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QRQA-10240-5
As he was standing on the beach and watching the boat, it began to drift away. As the distance grew between him and the boat, the ship got
{ "text": [ "Smaller", "Larger" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
If you are standing on the shore and a ship is going out to sea, the ship gets smaller as it moves further away from you.
QRSent-10240
{ "effect_prop": "ship", "cause_dir_str": "further away", "effect_dir_str": "smaller", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Larger", "less_effect_dir": "Smaller", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "ship", "less_effect_prop": "ship", "less_cause_dir": "ship" }
QRQA-10012-2-flip
Carl is studying climate change, and notes that less ultraviolet radiation is being trapped, which means the earth will be
{ "text": [ "cooler", "warmer" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
If there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, more ultraviolet radiation will be trapped and the Earth will heat up.
QRSent-10012
{ "effect_prop": "ultraviolet radiation trapped", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "greenhouse gases in the atmosphere" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "ultraviolet radiation is being trapped", "less_cause_dir": "ultraviolet radiation is being trapped" }
QRQA-10349-2-flip
Does a ball in space have more or less gravity on it than on earth?
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The closer objects are, the stronger the gravitational pull between them.
QRSent-10349
{ "effect_prop": "gravitational pull", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "distance", "more_effect_prop": "gravitational pull", "less_effect_prop": "gravitational pull", "less_cause_dir": "gravitational pull" }
QRQA-10382-3
Dan is on a ship, and sees that the waves are getting huge! Dan can deduce that it means that the wind is blowing
{ "text": [ "harder", "softer" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The faster, longer, and farther the wind blows, the bigger the waves are.
QRSent-10382
{ "effect_prop": "waves", "cause_dir_str": "faster, longer, and farther", "effect_dir_str": "bigger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "wind blows" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "getting huge", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "wind", "more_effect_prop": "waves", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10157-1-flip
The _____ orbitals in energy levels are found closest to the nucleus of an atom.
{ "text": [ "most", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Energy levels farther from the nucleus of an atom have more orbitals.
QRSent-10157
{ "effect_prop": "orbitals in energy levels", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance from the nucleus of an atom" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "most", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "orbitals", "more_effect_prop": "orbitals", "less_effect_prop": "orbitals", "less_cause_dir": "orbitals" }
QRQA-10019-1
What will happen to the amount of elastic potential energy in Jim's rubber band if he compresses it?
{ "text": [ "more potential energy", "less potential energy" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The more an elastic object is stretched or compressed, the greater its elastic potential energy is.
QRSent-10019
{ "effect_prop": "elastic potential energy", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "amount of compression" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "potential energy", "less_effect_prop": "potential energy", "less_cause_dir": "potential energy" }
QRQA-10230-1-flip
In a science class, the professor demonstrates refraction to the class. First, the professor shows a curved lens from a binocular, and then a flat pane of glass, demonstrating that
{ "text": [ "the curved lens refracts less light", "the flat pane refracts less light." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The more curved the surface of a lens is, the more it refracts the light that passes through it.
QRSent-10230
{ "effect_prop": "amount of light the lens refracts", "cause_dir_str": "more curved", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "the curvature of a lense" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "refracts less", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "pane of glass", "more_effect_prop": "light", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10150-1
The closer that water gets to the shore the _____ nutrients there are.
{ "text": [ "more", "fewer" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Most nutrients are washed into ocean water from land. Therefore, water closer to shore tends to have more nutrients.
QRSent-10150
{ "effect_prop": "nutrients", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance from shore" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "fewer", "less_cause_prop": "water", "more_effect_prop": "nutrients", "less_effect_prop": "nutrients", "less_cause_dir": "nutrients" }
QRQA-10247-1-flip
As Peter's dog got smaller, the dog's bones became
{ "text": [ "larger", "smaller" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
As animals grow their bones get longer and bigger, they grow more hair, and are able to take care of themselves by getting food, shelter, and water.
QRSent-10247
{ "effect_prop": "bones", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "longer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "growth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "larger", "less_effect_dir": "smaller", "less_cause_prop": "Peter's dog", "more_effect_prop": "bones", "less_effect_prop": "bones", "less_cause_dir": "bones" }
QRQA-10215-3-flip
If Mona fills up a cup with water and places that water into the oven, what happens to the density of the water as it heats up?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
When a volume of water is cooled, the molecules move less vigorously, so same number of molecules takes up less space and the water is denser.
QRSent-10215
{ "effect_prop": "water is denser", "cause_dir_str": "cooled", "effect_dir_str": "denser", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "water is cooled" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "water", "more_effect_prop": "density", "less_effect_prop": "density", "less_cause_dir": "density" }
QRQA-10083-3
Will was pulling some magnets apart. When is the electrostatic force the highest?
{ "text": [ "when the magnets are close", "when the magnets are far" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The closer the charged objects are, the stronger the electrostatic force.
QRSent-10083
{ "effect_prop": "electrostatic force", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance between objects" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "highest", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "magnets", "more_effect_prop": "electrostatic force", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10027-5-flip
Jupiter and Saturn are much larger in mass than Earth and Venus, therefore the force of gravity between Earth and Venus is _____ than the force of gravity between Earth and Venus.
{ "text": [ "greater", "lesser" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Objects with greater mass have a stronger force of gravity between them.
QRSent-10027
{ "effect_prop": "force of gravity", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "mass" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lesser", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "force of gravity", "less_effect_prop": "force of gravity", "less_cause_dir": "force of gravity" }
QRQA-10077-5
John was observing a range of patients skin under a microscope. He noticed that the more melanocytes the skin had, the production of melanin was
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
However, the melanocytes of people with darker skin produce more melanin.
QRSent-10077
{ "effect_prop": "melatonin", "cause_dir_str": "darker", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "melanocytes" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "melanin", "less_effect_prop": "melanin", "less_cause_dir": "melanin" }
QRQA-10222-2-flip
Ian is digging in his garden, and admires the shiny pebbles sitting in the yard, as he digs a hole and finds more rocks, he knows that the first ones he found are
{ "text": [ "younger", "older" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Older rocks are at the bottom and younger rocks are at the top.
QRSent-10222
{ "effect_prop": "depth", "cause_dir_str": "older", "effect_dir_str": "bottom", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "age" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "digs", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "rocks", "more_effect_prop": "hole", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10225-1
A scientist, one mile away from shore, would expect to find _____ dissolved nutrients in the water than near the shore.
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Water near shore generally has more dissolved nutrients than water farther from shore.
QRSent-10225
{ "effect_prop": "dissolved nutrients", "cause_dir_str": "near", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "water near shore than away" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "water", "more_effect_prop": "dissolved nutrients", "less_effect_prop": "dissolved nutrients", "less_cause_dir": "dissolved nutrients" }
QRQA-10328-4
Katie is looking at particles of reactants, and is noting that they currently are moving very quickly, and that they seem to have a lot of energy. These particles are likely at a temperature that is
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
At higher temperatures, particles of reactants have more energy, so they move faster. They are more likely to bump into one another and to collide with greater force.
QRSent-10328
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "alot of", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "temperature", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10353-4
If one trains aerobic exercises, their heart muscles will become
{ "text": [ "stronger", "weaker" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Aerobic exercise increases the size and strength of muscles in the heart and helps all your muscles develop greater endurance.
QRSent-10353
{ "effect_prop": "heart muscles", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "aerobic exercises" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "stronger", "less_effect_dir": "weaker", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "heart muscles", "less_effect_prop": "heart muscles", "less_cause_dir": "heart muscles" }
QRQA-10192-1
Would the sound from a loud speaker transmit more energy to the eardrum of a member of the audience if they were standing
{ "text": [ "directly in front of the speaker", "two miles away?" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The farther the sound waves travel away from the source, the more spread out their energy becomes.
QRSent-10192
{ "effect_prop": "energy of the sound wave", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "more spread out", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "distance sound waves travel" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "speaker", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10101-3-flip
A model created with less computing power should have a _____ chance of being accurate.
{ "text": [ "lower", "higher" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
But the more computing power that goes into the model and the care with which the scientists construct the model can increase the chances that a model will be accurate.
QRSent-10101
{ "effect_prop": "accuracy", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "computing power" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "power", "more_effect_prop": "accuracy", "less_effect_prop": "accuracy", "less_cause_dir": "accuracy" }
QRQA-10341-5-flip
Jeff should add _____ to his engine to decrease the friction in its processes.
{ "text": [ "oil", "gas" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
To reduce friction, oil is added to the engine.
QRSent-10341
{ "effect_prop": "friction in the engine", "cause_dir_str": "added", "effect_dir_str": "reduce", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "oil in the engine" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "engine friction", "less_cause_dir": "engine friction" }
QRQA-10141-2-flip
Olivia has a miniature resistor and a normal sized one. Which resistor offers less resistance?
{ "text": [ "the miniature resistor", "the normal resistor" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Longer length resistors will offer more resistance than shorter resistors.
QRSent-10141
{ "effect_prop": "resistance available", "cause_dir_str": "longer", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "resistor length" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "resistor", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "resistance", "less_cause_dir": "resistance" }
QRQA-10153-4-flip
Tom lowered the temperature of a reactant in a lab. The particles in the reactant now have _____ energy.
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
At higher temperatures, particles of reactants have more energy, so they move faster.
QRSent-10153
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperatures of particles" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "the temperature", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10275-4-flip
Sue sees a star with a high frequency. Erin sees a star with a low frequency. The cooler star belongs to
{ "text": [ "Sue", "Erin" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies) correspond to higher energies and thus hotter star temperatures.
QRSent-10275
{ "effect_prop": "hotter star temperatures", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "hotter", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "higher frequencies" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "cooler", "less_cause_prop": "frequency", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "star", "less_cause_dir": "star" }
QRQA-10039-2-flip
If Milo wants to encourage larger pieces of sediment to drop on his lawn, what should he do to the slope of his lawn?
{ "text": [ "increase it", "decrease it" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Smaller sediments are dropped as the slope becomes less steep.
QRSent-10039
{ "effect_prop": "sediments", "cause_dir_str": "less", "effect_dir_str": "smaller", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "slope" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "larger", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "slope", "more_effect_prop": "sediment", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10316-3-flip
Living things with great traits should produce _____ offspring than living things with better traits.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Natural selection is the process by which living things with beneficial traits produce more offspring, so their traits become more common over time.
QRSent-10316
{ "effect_prop": "offspring", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "better traits" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "offspring", "less_effect_prop": "offspring", "less_cause_dir": "offspring" }
QRQA-10342-4
Micah is entering the atmosphere, and is approaching the Earth's surface. As he's passing through the troposphere, the air is going to get
{ "text": [ "warmer", "colder" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Air in the troposphere is warmer closer to Earths surface.
QRSent-10342
{ "effect_prop": "close to Earth's surface", "cause_dir_str": "warmer", "effect_dir_str": "closer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "warmth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Warmer", "less_effect_dir": "Colder", "less_cause_prop": "Air", "more_effect_prop": "Temperature", "less_effect_prop": "Temperature", "less_cause_dir": "Temperature" }
QRQA-10023-1
If Jim climbs to the top of a mountain and takes the temperature after taking the temperature at the bottom of the mountain, which area will he get a lower reading at?
{ "text": [ "top of the mountain", "bottom of the mountain" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The surface is heated by the Sun and some of that heat radiates back into the air. This makes the temperature higher near the surface than at higher altitudes.
QRSent-10023
{ "effect_prop": "temperature", "cause_dir_str": "near the surface", "effect_dir_str": "higher", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "altitudes" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "altitude", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "temperature reading", "less_cause_dir": "temperature reading" }
QRQA-10380-2
When someone works out a lot they are _____ than those that never exercise
{ "text": [ "stronger", "weaker" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Exercising muscles increases their size, and bigger muscles have greater strength.
QRSent-10380
{ "effect_prop": "muscles", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "exercise" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "stronger", "less_effect_dir": "weaker", "less_cause_prop": "those", "more_effect_prop": "they", "less_effect_prop": "they", "less_cause_dir": "they" }
QRQA-10170-2-flip
If Milo wants to make his water saltier and begins removing salt to the glass, what happens to the density of the glass of water?
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
If salt is added to a volume of water, there are more molecules in the same volume, so the water is denser.
QRSent-10170
{ "effect_prop": "water is denser", "cause_dir_str": "added", "effect_dir_str": "denser", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "salt is added to a volume of water" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "salt", "more_effect_prop": "density", "less_effect_prop": "density", "less_cause_dir": "density" }
QRQA-10392-5-flip
Greta yells across the canyon in the cool morning and again in the hot afternoon. The sound likely traveled _____ in the morning.
{ "text": [ "slower", "not as slow" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
For a given medium, sound has a slower speed at lower temperatures.
QRSent-10392
{ "effect_prop": "temperature of medium", "cause_dir_str": "lower", "effect_dir_str": "slower", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "speed for a medium" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "hot", "less_effect_dir": "cool", "less_cause_prop": "sound traveled", "more_effect_prop": "afternoon", "less_effect_prop": "morning", "less_cause_dir": "morning" }
QRQA-10387-2-flip
If Ben exercises daily, and Anna exercises only weekly, who has a weaker heart?
{ "text": [ "Ben", "Anna" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
When a person exercises regularly, and is fit, the heart undergoes certain long-term adaptations. The heart muscle gets stronger, and expels more blood with each contraction.
QRSent-10387
{ "effect_prop": "heart", "cause_dir_str": "regularly", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "exercise" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "weaker", "less_cause_prop": "exercises", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "heart", "less_cause_dir": "heart" }
QRQA-10101-5
Jeff added more and more processors to the supercomputer. The supercomputer will now likely be _____ powerful.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
But the more computing power that goes into the model and the care with which the scientists construct the model can increase the chances that a model will be accurate.
QRSent-10101
{ "effect_prop": "chances that a model will be accurate.", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "computing power" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "powerful", "more_effect_prop": "processors", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10280-4-flip
If demand for solar power were increase, the power would become _____ expensive.
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Solar power is expensive, but as demand increases technology improves and costs decrease.
QRSent-10280
{ "effect_prop": "costs", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "decrease", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "demand" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more expensive", "less_effect_dir": "less expensive", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "power", "less_effect_prop": "power", "less_cause_dir": "power" }
QRQA-10161-5-flip
Eric pushes an electron closer to the nucleus of an atom. The electron _____ energy.
{ "text": [ "loses", "gains" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
As you go farther from the nucleus of an atom, the electron levels have more and more energy.
QRSent-10161
{ "effect_prop": "electron level energy", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "farther from the nucleus of an atom" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "gains", "less_effect_dir": "loses", "less_cause_prop": "electron", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10275-1-flip
Would a star that is significantly cooler than the sun, which is outputting blue light which is higher in frequency that the yellow light of the Sun, be
{ "text": [ "hotter", "colder?" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies) correspond to higher energies and thus hotter star temperatures.
QRSent-10275
{ "effect_prop": "hotter star", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "hotter", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "higher frequency" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "hotter", "less_effect_dir": "cooler", "less_cause_prop": "frequency", "more_effect_prop": "sun", "less_effect_prop": "sun", "less_cause_dir": "sun" }
QRQA-10172-2-flip
Sue is celebrating her 16th birthday. She likely has a _____ chance of breast cancer than when she turns 60.
{ "text": [ "greater", "lesser" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Breast cancer is rare in teens. It becomes more common as women get older.
QRSent-10172
{ "effect_prop": "common breast cancer", "cause_dir_str": "older", "effect_dir_str": "more common", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "women get older" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lesser", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "chance of breast cancer", "less_effect_prop": "chance of breast cancer", "less_cause_dir": "chance of breast cancer" }
QRQA-10192-5
If Milo is listening to the radio and he moves to the far end of the room, what happens to the sound waves entering his ear?
{ "text": [ "they spread out less", "they spread out more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The farther the sound waves travel away from the source, the more spread out their energy becomes.
QRSent-10192
{ "effect_prop": "spread out their energy", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "more spread out", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "sound waves travel away from the source" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "spread out more", "less_effect_dir": "spread out less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "sound waves entering his ear", "less_effect_prop": "sound waves entering his ear", "less_cause_dir": "sound waves entering his ear" }
QRQA-10283-1
A person takes a deep breath and wants to know if the air outside their lungs is stronger than the air outside. The air in their chest, when they have a large chest, will be, compared to outside the body,
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
During inhalation, because the chest volume is larger, the air pressure inside the lungs is lower than the air pressure outside.
QRSent-10283
{ "effect_prop": "air pressure inside", "cause_dir_str": "larger", "effect_dir_str": "lower", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "chest volume" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "lower", "less_effect_dir": "higher", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "air", "less_effect_prop": "air", "less_cause_dir": "air" }
QRQA-10017-3-flip
Will analyzes the photon energy in an electromagnetic wave with a high frequency. Bill analyzes the photon energy in an electromagnetic wave with a low frequency. _____'s wave has less photon energy.
{ "text": [ "Bill", "Will" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In electromagnetic waves with higher frequencies, photons have more energy.
QRSent-10017
{ "effect_prop": "photon energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "frequencies in electromagnetic waves" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "electromagnetic wave frequency", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "photon energy", "less_cause_dir": "photon energy" }
QRQA-10163-2-flip
Rich lives in Chicago, Illinois while Rachel lives in Sydney, Australia. Who likely experiences more atmospheric pressure in June?
{ "text": [ "Rich", "Rachel" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Decreasing air temperature increases atmospheric pressure.
QRSent-10163
{ "effect_prop": "atmospheric pressure", "cause_dir_str": "decreasing", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "air temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "atmospheric pressure in December", "less_cause_dir": "atmospheric pressure in December" }
QRQA-10118-3-flip
Dan is pulling his down a hill, and wants to pull it with as much force as possible. In order to do this effectively, Dan will need to use how many rope segments
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The more rope segments on a pully that are helping to do the lifting work, the less force that is needed for the job.
QRSent-10118
{ "effect_prop": "force needed", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "rope segments" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "much", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "rope segments", "more_effect_prop": "force", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10192-3
A sound wave, very far away from its source, is spread out _____ than near its origin.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The farther the sound waves travel away from the source, the more spread out their energy becomes.
QRSent-10192
{ "effect_prop": "spreading of their energy", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "more spread out", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance of sound waves from the source" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "spread out more", "less_effect_dir": "spread out less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "sound wave", "less_effect_prop": "sound wave", "less_cause_dir": "sound wave" }
QRQA-10270-2
Hayley was studying the relationship between mass and inertia in her science class. Her teacher gave her the example of an elephant and a puppy. The elephant has a greater mass than the puppy, so the elephant would have _____ inertia.
{ "text": [ "greater", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Objects with greater mass have greater inertia.
QRSent-10270
{ "effect_prop": "inertia", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "mass" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "inertia", "less_effect_prop": "inertia", "less_cause_dir": "inertia" }
QRQA-10053-5-flip
Compared to a box of bricks a box of feathers would be
{ "text": [ "lighter", "heavier" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
A given volume of a denser substance is heavier than the same volume of a less dense substance.
QRSent-10053
{ "effect_prop": "weight", "cause_dir_str": "denser", "effect_dir_str": "heavier", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "density" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "box of bricks", "less_effect_dir": "box of feathers", "less_cause_prop": "density", "more_effect_prop": "weight", "less_effect_prop": "weight", "less_cause_dir": "weight" }
QRQA-10378-4
When water freezes into ice it becomes
{ "text": [ "less dense.", "more dense" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Water becomes more dense when it is colder and when it has more salt.
QRSent-10378
{ "effect_prop": "density", "cause_dir_str": "colder", "effect_dir_str": "more dense", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "water", "more_effect_prop": "dense", "less_effect_prop": "dense", "less_cause_dir": "dense" }
QRQA-10021-4
Clark is 55. Morgan is 25. A scientist is researching which of these two men is more likely to develop cardiovascular disease. If their ages is the only piece of info that the scientist has, then he would say _____ is more at risk for cardiovascular disease.
{ "text": [ "Clark", "Morgan" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Older age, male gender, and a family history of cardiovascular disease all increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and cant be controlled.
QRSent-10021
{ "effect_prop": "risk of developing cardiovascular diseases", "cause_dir_str": "older", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "age" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "Morgan", "more_effect_prop": "at risk", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10340-4-flip
Amy is from the Hawaii, where she used very little fossil fuels. Andy is from a poor country where they use lots of fossil fuels. The person who's country will contribute more to air pollution is
{ "text": [ "Amy's", "Andy's" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Because richer nations use more fossil fuels, they also cause more air pollution and global warming than poorer nations do.
QRSent-10340
{ "effect_prop": "air pollution caused", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "fossil fuel use" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "fossil fuels used", "more_effect_prop": "air pollution", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10190-4
Dane is dropping bouncy balls out of windows. He drops a green ball out of the first story window, then a red ball out of the second story window. The ball with the most potential energy is the
{ "text": [ "red ball", "green ball" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
So the higher an object is above a surface, the more potential energy it has.
QRSent-10190
{ "effect_prop": "potential energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "height" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "most", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "window", "more_effect_prop": "potential energy", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10008-4
Both Milo and Jerry jump into a pool. Milo is larger then Jerry. Which person will displace more water when they jump in?
{ "text": [ "Jerry", "Milo" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
So more water is displaced by a bigger body than a smaller one.
QRSent-10008
{ "effect_prop": "water is displaced", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "bigger body" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "water", "less_effect_prop": "water", "less_cause_dir": "water" }
QRQA-10009-4
Ford lives in a town with 6 thousand people. Wong lives in a town with 1 million people. Which population, if contained entirely, would experience more drifting allele frequencies?
{ "text": [ "Ford", "Wong" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The smaller a population is, the more allele frequencies may drift.
QRSent-10009
{ "effect_prop": "drifting of allele frequencies", "cause_dir_str": "smaller", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "population size" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "people", "more_effect_prop": "drifting allele frequencies", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10230-3-flip
Katie wants to get light to turn to rainbow colors by using a lens to filter the light through. In order to get the least colors, Katie will use a lens that is
{ "text": [ "flat", "curved" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The more curved the surface of a lens is, the more it refracts the light that passes through it.
QRSent-10230
{ "effect_prop": "refracted light", "cause_dir_str": "more curved", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "curved lens" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "least", "less_cause_prop": "lens", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "colors", "less_cause_dir": "colors" }
QRQA-10368-2
Theresa increased the amount of water in her pool. Rock would likely melt
{ "text": [ "faster", "slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
As the amount of water increases, the melting point of rock decreases.
QRSent-10368
{ "effect_prop": "melting point of rock", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "water amount increases" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "rock melt", "less_effect_prop": "rock melt", "less_cause_dir": "rock melt" }
QRQA-10046-2-flip
Would a small star be
{ "text": [ "hotter", "colder" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Bigger stars produce more energy, so their surfaces are hotter.
QRSent-10046
{ "effect_prop": "heat", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "star size" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "hotter", "less_effect_dir": "colder", "less_cause_prop": "star", "more_effect_prop": "star", "less_effect_prop": "star", "less_cause_dir": "star" }
QRQA-10183-5
When people move to an area what happens to the land?
{ "text": [ "cleared", "kept the same" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
More people also means more clearing of land for agriculture and development.
QRSent-10183
{ "effect_prop": "land clearing", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "people" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "cleared", "less_effect_dir": "kept the same", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "land", "less_effect_prop": "land", "less_cause_dir": "land" }
QRQA-10283-5-flip
Compared to a balloon that has the size of a head a balloon the size of a fist will have
{ "text": [ "more pressure", "less pressure" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
During inhalation, because the chest volume is larger, the air pressure inside the lungs is lower than the air pressure outside.
QRSent-10283
{ "effect_prop": "pressure", "cause_dir_str": "larger", "effect_dir_str": "lower", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "volume" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "balloon", "more_effect_prop": "pressure", "less_effect_prop": "pressure", "less_cause_dir": "pressure" }
QRQA-10365-5-flip
John was redoing the siding on his house when he noticed something interesting. As the temperature decreases, the weathering effect
{ "text": [ "Decreases", "Increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Chemical weathering increases as: Temperature increases: Chemical reactions proceed more rapidly at higher temperatures.
QRSent-10365
{ "effect_prop": "temperature", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "weathering" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "weathering", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "temperature", "less_cause_dir": "temperature" }
QRQA-10264-1-flip
If John decreases the rate at which gas exits the bottom of his rocket, what will happen to the upward momentum of the rocket? It will
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The rocket goes upwards because the hot gases shoot downwards out of the nozzle. The faster the gases go downwards, the faster the rocket goes upwards.
QRSent-10264
{ "effect_prop": "upward movement", "cause_dir_str": "faster", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "gas velocity" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "rate at which gas exits", "more_effect_prop": "upward momentum", "less_effect_prop": "upward momentum", "less_cause_dir": "upward momentum" }
QRQA-10100-1
Something with a lot of energy travels
{ "text": [ "short distances", "long distances" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
However, the energy is diluted as an electromagnetic wave travels farther from its source because it spreads out over an ever-larger area.
QRSent-10100
{ "effect_prop": "distance", "cause_dir_str": "diluted", "effect_dir_str": "farther", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "energy" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "long", "less_effect_dir": "short", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "distances", "less_effect_prop": "distances", "less_cause_dir": "distances" }
QRQA-10272-1
If the temperature in the environment increases, what will happen to the rate of cellular respiration?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Temperature affects the rate at which photosynthesis, cellular respiration and decomposition take place. The rate of reaction increases with increasing temperature and decreases at lower temperatures.
QRSent-10272
{ "effect_prop": "cellular respiration", "cause_dir_str": "increasing", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "cellular respiration", "less_effect_prop": "cellular respiration", "less_cause_dir": "cellular respiration" }
QRQA-10105-2
A fast-moving river that carries more sediment will cause _____ erosion.
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The bigger the waves are and the more sediment they carry, the more erosion they cause.
QRSent-10105
{ "effect_prop": "erosion", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "sediment carried" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "erosion", "less_effect_prop": "erosion", "less_cause_dir": "erosion" }
QRQA-10143-1
Will added salt to the pool water. The water is now
{ "text": [ "less dense", "more dense" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Lower temperature and higher salinity yield the densest water.
QRSent-10143
{ "effect_prop": "densest water", "cause_dir_str": "lower", "effect_dir_str": "densest", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "water temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more dense", "less_effect_dir": "less dense", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "pool water", "less_effect_prop": "pool water", "less_cause_dir": "pool water" }
QRQA-10016-3
Jim loves to build circuits. One day he builds a circuit that has more resistors then any other circuit he has built. Since the circuit has more resistors the amount of current in the circuit is
{ "text": [ "reduced", "increased" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
We also saw that adding resistors to a series circuit increases the total resistance of the circuit, causing the current to decrease.
QRSent-10016
{ "effect_prop": "current", "cause_dir_str": "adding", "effect_dir_str": "decrease", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "resistors" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increased", "less_effect_dir": "reduced", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "current", "less_effect_prop": "current", "less_cause_dir": "current" }
QRQA-10124-1
If particles in matter move faster, they likely have _____ energy.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The particles in matter are always moving. The more energy they have, the faster they move.
QRSent-10124
{ "effect_prop": "speed", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "energy in the particles in matter" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "energy", "more_effect_prop": "speed", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10055-2-flip
Dana is testing alkanes to see how they boil. She first heats up alkanes with more carbon atoms, and then some with fewer. The alkanes with more carbon atoms have a boiling point, compared to the other, that is
{ "text": [ "lower", "higher" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Alkanes with more carbon atoms have higher boiling and melting points, so some of them are solids at room temperature.
QRSent-10055
{ "effect_prop": "boiling points", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "higher", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "carbon atoms" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "boiling point", "less_effect_prop": "boiling point", "less_cause_dir": "boiling point" }
QRQA-10080-4
When a pH number is very low we say the item is:
{ "text": [ "basic", "acidic" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The more acidic a solution is, the closer its pH value will be to 0
QRSent-10080
{ "effect_prop": "pH number", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "closer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "acidc" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "very low", "less_cause_prop": "how acidic it is", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "pH", "less_cause_dir": "pH" }
QRQA-10038-2
If you use more force when accelerating a car it will go
{ "text": [ "slower", "faster" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The harder the batter hits the ball, the greater will be its acceleration.
QRSent-10038
{ "effect_prop": "acceleration", "cause_dir_str": "harder", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "force" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "accelerating", "less_effect_prop": "accelerating", "less_cause_dir": "accelerating" }
QRQA-10320-4
Evan is picking up rocks on the beach. Some rocks are very basic small ones, and others are large, clumpy stones with different textures. The rocks that are more difficult to identify had amounts of metamorphism that were
{ "text": [ "more extreme", "less extreme" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The more extreme the amount of metamorphism, the more difficult it is to tell what the original rock was.
QRSent-10320
{ "effect_prop": "difficult to tell what the original rock was", "cause_dir_str": "more extreme", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "extreme the amount of metamorphism" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "rocks", "more_effect_prop": "difficult to identify", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10351-4
A Geiger counter is clicking away, and suddenly speeds up quite a lot. The counter is telling people that the level of radiation is
{ "text": [ "lower", "higher" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The faster the clicks of a Geiger counter occur, the higher the level of radiation.
QRSent-10351
{ "effect_prop": "radiation", "cause_dir_str": "faster", "effect_dir_str": "higher", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "speed" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "radiation", "less_effect_prop": "radiation", "less_cause_dir": "radiation" }
QRQA-10102-2-flip
When we look at DNA records we find that younger organisms are
{ "text": [ "dissimilar", "similar" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
In general, fossils in older rocks are less similar to modern organisms.
QRSent-10102
{ "effect_prop": "similarity", "cause_dir_str": "older", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "age" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "similar", "less_effect_dir": "dissimilar", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "organism DNA", "less_effect_prop": "organism DNA", "less_cause_dir": "organism DNA" }
QRQA-10331-5
Sean digs in the dirt and finds rocks that are buried very far down. Given how deep they were, Sean can assume that these rocks are
{ "text": [ "younger", "older" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Lower rock layers were laid down earlier, so they are assumed to contain older fossils.
QRSent-10331
{ "effect_prop": "age", "cause_dir_str": "lower", "effect_dir_str": "older", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "depth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "older", "less_effect_dir": "younger", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "rocks", "less_effect_prop": "rocks", "less_cause_dir": "rocks" }
QRQA-10388-4-flip
If a nail bed's cells are _____ , the nail is shrinking.
{ "text": [ "decreasing", "increasing" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
As the nail grows, more cells are added at the nail bed.
QRSent-10388
{ "effect_prop": "cells added at the nail bed", "cause_dir_str": "grows", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "growth of a nail" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "shrinking", "more_effect_prop": "cells", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10171-2
If Todd adds a resistor to the circuit, then the current will be
{ "text": [ "stronger", "weaker." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
If we increase the resistance in a series circuit, by adding more resistors, then the total current decreases.
QRSent-10171
{ "effect_prop": "current", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "resistance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "will be stronger", "less_effect_dir": "will be weaker", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "circuit", "less_effect_prop": "circuit", "less_cause_dir": "circuit" }
QRQA-10017-2-flip
If Mona is standing in the sun and it begins to get dimmer, what happens to the amount of energy the photons are emitting?
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In electromagnetic waves with higher frequencies, photons have more energy.
QRSent-10017
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "higher frequencies" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "sun", "more_effect_prop": "energy the photons are emitting", "less_effect_prop": "energy the photons are emitting", "less_cause_dir": "energy the photons are emitting" }
QRQA-10010-2
Terry has two balls and pulls them apart from each other. The gravitational force between the balls
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The gravitational force between two objects decreases as the objects move further apart.
QRSent-10010
{ "effect_prop": "objects move further apart", "cause_dir_str": "decreases", "effect_dir_str": "further", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "gravitational force" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "pulls them apart", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "gravitational force", "more_effect_prop": "two balls", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10327-3
Ian is looking at quarks and sees that they are very, very attracted to each other. Ian knows that the distance between the quarks is currently
{ "text": [ "close", "distant" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Gluons make quarks attract each other more strongly the farther apart the quarks get.
QRSent-10327
{ "effect_prop": "distance", "cause_dir_str": "more strongly", "effect_dir_str": "farther apart", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "strong attraction" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "distant", "less_effect_dir": "close", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "distance", "less_effect_prop": "distance", "less_cause_dir": "distance" }
QRQA-10351-2
Mahana was excited to see the nuclear bomb test and decided to sail closer for a better look. As he approaches the highest levels of radioactivity at the test site would the rate of clicking on his Geiger counter get
{ "text": [ "faster or", "slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The faster the clicks of a Geiger counter occur, the higher the level of radiation.
QRSent-10351
{ "effect_prop": "the level of radiation", "cause_dir_str": "faster", "effect_dir_str": "higher", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "rate of clicking of a Geiger" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "highest", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "clicking", "more_effect_prop": "level", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10375-2-flip
As waves on the ocean shrink in size and number they have.
{ "text": [ "more energy", "less energy" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
With higher frequencies, the microwaves also have more energy.
QRSent-10375
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "frequency" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "waves on the ocean", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10378-1
Given two equal measures of water by volume, which would be heavier
{ "text": [ "ocean water", "distilled water?" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Water becomes more dense when it is colder and when it has more salt.
QRSent-10378
{ "effect_prop": "water density", "cause_dir_str": "more salt", "effect_dir_str": "more dense", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "water salinity" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "heavier", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "distilled water", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10043-1-flip
If Jim brings his solution further from pH 14, what happens to the solution?
{ "text": [ "becomes less basic", "becomes more basic" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The closer to pH 14, the more strongly basic the solution.
QRSent-10043
{ "effect_prop": "basic the solution", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "more strongly", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "closer to pH 14" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "solution", "more_effect_prop": "basic", "less_effect_prop": "basic", "less_cause_dir": "basic" }
QRQA-10063-3-flip
When the ocean has waves far apart they have
{ "text": [ "less energy", "more energy" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Waves with shorter wavelengths have more energy.
QRSent-10063
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "shorter", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "wavelength" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more energy", "less_effect_dir": "less energy", "less_cause_prop": "waves", "more_effect_prop": "waves", "less_effect_prop": "waves", "less_cause_dir": "waves" }
QRQA-10317-1
A hydrocarbon that doubles its carbon atoms will cause an _____ in the amount of isomers.
{ "text": [ "decrease", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
As you increase the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon, the number of isomers quickly increases.
QRSent-10317
{ "effect_prop": "isomers", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "isomers", "less_effect_prop": "isomers", "less_cause_dir": "isomers" }
QRQA-10355-3
Marie is rolling cards down a hill. She wants to know which cart will get to the bottom of the hill faster, an empty cart, or a full cart? The cart that will finish first will have a mass that is
{ "text": [ "lower", "higher" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
An object has greater momentum if it has greater mass, greater velocity, or both.
QRSent-10355
{ "effect_prop": "mass", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "momentum" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "full", "less_effect_dir": "empty", "less_cause_prop": "mass", "more_effect_prop": "cart", "less_effect_prop": "cart", "less_cause_dir": "cart" }
QRQA-10240-3
Rita walks further away from Sue. From Sue's perspective, Rita will
{ "text": [ "shrink", "grow" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
If you are standing on the shore and a ship is going out to sea, the ship gets smaller as it moves further away from you.
QRSent-10240
{ "effect_prop": "smaller the ship", "cause_dir_str": "further away", "effect_dir_str": "smaller", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "further away the ship" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "More", "less_effect_dir": "Less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "Distance", "less_effect_prop": "Distance", "less_cause_dir": "Distance" }
QRQA-10201-3
Ron pulled two balls away from each other. The balls now experience _____ gravitational force due to each other.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
As the distance between the objects increases, the force of gravitational attraction decreases.
QRSent-10201
{ "effect_prop": "force of gravitational attraction", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "distance between objects" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "gravitational attraction", "less_effect_prop": "gravitational attraction", "less_cause_dir": "gravitational attraction" }
QRQA-10186-2
Rita added more food to the box. It is now _____ to move.
{ "text": [ "harder", "easier" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The full box is harder to move because it has greater mass and therefore greater inertia.
QRSent-10186
{ "effect_prop": "harder to move", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "harder", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "full box" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "harder", "less_effect_dir": "easier", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "to move", "less_effect_prop": "to move", "less_cause_dir": "to move" }
QRQA-10150-2-flip
Will found water from a source 10m from shore. Eric found water from a source 2m from shore. Whose water likely contains the least nutrients?
{ "text": [ "Will's", "Eric's" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Most nutrients are washed into ocean water from land. Therefore, water closer to shore tends to have more nutrients.
QRSent-10150
{ "effect_prop": "closer to shore", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "closer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "nutrients" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "2m from shore", "less_effect_dir": "20m from shore", "less_cause_prop": "nutrients", "more_effect_prop": "water", "less_effect_prop": "water", "less_cause_dir": "water" }
QRQA-10195-5
Sue weighs 50kg while Tom weighs 100kg, who has more gravity?
{ "text": [ "Sue", "Tom" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Less massive objects also have less gravity than more massive objects.
QRSent-10195
{ "effect_prop": "gravity", "cause_dir_str": "less", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "massive objects" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "weighs", "more_effect_prop": "gravity", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10385-1
There are many more people on the Earth today than there were hundreds of years ago. Because of this, there is
{ "text": [ "more water", "less water." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Many of the worlds people live with water scarcity, and that percentage will increase as populations increase and climate changes.
QRSent-10385
{ "effect_prop": "water", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "scarcity", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "population" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "water", "less_effect_prop": "water", "less_cause_dir": "water" }
QRQA-10062-1-flip
Compared to a lag bolt with a very fine thread, would a drywall screw of the same length with a coarse thread require
{ "text": [ "fewer turns to drive into a hole>", "more turns to drive into a hole" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The trade-off when the threads are closer together, is that more turns of the screw or bolt are needed to do the job because the distance over which the input force must be applied is greater.
QRSent-10062
{ "effect_prop": "number of turns required to move the screw", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "number of threads on a screw" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "fewer", "less_cause_prop": "thread", "more_effect_prop": "turns", "less_effect_prop": "turns", "less_cause_dir": "turns" }
QRQA-10163-1
John turned down the thermostat in his room. As the temperature of the room got lower, would the air pressure in the room
{ "text": [ "decrease?", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Decreasing air temperature increases atmospheric pressure.
QRSent-10163
{ "effect_prop": "atmospheric pressure", "cause_dir_str": "decreasing", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "air temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "temperature", "more_effect_prop": "air pressure", "less_effect_prop": "air pressure", "less_cause_dir": "air pressure" }
QRQA-10333-1
If Earth's average temperature were to plummet, Earth's glaciers should
{ "text": [ "decrease", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The glaciers on Earth are getting smaller and smaller as Earths temperature rises.
QRSent-10333
{ "effect_prop": "glaciers", "cause_dir_str": "rises", "effect_dir_str": "smaller", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "average Earth temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "glaciers", "less_effect_dir": "glaciers", "less_cause_prop": "Earth's average temperature", "more_effect_prop": "increase", "less_effect_prop": "decrease", "less_cause_dir": "decrease" }
QRQA-10096-5-flip
Tina had her cancer discovered late. Her chances of a cure are likely _____ than if she had found it sooner.
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The sooner cancer is treated, the greater the chances of a cure.
QRSent-10096
{ "effect_prop": "chances of a cure.", "cause_dir_str": "sooner", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "sooner cancer is treated" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "cancer discovery", "more_effect_prop": "chances of a cure", "less_effect_prop": "chances of a cure", "less_cause_dir": "chances of a cure" }
QRQA-10321-3
Theresa lives in a first world country. Eric lives in a third world country. Whose country likely produces more hazardous waste?
{ "text": [ "Eric's", "Theresa's" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Countries with more industry produce more hazardous wastes than those with little industry.
QRSent-10321
{ "effect_prop": "hazardous waste production", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "industry in a country" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "country", "more_effect_prop": "hazardous waste", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10294-2
Carter travels to the mountain and looks through a telescope. There is very little interference from the atmosphere, so Carter knows that above the telescope, there is _____ air compared to sea level.
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Many observatories are built on high mountains. There is less air above the telescope, so there is less interference from the atmosphere.
QRSent-10294
{ "effect_prop": "interference", "cause_dir_str": "less", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "air" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "very little", "less_cause_prop": "air", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "interference", "less_cause_dir": "interference" }
QRQA-10323-3
If a piece of wire it gets very hot it will have
{ "text": [ "more resistance", "less resistance" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The hotter a resistor becomes the more resistance it has.
QRSent-10323
{ "effect_prop": "resistance", "cause_dir_str": "hotter", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "heat" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "resistance", "less_effect_prop": "resistance", "less_cause_dir": "resistance" }
QRQA-10401-1-flip
If Milo lives in a country that stops producing pollution which causes the ozone layer to increase, what happens to the amount of UV rays that can reach the ground?
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
With less ozone in the stratosphere, more UV rays reach the ground.
QRSent-10401
{ "effect_prop": "UV rays", "cause_dir_str": "less", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "ozone" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "UV rays", "less_effect_prop": "UV rays", "less_cause_dir": "UV rays" }
QRQA-10341-3-flip
Dana wants things to stay put easily with the help of a lot of friction, so she uses oil in amounts that are
{ "text": [ "greater", "smaller" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
To reduce friction, oil is added to the engine.
QRSent-10341
{ "effect_prop": "oil", "cause_dir_str": "reduce", "effect_dir_str": "added", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "friction" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater amounts", "less_effect_dir": "smaller amounts", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "oil", "less_effect_prop": "oil", "less_cause_dir": "oil" }
QRQA-10342-3-flip
When you are driving up a mountain you will notice the temperature
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Air in the troposphere is warmer closer to Earths surface.
QRSent-10342
{ "effect_prop": "temperature", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "warmer", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance from earth's surface" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "temperature", "less_effect_prop": "temperature", "less_cause_dir": "temperature" }
QRQA-10232-1
Compared to Mercury, which is the closest planet to the Sun, would Neptune, which is the furthest planet from the Sun have a
{ "text": [ "larger orbit", "smaller orbit?" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The planets further from the Sun will have bigger orbits, and therefore take longer to revolve around the Sun.
QRSent-10232
{ "effect_prop": "larger orbits", "cause_dir_str": "further", "effect_dir_str": "bigger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "planetary distance from the Sun" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "larger orbit", "less_effect_dir": "smaller orbit", "less_cause_prop": "Mercury", "more_effect_prop": "planet", "less_effect_prop": "planet", "less_cause_dir": "planet" }
QRQA-10063-4
Dean is trying to get a wavelength that has more energy, so Dean will have his wavelength produce waves that are
{ "text": [ "shorter", "longer" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Waves with shorter wavelengths have more energy.
QRSent-10063
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "shorter", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "long wavelengths" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "waves", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }