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<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Double-space the entire paper, including your works-cited list and any notes. Set one-inch margins at the top, bottom, and sides of your text; do not justify your text. The first line of each paragraph should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. End punctuation should be followed by one space. Headings. Short essays do not generally need headings, but they can be useful in longer works. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Use a large, bold font for the first level of heading, and smaller fonts and italics to signal lower-level headings. MLA requires that headings all be flush with the left margin. First-Level Heading Second-Level Heading Third-Level Heading Long quotations. When quoting more than three lines of poetry, more than four lines of prose, or dialogue between characters in a drama, set off the quotation from the rest of your text, indenting it one-half inch (or five spaces) from the left margin. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Do not use quotation marks, and put any parenthetical documentation after the final punctuation. In Eastward to Tartary , Robert Kaplan captures ancient and contemporary Antioch for us: At the height of its glory in the Roman-Byzantine age, when it had an amphitheater, public baths, aqueducts, and sewage pipes, half a million people lived in Antioch. Today the population is only 125,000. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] With sour relations between Turkey and Syria, and unstable politics throughout the Middle East, Antioch is now a backwater-seedy and tumbledown, with relatively few tourists. I found it altogether charming. (123) In the first stanza of Matthew Arnold's Dover Beach, the exclamations make clear that the speaker is addressing someone who is also present in the scene: Come to the window, sweet is the night air! Only, from the long line of spray Where the sea meets the moon-blanched land, Listen! </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] You hear the grating roar Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling. (lines 6-10) Be careful to maintain the poet's line breaks. If a line does not fit on one line of your paper, put the extra words on the next line. Indent that line an additional quarter inch (or two spaces). If a citation doesn't fit, put it on the next line, flush with the right margin. Tables and illustrations. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Insert illustrations and tables close to the text that discusses them, and be sure to make clear how they relate to your point. For tables, provide a number ( Table 1 ) and a title on separate lines above the table and a caption with source information and any notes below. Notes should be indicated with lowercase letters. For graphs, photos, and other figures, provide a figure number ( fig. 1 ) and caption, with source information below the figure. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] If you give full source information in the caption, you don't have to include the source in your list of works cited. Punctuate as you would in the works-cited list, but don't invert the author's name: Berenice Sydney. Fast Rhythm . 1972, Tate Britain, London. List of works cited. Start your list on a new page, following any notes. Center the title, Works Cited, and double-space the entire list. Begin each entry at the left margin, and indent subsequent lines one-half inch (or five spaces). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Alphabetize the list by authors' last names (or by editors' or translators' names, if appropriate). Alphabetize works with no author or editor by title, disregarding A , An , and The . To document more than one work by a single author, list them as in no. 4 on page 323 . Glossary PERMALINK, 316, 319 A URL that permanently links to a specific web page or BLOG post. PERMALINK, 316, 319 A URL that permanently links to a specific web page or BLOG post. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] DOI A digital object identifier, a stable number identifying the location of a source accessed through a database. DOI A digital object identifier, a stable number identifying the location of a source accessed through a database. Student essay, MLA style The following essay was written by Jackson Parell for a first-year writing course. It was awarded the Boothe Prize for outstanding expository and argumentative writing by first-year students at Stanford University in 2018. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] It's formatted according to the guidelines of the MLA Handbook ( style.mla.org ). A STUDENT RESEARCH ESSAY, MLA STYLE Parell 1 Jackson Parell Professor Hammann Writing and Rhetoric 1 21 May, 2018 1 margins on all sides. Title centered. Free at Last, Free at Last: Civil War Memory and Civil Rights Rhetoric Double-spaced throughout. Author named in signal phrase; page number in parentheses. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] When Martin Luther King, Jr., addressed the huge crowd in Washington, DC, on August 28, 1963, he did so on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, in Lincoln's symbolic shadow (Sundquist 146). Using the words and legacy of the Great Emancipator, King intended to make an appeal to the moral conscience of America to rid itself of the vestiges of slavery and to realize Lincoln's new birth of freedom one hundred years after it was first proposed. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] On this day, and throughout the Civil War Centennial years (1961-65), African American leaders, including King, successfully accessed the language of the Civil War's promise of racial justice to shape a compelling message for future progress. As historian Robert Cook writes, The advent of the Centennial furnished [African Americans] with powerful leverage in their intensifying efforts to close the gap between the promise and the reality of American community life (96). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] No signal phrase; author and page number in parentheses. However, the rhetoric of the Civil War could only serve as an appeal for racial equality if Americans commonly understood its history in the context of social justice and equal rights. Unfortunately, for many Americans in the 1960s, this was not the case (Blight 3). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Northerners and Southerners alike, looking to mend sectional strife after the war, were willing to adopt a memory of reconciliation that focused on the shared honor of battle as opposed to the racial issues over which those battles were fought. Civil War valor, bravery, and brotherhood shaped American wartime memory into a shared experience-one that would remain a potent source of nationalism well into the civil rights era (Cook 4). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] For the majority, especially of white Americans, as historian David Blight writes, emancipation in Civil War memory was still an awkward kind of politeness at best and heresy at worst. . . . In 1963, the national temper and mythology still preferred a story of the mutual valor of the Blue and Gray to the disruptive problem of black and white (3). Therefore, civil rights leaders, including King, attempted to remind Americans of the war's cause and enduring racial legacies. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Through pen and podium, he leveraged that history in a powerful appeal for racial justice one hundred years after Lee's surrender at Appomattox. Parell 2 In October 1961, President John F. Kennedy invited King to the White House for lunch. The meeting was unofficial-it was not recorded in the secretary's docket, nor was there any official business set to be discussed (Branch 27). After lunch, Kennedy led King on a tour of the residence. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Hung outside the door of Lincoln's bedroom was a copy of the original Emancipation Proclamation. It gave King the opportunity to bring up, ever so gently, the issue of civil rights (27). Already, the Montgomery bus boycotts, the Greensboro sit-ins, and the Freedom Rides had brought racial tensions to the forefront of American culture. King believed he had a solution. Mr. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] President, he said, I would like to see you stand in this room and sign a [second] Emancipation Proclamation outlawing segregation 100 years after Lincoln's. You could base it on the Fourteenth Amendment (qtd. in Sundquist 34). In the summer of 1962, King and his associates delivered the first copy of this second Proclamation to the White House, bound in leather. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] This document serves as an important example of the ways in which King reshaped the memory of the Civil War and leveraged its rhetoric to advance claims for equality in civil rights. The proclamation directly engages in the battle between white reconciliationist memory and the memory of racial justice. In it, King pushes back on traditional narratives of mutual valor and bravery by instead placing emphasis on the guarantees of equality embodied in Civil War documents. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] But before King could make the revisions to Civil War history necessary to frame his plea for racial justice, he needed to provide Kennedy with a compelling reason for doing so. By 1962, racial tensions in the United States had come to a head. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Politicians, including Kennedy, wished to deescalate the problem as fast as possible (Branch 52), so in his preamble, King cites increasing racial tensions as well as the Centennial of the Civil War as impetus to dive into the wellsprings of history from which the civil rights movement began (Appeal 3): 2 works cited within the same sentence. Uses block format for quotation longer than 4 lines. Indents inch or 5 spaces. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Parell 3 Mr. President, sometimes there occur moments in the history of our nation when it becomes necessary to pause and reflect upon the heritage of the past in order to determine the most meaningful course for the present and the future. America today in the field of race relations is such a moment. We believe the Centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation is a particularly important time for all our citizens to rededicate themselves to those early precepts and principles of equality before the law. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] (Appeal 1) With his first words, therefore, King encourages the president to think about Civil War history as a tool for addressing modern issues. After establishing the importance of looking to the past to resolve the racial tensions of the present, King proposes the version of Civil War history upon which he believes Kennedy should reflect. It is a version that promotes the war's promises of racial equality over the valor and bravery of its veterans. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] He references the Gettysburg Address and the Emancipation Proclamation as the war's defining documents, both of which place the issue of slavery as the central cause of the Civil War and uphold concepts of equal justice for all (Appeal 1-2). King engages here with a larger historical movement to remind Americans of the documents and narratives from their past that support claims for racial equality. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] In the 1960s, historians and researchers alike looked to rewrite Civil War memory in a way that neither disregarded the importance of slavery as the agent of conflict in the Civil War nor portrayed African Americans as naturally inferior-a people without agency in the struggle for their own freedom (Snyder 1-2, 36). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] By reshaping the narratives of the past to reflect a nuanced version of the Civil War, these historians attempted to break down the justifications for the racial hierarchy that structured the white status quo. Parell 4 Paragraphs indent inch or 5 spaces. By reshaping Civil War memory to focus on its promises of equality, King develops a strong appeal for change on the grounds that those promises had not yet been fulfilled. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] He draws compelling parallels between the past and present, which framed the Civil War as a battle unfinished, one fought today by the civil rights movement: The struggle for freedom, Mr. President, of which our Civil War was but a bloody chapter, continues throughout our land today. The courage and heroism of Negro citizens . . . is only further effort to affirm the democratic heritage so painfully won, in part, upon the grassy battlefields of Antietam, Lookout Mountain, and Gettysburg. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] (Appeal 3) The metaphor of a modern Civil War presents Kennedy with the moral imperative to follow in the footsteps of Lincoln, his forebearer, and to help finally end the battle for equality begun one hundred years before. The time has come, Mr. President, to let those dawn-like rays of freedom, first glimpsed in 1863, fill the heavens with noonday sunlight of complete human decency (Appeal 4). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] King believed that the present situation demanded more than legislative action-it demanded from Kennedy an executive order that appealed to the moral conscience of America. Parell 5 But Kennedy never responded, and King found his ambivalence very disheartening. Without Kennedy, King felt that the civil rights movement would stall. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] He needed to re-create the conditions under which a document like the first Emancipation Proclamation came about-to foster the same tensions that brought to light the deep moral flaws of racism and propelled them to a national stage (Ward and Badger 141) . Time was running out. The eyes of the world were focused on the civil rights movement, and King intended to capitalize. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] At midnight on June 1, he called his aides with an urgent message: in August, the civil rights movement would descend on the capital (Branch 53). If King could not convince the president to change the moral conscience of America, he would attempt to do it himself. Two months later, King began to outline the speech that would conclude the ceremonies of the March on Washington. In essence, it reflected the same historical appeal he had made to the president in the Second Emancipation Proclamation. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] He intended to shift predominant public memory from one that highlighted the mutual sacrifice of the Blue and Gray to one that focused on the Civil War's guarantees of equality. These guarantees served as the grounds on which King would build his argument for modern civil rights progress. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Evoking the language of past Republican leaders, including Lincoln, he appealed to the American public to adopt a policy of inclusion, one with a vision for the future that was, in many ways, shaped in stark contrast to America's oppressive past. Uses past tense (began) to describe the scene-and present tense (refers) to describe the text. Parell 6 On the morning of August 28, the turnout was slim, estimated at 25,000. Soon, however, protesters began arriving in swarms. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] At Union Station, trains pulled in first from Baltimore, then Georgia, the Carolinas, Maryland, and further north (Hansen 33-35) . By the time King took the podium, he spoke before a crowd of nearly 250,000. Five score years ago, King began, a great American in whose symbolic shadow we stand today signed the Emancipation Proclamation (Dream 1). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] This first sentence of King's Dream speech refers both to Lincoln's Gettysburg Address and to the Emancipation Proclamation, placing both documents at the forefront of America's Civil War consciousness (Sundquist 145). As in the Second Emancipation Proclamation, King intended to divert the predominant reconciliationist memory of the Civil War to one that memorialized the guarantees of racial justice embodied in the war's documents. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Although his remarks on those documents were brief, the broader, more inclusive historical narratives toward which they gesture-those in which slavery is accepted as the cause of the Civil War and African Americans are acknowledged for their strategic contributions to military efforts-gave further justification to uphold the guarantees of equality memorialized in the documents themselves. These guarantees served as the moral structure of King's national appeal for racial justice. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] If, as King argues, equality was a right ensured by the course of American history, then segregation was simply a breach of contract between the American government and its African American constituents. He employs the metaphor of a bad check to explain the chasm between historical promises of racial equality and the realities faced in 1960s culture: In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. . . . </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] This note was a promise that all men-yes, black men as well as white men-would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. (Dream 1) Parell 7 For a nation that claimed to uphold basic precepts of justice, the bad check metaphor was particularly compelling. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Americans were posed with a moral imperative to rid themselves of the modern vestiges of slavery or else risk contradicting the principles of equality upon which the nation was founded. King's powerful appeal to the moral conscience of America was only made possible by shaping a new narrative in Civil War memory that upheld equality as a basic right for all: Many of our white brothers . . . have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom (Dream 3). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] King begins here the process of linking the fulfillment of the civil rights cause to the betterment of the nation as a whole, a process necessary to garner the support of white moderates, partial to their own self-interest and thus indifferent to historical appeals for racial justice. The incentive for civil rights progress was only strengthened by King's final moments at the podium, from which his speech gains its name. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] The appeal of King's utopian dream serves as a powerful motive to pursue civil rights equality. He dreams that sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood (Dream 4). He dreams that freedom will ring from Stone Mountains of Georgia-where the faces of Confederate generals are etched in rock-to Lookout Mountain of Tennessee, the site of one of the Civil War's most famous battles (6). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] In essence, King's dream is that America will finally live up to the principles of freedom espoused at the time of its origin and live out the true meaning of its creed (4). Only then, King believes, will the battle for freedom begun at Fort Sumter finally reach its conclusion. King's direct references to the issue of slavery and to the battlegrounds on which the Civil War was fought serve as anchors in history that shape a clearer vision of future progress for all Americans. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] The moral imperative that King presents to white individuals in order to tender the check of racial justice is thus only made more pressing by the collective will to realize King's dream-a dream rooted in the rhetoric of the Civil War. Parell 8 Ultimately, therefore, King's Dream speech promoted a memory that prioritized the war's promises of equality as opposed to the honor of its many battles. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Historian David Blight explains: As Lincoln implied in that brief address at Gettysburg, the Civil War necessitated a redefinition of the United States, rooted somehow in the destruction of slavery and the . . . principle of human equality. In the Dream speech, King argued the same for his own era: the civil rights movement heralded yet another re-founding in the same principle, one hundred . . . years after Lincoln's promise. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] (2) Throughout the Centennial years, civil rights leaders, including King, waged war not only over modern policies and ideals, but over historical truth as well. African American activists pushed back on the predominant Civil War memory of the 1960s, promoting the war's guarantees of equality over those of reconciliation. Such guarantees became the grounds on which King and others shaped a compelling appeal for civil rights progress in the modern era. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Just as abolitionists had sought to exploit the promises enshrined in the Declaration of Independence, historian Robert Cook writes, their intellectual successors had used the events of the Centennial to raise the conscience of the American public in the 1960s (qtd. in Ward and Badger 144) . </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Ultimately, therefore, civil rights leaders molded the rhetoric of the Civil War to inspire a nation to throw off its shackles of oppression and to breathe new life into the old slave hymn: Free at last, Free at last, Great God a-mighty, We are free at last (King, Dream 6). Parell 9 Works Cited The list is alphabetized by authors' last names. Blight, David W. American Oracle: The Civil War in the Civil Rights Era . Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 2013. Branch, Taylor. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] A Second Emancipation. Washington Monthly , Jan.-Feb. 2013, pp. 27-52. Double-spaced. Cook, Robert. Troubled Commemoration: The American Civil War Centennial, 1961-1965 . Louisiana State UP, 2011. Each entry begins at the left margin; subsequent lines are indented inch or 5 spaces. Hansen, Drew. The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech That Inspired a Nation . HarperCollins, 2003. Multiple works by a single author are listed alphabetically by title. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] After first entry, the author's name is replaced with three hyphens. King, Martin Luther, Jr. An Appeal to the Honorable John F. Kennedy President of the United States. 17 May 1962. Civil Rights Movement Archive , www.crmvet.org/info/emancip2.pdf - - -. I Have a Dream . . . Speech by the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington.' 28 Aug. 1963. National Archives , www.archives.gov/files/press/exhibits/dream-speech.pdf. Accessed 14 May 2019. Snyder, Jeffrey Aaron. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Making Black History: The Color Line, Culture, and Race in the Age of Jim Crow . U of Georgia P, 2018. Every source used is in the Works Cited. Sundquist, Eric. King's Dream . Yale UP, 2009. Ward, Brian, and Tony Badger. The Making of Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement . Macmillan, 1996. Endnotes Last name and page number set 1/2 from top of page. Return to text Embeds signal phrase in the middle of the quotation. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Return to text Brackets indicate the quotation has been altered for clarity. Return to text Parenthetical documentation follows punctuation in a block quotation. Return to text Includes short title because there's more than 1 source from that author. Return to text Names both authors in a work with 2 authors. Return to text Includes page range because the information cited spans multiple pages. Return to text Ellipses indicate that some words are left out. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Return to text Source quoted in another source. Return to text Heading centered. Return to text PART 4 RESEARCH / FIND OUT Chapter 21 APA Style WRITE WITH CLARITY, PRECISION, AND INCLUSION. - PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION In 1929, a group of anthropologists and psychologists and business writers got together to come up with guidelines that would standardize the way scholars documented sources, assuming that such standards would make articles easier to read and understand. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] That short guide expanded into the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , published in its 7th edition in 2020. Almost all the disciplines in the social sciences now recommend following this style. This chapter provides guidelines for formatting and documenting an essay in APA style, along with an essay written by a college student that demonstrates that style. A DIRECTORY TO APA STYLE In-text documentation 360 1. Author named in a signal phrase 361 2. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Author named in parentheses 361 3. Authors with the same last name 361 4. Two authors 362 5. Three or more authors 362 6. Organization or government as author 362 7. Author unknown 362 8. Two or more works together 363 9. Two or more works by one author in the same year 363 10. Source quoted in another source 363 11. Work without page numbers 363 12. An entire work 364 13. Personal communication 364 Notes 364 Reference list 365 KEY ELEMENTS FOR DOCUMENTING SOURCES 365 AUTHORS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS 368 1. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] One author 368 2. Two authors 368 3. Three or more authors 369 4. Two or more works by the same author 369 5. Author and editor 369 6. Author and translator 370 7. Editor 370 8. Unknown or no author or editor 370 9. Organization or government as author 370 ARTICLES AND OTHER SHORT WORKS 371 Documentation Map: Article in a Journal with a DOI 373 Documentation Map: Webpage 375 10. Article in a journal 371 11. Article in a magazine 371 12. Article in a newspaper 371 13. Article on a news website 372 14. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Journal article from a database 372 15. Editorial 372 16. Review 372 17. Comment on an online periodical article or blog post 374 18. Webpage 374 BOOKS, PARTS OF BOOKS, AND REPORTS 376 Documentation Map: Book 377 19. Basic entry for a book 376 20. Edition other than the first 376 21. Edited collection or anthology 378 22. Work in an edited collection or anthology 378 23. Chapter in an edited book 378 24. Entry in a reference work 379 25. Book in a language other than English 379 26. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] One volume of a multivolume work 379 27. Religious work 379 28. Report by an organization or government agency 380 29. Dissertation 380 30. Paper or poster presented at a conference 381 AUDIO, VISUAL, AND OTHER SOURCES 381 31. Wikipedia entry 381 32. Online forum post 381 33. Blog post 382 34. Online streaming video 382 35. Podcast 382 36. Podcast episode 382 37. Film 383 38. Television series 383 39. Television series episode 383 40. Music album 384 41. Song 384 42. PowerPoint slides 384 43. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Recording of a speech or webinar 384 44. Map 384 45. Social media posts 385 46. Data set 386 47. Supreme Court case 386 SOURCES NOT COVERED BY APA 386 Formatting a research essay 386 Student research essay 389 This chapter provides models and examples that are color-coded to help you see how to include source information in a text: orange for author or editor, yellow for title, blue for publication information-publisher, date of publication, page number(s), DOI or URL, and so on. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] In-text documentation Brief documentation in your text makes clear to your reader precisely what you took from a source. If you are quoting, provide the page number(s) or other text that will help readers find the quotation in the source. You're not required to give the page number(s) with a paraphrase or summary, but you may want to do so if you are citing a long or complex work. PARAPHRASES and SUMMARIES are more common than QUOTATIONS in APA projects. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] As you cite each source, you will need to decide whether to name the author in a signal phrase-as Duffy (2020) wrote-or in parentheses-(Duffy, 2020). Note that APA requires the past tense when there's a date or present perfect tense when there's no date in SIGNAL PHRASES : Moss (2019) argued, Moss has argued. 1. AUTHOR NAMED IN A SIGNAL PHRASE Put the date in parentheses after the author's last name, unless the year is mentioned in the sentence. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Put any page number(s) you're including in parentheses after the quotation, paraphrase, or summary. Parenthetical documentation should come before the period at the end of the sentence and after any quotation marks. McCullough (2020) described John Adams as having the hands of a man accustomed to pruning his own trees, cutting his own hay, and splitting his own firewood (p. 18). In 2020 , McCullough noted that John Adams's hands were those of a laborer (p. 18). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] If the author is named after a quotation, put the page number(s) after the date. John Adams had the hands of a man accustomed to pruning his own trees, according to McCullough (2020, p. 18). 2. AUTHOR NAMED IN PARENTHESES If you do not mention an author in a signal phrase, put the name, the year of publication, and any page numbers in parentheses at the end of the sentence or right after the quotation, paraphrase, or summary. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] John Adams had the hands of a man accustomed to pruning his own trees, cutting his own hay, and splitting his own firewood (McCullough, 2020, p. 18). 3. AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME If your reference list includes more than one first author with the same last name, include initials to distinguish the authors from one another. Eclecticism is common in modern criticism (J. M. Smith, 1992, p. vii). 4. TWO AUTHORS Always mention both authors. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Use and in a signal phrase, but use an ampersand (&) in parentheses. Carlson and Ventura (1990) wanted to introduce Julio Cortzar, Marjorie Agosn, and other Latin American writers to an audience of English-speaking adolescents (p. v). According to the Peter Principle, In a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence (Peter &Hull, 1969, p. 26). 5. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] THREE OR MORE AUTHORS When you refer to a work by three or more contributors, name only the first author followed by et al ., Latin for and others. Peilen et al. (1990) supported their claims about corporate corruption with startling anecdotal evidence (p. 75). 6. ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR If an organization name has a familiar abbreviation, give the full name and the abbreviation in brackets the first time you cite the source. In subsequent references, use only the abbreviation. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] If the organization does not have a familiar abbreviation, always use its full name. FIRST REFERENCE (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020) SUBSEQUENT REFERENCES (APA, 2020) 7. AUTHOR UNKNOWN Use the complete title if it's short; if it's long, use the first few words of the title under which the work appears in the reference list. Italicize the title if it's italicized in the reference list; if it isn't italicized there, enclose the title in quotation marks. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] According to Feeding Habits of Rams (2000), a ram's diet often changes from one season to the next (p. 29). The article noted that one healthy liver donor died because of frightening postoperative care (Every Patient's Nightmare, 2007). 8. TWO OR MORE WORKS TOGETHER If you document multiple works in the same parentheses, place the source information in alphabetical order, separated by semicolons. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Many researchers have argued that what counts as literacy is not necessarily learned at school (Heath, 1983; Moss, 2003). 9. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY ONE AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR If your list of references includes more than one work by the same author published in the same year, order them alphabetically by title, adding lowercase letters ( a , b , and so on) to the year. Kaplan (2000a) described orderly shantytowns in Turkey that did not resemble the other slums he visited. 10. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE When you cite a source that was quoted in another source, add the words as cited in . Thus, Modern Standard Arabic was expected to serve as the moral glue holding the Arab world together (Choueri, 2000 , as cited in Walters, 2019, p. 475). 11. WORK WITHOUT PAGE NUMBERS Instead of page numbers, some works have paragraph numbers, which you should include (preceded by the abbreviation para .) if you are referring to a specific part of such a source. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Russell's dismissals from Trinity College at Cambridge and from City College in New York City have been seen as examples of the controversy that marked his life (Irvine, 2006, para. 2). In sources with neither page nor paragraph numbers, refer readers to a particular part of the source if possible, perhaps indicating a heading: (Brody, 2020, Introduction, para. 2). 12. AN ENTIRE WORK You do not need to give a page number if you are directing readers' attention to an entire work. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Kaplan (2000) considered Turkey and Central Asia explosive. When you're citing an entire website, give the URL in the text. You do not need to include the website in your reference list. To document a webpage, see number 18 on page 374. Beyond providing diagnostic information, the website for the Alzheimer's Association (http://www.alz.org ) includes a variety of resources for the families of patients. 13. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] PERSONAL COMMUNICATION Document emails, telephone conversations, interviews, personal letters, messages from nonarchived online discussion sources, and other personal texts as personal communication , along with the person's initial(s), last name, and the date. You do not need to include such personal communications in your reference list. L. Strauss (personal communication, December 6, 2013) told about visiting Yogi Berra when they both lived in Montclair, New Jersey. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Notes You may need to use footnotes to give an explanation or information that doesn't fit into your text. To signal a content footnote, place a superscript numeral at the appropriate point in your text. Include this information as a footnote, either at the bottom of that page or on a separate page with the heading Footnotes centered and in bold, after your reference list. If you have multiple notes, number them consecutively throughout your text. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Here is an example from In Search of Solutions: A New Direction in Psychotherapy (2003). TEXT WITH SUPERSCRIPT An important part of working with teams and one-way mirrors is taking the consultation break, as at Milan, BFTC, and MRI. 1 FOOTNOTE 1 It is crucial to note here that while working with a team is fun, stimulating, and revitalizing, it is not necessary for successful outcomes. Solution-oriented therapy works equally well solo. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Reference list A reference list provides full bibliographic information for every source cited in your text with the exception of entire websites, common computer software and mobile apps, and personal communications. See page 388 for guidelines on preparing such a list; for a sample reference list, see page 402 . </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Key elements for documenting sources To document a source in APA style, you need to provide information about the author, the date, the title of the work you're citing, and the source itself (who published it; volume, issue, and page numbers; any DOI or URL). The following guidelines explain how to handle each of these elements generally, but there will be exceptions. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] For that reason, you'll want to consult the entries for the specific kinds of sources you're documenting; these entries provide templates showing which details you need to include. Be aware, though, that sometimes the templates will show elements that your source doesn't have; if that's the case, just omit those elements. AUTHORS Most entries begin with the author's last name, followed by the first and any middle initials: Smith, Z. for Zadie Smith; Kinder, D. R. for Donald R. Kinder. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] If the author is a group or organization, use its full name: Black Lives Matter, American Historical Association. If there is no author, put the title of the work first, followed by the date. If the author uses a screen name, first give their real name, followed by the screen name in brackets: Scott, B. [@BostonScott2]. If only the screen name is known, leave off the brackets: AvalonGirl1990. DATES Include the date of publication, in parentheses right after the author. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Some sources require only the year; others require the year, month, and day; and still others require something else. Consult the entry in this chapter for the specific source you're documenting. For a book, use the copyright year, which you'll find on the copyright page. If more than one year is given, use the most recent one. For most magazine or newspaper articles, use the full date that appears on the work, usually the year followed by the month and day. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] For a journal article, use the year of the volume. Give the volume and issue for journals and magazines that include that information. No need to give that information for newspapers. For a work you found on a website, use the date when the work was last updated. If that information is not available, use the date when the work was published. If a work has no date, use n.d. for no date. For online content that is likely to change, include the month, day, and year when you retrieved it. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] No need to do so for materials that are unlikely to change. TITLES Capitalize only the first word and any PROPER NOUNS and adjectives in the title and subtitle of the work you're citing. But sometimes you'll also need to provide the title of a periodical or website where a source was found, and those are done differently: capitalize all the principal words (excluding articles and prepositions). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] For books, reports, webpages, podcasts , and other works that stand on their own, italicize the title- White fragility, Radiolab, The 9/11 report . Do not italicize the titles of the sources where you found them, however: NPR, ProQuest. For journal articles, book chapters, TV series episodes , and other works that are part of a larger work, do not italicize the title: The snowball effect, Not your average Joe. But do italicize the title of the larger work: The Atlantic, Game of thrones . </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] If a work has no title , include a description in square brackets after the date: [Painting of sheep on a hill]. If the title includes another title , italicize it: Frog and Toad and the self. If the title you're documenting is itself in italics, do not italicize the title within it: Stay, illusion! : The Hamlet doctrine . </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] For untitled social media posts or comments, include the first twenty words as the title, in italics and followed by a bracketed description: TIL pigeons can fly up to 700 miles in one day [Tweet]. SOURCE INFORMATION This indicates where the work can be found (in a database or on a website, for example) and includes information about the publisher; any volume, issue, and page numbers; and, for some sources, a DOI or URL. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] For books, films, and other works that stand on their own, the source might be a publisher, a database, or a website. For articles, essays, and works that are part of larger works, the source might be a magazine, an anthology, or a TV series. DOIS OR URLS Include a DOI (digital object identifier, a string of letters and numbers that identifies an online document) for any work that has one, whether you accessed the source in print or online. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] For an online work with no DOI, include a URL unless the work is from an academic database. You can use a short DOI (which you can find at shortdoi.org ) or a short URL (using tinyURL.com or another URL shortener) as long as it leads to the right source. Please note that all the documentation templates include DOIs; if the work you are documenting does not have one, just leave it off. Authors and other contributors Most entries begin with authors-one author, two authors, or twenty-five. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] And some include editors, translators, or others who've contributed. The following nine templates show you how to document the various kinds of authors and other contributors. 1. ONE AUTHOR Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title . Publisher. DOI or URL Lewis, M. (2003). Moneyball: The art of winning an unfair game . W. W. Norton. 2. TWO AUTHORS First Author's Last Name, Initials, &Second Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title . Publisher. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] DOI or URL Montefiore, S., &Montefiore, S. S. (2016). The royal rabbits of London . Aladdin. 3. THREE OR MORE AUTHORS For three to twenty authors, include all names. First Author's Last Name, Initials, Next Author's Last Name, Initials, &Final Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title . Publisher. DOI or URL Greig, A., Taylor, J., &MacKay, T. (2013). Doing research with children: A practical guide . (3rd ed.). Sage. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] For a work by twenty-one or more authors, name the first nineteen, followed by three ellipsis points, and end with the final author. 4. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR List works published in different years chronologically. Lewis, B. (1995). The Middle East: A brief history of the last 2,000 years . Scribner. Lewis, B. (2003). The crisis of Islam: Holy war and unholy terror . Modern Library. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] If the works were published in the same year, list them alphabetically by title, adding a , b , and so on to the year. Kaplan, R. D. (2000a). The coming anarchy: Shattering the dreams of the post Cold War . Random House. Kaplan, R. D. (2000b). Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Caucasus . Random House. 5. AUTHOR AND EDITOR If a book has an author and an editor who is credited on the cover, include the editor in parentheses after the title. Author's Last Name, Initials. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] (Year of publication). Title . (Editor's Initials Last Name, Ed.). Publisher. DOI or URL (Original work published Year) Dick, P. F. (2008). Five novels of the 1960s and 70s . (J. Lethem, Ed.). Library of America. (Original works published 1964-1977) 6. AUTHOR AND TRANSLATOR Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title (Translator's Initials Last Name, Trans.). Publisher. DOI or URL (Original work published Year) Hugo, V. (2008). Les misrables (J. Rose, Trans.). Modern Library. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] (Original work published 1862) 7. EDITOR Editor's Last Name, Initials (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title . Publisher. DOI or URL Jones, D. (Ed.). (2007). Modern love: 50 true and extraordinary tales of desire, deceit, and devotion . Three Rivers Press. 8. UNKNOWN OR NO AUTHOR OR EDITOR Title. (Year of Publication). Publisher. DOI or URL Feeding habits of rams . (2000). Land's Point Press. Clues in salmonella outbreak. (2008, June 21). The New York Times , A13. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] If the author is listed as Anonymous, use that as the author's name. 9. ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR Sometimes an organization or a government agency is both author and publisher. If so, omit the publisher. Organization Name or Government Agency. (Year of publication). Title . DOI or URL Catholic News Service. (2002). Stylebook on religion 2000: A reference guide . National Institute of Mental Health. (2004). Autism spectrum disorders . </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Articles and other short works Articles, essays, reviews, and other short works are found in periodicals and books-in print, online, or in a database. For most short works, provide information about the author, the date, the titles of both the short work and the longer work, plus any volume and issue numbers, page numbers, and DOI or URL if there is one. 10. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal , volume (issue), page(s). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] DOI or URL Gremer, J. R., Sala, A., &Crone, E. E. (2010). Disappearing plants: Why they hide and how they return. Ecology, 91 (11), 3407-3413. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1864.1 11. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE If a magazine is published weekly, include the year, month, and day. Put any volume number and issue number after the title. Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of article . Title of Magazine , volume (issue), page(s). DOI or URL Klump, B. (2019, November 22). Of crows and tools. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Science, 366 (6468), 965. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz7775 12. ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER If page numbers are consecutive, separate them with an en dash. If not, separate them with a comma. Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper , page(s). URL Spencer, A. (2021, February 15). Backlash for film about autism. The New York Times , C1-C2. Schneider, G. (2005, March 13). Fashion sense on wheels. The Washington Post , F1, F6. 13. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] ARTICLE ON A NEWS WEBSITE Italicize the titles of articles on CNN, HuffPost, Salon, Vox , and other news websites. Do not italicize the name of the website. Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of article . Name of Site. URL Travers, C. (2019, December 3). Here's why you keep waking up at the same time every night . HuffPost. https://bit.ly/3drSwAR 14. JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM A DATABASE Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue), pages. </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] DOI Simpson, M. (1972). Authoritarianism and education: A comparative approach. Sociometry, 35 (2), 223-234. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786619 15. EDITORIAL Editorials can appear in journals, magazines, and newspapers. If the editorial is unsigned, put the title in the author position. Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of editorial [Editorial]. Title of Periodical . DOI or URL The Guardian view on local theatres: The shows must go on [Editorial]. (2019, December 6). The Guardian . </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] https://bit.ly/2VZHIUg 16. REVIEW Reviewer's Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of review [Review of the work Title , by Author's Initials Last Name]. Name of Periodical or Blog . DOI or URL Johnson, S. (2017, December 15). Mysteries unfold in a land of minarets and magic carpets [Review of the book The city of brass , by S. A. Chakraborty]. The New York Times . https://nyti.ms/2kvwHFP Documentation Map (APA) Article in a Journal with a DOI Guthrie, C. F. (2013). </s> |
<s>[INST]Write in the style of Andrea Lunsford.[/INST] Smart technology and the moral life. Ethics &Behavior , 23 (4), 324-337. https://doi.org/10.1080 /10508422.2013.787359 17. COMMENT ON AN ONLINE PERIODICAL ARTICLE OR BLOG POST Writer's Last Name, Initials. [username]. (Year, Month Day). Text of comment up to 20 words [Comment on the work Title of work]. Title of Publication . DOI or URL PhyllisSpecial. (2020, May 10). How about we go all the way again? It's about time . . . </s> |
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