[lapsed Christians will often take Communion] before their sin is expiated, before confession has been made of their crime, before their conscience has been purged by sacrifice and by the hand of the priest, before the offense of an angry and threatening Lord has been appeased, [and so] violence is done to his body and blood; and they sin now against their Lord more with their hand and mouth than when they denied their Lord” (The Lapsed 15–16 [A.D. 251]).
St. Aphrahat the Persian Sage
“After having spoken thus [at the Last Supper], the Lord rose up from the place where he had made the Passover and had given his body as food and his blood as drink, and he went with his disciples to the place where he was to be arrested. But he ate of his own body and drank of his own blood, while he was pondering on the dead. With his own hands the Lord presented his own body to be eaten, and before he was crucified he gave his blood as drink” (Treatises 12:6 [A.D. 340]).
St. Cyril of Jerusalem
“The bread and the wine of the Eucharist before the holy invocation of the adorable Trinity were simple bread and wine, but the invocation having been made, the bread becomes the body of Christ and the wine the blood of Christ” (Catechetical Lectures 19:7 [A.D. 350]).
“Do not, therefore, regard the bread and wine as simply that; for they are, according to the Master’s declaration, the body and blood of Christ. Even though the senses suggest to you the other, let faith make you firm. Do not judge in this matter by taste, but be fully assured by the faith, not doubting that you have been deemed worthy of the body and blood of Christ. . . . [Since you are] fully convinced that the apparent bread is not bread, even though it is sensible to the taste, but the body of Christ, and that the apparent wine is not wine, even though the taste would have it so, . . . partake of that bread as something spiritual, and put a cheerful face on your soul” (ibid., 22:6, 9).
St. Ambrose of Milan
“Perhaps you may be saying, ‘I see something else; how can you assure me that I am receiving the body of Christ?’ It but remains for us to prove it. And how many are the examples we might use! . . . Christ is in that sacrament, because it is the body of Christ” (The Mysteries 9:50, 58 [A.D. 390]).
Theodore of Mopsuestia
“When [Christ] gave the bread he did not say, ‘This is the symbol of my body,’ but, ‘This is my body.’ In the same way, when he gave the cup of his blood he did not say, ‘This is the symbol of my blood,’ but, ‘This is my blood’; for he wanted us to look upon the [Eucharistic elements] after their reception of grace and the coming of the Holy Spirit not according to their nature, but receive them as they are, the body and blood of our Lord. We ought . . . not regard [the elements] merely as bread and cup, but as the body and blood of the Lord, into which they were transformed by the descent of the Holy Spirit” (Catechetical Homilies 5:1 [A.D. 405]).
St. Augustine of Hippo
“Christ was carried in his own hands when, referring to his own body, he said, ‘This is my body’ [Matt. 26:26]. For he carried that body in his hands” (Explanations of the Psalms 33:1:10 [A.D. 405]).
“I promised you [new Christians], who have now been baptized, a sermon in which I would explain the sacrament of the Lord’s Table. . . . That bread which you see on the altar, having been sanctified by the word of God, is the body of Christ. That chalice, or rather, what is in that chalice, having been sanctified by the word of God, is the blood of Christ” (Sermons 227 [A.D. 411]).
“What you see is the bread and the chalice; that is what your own eyes report to you. But what your faith obliges you to accept is that the bread is the body of Christ and the chalice is the blood of Christ” (ibid., 272).
The Council of Ephesus
“We will necessarily add this also. Proclaiming the death, according to the flesh, of the only-begotten Son of God, that is Jesus Christ, confessing his resurrection from the dead, and his ascension into heaven, we offer the unbloody sacrifice in the churches, and so go on to the mystical thanksgivings, and are sanctified, having received his holy flesh and the precious blood of Christ the Savior of us all. And not as common flesh do we receive it . . . but as truly the life-giving and very flesh of the Word himself.” (Session 1, Letter of Cyril to Nestorius [A.D. 431]).
J. N. D. Kelly, renowned Protestant historian of the early Church
“Eucharistic teaching, it should be understood at the outset, was in general unquestioningly realist, i.e., the consecrated bread and wine were taken to be, and were treated and designated as, the Savior’s body and blood” –Early Christian Doctrines, pg 440
“Ignatius roundly declares that . . . [t]he bread is the flesh of Jesus, the cup his blood. Clearly he intends this realism to be taken strictly, for he makes it the basis of his argument against the Docetists’ denial of the reality of Christ’s body. . . . Irenaeus teaches that the bread and wine are really the Lord’s body and blood. His witness is, indeed, all the more impressive because he produces it quite incidentally while refuting the Gnostic and Docetic rejection of the Lord’s real humanity” –Early Christian Doctrines pg. 197–98.
Martin Luther, Father of the Protestant Reformation
“Sooner than have mere wine with the fanatics, I would agree with the pope that there is only blood.” (Confession Concerning Christ’s Supper, 1528)
“[S]ince we are confronted by God’s words, ‘This is my body’ – distinct, clear, common, definite words, which certainly are no trope, either in Scripture or in any language — we must embrace them with faith … not as hairsplitting sophistry dictates but as God says them for us, we must repeat these words after him and hold to them” (Ibid.)
“There we have it! This is clear, plain, and unconcealed: ‘I am speaking of My flesh and blood.’ … There we have the flat statement which cannot be interpreted in any other way than that there is no life, but death alone, apart from His flesh and blood if these are neglected or despised. How is it possible to distort this text? … You must note these words and this text with the utmost diligence … It can neither speciously be interpreted nor avoided and evaded” (Sermons on the Gospel of St. John: Chapters 6-8, 1532).
“I confess that if Karlstadt, or anyone else, could have convinced me five years ago that only bread and wine were in the sacrament he would have done me a great service. At that time I suffered such severe conflicts and inner strife and torment that I would gladly have been delivered from them. I realized that at this point I could best resist the papacy … But I am a captive and cannot free myself. The text is too powerfully present, and will not allow itself to be torn from its meaning by mere verbiage (Letter to the Christians at Strassburg in Opposition to the Fanatic Spirit, 1524).
“Even if we had no other passage than this we could sufficiently strengthen all consciences and sufficiently overcome all adversaries …“… The bread which is broken or distributed piece by piece is the participation in the body of Christ. It is, it is, it is, he says, the participation in the body of Christ. Wherein does the participation in the body of Christ consist? It cannot be anything else than that as each takes a part of the broken bread he takes therewith the body of Christ …“He could not have spoken more clearly and strongly …” (Against the Heavenly Prophets in the Matter of Images and Sacraments, 1525).
John Calvin, Protestant Reformer
“If there is nothing in heaven or earth of greater value and dignity than the body and blood of our Lord, it is no small error to take it inconsiderately and without being well prepared.” (Calvin’s Short Treatise on the Holy Supper).
“the substance of the sacraments is the Lord Jesus . . . It is necessary, then, that the substance should be conjoined with these, otherwise nothing would be firm or certain. Hence we conclude that two things are presented to us in the Supper, viz., Jesus Christ as the source and substance of all good; and, secondly, the fruit and efficacy of his death and passion.” -John Calvin’s ‘Short Treatise on the Lord’s Supper’ 11. The 1536 and 1539 Edition. MONERGISM BOOKS: A Discourse Concerning Evangelical Love, Church Peace, and Unity by John Owen, Copyright © 2020
“all the benefit which we should seek in the Supper is annihilated if Jesus Christ be not there given to us as the substance and foundation of all.” –-John Calvin’s ‘Short Treatise on the Lord’s Supper’ 12. The 1536 and 1539 Edition. MONERGISM BOOKS: A Discourse Concerning Evangelical Love, Church Peace, and Unity by John Owen, Copyright © 2020
“in order to have our life in Christ our souls must feed on his body and blood as their proper food. This, then, is expressly attested in the Supper, when of the bread it is said to us that we are to take it and eat it, and that it is his body, and of the cup that we are to drink it, and that it is his blood. This is expressly spoken of the body and blood, in order that we may learn to seek there the substance of our spiritual life.” -John Calvin’s ‘Short Treatise on the Lord’s Supper’ 13. The 1536 and 1539 Edition. MONERGISM BOOKS: A Discourse Concerning Evangelical Love, Church Peace, and Unity by John Owen, Copyright © 2020
“Thus it is with the communion which we have in the body and blood of the Lord Jesus. It is a spiritual mystery which can neither be seen by the eye nor comprehended by the human understanding. It is therefore figured to us by visible signs, according as our weakness requires, in such manner, nevertheless, that it is not a bare figure but is combined with the reality and substance. It is with good reason then that the bread is called the body, since it not only represents but also presents it to us . . . the sacraments of the Lord should not and cannot be at all separated from their reality and substance.” –John Calvin’s ‘Short Treatise on the Lord’s Supper’ 16. The 1536 and 1539 Edition. MONERGISM BOOKS: A Discourse Concerning Evangelical Love, Church Peace, and Unity by John Owen, Copyright © 2020
“We must confess, then, that if the representation which God gives us in the Supper is true, the internal substance of the sacrament is conjoined with the visible signs; and as the bread is distributed to us by the hand, so the body of Christ is communicated to us in order that we may be made partakers of it. Though there should be nothing more, we have good cause to be satisfied, when we understand that Jesus Christ gives us in the Supper the proper substance of his body and blood, in order that we may possess it fully, and possessing it have part in all his blessings.” –-John Calvin’s ‘Short Treatise on the Lord’s Supper’ 17. The 1536 and 1539 Edition. MONERGISM BOOKS: A Discourse Concerning Evangelical Love, Church Peace, and Unity by John Owen, Copyright © 2020
“. . . feeding on his own substance.” -John Calvin’s ‘Short Treatise on the Lord’s Supper’ 18. The 1536 and 1539 Edition. MONERGISM BOOKS: A Discourse Concerning Evangelical Love, Church Peace, and Unity by John Owen, Copyright © 2020
“. . . the reality and substance of the Supper . . . “ -John Calvin’s ‘Short Treatise on the Lord’s Supper’ 30. The 1536 and 1539 Edition. MONERGISM BOOKS: A Discourse Concerning Evangelical Love, Church Peace, and Unity by John Owen, Copyright © 2020
“. . . the presence and conjunction of the reality with the sign (of which we have spoken, and will again speak) is well understood.” –-John Calvin’s ‘Short Treatise on the Lord’s Supper’ 43. The 1536 and 1539 Edition. MONERGISM BOOKS: A Discourse Concerning Evangelical Love, Church Peace, and Unity by John Owen, Copyright © 2020
“Zuinglius and Œcolompadius . . . forgot to show what presence of Jesus Christ ought to be believed in the Supper, and what communion of his body and blood is `there received’ . . . Luther thought that they meant to leave nothing but the bare signs without their spiritual substance. Accordingly he began to resist them to the face, and call them heretics.” -John Calvin’s ‘Short Treatise on the Lord’s Supper’ 56-57. The 1536 and 1539 Edition. MONERGISM BOOKS: A Discourse Concerning Evangelical Love, Church Peace, and Unity by John Owen, Copyright © 2020
“. . . on receiving the sacrament in faith, according to the ordinance of the Lord, we are truly made partakers of the proper substance of the body and blood of Jesus Christ.” -John Calvin’s ‘Short Treatise on the Lord’s Supper’ 60. The 1536 and 1539 Edition. MONERGISM BOOKS: A Discourse Concerning Evangelical Love, Church Peace, and Unity by John Owen, Copyright © 2020
“The presence of Christ in the Supper we must hold to be such as neither affixes him to the element of bread, nor encloses him in bread, nor circumscribes him in any way, (this would obviously detract from his celestial glory;) and it must, moreover, be such as neither divests him of his just dimensions, nor dissevers him by differences of place, nor assigns to him a body of boundless dimensions, diffused through heaven and earth . . . But when these absurdities are discarded, I willingly admit any thing which helps to express the true and substantial communication of the body and blood of the Lord, as exhibited to believers under the sacred symbols of the Supper, understanding that they are received not by the imagination or intellect merely, but are enjoyed in reality as the food of eternal life.” –Institutes on the Christian Religion
(Beveridge translation) Book IV, 17:19.
“We say that Christ descends to us, as well by the external symbol as by his Spirit, that he may truly quicken our souls by the substance of his flesh and blood.” Institutes on the Christian Religion
(Beveridge translation) Book IV, 17:24.
“Still I am free to confess that that mixture or transfusion of the flesh of Christ with our souls which they teach I repudiate, because it is enough for us, that Christ, out of the substance of his flesh, breathes life into our souls, nay, diffuses his own life into us, though the real flesh of Christ does not enter us.” Institutes on the Christian Religion
(Beveridge translation) Book IV, 17:32. | <urn:uuid:7ad048d0-2b4c-410e-83b6-239d7dd63b2c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://4marksofthechurch.com/apologetics-the-eucharist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.969822 | 6,860 | 2.84375 | 3 |
It can be very confusing for students to learn the difference between various parts of speech.
There are so many; nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.
In my experience, the hardest thing for students to understand is that some words can be classified as several different parts of speech depending on their usage. This nuance can be super frustrating!
The best way to demystify this topic is to practice, practice, practice! Here are a few resources to help you teach parts of speech in your class:
Parts of Speech Videos
Parts of Speech Game
Parts of Speech Printables
Parts of Speech Worksheets
21. Circle the Correct PoS (BONUS)
22. PoS with Pictures Worksheet (BONUS)
23. Nouns, Verbs & Adjectives Worksheet (BONUS)
24. PoS Handout & Exercises (10 Pages) (BONUS)
25. PoS – Diagnostic Tests (42 Pages) (BONUS)
…and more Parts of Speech Worksheets.
What parts of speech resources do you use in your class? Please share your favorites in the comments!
Plus, don’t forget to like this post on Facebook, share it on Twitter and pin it to Pinterest using the share bar on the left-hand side of your screen. Thanks! | <urn:uuid:637c6f42-48d1-42aa-913a-5e230fc26764> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://bestteacherblog.com/category/online-resources/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.892463 | 299 | 4.4375 | 4 |
Over any period of time, in any nation, the total quantity of investment that takes place must equal the total quantity of savings that are generated.
In the simplest case, where there are no inventories, depreciation, government, or foreign trade, it is trivial to prove that “savings equal investment.” It starts from the premise that all income is earned by producing something, so that the total of everyone’s income equals the total value of everything that gets produced. That “income equals output” (at the national level, though technically only when net foreign income is zero) is a very basic truism in macroeconomics. (As I recall, by the time I had attended my third class in the subject, I had already forgotten that there was a conceptual difference between output and income, and even today, outside occasional spells of lucidity, I labor under the delusion that the two terms are synonyms.) Everything produced is valued either for benefits it has in the present (“consumption”) or for benefits it will have in the future (“investment”). Thus “output equals consumption plus investment.” Savings are defined as unconsumed income. Thus “savings equal income minus consumption.” You do the algebra.
It’s pretty straightforward to add inventories, depreciation, government, and foreign trade and show that the algebra still works. But I don’t find the algebra very enlightening. The algebra shows what must be the case, but it doesn’t explain how it gets to be the case. I mean, people make decisions about how much to save, and other people (businesses, mostly) make decisions about how much to invest. Does the Good Fairy come along with a magic wand and make sure that one side is deciding the same number as the other side?
I’m going to try to avoid exceeding my snark limit here, but the conventional explanation does seem to me, at least under today’s circumstances, to be more a fairy tale than an enlightening description of reality. The Good Fairy in this story is called the Loanable Funds Market, and her magic wand is called Market Clearing. Savers (households with income to save) bring their funds to market, and investors (firms with potential capital spending projects) bid on those funds until they are used up. If the firms are really determined to invest, maybe they can offer an interest rate so high that it will induce households to save more. If households are really determined to save, and firms aren’t very interested in investing, then the households can offer to lend at lower and lower interest rates, until they find one that clears the market.
Many economists enjoy telling their students this fairy tale. I gather that some economists even believe it almost as if it were literally true. But as a description of how savings actually do come to equal investment, it has some problems. First, as a theoretical point, what happens when households are willing to accept a zero interest rate and still can’t unload their savings? In a normal market, when it cannot clear and there is excess supply, the suppliers are out of luck. (The classic example is a worker who is willing to work for less than minimum wage but can’t get a job.) Is that how the loanable funds market works? Do households have to take those extra potential savings and go home and consume them instead, whether they like it or not? Does the Good Fairy force them to consume?
And more generally, empirically, do the institutions of the real world of saving and investing bear any resemblance to the abstract loanable funds market? In real life, funds can be saved but not lent (as when banks decide to use new deposits to increase their excess reserves). In the real world, funds can be lent without ever having been saved (as when the Fed makes loans with newly created money). What does the Good Fairy do to make sure that these discrepancies offset each other?
Even when the funds lent are exactly the same ones that were saved, there can be a substantial time lag between the saving and the lending, and an even longer lag until the actual investment of the borrowed funds. Nor are these just banking issues. When a company issues stock, it is also acquiring “loanable funds” (in the relevant sense), though not in the form of a loan. And just like banks, nonfinancial companies can sit on the cash rather than making immediate use of it. The Good Fairy may be busy forcing reluctant households to consume, but as the end of the quarter approaches, she will have to excuse herself and grab her cattle prod, so she can force businesses to invest quickly. Otherwise the investment may not take place until next quarter, and savings will not equal investment for the current quarter.
If I were the Loanable Funds Market, I would hand in my resignation as Good Fairy. It’s obviously quite an impossible job. (OK, I give up on the snark limit.) And yet, as a matter of algebraic certainty, over any time period, investment must equal savings. If this good fairy quits, we’ll have to hire a new one.
And so we will. Her name is the Definition of Saving, and she’s both more powerful and more subtle than I made her out to be in the second paragraph.
What does it mean to save? It could mean “to set aside part of one’s income for the future.” Only, that definition is deceptive, because it implies a positive act of “setting aside.” There can be positive acts – purchasing a certificate of deposit, for example – that represent the commitment to save, but the act of saving is itself entirely passive. If you get paid in cash and put all the cash in a box without spending it, your are saving. It is no different if you get paid in cash and put all the cash in your wallet without spending it. Like “to rest” or “to fast,” the verb “to save” is defined not by what you do but by what you don’t do. “To save” means “to receive income and not to spend it.”
Bearing in mind the passive nature of saving, think about the old joke where the tourist asks, “Lived here all your life?” and the crusty local replies, “Not yet.” By definition, you have saved if you have received income and have not spent it. Suppose that, a few seconds ago, you received your pay in cash and put it in your wallet. Have your received it? Yes. Have you spent it? Not yet. Like the crusty local, economics is precise. You may intend to spend every single dollar of your pay, but for now the answer to the question, “Have you spent it?” is “No.” Therefore, as soon as you receive your pay, you have already saved it. It has become part of your savings. When you do spend it, you will be dis-saving, taking money out of savings.
The New Good Fairy thus presents us with a bizarre but indisputable fact: all income is saved. If you make the time period short enough, the savings rate (out of newly earned income) is always 100%.
And that’s half the reason that savings always equal investment. The other half has to do with the source of the income. Whoever pays the income must be either making an investment (in which case the amount of that investment exactly matches the amount of the receiver’s new savings) or taking money out of their own savings (in which case that dis-saving offsets the receiver’s new savings, and there is no net change in either savings or investment).
How do we know that the payer must be either dis-saving or investing? The payer is purchasing something, and it must be either for consumption or for investment. If it is for consumption, then the payer is taking money out of savings to pay for it. If it is for investment, then the payer is investing.
To take a simple example, suppose you’re a freelance software developer, and a company pays you to develop some custom software for long-term use. From the company’s point of view, that’s investment. As soon as they pay you, they’ve made an investment, and you have saved the exact amount of the investment they just made. Savings equal investment.
And what happens when you spend the money? To take another simple example, let’s say you spend some of it on a haircut. You are taking money out of savings, so your savings are reduced by the cost of the haircut. But the payment is income for the barber, and all income is initially saved, so the barber is putting into savings the same amount that you are taking out. Total net savings are unchanged, and since there was no investment involved, net investment is unchanged.
The Loanable Funds story tends to give the impression that saving determines the amount of investment. (It’s not the only possible interpretation, but when I hear the story, I tend to think, “Savers decide how much to save, and that is the amount that can be invested.”) In the immediate time frame, however, it is the other way around: investment determines the amount of savings. In general, saving occurs whenever someone receives income. Net saving occurs whenever someone receives income that is not offset by the payer’s dis-saving. That can (and will) happen only when the payer is investing.
In the slightly-longer-than-immediate time frame, people make decisions about how much to save, but it is still investment that makes that saving possible. Suppose, for example, that all investment were to stop for an entire year. Suppose everyone completes or cancels any investment plans by the end of 2009 and nobody makes any new investments in 2010 – no new houses or factories built, no new equipment or software created, no net purchases of foreign securities, and so on. (Because inventories are a form of investment, you also have to imagine – and I’m being a bit tricky here – that manufacturers start 2010 with inventories at some kind of maximum and refuse to produce anything new except to replenish those inventories.) In that case, there can be no net saving in 2010. People will receive income, presumably, but only as the result of dis-saving by others, so the most net saving that can happen is zero.
And just as the decision not to invest can prevent net saving from taking place, so the decision to invest can force people, collectively, to save. Consider the converse thought experiment, where everyone resolves not to save in 2010. "Any income I get in 2010,” everyone says, “I'm going to spend before the end of the year." Then someone comes along and decides to build a factory (financed, let's say, with money that the builder was holding in a safe at the beginning of the year). So the builder hires construction workers to build the factory, and the workers now have income, which they have resolved to spend before the end of the year. So they spend it. Now someone else has income, which they have resolved to spend. When they spend it, yet someone else has income, which they have resolved to spend. And so on. The money keeps getting passed around like a hot potato. Or like a game of musical chairs. At the end of the year, someone will have the money and will not yet have spent it. Someone will have unspent income. Someone will have saved.
I grant you, I've left out a lot of details that could become important. In particular, I've ignored inventories, and I’ve ignored imports, and there are some possible loopholes there that might allow people to avoid saving the invested money in the last paragraph. But I think I’ve made a pretty good prima facie case that the causation normally runs from investment to savings.
You may object, however, that my assertion doesn’t make sense. There must be causation running from savings to investment, because an economy has limited real resources. If people choose to save less, more of those resources will have to be used for consumption, and fewer will be available for investment.
That’s a valid point, as far as it goes, but now you’re not talking about saving income; you’re talking about saving resources. Resources have to be “saved,” in the sense of “not used up by consumption,” in order for investment to take place. You could say, perhaps, that a certain part of our potential real income – the income we would have if we made use of our resources to the greatest sustainable extent – has to be “saved,” in that sense, to make possible a given amount of investment.
But it has become painfully clear that actual income can fall far short of potential. As of today, according to typical estimates such as that of the Congressional Budget Office, the US is (in the relevant sense, though not in the terminology the CBO uses) “saving” about a trillion dollars extra of its annual potential income, over and above any actual income it saves. The US is “saving” that potential income in the sense that, if there were another trillion dollars worth of investment to be done, the resources to do that investment would be available. Those “savings” aren’t being used for investment; they’re being more or less thrown away – held in reserve, if one may speak euphemistically. The unemployed, the idly-self employed, the discouraged workers, the involuntary part-timers, and everyone else who would be doing something more productive in a better-functioning economy – they are the human counterpart of banks’ excess reserves. In real terms, they represent the idle portion of our national savings.
That’s certainly a coherent way of thinking about savings, and it is one in which savings put a constraint on investment. But it doesn’t conform to standard semantics. In practice, nobody counts those extra “savings” as savings. If you want to increase the savings that count, you have to find a way to increase investment.
DISCLOSURE: Through my investment and management role in a Treasury directional pooled investment vehicle and through my role as Chief Economist at Atlantic Asset Management, which generally manages fixed income portfolios for its clients, I have direct or indirect interests in various fixed income instruments, which may be impacted by the issues discussed herein. The views expressed herein are entirely my own opinions and may not represent the views of Atlantic Asset Management. | <urn:uuid:de266f46-ab5c-4b10-a2a6-3ba53b852710> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://blog.andyharless.com/2009/11/investment-makes-saving-possible.html?showComment=1336725911874 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.966997 | 3,093 | 3 | 3 |
Special to the Independent
The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH) announced that Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus has been detected in mosquitoes in Massachusetts for the first time this year. The presence of EEE was confirmed today by the Massachusetts State Public Health Laboratory in mosquito samples collected on August 30 in Douglas and Southbridge in Worcester County. No human or animal cases of EEE have been detected so far this year.
The finding increases the risk level of EEE to moderate in the communities of Douglas, Dudley, Southbridge, Sturbridge, Uxbridge, and Webster in Worcester County.
“After the EEE outbreak cycle that occurred in 2019 and 2020, there was no EEE activity in Massachusetts in 2021 or 2022,” said Public Health Commissioner Robert Goldstein, MD, PhD. “This is a late season emergence for EEE which should keep the risk level from rising too much or too quickly. However, some risk from mosquito-borne disease will continue until the first hard frost and people should take steps to prevent mosquito bites.”
EEE is a rare but serious and potentially fatal disease that can affect people of all ages. EEE is generally spread to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. There were 12 human cases of EEE in Massachusetts in 2019 with six deaths and five human cases with one death in 2020. There were no human cases of EEE in Massachusetts in 2021 or 2022.
“Transmission of EEE to a person late in the season can happen,” said Dr. Catherine M. Brown, State Epidemiologist. “Mosquitoes will be more active during warm and humid weather as we are forecast to have this weekend. I encourage everyone to use mosquito repellent when they are outdoors enjoying the last unofficial weekend of summer; you can also use clothing to cover exposed skin and if you notice that you are getting bitten, you should consider moving indoors.”
Avoid Mosquito Bites
• Apply Insect Repellent when Outdoors. Use a repellent with an EPA-registered ingredient (DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), permethrin, picaridin (KBR 3023), oil of lemon eucalyptus [p-Menthane-3,8-diol (PMD)] or IR3535) according to the instructions on the product label. DEET products should not be used on infants under two months of age and should be used in concentrations of 30 percent or less on older children. Oil of lemon eucalyptus should not be used on children under three years of age.
• Be Aware of Peak Mosquito Hours. The hours from dusk to dawn are peak biting times for many mosquitoes. Consider rescheduling outdoor activities that occur during evening or early morning in areas of high risk.
• Clothing Can Help Reduce Mosquito Bites. Wearing long-sleeves, long pants and socks when outdoors will help keep mosquitoes away from your skin.
Mosquito-Proof Your Home
• Drain Standing Water. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in standing water. Limit the number of places around your home for mosquitoes to breed by draining or discarding items that hold water. Check rain gutters and drains. Empty unused flowerpots and wading pools and change the water in birdbaths frequently.
• Install or Repair Screens. Keep mosquitoes outside by having tightly fitting screens on all windows and doors.
Protect Your Animals
• Animal owners should reduce potential mosquito breeding sites on their property by eliminating standing water from containers such as buckets, tires, and wading pools – especially after heavy rains. Water troughs provide excellent mosquito breeding habitats and should be flushed out at least once a week during the summer months to reduce mosquitoes near paddock areas. Horse owners should keep horses in indoor stalls at night to reduce their risk of exposure to mosquitoes. Owners should also speak with their veterinarian about mosquito repellents approved for use in animals and vaccinations to prevent WNV and EEE. If an animal is suspected of having WNV or EEE, owners are required to report to the Department of Agricultural Resources, Division of Animal Health by calling 617-626-1795, and to the Department of Public Health by calling 617-983-6800.
More information, including all WNV and EEE positive results, can be found on the Arbovirus Surveillance Information web page at Mosquito-borne Diseases | Mass.gov, which is updated daily, or by calling the DPH Division of Epidemiology at 617-983-6800. | <urn:uuid:b6f296eb-3e86-4c31-bbfb-3b4f5eafbf50> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://chelsearecord.com/2023/09/08/public-health-officials-announce-seasons-first-eee-positive-mosquito-samples/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.938324 | 954 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Parasites and humans
Worms in adults: symptoms, treatment Content: Causes of the disease Symptoms of worms in adults Methods for diagnosing helminthiasis Prevention of worms Features of the course ... More details »
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Worms are called worms from the group of helminths, which parasitize in the human body and cause impaired functions of organs and systems. The most common in children are pinworms and ... More details »
Ascaridosis: symptoms, treatment of ascariasis in adults Content: Pathogen Pathogenesis (development mechanism) of ascariasis Symptoms of ascariasis Complications ... More details »
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Giardiasis: photos, symptoms, treatment Contents: Causes of giardiasis How is giardiasis transmitted? The mechanism of development of giardiasis Classification of giardiasis Symptoms of giardiasis Diagnosis ... Read More »
Tick bite in humans: symptoms, signs, consequences. Contents: What does a wood tick look like? How to recognize a tick bite: symptoms A tick has bitten, what should I do? How to extract a tick? Where ... More details »
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Lice and nits Contents: The mechanism of infection with lice Signs of damage to lice Treatment of head lice Prevention of head lice Lice - these are insects of small size, belong to ... More details »
| 2,552 | | Parasites and man | no comments yet. | <urn:uuid:0d1d24f4-7007-415a-a1e7-9f60fa8dd2d1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://en.medicine-worlds.com/medicina_parazity-i-chelovek.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.859704 | 339 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Fun Facts About Lotteries
Lotteries are games in which numbers are randomly selected. Some governments regulate them while others have outlawed them. Other governments endorse lotteries, or organize state or national lottery programs. Whatever the case, a lottery is considered a form of gambling. It is illegal to play the lottery without an official license. Regardless of legality, the act of winning a prize can be incredibly satisfying. Here are some fun facts about lotteries.
The first known lottery was in the Chinese Han Dynasty. It dates back to between 205 and 187 BC. It is thought that the game of chance was first played by the Han dynasty and was used as a way to finance major government projects. The practice was referred to in the Bible as apophoreta, which means “that which is carried home.” The ancient Romans used it as a way to divide land, and the practice continued throughout the Middle Ages.
The Netherlands and Britain have the oldest lottery in the world. In the 17th century, it was common in the Netherlands to hold lotteries, collecting money for the poor and raising money for a variety of public purposes. The Staatsloterij is the oldest state-run lottery in the world. The Dutch public were enthusiastic about the lotteries, calling them a painless method of taxation. The Dutch word “lot” means “fate” and the English word “lottery” derives from this.
While the first modern lottery was held in the Italian city-state of Modena, there is no clear record of its origins. Regardless of the location, the lottery can be traced back to ancient Rome. In the Old Testament, Moses was asked to take a census of the people of Israel, a precursor to the modern lottery. The Italian state of Modena was also credited with holding the first lottery in the world. Francis I of France later regulated lotteries in several cities in the 15th century.
The lottery is an infamous form of gambling. The government sold its rights to lottery winners to provide them with money. During the American Revolution, the government used the lottery to finance wars in Philadelphia. It also used the money to build many of its colonies, including Boston. By the time of the French Revolution, the American government was borrowing money from foreign countries, and the British were funding the British Museum. In 1826, the lottery was outlawed.
There are many different types of lottery prizes. One of the most common is the prize money. Players choose between a lump sum payment or monthly installments. Historically, the lottery has been popular since the early 17th century. It has been the most popular form of gambling in the United States for more than two centuries. The winning numbers are randomly generated and the prize is awarded based on how closely they match. In some cases, it has even been the cause of wars.
The lottery is a major source of income for many people. According to the Gallup study, the average American makes between $36,000 and $89,000 per year. During the same period, the winnings of the lottery are distributed among the poorer classes, and are the most lucrative type of gambling. In contrast to other types of gambling, the lottery is a great source of income for those who do not make much money. It is a way to help improve your life and the lives of those you love.
A lot of people play the lottery every day. However, there is no guarantee that any person will win the prize. The most popular type of lottery is the “50-50” draw. This format is used in most modern lotteries. It is a popular option for winning the lottery and is not considered a scam. Some lotteries offer a fixed amount of money. This can be beneficial to players in the long run, but it can also be risky.
In the late 1800s, King Francis I of France voted to establish a lottery in his kingdom. Although the concept of lottery was previously prohibited in France, it was tolerated in some states until the 1830s. In France, the first known lottery was the Loterie Royale. The king’s intention was to raise money for the American Revolution, and thus, he decided to launch a lottery. As a result, he introduced the first modern-day lotteries, and later on increased the number of ball draws. | <urn:uuid:0d8ad405-1309-410a-88aa-367f7fd0d113> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://jazzhonolulu.com/index.php/2021/12/02/fun-facts-about-lotteries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.982922 | 900 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The name 'Colosseum' is derived from the Latin word 'colosseus' meaning colossal. This was in reference to the gigantic statue of the Emperor Nero which had been previously erected near the site of the Colosseum.
The great amphitheatre covers and area of 6 acres
Entrance to the games was free. The massive amphitheatre had a capacity estimated at between 50,000 and 80,000 Romans
The outer circumference measures 545 metres (1,788 ft). It is 50 metres high (187 ft), 189 metres (615 ft) long and 156 metres 510 ft wide. Dimensions of the Colosseum
The area beneath the Colosseum was called the Hypogeum (meaning underground). The hypogeum consisted of two-level subterranean network of tunnels and 32 animal pens. It had 80 vertical shafts which provided instant access to the arena for animals and scenery.
The Emperor Domitian, the younger son of Vespasian added the hypogeum and also a gallery at the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.
The Colosseum is located in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy (Piazzale del Colosseo, Rome). The absolute location is 41 degrees latitude and 12 degrees longitude.
There were 36 trap doors in Arena allowing for elaborate special effects
The animals displayed and killed at the theatre were transported from every corner of the Roman Empire reflecting the scale and scope of the Roman provinces. Wild Animals at the Colosseum
The wild and exotic animals which included lions, tigers, hyenas, hippos, rhino's, crocodiles, ostriches, antelopes, bears and zebras
There were over 20 different types of Gladiators
The Roman Colosseum was used for staging various events including gladiator fights, wild animal displays, theatrical entertainment, executions, religious ceremonies, mock sea battles and re-playing famous Roman victories.
The Colosseum was built as a gift to Roman Citizens, increasing the popularity of the Flavian dynasty
It Staged various forms of entertainment in a purpose built stone amphitheatre, creating a diversion for unemployed and unruly Plebs
It showcased the latest Roman engineering techniques demonstrating to the world the power of Rome
The emperor took up a prominent position in the imperial box was called the pulvinar which was located on the podium (meaning place of honor) which was like a terrace and about 15ft wide astride the centre of the minor axis of the arena on the north side. Seating at the Colosseum
The Flavian Amphitheatre was built of travertine on the outside and tufa and brick in the interior. The main pedestals were built of marble blocks.
In the building of the Colosseum the slaves undertook the manual labor and teams of professional Roman builders, engineers and decorators undertook the skilled tasks.
The Colosseum consisted of four floors. The first three storeys had high, arched entrances designed with tiers of Ionic, Doric and Corinthian columns.
A Retractable Awning called the Velarium at the Roman Colosseum provided cover and shade. Brackets supported 240 wooden masts on which canvas awnings were hung.
There were 76 entrances which were numbered but there were an additional four grand entrances which were not numbered. Colosseum Entrances and Exits
Tickets were distributed for the shows, each one marked with a seat number, tier number and entrance number. The inaugural games at the Colosseum lasted more than 100 days.
At the end of the day the gladiators who had been killed were dragged through the Porta Libitinensis (Gate of Death) to the Spoliarium where the body was stripped and the weapons and armor given to the dead gladiatorís lanista.
The arena was 287 ft long and 180 ft wide. The arena was covered with 15cm of sand.
There were various entrances/ exits from the arena. The Porta Sanavivaria was the Gate of Life where those who had been defeated but spared would exit, the Porta Libitina was the Gate of Death or Executions and the Porta Triumphalis where the victors would exit the arena.
The bisellium was a richly ornamented seat of honor at the games. It was so called because there was room for two persons upon it, although only one sat there, usually the Emperor.
42 Roman Emperors witnessed the carnage at the amphitheatre
An estimated 700,000 people died in the bloody arena
Executions of Christians or Criminals provided popular midday entertainment.
As many as 5000 animals were slaughtered in one day - wild animals were killed to the point of extinction. See Wild Animals at the Colosseum
The massive Flavian Amphitheatre took less than 10 years to build | <urn:uuid:22506179-3bb2-4aaf-97f6-9a53337240d2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://m.tribunesandtriumphs.org/colosseum/facts-about-the-colosseum.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.971392 | 1,027 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Mawkina’masultinej: Let’s Learn Together! is a series of inquiry projects that draw on Mi’kmaw community culture. The ideas for these projects have come from students’ Show Me Your Math submissions and from conversations with elders in Mi’kmaw communities. While the projects are designed to emphasize the mathematics learning, they are cross curricular and are designed to engage students in collaborative inquiry into relevant topics.
Resources for Supporting Inquiry
Mawkina’masultinej: Let’s Learn Together! Kataq/ Eels
This page includes resources and materials for inquiring into eels and eel fishing for grades primary to 6. Follow the link above. This project was inspired by students at Rankin School who chose to explore eels for their 2014-2015 Show Me Your Math Project. It also aims to honour the legacy of Donald Marshall Jr. who’s arrest while eel fishing lead to a supreme court case that recognized the Mi’kmaw inherent treaty rights to a commercial fishery.
Mawkina’masultinej: Let’s Learn Together! Quill Boxes and Quill Work
The late Dianne Toney was a Mi’kmaw elder who made quill boxes. During a conversation with her about mathematics in the Mi’kmaw community, she explained that she made quill boxes by beginning with a circle top and starting her pattern in the centre. She then explained that she made the ring for the top from strips of wood. To ensure the ring was the right size, Dianne said she would measure three times across the circular top and add a thumb. She claimed this would make a perfect ring every time. Follow the link above to access inquiry units that focus on the mathematics of quill boxes and quill work.
This unit will explore the mathematics associated with bead work. Beadwork has long been a practice in Mi’kmaq communities and continues to be practiced by many MI’kmaq people today who use beadwork to make jewelry such as earrings and pendants, as well as using beadwork for strip patterns to decorate regalia.
Mawkina’masultinej: Let’s Learn Together! Birch Bark Biting
These projects were developed following a conversation with Mi’kmaw Elder Josephine Peck. As a young girl Josephine and her siblings were often challenged by their mother to take a thin strip of birch bark from a piece of firewood and try to fold it and bite shapes into it. From Josephine’s story, several inquiry units were developed. The projects explore the geometry of shapes and the mathematics of making traditional dyes. Click the link to see more about these projects and access the teaching materials that will help you to do this inquiry unit.
Mawkina’masultinej: Let’s Learn Together! Indigenous Languages
Inspired by numerous projects done by students looking at data from their communities, the following projects examine the role of language in preserving Mi’kmaw culture and encourage students to examine data relating to Indigenous language loss on a global level.
This inquiry project allows students to engage in the process of making a canoe paddle by hand, allowing them to learn about the paddle making craft as well as the history, culture and art found within the canoe and the canoe paddle.
Mawkina’masultinej: Let’s Learn Together! SnowShoes
This project focuses on making traditional snowshoes and the role of these snowshoes in helping Mi’kmaq people navigate the land. Coming soon…
Mawkina’masultinej: Let’s Learn Together! Basket Making
Making baskets from strips of wood is a traditional practice in Mi’kma’ki. This unit is dedicated to the many basket makers who have passed to the spirit world. May their knowledge live on in the future generations. Coming soon…
Mawkina’masultinej: Let’s Learn Together! Maple Syrup
This project focuses on the traditional practice of Maple Syrup making. For many years Pictou Landing First Nation School has been tapping trees and making maple syrup with their 5/6 class. This project honours their work. Coming soon…
Mawkina’masultinej: Let’s Learn Together! Bees
This project explores the role of bees in our environment. Coming soon…
Please check back for more projects to come, including: Bead work, Wampum Belts, Canoe Building, Archery, Mi’kmaw games, building a Wi’kwam and more… | <urn:uuid:25f8ec0c-462b-4282-901c-a304b56e9d51> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://showmeyourmath.ca/mawkinamasultinej-lets-learn-together/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.927661 | 977 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Domino is an ancient Chinese game resembling playing cards. Unlike traditional playing cards, dominoes have identifying marks on one side and are blank on the other. Each domino is marked with an arrangement of pips and spots; some are blank, but not all. Depending on the type of domino, players can play a wide variety of games using the dominoes. However, if you’re looking to learn how to play this game, read on.
The name Domino is derived from a Venetian Carnival costume. The costume typically consists of a black robe and a white mask. The word “polyomino” has no connection with the number two in any language. The most common domino games include Matador, Texas 42, and Domino Whist. Other popular forms of domino include Double Fives and Mexican Train. In Britain, the most popular form of Domino is called Fives and Threes.
Besides its ability to track a large variety of data, Domino is a great tool for teams and individuals looking for a unified and collaborative environment. It supports collaborative data-science workflows and allows collaboration between data scientists and programmers. The software also facilitates secure collaboration between teams by supporting preferred languages, infrastructure, and tools. In addition, Domino Enterprise MLOps platform supports IT-central resource management and governance, and provides security.
In the early 18th century, domino first appeared in France and spread to Austria, southern Germany, and England. It was introduced to Britain by French prisoners of war, and was widely played by the late 1700s. In 1860, the game first appeared in America and was quickly taken up by cafes. This European version differs from the Chinese game in many ways, including the lack of Chinese features. With the addition of a “Run” key, the user can track results back to their original data or code.
The Domino server interacts with the Domino server in a distributed network. The Domino server makes changes to the database by coordinating with intranet applications. As Domino follows a client-server architecture, the software works well with a variety of other types of databases. The only thing you’ll need to be aware of is a server’s IP address. This is because it can communicate with different computers. Its server will keep track of the IP address of every client and every other computer in the network.
The Domino server follows a client-server model. Each server will use a client to make changes. The data is replicated across servers using Remote Procedure Call (RPC) requests. This enables users to collaborate on a single project with others. Similarly, users can coordinate with intranet applications using the Domino application. In addition, the system works well with external clients. And, it can work with databases that require multiple synchronization. | <urn:uuid:453f7a83-90ce-48dc-a2c2-bff20d560216> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://skyriopharma.com/2022/03/02/how-to-play-domino/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.952014 | 584 | 2.875 | 3 |
Being ethical means doing what is right and behaving in an acceptable way.
In everyday life we know how to behave and we know when we are doing wrong.
We know it is not right to steal, to lie, to claim things as our own when they belong to someone else, to borrow something from someone and make changes to it without their permission.
In terms of using items and info from the internet we need to make sure we follow the same principles.
Image source (License: CC0) pixabay.com/photo-2991600, 5Dec17Learn More
Copyright for School Students
In many instances, as school students, you have a lot more freedom when using items from the internet for school assignments and assessments, however every time you use someone else's work you must go through the ethical considerations and make sure you do what is required.
A good starting point is to first check out what the "Copyright Law" means to you as a student.
Image source (License: CC BY-SA 3.0) www.thebluediamondgallery.com/highlighted/c/copyright.html, 5Dec17Learn More
Respecting other rights to privacy is covered by the Privacy Act. One important part of the act is that you cannot share information about or images of others without their permission.
Image source (License: CC0)
Not Offending Others
Moral considerations are very important. The content of your digital outcome must not offend, upset or harm others in any way. This not only applies to the images used, but also the language and information used.
Image source (License: Public Domain)
It is good practise to include the source of any item you use from the internet. There are a few accepted ways to do this. Always do it in such a way that it does not effect the design of your digital outcome.
Image source (License:
CC BY Attribution 2.0.) | <urn:uuid:3c6927f9-5ff7-466d-9b92-6b05dbb51e88> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://solway.digi.school.nz/ethics/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.906711 | 402 | 3.046875 | 3 |
note: you don't state the co-ordinates of $pos, which makes it hard to know exactly what 10 units means.
Is the 'distance':
A. along the grid's two axis, measure along the X axis then measure along the Y axis.
B. as the crow-flies, measure direct distance between two points.
Both methods start off the same way:
1. If the X or Y axis of the two points is the same value then you only need to calculate the absolute difference between the two points for the axis that isn't the same.
eg. if the X axis of the two points is the same value then you calculate the 'distance' as
distance = Math.abs(Y1 - Y2)
2. If neither the X or Y axis is the same for the two points then you first calculate the above for both the X and Y axis...
distanceX = Math.abs(X1 - X2)
distanceY = Math.abs(Y1 - Y2)
... then to calculate the overall distance you either.
2a. Add the distanceX and distanceY together.
distance = distanceX + distanceY
2b. Use distanceX and distanceY to calculate the hypotenuse (x2 + y2 = z2) of a right angle triangle.
distance = Math.sqrt(Math.pow(distanceX, 2) + Math.pow(distanceY, 2)) | <urn:uuid:f99ca440-ff12-461a-8b65-1d06c356a8c8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://twinery.org/questions/12835/how-can-i-create-way-to-measure-distances-between-two-points?show=12855 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.867325 | 307 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Definition Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by many different micro-organisms, including viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi.
What is going on in the body? Pneumonia is a fairly common infection that affects people of all ages. Some of its more common causes are:
viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, influenza A and adenovirus
bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae
organisms similar to bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia and Mycobacteria
parasites, such as Pneumocystis carinii
Usually these organisms are spread by contact with people who are infected by them. Some can be picked up from the environment, though. Others are found in every body, but only cause disease in certain situations. One example of this is aspiration pneumonia. It occurs when a person inhales secretions carrying bacteria, usually from the mouth. Generally, this happens when a person is not completely conscious after a stroke or seizure (convulsions) or due to drug or alcohol intoxication. The inhaled bacteria cause infection.
Pneumonia can sometimes lead to complications, such as effusion (fluid in the lungs) or empyema, which are pockets of fluid or pus around the lung, or an abscess, an infected area in the lung.
What are the signs and symptoms of the infection?
shortness of breath
What are the causes and risks of the infection? Many organisms can cause pneumonia. Some conditions or activities make it more likely that a person will get pneumonia more often or more severely, including:
a weakened immune system
abnormal anatomy in the lungs
What can be done to prevent the infection? The influenza, or flu, vaccine and the pneumococcal vaccine effectively prevent pneumonia caused by influenza A and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
How is the infection diagnosed? Usually pneumonia is diagnosed by physical examination and a history of symptoms. A chest X-ray can help confirm the diagnosis. Often a specific organism is not identified. Sometimes an organism can be found through blood tests or cultured (grown in the laboratory) from mucous that is coughed up or from blood.
What are the long-term effects of the infection? Usually, there are no long-term effects. Sometimes, though, an empyema or abscess can leave a person with decreased lung function.
What are the risks to others? Some of the organisms that cause pneumonia can be spread from person to person through coughs or sneezes that send infected droplets into the air.
What are the treatments for the infection?
There are medications designed to combat many of the organisms that cause pneumonia, except viruses.
Empyemas may need to be drained with a needle or a tube placed in the chest.
Sometimes abscesses must be surgically removed.
What are the side effects of the treatments? Specific side effects depend on the medication chosen.
Author: Danielle Zerr, MD Reviewer: HealthAnswers Australia Medical Review Panel Editor: Dr David Taylor, Chief Medical Officer HealthAnswers Australia Last Updated: 1/10/2001 Contributors Potential conflict of interest information for reviewers available on request
This website and article is not a substitute for independent professional advice. Nothing contained in this website is intended to be used as medical advice and it is not intended to be used to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease, nor should it be used for therapeutic purposes or as a substitute for your own health professional's advice. All Health and any associated parties do not accept any liability for any injury, loss or damage incurred by use of or reliance on the information. | <urn:uuid:581c3ec7-affb-4bb6-b7a3-7b9c085bfa77> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.allhealth.com.au/html/s02_article/article_view.asp?id=23678&nav_cat_id=200&nav_top_id=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.931141 | 785 | 3.828125 | 4 |
A dog trainer uses their knowledge of canine behavior and training techniques to modify behavioral responses.
Dog trainers use a variety of training techniques to eliminate negative behaviors or to elicit a desired response to training cues. Techniques commonly used by dog trainers include operant conditioning, desensitization techniques, hand signals, verbal cues, clicker training, reward based training, and other types of positive reinforcement. Dog training requires extreme patience and persistence, as it can take many repetitions to establish the desired response.
It is important that dog trainers are effective communicators and work well with people, since they must teach their clients to reinforce the training methods with the dogs at home. If owners do not follow up with the techniques at home it is unlikely that the newly established behaviors will be retained.
Dog trainers have the option of working an extremely flexible schedule without set “office hours” if desired. Many dog trainers work longer hours on weekends or in the evening to accommodate the schedules of their clientele. They may also choose to only work part-time and make dog training a side business while keeping their day job.
Most dog trainers are self employed and establish their own training operation. A few find work as employees with pet store chains, large training schools, doggie daycares, boarding facilities, or animal shelters. There are also a few franchise opportunities for dog trainers looking to become a part of an established chain (though this can be quite pricey). Trainers may either operate out of their own facility or travel to visit clients at other locations.
Class options may include group training, private one-on-one lessons, and home visits. There are many specialized types of classes a dog trainer can offer: behavior modification, service dog training, show dog handling, obedience, agility, herding, puppy training, movie/trick training, aggression management, police or military training, or breed-specific options.
Dog trainers can also create sideline sources of income by writing books, producing training videos, giving presentations to schools and community groups, creating informational websites, and selling pet products to their clients. They can also open boarding kennel facilities that offer training while the dog stays on the property.
Education, Training, and Certification
Dog training is a career path that does not require any formal training, certification, or licensing. Many aspiring dog trainers choose to attend educational courses, take certification exams, or complete apprenticeships with experienced industry veterans to demonstrate their qualifications. Others have a background in dog showing, agility trials, or obedience work with their own dogs and transition this experience into a full time training career. No matter their background, a dog trainer should have a strong knowledge of behavior and training techniques.
One well known certification option for dog trainers is offered by the Certification Council for Professional Dog Trainers (CCPDT). This certification program, established in 2001, offers two types of certification testing which lead to knowledge based (KA) and skills based (KSA) designations. As of January 2016 there were 2,615 CPDT-KAs and 145 CPDT-KSAs worldwide. The certification process gives a trainer a valuable credential that demonstrates their professional knowledge, and this can be featured in marketing materials to attract new clients.
The largest membership group for dog trainers is the Association of Pet Dog Trainers (APDT). Founded in 1993, this group boasts over 5,200 members in 48 countries as of 2016. The APDT offers several types of membership including professional, supporting, and affiliate. They also offer member benefits such as online training seminars, searchable trainer listings on their website, and access to an annual educational conference and trade show.
A dog trainer’s income can vary greatly depending on their client volume, geographic location, professional background, and the type of training classes they offer. Independent trainers tend to earn higher salaries than those employed by a pet chain or commercial training venture since they retain a greater percentage of their training fees. Private classes tend to command a very high rate, while group classes are priced more affordably since many clients can be accommodated in one session.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics salary survey does not track the specific niche career of dog training, but it does include dog trainers in the more general category of animal trainers. The mean hourly wage for animal trainers in the most recent survey results (2013) was $14.92, which equates to $31,030 annually. Animal trainer salaries ranged from $17,570 for the lowest paid ten percent of workers in this category to more than $52,460 for the highest paid ten percent of workers in this category.
The pet industry has been expanding rapidly in recent years, doubling in revenue from 2002 ($29.6 million) to 2015 ($60.28 million), according to statistical data from the American Pet Products Association. The APPA also reported that in 2015 there were 77.8 million dogs being kept as pets in the United States alone. The demand for dog training services is expected to continue to grow to accommodate the needs of the growing pet population. | <urn:uuid:aa04749c-d4b4-4272-bd9f-48e287306bd9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.animalcareerexpert.com/dog-trainer-career-overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.958448 | 1,025 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Wakeboarding is a surface water sport which involves riding a wakeboard over the surface of a body of water. It was developed from a combination of water skiing, snow boarding and surfing techniques.
The rider is usually towed behind a motorboat, typically at speeds of 17-24 miles per hour, depending on the water conditions, board size, rider's weight, and rider's comfort speed. This speed can also depend on the year, make, and model of the boat because some boats, not meant for wakeboarding, produce a different size wake that may not be adequate enough for the rider. But a wakeboarder can also be towed by other means, including closed-course cables, winches, PWCs, trucks/cars, and ATVs.
Wakeskating is a water sport and an adaptation of wakeboarding that employs a similar design of board manufactured from maple or from fibreglass. Unlike wakeboarding, the rider is not bound to the board in any way, which gives the sport its own unique challenges. Instead, the top surface of the board is covered with griptape, (in a similar fashion to a skateboard) or a soft, high-traction, foam, usually referred to as EVA foam, covering that is kinder to riders in the inevitable crashes and also allows a rider to ride barefoot.
Riders usually wear shoes while riding to afford themselves extra purchases on the board, similar to skateboarding.The speed at which riders wakeskate behind a PWC (Personal Water Craft: Jet ski), boat, cable system, or winch is generally 16 – 22 miles per hour. However, this depends on water conditions, the weight of the rider, their proficiency in the sport as well as a preference matter of the rider.
Wakesurfing (similar to but not the same sport as wakeboarding) is a water sport in which a surfer trails behind an inboard ski boat, surfing the boat's wake without being directly attached to the boat. The wake from the boat mimics the look and feel of an actual ocean wave.
After getting up on the wave by use of a tow rope, wakesurfers drop the rope and ride the steep face below the wave's peak in a fashion reminiscent of ocean surfing. Wakesurfers generally use special boards, usually five feet or shorter.
Kitesurfing or Kiteboarding is an adventure surface water sport that has been described as combining wakeboarding, windsurfing, surfing, paragliding and gymnastics into one extreme sport. Kitesurfing harnesses the power of the wind to propel a rider across the water on a small surfboard or a kiteboard (similar to a wakeboard). The terms kiteboarding and kitesurfing are interchangeable. There are a number of different styles of kiteboarding, including freestyle (most common and utilises standard kite and board) or wake-style (flatter water using board with bindings) and wave-riding which is focused on big waves using a board designed for wave riding. | <urn:uuid:d89a2ab9-d278-45ae-936c-a5bdfc3b7c8e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.doitnow.co.za/boardinginh2o | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.944419 | 632 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Plaskett Nutritional Therapy
What is Nutritional Therapy?
Nutritional Therapy is a holistic system of treatment in which an individual diet and a purpose-directed programme of nutritional supplements is prescribed for a patient, with or without additional procedures, aimed to restore normal health.
Nutritional Therapy can be a powerful aid in preventing recurrence of the cancer once it has been treated by orthodox means, or it can be a system of treatment in itself, particularly when the cancer cannot be treated in the conventional way.
How does it work?
Dr Lawrence Plaskett, a much respected Biochemist and Nutritionist, developed the formulation of the therapy which has been applied by the trust since the end of 1977.
Dr Plasketts background included research with the Medical Research Council, a lectureship in Biochemistry at the University of Edinburgh Medical department and the development of nutritional supplements. Until recently he was principal of the Plaskett College of Nutritional Medicine, which is now part of Thames Valley University.
What the Therapy entails
Patients must understand that for the majority of patients and their families, following the therapy will entail major changes to their existing life styles. Once the illness is defeated the therapy will cease, but a sensible avoidance of the disease inducing factors will be recommended.
The therapy has the following elements; diet, nutritional supplements, juices, coffee enemas and the avoidance of unnecessary chemical exposure.
All food must be organic, to ensure the maximum level of essential nutrients and to avoid the presence of carcinogenic agrochemicals.
Known tumour inducing foods must be avoided - animal proteins, oils and fats and added salt. Those foods which contain the highest levels of known substances needed to eliminate the disease factors need to be used in preference to other less beneficial foods. Individual prescriptions are provided for each patient which list those foods which should be eaten and those to be avoided.
In summary the diets followed are Vegan organic diets with the emphasis on rice and other grains, fresh vegetables and fruits and small amounts of pulses.
In order to ensure the smoothest and most rapid recovery possible, a carefully prescribed and balanced intake of supplements from approved manufacturers form an essential part of the therapy.
These stimulate a number of processes within the body:
Fresh fruit and vegetable juices are taken to supply vitamins and enzymes undamaged by preparation in meals or in storage. Using freshly prepared juices enables the body to gain many more times the intake of essential nutrients than is possible by eating vast quantities of the raw materials. These juices are prepared in special equipment in order to reduce oxidation damage to their ingredients.
During release of toxins from the body it is essential to maintain the health of the liver and the efficiency of the detoxification systems within the liver. Coffee enemas are a very efficient mechanism for achieving this. An Homoeopathic alternative can be used instead for those unable to manage the enemas.
AVOIDING CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
It is strongly recommended to take steps to avoid all types of chemical exposure. This includes every type of household chemical product including aerosols, insect sprays, cleaning products, cosmetics, gardening sprays and chemicals, and personal hygiene products.
This usually means changing to use natural soap, shampoo, toothpaste etc., seeking out environmentally friendly washing and cleaning products and avoiding cosmetics and perfumes.
Patients and the Nutritional Cancer Therapy Trust:
The Trust recognises the debt we all owe to the cancer patients who have decided to follow the Trusts natural therapies. These patients have provided the reassurance needed by those wondering which path is the right one for them to follow.
Like all treatments the outcome can never be guaranteed.
Further information from: http://www.plaskett-international.co.uk/ | <urn:uuid:52def29b-a78d-45ce-b0f2-99c048bdfe4c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.free-events.co.uk/cancermagic/plaskett.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.92835 | 767 | 2.59375 | 3 |
When the document has to have East Asian typography, using the HTML5 <rt> tag is a big help. It is the tool used for providing the explanation or pronunciation of the typography used. The HTML5 <rt> tag is used along with the <ruby> and <rp> tags to clearly define he ruby annotations.
The HTML5 <rt> tag is a new element in HTML5 and this is not used in HTML4.01. Even if it is new, this is recognized in web browsers like Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, Google Chrome and Safari. It is also supportive of the Global Attributes and Event Attributes in HTML5. | <urn:uuid:ff3443aa-8d46-4197-96b5-9ec6b40e5ebb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.html5videotutorial.com/rt-tag | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.849626 | 135 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Over the last several years, examination of U.S. national security interests within the context of the global commons has emerged as a major policy issue in the defense community.1 At the highest levels of the Department of Defense (DOD), there is now an awareness that the U.S. military will be confronted by a host of challenges "to stability throughout the global commons."2 Furthermore, the Nation can "expect to be increasingly challenged in securing and maintaining access to the global commons and must also be prepared for operations in unfamiliar conditions and environments."3 In response, the 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review Report has now assigned "assured access" to the commons as a top priority for U.S. military forces.4
As defined by DOD, the global commons comprise the geographic and virtual realms of "space, international waters and airspace, and cyberspace."5 They are a subset of the broader maritime, aerospace, and cyber domains, deriving their existence from the notion of areas that are accessible to all but owned by none. The commons are seen as the essential conduits of U.S. national power in a rapidly globalizing and increasingly interconnected world. The heritage of the commons' strategic importance can be traced back at least as far as Alfred Thayer Mahan, who highlighted the relationship between maritime power and the ability to maintain the sea lines of communications with economic expansion and the impact on overall national power.6 Attainment of U.S. strategic, economic, informational, and military objectives is contingent upon assured access to, and freedom of action within, the commons. Accordingly, global commons access must remain at the forefront of U.S. national security imperatives.
Successful application of military power in and through the global commons in support of overarching U.S. national objectives is likewise dependent upon the ability of military forces to access and maneuver within and across the commons—to deliver power in and through the various geographies. While the required extent and duration of the U.S. military's access to and freedom of action in the commons will be determined by larger strategic factors, the fundamental ability to achieve them is becoming more problematic. New complexities in the global commons potentially lessen military effectiveness, diminishing the military's ability to support national interests. Arguably, the least recognized and least understood of these complexities is the notion of domain interrelationships: the idea that intradomain military operations are increasingly dependent on interdomain dependencies.7 Barring a fundamental shift in U.S. strategic objectives, the military must retain the ability to operate throughout the global commons to achieve the requisite level of local control and superiority for mission success in support of national objectives. To accomplish this, the U.S. defense establishment must reassess the fundamental ideas and concepts regarding military power employment within the global commons in light of expanding domain interrelationships.
Responsibility for the maintenance of the global commons and guarantee of free access for both international trade and commerce and the projection of military power has for more than 60 years fallen to the U.S. military.8 However, over the last two decades, a confluence of events and emerging issues has begun to impact the U.S. military's ability to gain access to the global commons, as well as its freedom of action within it. The continuing evolution of the commons presents the U.S. military with a host of new challenges and demands.
First among these challenges is the incorporation of new geographies into the commons. In addition to dealing with growing complexities in the more "mature" maritime and air components, the U.S. military is confronting the issue of integrating the newer domains, space and cyber, into its fundamental concepts of operation. The cyber domain arguably provides the most acute challenge; its complex and at times seemingly anarchic nature and the difficulty in detecting and attributing actions complicate military planning. Despite its breadth of use within both the civilian and defense sectors, the U.S. defense community's understanding of the full impact of cyberspace on military capabilities and operations is modest at best.
Compounding the issue of the expanded scope of the global commons is their increasingly congested and contested nature. Driven in large part by economic and technological advances, barriers to commons access have been significantly lowered, with an attendant rise in the number and types of actors able to exploit the commons. For example, space— the almost exclusive purview of the superpowers during the Cold War due to high financial and technical barriers—is now routinely accessed by several dozen companies and consortia from various states, as well as individual entrepreneurs and commercial entities. Similarly, the oft-quoted price of access to the cyber domain can be as low as the cost of a laptop computer.
The dynamics making the commons more contested are varied and complex. At the high end, a number of state actors are rapidly approaching the level of a peer or near-peer military competitor in specific geographic areas. Although unable to challenge U.S. military access to all of the commons on a global scale and for extended periods of time, robust investment in conventional and asymmetric antiaccess and area-denial capabilities is positioning some countries to be able to challenge U.S. military access and freedom of action in bounded regions and for set periods of time. This is a significant issue given U.S. global interests and the military resources and efforts required to guarantee security of those interests at long distances.
Exacerbating the challenges from traditional or rising peer and near-peer military competitors is the increasing influence exerted by nonstate actors in the global commons. State actors typically have substantial incentives to keep general access to the commons unrestricted. Nonstate actors can have drastically different motives. Driven by such factors as economics and political ideology, nonstate actors are more likely to deny, restrict, or disrupt commons access and usage in pursuit of their objectives. Even a modestly sized nonstate actor can exert a disproportionate effect within the commons. As evidenced in the cyber domain, at little cost in resources and effort, small groups (or even individuals) can disrupt and degrade Internet access and functionality for civilian, commercial, and government users, yielding effects that are of far greater value than the costs of producing them.
The precipitous decline in U.S. conventional air and naval platforms used to address these challenges aggravates the situation. The global commons are expansive in nature, with time, speed, and distance factors that at times can only be addressed through employment of large numbers of military assets. In the air and maritime domains, current U.S. aircraft and ship quantities are a fraction of the levels that existed at the conclusion of the Cold War. In 2009, U.S. Navy ship numbers alone were over 50 percent lower than they were in 1990 in the waning days of the Cold War.9 While technological advances help offset the negative aspects of force reductions, they are insufficient to address the growing challenges inherent in a more complex and dynamic global commons. In the cyber domain, resource challenges are exacerbated by the complex balance between offense and defense and the difficulty of attempting to innovate in a military field while simultaneously responding to the advancements of others. Unlike the maritime, air, and space domains, where the United States has traditionally been at the forefront of military development and has compelled potential adversaries to respond to its military initiatives, the Nation has no such advantage in the cyber domain.
External and internal fiscal pressures will limit the near- to mid-term potential for significant growth in the defense procurement budget. Furthermore, the short-term requirement to balance current counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations against other mission requirements makes the prospects for a resource-intensive solution to the challenges posed within the global commons unlikely. The U.S. military will not be able to apply overwhelming quantitative and qualitative resource advantages to solve global commons problems.
The last and least recognized military challenge in the global commons involves the rapidly developing interrelationships among and between the different domains and the platforms and systems operating in and through the related parts of the global commons. The phenomenon is a manifestation of how military capabilities and operations have evolved, particularly over the last two decades. Domain interrelationships start at the most fundamental levels of military operations and capabilities and yield effects throughout the whole spectrum of military power as the totality of the interrelationships is integrated across each level of warfare. Now more than ever, effective and efficient application of military power in any specific part of the global commons rests upon a foundation of simultaneous access and freedom of action throughout the remainder of the commons. The idea of domain interrelationships is not new. These interrelationships have been, to a certain degree, part of military planning for as long as the potential for multidomain military operations has existed. Rather, it is the breadth of the various domain interrelationships and the pace at which they have developed that are now the critical issues.
Domain interrelationships cover a wide spectrum of dependencies between platforms and systems and, ultimately, operations. At the low end of the interdependence scale are interrelationships that enhance capabilities and provide force multipliers. This degree of interrelationship does not preclude employment of military power in a particular domain, but helps increase the effectiveness of platforms and systems. At the other end of the spectrum stand true interdependencies: interrelationships that can preclude operations in one domain if access to other domains is denied. Defense leaders have provided illustrative discussion on these evolving interrelationships and the global commons, particularly with respect to the space and cyber domains. However, taxonomies matter a great deal when distinguishing relationships that are interconnected (and therefore enabling) from those that are mutually dependent (and therefore require access to other domains).
Despite the increasing importance of domain interrelationships, development of military strategy and fundamental concepts of operations for the employment of military power within the commons has not kept pace. The increasingly congested and contested nature of the commons and the problem of declining U.S. conventional force levels do not necessarily lend themselves to quick fixes and will continue to stress the military's ability to ensure continued access to the commons. To prevent any further reduction in the margins of its military superiority, the United States must seek to optimize its military capabilities in the global commons despite these constraints. The U.S. defense establishment must revisit the fundamental ideas and concepts regarding the employment of military power within the global commons in light of growing domain interrelationships.
The New Reality of Domain Interrelationships
Historical perspectives on military use of the global commons from the industrial age detail a long period of modest advances in capability and domain interactions. Military exploitation of each new geography, along with its integration with the others in the context of military operations, was modest in scope and relatively linear in nature, occurring over extended timeframes. Despite the work of General Billy Mitchell and others in the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s, the full appreciation of airpower's utility in maritime operations arguably was not realized until World War II, some 30 years after the initial exploitation of the air domain for military purposes. The advent of the information age induced a marked shift in this dynamic. The technology that drove the information age significantly increased the range of militarily useful tools and resources, enhanced intradomain capabilities, and, more importantly, yielded a range of previously unavailable interdomain military options.
At the tactical level, advocates of platforms specific to each individual domain have continued their relentless pursuit of intradomain dominance, while exploiting technology-based capabilities that require access to other domains. As an example, the F–22 represents the premier air superiority aircraft, with its unequalled radar-evading technologies, engine performance, and advanced avionics; it also provides additional force multipliers such as unique connectivity and electronic attack capabilities. However, the latter capabilities are wholly dependent upon the ability of the aircraft to access the space and cyber domains. As the DOD aircraft investment plan for fiscal years 2011–2040 points out, "When considering aviation investment plans, the Department must increasingly consider the potential complementary capabilities resident in the cyber and space domains, as well as across other aircraft types."10 The F–22 highlights how military operations within the global commons are now multidomain in nature, with interrelationships that can simultaneously span all domains and blur the distinction between supported and supporting efforts. Adding to this complexity is the growing overlap between the military and civilian realms, with military capabilities becoming increasingly reliant on commercial satellite communication systems, space-based surveillance, and cyber infrastructure for mission success.
With space and cyberspace serving as the bond between a range of military capabilities that require access to the commons, domain interrelationships have become more pervasive and complex. These interrelationships alter basic notions of force-on-force analysis. Drawing a parallel from cyber and telecommunications network theory, the intrinsic value of military platforms and systems can conceivably increase at a nonlinear rate with the linear addition of each new platform and system, in large part due to the multitude of interrelationships.11 A logical and corollary lesson is that vulnerabilities may expand at a nonlinear rate as well, with the associated risk to U.S. military operations increasing rapidly. Further proof of the importance of domain interrelationships exists in capabilities derived from exploitation of the space domain. Loss of space systems, whether involving the global positioning system constellation, communications systems, or intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets, would have negative effects that would cascade across military platforms and systems in other domains. This example illustrates how a limited number of key tactical level interdomain relationships can yield operational level effects.
The manner in which space and cyberspace now provide a means for the transmission of military power distorts traditional industrial age notions of supporting and supported domains. The increasing capacity for space and cyber to become the primary focus of effort within a military operation can lead to role reversals. For example, with a significant portion of the cyber domain relying on seabed transmission cables, efforts to disrupt military operations in cyberspace could employ maritime and air domain operations as supporting elements. The multi-organizational Operation Burnt Frost in 2008, which led to the destruction of a malfunctioning U.S. reconnaissance satellite, provides a real-world example: maritime domain operations (primarily) were conducted in support of operations in space, traditionally considered an enabling or supporting domain.
The Traditional Approach
Throughout history, the emergence of human activity within each of the sea, air, space, and cyberspace domains has produced a fundamental transformation in the nature of warfare and military operations. It is this geographic aspect of warfare, albeit on a domain-by-domain basis, that has remained a cornerstone for the U.S. military approach to development of military power theory and operating concepts. This reductionist, bottom-up methodology arguably propagated a degree of stovepiping in strategy and concept development within the commons. Development tends to proceed in a linear and highly dogmatic fashion, with a focus on single domain exploitation preceding efforts to address the implications of domain overlaps and interdependencies. Much as was the case for air and maritime doctrine, development of concepts for military operations within the space domain (and more recently in cyberspace) appears to be following a similar pattern, with intradomain analysis and concept development preceding interdomain considerations. The U.S. Air Force and Navy have only just begun efforts to better understand the implications of cyber warfare for air and maritime operations; these nascent efforts are perhaps less well developed than the modest understanding of military operations exclusive to the cyber domain itself.12 Bidomain theoretical initiatives have typically been marked by a hierarchical conceptual approach in which one domain is dominant and the other exists in a subordinate or supporting role. While the military operating environment in and through the commons shows ever-increasing degrees of complexity, the theoretical methodologies used to address this environment have not kept pace.
Why a New Approach?
The traditional approach to conceptual development that begins with intradomain work followed by measured bi-domain expansion lags the transformational nature of current opportunities and challenges in the global commons. The implications of these growing challenges are not insignificant. The growth of cross-domain interrelationships brings a concomitant increase in the number of seams between the domains—seams that offer large numbers of both vulnerabilities and opportunities. Approaching conceptual development for the commons with a stovepiped, single domain–centric mindset heightens the risk that domain dependencies and the resulting seams will be inadequately addressed. Given integrated and highly interdependent domain relationships, degrading one system in one domain has the potential to exponentially increase degradation in all other systems. Serious analytical attention has not been devoted to cross-domain issues such as these, partly because a traditional stove-piped planning methodology is insufficient to identify and analyze the full scope and relevance of these issues.
Shortcomings in applying the traditional planning methodology to the global commons are not limited to the military realm. The growing reliance of military systems and operations on commercial enterprises (such as satellite communications and imagery) is but one possible insidious relationship that puts U.S. military capabilities at risk and that is largely unseen without a macro view of the complex, interactive system that is the global commons. The importance of operating from the global commons, and the increasingly complex relationships of platforms operating within the various domains, clearly requires a theoretical construct that accounts for these factors.
There appears to be a growing recognition within the U.S. military that the evolving nature of the global commons and the rapidly expanding set of domain interrelationships mean that traditional approaches to strategy and concept development may be ineffective. As pointed out by General Michael Moseley, former Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air Force, "Since the air, space and cyber domains are increasingly interdependent, loss of dominance in any one could lead to loss of control in all. . . . No future war will be won without air, space and cyberspace superiority."13 The very fact that DOD has now unified the disparate geographies into the more encompassing term global commons and is pursuing a new multidomain theoretical initiative called AirSea Battle hint at the prospect that the notion of the global commons may be more than just a new, more convenient taxonomy scheme and may in fact be an initial attempt to recraft the strategy and concept development process. The critical issue for security planners thus becomes finding an appropriate methodology for development of a military concept of operations for the global commons that goes beyond the domain-by-domain approach and fully considers the rich interactions between domains that characterize military operations in the commons.
Requirements of a New Planning Paradigm
Strategic thought has historically demanded consideration of a problem or issue in totality in order to grasp the full magnitude of the situation at hand. Whether for grand strategy development or military operational planning, a holistic perspective is required. Historically speaking, conceptual strategy development has always warned of the need for consideration of the whole in order to comprehend the overall nature of a particular military endeavor.14 The same holds true for military planning when considering the need for operations conducted in any of the domains.15
Joint operating concepts in use today are designed to "identify future military problems and propose solutions for innovative ways to conduct operations. They are an articulation of potential future operations and describe how a commander, using military art and science, might employ capabilities necessary to meet future challenges."16 Yet development of such concepts requires analysis that is not restricted to limited avenues of consideration (such as the air and sea domains as in the case of AirSea Battle). An analysis that envisions one or possibly two domains and considers others as enablers ignores the need to consider the totality of the global commons and the domains' evolving interdependent nature. As such, we should consider the global commons from a broader perspective.
While the body of intradomain research and concept development continues to evolve, parallel efforts that give full consideration to interdomain issues must also be conducted. An updated planning paradigm must fully quantify domain interrelationships, properly articulate the nature of the supported/supporting relationship for multidomain evolutions, seek synergies and leverage in military operations through the exploitation of domain overlaps, and ensure combat effectiveness by mitigating risks associated with seam vulnerabilities.17 Strategists and defense planners must depart from the domain-centric mindset and take a broader perspective when viewing the commons. They must employ a holistic approach that breaks down domain stovepipes and treats the global commons not as a set of distinct geographies, but rather as a complex, interactive system.18 It must not be merely an exercise in enhancing "jointness" within the force, but rather must be an issue of formulating a conceptual framework that allows us to think about, and plan for, military operations in this dynamic arena.
A paradigm shift to a macro perspective on a complex, interactive system that would provide the proper framework from which to address security and stability within the commons is needed to consider the global commons writ large. A Global Commons Operational Concept construct properly detailing the effective employment of military power to ensure commons access would serve not only military interests, but also broader national priorities within the diplomatic, economic, and informational realms as well. While at first appearing anathema to current doctrinal thinking, the intellectual exercise provides many benefits:
The Way Forward
The United States must decide whether an increasingly congested, contested, and competitive global commons allows for a military strategy as straightforward as one that exploits a command of the commons. The answer is not self-evident. There is a clear need for a more detailed analysis of the global commons, along with a systematic determination of domain interdependencies, identifying the resultant risks and rewards and the appropriate means of incorporating them into military strategy, concepts, and doctrine.
Given current and evolving globalization and technological trends, we need a holistic paradigm to advance our understanding of military operations in and employing the global commons. This new perspective should better frame the nature of domain interdependencies and their potential impact on military power employment options. At a minimum, a holistic concept development methodology should quantify the nature of domain interdependencies, identify military vulnerabilities and opportunities associated with the domain seams, and illuminate fundamental principles of military power employment that will mitigate the risks associated with seam vulnerabilities and exploit inherent seam opportunities.
This interdependent nature is becoming clearer and much more pronounced. Yet the ability to operate freely in a secure and stable global commons is largely being analyzed using domain-specific constructs. Over-arching questions must also be considered. What further research must be conducted to explore the interdependent relationships and maturing integration of the global commons? How do we define and comprehend the truly interdependent relationships that provide critical capabilities in a globalized world? Which dependencies are crucial to success when operating in the commons, and which linkages are merely enabling support? Have a common lexicon and taxonomy been clearly defined in order to consider the critical nature of the systems?
Multidomain interdependencies result in more complex challenges for military planners with regard to time, space (geography), and force issues given a particular objective or purpose. Joint operational planning emphasizes the importance of time and space and the need to comprehend these characteristics in and across particular domains. There is an increasingly critical need to more fully understand and exploit these cross-domain interdependencies, especially with respect to time disparities between the cyber domain and the other traditional domains. For example, the nearly instantaneous speed of movement in the cyber domain is very different from the time and space considerations that govern force employment in other domains. The implications for force planners used to focusing on maritime or air domains lie in the potential to exploit the speed of the cyber domain and ability to employ cyber assets at great geographic distances to increase the tempo of operations faster than ships can sail or aircraft can fly. However, this also implies that naval and air assets are now vulnerable to cyber attack from locations far removed from the battlespace. Air, space, or maritime forces reaching across their domains to influence or affect a force in another domain or multiple domains must now consider cyberspace's unique characteristics of speed, rapid pace of change, and influence on multiple domains in addition to the more traditional domains and their interrelationships.
From a military perspective, further consideration of a holistic global commons paradigm would inform strategy issues in a broader sense. What further analysis must be undertaken that informs or affects other aspects of military strategy, such as deterrence theory? Consideration should also be given to exploring the development of a military power theory for the global commons writ large. In addition, there should be analysis of an integration of a global commons military strategy into a global commons security strategy, and the resultant integration with other elements of national power and grand strategy, to ensure a synergistic approach to global commons research.
A paradigm shift must occur in order to fully comprehend the emerging systems nature of the global commons, and a military strategy and concept of operations are needed that fully consider the increasingly interrelated character of the various domains. Rapid technological advancements and improvements in military capabilities will continue to increase domain interdependencies within and across the global commons. As the United States and international community become more reliant on the global commons, a clear understanding of how to conduct multidomain military operations is needed if the United States is to have an effective strategy for maintaining military and commercial access to the global commons. JFQ
1 Michèle A. Flournoy and Shawn Brimley, "The Contested Commons," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 135/7/1,277 (July 2009), 1.
2 Department of Defense (DOD), Quadrennial Defense Review Report (Washington, DC: DOD, February 2010), 8.
3 Ibid., 103.
5 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2008), 13.
6 Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 (New York: Dover Publications, 1987), 25.
7 Throughout this article, no distinction is made between the broader notion of domain interrelationships and, as a subset of that, commons interrelationships. The important conceptual point is based upon the fact that military operation interrelationships across the geographies of space, air, maritime, and cyber are growing in scope and complexity. Utilization of the full physical extent of space, air, maritime, and cyber as opposed to the more bounded areas encapsulated in the notion of the global commons has little bearing on the central tenets of this paper. The terms domain interrelationships and commons interrelationships may be used interchangeably.
8 National Defense Strategy, 16.
9 "U.S. Navy Active Ship Force Levels," Naval Historical Center Web page, available at <www. history.navy.mil/branches/org9-4htm#1993>.
10 Aircraft Investment Plan Fiscal Years (FY) 2011–2040, submitted with the FY 2011 Budget, February 2010, 3.
11 Franklin D. Kramer, Stuart H. Starr, and Larry K. Wentz, eds., Cyberpower and National Security (Washington, DC: NDU Press and Potomac Books, Inc., 2009), 149.
12 Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Studies Group XXVII, "Collaborate & Compel: Maritime Force Operations in the Interconnected Age," December 2008.
13 General T. Michael Moseley, USAF, "The Nation's Guardians: America's 21st Century Air Force," Chief of Staff of the Air Force White Paper, Washington, DC, December 29, 2007, 2.
14 Colin S. Gray, Modern Strategy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 23.
15 Joint Publication (JP) 5–0, Joint Operation Planning (Washington, DC: The Joint Staff, December 26, 2006), III–17.
16 Deterrence Operations Joint Operating Concept, Version 2.0, December 2006, 1.
17 At the operational level of war, the concepts of leverage and synergy are defined and placed as critical concepts in warfighting capabilities. In accordance with JP 5–0, leverage seeks, "in the context of joint operation planning, a relative advantage in combat power and/or other circumstances against the adversary across one or more domains (air, land, sea, and space) and/or the information environment sufficient to exploit that advantage." Synergy, "achieved by integrating and synchronizing the actions of conventional and unconventional forces and capabilities in joint operations and in multiple domains[,] enables Joint Force Commanders...to maximize available capabilities and minimize potential seams or vulnerabilities."
18 "Simply defined, a system is a complex whole, the functioning of which depends on its parts- and the interaction between those parts. Simple systems can be characterized as having a few subsystems that are involved in only a small number of highly structured interactions. They tend not to change much over time, being relatively unaffected by the independent actions of their parts or by environmental influences. Extremely complex systems, at the other end of the spectrum, can be characterized as having a large number of subsystems that are involved in many more loosely structured interactions, the outcome of which is not predetermined. Such systems adapt and evolve over time as they are affected by their own purposeful parts and by the turbulent environments in which they exist." See Michael C. Jackson, Systems Thinking: Creative Holism for Managers (New York: Wiley, 2003), 3, 19. | <urn:uuid:f7b723b9-b3ee-445f-a44e-05455bf8d96f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.intelros.ru/readroom/jfq/jfq-60-2011/8354-defense-planning-paradigms-and-the-global-commons.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.920667 | 5,982 | 2.640625 | 3 |
On Thursday, February 10th, the Indian government announced the discovery of 5.9 million tonnes of lithium in the provinces of Jammu and Kashmir. Lithium is an essential mineral in the production of electric vehicles and solar panels.
While a smaller deposit of 1600 tonnes was discovered in Karnataka two years ago, this was the first major discovery of lithium in India. In the past, the country had to import lithium from countries like Australia, Chile, and Argentina in order to keep its manufacturing sector running.
The discovery of the lithium deposit, as stated by Mines Secretary Vivek Bharadwaj to the press, will aid India in achieving “aatmanirbhar,” a term often used by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to describe the country’s goal of independence.
The announcement of the discovery comes just days after the US Secretary of Commerce announced plans for a strategic partnership between the two countries to boost competition against China, so it is an especially important step in India’s quest to become a global manufacturing leader.
The lithium found in this deposit alone elevates India to the position of having the world’s fifth-largest lithium reserves, passing the United States in the process. The complex process of turning lithium ore into a mineral usable in battery production means that India will continue to rely on imports for the foreseeable future.
Do people in India wish for electric cars?
Lithium’s rising value as a battery material has earned it the nickname “white gold.” These batteries are increasingly used in high-tech products like smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles. The newfound reserves could mean a windfall for Indian manufacturers, as the EV market is projected to grow to more than $800 billion per year by 2030.
It is expected that the discovery will also aid the Indian government in fulfilling a pledge to increase the number of privately owned electric cars by 30% by 2030. The World Bank has stated that in order to achieve global climate goals by 2050, the mining of essential minerals like cobalt, graphite, and lithium must increase by 500%.
However, the extensive environmental impact of the lithium mining and refining process has been heavily criticized. Most of the element’s occurrences are in subterranean reservoirs, which means it frequently taints and even drains vital water supplies in rural areas. In addition, every tonne of lithium results in 15 tonnes of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere due to the production process, which requires heating the ore to a high temperature that can only be reached at an economical level by burning fossil fuels.
Where can you find the largest lithium reserves?
Large salt flats in Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina are home to the majority of the world’s lithium reserves. Even though Bolivia has the world’s largest lithium reserves, most of it is still buried because the country lacks the necessary infrastructure to extract it. This means Bolivia’s lithium production is nowhere near the best in the world. | <urn:uuid:b09f66cb-6cf6-490b-8861-00759a43ca12> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://103degrees.com/due-to-a-recently-discovered-massive-lithium-deposit-india-is-quickly-emerging-as-a-powerhouse-in-the-global-battery-and-ev-industries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.949413 | 607 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Reading is one of the most fun and effective ways to improve your English language skills. It can help to expand your vocabulary and expose you to different sentence structures, all while you enjoy some wonderful stories.
E-readers and tablets make learning English even easier because if you don’t know a word, you can simply click on it to read its definition. On the Kindle you can even add new words you’ve learnt to its Vocabulary Builder feature, which is stored on the device. Others recommend listening to and reading text at the same time as an excellent way to enhance the learning process. Kindle’s Whispersync for Voice is designed for just this purpose and includes audio with selected books, so you can listen and follow the text as you read.
Here is our selection of nine great novels to help improve your English…
1. The Wind in the Willows – Kenneth Grahame( 柳林风声)
This classic tale takes place in the English countryside and shares the adventures of the animals that live by the river. Grahame’s simple use of language with imaginative stories makes this a pleasurable read for both adults and children.
2. Lord of the Flies – William Golding(蝇王)
This book is a modern classic and a popular study text for schools all over the world. When a group of boys are isolated on a desert island, the society they create descends into ruthless behaviour. Golding uses dramatic and descriptive language, almost like poetry, that makes you feel as though you’re in the scenes yourself.
3. The Old Man and the Sea – Ernest Hemingway(老人与海)
Ernest Hemingway is well-known for his clear, straightforward writing style and short sentence structure, which is great for English language learners and many people have read it in school. It’s the courageous tale of a Cuban fisherman and his battle to land a giant marlin and it’s a perfect introduction to Hemingway as an author.
4. Animal Farm – George Orwell(动物庄园)
This short, allegorical novel tells the story of animals rebelling against their human masters, and is a satire of Stalin era in the Soviet Union. Orwell uses simple English to appeal to all reading levels with a ‘less is more’ approach, and the animals speak in short, clear sentences.
5. Tuesdays with Morrie – Mitch Albom(相约星期二)
When Mitch Albom reconnects with Morrie Schwartz, his former college professor, he learns valuable life lessons and shares with readers all the funny, insightful wisdom that Morrie reveals in the last months of his life. It’s a great book to pick up a more conversational style of reading and writing. It’s also a great book to be read aloud.
6. High Fidelity – Nick Hornby(失恋排行榜)
A must-read for any music lover, this modern story uses a casual style of language and is written from the point of view of the main character, Rob, a heartbroken vinyl record storeowner living in north London. It has a quick-pace feel with short, funny conversations between characters that really keep the story moving.
7. The Giver – Lois Lowry(授者)
Lowry uses short sentences and simple grammar to create a story that’s attention-grabbing right from the start. It’s about a boy called Jonas and the community he is part of – where freedom, individuality and choice don’t exist.
8. Fantastic Mr Fox – Roald Dahl(了不起的狐狸爸爸)
Roald Dahl is one of the greatest children’s authors and very popular with adults too. Beginning with a children’s book is a good way to begin reading English novels, as they often have exciting plots and fun dialogue.
9. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time – Mark Haddon(夜色中好奇的狗)
This is the story about the adventures of a young boy with autism, Christopher. When he discovers the murder of his neighbour’s dog, he decides to investigate it. As it’s told from Christopher’s point of view, his matter-of-fact explanations for everything he sees are clear and easy to understand and take you on an intriguing journey. | <urn:uuid:67455942-6086-454e-9a96-83d5e5d21970> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://21pt.com/2016/12/09/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%AA%E8%91%97%E5%90%8D%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4%E5%B8%AE%E4%BD%A0%E6%8F%90%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.933414 | 961 | 3 | 3 |
Australia is a nation of park lovers keen to preserve nature and opposed to commercial development in protected areas, according to a new conservation poll.
The Australia-wide research reveals 91 per cent agreement that national parks and conservation areas are critical to protect native flora and fauna from resource extraction including logging, mining and fishing.
Of 1122 adults surveyed, 78 per cent indicated zero tolerance for development within the boundaries of national parks.
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Others offered limited approval for small scale projects like public toilets and visitor centres, while two thirds of respondents said they agreed with restricting development to adjacent towns and precincts.
The poll was commissioned by the National Parks Australia Council (NPAC) in response to what it says is an increasing government trend to proactively spruik and fund development and commercial interests over nature protection.
The council says recent disputes over management plans for Kosciuszko National Park and the Light to Light walk through Ben Boyd National Park in NSW highlight its concerns.
Elsewhere, it points to development issues around Lake Malbena in Tasmania, Yarra Ranges National Park Bike Track in Victoria, private luxury accommodation in South Australia's Flinders Chase National Park and the Wangetti trail in Queensland.
Plans to transform Kosciuszko into a major year-round tourist destination were slammed by environmentalists in August as an attempt to undermine 70 years of conservation in the southern NSW jewel.
The blueprint would increase on-park accommodation up to 60 per cent, clear habitat for car parks, permit helicopter access into resorts and allow commercial vehicles on walking tracks.
It would also involve the redevelopment of Jindabyne town centre, the Snowy Mountains' main visitor hub.
NPAC president Dr Bruce McGregor says it's clear people don't support commercialisation of parks but it's where governments keep putting their money and effort.
"We have seen numerous examples over the years and they just keep coming," he said.
"There's a seemingly insatiable push to inappropriately develop even for our prime protected natural places ...
"What becomes clear is that there is a disconnect between public and political priorities."
Asked why national parks and conservation areas were important, the protection of wildlife, saving threatened species and quiet enjoyment of nature topped the survey list.
The poll also found the perceived city-country divide over nature protection isn't quite as divisive as portrayed.
Regional Australians were five percentage points more likely than city residents to vote for their local member if they prioritised or advocated for national parks.
More than six in 10 respondents said they would be less likely to visit a national park if it had high-impact commercial tours.
Stream Free on | <urn:uuid:952d2834-2bd5-46d9-8740-e1f0671a1ee3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://7news.com.au/news/australia-a-land-of-park-lovers-poll-c-5854891 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.953684 | 548 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Introduction: Fusobacterium nucleatum represents one of the predominant anaerobic species in the oral microbiota. Penicillin-resistant F. nucleatum have been isolated from intra- and extraoral infections. This study aimed to assess ampicillin resistance in F. nucleatum by investigating the synthesis of resistance-associated proteins.
Methods: Ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-susceptible F. nucleatum isolates were obtained from 22 dental plaque samples. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to investigate bacterial protein synthesis. Proteins exhibiting statistically significant quantitative changes between sensitive and resistant isolates were identified using peptide mass mapping and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight/time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry.
Results: Twenty-three F. nucleatum isolates were recovered from plaque samples and their ampicillin minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged between 0.125 mu g/ml and 256 mu g/ml. Analysis of the bacterial cellular proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis resolved 154-246 distinct protein spots (mean 212, n = 9). Between 32% and 83% of the protein spots were common for the F. nucleatum isolates. Comparisons of the protein profiles of sensitive and resistant isolates revealed the presence of a 29 kDa protein and significant increases in the synthesis of two proteins at 37 and 46 kDa in the ampicillin-resistant F. nucleatum isolates. These proteins were identified as a class D beta-lactamase, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ATP-binding protein and enolase, respectively.
Conclusion: Synthesis of a class D beta-lactamase by ampicillin-resistant F. nucleatum isolates could complicate antimicrobial treatment because these enzymes might confer resistance to many classes of beta-lactam antibiotics. The differences observed in protein synthesis between ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-susceptible F. nucleatum may contribute to the antibiotic resistance and virulence of these bacteria.
- beta-lactam antibiotics
- evolutionary relationships
- erythromycin resistance
- subgingival bacteria | <urn:uuid:c5e2b9a2-5cd0-4786-81ad-7c00c932ce2f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://abdn.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/proteomic-analysis-of-ampicillin-resistant-oral-fusobacterium-nuc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.873451 | 463 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Behavioral and Social Sciences
Neervannan, Arjun (School: University High School)
With the proliferation of social media, hateful or toxic content and cyberbullying in online forums have only grown. AI-driven algorithms deployed to moderate and reduce hateful content often exhibit bias, associating racial, gender, and other identity terms with toxicity and unduly censoring productive discussions. The censorship undermines trust and deters users that use these terms in genuine non-toxic ways. Bias-free or less biased AI models that moderate better by classifying toxic comments fairly can regain the trust of the users and facilitate safer online discussions. Current debiasing approaches are limited in their scope, not scalable due to manual feature selection, and not interpretable. While the method used in last year’s paper accomplished those objectives, it introduced many noisy terms, which caused the model to overcorrect its biases and reverse some of the debiasing process. This paper is a follow-up on that. The novel method used in this project addressed these issues by using an interpretable hierarchical attention-based neural network model, using the FastText embedding network to reduce noise, adopting a linguistic-driven criteria that increased scope of important identity terms, grid-searching the metaparameters, and finally de-biasing by augmenting the dataset with the appropriate number of counter-examples. The method achieved accuracy (AUC) of 0.98 and identified several hundred more identity terms than a prior paper, while also reducing the number of noisy identity terms when compared to the GloVe model and debiasing significantly better when compared to the control set. Unlike prior approaches, this model does not have comment length limitations, while being more scalable with its use of attention networks to select and debias identity terms. | <urn:uuid:34e1f613-0d9b-458a-a352-2f5d88aecd05> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://abstracts.societyforscience.org/Home/FullAbstract?ISEFYears=2020%2C&Category=Any%20Category&AllAbstracts=True&FairCountry=Any%20Country&FairState=Any%20State&ProjectId=20027 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.912248 | 368 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The author of the book; Peter Heather, is an authority on the subject; Roman Empire. He has done significant research on the reasons that led to the fall of the most important empires in the ancient world. Not that he is the only one to research on this topic; the Roman Empire has fascinated almost all the historians. Heather details how an empire that had the most stable and organized government, and a well-trained military, fell to rebels. The very insurgents who; at one time, were nothing more than a rabble, became a force to be reckoned. And this transformation came, because of centuries of contact with the empire, through which they learned Roman tactics and intimate secrets(Heather, 2005).
Heather explains his point of view, by recalling how the mighty Huns changed the strategic balance of power; on European Rome, by pressurizing the Goths to settle down on Roman lands; as refugees. It resulted in a struggle between the Goth refugees and the Romans, which led to coalitions being formed with barbarians, against Rome. These alliances would later result in crushing defeat for the empire in different battles in 378 A.D. This failure would ultimately result in the Roman army retreating to Rome, and the sacking of Rome in 410 A.D. Rome’s enemies; like Attila the Hun, whose empires stretched from Gaul to Constantinople, and the Vandals, who wreaked havoc in North Africa, crippled the empire.
Peter Heather discusses that the Roman Empire did not collapse socially or morally. In fact, what destroyed it were the constant attacks from barbarians. These barbarians would later settle down in Europe and merge into the local population. The greatest empire in ancient world fell, because it did not assess the potential its enemies had.
Heather, P. (2005). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford University Press, USA. | <urn:uuid:96fd84ab-9a80-43a6-af82-3bc8b4760e25> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://academic-master.com/fall-of-the-roman-empire-peter-heather/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.958516 | 392 | 3.625 | 4 |
Parkinson's Disease and Rehabilitation
Sen, Ekin Ilke
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Parkinson's disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder, characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, rest tremor and postural instability. In addition to these cardinal motor symptoms, secondary motor symptoms (e.g. flexion posture, hypomimia, dysarthria, loss of arm swing) and non-motor symptoms (e.g. cognitive impairments, autonomic disturbances, dementia, sleep disorders, pain, hyposmia) appear in Parkinson's disease. The neuropathologic features of Parkinson's disease are dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and the presence of cytoplasmic eosinophilic Lewy bodies. Genetic susceptibility and environmental factors share the responsibility in the pathogenesis of the disease. Although medical therapy may provide an effective control of motor symptoms, rehabilitation is an important treatment approach for improvement of quality of life and functional capacity of the patients. Individual rehabilitation program should be initiated in the early stages of the disease and treatment continuity should be targeted. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2011;57:38-44.
- Makale | <urn:uuid:b1322521-086e-4ac6-a5df-7a3b93098a50> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://acikerisim.istanbul.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12627/116982 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.852982 | 249 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Great exercise for young kids, but you can use it for older people too. Helps focus on listening to each other, and understanding anger. The exercise also teaches people to use and listen to assertiveness type statements about feelings.
Physical and verbal
Primarily Children but can be modified for adults or teens
Ideal Group Size
Time For Exercise
Conflict, anger, listening, assertiveness
Detailed Instructions If Needed
Find a soft ball. Have the class stand in a circle.
Begin by completing the sentence, "I feel angry when ..." Ask for a volunteer who is willing to restate what you just said. Toss that student the ball. That student restates what you said, then completes the sentence for herself. She then tosses the ball to someone else, who repeats what she said, then completes the sentence for himself, and so on. | <urn:uuid:d3d94ec1-cb83-46ff-a22b-7a3f83713b4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://activities.thetrainingworld.com/index.php?sid=4884245&lang=en&action=artikel&cat=11&id=42&artlang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.910259 | 178 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Python Developers are essential to today’s Information Economy companies. Frequently Python Developers work in roles with job titles not mentioning Python and the importance of their skills with Python can go unnoticed.
It is our opinion that companies who do significant business online, that customize their own web based tools, that automate, or use data science in their business, cannot operate without Python developers, … either on staff or outsourced.
An outsourced Python developer can make a lot of sense for a midsized company. Python developer staff augmentation is not just for the Fortune 1000. Every company can optimize their business through web based apps and better data analysis. In this article we will highlight the role of Python developers, how a Python developer can help a business, plus how to outsource a Python developer.
Role of a Python Developer
First, let’s answer the question of what is Python? Python is an interpreted high level interactive and object oriented scripting software language. Python is used for web applications, data analysis, connecting applications, and for the flow of information between users and applications.
In addition to anything related to the web it is also particularly important for AI and machine learning. One of the primary roles of Python Developers is to write back end code for web sites when working as a web developer and for apps when working as an application developer. Python Developers often have different job titles. Some work as Web Developers, App Developers, Data Analysts, Machine Learning Engineers, and finally Software Engineers.
A Python web developer will write server side code, work on web frameworks like Django and Flask, and they will develop server side software platforms. When in a Data Analyst role, a Python developer will work with Python libraries like Matplotlib, NumPy and Panda. They will collect data using the scripting language, conduct data analysis, exploration of datasets, and present findings to stakeholders.
When Python developers are involved in business automation, they will work with tools like PyUnit and Pytest when they do this. When working in this automation engineer role they will design automation frameworks, code them, and conduct A/B testing. When acting as a machine learning engineer a Python developer will perform statistical analysis of data, put ML models into production, implement ML tools, and perform ML tests.
Finally, Python developers find themselves on a variety of software engineer and design teams based on the widespread use of Python in so many business and web applications.
How a Python Developer can help a Business
There are many ways a Python developer can help a business. A Python developer can be involved in any website or web tool related project. Python is a language that can be used for both front and back end applications … making it extremely valuable. Python developers can also be invaluable when it comes to data analysis. They can be a great asset to a company that wants to mine its data for important customer information, trends, opportunities, and threats.
Python Developers are in high demand and the salaries for them are competitive. According to Glassdoor the average salary of a Python Developer in London England is 70K pound per year. In Boston MA, the average pay for a Python Developer is 115K USD per year and in Phoenix AZ it is 110K USD per year. These salary ranges are helpful for planning purposes.
Companies need to add taxes, healthcare benefits, retirement benefits and infrastructure and office costs to these salaries to get the total cost for these roles. Outsourced Python developers can frequently be contracted for 30-40% of the total cost of on shore staff. These cost savings and the flexibility that comes with them often are the difference for SMB clients like the ones we serve at Valenta to be able to leverage web, cloud, and data science tools.
How to Outsource Python Developers
The answer to the question of how to outsource Python developers is simple. Companies just need to contact Valenta or other companies offering staff augmentation like us. When assessing companies like ours it is important to think about where the staff is located, where they have been educated plus the power and broadband infrastructure where a service center is located.
It is also important to consider what level of local support and account management is available. We are very proud to provide outsourced Python developers for midsized companies. SMBs are our sole focus, and this role is one they do not always get access to. As we stated at the start of our article, Python developer staff augmentation is not just for the Fortune 1000 … all businesses can optimize with web and cloud based apps and better data analysis.
Want to Learn More?
Please feel free to reach out to Valenta at any time to discuss how to outsource Python developers. At Valenta we provide a variety of outsourced roles and offer considerable staff augmentation services. We provide traditional back office roles in accounting, finance, administration, digital marketing and more.
We also provide outsourced IT support and software administrators. Another important part of our staff augmentation services includes software development. In addition to Python developer staff augmentation, we provide Applications Architects, Cloud Engineers, Cyber Security Engineers, Data Security Specialists, Database Administrators, Full Stack Developers, and more.
Valenta operates service centers in India, Malaysia, the Philippines and Trinidad and Tobago. We have new planned service centers in Latin America and Eastern Europe over the next 12-18 months. Our local Managing Partners work with our Regional Service Heads and Team Leaders at our Service Centers to identify and manage the best staff to meet our clients’ requirements. To contact us about Python developer staff augmentation or any other topic please reach out to us. | <urn:uuid:a4307236-ee61-4794-865e-c0b0ecd0d83d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://afr.valenta.io/what-can-a-python-developer-do-for-a-business/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.924615 | 1,137 | 2.609375 | 3 |
When most people hear the word “telecommunications,” modern technologies come to mind. Actually though, telecommunication has been around for quite some time, even before electricity was first invented. Long before electricity and modern communication devices, telecommunication was done through more traditional means such as with smoke, flags, drumbeats and may other traditional visual and audio means. Telecommunication is simply any form of communication that is used to communicate with individuals a relatively far distance away. With the technological age we are currently living in, there are actually quite a few different ways to communicate with one another; with even more ways probably soon to follow.Probably one of the first breakthroughs in telecommunications was with the evolution of the telegraph; this was soon followed by the emergence of the very first telephone. The telephone completely revolutionized how we communicate with one another; although the telephone has drastically changed since the very first one was invented. Now there are phones loaded with all sorts of different features such as an LCD screen, call waiting, caller ID and so much more; some phones even operate over the Internet rather than a traditional phone line. Phones that operate using a mere broadband Internet connection are known as VoIP or Voice over Internet Protocol.Now there are so many different ways that one person can keep in touch with one person, multiple persons, or the entire world for that matter. Phones now can operate three way, meaning that three people can talk to each other at the same time; with some phones allowing for conference calls, mostly used by large corporations. Probably one of the biggest changes in telecommunications came with the creation on the Internet. The Internet has allowed for many different new means of telecommunication such as through emails, instant messaging, social networking sites, dating sites, forum boards and so much more. Physical stores have made virtual store websites in which to do business so that they can reach a much larger audience. Internet has basically incorporated into most aspects of everyday life, making everything more convenient.Since mankind first walked this earth, there have been means of communication between one person and another. Whether one person is trying to communicate with another by sending smoke signals or as modern as using social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook; telecommunications has been around since the beginning and is not going anywhere anytime soon. The ways we communicate with one another are only becoming more and more advanced and it would probably be a good idea to keep up with the advances because they are not going to stop. | <urn:uuid:4240e4f2-718a-48cc-9e85-ceca4f39924b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://afxalmj.info/information-and-guide-on-telecommunications/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.972931 | 498 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Back to prompts
Incorporate an extensive range of figurative language that appeals to various senses, such as metaphors, similes, and personification, to enhance your writing's natural rhythm.
PLUS THESE ADDITIONAL FEATURES
Beautiful chrome extension toolkit
Unlock all 250+ prompts
Integrate web pages with prompts
The best AI models
Simple & easy to use
Example: Opening to a play about tragic love
The curtain rises ever so slowly on what promises to be a tale most sorrowful. There, standing centre-stage, is a young maiden with eyes of the deepest blue, they seem to sparkle like a star-filled sky. Her hair is like spun gold, cascading down her back in gentle waves. As she speaks, the audience becomes enraptured by the lyrical quality of her voice, it's as though she were singing.
"My love," she begins, "my heart aches for thee." The words, though simple, ring out in the hearts and minds of all those assembled there. They can feel the heavy weight of her unrequited love, it's as though they share in her sorrow.
Suddenly, from the shadows, a figure appears; a tall handsome man with hair as black as the darkest night. His eyes burn with an intensity that takes the breath away. He moves toward her with a grace that is almost otherworldly.
"My dearest," he whispers, his voice like honey, "never should you feel alone." The audience collectively gasps as they realize that the two figures before them are the very embodiment of love, and yet somehow, one can sense that their tale is to be one of woe.
As they embrace, they seem to become one, their bodies moving in a dance that is as old as time itself. It is as though they are trying to slow down the clock, to make the moment last forever. The audience can feel their anguish, the love that they share is both beautiful and tragic. | <urn:uuid:959a823d-2b6b-45ac-825e-e295a10a743c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://alicent.ai/recipes/creative-writer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.971781 | 412 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Drawing from Experience
Knowing our roots, and remembering the people, places, and experiences that make us who we are, can strengthen our confidence. Sharing our own stories, and hearing other people’s stories, invites insight and a deepening of compassion, as well as an increased sense of connection within a group or community – personal or professional.
Drawn from the work of George Ella Lyon and Levi Romero, workshop participants will explore their own stories of identity – whatever that means to each person at this moment in their individual lives. Engaging with personal story through oral, written, and visual reflection helps to evoke multi-sensory memories of place, culture, and ancestry. Using a variety of creative materials, each participant creates their own visual “I am from…” poem and, together, the group experiences the rich learning that emerges from telling and hearing story.
Request more information
To learn more about Drawing from Experience use the form below to contact The Academy. | <urn:uuid:1480373c-554e-4e05-b660-fb304338112a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://aloveoflearning.org/events-workshops/drawing-from-experience-8/2012-10-18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.923224 | 200 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Often used interchangeably, acid reflux and heartburn do in fact have different meanings. In short, acid reflux is the common condition whereby stomach acid enters the oesophagus, and heartburn is a resulting symptom in which a burning sensation can be felt in the chest. In this article, we will define each of these concepts, explain the causes, and outline how best to prevent and treat acid reflux and heartburn.
What causes acid reflux and heartburn?
Acid reflux occurs in a circular muscle called the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) that joins your oesophagus with your stomach. If this muscle is weak or doesn’t tighten properly, hydrochloric acid from the stomach can rise into your oesophagus, causing irritation of it’s lining. Whilst the stomach lining has adapted to be protected from this powerful acid, the oesophagus does not have the same protection. This process is often characterised by an acidic or bitter taste in the mouth, or sometimes heartburn.
Heartburn is a common symptom of acid reflux, and despite its misleading name has nothing to do with one’s heart. Heartburn occurs during acid reflux where the stomach acid irritates the delicate lining of the oesophagus, typically causing a burning feeling in the chest. This pain can also be a sharp or tightening sensation, and some people may find this moves up to the neck and throat.
If you’re someone who frequently experiences acid reflux, you may have gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, a chronic form of acid reflux. Changes to your diet and lifestyle are likely to ease GERD symptoms, although specific acid reflux medication is also available.
What are the risk factors of acid reflux?
Common factors that contribute to acid reflux and heartburn include:
- Being obese or overweight
- Eating or snacking just before going to sleep
- Bending over or lying down after eating
- Drinking beverages such as alcohol, tea, coffee, or carbonated drinks
- Having hiatal hernia
- Being pregnant
- Low levels of physical exercise
- Eating foods that are acidic, fatty or spicy, such as citrus fruits, chocolate and cheese
- Large meal portions
- A high intake of table salt
- A low fibre diet
How can you prevent acid reflux?
Acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can be effectively prevented with clinically proven acid reflux medication. Prescription acid reflux treatments such as Omeprazole, Lansoprazole and Pantoprazole, are regarded as a more effective long term solution to over-the-counter acid reflux treatments; especially when it comes to prevention. Prescription acid reflux medications are known as ‘proton pump inhibitors’ (PPI’s), they work by disrupting the final stage in the process of acid reflux secretion. PPI’s inhibit the gastric proton pump responsible for producing stomach acid, rapidly helping to alleviate acid reflux for extended periods of time if taken regularly.
In addition to using clinically proven acid reflux medication, lifestyle changes can also be made to address some of the common risk factors of acid reflux. It is advisable to combine lifestyle changes with treatment to have a synergistic effect when it comes to treating acid reflux symptoms.
How can you treat heartburn?
As one of the most common symptoms of acid reflux, it’s important to know how to most effectively treat heartburn. Antacids such as Gaviscon Tablets, Gaviscon Liquid and Gaviscon Sachets are all effective at providing rapid relief from heartburn and indigestion. They work to neutralise stomach acid to help avoid pain and discomfort caused by acid reflux symptoms.
As mentioned above, heartburn can also be treated using prescription acid reflux medication such as Omeprazole, Lansoprazole and Pantoprazole. As ‘proton pump inhibitors’, these acid reflux medications help to prevent the secretion of stomach acid. They are a more long term solution to mitigating the onset of heartburn by preventing acid reflux occurring altogether
Other than medication, what else can help reduce heartburn?
Heartburn can be significantly reduced with changes to your lifestyle. Below are some of the most effective ways to reduce the frequency and severity of acid reflux symptoms.
- Avoid foods that trigger acid reflux.
- Avoid lying down after eating a meal as this can trigger the onset of acid reflux.
- Avoid smoking and alcohol. These two unhealthy habits have been linked with contributing to the reduced function of the lower oesophageal sphincter.
- Wear loose-fitting clothing to reduce the pressure applied to the abdomen and lower oesophageal sphincter.
- Maintain a healthy weight by eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly. This can help to reduce the pressure applied to the abdomen, reducing the level of stomach acid that may be forced back into the oesophagus.
Combining some of these easily implementable tips with clinically proven medication is an effective way to help reduce acid reflux and heartburn. | <urn:uuid:4dbf80d8-4650-496b-9b79-a80258944cfd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ametheushealth.com/how-to-prevent-acid-reflux-and-treat-heartburn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.916388 | 1,094 | 3.625 | 4 |
Visiting a museum allow you to study history in a great way. For this one, we don't have a specific description but we can tell you, that a museum (/mjuːˈziːəm/ mew-ZEE-əm; plural museums or, rarely, musea) is an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make these items available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary. The largest museums are located in major cities throughout the world, while thousands of local museums exist in smaller cities, towns, and rural areas. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public. The goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. | <urn:uuid:aafb0d89-a906-4272-9ce3-14130665c8ba> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://app.familiohq.com/hubs/koebenhavns-faengsler | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.937304 | 173 | 3.171875 | 3 |
This item is available under a Creative Commons License for non-commercial use only
1.2 COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCE, Computer Sciences, Information Science
Older IoT “smart sensors” create system alerts from threshold rules on reading values. These simple thresholds are not very flexible to changes in the network. Due to the large number of false positives generated, these alerts are often ignored by network operators. Current state-of-the-art analytical models typically create alerts using raw sensor readings as the primary input. However, as greater numbers of sensors are being deployed, the growth in the number of readings that must be processed becomes problematic. The number of analytic models deployed to each of these systems is also increasing as analysis is broadened. This study aims to investigate if alerts created using threshold rules can be used to predict network faults. By using threshold-based alerts instead of raw continuous readings, the amount of data that the analytic models need to process is greatly reduced. The study was done using alert data from a European city’s District Heating network. The alerts were generated by “smart sensors” that used threshold rules. Analytic models were tested to find the most accurate prediction of a network fault. Work order (maintenance) records were used as the target variable indicating a fault had occurred at the same time and location as the alert was active. The target variable was highly imbalanced (96:4) with a minority class being when a Work Order was required. The decision tree model developed used misclassification costs to achieve a reasonable accuracy with a trade-off between precision (.63) and recall (.56). The sparse nature of the alert data may be to blame for this result. The results show promise that this method could work well on datasets with better sensor coverage.
Cantwell, L. (2018). Can Threshold-Based Sensor Alerts be Analysed to Detect Faults in a District Heating Network? M.Sc. in Computing (Data Analytics), DIT, 2018 | <urn:uuid:8a786307-0875-47d0-80bc-f9e624148a3e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://arrow.tudublin.ie/scschcomdis/125/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.94093 | 410 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The VIII nerve, also known as the vestibulocochlear nerve or the acoustic nerve, is the eighth of twelve cranial nerves. It is a sensory nerve that carries information from the inner ear to the brainstem. The VIII nerve is responsible for both hearing and balance.
What is the cranial nerve?
The VIII nerve is a very important nerve that is responsible for both hearing and balance. Damage to this nerve can cause hearing loss, balance problems, or both. If you experience any problems with your hearing or balance, it is important to see a doctor to get an evaluation.
What is the function of the VIII nerve?
The VIII nerve has two functions: hearing and balance.
- Hearing: The cochlear nerve, which is part of the VIII nerve, carries signals from the cochlea, which is the hearing organ in the inner ear. The cochlea converts sound waves into electrical signals, which are then sent to the brain by the cochlear nerve.
- Balance: The vestibular nerve, which is also part of the VIII nerve, carries signals from the vestibular system, which is the balance organ in the inner ear. The vestibular system is responsible for detecting movement and orientation of the head, and it helps to maintain balance.
How do you assess cranial nerve VIII?
There are a number of ways to assess cranial nerve VIII. Some of the most common tests include:
- Pure-tone audiometry: This test measures the softest sounds that a person can hear at different frequencies.
- Speech audiometry: This test measures how well a person can understand speech at different volumes and frequencies.
- Vestibular testing: This test measures the person’s ability to maintain balance and their response to changes in head position.
Is cranial nerve VIII motor or sensory?
The VIII nerve is a sensory nerve. It carries signals from the inner ear to the brainstem, but it does not send any signals from the brainstem to the inner ear. | <urn:uuid:702301bc-4cef-4a2e-aff2-d1a1ab96704e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://askanaudiologist.com/glossary/viii-nerve/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.938738 | 420 | 3.5625 | 4 |
This entry is a stub
Until 1500, the Magnificent Community gathered around this stone table for its assemblies. It was a form of democracy ante litteram, with meetings chaired by the Scario (a sort of president elected annually) in which the fire chiefs, the representatives of the various communities from Trodena to Moena, participated.
In 1505, 28 people were accused of witchcraft, 18 of whom were condemned to the stake and burned alive. The public trials took place, as usual, at the Banco della Resón. Every year on January 5, there is a historical re-enactment of the trials for witchcraft that took place in Val di Fiemme at the dawn of the 16th century. | <urn:uuid:0ea317a9-07ef-4d83-9bb6-d21d27b12957> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://atlasobscura.herokuapp.com/places/banco-della-reson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.979996 | 149 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This coming Thursday, the 1st of August 2019, is Emancipation Day – the day on which we celebrate the anniversary of the 1834/1838 abolition of slavery in the British Empire. But it is also a day on which we should celebrate our heritage of Caribbean integration, for the truth of the matter is that the successful effort to achieve the abolition of slavery was very much a regional enterprise.
Make no mistake about it – while there were several economic, political and humanitarian factors that contributed to the decision to abolish the British slavery system, the most potent factor by far was the sustained and uncompromising rebellion against slavery in the Caribbean by our enslaved foreparents.
Indeed, the American historian, Michael Craton, author of the book Testing the Chains, has identified no less than 75 slave plots and rebellions in the British West Indies in the 200-year span between 1638, the beginning phase of British slavery in the Caribbean, and 1838, the year in which the slavery system finally collapsed in the British colonies.
Constraints of space would not permit us to outline all 75 rebellions and plots in this essay, but some of the most important examples follow:
1638: a Christmas-time rebellion on the island of Providence, involving hundreds of slaves.
1675: a “Coromantee plot” in Barbados designed to capture the island and install an enslaved Coromantee named Cuffee as King.
1690: slave uprising in St. Kitts to coincide with a French invasion of the island.
1730: the first Maroon War in Jamaica, involving Cudjoe, Nanny and many other leaders.
1735: island-wide Afro-creole plot in Antigua led by King Court and Tomboy.
1760: Tacky’s massive slave rebellion in Jamaica.
1763: Cuffee’s rebellion in Dutch Berbice (present-day Guyana).
1769: Chatoyer’s first Carib War in St. Vincent.
1785: first Maroon War in Dominica led by Balla and Pharcell.
1795: Fedon’s Rebellion in Grenada.
1796: the so-called “Brigands’ War” in St. Lucia.
1816: the “Bussa Rebellion” of Barbados, involving such heroes as Bussa, Nanny Grigg, Jacky, Cain Davis and Joseph Pitt Washington Franklin.
1823: massive rebellion in Demerara (present-day Guyana) led by Quamina and many others.
1831: the so-called “Baptists War” in Jamaica led by Deacon Sam Sharpe.
These rebellions sent such a forceful message of uncompromising hostility to slavery that in 1819, a full three years after the Bussa Rebellion of Barbados, the British Governor, Lord Combermere, was still writing to the Colonial Office and warning that “the public mind (in ‘white’ Barbados) is ever tremblingly alive to the dangers of insurrection”.
And this oppressive and formidable fear of a climactic Black rebellion was common to the entire British West Indian region! Indeed, as Dr Eric Williams explained in his From Columbus to Castro, a “Negro revolt in the British West Indies in the early 19th Century, designed to abolish slavery from below, was widely apprehended, both in the West Indies and in Britain… In the British West Indies, it was no longer a question of slave rebellions if, but slave rebellions unless emancipation was decreed”.
This assessment of the situation was borne out by Daniel O’Connell, the Irish leader in the British House of Commons who, in 1832, declared in Parliament that “the planter was sitting… over a powder magazine, from which he would not go away, and he was hourly afraid that the slave would apply a torch to it”.
It is not surprising, therefore, that when Earl Stanley, the Secretary of State for the colonies, came to introduce the Emancipation Act in the British Parliament, he expressed the view that “they were compelled to act; for they felt that, take what course they might, it could not be attended with greater evil than any attempt to uphold the existing state of things.”
Thus, it was really the enslaved Africans themselves – our ancestors – who, in the final analysis, were ultimately responsible for the abolition of slavery: and they accomplished this epoch-making achievement collectively as a regional enterprise!
This just goes to prove, once again, that we Caribbean people are so much more effective and powerful when we strive together, thereby achieving mighty and compelling synergies between our individual efforts. But this is something of which we are already very well aware, isn’t it?
Happy Emancipation Day to all of my Caribbean brothers and sisters!
DAVID A. COMISSIONG | <urn:uuid:25198a0d-9ddc-46f8-af70-9d07d4423299> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://barbadostoday.bb/2019/07/30/why-caricom-must-celebrate-emancipation-day/?fbclid=IwAR02jcmF6vuhQNvMJdXjkEc_Lx-4lZ4u45GeorzWtiB72CTkd5U3bu8juBM | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.95205 | 1,034 | 3.90625 | 4 |
The most common cause of chronic stomach pain in children isn’t anything you can find on a test or cure with a medicine. And that can make it very challenging to diagnose — and treat.
You may not have ever heard of functional abdominal pain. Yet it ranks as the most common cause of stomach pain lasting two months or more in children and teens.
What is functional abdominal pain?
The mind and the body are tightly connected in ways that we are still working to understand, and this is particularly true of the mind and the gastrointestinal tract. Stress — particularly chronic stress, depression, and anxiety — can lead to pain that is very real. Sometimes the pain is the only symptom of stress, especially in children who are high-achieving or tend to hide their emotions.
Sometimes the pain doesn’t start from stress but from an infection or other illness, and stays once the illness is gone or adds additional pain to the illness while it is being treated. Worry about the pain and its possible cause can make things worse. The nervous system of the gut can go into overdrive.
What are common symptoms of functional abdominal pain?
Children with functional abdominal pain can have mild symptoms that just show up occasionally, or they can have more severe symptoms that interfere with daily life. Along with stomachaches, they can have nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea — or some combination of all of them. They may have a poor appetite or complain of feeling full very quickly.
When should you contact your child’s doctor?
It’s important to check in with your doctor if your child is having chronic stomachaches. They should have a physical examination, and your doctor may want to do some testing, such as blood or stool tests, as there are many medical conditions that can cause chronic stomachaches.
It’s particularly important to call your doctor if your child
- is losing weight
- has blood in their stool
- has severe pain
- has fever, rashes, sore joints, or other signs of illness.
If your doctor finds that your child’s examination and tests are normal, and they aren’t losing weight, chances are that your child has functional abdominal pain.
For some families, getting this diagnosis sounds like the doctors are saying that it is all in the child’s head. But nothing could be further from the truth. It is very real pain — but it is not being caused by something dangerous, which is very good news.
How can you help a child diagnosed with functional abdominal pain?
There are many ways to help a child who has functional abdominal pain once the diagnosis is made. They include:
- Understanding and managing stressors in the child’s life, if there are any
- Medications recommended by your health care team can help with symptoms, such as laxatives for constipation
- Cognitive behavioral therapy, which is a kind of therapy that teaches strategies for managing pain, as well as managing any stress or sadness that can be contributing
- Meditation, yoga, and other ways for a child to relax and regulate how they react to their world
- For some children, a low-FODMAP diet can be helpful
- Probiotics, peppermint oil preparations, and some other supplements are sometimes used to help soothe and prevent pain.
Most children with functional abdominal pain can receive care from their pediatrician. Regular visits are a good idea, to check in to see how things are going and adjust any treatments. If things aren’t getting better, a referral to a gastroenterologist can be helpful.
Follow me on Twitter @drClaire
About the Author
Claire McCarthy, MD, Senior Faculty Editor, Harvard Health Publishing
Claire McCarthy, MD, is a primary care pediatrician at Boston Children’s Hospital, and an assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. In addition to being a senior faculty editor for Harvard Health Publishing, Dr. McCarthy … See Full Bio View all posts by Claire McCarthy, MD | <urn:uuid:5e14201e-8213-434b-a7ec-4d411af72e28> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bartonelli.com/chronic-stomach-pain-in-children-whats-the-most-common-cause/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.957247 | 828 | 2.6875 | 3 |
As many bike commuters have discovered, the quickest way to get to work, university or footy training is to jump on your bike. But drivers think the opposite.
New research has revealed that a major reason drivers jump in their car for a trip rather than on a bike is that they believe the trip would take longer on a bike.
They make the same mistake about walking times.
Researchers at Penn State University enrolled in the study some 500 people, 250 of whom were students, and asked them about travel times from their home to the University.
About 43 per cent of the students over-estimated bike travel times, and 93 per cent of the non-students got it wrong.
Women were more likely to be wrong than men, and curiously, people who thought there was plenty of car parking available were more likely to be wrong about the speed of bike travel.
In contrast, people who rode a bike or walked more often were more likely to accurately predict travel times.
The research set out to look into why people indicated that the reason they chose to drive was that it was quicker than riding, when in reality the opposite was the case.
Associate professor Melissa Bopp said the results help researchers better understand the barriers to active travel and why people instead use their car.
“People in general aren’t very good at estimating how long it’s going to take to get somewhere,” Bopp said. “That’s problematic when you're trying to get someone to walk or bike somewhere.
"Traveling by foot or bike has a lot of benefits, but not a lot of people do it. They may think they can't do it because it's too far and it'll take too long, when it turns out it's really not.”
“We wanted to look at people’s knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, because those are things we can try to change. I can’t change your age, but I can change your knowledge,” Bopp said.
“For example, people who aren’t familiar with walking or bike travel tend to assume you use the same route you would drive, which might be along a busy road.
"Meanwhile, in actuality, there's a perfectly lovely bike path that only crosses that busy road once. That’s a knowledge gap we can fix.”
Bopp said another predictor of accurately predicting travel time was self-efficacy, or self-confidence.
“Luckily, self-confidence is a targetable thing. Providing education, encouragement and resources can help with that”.
The study was published in Transportmetrica A: Transport Science. | <urn:uuid:1ed7079d-c50e-429e-afd5-929fabb48b43> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bicyclenetwork.com.au/newsroom/2018/04/11/drivers-think-bikes-are-slower/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.982536 | 557 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A genetic mutation caused by ultraviolet light is likely the driving force behind millions of human skin cancers, according to researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine. The mutation occurs in a gene called KNSTRN, which is involved in helping cells divide their DNA equally during cell division. Genes that cause cancer when mutated are known as oncogenes. Although KNSTRN hasn't been previously implicated as a cause of human cancers, the research suggests it may be one of the most commonly mutated oncogenes in the world. "This previously unknown oncogene is activated by sunlight and drives the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas," said Paul Khavari, M.D., Ph.D., the Carl J. Herzog Professor in Dermatology in the School of Medicine and Chair of the Department of Dermatology. "Our research shows that skin cancers arise differently from other cancers, and that a single mutation can cause genomic catastrophe." Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common cancer in humans. More than 1 million new cases are diagnosed globally each year. The researchers found that a particular region of KNSTRN is mutated in about 20 percent of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and in about 5 percent of melanomas. A paper describing the research was published online on September 7, 2014 in Nature Genetics. Dr. Khavari, who is also a member of the Stanford Cancer Institute and Chief of the dermatology service at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, is the senior author of the paper. Postdoctoral scholar Carolyn Lee, M.D., Ph.D., is the lead author. Drs. Lee and Khavari made the discovery while investigating the genetic causes of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. They compared the DNA sequences of genes from the tumor cells with those of normal skin and looked for mutations that occurred only in the tumors.
Login Or Register To Read Full Story | <urn:uuid:f3989c1d-ac67-4bd9-ae0d-6ada5c7e5f4e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bioquicknews.com/uv-light-induced-mutation-in-knstrn-gene-drives-many-skin-cancers-stanford-study-shows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.958896 | 392 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Do you want to learn about the types of snakes found in Zambia?
If so, you have come to the right place. In the article below, I have listed the MOST COMMON snakes you can expect to see. Unfortunately, there are so many snakes that live in Zambia that it would be impossible to list each one. 🙂
You’ll see that the snakes in Zambia are very different from each other. They range from venomous species to snakes that use constriction to immobilize their prey. In addition, certain snakes are common to find living around people.For each species, you will find out how to identify that snake correctly, along with pictures, interesting facts, and RANGE MAPS!
15 types of snakes in Zambia:
#1. Puff Adder
- Bitis arietans
Also known as the African Puff Adder and Common Puff Adder
- Adults are 100-150 cm (39-59 in) long.
- They are commonly gray to dusty brown, with yellow chevrons on their backs.
- There are two dark bands on the head, one on the crown and one between the eyes.
- Male Puff Adders are usually larger than females.
Puff Adders are one of the most dangerous snakes in Zambia.
This ill-tempered native snake roams savannas, grasslands, and – to the great misfortune of inhabitants – densely populated areas. The Puff Adder gets its name from how it inflates itself when threatened.Instead of moving away, it will hiss a warning to intruders before inflating and striking.
Its distinctive chevron pattern in yellow, white, and brown colors allows the Puff Adder to blend into its surroundings. This camouflage is particularly useful for its lifestyle as an ambush predator. Be careful where you wander because this highly-venomous, fast-striking snake seems to come out of nowhere.
The Puff Adder’s venom contains a cytotoxin that can kill a healthy adult human within a day. Their potent venom and tendency to loiter around footpaths make this snake one to avoid. Watch your step!
#2. Cape House Snake
- Boaedon capensis
Also known as the Brown House Snake and Common House Snake
- Adults are 60 cm (24 in) on average, but they can grow up to 120 cm (47 in).
- They are various shades of yellow and brown, but some individuals are brick red.
- You will notice two white lines on the head: one from the back of the eye to the tip of the mouth and the other from the nose to the back of the head.
- The belly is creamy white, with stripes running along the body.
The Cape House Snake is frequently seen in grassy and suburban areas, but it doesn’t stop there.As its name suggests, it has a habit of appearing in houses unannounced, especially at night!
Luckily, these snakes are harmless to humans. They slowly drag themselves around at night to catch unsuspecting rodents, lizards, and birds. Without venom to paralyze their prey, Cape House Snakes constrict their prey with strong muscles along their bodies.
The Cape House Snake is popular among exotic pet owners due to being low-maintenance. However, owners should be careful to keep these snakes separated. In captivity, they breed up to six times per year as opposed to two times in the wild.
- Dispholidus typus
Also known as Common African Tree Snake, Kivu Boomslang, and Kivu Large Green Tree Snake
- Adults are usually 100-160 cm (39-63 in) long.
- Coloration varies greatly, allowing these snakes to camouflage in different terrains.
- Generally, males are light green, scaled with black and blue, and females are brown.
- Boomslangs have an egg-shaped head and notably large eyes.
This slender snake in Zambia makes its home in low-lying trees.
In fact, its common name Boomslang means “tree snake” in Afrikaans and Dutch. Be careful within this species’ range because the next vine you pull might become a deadly encounter!
This snake’s venom is highly potent, causing bleeding and death for humans, even in small doses. However, compared to front-fanged snakes, which release large amounts of venom at once, rear-fanged snakes like the Boomslang inject small amounts of venom in quick succession.
When confronted, the Boomslang will freeze and then swing its head from side to side before quickly attacking. Fortunately, Boomslangs won’t attack humans except as a last resort. If you are bitten, seek immediate treatment. Victims might get a false sense of safety because the venom is slow-acting, but many people have died from internal bleeding hours later.
#4. Spotted Bush Snake
- Philothamnus semivariegatus
Also known as Spotted Green Snake and Variegated Green Snake
- They are typically 60-130 cm (24-51 in) long.
- Spotted Bush Snakes have small heads, golden yellow eyes, and blue tongues.
- The upper half of the body can be yellow, green, or blue, while the tail-end is brown. You might also find black spots or stripes.
You might encounter the Spotted Bush Snake in Zambia in forested areas or suburban gardens.
These beautifully-patterned snakes have keeled, or ridged, belly scales, allowing them to easily climb walls, trees, and bushes. Curiously, they’re fantastic swimmers as well!
Often misidentified as the more dangerous Green Mamba, Spotted Bush Snakes are non-venomous and harmless to humans. Instead, they’re patient hawk-eyed hunters, staying completely still before swiftly attacking lizards, geckos, and frogs in daylight.
Spotted Bush Snakes are alert, nervous animals and will immediately flee upon sensing danger. They don’t have established territories and are noted to travel far and wide in pursuit of their prey. So if you find one astray in your home, leave a window open, and it’ll leave soon!
#5. Stripe-bellied Sand Snake
- Psammophis subtaeniatus
Also known as Western Yellow-bellied Sand Snake
- Their average length is 70-140 cm (28-55 in).
- As its common name suggests, it has prominent stripes along the body from head to tail. The belly is yellow.
- Look for a slender head and large eyes.
Try not to blink, or you might miss seeing one of the fastest snakes in Zambia!
Stripe-bellied Sand Snakes are swift enough to successfully hunt birds, lizards, rodents, and even other snakes. But thankfully, it poses no threat to humans.
The Stripe-bellied Sand Snake frequents arid habitats such as savannas and rocky hillsides. Here, it indulges in one of its favorite pastimes– basking in the sun!Consequently, it’s most active during the hottest hours of the day.
Interestingly, they share a trait commonly seen in house geckos. If a predator catches its tail, the snake snaps it off and slithers away to nearby shrubs and trees for safety. The tail grows back, but it’s usually less colorful and shorter than before.
#6. Black Mamba
- Dendroaspis polylepis
- Adults are 200-450 cm (79-177 in).
- Its coloring is usually brown, olive green, or yellow. Black specimens with purplish scales are very rare.
- Juveniles are usually gray or green, but they darken with age.
In small woodlands and rocky outcrops of sub-Saharan Zambia lurks what many consider the world’s deadliest snake. The Black Mamba is named after the inky coloring of the inside of its mouth, something you should hope never to see! It likes to nest in burrows, so stay alert around suspicious holes.
The fatally potent venom of the Black Mamba targets the nervous system and the heart. Difficulty breathing can occur within 10 minutes. If you get bitten, it’s a race against time, so get medical attention immediately!
In addition to their highly toxic venom, Black Mambas are terrifyingly fast. They can move 16 kph (10 mph) for short distances and even lunge at prey or attackers.
Contrary to popular belief, these snakes are rather shy and will choose to escape when given a chance. They raise their heads, spread their cobra-like neck hoods, and hiss loudly as a warning to would-be attackers. So the best thing to do if you encounter the Black Mamba is to slowly back away, making sure it doesn’t feel cornered.
#7. Red-lipped Snake
- Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia
Also known as Common Herald Snake, White-lipped Herald Snake, Savanna White-lipped Snake, Black-templed Cat Snake
- This snake can grow to 70-100 cm (28-39 in) long.
- Coloration is usually olive green or gray on the back, sometimes speckled white. Its head is notably black.
- True to its name, it has a bright red (sometimes orange or yellow) upper lip most prominently displayed when it feels threatened.
- The head is broad and triangular, while the tail is short.
You’ll find Red-lipped Snakes near marshlands, bogs, and lowland forests in Zambia.
They also gravitate towards the suburbs, so you might bump into one in your backyard after an evening rain.
Most active during the night, these land snakes prey on amphibians such as toads and frogs. Their venom is mild, effective only on their chosen prey, and harmless to humans. They also have a mild and shy demeanor.
Don’t test your luck, though. Red-lipped snakes have a trigger-happy temper when provoked. So even though its venom isn’t dangerous, its bite is still painful!
Interestingly, the Red-lipped Snake got its other common name, the Herald Snake, from a newspaper story. It was first mentioned in the Eastern Cape’s Herald newspaper!
#8. Southern African Python
- Python natalensis
Also known as Lesser African Python, South African Rock Python, Natal Rock Python
- On average, this large snake is 280-460 cm (110-181 inches) long, with rare specimens reaching 600 cm (236 inches).
- Females are much heavier than males.
- Its broad head is marked by an arrow shape on the crown.
- The coloration is dark brown speckled with gray, with a white underside.
This species is one of the largest snakes in Zambia.
It regularly grows longer than four meters (13 feet), and some rare individuals reach a staggering six meters (20 feet) long! Look for the Southern African Python in woodlands and savannas, close to water sources such as lakes, streams, and rivers.
This python’s main diet consists of warm-blooded animals like monkeys, large birds, and even young antelopes. If warm-blooded prey isn’t abundant, it will eat fish and even small crocodiles. As with the rest of the python family, it kills by constriction and swallows its prey whole.
Although they’re non-venomous, they’re big enough to kill and eat humans on rare occasions! Thankfully, Southern African Pythons are not aggressive and usually don’t bother people. Instead, they prefer basking lazily in the sun while submerged in shallow waters.
#9. Gaboon Viper
- Bitis gabonica
Also known as Gaboon Adder, Forest Puff Adder, Butterfly Adder, Whisper, Swampjack
- Their typical size is 80–205 cm (31-81 in) long.
- Females are heavy and stout, while males have longer tails in proportion to their body length.
- You’ll see faded, rectangular blotches down the snake’s back, with yellowish hourglass-shaped marks along the gaps.
The Gaboon Viper boasts the longest fangs of any snake in Zambia!
Incredibly, they can grow up to 6 cm (2.3 in) long. This is one snake you definitely want to steer clear of!
Interestingly, its fangs aren’t the only unusual thing about this species. It also has the highest venom yield of any snake worldwide because of its hunting style. Unlike most vipers, it doesn’t release once it engages in a bite, injecting massive amounts of venom into its prey.
Watch your step because this nocturnal viper has near-perfect camouflage. It’s practically invisible amid fallen leaves on the forest floor and can remain motionless for hours hunting small birds and mammals.
The Gaboon Viper’s venom can be fatal in large doses or cause severe necrosis in the bite area. Fortunately, bite incidents are rare. These snakes are normally non-aggressive, sluggish, and are only encountered in dense rainforests.
#10. Olive Whip Snake
- Psammophis mossambicus
Also known as Olive Grass Snake, Olive Sand Snake
- Adults are 100-180 cm long (39-71 in) on average.
- It’s mostly olive-brown, but some specimens are black.
- There are dark-edged scales along the neck and body. The underside is yellow.
This snake in Zambia is a common resident of grasslands and swamplands.
You might find the Olive Whip Snake prowling near water sources during the day, so keep a keen eye out! Be alert around trees and shrubs, too, because it’s an adept climber.
The Olive Grass Snake is not nearly as venomous as the Black Mamba, but it often gets mistaken for one. This is due to its size and tendency to lift its forebody off the ground to an impressive height. Its food sources are also similar to the Black Mamba: lizards, rodents, frogs, and fellow venomous snakes.
Despite its weight, the Olive Grass Snake moves incredibly fast. And while it prefers a speedy retreat when sensing danger, it may choose to lunge and bite. Fortunately, its venom is mild for humans.
#11. Brown House Snake
- Boaedon fuliginosus
Also known as the Common African House Snake, Sooty House Snake, Black House Snake, Olive House Snake
- Adults average a length of 60-150 cm (24-59 in).
- Juveniles are solid black, while adults are dark brown or gray with faint stripes and spots.
- The scales are smooth and iridescent, appearing white when they reflect light.
- Its body is thinner at the sides.
The Brown House Snake is one of the most common snakes in Zambia.
Its name hints at its habit of visiting homes, which is where most people see this species. However, this nocturnal snake can also thrive in woodlands, savannas, scrublands, and grasslands.
Brown House Snakes seek small mammals and reptiles as a food source. They put their prey into a stranglehold and swallow them whole without chewing. They particularly enjoy mice, so if you’re dealing with an infestation, these snakes might be nearby.
Luckily, the Brown House Snake is non-venomous and timid. It’s likely to flee or curl up tightly into a corner if threatened.
#12. Brown Forest Cobra
- Naja subfulva
- Adults are 200-275 cm (79-108 in) long on average.
- They are mostly brownish yellow on the head, darkening to pitch black on the tail. There are light-colored spots all over the body.
- Other notable characteristics are black stripes under the eyes and a band of small black dots near the throat.
Brown Forest Cobras are mostly limited to savanna woodlands in Zambia. This highly alert and intelligent cobra leaves its lair when the sun is out. If it’s not busy basking in the heat, it goes hunting for its usual lunch: birds and small mammals.
Thankfully, snakebite incidents are rare because Brown Forest Cobras live far away from human civilization. Even if you encounter them, their first instinct is to flee. Nonetheless, stay back as their venom can cause tissue damage, difficulty breathing, and even death if left untreated.
#13. Black-necked Spitting Cobra
- Naja nigricollis
- A. Morph #1: Black or gray body with pink bars on the broad neck and a reddish belly.
- B. Morph #2: Light brown or yellow body with no neck bands.
- C. Morph #3: White and black stripes on the body or solid white with dark eyes.
- Average length is 1-2 m (4-7 ft).
Look for these snakes in Zambia near streams and rivers in savannas.
Black-necked Spitting Cobras are highly adaptable and can be active day or night. This far-ranging snake’s prey includes small vertebrates on the ground or bird eggs in trees.
When confronting possible threats, Black-necked Spitting Cobras rise from the ground and spread their impressive neck hoods. Then, true to their name, they will spit venom to blind their aggressors. Keep your eyes covered because these cobras have amazing aim and can hit their target up to seven meters away!
Black-necked Spitting Cobra bites can cause symptoms such as swelling, blistering, extreme pain, and loss of limb function. In worst-case scenarios, death may occur due to paralysis of the diaphragm.
#14. Twig Snake
- Thelotornis capensis
Also known as Cape Twig Snake, Savanna Vine Snake, Southern Bird Snake, Cape Twig Snake
- These are slender snakes with very long tails, measuring 100-168 cm (39-66 in) in total length.
- Look for a flattened bluish-green head, keyhole-shaped pupils, large black fangs, and a reddish-black tongue.
- Body coloration is brown or gray with blotches.
As the name suggests, you might mistake this snake in Zambia for a twig!
Twig Snakes hang perfectly still on branches of low shrubs, waiting for passing chameleons, frogs, and birds. They are patient predators and can maintain this posture for hours. When disturbed, they inflate their necks like a balloon as a scare tactic.
Take great care when trekking through coastal forests and woodlands. Its coloration allows it to blend in with the bark and branches of trees. Although it’s unassuming, the Twig Snake is venomous and very dangerous.
The Twig Snake’s venom is a slow-acting poison that can cause profuse bleeding and hemorrhage. One German herpetologist named Robert Mertens died 18 days after being bitten by his pet Twig Snake.So, get quick medical treatment for a bite even if you don’t have immediate symptoms.
#15. Mole Snake
- Pseudaspis cana
- Adults grow up to 207 cm (81 in) long.
- Colors are commonly gray, red, or black on the body. The belly is white, speckled with dark spots.
- Juveniles are light brown with white zig-zags or spots.
- They use their small heads, pointed snouts, and narrow necks to hunt underground.
Look for Mole Snakes in Zambia in scrublands and mountainous regions.
You are most likely to find one near rodent burrows where it spends the day foraging for its next meal. In fact, this species was named after the Golden Moles it loves to feast on.
A curious quirk of this muscular snake is that it’s viviparous. So instead of laying eggs as most reptiles do, the Mole Snake will give birth to live babies. Incredibly, a single mole snake can give birth to up to 95 babies at once!
Mole Snakes may be non-venomous, but you should still be careful if handling one. With strong, very sharp teeth, they can inflict deep wounds that need stitches. In addition, they’re extremely aggressive. They are often mistaken for Cape Cobras because of their short tempers and notorious ferocity.
Do you need more help identifying a snake you saw in Africa?
If so, check out this field guide, which is full of great information!
Learn more about animals found in Zambia in these ID Guides:
- 39 Amazing ANIMALS to see in Zambia! (ID guide w/ pics)
Which of these snakes have you seen before in Zambia?
Leave a COMMENT below! | <urn:uuid:6c28a667-b943-47b7-b2ec-8e4553470060> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://birdwatchinghq.com/snakes-of-zambia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.935709 | 4,456 | 3.3125 | 3 |
In this episode, we’ve talked about how to express the four seasons and common weather conditions in Taiwanese. Also, we learned some names of seasonal fruits.
(These show notes use tables and rich formatting. Please visit the episode webpage for an optimal viewing experience.)
|sù-kuì||the four seasons|
|tshun-hā-tshiu-tang||a common expression for the four seasons. (literally: “spring-summer-fall-winter”)|
|jua̍h-thinn / jua̍h--lâng / hā-thinn||summer, summertime|
|jua̍h||hot or warm
Usage note: “jua̍h” is used when talking about the weather, environment, or one’s own feeling of body temperature.
|Guā-kháu tsin jua̍h.||It is hot outside.|
|Guá tsin jua̍h!||I’m really hot! (the sun is shining, and you’re starting to sweat and feel hot)|
|sio||hot or warm
Usage note: “sio” is used to describe things or body parts, usually something that makes you feel warm or hot when you touch it.
|Thng tsin sio.||The soup is hot.|
|kuânn-thinn / kuânn--lâng / tang-thinn||winter, wintertime|
Usage note: “kuânn” is used when talking about the weather, environment, or one’s own feeling of body temperature.
|Guā-kháu tsin kuânn.||Outside it’s really cold.|
Usage note: “líng” is used to describe things or body parts, usually something that makes you feel cold when you touch it. It can also be used to talk about weather or environment.
|Tsuí tsin líng.||The water is cold.|
|I ê tshiú tsin líng.||Her hands are cold.|
|hó-thinn||nice weather; sunny, clear weather|
|Kin-á-ji̍t hó-thinn.||Today is a nice day, or a sunny, clear day.|
|lo̍h||to fall; to come down|
|Guā-kháu teh lo̍h-seh.||It’s snowing outside.
Grammar note: “teh + verb” is similar to “be + v-ing” in English. It’s a way to mark that the action is continuous or ongoing.
|sai-pak-hōo||a natural phenomenon of sudden afternoon thunderstorms during the summer|
|Hōo tsin tuā.||The rain is heavy.|
|Hong tsin thàu.||The wind is strong.|
|La̍k--gue̍h kàu tsa̍p--gue̍h ū tsin tsē hong-thai.||From June until October, there are many typhoons.|
|kué-tsí / tsuí-kó||fruit|
|“Strawberry“ Tâi-gí án-tsuánn kóng?||How do you say “strawberry” in Taiwanese?|
|tsháu-m̂ / tshì-pho||strawberry|
|sik-khia||custard apple, sugar apple, or sweetsop|
|khī / khī-á||persimmon|
*Syllables that have been greyed out require tone changes.
For more about seasons, weather and fruits, go check out our downloadable workbook! You’ll also find additional vocabulary with characters, pronunciation notes, grammar explanations, culture tips, and fun exercises to help your practice.
Music Credit: TeknoAXE | <urn:uuid:01499be1-0472-418c-9f0e-15c3178b3af6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bitesizetaiwanese.com/ep18-its-cold-outside/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=ep18-its-cold-outside | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.729712 | 896 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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