README.md

---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
language_creators:
- expert-generated
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- extended|s2orc
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- closed-domain-qa
paperswithcode_id: qasper
pretty_name: QASPER
language_bcp47:
- en-US
dataset_info:
  config_name: qasper
  features:
  - name: id
    dtype: string
  - name: title
    dtype: string
  - name: abstract
    dtype: string
  - name: full_text
    sequence:
    - name: section_name
      dtype: string
    - name: paragraphs
      list: string
  - name: qas
    sequence:
    - name: question
      dtype: string
    - name: question_id
      dtype: string
    - name: nlp_background
      dtype: string
    - name: topic_background
      dtype: string
    - name: paper_read
      dtype: string
    - name: search_query
      dtype: string
    - name: question_writer
      dtype: string
    - name: answers
      sequence:
      - name: answer
        struct:
        - name: unanswerable
          dtype: bool
        - name: extractive_spans
          sequence: string
        - name: yes_no
          dtype: bool
        - name: free_form_answer
          dtype: string
        - name: evidence
          sequence: string
        - name: highlighted_evidence
          sequence: string
      - name: annotation_id
        dtype: string
      - name: worker_id
        dtype: string
  - name: figures_and_tables
    sequence:
    - name: caption
      dtype: string
    - name: file
      dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 28466446
    num_examples: 888
  - name: validation
    num_bytes: 9900193
    num_examples: 281
  - name: test
    num_bytes: 15488891
    num_examples: 416
  download_size: 26199265
  dataset_size: 53855530
configs:
- config_name: qasper
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: qasper/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: qasper/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: qasper/test-*
---

# Dataset Card for Qasper

## Table of Contents
  - [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
  - [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
    - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
    - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
    - [Languages](#languages)
  - [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
    - [Data Instances](#data-instances)
    - [Data Fields](#data-fields)
    - [Data Splits](#data-splits)
  - [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
    - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
    - [Source Data](#source-data)
      - [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization)
      - [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers)
    - [Annotations](#annotations)
      - [Annotation process](#annotation-process)
      - [Who are the annotators?](#who-are-the-annotators)
    - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
  - [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
    - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
    - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
    - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
  - [Additional Information](#additional-information)
    - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
    - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
    - [Citation Information](#citation-information)
    - [Contributions](#contributions)

## Dataset Description

- **Homepage:** [https://allenai.org/data/qasper](https://allenai.org/data/qasper)
- **Demo:** [https://qasper-demo.apps.allenai.org/](https://qasper-demo.apps.allenai.org/)
- **Paper:** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.03011](https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.03011)
- **Blogpost:** [https://medium.com/ai2-blog/question-answering-on-scientific-research-papers-f6d6da9fd55c](https://medium.com/ai2-blog/question-answering-on-scientific-research-papers-f6d6da9fd55c)
- **Leaderboards:** [https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/qasper](https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/qasper)

### Dataset Summary

QASPER is a dataset for question answering on scientific research papers. It consists of 5,049 questions over 1,585 Natural Language Processing papers. Each question is written by an NLP practitioner who read only the title and abstract of the corresponding paper, and the question seeks information present in the full text. The questions are then answered by a separate set of NLP practitioners who also provide supporting evidence to answers.

### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

- `question-answering`: The dataset can be used to train a model for Question Answering. Success on this task is typically measured by achieving a *high* [F1 score](https://huggingface.co/metrics/f1). The [official baseline model](https://github.com/allenai/qasper-led-baseline) currently achieves 33.63 Token F1 score & uses [Longformer](https://huggingface.co/transformers/model_doc/longformer.html). This task has an active leaderboard which can be found [here](https://paperswithcode.com/sota/question-answering-on-qasper)

- `evidence-selection`: The dataset can be used to train a model for Evidence Selection. Success on this task is typically measured by achieving a *high* [F1 score](https://huggingface.co/metrics/f1). The [official baseline model](https://github.com/allenai/qasper-led-baseline) currently achieves 39.37 F1 score & uses [Longformer](https://huggingface.co/transformers/model_doc/longformer.html). This task has an active leaderboard which can be found [here](https://paperswithcode.com/sota/evidence-selection-on-qasper)


### Languages

English, as it is used in research papers.

## Dataset Structure

### Data Instances

A typical instance in the dataset:

```
{
  'id': "Paper ID (string)",
  'title': "Paper Title",
  'abstract': "paper abstract ...",
  'full_text': {
      'paragraphs':[["section1_paragraph1_text","section1_paragraph2_text",...],["section2_paragraph1_text","section2_paragraph2_text",...]],
      'section_name':["section1_title","section2_title"],...},
  'qas': {
  'answers':[{
      'annotation_id': ["q1_answer1_annotation_id","q1_answer2_annotation_id"]
      'answer': [{
          'unanswerable':False,
          'extractive_spans':["q1_answer1_extractive_span1","q1_answer1_extractive_span2"],
          'yes_no':False,
          'free_form_answer':"q1_answer1",
          'evidence':["q1_answer1_evidence1","q1_answer1_evidence2",..],
          'highlighted_evidence':["q1_answer1_highlighted_evidence1","q1_answer1_highlighted_evidence2",..]
          },
          {
          'unanswerable':False,
          'extractive_spans':["q1_answer2_extractive_span1","q1_answer2_extractive_span2"],
          'yes_no':False,
          'free_form_answer':"q1_answer2",
          'evidence':["q1_answer2_evidence1","q1_answer2_evidence2",..],
          'highlighted_evidence':["q1_answer2_highlighted_evidence1","q1_answer2_highlighted_evidence2",..]
          }],
      'worker_id':["q1_answer1_worker_id","q1_answer2_worker_id"]
      },{...["question2's answers"]..},{...["question3's answers"]..}],
  'question':["question1","question2","question3"...],
  'question_id':["question1_id","question2_id","question3_id"...],
  'question_writer':["question1_writer_id","question2_writer_id","question3_writer_id"...],
  'nlp_background':["question1_writer_nlp_background","question2_writer_nlp_background",...],
  'topic_background':["question1_writer_topic_background","question2_writer_topic_background",...],
  'paper_read': ["question1_writer_paper_read_status","question2_writer_paper_read_status",...],
  'search_query':["question1_search_query","question2_search_query","question3_search_query"...],
  }
}
```

### Data Fields

The following is an excerpt from the dataset README:

Within "qas", some fields should be obvious. Here is some explanation about the others:

#### Fields specific to questions:

 - "nlp_background" shows the experience the question writer had. The values can be "zero" (no experience), "two" (0 - 2 years of experience), "five" (2 - 5 years of experience), and "infinity" (> 5 years of experience). The field may be empty as well, indicating the writer has chosen not to share this information.

 - "topic_background" shows how familiar the question writer was with the topic of the paper. The values are "unfamiliar", "familiar", "research" (meaning that the topic is the research area of the writer), or null.

 - "paper_read", when specified shows whether the questionwriter has read the paper.

 - "search_query", if not empty, is the query the question writer used to find the abstract of the paper from a large pool of abstracts we made available to them.

#### Fields specific to answers

Unanswerable answers have "unanswerable" set to true. The remaining answers have exactly one of the following fields being non-empty.

 - "extractive_spans" are spans in the paper which serve as the answer.
 - "free_form_answer" is a written out answer.
 - "yes_no" is true iff the answer is Yes, and false iff the answer is No.

"evidence" is the set of paragraphs, figures or tables used to arrive at the answer. Tables or figures start with the string "FLOAT SELECTED"

"highlighted_evidence" is the set of sentences the answer providers selected as evidence if they chose textual evidence. The text in the "evidence" field is a mapping from these sentences to the paragraph level. That is, if you see textual evidence in the "evidence" field, it is guaranteed to be entire paragraphs, while that is not the case with "highlighted_evidence".


### Data Splits

|                            | Train   | Valid |
| -----                      | ------ | ----- |
| Number of papers            |     888   |      281 |
| Number of questions            |     2593   |      1005 |
| Number of answers            |     2675   |      1764 |

## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

[More Information Needed]

### Source Data

NLP papers: The full text of the papers is extracted from [S2ORC](https://huggingface.co/datasets/s2orc) (Lo et al., 2020)

#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[More Information Needed]

#### Who are the source language producers?

[More Information Needed]

### Annotations

[More Information Needed]

#### Annotation process

[More Information Needed]

#### Who are the annotators?

"The annotators are NLP practitioners, not
expert researchers, and it is likely that an expert
would score higher"

### Personal and Sensitive Information

[More Information Needed]

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Social Impact of Dataset

[More Information Needed]

### Discussion of Biases

[More Information Needed]

### Other Known Limitations

[More Information Needed]

## Additional Information

### Dataset Curators

Crowdsourced NLP practitioners

### Licensing Information

[CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

### Citation Information

```
@inproceedings{Dasigi2021ADO,
  title={A Dataset of Information-Seeking Questions and Answers Anchored in Research Papers},
  author={Pradeep Dasigi and Kyle Lo and Iz Beltagy and Arman Cohan and Noah A. Smith and Matt Gardner},
  year={2021}
}
```

### Contributions

Thanks to [@cceyda](https://github.com/cceyda) for adding this dataset.