autoevaluate/autoeval-eval-adversarial_qa-adversarialQA-cd62e4-67882145607

context stringlengths 158 2.13k	question stringlengths 13 202	answers.text sequence	answers.answer_start sequence	feat_id sequence	feat_title sequence	feat_metadata.split sequence	feat_metadata.model_in_the_loop sequence	start_logits sequence	end_logits sequence
In Scotland, anyone wishing to teach must be registered with the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS). Teaching in Scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of Initial Teacher Education (ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities who offer these courses. Once successfully completed, "Provisional Registration" is given by the GTCS which is raised to "Full Registration" status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the "Standard for Full Registration" has been met.	How long must a teacher remain provisionally registered?	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On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint." Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."	Who did the German Bishop encourage to head the words of Martin Luther when it came to the Jewish people?	[ "The German people" ]	[ 794 ]	[ "92aaa4413854bf9bd3005657093335a59f482177" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -3.111328125, -6.24609375, -8.546875, -5.92578125, -5.91015625, -7.62890625, -7.51953125, -7.51953125, -8.1640625, -8.359375, -8.484375, -8.9609375, -6.26953125, -8.7421875, -7.7421875, -7.77734375, -8.2734375, -8.5625, -6.8125, -6.859375, -8.859375, -8.9609375, -8.21875, -6.26953125, -5.00390625, -7.234375, -6.26953125, -8.0703125, -4.01171875, -3.4453125, -5.55078125, -5.875, -5.875, -7.4375, -8.0859375, -7.859375, -6.859375, -7.0703125, -7.671875, -7.2265625, -8.4296875, -6.46875, -6.34375, -8.1171875, -5.58203125, -2.923828125, -6.67578125, -5.609375, -5.125, -4.16796875, -6.9140625, -8.921875, -7.66796875, -7.2734375, -6.625, -6.4453125, -6.68359375, -7.84375, -4.01953125, -7.76953125, -7.6640625, -6.44921875, -4.66796875, -8.3984375, -7.58984375, -7.9921875, -5.73046875, -4.2265625, -8.1953125, -7.01953125, -6.04296875, -8.609375, -6.15625, 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It also became clear that Apollo would outgrow the Canaveral launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end: LC-34 and LC-37. But an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission, so land acquisition was started in July 1961 for a Launch Operations Center (LOC) immediately north of Canaveral at Merritt Island. The design, development and construction of the center was conducted by Kurt H. Debus, a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team. Debus was named the LOC's first Director. Construction began in November 1962. Upon Kennedy's death, President Johnson issued an executive order on November 29, 1963, to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral in honor of Kennedy.	Which of the following people was not chosen as LOC director, Wernher von Braun or Kurt H. Debus?	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It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the Olympic class), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine.[citation needed]	Limitations of what attribute would cause two smaller cylinders to be used in place of one standard size one during the low pressure stage?	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The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million.	What was the expected outcome of using duty?	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Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event, where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed. This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905 after Andreas Schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae.	Which of the following does not have chloroplasts: plants, Konstantin Mereschkowski, or algae?	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Nearby, in Ogród Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre (1922–26), was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.	In what year did the theater that included Warsaw's first literary cabaret close?	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One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".	What type of word category does Tenggis come from?	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The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power station. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations.[citation needed]	What is an example of a turbine with a higher entry temperature, as compared to the Rankine cycle?	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CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively. It was the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever.	What station broadcasted the third most watched program in the USA?	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On 8 February 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels. It was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the BSkyB portfolio including sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed that it would launch in March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media. However, industry sources believe BSkyB will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from Freeview and replace them with subscription channels, due to possible lost advertising revenue.	What was Virgin Media previous known as?	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Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.	Unlike those before him, Thomas Newcomen's steam engine successfully used what?	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Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.	What is the basic goal of a steam engine?	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The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang.	Other than the Big Bang, what happens at temperatures in excess of 1015 kelvins?	[ "electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable" ]	[ 419 ]	[ "617c34b0f3a21eeae1a053f85a11af402db1f1e9" ]	[ "Force" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -5.01953125, -8.4375, -9.046875, -6.90625, -6.41015625, -8.625, -9.5703125, -5.44140625, -7.56640625, -6.921875, -7.87890625, -7.82421875, -7.890625, -8.9140625, -6.96484375, -9.2734375, -8.5390625, -8.6953125, -8.75, -9.1875, -9.0078125, -8.1484375, -2.89453125, -2.5234375, -6.4140625, -8.0234375, -6.0625, -8.109375, -5.453125, -3.912109375, -8.6484375, -6.15625, -4.1484375, -4.71875, -8.5859375, -6.44921875, -6.8359375, -8.171875, -7.67578125, -7.69140625, -4.98828125, -6.11328125, -6.72265625, -6.73046875, -8.234375, -2.369140625, -5.515625, -7.5703125, -7.515625, -4.234375, -8.078125, -7.69921875, -5.8046875, -7.42578125, -8.2734375, -8.1171875, -6.10546875, -5.9765625, -3.44140625, -6.84765625, -6.85546875, -7.7109375, -4.77734375, -6.50390625, -6.05078125, -3.376953125, -8.421875, -8.0234375, -7.7109375, 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Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens. In the stomach, gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens.	What enzymes are in the stomach?	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where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11	A deformation is also a?	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BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on 1 October 1998 under the name Sky Digital, although small-scale tests were carried out before then. At this time the use of the Sky Digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and Sky's analogue services. Key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open.... now called Sky Active, BSkyB competed with the ONdigital (later ITV Digital) terrestrial offering and cable services. Within 30 days, over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold, which help bolstered BSkyB's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from May 1999.	Which had better sound, Sky's analogue or digital service?	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The negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546. After 8 a.m., he experienced chest pains. When he went to his bed, he prayed, "Into your hand I commit my spirit; you have redeemed me, O Lord, faithful God" (Ps. 31:5), the common prayer of the dying. At 1 a.m. he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels. He thanked God for revealing his Son to him in whom he had believed. His companions, Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius, shouted loudly, "Reverend father, are you ready to die trusting in your Lord Jesus Christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name?" A distinct "Yes" was Luther's reply.	Who did the prayers come from?	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At the time of the Marburg Colloquy, Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast Ottoman army. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism. He saw the Turks as a scourge sent to punish Christians by God, as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist, whom Luther believed to be the papacy, and the Roman Church. He consistently rejected the idea of a Holy War, "as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks, who were enemies of Christ. This is absolutely contrary to Christ's doctrine and name". On the other hand, in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms, Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks. In 1526, he argued in Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace that national defence is reason for a just war. By 1529, in On War against the Turk, he was actively urging Emperor Charles V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks. He made clear, however, that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate, to be waged through prayer and repentance. Around the time of the Siege of Vienna, Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks, asking God to "give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies".	What did Luther perceive to be the way to be victorious in a religious war?	[ "through prayer and repentance" ]	[ 1121 ]	[ "3efa7ff79dfd15e0e342a62749b6d314eb8b863a" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -2.072265625, -6.01953125, -8.53125, -5.984375, -6.90625, -7.953125, -7.9921875, -7.21875, -6.58203125, -7.89453125, -8.234375, -7.1796875, -8, -7.56640625, -7.0234375, -7.81640625, -8.6875, -7.65234375, -5.4765625, -6.58203125, -6.8828125, -8.21875, -5.51171875, -4.84765625, -8.046875, -6.78515625, -7.8828125, -7.9375, -8.03125, -8.28125, -4.39453125, -7.9765625, -8.171875, -7.26171875, -7.15234375, -7.6875, -8.0625, -8.3515625, -7.359375, -4.65625, -6.765625, -7.80859375, -5.046875, -6.12890625, -3.8046875, -4.0390625, -3.173828125, -4.80078125, -6.93359375, -3.591796875, -5.9140625, -4.515625, -4.86328125, -2.078125, -3.638671875, -3.595703125, -6.48828125, -5.453125, -4.125, -7.0703125, -4.390625, -7.63671875, -7.25, -7.39453125, -8.0625, -6.6875, -4.84765625, -7.88671875, -7.8515625, -7.640625, -6.73828125, -7.671875, -7.9609375, 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In January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector, and promised to remain silent if his opponents did. The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum. In June and July 1519, he staged a disputation with Luther's colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak. Luther's boldest assertion in the debate was that Matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible. For this, Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus, referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415. From that moment, he devoted himself to Luther's defeat.	Who thought that the pope could make mistakes?	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Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of Swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less, but no correlation after ten years. Studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth.	What did Barro find in his research on inequality?	[ "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment" ]	[ 65 ]	[ "d4b4a633ce75fb8d5f23213d77acfd6e3a53a549" ]	[ "Economic_inequality" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -2.818359375, -5.55078125, -8.59375, -6.65234375, -8.4140625, -5.73828125, -8.0234375, -6.40234375, -7.3828125, -8.4375, -6.3046875, -8.6171875, -7.57421875, -2.5078125, -6.046875, -1.0888671875, -3.36328125, -3.162109375, -3.01171875, -5.9140625, -4.89453125, 2.53515625, 3.84375, 4.66015625, 1.9072265625, 4.140625, 4.92578125, 1.470703125, -0.10870361328125, -2.337890625, 1.5576171875, -2.427734375, -4.265625, 0.8974609375, -6.9453125, -0.8642578125, -6.1796875, -1.3662109375, -2.26953125, -2.634765625, -2.439453125, -6.609375, -4.10546875, -6.87890625, -1.7353515625, -6.59375, -4.9609375, -2.5546875, -6.88671875, -3.89453125, -3.552734375, 1.5986328125, -2.796875, -7.78125, -2.697265625, 0.36962890625, -2.705078125, -4.8203125, -3.08984375, -4.04296875, -4.26953125, -5.46875, 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Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained, thus posing significantly lower environmental risks. This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture. While the reliability of this mechanism has not yet been studied for all relevant crop species, recent results in tobacco plants are promising, showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000.	How can change come upon plants?	[ "plastid transformation" ]	[ 250 ]	[ "2646be80bad1b71ffb3b44eadbf0d423a0cc9ee9" ]	[ "Chloroplast" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -2.751953125, -5.6484375, -8.3515625, -5.76171875, -6.8359375, -6.84765625, -6.58203125, -8.4296875, -7.18359375, -2.77734375, -5.81640625, -1.2041015625, -6.56640625, -6.64453125, -6.296875, -5.7890625, -4.19140625, -2.869140625, -3.27734375, -5.78515625, -1.40625, -6.875, -1.1123046875, -4.984375, -3.71484375, -5.1875, -1.41015625, -5.140625, -1.67578125, -2.009765625, -2.330078125, -5.2890625, -4.33984375, -0.51171875, -5.890625, -6.2890625, -5.7421875, -5.34375, -2.77734375, -1.216796875, -1.8134765625, -5.6484375, -4.0625, -2.912109375, -4.34765625, -5.3125, 1.083984375, -4.203125, -4.09765625, -3.146484375, -2.080078125, -0.724609375, -6.0078125, -4.90234375, 0.2430419921875, -3.32421875, -0.52587890625, -5.14453125, -3.587890625, -2.1328125, 0.0936279296875, -4.12109375, 0.1917724609375, 0.5087890625, 1.4326171875, -5.203125, -5.23046875, 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BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.	What kind of function does that Sky provide in their Sky+ package?	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In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.	What were the circumstances of Aken's parentage?	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Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Saxony, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was baptized as a Catholic the next morning on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours. His family moved to Mansfeld in 1484, where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council. The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman of "trading-class stock and middling means" and notes that Luther's enemies later wrongly described her as a whore and bath attendant. He had several brothers and sisters, and is known to have been close to one of them, Jacob. Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family, and he was determined to see Martin, his eldest son, become a lawyer. He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld, then Magdeburg in 1497, where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the Brethren of the Common Life, and Eisenach in 1498. The three schools focused on the so-called "trivium": grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell.	How many siblings was Martin Luther close to?	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Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens. In the stomach, gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens.	What is in both semen and respiratory tract secretions?	[ "defensins" ]	[ 364 ]	[ "eb0353b389b3618aa30e8ee5ef033ad0fe318be3" ]	[ "Immune_system" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -4.40625, -5.1640625, -8.5546875, -7.42578125, -7.8671875, -5.90625, -9.1171875, -8.9921875, -7.2421875, -8.625, -5.89453125, -8.4296875, -8.3125, -8.1015625, 0.81689453125, -2.853515625, -5.52734375, -4.07421875, -6.5703125, -1.0029296875, -6.73046875, -0.193359375, -1.25, -7.22265625, -3.69140625, -5.2109375, -0.9833984375, -3.33984375, 4.08984375, -2.146484375, -5.48828125, -2.515625, -0.57470703125, -1.4599609375, -2.41796875, -4.125, -6.23046875, -0.001800537109375, 1.4931640625, -5.09765625, -1.896484375, -5.78515625, -3.607421875, -4.2890625, -2.240234375, -7.04296875, -7.3828125, -7.6328125, -8.3125, -2.71875, -6.5234375, -6.6015625, -7.11328125, -8.640625, -3.552734375, -7.1796875, -7.8671875, -7.296875, -7.46484375, -7.8515625, -5.76171875, -7.140625, -4.4765625, -7.53125, -8.8671875, -6.0625, -9.3203125, -8.7890625, -6.0703125, -6.35546875, -7.6171875, 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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.	Who was against selling indulgences to people?	[ "Luther" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "86b808c8bcb4b70fc490e7c4bf3f5c45ce33e59a" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -5.89453125, -5.44921875, -8.09375, -7.4609375, -5.70703125, -6.79296875, -8.1875, -8.2421875, -9.4140625, -8.203125, -7.63671875, -8.578125, -7.9375, 3.625, -1.9384765625, -3.12890625, -3.541015625, -7.28125, -7.078125, -6.99609375, -7.74609375, -4.30859375, -1.775390625, -7.5390625, -4.890625, -4.59765625, -6.87890625, -6.78515625, -5.81640625, -5.77734375, -7.984375, -5.453125, -6.3125, -7.57421875, -7.32421875, -6.08984375, -6.203125, -7.2734375, -1.8203125, -2.650390625, -6.26953125, 0.7626953125, -1.435546875, -4.3984375, -3.275390625, -3.833984375, -7.71484375, -4.43359375, -6.66796875, -6.73828125, -7.515625, -3.767578125, -2.01953125, -4.234375, -1.1142578125, -4.015625, -7.9375, -9.2265625, -9.25, -9.2890625, -9.140625, -9.1796875, -9.3046875, -9.21875, -9.21875, -9.25, -9.1796875, -9.171875, -9.1640625, -9.15625, -9.203125, -9.234375, -9.265625, -9.296875, 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Concerns were raised over whether Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal, although the field has not had any major issues since. As is customary for Super Bowl games played at natural grass stadiums, the NFL re-sodded the field with a new playing surface; a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf. NFL and Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan stated that the field was in "great shape" for gameday. However, the turf showed problem throughout the game, with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game.	what property of the stadium was initially questioned concerning the Super Bowl?	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The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street. These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'. Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.	Roofed structures with a window that projects from a pitched roof are called?	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Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.	How often does Newcastle Mela happen?	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Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid too) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast is known to make the precursors to methionine but it is unclear whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol.	What is unlikely to be incredibly insignificant when it comes to producing amino acids in a Chloroplast?	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Since teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials, it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials. On teacher/course evaluations, it was found that teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion to receptive students. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis. One of the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials.	Students learn via teachers and?	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Luther's final journey, to Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade. Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control. The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts: Albrecht, Philip, John George, and Gerhard. Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion.	Albrecht controlled the?	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Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground, though this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof, King Harald V of Norway, Bobby Robson, Alan Shearer, the late Nelson Mandela and the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June.	What is a soccer organization called in England?	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The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism, are a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life. Luther's teaching of the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear eschatological overtones, which, characteristically for Luther, do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world.	What do Christians believe they will become in the future?	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The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen. The second mermaid reached the mouth of the Vistula River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.	Where did the 2nd daughter arrive to go into the body of water?	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BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay-TV platform in to achieve that milestone. Confirming it had reached its target, the broadcaster said its reach into 36% of households in the UK represented an audience of more than 25m people. The target was first announced in August 2004, since then an additional 2.4m customers had subscribed to BSkyB's direct-to-home service. Media commentators had debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe flattened.	Ten years after the start of the decade it was found in millions of dwellings?	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Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the first time. In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and North Carolina.	Did the UMC have fewer congregations at the time of its formation or in 2005?	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In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks, who wanted more involvement in government, and whites in the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation. This added momentum to proposals for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.	When did a political reform movement begin in Jacksonville and Duval County?	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The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast. The intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection, followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort, using the Service Module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry. The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation, a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion, which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages. Two S-II engines shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. The damage to the third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection. Mission controllers were able to use the Service Module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4. Based on the good performance of Apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo 6 problems, NASA declared the Saturn V ready to fly men, cancelling a third unmanned test.	How many unmanned missions did the Saturn V fly?	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Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar. It can waste up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle. Several mechanisms have evolved in different lineages that raise the carbon dioxide concentration relative to oxygen within the chloroplast, increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. These mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms, or CCMs. These include Crassulacean acid metabolism, C4 carbon fixation, and pyrenoids. Chloroplasts in C4 plants are notable as they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism.	For what reason is O2 added instead of CO2?	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Luther's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation. This behavior started with his learning of the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes, the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views, prompting Luther to write the hymn "Ein neues Lied wir heben an" ("A new song we raise"), which is generally known in English by John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line "Flung to the Heedless Winds" and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C. Tiddeman.	Luther wrote?	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Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string, any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object. By connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys, the tension force on a load can be multiplied. For every string that acts on a load, another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load. However, even though such machines allow for an increase in force, there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load. These tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine.	What machines allow for an increase in force?	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Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.	Which event is held later, the International Arts Fair or the SAMA Festival?	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In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module (piloting and re-entry cabin), and a propulsion and equipment module. On August 30, a feasibility study competition was announced, and on October 25, three study contracts were awarded to General Dynamics/Convair, General Electric, and the Glenn L. Martin Company. Meanwhile, NASA performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by Maxime Faget, to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs.	What was explained during the Space Task Group conferences?	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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.[verification needed]	what group is mentioned first?	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The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III as members of the University Athletic Association (UAA). The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and participated in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football and was a regular participant in the Men's Basketball tournament. In 1935, the University of Chicago reached the Sweet Sixteen. In 1935, Chicago Maroons football player Jay Berwanger became the first winner of the Heisman Trophy. However, the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football. (In 1969, Chicago reinstated football as a Division III team, resuming playing its home games at the new Stagg Field.)	How did the UNiveristy of CHicago resume football again?	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One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".	How was the name Genghis pronounced by the Mongolians?	[ "Chinggis" ]	[ 627 ]	[ "e44cf5423a66e07f4ba5dc0681612d461bb43364" ]	[ "Genghis_Khan" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -5.171875, -5.85546875, -8.2734375, -6.72265625, -7.5625, -5.74609375, -8.0390625, -9.1171875, -6.63671875, -8.2890625, -7.390625, -6.828125, -8.6015625, -8.703125, -7.84375, -4.8203125, -6.67578125, -7.07421875, -3.572265625, -4.97265625, -5.78515625, -5.80078125, -3.134765625, -1.775390625, -6.53125, -6.5078125, -5.99609375, -5.17578125, -6.87109375, -4.11328125, -2.669921875, -7.0625, -3.431640625, -4.3359375, -0.486572265625, -5.74609375, -6.43359375, -7.28515625, -3.86328125, -2.359375, -2.056640625, -6.89453125, -7.69921875, -4.5390625, -3.7421875, -7.0234375, -7.50390625, -7.67578125, -6.15234375, -4.9609375, -8.40625, -6.42578125, -5.8828125, -6.69140625, -5.07421875, -2.201171875, -6.6171875, -7.38671875, -8.0234375, -5.21484375, -6.9375, -3.580078125, -0.6220703125, -6.36328125, -7.30859375, -6.0546875, -3.771484375, -3.6171875, -6.6015625, -5.93359375, 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From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification – God's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah. "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification," he wrote, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."	What did Luther claim the church was misdefining?	[ "penance and righteousness" ]	[ 179 ]	[ "4063aca55b06c031b5e3af738c5b715cc5a8d7cf" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -2.994140625, -7.1015625, -8.7734375, -6.06640625, -6.9140625, -6.43359375, -6.72265625, -7.890625, -6.06640625, -8.3515625, -7.2578125, -8.453125, -9.0859375, -7.8203125, -4.96875, -4.359375, -8.3046875, -7.67578125, -5.171875, -8.0859375, -7.57421875, -3.310546875, -4.29296875, -6.7734375, -3.9453125, -3.0234375, -6.5703125, -7.8515625, -8.2421875, -5.625, -5.37890625, -8.328125, -4.71875, -8.1171875, -8.5234375, -6.24609375, -9.15625, -8.3984375, -5.69140625, -7.84375, -7.2421875, -6.78515625, -5.6875, -5.734375, -5.97265625, -6.53125, -5.703125, -7.91015625, -4.328125, -3.46875, -8.015625, -4.36328125, -6.23046875, -6.83984375, -4.9609375, -4.5390625, -3.5234375, -7.8515625, -2.0625, -6.16796875, -6.62890625, -0.96728515625, -5.4375, -7.46875, -2.07421875, -5.69140625, -5.01953125, -6.328125, -1.7294921875, -1.0654296875, -4.6484375, 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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer’s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.	When are the fireworks done?	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The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne. Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.	The black powdery residue that remains after something is burned is called?	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The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing. These frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus. The parasite Trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy, constantly switching one type of surface protein for another, allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response. Masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system. In HIV, the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell; such "self-cloaked" viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as "non-self" structures.	What fails to identify self-cloaked viruses?	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The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.	Who was related to each other?	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There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity, across all three major traditions - (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational, with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of "discernment of spirits", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life, especially the Roman and Orthodox Catholic Churches. These positions include: the honoured but informal position of starets or elder - a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest (spiritual pride or deception) - who acts as a spiritual guide or father in the Orthodox Catholic tradition, especially Russian Orthodoxy (see Optina Monastery, which had a long line of said starets); the Priest or Confessor in Roman Catholicism, who is often a man in Holy Orders but may be a monastic or other person respected for his spiritual accomplishments or acumen (even the Pope of Rome has a Confessor, who is not always a bishop, and, due to the hierarchical structure of the Roman Church, can not be his equal in authority), which is often a semi-official to official position, as opposed to the unofficial positions of spiritual guides in the Orthodox Catholic and Protestant traditions; and the almost-exclusively informal arrangements (generally formal only in members who are under some form of church discipline) of mentorship (both of adults and children, in the latter case often a youth pastor) in the Protestant and Non-Denominational traditions, which boundaries can be blurred with the more typically Roman "confessor" position in some of the more historic and conservative Reformation Churches, such as some of the Lutheran and Anglican. In keeping with the individualistic nature of most Protestant denominations, the emphasis on being guided in spiritual development is small, with a heavy emphasis placed on heavy reading and personal, Spirit-enlightened interpretation of the Holy Bible.	What is a staret?	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Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version. Others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/. An 1882 map drawn by Joseph Thompsons, a Scottish geologist and naturalist, indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia, 1862. Controversy over the actual meaning of the word Kenya notwithstanding, it is clear that the mountain's name became widely accepted, pars pro toto, as the name of the country.	How else might you spell Kenia?	[ "Kegnia" ]	[ 49 ]	[ "a77ed028dfe552a79b30335975dafc16c6930c8b" ]	[ "Kenya" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -2.623046875, -4.4453125, -7.7890625, -8.4375, -7.734375, -7.01171875, -4.28125, -7.95703125, -8.4296875, -6.875, -2.294921875, -5.703125, -6.85546875, -6.73828125, -3.76953125, -2.404296875, -3.609375, -4.9609375, -2.287109375, -1.4111328125, -5.578125, -3.630859375, 0.234130859375, -4.5625, -4.81640625, -2.447265625, -6.07421875, -4.96484375, -3.392578125, -2.76171875, 0.50537109375, 0.66162109375, -4.03125, 1.3916015625, 3.25390625, -2.708984375, -2.8046875, -3.80078125, -2.904296875, -4.66015625, -3.783203125, -2.705078125, -3.60546875, -3.919921875, -3.9609375, -4.73046875, -4.90234375, -3.181640625, 0.865234375, 0.63037109375, -0.032318115234375, -0.509765625, -3.4765625, 1.9521484375, 2.310546875, 2.083984375, -1.3154296875, 2.021484375, 2.712890625, 0.470947265625, -2.763671875, -4.5390625, -3.517578125, -3.12890625, -2.92578125, -2.96875, -2.595703125, -2.736328125, 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The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.	Man made objects that orbits the moon that also collects information are referred to as a what?	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One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosynthesis is divided into two stages—the light reactions, where water is split to produce oxygen, and the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle, which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide. The two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).	What chemicals are transformed to create food in photosynthesis?	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Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic. The President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. There was growing concern especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary.[citation needed]	Which of the following has legislative power: the government, the judiciary, or the president?	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Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves. The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper. Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote, "the way monkeys do it", but understood.	Which creed was not intended to be memorized?	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Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals. Such professionals enjoy a status in some societies on a par with physicians, lawyers, engineers, and accountants (Chartered or CPA).	What type of pedagogy vocation can be carried out within the family or in the wider community?	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The College of the University of Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28 minors. The college's academics are divided into five divisions: the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division. The first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions, while the New Collegiate Division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions.	Which Collegiate Division starts with a word that contains the letter m?	[ "Humanities" ]	[ 324 ]	[ "cec9baa41775ad29e0f5256c2147017f88244c2f" ]	[ "University_of_Chicago" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -4.91015625, -6.48828125, -8.1953125, -7.984375, -7.5546875, -6.81640625, -5.8515625, -7.1171875, -7.87109375, -6.6015625, -4.0546875, -4.37890625, -2.861328125, -9.1171875, -8.140625, -1.2275390625, -1.83984375, -7.18359375, -5.1640625, -2.201171875, -6.703125, -3.103515625, -7.140625, -3.30078125, -8.6484375, -7.296875, -8.484375, -4.6953125, -8.7578125, -6.98046875, -7.8515625, -7.23828125, -5.05078125, -6.61328125, -7.54296875, -8.5078125, -6.52734375, -7.10546875, -8.0703125, -3.921875, -5.02734375, -8.328125, -8.25, -4.0390625, -8.390625, -7.12109375, -7.765625, -4.125, -6.1171875, -6.20703125, 0.61865234375, 0.388671875, -3.529296875, -3.861328125, -5.59765625, -8.078125, 0.060211181640625, -1.08203125, -4.2421875, -4.47265625, -6.21484375, -8.359375, -0.07952880859375, -0.310546875, -4.2109375, -4.4375, -6.16015625, -8.046875, 0.228759765625, 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Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.	What would be done for people who need more information?	[ "link the local networks to national networks" ]	[ 783 ]	[ "47ac942cd2737c241311229c8a673f48734ddb7f" ]	[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -2.18359375, -5.76171875, -7.71875, -7.84765625, -6.828125, -6.90234375, -5.6484375, -6.453125, -6.3515625, -5.60546875, -6.3046875, -8.1640625, -7.53515625, -5.546875, -5.5625, -7.5625, -8.0859375, -6.0078125, -4.2734375, -6.63671875, -7.19921875, -7.90234375, -2.7734375, -6.4140625, -5.859375, -6.1484375, -3.72265625, -6.39453125, -6.953125, -5.3671875, -7.390625, -3.279296875, -6.75390625, -3.962890625, -7.41796875, -3.123046875, -2.126953125, -5.0703125, -3.62109375, -5.84375, -8.265625, -5.828125, -6.796875, -2.197265625, -6.78125, -4.0859375, -0.33642578125, -4.9609375, -3.173828125, -7.9375, -2.87109375, -2.482421875, -1.916015625, -4.12109375, -4.30859375, -7.05859375, -0.60888671875, -4.13671875, -5.56640625, -4.41796875, -0.11083984375, -1.4140625, -1.58984375, -3.845703125, -5.2421875, -1.6591796875, -4.390625, 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If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll, they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked. Within a few minutes of light exposure, the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids, and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast, takes several hours. Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts.	How are thylakoids organized for chlorophyll?	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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.	What is the roots in many issues?	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The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the Smart Museum of Art, the Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies, contemporary art criticism, and film history. It has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000, a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track (2000). It has bachelor's degree programs in visual arts, music, and art history, and, more recently, Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002). The College's general education core includes a “dramatic, music, and visual arts” requirement, requiring students to study the history of the arts, stage desire, or begin working with sculpture. Several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes. UChicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the Compass Players student comedy troupe evolved into The Second City improv theater troupe in 1959. The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012, five years after a $35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances, classes, and media production. The Logan Center was designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien. This building is actually entirely glass. The brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind. The architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked.	what is the last profession mentioned?	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If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll, they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked. Within a few minutes of light exposure, the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids, and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast, takes several hours. Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts.	What do angiosperms need that gymnosperms don't in order for chloroplast formation?	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The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels.	What did Sam Chisholm do with their business strategy?	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The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968. An estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon. The mission and Christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968, which had been a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.	How was the transmission able to be seen on TV?	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Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.	When was Skylab first used?	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In a purely capitalist mode of production (i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages work in the same way as prices for any other good. Thus, wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill. And therefore, inequality is driven by this price. Under the law of supply and demand, the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker. "On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers." "Markets, by themselves, even when they are stable, often lead to high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair." Employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed. Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor. For a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest, it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers.	How are demand for skilled workers and supply of skilled workers related?	[ "the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker" ]	[ 452 ]	[ "88ff93c81c22b7bebcf911b60ada95a2d48d81e1" ]	[ "Economic_inequality" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -3.12890625, -7.28125, -9.03125, -6.38671875, -8.9375, -6.66015625, -8.15625, -8.828125, -6.58203125, -9.0625, -7.12109375, -8.3984375, -7.39453125, -9.046875, -7.8046875, -3.623046875, -3.662109375, -2.580078125, -2.73046875, -5.11328125, -8.2109375, -4.4609375, -6.63671875, -5.703125, -8.6015625, -7.0859375, -8.28125, -3.544921875, -2.265625, -6.921875, -3.939453125, -4.5078125, -3.33203125, -4.2265625, -6.421875, -6.19140625, -8.5234375, -4.69921875, -6.52734375, -2.21875, -2.267578125, -2.982421875, -4.828125, -4.80078125, -7.328125, -4.49609375, -8.125, -6.46875, -5.6015625, -9.0234375, -8.59375, -7.78125, -6.28125, -4.7421875, -8.4765625, -6.90234375, -6.1015625, -4.609375, -3.81640625, -2.42578125, -6.1875, -1.759765625, -5.875, -4.9765625, 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Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics, six gold, four silver and four bronze, making it Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as Pamela Jelimo, the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the IAAF Golden League jackpot, and Samuel Wanjiru who won the men's marathon. Retired Olympic and Commonwealth Games champion Kipchoge Keino helped usher in Kenya's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by Commonwealth Champion Henry Rono's spectacular string of world record performances. Lately, there has been controversy in Kenyan athletics circles, with the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar. The Kenyan Ministry of Sports has tried to stop the defections, but they have continued anyway, with Bernard Lagat the latest, choosing to represent the United States. Most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors. Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot qualify for their country's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries.[citation needed]	How many medals did Africa's most successful team win?	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Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aimed toward love. Wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all Christians. Here the English Reformer parted company with both Luther and Calvin, who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin. Such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life.	Who was considered to be an English Reformer that thought perfection was possible?	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Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist, the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. The Swiss cities, however, did not sign these agreements.	What did those effected have in common?	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Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the first time. In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and North Carolina.	Was the membership of the UMC higher in 1975 or 2005?	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The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing. These frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus. The parasite Trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy, constantly switching one type of surface protein for another, allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response. Masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system. In HIV, the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell; such "self-cloaked" viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as "non-self" structures.	What is the purpose of concealing epitopes?	[ "evade the adaptive immune system" ]	[ 23 ]	[ "f7aa209a442a4f7506be598a71cd3dbf2dbe6c0e" ]	[ "Immune_system" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -3.8125, -6.296875, -8.453125, -7.6875, -7.58984375, -8.3046875, -6.59375, -8.703125, -7.6640625, -8.4609375, -8.484375, -9.28125, -8.71875, -8.1328125, -1.27734375, -0.5673828125, -3.619140625, -1.2255859375, 0.336669921875, -2.447265625, -3.95703125, -1.861328125, -4.85546875, -5.15234375, -4.60546875, -2.935546875, -2.47265625, -5.75390625, 0.46240234375, 0.30859375, -1.361328125, -2.708984375, 2.607421875, 3.431640625, 0.923828125, -0.783203125, -7.78515625, -3.15625, -2.89453125, -6.00390625, -5.39453125, -4.3828125, -4.30078125, -2.181640625, -6.55078125, -7.7890625, -7.74609375, -8.5234375, -3.650390625, -6.00390625, -5.90625, 0.0814208984375, -0.8671875, -0.28173828125, -5.6171875, -1.7705078125, -0.9794921875, -3.251953125, -5.35546875, -0.471923828125, 1.28125, -0.6787109375, -3.107421875, -5.6015625, -5.79296875, -4.94921875, 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The "Big Five" game animals of Africa, that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant, can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country. The annual animal migration occurs between June and September with millions of animals taking part, attracting valuable foreign tourism. Two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for food and water supplies. This Serengeti Migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 Natural Wonders of Africa.	When does migration end?	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"Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty"), "howay" ("come on"), "stot" ("bounce") and "hadaway" ("go away" or "you're kidding"), all appear to be used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA://naʊt/, rhymes with out,"nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "Canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), "hockle" ("spit").	Which of the following words is least related to the others: hyem, home, barn or hjem?	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where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11	Pressure is a type of?	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Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale.	Which of the following is not a characteristic of vegetation: reflectance, wavelengths or fluorescence?	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If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll, they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked. Within a few minutes of light exposure, the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids, and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast, takes several hours. Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts.	If angiosperm shoots don't get the required light what will they be lacking?	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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.	Prior to what was Luther's rediscovery?	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Between 1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres (160,000 to 227,000 sq mi), with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle. Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock pasture. Currently, Brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira et al., has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the Amazon, the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes. So despite the popular perception, there has been no economical advantage for Brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields.	What consumer product are the rain forests cleared for?	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Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calderón, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper, one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics Edward Sapir, and the founder of McKinsey & Co., James O. McKinsey.	Who followed current and past events?	[ "Allan Bloom" ]	[ 382 ]	[ "8de9401f92edf6ab8bb904a83314a85ecd7fa558" ]	[ "University_of_Chicago" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -0.462646484375, -6.43359375, -7.3046875, -7.5859375, -8.9140625, -7.30859375, -7.5234375, -8.78125, -7.53515625, 0.1485595703125, 0.41650390625, -5.1484375, -5.53515625, -4.51171875, 0.970703125, -3.974609375, 1.4072265625, -4.66015625, -3.814453125, -5.2578125, -5.00390625, -5.83203125, -0.607421875, -0.52197265625, -3.9921875, -5.9140625, -6.4140625, -0.5478515625, -6.46484375, -6.51171875, -1.6953125, -6.578125, -2.21484375, -4.23046875, -6.47265625, -4.2578125, 0.1734619140625, -4.375, -5.63671875, -6.9375, 1.0166015625, -4.13671875, -4.14453125, 1.6572265625, -2.74609375, -4.56640625, -6.796875, -1.6787109375, -5.9140625, -0.272705078125, -5.53515625, -7.3515625, -4.30859375, -6.078125, -7.71875, -4.1484375, -4.578125, -8.3046875, -5.64453125, -4.86328125, -7.73046875, -7.77734375, -7.23046875, -7.91015625, -4.140625, -8.015625, -7.7421875, 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In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.	what was Pamela Rogers	[ "teacher" ]	[ 155 ]	[ "f6694fb9987437e39e585e862ac01df2f1448cf9" ]	[ "Teacher" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -5.53515625, -5.99609375, -8.6484375, -4.48828125, -7.6953125, -8.1015625, -4.78515625, -4.85546875, -3.796875, -6.33203125, -7.3125, -7.80859375, -2.341796875, -2.048828125, -8.2265625, -6.66796875, -3.7890625, -5.6484375, -6.68359375, 2.68359375, -5.2890625, -2.392578125, -5.98828125, -4.55859375, -7.1328125, -2.3203125, -5.15234375, -7.25390625, -5.671875, -1.966796875, -6.921875, -5.11328125, -7.5625, -6.37109375, -6.5, -5.66015625, -5.48046875, -5.953125, -7.53515625, -3.142578125, -5.6484375, -6.77734375, -8.1015625, -8.8515625, -9.0390625, -8.9375, -8.7265625, -8.703125, -8.78125, -8.7109375, -8.7890625, -8.703125, -8.984375, -8.96875, -8.9375, -8.828125, -8.9765625, 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Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon, "The Use of Money," and in his letter to an alcoholic. At one time, Methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same. Today the United Methodist Church states that it "affirms our long-standing support of abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to God's liberating and redeeming love for persons." In fact, the United Methodist Church uses unfermented grape juice in the sacrament of Holy Communion, thus "expressing pastoral concern for recovering alcoholics, enabling the participation of children and youth, and supporting the church's witness of abstinence." Moreover, in 2011 and 2012, The United Methodist Church's General Board of Church and Society called on all United Methodists to abstain from alcohol for Lent.	What is unusual in a traditional ceremony of religion?	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The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching, the more the student will get out of the subject matter. The three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students, and enthusiasm about the subject matter. A teacher must enjoy teaching. If they do not enjoy what they are doing, the students will be able to tell. They also must enjoy being around their students. A teacher who cares for their students is going to help that individual succeed in their life in the future. The teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter they are teaching. For example, a teacher talking about chemistry needs to enjoy the art of chemistry and show that to their students. A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in the student as well. An enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life.	What helps students engage in class?	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Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.	What would be done about busy streets?	[ "making safer routes on busier streets" ]	[ 426 ]	[ "5d28533cecea81559bb32aae2b546cf3d5a7408a" ]	[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -2.9765625, -5.94140625, -8.125, -8.328125, -7.08203125, -7.60546875, -5.33984375, -7.44921875, -8.328125, -7.421875, -5.3203125, -5, -7.3125, -7.984375, -5.58984375, -3.869140625, -5.8515625, -6.76953125, -7.7265625, -2.470703125, -6.2890625, -5.93359375, -6.38671875, -3.865234375, -6.33984375, -6.8203125, -5.21875, -7.21484375, -3.30078125, -6.86328125, -3.775390625, -7.15625, -2.693359375, -1.375, -4.77734375, -2.462890625, -5.33984375, -8.1875, -5.453125, -6.8125, -2.4140625, -6.59375, -3.37890625, 1.298828125, -3.67578125, -1.5068359375, -7.48046875, -1.4560546875, -0.82177734375, 0.72314453125, -2.3671875, -2.646484375, -6.23828125, -0.828125, -3.904296875, -5.16796875, -4.5, -0.252685546875, -1.306640625, -1.79296875, -4.08203125, -5.13671875, 0.5595703125, -2.921875, -5.50390625, -4.53125, 0.7041015625, -2.783203125, 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He insisted that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.	To loosen in one's responsibilities is also called?	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It also became clear that Apollo would outgrow the Canaveral launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end: LC-34 and LC-37. But an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission, so land acquisition was started in July 1961 for a Launch Operations Center (LOC) immediately north of Canaveral at Merritt Island. The design, development and construction of the center was conducted by Kurt H. Debus, a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team. Debus was named the LOC's first Director. Construction began in November 1962. Upon Kennedy's death, President Johnson issued an executive order on November 29, 1963, to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral in honor of Kennedy.	What, besides Kennedy's death, is mentioned to have happened in the 64th year of the previous century?	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On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's flight, many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up. Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets.	What group did Kennedy not fall in line with?	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Economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as "rent-seeking". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity, etc., it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices, profits and large compensation. A better explainer of growing inequality, according to Stiglitz, is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them. This process, known to economists as rent-seeking, brings income not from creation of wealth but from "grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort"	How does rent-seeking hurt businesses?	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In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks, who wanted more involvement in government, and whites in the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation. This added momentum to proposals for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.	what era is first mentioned?	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Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki. Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style in painting and art. Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory. Warsaw was the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis Singer, which he described in many of his novels: Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever, he commented.	What is the pseudonym of the artist both to wealthy parents in Warsaw?	[ "Tamara de Lempicka" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "b01a7b7813c4b42731fd3c7f2f2c5219732a8727" ]	[ "Warsaw" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -3.109375, -4.1953125, -8.5234375, -7.3984375, -7.0234375, -8.453125, -7.46875, -6.7109375, -8.515625, -8.4609375, -7.05078125, -8.328125, -8.53125, -7.3984375, -8.8046875, -8.03125, 6.89453125, 0.78955078125, 0.436279296875, -2.69921875, -1.185546875, -1.15234375, -4.6328125, -2.736328125, -3.623046875, -2.322265625, -3.419921875, -6.0859375, -2.701171875, -4.6171875, 0.97265625, -3.705078125, -0.56396484375, 8.7265625, 2.783203125, -1.3095703125, 0.411376953125, -0.005565643310546875, -4.234375, -1.8994140625, -4.87890625, -1.95703125, -4.1015625, -3.189453125, -4.765625, -3.375, -4.65625, -3.5859375, -3.451171875, -2.7109375, 0.383056640625, -4.421875, -4.67578125, -0.93603515625, -4.6796875, -3.662109375, -4.625, -5.16796875, -6.0078125, -8.8359375, -7.859375, -9.0625, -5.97265625, -7.2265625, -6.56640625, -4.375, -7.26171875, -7.98828125, -7.75, -8.28125, 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Kenya’s armed forces, like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”, the corruption has been less in public view, and thus less subject to public scrutiny and notoriety. This has changed recently. In what are by Kenyan standards unprecedented revelations, in 2010, credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers. Further, the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement have been publicly questioned.	what is hidden behind national security	[ "operations of the armed forces" ]	[ 129 ]	[ "c56b40367e0b22e386e0a7ba45ae30105c71ff73" ]	[ "Kenya" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -5.30078125, -6.96875, -8.7109375, -6.75, -7.87109375, -6.30078125, -8.4921875, -8.0625, -2.322265625, -8.59375, -7.83203125, -4.62109375, -6.87890625, -8.109375, -6.2265625, -6.71484375, -5.765625, -7.55078125, -7.9921875, -7.99609375, -8.1328125, -8.5, -6.5859375, -7.12890625, -3.994140625, -6.83203125, -6.85546875, -1.5361328125, -5.7109375, -6.53515625, -1.6591796875, 0.03607177734375, -0.55615234375, -5.984375, -1.251953125, -1.572265625, -5.03515625, -5.25390625, -6.1328125, -3.0703125, -3.07421875, -6.0859375, -4.48046875, -1.470703125, -0.9580078125, -6.375, -5.2109375, -6.69921875, -1.8779296875, -5.9140625, -1.333984375, -0.471435546875, -4.59765625, -3.828125, -5.96484375, -2.58984375, -1.806640625, 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The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of Masovia, established this settlement, the modern-day Warsaw, in about 1300. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, becoming the official capital of Masovian Duchy in 1413. 14th-century Warsaw's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade. Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the Polish Crown in 1526.	what is the last time period mentioned?	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The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.	For test flights, it can be inferred that a Space Agency is likely to utilize which material to stimulate a weighted payload?	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In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live." He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.	Why was Luther in favor of the Latin translation of the Qur'an	[ "wanting it exposed to scrutiny" ]	[ 412 ]	[ "fbfe76b38c286c083b9379052fcc8cfc1054ffc9" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -5.37890625, -7.09375, -8.0078125, -5.0859375, -6.1953125, -6.77734375, -8.453125, -6.15625, -6.078125, -8.3828125, -8.5234375, -7.41796875, -7.70703125, -8.5859375, -8.984375, -7.79296875, -3.224609375, -3.0546875, -7.26953125, -7.671875, -2.56640625, -4.80859375, -5.7578125, -4.56640625, -6.93359375, -7.7734375, -5.5, -5.1328125, -7.69921875, -8.2421875, -5.26171875, -1.6552734375, -4.96484375, -6.71875, -5.45703125, -4.8515625, -5.05078125, -3.2109375, -4.4921875, -8.140625, -6.63671875, -2.693359375, -8.0703125, -6.984375, -5.05078125, -6.48046875, -4.5703125, -2.703125, -7.37109375, -7.01171875, -8.15625, -8.0078125, -5.6875, -4.515625, -4.75390625, -7.73046875, -7.44921875, -6.54296875, -1.9013671875, -1.5927734375, -1.384765625, -0.6923828125, -1.234375, -4.3828125, 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The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" – as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household. In December, the UK’s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to BSkyB was ‘often damaging’, along with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a "Welfare Cash Card", in the style of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only "essentials".	How did people figure out that a woman had subscribed to a sports channel?	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Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient, with more hydrogen ions (up to a thousand times as many) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma. The hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient, flowing back out into the stroma through ATP synthase. ATP synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Because chloroplast ATP synthase projects out into the stroma, the ATP is synthesized there, in position to be used in the dark reactions.	What causes the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space to move back to the stroma?	[ "a concentration gradient" ]	[ 382 ]	[ "7448176d518e511c586002a562671edbc88cf305" ]	[ "Chloroplast" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -5.19140625, -4.6875, -7.6796875, -7.4765625, -6.98828125, -8.171875, -7.7421875, -7.84375, -6.92578125, -8.65625, -8.96875, -8.65625, -7.125, -6.06640625, -7.6328125, -7.9453125, -7.5390625, -7.49609375, -8.625, -8.5390625, -8.84375, -8.1328125, -5.08203125, -2.8984375, -7.5703125, -7.55859375, -7.42578125, -7.6484375, -2.0859375, -7.2109375, -7.6640625, -6.6015625, -5.60546875, -4.14453125, -3.904296875, -2.166015625, -3.66796875, -4.31640625, -5.23046875, -1.9052734375, -1.263671875, -5.4609375, -8.6015625, -7.953125, -2.205078125, -5.421875, -3.640625, -4.55078125, -4.40625, -2.822265625, -5.640625, -7.09375, -1.91015625, -3.21875, -1.2373046875, -6.6875, -5.6328125, -5.28515625, -3.080078125, -1.96484375, -4.7578125, -5.01953125, -4.1015625, -7.7890625, -7.03515625, -7.203125, -5.09375, -6.40234375, -7.49609375, -3.888671875, -8.796875, 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Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts. Chromoplasts and amyloplasts can also become chloroplasts, like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated. If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state, chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids. Chloroplast, amyloplast, chromoplast, proplast, etc., are not absolute states—intermediate forms are common.	Flowers are colorful because of what?	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In Scotland, anyone wishing to teach must be registered with the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS). Teaching in Scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of Initial Teacher Education (ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities who offer these courses. Once successfully completed, "Provisional Registration" is given by the GTCS which is raised to "Full Registration" status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the "Standard for Full Registration" has been met.

How long must a teacher remain provisionally registered?

[ "a year" ]

[ 472 ]

[ "d1d2ee0abf32434453cb9c22578b85eee0b9ca56" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint." Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."

Who did the German Bishop encourage to head the words of Martin Luther when it came to the Jewish people?

[ "The German people" ]

[ 794 ]

[ "92aaa4413854bf9bd3005657093335a59f482177" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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It also became clear that Apollo would outgrow the Canaveral launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end: LC-34 and LC-37. But an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission, so land acquisition was started in July 1961 for a Launch Operations Center (LOC) immediately north of Canaveral at Merritt Island. The design, development and construction of the center was conducted by Kurt H. Debus, a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team. Debus was named the LOC's first Director. Construction began in November 1962. Upon Kennedy's death, President Johnson issued an executive order on November 29, 1963, to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral in honor of Kennedy.

Which of the following people was not chosen as LOC director, Wernher von Braun or Kurt H. Debus?

[ "Wernher von Braun" ]

[ 563 ]

[ "9e3a29cfad34005e56dc98ab39034c5d81906d36" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

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It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the Olympic class), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine.[citation needed]

Limitations of what attribute would cause two smaller cylinders to be used in place of one standard size one during the low pressure stage?

[ "space" ]

[ 515 ]

[ "3aae3db0768f0e1195d31cbb85b8718dfe8520f7" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million.

What was the expected outcome of using duty?

[ "to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs" ]

[ 135 ]

[ "2522727fced2b4134bd84da5aa82e9688ab7cae1" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event, where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed. This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905 after Andreas Schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae.

Which of the following does not have chloroplasts: plants, Konstantin Mereschkowski, or algae?

[ "Konstantin Mereschkowski" ]

[ 436 ]

[ "82bda6a2d4c2eb7a69a99081b68976ef7d37d2c0" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Nearby, in Ogród Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre (1922–26), was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.

In what year did the theater that included Warsaw's first literary cabaret close?

[ "1939" ]

[ 92 ]

[ "2a20bb38fa040a995e61036fc403123134049b07" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

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One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".

What type of word category does Tenggis come from?

[ "palatalised" ]

[ 42 ]

[ "fc0481afbc4d3947f0768e145fa8120e34696c86" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power station. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations.[citation needed]

What is an example of a turbine with a higher entry temperature, as compared to the Rankine cycle?

[ "gas turbine" ]

[ 552 ]

[ "2806d9ebfa498f4f4cbf9b42aa6c3bb754234961" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively. It was the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever.

What station broadcasted the third most watched program in the USA?

[ "CBS" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "6f780c8af17f273f1f44c2393dae32e879f9dce2" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

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On 8 February 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels. It was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the BSkyB portfolio including sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed that it would launch in March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media. However, industry sources believe BSkyB will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from Freeview and replace them with subscription channels, due to possible lost advertising revenue.

What was Virgin Media previous known as?

[ "NTL" ]

[ 506 ]

[ "b8f47394fb7fd65999cbaf5c9d348865fb02886e" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.

Unlike those before him, Thomas Newcomen's steam engine successfully used what?

[ "a piston" ]

[ 565 ]

[ "12fbb757f3e8f47e3a89811ca371c8466312258b" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.

What is the basic goal of a steam engine?

[ "Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "8f97103cd7812f3ecabf2a4cf238cb08b1134364" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang.

Other than the Big Bang, what happens at temperatures in excess of 1015 kelvins?

[ "electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable" ]

[ 419 ]

[ "617c34b0f3a21eeae1a053f85a11af402db1f1e9" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens. In the stomach, gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens.

What enzymes are in the stomach?

[ "proteases" ]

[ 435 ]

[ "04bc48df499edb9218f5390afd92e779b62ca0a0" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11

A deformation is also a?

[ "strains" ]

[ 425 ]

[ "c78a17f8098786c6ea4bfb6e87c33f223ee41e94" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on 1 October 1998 under the name Sky Digital, although small-scale tests were carried out before then. At this time the use of the Sky Digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and Sky's analogue services. Key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open.... now called Sky Active, BSkyB competed with the ONdigital (later ITV Digital) terrestrial offering and cable services. Within 30 days, over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold, which help bolstered BSkyB's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from May 1999.

Which had better sound, Sky's analogue or digital service?

[ "Digital" ]

[ 183 ]

[ "848933ab2399768eed09e3d18571eee336932f95" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546. After 8 a.m., he experienced chest pains. When he went to his bed, he prayed, "Into your hand I commit my spirit; you have redeemed me, O Lord, faithful God" (Ps. 31:5), the common prayer of the dying. At 1 a.m. he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels. He thanked God for revealing his Son to him in whom he had believed. His companions, Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius, shouted loudly, "Reverend father, are you ready to die trusting in your Lord Jesus Christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name?" A distinct "Yes" was Luther's reply.

Who did the prayers come from?

[ "Luther" ]

[ 634 ]

[ "dfb8f796ba338ab442cce6aabdfeb7854b20fbc2" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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At the time of the Marburg Colloquy, Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast Ottoman army. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism. He saw the Turks as a scourge sent to punish Christians by God, as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist, whom Luther believed to be the papacy, and the Roman Church. He consistently rejected the idea of a Holy War, "as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks, who were enemies of Christ. This is absolutely contrary to Christ's doctrine and name". On the other hand, in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms, Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks. In 1526, he argued in Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace that national defence is reason for a just war. By 1529, in On War against the Turk, he was actively urging Emperor Charles V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks. He made clear, however, that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate, to be waged through prayer and repentance. Around the time of the Siege of Vienna, Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks, asking God to "give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies".

What did Luther perceive to be the way to be victorious in a religious war?

[ "through prayer and repentance" ]

[ 1121 ]

[ "3efa7ff79dfd15e0e342a62749b6d314eb8b863a" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector, and promised to remain silent if his opponents did. The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum. In June and July 1519, he staged a disputation with Luther's colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak. Luther's boldest assertion in the debate was that Matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible. For this, Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus, referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415. From that moment, he devoted himself to Luther's defeat.

Who thought that the pope could make mistakes?

[ "Luther" ]

[ 113 ]

[ "4f2fe21e37edb29ea048ea72be058da0450ae17a" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of Swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less, but no correlation after ten years. Studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth.

What did Barro find in his research on inequality?

[ "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment" ]

[ 65 ]

[ "d4b4a633ce75fb8d5f23213d77acfd6e3a53a549" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained, thus posing significantly lower environmental risks. This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture. While the reliability of this mechanism has not yet been studied for all relevant crop species, recent results in tobacco plants are promising, showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000.

How can change come upon plants?

[ "plastid transformation" ]

[ 250 ]

[ "2646be80bad1b71ffb3b44eadbf0d423a0cc9ee9" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.

What kind of function does that Sky provide in their Sky+ package?

[ "PVR" ]

[ 70 ]

[ "0ab18da32bc4dff540d1486768b36b47f4b281dc" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.

What were the circumstances of Aken's parentage?

[ "adopted" ]

[ 241 ]

[ "3ffc4de60ffb7692e09209aaa82a137577fd5301" ]

[ "Fresno,_California" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Saxony, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was baptized as a Catholic the next morning on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours. His family moved to Mansfeld in 1484, where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council. The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman of "trading-class stock and middling means" and notes that Luther's enemies later wrongly described her as a whore and bath attendant. He had several brothers and sisters, and is known to have been close to one of them, Jacob. Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family, and he was determined to see Martin, his eldest son, become a lawyer. He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld, then Magdeburg in 1497, where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the Brethren of the Common Life, and Eisenach in 1498. The three schools focused on the so-called "trivium": grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell.

How many siblings was Martin Luther close to?

[ "one" ]

[ 734 ]

[ "9f7712d7849ab8b5e19539c558190fba7d002629" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens. In the stomach, gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens.

What is in both semen and respiratory tract secretions?

[ "defensins" ]

[ 364 ]

[ "eb0353b389b3618aa30e8ee5ef033ad0fe318be3" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.

Who was against selling indulgences to people?

[ "Luther" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "86b808c8bcb4b70fc490e7c4bf3f5c45ce33e59a" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Concerns were raised over whether Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal, although the field has not had any major issues since. As is customary for Super Bowl games played at natural grass stadiums, the NFL re-sodded the field with a new playing surface; a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf. NFL and Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan stated that the field was in "great shape" for gameday. However, the turf showed problem throughout the game, with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game.

what property of the stadium was initially questioned concerning the Super Bowl?

[ "quality" ]

[ 78 ]

[ "0722d6f3c4d7ed93b3084aa23cc76f04e09c7daf" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street. These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'. Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.

Roofed structures with a window that projects from a pitched roof are called?

[ "dormers" ]

[ 424 ]

[ "7017fad5fb33b8a1e88562aa8227e9ad537d7a52" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.

How often does Newcastle Mela happen?

[ "annual" ]

[ 68 ]

[ "fb934a6e1f941121a1f4a245ecaa0545d8f51548" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid too) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast is known to make the precursors to methionine but it is unclear whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol.

What is unlikely to be incredibly insignificant when it comes to producing amino acids in a Chloroplast?

[ "stroma" ]

[ 74 ]

[ "b265d5f6bfb13b863c94c3ddf73c627e9ed8df68" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Since teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials, it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials. On teacher/course evaluations, it was found that teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion to receptive students. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis. One of the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials.

Students learn via teachers and?

[ "course materials" ]

[ 52 ]

[ "225f465a15ee4a334d6da3beba8c956b681e84be" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther's final journey, to Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade. Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control. The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts: Albrecht, Philip, John George, and Gerhard. Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion.

Albrecht controlled the?

[ "copper mining trade" ]

[ 138 ]

[ "9105626aaf4d1075f5d088f91c4f10e136b68f9c" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground, though this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof, King Harald V of Norway, Bobby Robson, Alan Shearer, the late Nelson Mandela and the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June.

What is a soccer organization called in England?

[ "Club" ]

[ 328 ]

[ "1dec378e5feca47d0e320205fc3fbe88c954f307" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism, are a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life. Luther's teaching of the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear eschatological overtones, which, characteristically for Luther, do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world.

What do Christians believe they will become in the future?

[ "angel-like" ]

[ 174 ]

[ "478245ca1f1d3465815e59d7014d5926584f304e" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen. The second mermaid reached the mouth of the Vistula River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.

Where did the 2nd daughter arrive to go into the body of water?

[ "Vistula River" ]

[ 365 ]

[ "6db7da878035d8075df4a5eb02bf9186c9c89894" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay-TV platform in to achieve that milestone. Confirming it had reached its target, the broadcaster said its reach into 36% of households in the UK represented an audience of more than 25m people. The target was first announced in August 2004, since then an additional 2.4m customers had subscribed to BSkyB's direct-to-home service. Media commentators had debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe flattened.

Ten years after the start of the decade it was found in millions of dwellings?

[ "BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "56127bd7cac8e8aa97c9fb9cc054671c1f5a7616" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the first time. In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and North Carolina.

Did the UMC have fewer congregations at the time of its formation or in 2005?

[ "2005" ]

[ 332 ]

[ "422c2bd9a5ef5a15fc70ba67ba0cf36a6f273c2f" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks, who wanted more involvement in government, and whites in the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation. This added momentum to proposals for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.

When did a political reform movement begin in Jacksonville and Duval County?

[ "mid-1960s" ]

[ 7 ]

[ "59143916a7103bb6ca1afcc0bdb20e0cd7ac35a9" ]

[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast. The intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection, followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort, using the Service Module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry. The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation, a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion, which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages. Two S-II engines shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. The damage to the third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection. Mission controllers were able to use the Service Module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4. Based on the good performance of Apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo 6 problems, NASA declared the Saturn V ready to fly men, cancelling a third unmanned test.

How many unmanned missions did the Saturn V fly?

[ "Two" ]

[ 879 ]

[ "f8f4ba6db6844747c96e56cd4023c20679e9c2e2" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar. It can waste up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle. Several mechanisms have evolved in different lineages that raise the carbon dioxide concentration relative to oxygen within the chloroplast, increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. These mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms, or CCMs. These include Crassulacean acid metabolism, C4 carbon fixation, and pyrenoids. Chloroplasts in C4 plants are notable as they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism.

For what reason is O2 added instead of CO2?

[ "Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well" ]

[ 70 ]

[ "92316dedec44437cb3094a37523fb0aa377bcd0e" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation. This behavior started with his learning of the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes, the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views, prompting Luther to write the hymn "Ein neues Lied wir heben an" ("A new song we raise"), which is generally known in English by John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line "Flung to the Heedless Winds" and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C. Tiddeman.

Luther wrote?

[ "hymns" ]

[ 9 ]

[ "1433d4a8d22ab049f1e358831599ed0821906bd5" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string, any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object. By connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys, the tension force on a load can be multiplied. For every string that acts on a load, another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load. However, even though such machines allow for an increase in force, there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load. These tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine.

What machines allow for an increase in force?

[ "movable pulleys" ]

[ 606 ]

[ "172a558684562c8be7bc22881a547ac1d6d6b36e" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.

Which event is held later, the International Arts Fair or the SAMA Festival?

[ "SAMA" ]

[ 531 ]

[ "61c6b7bb49ae52d8d85a9aa2639de23ddee5dbcd" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module (piloting and re-entry cabin), and a propulsion and equipment module. On August 30, a feasibility study competition was announced, and on October 25, three study contracts were awarded to General Dynamics/Convair, General Electric, and the Glenn L. Martin Company. Meanwhile, NASA performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by Maxime Faget, to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs.

What was explained during the Space Task Group conferences?

[ "Preliminary specifications" ]

[ 157 ]

[ "e33d3ab3f6421aad0ee3c84fa4136f77f7b8d149" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.[verification needed]

what group is mentioned first?

[ "a class" ]

[ 161 ]

[ "5f7db85c71f5b7c8e8d693e26e70c7818166daf2" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III as members of the University Athletic Association (UAA). The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and participated in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football and was a regular participant in the Men's Basketball tournament. In 1935, the University of Chicago reached the Sweet Sixteen. In 1935, Chicago Maroons football player Jay Berwanger became the first winner of the Heisman Trophy. However, the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football. (In 1969, Chicago reinstated football as a Division III team, resuming playing its home games at the new Stagg Field.)

How did the UNiveristy of CHicago resume football again?

[ "as a Division III team" ]

[ 688 ]

[ "284042db53dee4d60c9007557204b3dad14f54e2" ]

[ "University_of_Chicago" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".

How was the name Genghis pronounced by the Mongolians?

[ "Chinggis" ]

[ 627 ]

[ "e44cf5423a66e07f4ba5dc0681612d461bb43364" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

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From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification – God's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah. "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification," he wrote, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."

What did Luther claim the church was misdefining?

[ "penance and righteousness" ]

[ 179 ]

[ "4063aca55b06c031b5e3af738c5b715cc5a8d7cf" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer’s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.

When are the fireworks done?

[ "Midsummer’s Eve" ]

[ 591 ]

[ "eb5583e5d75f2c76133c08d8f3ace1c98d13877b" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne. Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.

The black powdery residue that remains after something is burned is called?

[ "Ash" ]

[ 510 ]

[ "128cb7d8ddbf7e46d46c3a1bca2df5cd3e84bae6" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing. These frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus. The parasite Trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy, constantly switching one type of surface protein for another, allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response. Masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system. In HIV, the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell; such "self-cloaked" viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as "non-self" structures.

What fails to identify self-cloaked viruses?

[ "immune system" ]

[ 983 ]

[ "bbdc5df6a196c67e00d0ddef3ca4065c94a0d3de" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.

Who was related to each other?

[ "Subutai, Jelme" ]

[ 528 ]

[ "cd08ae0cfad75783dd622815724280b84029de12" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

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There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity, across all three major traditions - (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational, with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of "discernment of spirits", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life, especially the Roman and Orthodox Catholic Churches. These positions include: the honoured but informal position of starets or elder - a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest (spiritual pride or deception) - who acts as a spiritual guide or father in the Orthodox Catholic tradition, especially Russian Orthodoxy (see Optina Monastery, which had a long line of said starets); the Priest or Confessor in Roman Catholicism, who is often a man in Holy Orders but may be a monastic or other person respected for his spiritual accomplishments or acumen (even the Pope of Rome has a Confessor, who is not always a bishop, and, due to the hierarchical structure of the Roman Church, can not be his equal in authority), which is often a semi-official to official position, as opposed to the unofficial positions of spiritual guides in the Orthodox Catholic and Protestant traditions; and the almost-exclusively informal arrangements (generally formal only in members who are under some form of church discipline) of mentorship (both of adults and children, in the latter case often a youth pastor) in the Protestant and Non-Denominational traditions, which boundaries can be blurred with the more typically Roman "confessor" position in some of the more historic and conservative Reformation Churches, such as some of the Lutheran and Anglican. In keeping with the individualistic nature of most Protestant denominations, the emphasis on being guided in spiritual development is small, with a heavy emphasis placed on heavy reading and personal, Spirit-enlightened interpretation of the Holy Bible.

What is a staret?

[ "a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest (spiritual pride or deception)" ]

[ 550 ]

[ "7371bcc5bc8899671e873b6c61ed2858a95ed87c" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version. Others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/. An 1882 map drawn by Joseph Thompsons, a Scottish geologist and naturalist, indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia, 1862. Controversy over the actual meaning of the word Kenya notwithstanding, it is clear that the mountain's name became widely accepted, pars pro toto, as the name of the country.

How else might you spell Kenia?

[ "Kegnia" ]

[ 49 ]

[ "a77ed028dfe552a79b30335975dafc16c6930c8b" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.

Man made objects that orbits the moon that also collects information are referred to as a what?

[ "satellites" ]

[ 403 ]

[ "538c13b19a2fa8b5f70907795128b0ec9be5a91a" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosynthesis is divided into two stages—the light reactions, where water is split to produce oxygen, and the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle, which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide. The two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).

What chemicals are transformed to create food in photosynthesis?

[ "Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2" ]

[ 192 ]

[ "09659d006b4338ab03e5192d2386187508b47237" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic. The President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. There was growing concern especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary.[citation needed]

Which of the following has legislative power: the government, the judiciary, or the president?

[ "government" ]

[ 241 ]

[ "3d360713cfff9988a347fabf3394afeb9e3f7260" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves. The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper. Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote, "the way monkeys do it", but understood.

Which creed was not intended to be memorized?

[ "Large Catechism" ]

[ 125 ]

[ "2d633f1b2bb32dd873a5cfbcfedd8c79f8265126" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals. Such professionals enjoy a status in some societies on a par with physicians, lawyers, engineers, and accountants (Chartered or CPA).

What type of pedagogy vocation can be carried out within the family or in the wider community?

[ "Teaching" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "76c84d06324627cd35406634043ecaf3ae8c27f6" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The College of the University of Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28 minors. The college's academics are divided into five divisions: the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division. The first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions, while the New Collegiate Division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions.

Which Collegiate Division starts with a word that contains the letter m?

[ "Humanities" ]

[ 324 ]

[ "cec9baa41775ad29e0f5256c2147017f88244c2f" ]

[ "University_of_Chicago" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.

What would be done for people who need more information?

[ "link the local networks to national networks" ]

[ 783 ]

[ "47ac942cd2737c241311229c8a673f48734ddb7f" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll, they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked. Within a few minutes of light exposure, the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids, and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast, takes several hours. Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts.

How are thylakoids organized for chlorophyll?

[ "stacks" ]

[ 496 ]

[ "084110b2fdcfffbd965fe4df7a8a2b03096f071b" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.

What is the roots in many issues?

[ "stress" ]

[ 89 ]

[ "73dda6f76e220bfcefcbbed76f4713215a4cbab3" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the Smart Museum of Art, the Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies, contemporary art criticism, and film history. It has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000, a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track (2000). It has bachelor's degree programs in visual arts, music, and art history, and, more recently, Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002). The College's general education core includes a “dramatic, music, and visual arts” requirement, requiring students to study the history of the arts, stage desire, or begin working with sculpture. Several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes. UChicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the Compass Players student comedy troupe evolved into The Second City improv theater troupe in 1959. The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012, five years after a $35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances, classes, and media production. The Logan Center was designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien. This building is actually entirely glass. The brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind. The architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked.

what is the last profession mentioned?

[ "architects" ]

[ 1748 ]

[ "93170ec89d39d0f97a1f1ed383e752840d17c8c1" ]

[ "University_of_Chicago" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll, they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked. Within a few minutes of light exposure, the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids, and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast, takes several hours. Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts.

What do angiosperms need that gymnosperms don't in order for chloroplast formation?

[ "light" ]

[ 53 ]

[ "27efd09fc8639054b57ff9d3c18285ce55ca650e" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels.

What did Sam Chisholm do with their business strategy?

[ "converting" ]

[ 133 ]

[ "91a180c88451729a3a824a8379e4a967fcd10110" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968. An estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon. The mission and Christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968, which had been a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.

How was the transmission able to be seen on TV?

[ "either live or delayed" ]

[ 242 ]

[ "02a2090dc104f9e0e0b938ec8b219ef3d49aafc5" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.

When was Skylab first used?

[ "1973" ]

[ 461 ]

[ "238e178919e8cee07917ea6d1548e0140c8673de" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In a purely capitalist mode of production (i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages work in the same way as prices for any other good. Thus, wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill. And therefore, inequality is driven by this price. Under the law of supply and demand, the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker. "On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers." "Markets, by themselves, even when they are stable, often lead to high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair." Employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed. Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor. For a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest, it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers.

How are demand for skilled workers and supply of skilled workers related?

[ "the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker" ]

[ 452 ]

[ "88ff93c81c22b7bebcf911b60ada95a2d48d81e1" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics, six gold, four silver and four bronze, making it Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as Pamela Jelimo, the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the IAAF Golden League jackpot, and Samuel Wanjiru who won the men's marathon. Retired Olympic and Commonwealth Games champion Kipchoge Keino helped usher in Kenya's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by Commonwealth Champion Henry Rono's spectacular string of world record performances. Lately, there has been controversy in Kenyan athletics circles, with the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar. The Kenyan Ministry of Sports has tried to stop the defections, but they have continued anyway, with Bernard Lagat the latest, choosing to represent the United States. Most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors. Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot qualify for their country's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries.[citation needed]

How many medals did Africa's most successful team win?

[ "six gold, four silver and four bronze" ]

[ 54 ]

[ "c54560b821149a26633a88b18b1066252ed8a330" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aimed toward love. Wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all Christians. Here the English Reformer parted company with both Luther and Calvin, who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin. Such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life.

Who was considered to be an English Reformer that thought perfection was possible?

[ "Wesley" ]

[ 336 ]

[ "6e71058d746b6ff394c04868af234cb7176c419f" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist, the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. The Swiss cities, however, did not sign these agreements.

What did those effected have in common?

[ "Protestant nobles" ]

[ 210 ]

[ "717e492c7f84843d8a64750903e43e90e1a5f970" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the first time. In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and North Carolina.

Was the membership of the UMC higher in 1975 or 2005?

[ "1975" ]

[ 267 ]

[ "c2441e5c1c3831379433af392fc0929fba1ea185" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing. These frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus. The parasite Trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy, constantly switching one type of surface protein for another, allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response. Masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system. In HIV, the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell; such "self-cloaked" viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as "non-self" structures.

What is the purpose of concealing epitopes?

[ "evade the adaptive immune system" ]

[ 23 ]

[ "f7aa209a442a4f7506be598a71cd3dbf2dbe6c0e" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The "Big Five" game animals of Africa, that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant, can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country. The annual animal migration occurs between June and September with millions of animals taking part, attracting valuable foreign tourism. Two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for food and water supplies. This Serengeti Migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 Natural Wonders of Africa.

When does migration end?

[ "September" ]

[ 348 ]

[ "64609aa6d0063c68ac1b3b3917096e87297dea09" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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"Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty"), "howay" ("come on"), "stot" ("bounce") and "hadaway" ("go away" or "you're kidding"), all appear to be used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA://naʊt/, rhymes with out,"nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "Canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), "hockle" ("spit").

Which of the following words is least related to the others: hyem, home, barn or hjem?

[ "barn" ]

[ 121 ]

[ "a68c306abe87501b2d6761a7e61e5ae6e6c0e24c" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11

Pressure is a type of?

[ "forces" ]

[ 163 ]

[ "3852da4a4f5f722cf8f67301f0d7ef88b4da3b32" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of vegetation: reflectance, wavelengths or fluorescence?

[ "wavelengths" ]

[ 71 ]

[ "9fa6580dd89038ac9768704e807db4c45ef3af7b" ]

[ "Oxygen" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll, they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked. Within a few minutes of light exposure, the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids, and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast, takes several hours. Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts.

If angiosperm shoots don't get the required light what will they be lacking?

[ "chlorophyll" ]

[ 201 ]

[ "bdcf19eacfe87063c14f92b2034c028a59308025" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.

Prior to what was Luther's rediscovery?

[ "the Reformation" ]

[ 110 ]

[ "092ea67d64e935c5ac487acc7f5120e59d4f9351" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Between 1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres (160,000 to 227,000 sq mi), with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle. Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock pasture. Currently, Brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira et al., has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the Amazon, the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes. So despite the popular perception, there has been no economical advantage for Brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields.

What consumer product are the rain forests cleared for?

[ "soybeans" ]

[ 386 ]

[ "0622161680ff6c97fa14a25b01a4bf3bc289d72f" ]

[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calderón, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper, one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics Edward Sapir, and the founder of McKinsey & Co., James O. McKinsey.

Who followed current and past events?

[ "Allan Bloom" ]

[ 382 ]

[ "8de9401f92edf6ab8bb904a83314a85ecd7fa558" ]

[ "University_of_Chicago" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.

what was Pamela Rogers

[ "teacher" ]

[ 155 ]

[ "f6694fb9987437e39e585e862ac01df2f1448cf9" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon, "The Use of Money," and in his letter to an alcoholic. At one time, Methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same. Today the United Methodist Church states that it "affirms our long-standing support of abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to God's liberating and redeeming love for persons." In fact, the United Methodist Church uses unfermented grape juice in the sacrament of Holy Communion, thus "expressing pastoral concern for recovering alcoholics, enabling the participation of children and youth, and supporting the church's witness of abstinence." Moreover, in 2011 and 2012, The United Methodist Church's General Board of Church and Society called on all United Methodists to abstain from alcohol for Lent.

What is unusual in a traditional ceremony of religion?

[ "unfermented grape juice" ]

[ 548 ]

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[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching, the more the student will get out of the subject matter. The three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students, and enthusiasm about the subject matter. A teacher must enjoy teaching. If they do not enjoy what they are doing, the students will be able to tell. They also must enjoy being around their students. A teacher who cares for their students is going to help that individual succeed in their life in the future. The teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter they are teaching. For example, a teacher talking about chemistry needs to enjoy the art of chemistry and show that to their students. A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in the student as well. An enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life.

What helps students engage in class?

[ "The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "5e53c61400ffcec894d341cf7f78d14e9f684b42" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.

What would be done about busy streets?

[ "making safer routes on busier streets" ]

[ 426 ]

[ "5d28533cecea81559bb32aae2b546cf3d5a7408a" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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He insisted that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.

To loosen in one's responsibilities is also called?

[ "slacken" ]

[ 206 ]

[ "2ffcaaf62f2756117c2dff3fc398df2ee19a0cec" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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It also became clear that Apollo would outgrow the Canaveral launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end: LC-34 and LC-37. But an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission, so land acquisition was started in July 1961 for a Launch Operations Center (LOC) immediately north of Canaveral at Merritt Island. The design, development and construction of the center was conducted by Kurt H. Debus, a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team. Debus was named the LOC's first Director. Construction began in November 1962. Upon Kennedy's death, President Johnson issued an executive order on November 29, 1963, to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral in honor of Kennedy.

What, besides Kennedy's death, is mentioned to have happened in the 64th year of the previous century?

[ "President Johnson issued an executive order" ]

[ 722 ]

[ "e2362f753a1005330355bb5a2f6594981c477fd1" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's flight, many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up. Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets.

What group did Kennedy not fall in line with?

[ "many congressmen" ]

[ 294 ]

[ "f729da509d37b334cb3ada8fdbaecffaa5ad474f" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as "rent-seeking". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity, etc., it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices, profits and large compensation. A better explainer of growing inequality, according to Stiglitz, is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them. This process, known to economists as rent-seeking, brings income not from creation of wealth but from "grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort"

How does rent-seeking hurt businesses?

[ "by fostering competition to cut prices, profits and large compensation" ]

[ 437 ]

[ "a465cea975fd0372b1160b1f97debdf143f82be0" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks, who wanted more involvement in government, and whites in the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation. This added momentum to proposals for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.

what era is first mentioned?

[ "mid-1960s" ]

[ 7 ]

[ "924e7a31b0af2bc38c4cc502c3226cd038b9b40a" ]

[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki. Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style in painting and art. Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory. Warsaw was the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis Singer, which he described in many of his novels: Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever, he commented.

What is the pseudonym of the artist both to wealthy parents in Warsaw?

[ "Tamara de Lempicka" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "b01a7b7813c4b42731fd3c7f2f2c5219732a8727" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Kenya’s armed forces, like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”, the corruption has been less in public view, and thus less subject to public scrutiny and notoriety. This has changed recently. In what are by Kenyan standards unprecedented revelations, in 2010, credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers. Further, the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement have been publicly questioned.

what is hidden behind national security

[ "operations of the armed forces" ]

[ 129 ]

[ "c56b40367e0b22e386e0a7ba45ae30105c71ff73" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of Masovia, established this settlement, the modern-day Warsaw, in about 1300. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, becoming the official capital of Masovian Duchy in 1413. 14th-century Warsaw's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade. Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the Polish Crown in 1526.

what is the last time period mentioned?

[ "1526" ]

[ 706 ]

[ "eecc50a0b50a3aa038f26e9948e81128cdfb9597" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.

For test flights, it can be inferred that a Space Agency is likely to utilize which material to stimulate a weighted payload?

[ "water" ]

[ 132 ]

[ "a679aeeee6a051cc2d5d1a96b83880f70c357548" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live." He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.

Why was Luther in favor of the Latin translation of the Qur'an

[ "wanting it exposed to scrutiny" ]

[ 412 ]

[ "fbfe76b38c286c083b9379052fcc8cfc1054ffc9" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" – as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household. In December, the UK’s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to BSkyB was ‘often damaging’, along with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a "Welfare Cash Card", in the style of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only "essentials".

How did people figure out that a woman had subscribed to a sports channel?

[ "checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills" ]

[ 87 ]

[ "790b9c4f3ace57a694f872043672ddbeb4b4d915" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient, with more hydrogen ions (up to a thousand times as many) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma. The hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient, flowing back out into the stroma through ATP synthase. ATP synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Because chloroplast ATP synthase projects out into the stroma, the ATP is synthesized there, in position to be used in the dark reactions.

What causes the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space to move back to the stroma?

[ "a concentration gradient" ]

[ 382 ]

[ "7448176d518e511c586002a562671edbc88cf305" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts. Chromoplasts and amyloplasts can also become chloroplasts, like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated. If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state, chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids. Chloroplast, amyloplast, chromoplast, proplast, etc., are not absolute states—intermediate forms are common.

Flowers are colorful because of what?

[ "chromoplasts" ]

[ 119 ]

[ "ff494acf9837196a52cf8db6abef0b951b2149bd" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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