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What is (are) I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians ? | Diabetes causes blood glucose levels to be above normal. People with diabetes have problems converting food to energy. After food is eaten, it is broken down into a sugar called glucose. Glucose is then carried by the blood to cells throughout the body. The hormone insulin, made in the pancreas, helps the body change blood glucose into energy. People with diabetes, however, either no longer make enough insulin, or their insulin doesn't work properly, or both. Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes is the most common type in American Indians. This type of diabetes can occur at any age, even during childhood. People develop type 2 diabetes because the cells in the muscles, liver, and fat do not use insulin properly. Eventually, the body cannot make enough insulin. As a result, the amount of glucose in the blood increases while the cells are starved of energy. Over time, high blood glucose damages nerves and blood vessels, leading to problems such as heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, and amputation. Other kinds of diabetes Type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes is rare in American Indians. People develop type 1 diabetes when their bodies no longer make any insulin. Type 1 is usually first diagnosed in children or young adults but can develop at any age. Gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes is first diagnosed during pregnancy. It occurs when the body doesn't use insulin properly. Having an American Indian family background raises the risk of developing gestational diabetes. Although this form of diabetes usually goes away after the baby is born, a woman who has had it is more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life. |
What are the symptoms of I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians ? | Many people have no visible signs or symptoms of diabetes. Symptoms can also be so mild that you might not notice them. More than 5 million people in the United States have type 2 diabetes and do not know it. increased thirst increased hunger fatigue increased urination, especially at night unexplained weight loss blurred vision sores that do not heal |
Who is at risk for I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians? ? | My mother had diabetes when I was born. I am overweight. I have a parent, brother, or sister with diabetes. My family background is American Indian. I have had gestational diabetes, or I gave birth to at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds. My blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher, or I have been told that I have high blood pressure. My cholesterol levels are higher than normal. My HDL cholesterol"good" cholesterolis below 35 mg/dL, or my triglyceride level is above 250 mg/dL. I am fairly inactive. I exercise fewer than three times a week. |
Who is at risk for I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians? ? | Reach and maintain a reasonable body weight. Make wise food choices most of the time. Be physically active every day. Take your prescribed medicines. Doing these things can reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Keeping your blood pressure and cholesterol on target also helps you stay healthy. If you are pregnant, plan to breastfeed your baby. Ask your health care provider for the names of people to call for help learning to breastfeed. Besides being good for your baby, breastfeeding is good for you. Studies done with the help of Pima Indian volunteers have shown that breastfeeding may lower the baby's risk of becoming overweight and getting diabetes. Getting Started. Making changes in your life such as eating less can be hard. You can make the changes easier by taking these steps: Make a plan to change something that you do. Decide exactly what you will do and when you will do it. Plan what you need to get ready. Think about what might prevent you from reaching your goal. Find family and friends who will support and encourage you. Decide how you will reward yourselfwith a nonfood itemor activitywhen you do what you have planned. Your health care provider, a registered dietitian, or a counselor can help you make a plan. Reach and Maintain a Reasonable Body Weight. Your weight affects your health in many ways. Being overweight can keep your body from making and using insulin correctly. The extra weight may also cause high blood pressure. The DPP study showed that losing even a few pounds can help lower your risk of developing type 2 diabetes, because weight loss helps your body use insulin more effectively. Every pound you lose lowers your risk of getting diabetes. In the DPP, people who lost 5 to 7 percent of their body weight lowered their risk of developing type 2 diabetes. They had less than half the risk of developing diabetes as people who didn't make lifestyle changes. A 5 to 7percent weight loss for a 150pound person, for example, would be about 7 to 10 pounds. If you're overweight, choose sensible ways to lose weight. Don't use crash diets. Instead, eat smaller servings of the foods you usually have, and limit the amount of fat you eat. Increase your physical activity. Aim for at least 30 minutes of exercise most days of the week. Do something you enjoy, like biking or walking with a friend. Set a reasonable weightloss goal, such as losing about a pound a week. Aim for a longterm goal of losing the number of pounds that's right for you. Choosing My Weight Loss Goal. Losing 5 to 7 percent of your total weight can help lower your risk of getting type 2 diabetes. You are more likely to lose weight if: you're physically active you cut down on fat and calories Use these steps to choose a goal. Talk with your health care provider and your dietitian about your goal and how to reach it. To find your weight loss goal for losing about 5 to 7 percent of your weight, find the weight closest to yours on the chart below. Follow the row across to see how many pounds you need to lose. Your weight in pounds 5 percent loss in pounds* 7 percent loss in pounds** 150 8 11 175 9 12 200 10 14 225 11 16 250 13 18 275 14 19 300 15 21 325 16 23 350 18 25 *To find your exact weight loss goal in pounds for a 5 percent loss, multiply your weight by .05. **To find your exact weight loss goal in pounds for a 7 percent loss, multiply your weight by .07. Write your weight loss goal here: To lower my risk of getting type 2 diabetes, my goal is to lose about ___________ pounds. Write down what you will do to lose weight. I will: Choose a date to start your plan for losing weight and write it here: Start date: ___________________ Look ahead to when you think you can meet your goal. Allow about a week for each pound or halfpound you'd like to lose. Write the date for meeting your goal here: End date: ___________________ Make Wise Food Choices Most of The Time What you eat has a big impact on your health. By making wise food choices, you can help control your body weight, blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol. Keep track of what you eat and drink. People who keep track are more successful in losing weight. You can use the Daily Food and Drink Tracker to write down what you eat and drink. Take a look at the serving sizes of the foods you eat. Reduce serving sizes of main courses, meat, desserts, and other foods high in fat. Increase the amount of fruits and vegetables at every meal. Below is a chart for choosing sensible serving sizes using your hand as a measuring guide. Because your hand is proportioned to the rest of your body, it can be used to measure a healthy serving size for your body. Remember, the chart is only a guide. Choose your serving sizes and foods wisely. Limit your fat intake to about 25 percent of your total calories. Your health care provider or dietitian can help you figure out how many grams of fat to have every day. You can check food labels for fat content. For example, if your food choices add up to about 2,000 calories a day, try to eat no more than 56 grams of fat. See Ways to Lower The Amount of Fat in Your Meals and Snacks. Cut down on calories by eating smaller servings and by cutting back on fat. People in the DPP lifestyle change group lowered their daily calorie total by an average of about 450 calories. Your health care provider or dietitian can work with you to develop a meal plan that helps you lose weight. Choose healthy commodity foods (items provided by the government to help people consume a nutritious diet), including those lower in fat. When you meet your goal, reward yourself with something special, like a new outfit or a movie. Choose Sensible Serving Sizes Amount of food Types of food Size of one serving (the same size as:) 3 ounces meat, chicken, turkey, or fish the palm of a hand or a deck of cards 1 cup cooked vegetables salads casseroles or stews, such as chili with beans milk an averagesized fist 1/2 cup fruit or fruit juice starchy vegetables, such as potatoes or corn pinto beans and other dried beans rice or noodles cereal half of an averagesized fist 1 ounce snack food one handful 1 Tablespoon salad dressing the tip of a thumb 1 teaspoon margarine a fingertip Ways to Lower The Amount of Fat in Your Meals and Snacks Choose lowerfat foods. Example: Instead of sunflower seeds (20 grams of fat), choose pretzels (1 gram). Savings: 19 grams. Use lowfat versions of foods. Example: Instead of regular margarine (5 grams of fat), use lowfat margarine (2 grams). Savings: 3 grams. Use lowfat seasonings. Example: Instead of putting butter and sour cream on your baked potato (20 grams of fat), have salsa (0 grams). Savings: 20 grams. Cook with less fat. Example: Instead of making fried chicken (31 grams of fat), roast or grill the chicken (9 grams). Savings: 22 grams. Remember that lowfat or fatfree products still contain calories. Be careful about how much you eat. In fact, some lowfat or fatfree products are high in calories. Check the food label Be Physically Active Every Day Keep track of what you do for exercise and how long you do it. Use the Daily Physical Activity Tracker to keep track of your physical activity. Aim for at least 30 minutes of physical activity a day most days of the week. Incorporate physical activity into plans with family and friends. Set a good example for your children. Play softball on weekends. Go on a family hike. Be active every day. For example, walk to the store, clean the house, or work in the garden, rather than watch TV. Getting Started on a Walking Routine Walking is a great way to be physically active. Before you get started, talk with your health care provider about whether it's OK for you to walk for exercise. Then get comfortable shoes that provide good support. You can use the Daily Physical Activity Tracker to start your routine gradually. Try to walk at least 5 times a week. Build up little by little to 30 minutes a day of brisk walking. My Walking Program Week number Warmup time (minutes) Walk slowly Fast walk time (minutes) Walk briskly Cooldown time (minutes) Walk slowly Total (minutes) 1 5 5 5 15 2 5 8 5 18 3 5 11 5 21 4 5 14 5 24 5 5 17 5 27 6 5 20 5 30 7 5 23 5 33 8 5 26 5 36 9+ 5 30 5 40 Take Your Prescribed Medicines Daily Food and Drink Tracker Use the Daily Food and Drink Tracker to keep track of everything you eat and drink. Make a copy of the form for each day. Write down the time, the name of the food or drink, and how much you had. For a free booklet with information on fat grams and calories, call the National Diabetes Education Program at 1888693NDEP (18886936337) and request a copy of the Game Plan Fat and Calorie Counter(PDF, 405.05 KB). Sample Daily Food and Drink TrackerDate: _____________ Time Name Amount Fat Grams Calories 8:00 am oatmeal 1/2 cup 1 80 fatfree milk 1 cup 0 90 Daily Physical Activity Tracker Use the Daily Physical Activity Tracker to keep track of your physical activity. Make a copy of the form for each day. Write down what you do and for how long. Sample Daily Physical Activity TrackerDate: _____________ Type of Activity Minutes Walking 20 Gardening 10 Daily Food and Drink TrackerDate: _____________ Time Name Amount Fat Grams Calories TOTALS Daily Physical Activity TrackerDate: _____________ Type of Activity Minutes TOTAL |
What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your heart and blood vessels healthy ? | Too much glucose in the blood for a long time can cause diabetes problems. This high blood glucose, also called blood sugar, can damage many parts of the body, such as the heart, blood vessels, eyes, and kidneys. Heart and blood vessel disease can lead to heart attacks and strokes, the leading causes of death for people with diabetes. You can do a lot to prevent or slow down diabetes problems. This booklet is about heart and blood vessel problems caused by diabetes. You will learn the things you can do each day and during each year to stay healthy and prevent diabetes problems. |
How to prevent Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your heart and blood vessels healthy ? | You can do a lot to prevent heart disease and stroke. Keep your blood glucose under control. You can see if your blood glucose is under control by having an A1C test at least twice a year. The A1C test tells you your average blood glucose for the past 2 to 3 months. The target for most people with diabetes is below 7. In some people with heart disease or other special circumstances, their doctor may recommend slightly higher levels of A1C. Keep your blood pressure under control. Have it checked at every doctor visit. The target for most people with diabetes is below 140/80, unless their doctor sets a different target. Keep your cholesterol under control. Have it checked at least once a year. The targets for most people with diabetes are LDLbadcholesterol: below 100 HDLgoodcholesterol: above 40 in men and above 50 in women triglyceridesanother type of fat in the blood: below 150 Make sure the foods you eat are "hearthealthy." Include foods high in fiber, such as oat bran, oatmeal, wholegrain breads and cereals, fruits, and vegetables. Cut back on foods high in saturated fat or cholesterol, such as meats, butter, dairy products with fat, eggs, shortening, lard, and foods with palm oil or coconut oil. Limit foods with trans fat, such as snack foods and commercial baked goods. If you smoke, quit. Your doctor can tell you about ways to help you quit smoking. Ask your doctor whether you should take an aspirin every day. Studies have shown that taking a low dose of aspirin every day can help reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke. Take your medicines as directed. |
What are the symptoms of Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your heart and blood vessels healthy ? | You may have one or more of the following warning signs: chest pain or discomfort pain or discomfort in your arms, back, jaw, or neck indigestion or stomach pain shortness of breath sweating nausea lightheadedness Or, you may have no warning signs at all. Warning signs may come and go. If you have any of these warning signs, call 911 right away. Getting prompt treatment can reduce damage to the heart. |
What causes Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your heart and blood vessels healthy ? | Narrowed blood vessels leave a smaller opening for blood to flow through. Having narrowed blood vessels is like turning on a garden hose and holding your thumb over the opening. The smaller opening makes the water shoot out with more pressure. In the same way, narrowed blood vessels lead to high blood pressure. Other factors, such as kidney problems and being overweight, also can lead to high blood pressure. Many people with diabetes also have high blood pressure. If you have heart, eye, or kidney problems from diabetes, high blood pressure can make them worse. You will see your blood pressure written with two numbers separated by a slash. For example, your reading might be 120/70, said as "120 over 70." For most people with diabetes, the target is to keep the first number below 140 and the second number below 80, unless their doctor sets a different target. If you have high blood pressure, ask your doctor how to lower it. Your doctor may ask you to take blood pressure medicine every day. Some types of blood pressure medicine can also help keep your kidneys healthy. You may also be able to control your blood pressure by eating more fruits and vegetables eating less salt and highsodium foods losing weight if you need to being physically active not smoking limiting alcoholic drinks |
What are the symptoms of Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your heart and blood vessels healthy ? | A stroke happens when part of your brain is not getting enough blood and stops working. Depending on the part of the brain that is damaged, a stroke can cause sudden weakness or numbness of your face, arm, or leg on one side of your body sudden confusion, trouble talking, or trouble understanding sudden dizziness, loss of balance, or trouble walking sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes or sudden double vision sudden severe headache Sometimes, one or more of these warning signs may happen and then disappear. You might be having a "ministroke," also called a TIA or a transient ischemic attack. If you have any of these warning signs, call 911 right away. Getting care for a TIA may reduce or prevent a stroke. Getting prompt treatment for a stroke can reduce the damage to the brain and improve chances for recovery. |
How to prevent Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your heart and blood vessels healthy ? | Don't smoke. Keep blood glucose and blood pressure under control. Keep blood fats close to normal. Be physically active. Ask your doctor if you should take aspirin every day. You also may need surgery to treat PAD. |
What are the treatments for Analgesic Nephropathy (Painkillers and the Kidneys) ? | If you have been taking analgesics regularly to control chronic pain, you may be advised to find new ways to treat your pain, such as behavior modification or relaxation techniques. Depending on how much your kidney function has declined, you may be advised to change your diet, limit the fluids you drink, or take medications to avoid anemia and bone problems caused by kidney disease. Your doctor will monitor your kidney function with regular urine and blood tests. |
What is (are) Viral Gastroenteritis ? | Viral gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Several different viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis, which is highly contagious and extremely common. Viral gastroenteritis causes millions of cases of diarrhea each year. Anyone can get viral gastroenteritis and most people recover without any complications, unless they become dehydrated. |
What are the symptoms of Viral Gastroenteritis ? | The main symptoms of viral gastroenteritis are watery diarrhea vomiting Other symptoms include headache fever chills abdominal pain Symptoms usually appear within 12 to 48 hours after exposure to a gastroenteritiscausing virus and last for 1 to 3 days. Some viruses cause symptoms that last longer. |
What are the complications of Viral Gastroenteritis ? | Dehydration is the most common complication of viral gastroenteritis. When someone does not drink enough fluids to replace those that are lost through vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration can result. When dehydrated, the body does not have enough fluids to keep the proper balance of important salts or minerals, known as electrolytes. Infants, young children, older adults, and people with weak immune systems have the greatest risk of becoming dehydrated. The signs of dehydration in adults are excessive thirst infrequent urination darkcolored urine dry skin lethargy, dizziness, or faintness Signs of dehydration in babies and young children are dry mouth and tongue lack of tears when crying no wet diapers for 3 hours or more high fever unusually cranky or drowsy behavior sunken eyes, cheeks, or soft spot in the skull Also, when people are dehydrated, their skin does not flatten back to normal right away after being gently pinched and released. People should talk with a health care provider if they have blood in their stool, which may indicate a bacterial infection symptoms that are severe or last more than a few days symptoms of dehydration Severe dehydration may require intravenous fluids and hospitalization. Untreated severe dehydration can cause serious health problems such as organ damage, shock, or comaa sleeplike state in which a person is not conscious. |
What causes Viral Gastroenteritis ? | Four types of viruses cause most cases of viral gastroenteritis. Rotavirus Rotavirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis among infants and young children. Rotavirus infections are most common in infants 3 to 15 months old. Symptoms usually appear 1 to 3 days after exposure. Rotavirus typically causes vomiting and watery diarrhea for 3 to 7 days, along with fever and abdominal pain. Rotavirus can also infect adults who are in close contact with infected children, but the symptoms in adults are milder. Caliciviruses Caliciviruses cause infection in people of all ages. Norovirus is the most common calicivirus and the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in adults. Norovirus is usually responsible for epidemics of viral gastroenteritis. Norovirus outbreaks occur all year but are more frequent from October to April. People infected with norovirus typically experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fatigue, headache, and muscle aches. The symptoms usually appear 1 to 2 days after exposure to the virus and last for 1 to 3 days. Adenovirus Adenovirus mainly infects children younger than 2 years old. Of the 49 types of adenoviruses, one strain affects the gastrointestinal tract, causing vomiting and diarrhea. Symptoms typically appear 8 to 10 days after exposure and last 5 to 12 days. Adenovirus infections occur yearround. Astrovirus Astrovirus primarily infects infants and young children, but adults may also be infected. This virus causes vomiting and watery diarrhea. Symptoms usually appear 3 to 4 days after exposure and last 2 to 7 days. The symptoms are milder than the symptoms of norovirus or rotavirus infections. Infections occur yearround, but the virus is most active during the winter months. Viral gastroenteritis is often mistakenly called stomach flu, but it is not caused by the influenza virus. Some forms of gastroenteritis are caused by bacteria or parasites rather than viruses. More information about bacterial infections is provided in the NIDDK health topic, Foodborne Illnesses fact sheet from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). |
How to diagnose Viral Gastroenteritis ? | Viral gastroenteritis is usually diagnosed based on symptoms alone. People who have symptoms that are severe or last for more than a few days may want to see a health care provider for additional tests. A health care provider may ask for a stool sample to test for rotavirus or norovirus or to rule out bacteria or parasites as the cause of the gastroenteritis. During an epidemic of viral gastroenteritis, health care providers or public health officials may test stool samples to find out which virus is responsible for the outbreak. |
What are the treatments for Viral Gastroenteritis ? | Most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve over time without specific treatment. Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. The primary goal of treatment is to reduce symptoms and prevent complications. Overthecounter medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (PeptoBismol) can help relieve symptoms in adults. These medicines are not recommended for children. |
What to do for Viral Gastroenteritis ? | The following steps may help relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis in adults: drinking plenty of liquids such as fruit juices, sports drinks, caffeinefree soft drinks, and broths to replace fluids and electrolytes sipping small amounts of clear liquids or sucking on ice chips if vomiting is still a problem gradually reintroducing food, starting with bland, easytodigest foods such as rice, potatoes, toast or bread, cereal, lean meat, applesauce, and bananas avoiding fatty foods, sugary foods, dairy products, caffeine, and alcohol until recovery is complete getting plenty of rest Children present special concerns. Because of their smaller body size, infants and children are likely to become dehydrated more quickly from diarrhea and vomiting. The following steps may help relieve symptoms of viral gastroenteritis and prevent dehydration in children: giving oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte, Naturalyte, Infalyte, and CeraLyte giving food as soon as the child is hungry giving infants breast milk or full strength formula, as usual, along with oral rehydration solutions Older adults and adults with weak immune systems should also drink oral rehydration solutions to prevent dehydration. |
How to prevent Viral Gastroenteritis ? | People can reduce their chances of getting or spreading viral gastroenteritis if they wash their hands thoroughly with soap and warm water for 20 seconds after using the bathroom or changing diapers and before eating or handling food disinfect contaminated surfaces such as countertops and baby changing tables with a mixture of 2 cups of household bleach and 1 gallon of water avoid foods and drinks that might be contaminated The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved two vaccines to protect children from rotavirus infections: rotavirus vaccine, live, oral, pentavalent (RotaTeq); and rotavirus vaccine, live, oral (Rotarix). RotaTeq is given to infants in three doses at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Rotarix is given in two doses. The first dose is given when the infant is 6 weeks old, and the second is given at least 4 weeks later but before the infant is 24 weeks old. Parents of infants should discuss rotavirus vaccination with a health care provider. For more information, parents can visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention rotavirus vaccination webpage at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpdvac/rotavirus. In the past, rotavirus infections were most common from November to April in the United States. However, recently widespread vaccination slowed the transmission of the virus, delaying rotavirus activity until late February. Overall rates of infection have also been lower than in previous years. |
What to do for Viral Gastroenteritis ? | Viral gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Several different viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis, which is highly contagious and extremely common. The main symptoms of viral gastroenteritis are watery diarrhea and vomiting. Dehydration is the most common complication of viral gastroenteritis. When someone does not drink enough fluids to replace those that are lost through vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration can result. Signs of dehydration in adults are excessive thirst, infrequent urination, darkcolored urine, dry skin, and lethargy, dizziness, or faintness. Infants, young children, older adults, and people with weak immune systems have the greatest risk of becoming dehydrated. Viral gastroenteritis is transmitted from person to person. Diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis is usually based on symptoms alone. Most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve over time without specific treatment. Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. The primary goal of treatment is to reduce symptoms. Adults with viral gastroenteritis should drink plenty of liquids such as fruit juices, sports drinks, caffeinefree soft drinks, and broths to replace fluids and electrolytes. Children with viral gastroenteritis should be given oral rehydration solutions to prevent dehydration. People can reduce their chances of getting or spreading viral gastroenteritis if they wash their hands thoroughly with soap and warm water for 20 seconds after using the bathroom or changing diapers and before eating or handling food, disinfect contaminated surfaces, and avoid foods or liquids that might be contaminated. |
What is (are) Ulcerative Colitis ? | Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammationirritation or swellingand sores called ulcers on the inner lining of the large intestine. Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Crohn's disease and microscopic colitis are the other common IBDs. More information is provided in the NIDDK health topics, Crohn's Disease and Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis. Ulcerative colitis most often begins gradually and can become worse over time. Symptoms can be mild to severe. Most people have periods of remissiontimes when symptoms disappearthat can last for weeks or years. The goal of care is to keep people in remission long term. Most people with ulcerative colitis receive care from a gastroenterologist, a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases. |
What is (are) Ulcerative Colitis ? | The large intestine is part of the GI tract, a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anusan opening through which stool leaves the body. The last part of the GI tract, called the lower GI tract, consists of the large intestinewhich includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectumand anus. The intestines are sometimes called the bowel. The large intestine is about 5 feet long in adults and absorbs water and any remaining nutrients from partially digested food passed from the small intestine. The large intestine changes waste from liquid to a solid matter called stool. Stool passes from the colon to the rectum. The rectum is located between the lower, or sigmoid, colon and the anus. The rectum stores stool prior to a bowel movement, when stool moves from the rectum to the anus and out of a person's body. |
What causes Ulcerative Colitis ? | The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown. Researchers believe the following factors may play a role in causing ulcerative colitis: overactive intestinal immune system genes environment Overactive intestinal immune system. Scientists believe one cause of ulcerative colitis may be an abnormal immune reaction in the intestine. Normally, the immune system protects the body from infection by identifying and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful foreign substances. Researchers believe bacteria or viruses can mistakenly trigger the immune system to attack the inner lining of the large intestine. This immune system response causes the inflammation, leading to symptoms. Genes. Ulcerative colitis sometimes runs in families. Research studies have shown that certain abnormal genes may appear in people with ulcerative colitis. However, researchers have not been able to show a clear link between the abnormal genes and ulcerative colitis. Environment. Some studies suggest that certain things in the environment may increase the chance of a person getting ulcerative colitis, although the overall chance is low. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs,1 antibiotics,1 and oral contraceptives2 may slightly increase the chance of developing ulcerative colitis. A highfat diet may also slightly increase the chance of getting ulcerative colitis.3 Some people believe eating certain foods, stress, or emotional distress can cause ulcerative colitis. Emotional distress does not seem to cause ulcerative colitis. A few studies suggest that stress may increase a person's chance of having a flareup of ulcerative colitis. Also, some people may find that certain foods can trigger or worsen symptoms. |
What are the symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis ? | The most common signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis are diarrhea with blood or pus and abdominal discomfort. Other signs and symptoms include an urgent need to have a bowel movement feeling tired nausea or loss of appetite weight loss fever anemiaa condition in which the body has fewer red blood cells than normal Less common symptoms include joint pain or soreness eye irritation certain rashes The symptoms a person experiences can vary depending on the severity of the inflammation and where it occurs in the intestine. When symptoms first appear, most people with ulcerative colitis have mild to moderate symptoms about 10 percent of people can have severe symptoms, such as frequent, bloody bowel movements; fevers; and severe abdominal cramping1 |
How to diagnose Ulcerative Colitis ? | A health care provider diagnoses ulcerative colitis with the following: medical and family history physical exam lab tests endoscopies of the large intestine The health care provider may perform a series of medical tests to rule out other bowel disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, or celiac disease, that may cause symptoms similar to those of ulcerative colitis. Read more about these conditions on the Digestive Disease AZ list. Medical and Family History Taking a medical and family history can help the health care provider diagnose ulcerative colitis and understand a patient's symptoms. The health care provider will also ask the patient about current and past medical conditions and medications. Physical Exam A physical exam may help diagnose ulcerative colitis. During a physical exam, the health care provider most often checks for abdominal distension, or swelling listens to sounds within the abdomen using a stethoscope taps on the abdomen to check for tenderness and pain Lab Tests A health care provider may order lab tests to help diagnose ulcerative colitis, including blood and stool tests. Blood tests. A blood test involves drawing blood at a health care provider's office or a lab. A lab technologist will analyze the blood sample. A health care provider may use blood tests to look for anemia inflammation or infection somewhere in the body markers that show ongoing inflammation low albumin, or proteincommon in patients with severe ulcerative colitis Stool tests. A stool test is the analysis of a sample of stool. A health care provider will give the patient a container for catching and storing the stool at home. The patient returns the sample to the health care provider or to a lab. A lab technologist will analyze the stool sample. Health care providers commonly order stool tests to rule out other causes of GI diseases, such as infection. Endoscopies of the Large Intestine Endoscopies of the large intestine are the most accurate methods for diagnosing ulcerative colitis and ruling out other possible conditions, such as Crohn's disease, diverticular disease, or cancer. Endoscopies of the large intestine include colonoscopy flexible sigmoidoscopy Colonoscopy. Colonoscopy is a test that uses a long, flexible, narrow tube with a light and tiny camera on one end, called a colonoscope or scope, to look inside the rectum and entire colon. In most cases, light anesthesia and pain medication help patients relax for the test. The medical staff will monitor a patient's vital signs and try to make him or her as comfortable as possible. A nurse or technician places an intravenous (IV) needle in a vein in the patient's arm or hand to give anesthesia. For the test, the patient will lie on a table or stretcher while the gastroenterologist inserts a colonoscope into the patient's anus and slowly guides it through the rectum and into the colon. The scope inflates the large intestine with air to give the gastroenterologist a better view. The camera sends a video image of the intestinal lining to a monitor, allowing the gastroenterologist to carefully examine the tissues lining the colon and rectum. The gastroenterologist may move the patient several times and adjust the scope for better viewing. Once the scope has reached the opening to the small intestine, the gastroenterologist slowly withdraws it and examines the lining of the colon and rectum again. A colonoscopy can show irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, and abnormal growths such as polypsextra pieces of tissue that grow on the inner lining of the intestine. If the gastroenterologist suspects ulcerative colitis, he or she will biopsy the patient's colon and rectum. A biopsy is a procedure that involves taking small pieces of tissue for examination with a microscope. A health care provider will give patients written bowel prep instructions to follow at home before the test. The health care provider will also give patients information about how to care for themselves following the procedure. Flexible sigmoidoscopy. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a test that uses a flexible, narrow tube with a light and tiny camera on one end, called a sigmoidoscope or scope, to look inside the rectum, the sigmoid colon, and sometimes the descending colon. In most cases, a patient does not need anesthesia. For the test, the patient will lie on a table or stretcher while the health care provider inserts the sigmoidoscope into the patient's anus and slowly guides it through the rectum, the sigmoid colon, and sometimes the descending colon. The scope inflates the large intestine with air to give the health care provider a better view. The camera sends a video image of the intestinal lining to a monitor, allowing the health care provider to examine the tissues lining the sigmoid colon and rectum. The health care provider may ask the patient to move several times and adjust the scope for better viewing. Once the scope reaches the end of the sigmoid colon, the health care provider slowly withdraws it while examining the lining of the colon and rectum again. The health care provider will look for signs of bowel diseases and conditions such as irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, and polyps. If the health care provider suspects ulcerative colitis, he or she will biopsy the patient's colon and rectum. A health care provider will give patients written bowel prep instructions to follow at home before the test. The health care provider will also give patients information about how to care for themselves following the procedure. |
What are the treatments for Ulcerative Colitis ? | A health care provider treats ulcerative colitis with medications surgery Which treatment a person needs depends on the severity of the disease and the symptoms. Each person experiences ulcerative colitis differently, so health care providers adjust treatments to improve the person's symptoms and induce, or bring about, remission. Medications While no medication cures ulcerative colitis, many can reduce symptoms. The goals of medication therapy are inducing and maintaining remission improving the person's quality of life Many people with ulcerative colitis require medication therapy indefinitely, unless they have their colon and rectum surgically removed. Health care providers will prescribe the medications that best treat a person's symptoms: aminosalicylates corticosteroids immunomodulators biologics, also called antiTNF therapies other medications Depending on the location of the symptoms in the colon, health care providers may recommend a person take medications by enema, which involves flushing liquid medication into the rectum using a special wash bottle. The medication directly treats inflammation of the large intestine. rectal foama foamy substance the person puts into the rectum like an enema. The medication directly treats inflammation of the large intestine. suppositorya solid medication the person inserts into the rectum to dissolve. The intestinal lining absorbs the medication. mouth. IV. Aminosalicylates are medications that contain 5aminosalicyclic acid (5ASA), which helps control inflammation. Health care providers typically use aminosalicylates to treat people with mild or moderate symptoms or help people stay in remission. Aminosalicylates can be prescribed as an oral medication or a topical medicationby enema or suppository. Combination therapyoral and rectalis most effective, even in people with extensive ulcerative colitis.5 Aminosalicylates are generally well tolerated. Aminosalicylates include balsalazide mesalamine olsalazine sulfasalazinea combination of sulfapyridine and 5ASA Some of the common side effects of aminosalicylates include abdominal pain diarrhea headaches nausea Health care providers may order routine blood tests for kidney function, as aminosalicylates can cause a rare allergic reaction in the kidneys. Corticosteroids, also known as steroids, help reduce the activity of the immune system and decrease inflammation. Health care providers prescribe corticosteroids for people with more severe symptoms and people who do not respond to aminosalicylates. Health care providers do not typically prescribe corticosteroids for longterm use. Corticosteroids are effective in bringing on remission; however, studies have not shown that the medications help maintain longterm remission. Corticosteroids include budesonide hydrocortisone methylprednisone prednisone Side effects of corticosteroids include acne a higher chance of developing infections bone mass loss death of bone tissue high blood glucose high blood pressure mood swings weight gain People who take budesonide may have fewer side effects than with other steroids. Immunomodulators reduce immune system activity, resulting in less inflammation in the colon. These medications can take several weeks to 3 months to start working. Immunomodulators include azathioprine 6mercaptopurine, or 6MP Health care providers prescribe these medications for people who do not respond to 5ASAs. People taking these medications may have the following side effects: abnormal liver tests feeling tired infection low white blood cell count, which can lead to a higher chance of infection nausea and vomiting pancreatitis slightly increased chance of lymphoma slightly increased chance of nonmelanoma skin cancers Health care providers routinely test blood counts and liver function of people taking immunomodulators. People taking these medications should also have yearly skin cancer exams. People should talk with their health care provider about the risks and benefits of immunomodulators. Biologicsincluding adalimumab, golimumab, infliximab, and vedolizumabare medications that target a protein made by the immune system called tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These medications decrease inflammation in the large intestine by neutralizing TNF. AntiTNF therapies work quickly to bring on remission, especially in people who do not respond to other medications. Infliximab and vedolizumab are given through an IV; adalimumab and golimumab are given by injection. Health care providers will screen patients for tuberculosis and hepatitis B before starting treatment with antiTNF medications. Side effects of antiTNF medications may include a higher chance of developing infectionsespecially tuberculosis or fungal infection skin cancermelanoma psoriasis Other medications to treat symptoms or complications may include acetaminophen for mild pain. People with ulcerative colitis should avoid using ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin since these medications can make symptoms worse. antibiotics to prevent or treat infections. loperamide to help slow or stop diarrhea. In most cases, people only take this medication for short periods of time since it can increase the chance of developing megacolon. People should check with a health care provider before taking loperamide, because those with significantly active ulcerative colitis should not take this medication.6 cyclosporinehealth care providers prescribe this medication only for people with severe ulcerative colitis because of the side effects. People should talk with their health care provider about the risks and benefits of cyclosporine. Surgery Some people will need surgery to treat their ulcerative colitis when they have colon cancer dysplasia, or precancerous cells in the colon complications that are life threatening, such as megacolon or bleeding no improvement in symptoms or condition despite treatment continued dependency on steroids side effects from medications that threaten their health Removal of the entire colon, including the rectum, "cures" ulcerative colitis. A surgeon performs the procedure at a hospital. A surgeon can perform two different types of surgery to remove a patient's colon and treat ulcerative colitis: proctocolectomy and ileostomy proctocolectomy and ileoanal reservoir Full recovery from both operations may take 4 to 6 weeks. Proctocolectomy and ileostomy. A proctocolectomy is surgery to remove a patient's entire colon and rectum. An ileostomy is a stoma, or opening in the abdomen, that a surgeon creates from a part of the ileumthe last section of the small intestine. The surgeon brings the end of the ileum through an opening in the patient's abdomen and attaches it to the skin, creating an opening outside of the patient's body. The stoma most often is located in the lower part of the patient's abdomen, just below the beltline. A removable external collection pouch, called an ostomy pouch or ostomy appliance, connects to the stoma and collects intestinal contents outside the patient's body. Intestinal contents pass through the stoma instead of passing through the anus. The stoma has no muscle, so it cannot control the flow of intestinal contents, and the flow occurs whenever peristalsis occurs. Peristalsis is the movement of the organ walls that propels food and liquid through the GI tract. People who have this type of surgery will have the ileostomy for the rest of their lives. Proctocolectomy and ileoanal reservoir. An ileoanal reservior is an internal pouch made from the patient's ileum. This surgery is a common alternative to an ileostomy and does not have a permanent stoma. Ileoanal reservoir is also known as a Jpouch, a pelvic pouch, or an ileoanal pouch anastamosis. The ileoanal reservior connects the ileum to the anus. The surgeon preserves the outer muscles of the patient's rectum during the proctocolectomy. Next, the surgeon creates the ileal pouch and attaches it to the end of the rectum. Waste is stored in the pouch and passes through the anus. After surgery, bowel movements may be more frequent and watery than before the procedure. People may have fecal incontinencethe accidental passing of solid or liquid stool or mucus from the rectum. Medications can be used to control pouch function. Women may be infertile following the surgery. Many people develop pouchitis in the ileoanal reservoir. Pouchitis is an irritation or inflammation of the lining of the ileoanal reservoir. A health care provider treats pouchitis with antibiotics. Rarely, pouchitis can become chronic and require longterm antibiotics or other medications. The surgeon will recommend one of the operations based on a person's symptoms, severity of disease, expectations, age, and lifestyle. Before making a decision, the person should get as much information as possible by talking with health care providers enterostomal therapists, nurses who work with colonsurgery patients people who have had one of the surgeries Patientadvocacy organizations can provide information about support groups and other resources. More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, ostomy surgery. |
What to do for Ulcerative Colitis ? | Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing ulcerative colitis symptoms. Good nutrition is important in the management of ulcerative colitis, however. Dietary changes can help reduce symptoms. A health care provider may recommend dietary changes such as avoiding carbonated drinks avoiding popcorn, vegetable skins, nuts, and other highfiber foods while a person has symptoms drinking more liquids eating smaller meals more often keeping a food diary to help identify troublesome foods Health care providers may recommend nutritional supplements and vitamins for people who do not absorb enough nutrients. To help ensure coordinated and safe care, people should discuss their use of complementary and alternative medical practices, including their use of dietary supplements and probiotics, with their health care provider. Read more at www.nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics. Depending on a person's symptoms or medications, a health care provider may recommend a specific diet, such as a highcalorie diet lactosefree diet lowfat diet lowfiber diet lowsalt diet People should speak with a health care provider about specific dietary recommendations and changes. |
What are the complications of Ulcerative Colitis ? | Complications of ulcerative colitis can include rectal bleedingwhen ulcers in the intestinal lining open and bleed. Rectal bleeding can cause anemia, which health care providers can treat with diet changes and iron supplements. People who have a large amount of bleeding in the intestine over a short period of time may require surgery to stop the bleeding. Severe bleeding is a rare complication of ulcerative colitis. dehydration and malabsorbtion, which occur when the large intestine is unable to absorb fluids and nutrients because of diarrhea and inflammation. Some people may need IV fluids to replace lost nutrients and fluids. changes in bones. Some corticosteroid medications taken to treat ulcerative colitis symptoms can cause osteoporosisthe loss of bone osteopenialow bone density Health care providers will monitor people for bone loss and can recommend calcium and vitamin D supplements and medications to help prevent or slow bone loss. inflammation in other areas of the body. The immune system can trigger inflammation in the joints eyes skin liver Health care providers can treat inflammation by adjusting medications or prescribing new medications. megacolona serious complication that occurs when inflammation spreads to the deep tissue layers of the large intestine. The large intestine swells and stops working. Megacolon can be a lifethreatening complication and most often requires surgery. Megacolon is a rare complication of ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative Colitis and Colon Cancer People with ulcerative colitis may be more likely to develop colon cancer when ulcerative colitis affects the entire colon a person has ulcerative colitis for at least 8 years inflammation is ongoing people also have primary sclerosing cholangitis, a condition that affects the liver a person is male People who receive ongoing treatment and remain in remission may reduce their chances of developing colon cancer. People with ulcerative colitis should talk with their health care provider about how often they should get screened for colon cancer. Screening can include colonoscopy with biopsies or a special dye spray called chromoendoscopy. Health care providers may recommend colonoscopy every 1 to 3 years for people with ulcerative colitis who have the disease in onethird or more or of their colon had ulcerative colitis for 8 years Such screening does not reduce a person's chances of developing colon cancer. Instead, screening can help diagnose cancer early and improve chances for recovery. Surgery to remove the entire colon eliminates the risk of colon cancer. |
What to do for Ulcerative Colitis ? | Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammationirritation or swellingand sores called ulcers on the inner lining of the large intestine. The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown. Researchers believe that factors such as an overactive intestinal immune system, genes, and environment may play a role in causing ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative colitis can occur in people of any age. However, it is more likely to develop in people between the ages of 15 and 30 older than 60 who have a family member with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of Jewish descent The most common signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis are diarrhea with blood or pus and abdominal discomfort. A health care provider diagnoses ulcerative colitis with the following: medical and family history physical exam lab tests endoscopies of the large intestine Which treatment a person needs depends on the severity of the disease and symptoms. Good nutrition is important in the management of ulcerative colitis. A health care provider may recommend that a person make dietary changes. People with ulcerative colitis should talk with their health care provider about how often they should get screened for colon cancer. |
What is (are) Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | Amyloidosis is a rare disease that occurs when amyloid proteins are deposited in tissues and organs. Amyloid proteins are abnormal proteins that the body cannot break down and recycle, as it does with normal proteins. When amyloid proteins clump together, they form amyloid deposits. The buildup of these deposits damages a persons organs and tissues. Amyloidosis can affect different organs and tissues in different people and can affect more than one organ at the same time. Amyloidosis most frequently affects the kidneys, heart, nervous system, liver, and digestive tract. The symptoms and severity of amyloidosis depend on the organs and tissues affected. |
What is (are) Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | The kidneys are two beanshaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid. The urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder through tubes called ureters. The bladder stores urine. When the bladder empties, urine flows out of the body through a tube called the urethra, located at the bottom of the bladder. In men, the urethra is long, while in women it is short. |
What is (are) Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | Primary amyloidosis and dialysisrelated amyloidosis are the types of amyloidosis that can affect the kidneys. Primary Amyloidosis of the Kidneys The kidneys are the organs most commonly affected by primary amyloidosis. Amyloid deposits damage the kidneys and make it harder for them to filter wastes and break down proteins. When the kidneys become too damaged, they may no longer be able to function well enough to maintain health, resulting in kidney failure. Kidney failure can lead to problems such as high blood pressure, bone disease, and anemiaa condition in which the body has fewer red blood cells than normal. Dialysisrelated Amyloidosis People who suffer from kidney failure and have been on longterm dialysis may develop dialysisrelated amyloidosis. This type of amyloidosis occurs when a certain protein, called beta2 microglobulin, builds up in the blood because dialysis does not remove it completely. The two types of dialysis are hemodialysis. Hemodialysis uses a special filter called a dialyzer to remove wastes and extra fluid from the blood. peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of the abdominal cavitythe space in the body that holds organs such as the stomach, intestines, and liverto filter the blood. Dialysisrelated amyloidosis is a complication of kidney failure because neither hemodialysis nor peritoneal dialysis effectively filters beta2 microglobulin from the blood. As a result, elevated amounts of beta2 microglobulin remain in the blood. Dialysisrelated amyloidosis is relatively common in people with kidney failure, especially adults older than 60 years of age, who have been on dialysis for more than 5 years.1 More information is provided in the NIDDK health topics: Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Hemodialysis Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis |
What are the symptoms of Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | The most common sign of primary amyloidosis of the kidneys is nephrotic syndromea collection of signs that indicate kidney damage. The signs of nephrotic syndrome include albuminuriaan increased amount of albumin, a protein, in the urine. A person with nephrotic syndrome excretes more than half a teaspoon of albumin per day. hyperlipidemiaa condition in which a persons blood has morethannormal amounts of fats and cholesterol. edemaswelling, typically in a persons legs, feet, or ankles and less often in the hands or face. hypoalbuminemiaa condition in which a persons blood has lessthannormal amounts of albumin. More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults. Other signs and symptoms of primary amyloidosis may include fatigue, or feeling tired shortness of breath low blood pressure numbness, tingling, or a burning sensation in the hands or feet weight loss |
What are the symptoms of Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | The symptoms of dialysisrelated amyloidosis may include pain, stiffness, and fluid in the joints. abnormal, fluidcontaining sacs, called cysts, in some bones. carpal tunnel syndrome, caused by unusual buildup of amyloid proteins in the wrists. The symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include numbness or tingling, sometimes associated with muscle weakness, in the fingers and hands. Dialysisrelated amyloidosis most often affects bones, joints, and the tissues that connect muscle to bone, called tendons. The disease may also affect the digestive tract and organs such as the heart and lungs. Bone cysts caused by dialysisrelated amyloidosis can lead to bone fractures. Dialysisrelated amyloidosis can also cause tears in tendons and ligaments. Ligaments are tissues that connect bones to other bones. |
How to diagnose Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | A health care provider diagnoses primary amyloidosis of the kidneys with a medical and family history a physical exam urinalysis blood tests a kidney biopsy Medical and Family History Taking a medical and family history may help a health care provider diagnose amyloidosis of the kidneys. He or she will ask the patient to provide a medical and family history. Physical Exam A physical exam may help diagnose primary amyloidosis of the kidneys. During a physical exam, a health care provider usually examines a patients body to check for swelling uses a stethoscope to listen to the lungs taps on specific areas of the patients body Urinalysis A health care provider may use urinalysisthe testing of a urine sampleto check for albumin and amyloid proteins in urine. The patient provides a urine sample in a special container at a health care providers office or a commercial facility. A nurse or technician can test the sample in the same location or send it to a lab for analysis. Morethannormal amounts of albumin in urine may indicate kidney damage due to primary amyloidosis. Amyloid proteins in urine may indicate amyloidosis. Blood Tests The health care provider may use blood tests to see how well the kidneys are working and to check for amyloid proteins and hyperlipidemia. A blood test involves drawing a patients blood at a health care providers office or a commercial facility and sending the sample to a lab for analysis. Blood tests for kidney function measure the waste products in the blood that healthy kidneys normally filter out. Hyperlipidemia may indicate nephrotic syndrome. Amyloid proteins in blood may indicate amyloidosis. Kidney Biopsy Only a biopsy can show the amyloid protein deposits in the kidneys. A health care provider may recommend a kidney biopsy if other tests show kidney damage. A kidney biopsy is a procedure that involves taking a piece of kidney tissue for examination with a microscope. A health care provider performs a kidney biopsy in a hospital with light sedation and local anesthetic. The health care provider uses imaging techniques such as ultrasound or a computerized tomography (CT) scan to guide the biopsy needle into the kidney and take the tissue sample. A pathologista doctor who specializes in diagnosing diseasesexamines the tissue in a lab for amyloid proteins and kidney damage. The biopsy results can help the health care provider determine the best course of treatment. More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, Kidney Biopsy. |
How to diagnose Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | A health care provider diagnoses dialysisrelated amyloidosis with urinalysis blood tests imaging tests A health care provider can use urinalysis and blood tests to detect the amount of amyloid proteins in urine and blood. Imaging tests, such as xrays and CT scans, can provide pictures of bone cysts and amyloid deposits in bones, joints, tendons, and ligaments. An xray technician performs imaging tests in a health care providers office, an outpatient center, or a hospital. A radiologista doctor who specializes in medical imaginginterprets the images. A patient does not require anesthesia. |
What are the treatments for Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | A health care provider treats primary amyloidosis of the kidneys with the following: medication therapy, including chemotherapy a stem cell transplant treating other conditions Medication therapy. The goal of medication therapy, including chemotherapy, is to reduce amyloid protein levels in the blood. Many health care providers recommend combination medication therapy such as melphalan (Alkeran), a type of chemotherapy dexamethasone (Decadron), an antiinflammatory steroid medication These medications can stop the growth of the cells that make amyloid proteins. These medications may cause hair loss and serious side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Stem cell transplant. A stem cell transplant is a procedure that replaces a patients damaged stem cells with healthy ones. Stem cells are found in the bone marrow and develop into three types of blood cells the body needs. To prepare for a stem cell transplant, the patient receives high doses of chemotherapy. The actual transplant is like a blood transfusion. The transplanted stem cells travel to the bone marrow to make healthy new blood cells. The chemotherapy a patient receives to prepare for the transplant can have serious side effects, so it is important to talk with the health care provider about the risks of this procedure. Read more in What Is a Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant? at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/healthtopics/topics/bmsct. Treating other conditions. Primary amyloidosis has no cure, so treating some of the side effects and other conditions seen with the disease is essential. Other conditions may include anemiatreatment may include medications depressiontreatment may include talking with a mental health counselor and taking medications fatiguetreatment may include changes in diet and activity level kidney diseasetreatment may include medications to help maintain kidney function or slow the progression of kidney disease A patient and his or her family should talk with the health care provider about resources for support and treatment options. More information about kidney disease is provided in the NIDDK health topic, niddkkidney disease. |
What are the treatments for Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | A health care provider treats dialysisrelated amyloidosis with medication therapy newer, more effective hemodialysis filters surgery a kidney transplant The goal of medication therapy and the use of newer, more effective hemodialysis filters is to reduce amyloid protein levels in the blood. Medication therapy can help reduce symptoms such as pain and inflammation. A health care provider may treat a person with dialysisrelated amyloidosis who has bone, joint, and tendon problems, such as bone cysts and carpal tunnel syndrome, using surgery. Dialysisrelated amyloidosis has no cure; however, a successful kidney transplant may stop the disease from progressing. More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Transplantation. |
What to do for Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing primary amyloidosis of the kidneys or dialysisrelated amyloidosis. People with nephrotic syndrome may make dietary changes such as limiting dietary sodium, often from salt, to help reduce edema and lower blood pressure decreasing liquid intake to help reduce edema and lower blood pressure eating a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol to help control morethannormal amounts of fats and cholesterol in the blood Health care providers may recommend that people with kidney disease eat moderate or reduced amounts of protein. Proteins break down into waste products that the kidneys filter from the blood. Eating more protein than the body needs may burden the kidneys and cause kidney function to decline faster. However, protein intake that is too low may lead to malnutrition, a condition that occurs when the body does not get enough nutrients. People with kidney disease on a restricted protein diet should receive blood tests that can show low nutrient levels. People with primary amyloidosis of the kidneys or dialysisrelated amyloidosis should talk with a health care provider about dietary restrictions to best manage their individual needs. |
What to do for Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | Amyloidosis is a rare disease that occurs when amyloid proteins are deposited in tissues and organs. Primary amyloidosis and dialysisrelated amyloidosis are the types of amyloidosis that can affect the kidneys. The most common sign of primary amyloidosis of the kidneys is nephrotic syndrome. The signs of nephrotic syndrome include albuminuriaan elevated amount of albumin in the urine. A person with nephrotic syndrome excretes more than half a teaspoon of albumin per day. hyperlipidemiaa condition in which a persons blood has morethannormal amounts of fats and cholesterol. edemaswelling, typically in a persons legs, feet, or ankles and less often in the hands or face. hypoalbuminemiaa condition in which a persons blood has lessthannormal amounts of albumin. Other signs and symptoms of primary amyloidosis may include fatigue, or feeling tired shortness of breath low blood pressure numbness, tingling, or a burning sensation in the hands or feet weight loss The symptoms of dialysisrelated amyloidosis may include pain, stiffness, and fluid in the joints. abnormal, fluidcontaining sacs, called cysts, in some bones. carpal tunnel syndrome, caused by unusual buildup of amyloid proteins in the wrists. The symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include numbness or tingling, sometimes associated with muscle weakness, in the fingers and hands. A health care provider diagnoses primary amyloidosis of the kidneys with a medical and family history a physical exam urinalysis blood tests a kidney biopsy A health care provider diagnoses dialysisrelated amyloidosis with urinalysis blood tests imaging tests A health care provider treats primary amyloidosis of the kidneys with the following: medication therapy, including chemotherapy a stem cell transplant treating other conditions A health care provider treats dialysisrelated amyloidosis with medication therapy newer, more effective hemodialysis filters surgery a kidney transplant |
What is (are) Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? | You and your doctor will work together to choose a treatment that's best for you. The publications of the NIDDK Kidney Failure Series can help you learn about the specific issues you will face. Booklets What I need to know about Kidney Failure and How its Treated Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Hemodialysis Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Kidney Transplantation Kidney Failure: Eat Right to Feel Right on Hemodialysis Fact Sheets Kidney Failure: What to Expect Vascular Access for Hemodialysis Hemodialysis Dose and Adequacy Peritoneal Dialysis Dose and Adequacy Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic Kidney DiseaseMineral and Bone Disorder Financial Help for Treatment of Kidney Failure Learning as much as you can about your treatment will help make you an important member of your health care team. This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. The NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings through its clearinghouses and education programs to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by the NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts. The NIDDK would like to thank: Glenn Chertow, M.D., University of California at San Francisco; William J. Stone, M.D., Vanderbilt University; Morie A. Gertz, M.D., Mayo Clinic This information is not copyrighted. The NIDDK encourages people to share this content freely. September 2014 |
What is (are) Hypoglycemia ? | Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels. Glucose, an important source of energy for the body, comes from food. Carbohydrates are the main dietary source of glucose. Rice, potatoes, bread, tortillas, cereal, milk, fruit, and sweets are all carbohydraterich foods. After a meal, glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to the body's cells. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps the cells use glucose for energy. If a person takes in more glucose than the body needs at the time, the body stores the extra glucose in the liver and muscles in a form called glycogen. The body can use glycogen for energy between meals. Extra glucose can also be changed to fat and stored in fat cells. Fat can also be used for energy. When blood glucose begins to fall, glucagonanother hormone made by the pancreassignals the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream. Blood glucose will then rise toward a normal level. In some people with diabetes, this glucagon response to hypoglycemia is impaired and other hormones such as epinephrine, also called adrenaline, may raise the blood glucose level. But with diabetes treated with insulin or pills that increase insulin production, glucose levels can't easily return to the normal range. Hypoglycemia can happen suddenly. It is usually mild and can be treated quickly and easily by eating or drinking a small amount of glucoserich food. If left untreated, hypoglycemia can get worse and cause confusion, clumsiness, or fainting. Severe hypoglycemia can lead to seizures, coma, and even death. In adults and children older than 10 years, hypoglycemia is uncommon except as a side effect of diabetes treatment. Hypoglycemia can also result, however, from other medications or diseases, hormone or enzyme deficiencies, or tumors. |
What is (are) Hypoglycemia ? | Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels. Glucose, an important source of energy for the body, comes from food. Carbohydrates are the main dietary source of glucose. Rice, potatoes, bread, tortillas, cereal, milk, fruit, and sweets are all carbohydraterich foods. After a meal, glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to the body's cells. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps the cells use glucose for energy. If a person takes in more glucose than the body needs at the time, the body stores the extra glucose in the liver and muscles in a form called glycogen. The body can use glycogen for energy between meals. Extra glucose can also be changed to fat and stored in fat cells. Fat can also be used for energy. When blood glucose begins to fall, glucagonanother hormone made by the pancreassignals the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream. Blood glucose will then rise toward a normal level. In some people with diabetes, this glucagon response to hypoglycemia is impaired and other hormones such as epinephrine, also called adrenaline, may raise the blood glucose level. But with diabetes treated with insulin or pills that increase insulin production, glucose levels can't easily return to the normal range. Hypoglycemia can happen suddenly. It is usually mild and can be treated quickly and easily by eating or drinking a small amount of glucoserich food. If left untreated, hypoglycemia can get worse and cause confusion, clumsiness, or fainting. Severe hypoglycemia can lead to seizures, coma, and even death. In adults and children older than 10 years, hypoglycemia is uncommon except as a side effect of diabetes treatment. Hypoglycemia can also result, however, from other medications or diseases, hormone or enzyme deficiencies, or tumors. |
What are the symptoms of Hypoglycemia ? | Hypoglycemia causes symptoms such as hunger shakiness nervousness sweating dizziness or lightheadedness sleepiness confusion difficulty speaking anxiety weakness Hypoglycemia can also happen during sleep. Some signs of hypoglycemia during sleep include crying out or having nightmares finding pajamas or sheets damp from perspiration feeling tired, irritable, or confused after waking up |
What are the symptoms of Hypoglycemia ? | Hypoglycemia causes symptoms such as hunger shakiness nervousness sweating dizziness or lightheadedness sleepiness confusion difficulty speaking anxiety weakness Hypoglycemia can also happen during sleep. Some signs of hypoglycemia during sleep include crying out or having nightmares finding pajamas or sheets damp from perspiration feeling tired, irritable, or confused after waking up |
What causes Hypoglycemia ? | Diabetes Medications Hypoglycemia can occur as a side effect of some diabetes medications, including insulin and oral diabetes medicationspillsthat increase insulin production, such as chlorpropamide (Diabinese) glimepiride (Amaryl) glipizide (Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL) glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase, Micronase) nateglinide (Starlix) repaglinide (Prandin) sitagliptin (Januvia) tolazamide tolbutamide Certain combination pills can also cause hypoglycemia, including glipizide + metformin (Metaglip) glyburide + metformin (Glucovance) pioglitazone + glimepiride (Duetact) rosiglitazone + glimepiride (Avandaryl) sitagliptin + metformin (Janumet) Other types of diabetes pills, when taken alone, do not cause hypoglycemia. Examples of these medications are acarbose (Precose) metformin (Glucophage) miglitol (Glyset) pioglitazone (Actos) rosiglitazone (Avandia) However, taking these pills along with other diabetes medicationsinsulin, pills that increase insulin production, or bothincreases the risk of hypoglycemia. In addition, use of the following injectable medications can cause hypoglycemia: Pramlintide (Symlin), which is used along with insulin Exenatide (Byetta), which can cause hypoglycemia when used in combination with chlorpropamide, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, tolazamide, and tolbutamide More information about diabetes medications is provided in the NIDDK health topic, What I need to know about Diabetes Medicines, or by calling 18008608747. Other Causes of Hypoglycemia In people on insulin or pills that increase insulin production, low blood glucose can be due to meals or snacks that are too small, delayed, or skipped increased physical activity alcoholic beverages |
What causes Hypoglycemia ? | Diabetes Medications Hypoglycemia can occur as a side effect of some diabetes medications, including insulin and oral diabetes medicationspillsthat increase insulin production, such as chlorpropamide (Diabinese) glimepiride (Amaryl) glipizide (Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL) glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase, Micronase) nateglinide (Starlix) repaglinide (Prandin) sitagliptin (Januvia) tolazamide tolbutamide Certain combination pills can also cause hypoglycemia, including glipizide + metformin (Metaglip) glyburide + metformin (Glucovance) pioglitazone + glimepiride (Duetact) rosiglitazone + glimepiride (Avandaryl) sitagliptin + metformin (Janumet) Other types of diabetes pills, when taken alone, do not cause hypoglycemia. Examples of these medications are acarbose (Precose) metformin (Glucophage) miglitol (Glyset) pioglitazone (Actos) rosiglitazone (Avandia) However, taking these pills along with other diabetes medicationsinsulin, pills that increase insulin production, or bothincreases the risk of hypoglycemia. In addition, use of the following injectable medications can cause hypoglycemia: Pramlintide (Symlin), which is used along with insulin Exenatide (Byetta), which can cause hypoglycemia when used in combination with chlorpropamide, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, tolazamide, and tolbutamide More information about diabetes medications is provided in the NIDDK health topic, What I need to know about Diabetes Medicines, or by calling 18008608747. Other Causes of Hypoglycemia In people on insulin or pills that increase insulin production, low blood glucose can be due to meals or snacks that are too small, delayed, or skipped increased physical activity alcoholic beverages |
How to prevent Hypoglycemia ? | Diabetes treatment plans are designed to match the dose and timing of medication to a person's usual schedule of meals and activities. Mismatches could result in hypoglycemia. For example, taking a dose of insulinor other medication that increases insulin levelsbut then skipping a meal could result in hypoglycemia. To help prevent hypoglycemia, people with diabetes should always consider the following: Their diabetes medications. A health care provider can explain which diabetes medications can cause hypoglycemia and explain how and when to take medications. For good diabetes management, people with diabetes should take diabetes medications in the recommended doses at the recommended times. In some cases, health care providers may suggest that patients learn how to adjust medications to match changes in their schedule or routine. Their meal plan. A registered dietitian can help design a meal plan that fits one's personal preferences and lifestyle. Following one's meal plan is important for managing diabetes. People with diabetes should eat regular meals, have enough food at each meal, and try not to skip meals or snacks. Snacks are particularly important for some people before going to sleep or exercising. Some snacks may be more effective than others in preventing hypoglycemia overnight. The dietitian can make recommendations for snacks. Their daily activity. To help prevent hypoglycemia caused by physical activity, health care providers may advise checking blood glucose before sports, exercise, or other physical activity and having a snack if the level is below 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) adjusting medication before physical activity checking blood glucose at regular intervals during extended periods of physical activity and having snacks as needed checking blood glucose periodically after physical activity Their use of alcoholic beverages. Drinking alcoholic beverages, especially on an empty stomach, can cause hypoglycemia, even a day or two later. Heavy drinking can be particularly dangerous for people taking insulin or medications that increase insulin production. Alcoholic beverages should always be consumed with a snack or meal at the same time. A health care provider can suggest how to safely include alcohol in a meal plan. Their diabetes management plan. Intensive diabetes managementkeeping blood glucose as close to the normal range as possible to prevent longterm complicationscan increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Those whose goal is tight control should talk with a health care provider about ways to prevent hypoglycemia and how best to treat it if it occurs. What to Ask the Doctor about Diabetes Medications People who take diabetes medications should ask their doctor or health care provider whether their diabetes medications could cause hypoglycemia when they should take their diabetes medications how much medication they should take whether they should keep taking their diabetes medications when they are sick whether they should adjust their medications before physical activity whether they should adjust their medications if they skip a meal |
What are the treatments for Hypoglycemia ? | Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia vary from person to person. People with diabetes should get to know their signs and symptoms and describe them to their friends and family so they can help if needed. School staff should be told how to recognize a child's signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and how to treat it. People who experience hypoglycemia several times in a week should call their health care provider. They may need a change in their treatment plan: less medication or a different medication, a new schedule for insulin or medication, a different meal plan, or a new physical activity plan. Prompt Treatment for Hypoglycemia When people think their blood glucose is too low, they should check the blood glucose level of a blood sample using a meter. If the level is below 70 mg/dL, one of these quickfix foods should be consumed right away to raise blood glucose: 3 or 4 glucose tablets 1 serving of glucose gelthe amount equal to 15 grams of carbohydrate 1/2 cup, or 4 ounces, of any fruit juice 1/2 cup, or 4 ounces, of a regularnot dietsoft drink 1 cup, or 8 ounces, of milk 5 or 6 pieces of hard candy 1 tablespoon of sugar or honey Recommended amounts may be less for small children. The child's doctor can advise about the right amount to give a child. The next step is to recheck blood glucose in 15 minutes to make sure it is 70 mg/dL or above. If it's still too low, another serving of a quickfix food should be eaten. These steps should be repeated until the blood glucose level is 70 mg/dL or above. If the next meal is an hour or more away, a snack should be eaten once the quickfix foods have raised the blood glucose level to 70 mg/dL or above. For People Who Take Acarbose (Precose) or Miglitol (Glyset) People who take either of these diabetes medications should know that only pure glucose, also called dextroseavailable in tablet or gel formwill raise their blood glucose level during a low blood glucose episode. Other quickfix foods and drinks won't raise the level quickly enough because acarbose and miglitol slow the digestion of other forms of carbohydrate. Help from Others for Severe Hypoglycemia Severe hypoglycemiavery low blood glucosecan cause a person to pass out and can even be life threatening. Severe hypoglycemia is more likely to occur in people with type 1 diabetes. People should ask a health care provider what to do about severe hypoglycemia. Another person can help someone who has passed out by giving an injection of glucagon. Glucagon will rapidly bring the blood glucose level back to normal and help the person regain consciousness. A health care provider can prescribe a glucagon emergency kit. Family, friends, or coworkersthe people who will be around the person at risk of hypoglycemiacan learn how to give a glucagon injection and when to call 911 or get medical help. Physical Activity and Blood Glucose Levels Physical activity has many benefits for people with diabetes, including lowering blood glucose levels. However, physical activity can make levels too low and can cause hypoglycemia up to 24 hours afterward. A health care provider can advise about checking the blood glucose level before exercise. For those who take insulin or one of the oral medications that increase insulin production, the health care provider may suggest having a snack if the glucose level is below 100 mg/dL or adjusting medication doses before physical activity to help avoid hypoglycemia. A snack can prevent hypoglycemia. The health care provider may suggest extra blood glucose checks, especially after strenuous exercise. Hypoglycemia When Driving Hypoglycemia is particularly dangerous if it happens to someone who is driving. People with hypoglycemia may have trouble concentrating or seeing clearly behind the wheel and may not be able to react quickly to road hazards or to the actions of other drivers. To prevent problems, people at risk for hypoglycemia should check their blood glucose level before driving. During longer trips, they should check their blood glucose level frequently and eat snacks as needed to keep the level at 70 mg/dL or above. If necessary, they should stop for treatment and then make sure their blood glucose level is 70 mg/dL or above before starting to drive again. Hypoglycemia Unawareness Some people with diabetes do not have early warning signs of low blood glucose, a condition called hypoglycemia unawareness. This condition occurs most often in people with type 1 diabetes, but it can also occur in people with type 2 diabetes. People with hypoglycemia unawareness may need to check their blood glucose level more often so they know when hypoglycemia is about to occur. They also may need a change in their medications, meal plan, or physical activity routine. Hypoglycemia unawareness develops when frequent episodes of hypoglycemia lead to changes in how the body reacts to low blood glucose levels. The body stops releasing the hormone epinephrine and other stress hormones when blood glucose drops too low. The loss of the body's ability to release stress hormones after repeated episodes of hypoglycemia is called hypoglycemiaassociated autonomic failure, or HAAF. Epinephrine causes early warning symptoms of hypoglycemia such as shakiness, sweating, anxiety, and hunger. Without the release of epinephrine and the symptoms it causes, a person may not realize that hypoglycemia is occurring and may not take action to treat it. A vicious cycle can occur in which frequent hypoglycemia leads to hypoglycemia unawareness and HAAF, which in turn leads to even more severe and dangerous hypoglycemia. Studies have shown that preventing hypoglycemia for a period as short as several weeks can sometimes break this cycle and restore awareness of symptoms. Health care providers may therefore advise people who have had severe hypoglycemia to aim for higherthanusual blood glucose targets for shortterm periods. Being Prepared for Hypoglycemia People who use insulin or take an oral diabetes medication that can cause low blood glucose should always be prepared to prevent and treat low blood glucose by learning what can trigger low blood glucose levels having their blood glucose meter available to test glucose levels; frequent testing may be critical for those with hypoglycemia unawareness, particularly before driving a car or engaging in any hazardous activity always having several servings of quickfix foods or drinks handy wearing a medical identification bracelet or necklace planning what to do if they develop severe hypoglycemia telling their family, friends, and coworkers about the symptoms of hypoglycemia and how they can help if needed Normal and Target Blood Glucose Ranges Normal Blood Glucose Levels in People Who Do Not Have Diabetes Upon wakingfasting 70 to 99 mg/dL After meals 70 to 140 mg/dL Target Blood Glucose Levels in People Who Have Diabetes Before meals 70 to 130 mg/dL 1 to 2 hours after the start of a meal below 180 mg/dL For people with diabetes, a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL is considered hypoglycemia. |
What are the treatments for Hypoglycemia ? | Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia vary from person to person. People with diabetes should get to know their signs and symptoms and describe them to their friends and family so they can help if needed. School staff should be told how to recognize a child's signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and how to treat it. People who experience hypoglycemia several times in a week should call their health care provider. They may need a change in their treatment plan: less medication or a different medication, a new schedule for insulin or medication, a different meal plan, or a new physical activity plan. Prompt Treatment for Hypoglycemia When people think their blood glucose is too low, they should check the blood glucose level of a blood sample using a meter. If the level is below 70 mg/dL, one of these quickfix foods should be consumed right away to raise blood glucose: 3 or 4 glucose tablets 1 serving of glucose gelthe amount equal to 15 grams of carbohydrate 1/2 cup, or 4 ounces, of any fruit juice 1/2 cup, or 4 ounces, of a regularnot dietsoft drink 1 cup, or 8 ounces, of milk 5 or 6 pieces of hard candy 1 tablespoon of sugar or honey Recommended amounts may be less for small children. The child's doctor can advise about the right amount to give a child. The next step is to recheck blood glucose in 15 minutes to make sure it is 70 mg/dL or above. If it's still too low, another serving of a quickfix food should be eaten. These steps should be repeated until the blood glucose level is 70 mg/dL or above. If the next meal is an hour or more away, a snack should be eaten once the quickfix foods have raised the blood glucose level to 70 mg/dL or above. For People Who Take Acarbose (Precose) or Miglitol (Glyset) People who take either of these diabetes medications should know that only pure glucose, also called dextroseavailable in tablet or gel formwill raise their blood glucose level during a low blood glucose episode. Other quickfix foods and drinks won't raise the level quickly enough because acarbose and miglitol slow the digestion of other forms of carbohydrate. Help from Others for Severe Hypoglycemia Severe hypoglycemiavery low blood glucosecan cause a person to pass out and can even be life threatening. Severe hypoglycemia is more likely to occur in people with type 1 diabetes. People should ask a health care provider what to do about severe hypoglycemia. Another person can help someone who has passed out by giving an injection of glucagon. Glucagon will rapidly bring the blood glucose level back to normal and help the person regain consciousness. A health care provider can prescribe a glucagon emergency kit. Family, friends, or coworkersthe people who will be around the person at risk of hypoglycemiacan learn how to give a glucagon injection and when to call 911 or get medical help. Physical Activity and Blood Glucose Levels Physical activity has many benefits for people with diabetes, including lowering blood glucose levels. However, physical activity can make levels too low and can cause hypoglycemia up to 24 hours afterward. A health care provider can advise about checking the blood glucose level before exercise. For those who take insulin or one of the oral medications that increase insulin production, the health care provider may suggest having a snack if the glucose level is below 100 mg/dL or adjusting medication doses before physical activity to help avoid hypoglycemia. A snack can prevent hypoglycemia. The health care provider may suggest extra blood glucose checks, especially after strenuous exercise. Hypoglycemia When Driving Hypoglycemia is particularly dangerous if it happens to someone who is driving. People with hypoglycemia may have trouble concentrating or seeing clearly behind the wheel and may not be able to react quickly to road hazards or to the actions of other drivers. To prevent problems, people at risk for hypoglycemia should check their blood glucose level before driving. During longer trips, they should check their blood glucose level frequently and eat snacks as needed to keep the level at 70 mg/dL or above. If necessary, they should stop for treatment and then make sure their blood glucose level is 70 mg/dL or above before starting to drive again. Hypoglycemia Unawareness Some people with diabetes do not have early warning signs of low blood glucose, a condition called hypoglycemia unawareness. This condition occurs most often in people with type 1 diabetes, but it can also occur in people with type 2 diabetes. People with hypoglycemia unawareness may need to check their blood glucose level more often so they know when hypoglycemia is about to occur. They also may need a change in their medications, meal plan, or physical activity routine. Hypoglycemia unawareness develops when frequent episodes of hypoglycemia lead to changes in how the body reacts to low blood glucose levels. The body stops releasing the hormone epinephrine and other stress hormones when blood glucose drops too low. The loss of the body's ability to release stress hormones after repeated episodes of hypoglycemia is called hypoglycemiaassociated autonomic failure, or HAAF. Epinephrine causes early warning symptoms of hypoglycemia such as shakiness, sweating, anxiety, and hunger. Without the release of epinephrine and the symptoms it causes, a person may not realize that hypoglycemia is occurring and may not take action to treat it. A vicious cycle can occur in which frequent hypoglycemia leads to hypoglycemia unawareness and HAAF, which in turn leads to even more severe and dangerous hypoglycemia. Studies have shown that preventing hypoglycemia for a period as short as several weeks can sometimes break this cycle and restore awareness of symptoms. Health care providers may therefore advise people who have had severe hypoglycemia to aim for higherthanusual blood glucose targets for shortterm periods. Being Prepared for Hypoglycemia People who use insulin or take an oral diabetes medication that can cause low blood glucose should always be prepared to prevent and treat low blood glucose by learning what can trigger low blood glucose levels having their blood glucose meter available to test glucose levels; frequent testing may be critical for those with hypoglycemia unawareness, particularly before driving a car or engaging in any hazardous activity always having several servings of quickfix foods or drinks handy wearing a medical identification bracelet or necklace planning what to do if they develop severe hypoglycemia telling their family, friends, and coworkers about the symptoms of hypoglycemia and how they can help if needed Normal and Target Blood Glucose Ranges Normal Blood Glucose Levels in People Who Do Not Have Diabetes Upon wakingfasting 70 to 99 mg/dL After meals 70 to 140 mg/dL Target Blood Glucose Levels in People Who Have Diabetes Before meals 70 to 130 mg/dL 1 to 2 hours after the start of a meal below 180 mg/dL For people with diabetes, a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL is considered hypoglycemia. |
What to do for Hypoglycemia ? | Two types of hypoglycemia can occur in people who do not have diabetes: Reactive hypoglycemia, also called postprandial hypoglycemia, occurs within 4 hours after meals. Fasting hypoglycemia, also called postabsorptive hypoglycemia, is often related to an underlying disease. Symptoms of both reactive and fasting hypoglycemia are similar to diabetesrelated hypoglycemia. Symptoms may include hunger, sweating, shakiness, dizziness, lightheadedness, sleepiness, confusion, difficulty speaking, anxiety, and weakness. To find the cause of a patient's hypoglycemia, the doctor will use laboratory tests to measure blood glucose, insulin, and other chemicals that play a part in the body's use of energy. Reactive Hypoglycemia Diagnosis To diagnose reactive hypoglycemia, the doctor may ask about signs and symptoms test blood glucose while the patient is having symptoms by taking a blood sample from the arm and sending it to a laboratory for analysis* check to see whether the symptoms ease after the patient's blood glucose returns to 70 mg/dL or above after eating or drinking A blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL at the time of symptoms and relief after eating will confirm the diagnosis. The oral glucose tolerance test is no longer used to diagnose reactive hypoglycemia because experts now know the test can actually trigger hypoglycemic symptoms. Causes and Treatment The causes of most cases of reactive hypoglycemia are still open to debate. Some researchers suggest that certain people may be more sensitive to the body's normal release of the hormone epinephrine, which causes many of the symptoms of hypoglycemia. Others believe deficiencies in glucagon secretion might lead to reactive hypoglycemia. A few causes of reactive hypoglycemia are certain, but they are uncommon. Gastricor stomachsurgery can cause reactive hypoglycemia because of the rapid passage of food into the small intestine. Rare enzyme deficiencies diagnosed early in life, such as hereditary fructose intolerance, also may cause reactive hypoglycemia. To relieve reactive hypoglycemia, some health professionals recommend eating small meals and snacks about every 3 hours being physically active eating a variety of foods, including meat, poultry, fish, or nonmeat sources of protein; starchy foods such as wholegrain bread, rice, and potatoes; fruits; vegetables; and dairy products eating foods high in fiber avoiding or limiting foods high in sugar, especially on an empty stomach The doctor can refer patients to a registered dietitian for personalized meal planning advice. Although some health professionals recommend a diet high in protein and low in carbohydrates, studies have not proven the effectiveness of this kind of diet to treat reactive hypoglycemia. Fasting Hypoglycemia Diagnosis Fasting hypoglycemia is diagnosed from a blood sample that shows a blood glucose level below 50 mg/dL after an overnight fast, between meals, or after physical activity. Causes and Treatment Causes of fasting hypoglycemia include certain medications, alcoholic beverages, critical illnesses, hormonal deficiencies, some kinds of tumors, and certain conditions occurring in infancy and childhood. Medications. Medications, including some used to treat diabetes, are the most common cause of hypoglycemia. Other medications that can cause hypoglycemia include salicylates, including aspirin, when taken in large doses sulfa medications, which are used to treat bacterial infections pentamidine, which treats a serious kind of pneumonia quinine, which is used to treat malaria If using any of these medications causes a person's blood glucose level to fall, the doctor may advise stopping the medication or changing the dose. Alcoholic beverages. Drinking alcoholic beverages, especially binge drinking, can cause hypoglycemia. The body's breakdown of alcohol interferes with the liver's efforts to raise blood glucose. Hypoglycemia caused by excessive drinking can be serious and even fatal. Critical illnesses. Some illnesses that affect the liver, heart, or kidneys can cause hypoglycemia. Sepsis, which is an overwhelming infection, and starvation are other causes of hypoglycemia. In these cases, treating the illness or other underlying cause will correct the hypoglycemia. Hormonal deficiencies. Hormonal deficiencies may cause hypoglycemia in very young children, but rarely in adults. Shortages of cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon, or epinephrine can lead to fasting hypoglycemia. Laboratory tests for hormone levels will determine a diagnosis and treatment. Hormone replacement therapy may be advised. Tumors. Insulinomas are insulinproducing tumors in the pancreas. Insulinomas can cause hypoglycemia by raising insulin levels too high in relation to the blood glucose level. These tumors are rare and do not normally spread to other parts of the body. Laboratory tests can pinpoint the exact cause. Treatment involves both shortterm steps to correct the hypoglycemia and medical or surgical measures to remove the tumor. Conditions occurring in infancy and childhood. Children rarely develop hypoglycemia. If they do, causes may include the following: Brief intolerance to fasting, often during an illness that disturbs regular eating patterns. Children usually outgrow this tendency by age 10. Hyperinsulinism, which is the overproduction of insulin. This condition can result in temporary hypoglycemia in newborns, which is common in infants of mothers with diabetes. Persistent hyperinsulinism in infants or children is a complex disorder that requires prompt evaluation and treatment by a specialist. Enzyme deficiencies that affect carbohydrate metabolism. These deficiencies can interfere with the body's ability to process natural sugars, such as fructose and galactose, glycogen, or other metabolites. Hormonal deficiencies such as lack of pituitary or adrenal hormones. *A personal blood glucose monitor cannot be used to diagnose reactive hypoglycemia. |
What to do for Hypoglycemia ? | Diabetesrelated Hypoglycemia When people with diabetes think their blood glucose level is low, they should check it and treat the problem right away. To treat hypoglycemia, people should have a serving of a quickfix food, wait 15 minutes, and check their blood glucose again. They should repeat the treatment until their blood glucose is 70 mg/dL or above. People at risk for hypoglycemia should keep quickfix foods in the car, at workanywhere they spend time. People at risk for hypoglycemia should be careful when driving. They should check their blood glucose frequently and snack as needed to keep their level 70 mg/dL or above. Hypoglycemia Unrelated to Diabetes In reactive hypoglycemia, symptoms occur within 4 hours of eating. People with reactive hypoglycemia are usually advised to follow a healthy eating plan recommended by a registered dietitian. Fasting hypoglycemia can be caused by certain medications, critical illnesses, hereditary enzyme or hormonal deficiencies, and some kinds of tumors. Treatment targets the underlying problem. |
What are the symptoms of Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? | Dermatitis herpetiformis is characterized by small, clustered papules and vesicles that erupt symmetrically on the elbows, knees, buttocks, back, or scalp. The face and groin can also be involved. A burning sensation may precede lesion formation. Lesions are usually scratched off by the time a patient comes in for a physical exam, and the rash may appear as erosions and excoriations. Patients with DH may also experience dental enamel defects to permanent teeth, which is another manifestation of celiac disease. Less than 20 percent of people with DH have symptoms of celiac disease.3 |
What causes Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? | Dermatitis herpetiformis is caused by the deposit of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the skin, which triggers further immunologic reactions resulting in lesion formation. DH is an external manifestation of an abnormal immune response to gluten, in which IgA antibodies form against the skin antigen epidermal transglutaminase. Family studies show that 5 percent of firstdegree relatives of a person with DH will also have DH. An additional 5 percent of firstdegree relatives of a person with DH will have celiac disease.4 Various other autoimmune diseases are associated with DH, the most common being hypothyroidism. |
How to diagnose Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? | A skin biopsy is the first step in diagnosing DH. Direct immunofluorescence of clinically normal skin adjacent to a lesion shows granular IgA deposits in the upper dermis. Histology of lesional skin may show microabscesses containing neutrophils and eosinophils. However, histology may reveal only excoriation due to the intense itching that patients experience. Blood tests for antiendomysial or antitissue transglutaminase antibodies may also suggest celiac disease. Blood tests for epidermal transglutaminase antibodies are positive in more than 90 percent of cases.5 All of these tests will become negative with prolonged adherence to a glutenfree diet. A positive biopsy and serology confirm DH and should be taken as indirect evidence of small bowel damage. A biopsy of the small bowel is usually not needed for DH diagnosis. However, if clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease are evident on examination, further workup may be required.2 Whether or not intestinal damage is evident, a glutenfree diet should be implemented because the rash of DH is gluten sensitive.4 |
What are the treatments for Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? | The sulfone dapsone can provide immediate relief of symptoms. For patients who cannot tolerate dapsone, sulfapyridine or sulfamethoxypyridazine may be used, although these medications are less effective than dapsone. A strict glutenfree diet is the only treatment for the underlying disease. Even with a glutenfree diet, medication therapy may need to be continued from a few months to 2 years. DH can go into remission, which is defined as absence of skin lesions and symptoms of DH for more than 2 years while not taking sulfones or other treatments and not adhering to a glutenfree diet. Cohort studies showing DH remission provide support for reducing sulfone therapy and weaning from a glutenfree diet in patients with wellcontrolled DH.6 |
How to diagnose Your Diabetes Care Records ? | Test Instructions Results or Dates A1C test Have this blood test at least twice a year. Your result will tell you what your average blood glucose level was for the past 2 to 3 months. Date: __________ A1C: __________ Next test: __________ Blood lipid (fats) lab tests Get a blood test to check your total cholesterolaim for below 200 LDL, or bad, cholesterolaim for below 100 HDL, or good, cholesterolmen: aim for above 40; women: aim for above 50 triglyceridesaim for below 150 Date: __________ Total cholesterol: __________ LDL: __________ HDL: __________ Triglycerides: __________ Next test: __________ Kidney function tests Once a year, get a urine test to check for protein. At least once a year, get a blood test to check for creatinine. Date: __________ Urine protein: __________ Creatinine: __________ Next test: __________ Dilated eye exam See an eye doctor once a year for a complete eye exam that includes using drops in your eyes to dilate your pupils. If you are pregnant, have a complete eye exam in your first 3 months of pregnancy. Have another complete eye exam 1 year after your baby is born. Date: __________ Result: __________ Next test: __________ Dental exam See your dentist twice a year for a cleaning and checkup. Date: __________ Result: __________ Next test: __________ Pneumonia vaccine (recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]) Get the vaccine if you are younger than 64. If youre older than 64 and your shot was more than 5 years ago, get another vaccine. Date received: __________ Flu vaccine (recommended by the CDC) Get a flu shot each year. Date received: __________ Hepatitis B vaccine (recommended by the CDC) Get this vaccine if you are age 19 to 59 and have not had this vaccine. Consider getting this vaccine if you are 60 or older and have not had this vaccine. Date of 1st dose: __________ Date of 2nd dose: __________ Date of 3rd dose: __________ PDF Version (PDF, 40 KB) |
What is (are) Diverticular Disease ? | Diverticular disease is a condition that occurs when a person has problems from small pouches, or sacs, that have formed and pushed outward through weak spots in the colon wall. Each pouch is called a diverticulum. Multiple pouches are called diverticula. The colon is part of the large intestine. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. Diverticula are most common in the lower part of the colon, called the sigmoid colon. The problems that occur with diverticular disease include diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding. Diverticulitis occurs when the diverticula become inflamed, or irritated and swollen, and infected. Diverticular bleeding occurs when a small blood vessel within the wall of a diverticulum bursts. |
What is (are) Diverticular Disease ? | When a person has diverticula that do not cause diverticulitis or diverticular bleeding, the condition is called diverticulosis. Most people with diverticulosis do not have symptoms. Some people with diverticulosis have constipation or diarrhea. People may also have chronic cramping or pain in the lower abdomenthe area between the chest and hips bloating Other conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome and stomach ulcers, cause similar problems, so these symptoms do not always mean a person has diverticulosis. People with these symptoms should see their health care provider. |
What causes Diverticular Disease ? | Scientists are not certain what causes diverticulosis and diverticular disease. For more than 50 years, the most widely accepted theory was that a lowfiber diet led to diverticulosis and diverticular disease. Diverticulosis and diverticular disease were first noticed in the United States in the early 1900s, around the time processed foods were introduced into the American diet. Consumption of processed foods greatly reduced Americans fiber intake. Diverticulosis and diverticular disease are common in Western and industrialized countriesparticularly the United States, England, and Australiawhere lowfiber diets are common. The condition is rare in Asia and Africa, where most people eat highfiber diets.1 Two large studies also indicate that a lowfiber diet may increase the chance of developing diverticular disease.2 However, a recent study found that a lowfiber diet was not associated with diverticulosis and that a highfiber diet and more frequent bowel movements may be linked to an increased rather than decreased chance of diverticula.3 Other studies have focused on the role of decreased levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in causing decreased relaxation and increased spasms of the colon muscle. A neurotransmitter is a chemical that helps brain cells communicate with nerve cells. However, more studies are needed in this area. Studies have also found links between diverticular disease and obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, and certain medications including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, and steroids.3 Scientists agree that with diverticulitis, inflammation may begin when bacteria or stool get caught in a diverticulum. In the colon, inflammation also may be caused by a decrease in healthy bacteria and an increase in diseasecausing bacteria. This change in the bacteria may permit chronic inflammation to develop in the colon. What is fiber? Fiber is a substance in foods that comes from plants. Fiber helps soften stool so it moves smoothly through the colon and is easier to pass. Soluble fiber dissolves in water and is found in beans, fruit, and oat products. Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and is found in wholegrain products and vegetables. Both kinds of fiber help prevent constipation. Constipation is a condition in which an adult has fewer than three bowel movements a week or has bowel movements with stools that are hard, dry, and small, making them painful or difficult to pass. Highfiber foods also have many benefits in preventing and controlling chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and cancer.2 |
What is (are) Diverticular Disease ? | Fiber is a substance in foods that comes from plants. Fiber helps soften stool so it moves smoothly through the colon and is easier to pass. Soluble fiber dissolves in water and is found in beans, fruit, and oat products. Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and is found in wholegrain products and vegetables. Both kinds of fiber help prevent constipation. Constipation is a condition in which an adult has fewer than three bowel movements a week or has bowel movements with stools that are hard, dry, and small, making them painful or difficult to pass. Highfiber foods also have many benefits in preventing and controlling chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and cancer.2 |
Who is at risk for Diverticular Disease? ? | Diverticulosis becomes more common as people age, particularly in people older than age 50.3 Some people with diverticulosis develop diverticulitis, and the number of cases is increasing. Although diverticular disease is generally thought to be a condition found in older adults, it is becoming more common in people younger than age 50, most of whom are male.1 |
What are the symptoms of Diverticular Disease ? | People with diverticulitis may have many symptoms, the most common of which is pain in the lower left side of the abdomen. The pain is usually severe and comes on suddenly, though it can also be mild and then worsen over several days. The intensity of the pain can fluctuate. Diverticulitis may also cause fevers and chills nausea or vomiting a change in bowel habitsconstipation or diarrhea diverticular bleeding In most cases, people with diverticular bleeding suddenly have a large amount of red or marooncolored blood in their stool. Diverticular bleeding may also cause weakness dizziness or lightheadedness abdominal cramping |
How to diagnose Diverticular Disease ? | Diverticulosis Health care providers often find diverticulosis during a routine x ray or a colonoscopy, a test used to look inside the rectum and entire colon to screen for colon cancer or polyps or to evaluate the source of rectal bleeding. Diverticular Disease Based on symptoms and severity of illness, a person may be evaluated and diagnosed by a primary care physician, an emergency department physician, a surgeon, or a gastroenterologista doctor who specializes in digestive diseases. The health care provider will ask about the persons health, symptoms, bowel habits, diet, and medications, and will perform a physical exam, which may include a rectal exam. A rectal exam is performed in the health care providers office; anesthesia is not needed. To perform the exam, the health care provider asks the person to bend over a table or lie on one side while holding the knees close to the chest. The health care provider slides a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum. The exam is used to check for pain, bleeding, or a blockage in the intestine. The health care provider may schedule one or more of the following tests: Blood test. A blood test involves drawing a persons blood at a health care providers office, a commercial facility, or a hospital and sending the sample to a lab for analysis. The blood test can show the presence of inflammation or anemiaa condition in which red blood cells are fewer or smaller than normal, which prevents the bodys cells from getting enough oxygen. Computerized tomography (CT) scan. A CT scan of the colon is the most common test used to diagnose diverticular disease. CT scans use a combination of x rays and computer technology to create threedimensional (3D) images. For a CT scan, the person may be given a solution to drink and an injection of a special dye, called contrast medium. CT scans require the person to lie on a table that slides into a tunnelshaped device where the x rays are taken. The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or a hospital by an xray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologista doctor who specializes in medical imaging. Anesthesia is not needed. CT scans can detect diverticulosis and confirm the diagnosis of diverticulitis. Lower gastrointestinal (GI) series. A lower GI series is an xray exam that is used to look at the large intestine. The test is performed at a hospital or an outpatient center by an xray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist. Anesthesia is not needed. The health care provider may provide written bowel prep instructions to follow at home before the test. The person may be asked to follow a clear liquid diet for 1 to 3 days before the procedure. A laxative or enema may be used before the test. A laxative is medication that loosens stool and increases bowel movements. An enema involves flushing water or laxative into the rectum using a special squirt bottle. These medications cause diarrhea, so the person should stay close to a bathroom during the bowel prep. For the test, the person will lie on a table while the radiologist inserts a flexible tube into the persons anus. The colon is filled with barium, making signs of diverticular disease show up more clearly on x rays. For several days, traces of barium in the large intestine can cause stools to be white or light colored. Enemas and repeated bowel movements may cause anal soreness. A health care provider will provide specific instructions about eating and drinking after the test. Colonoscopy. The test is performed at a hospital or an outpatient center by a gastroenterologist. Before the test, the persons health care provider will provide written bowel prep instructions to follow at home. The person may need to follow a clear liquid diet for 1 to 3 days before the test. The person may also need to take laxatives and enemas the evening before the test. In most cases, light anesthesia, and possibly pain medication, helps people relax for the test. The person will lie on a table while the gastroenterologist inserts a flexible tube into the anus. A small camera on the tube sends a video image of the intestinal lining to a computer screen. The test can show diverticulosis and diverticular disease. Cramping or bloating may occur during the first hour after the test. Driving is not permitted for 24 hours after the test to allow the anesthesia time to wear off. Before the appointment, people should make plans for a ride home. Full recovery is expected by the next day, and people should be able to go back to their normal diet. |
What are the treatments for Diverticular Disease ? | A health care provider may treat the symptoms of diverticulosis with a highfiber diet or fiber supplements, medications, and possibly probiotics. Treatment for diverticular disease varies, depending on whether a person has diverticulitis or diverticular bleeding. Diverticulosis Highfiber diet. Studies have shown that a highfiber diet can help prevent diverticular disease in people who already have diverticulosis.2 A health care provider may recommend a slow increase in dietary fiber to minimize gas and abdominal discomfort. For more information about fiberrich foods, see Eating, Diet, and Nutrition. Fiber supplements. A health care provider may recommend taking a fiber product such as methylcellulose (Citrucel) or psyllium (Metamucil) one to three times a day. These products are available as powders, pills, or wafers and provide 0.5 to 3.5 grams of fiber per dose. Fiber products should be taken with at least 8 ounces of water. Medications. A number of studies suggest the medication mesalazine (Asacol), given either continuously or in cycles, may be effective at reducing abdominal pain and GI symptoms of diverticulosis. Research has also shown that combining mesalazine with the antibiotic rifaximin (Xifaxan) can be significantly more effective than using rifaximin alone to improve a persons symptoms and maintain periods of remission, which means being free of symptoms.4 Probiotics. Although more research is needed, probiotics may help treat the symptoms of diverticulosis, prevent the onset of diverticulitis, and reduce the chance of recurrent symptoms. Probiotics are live bacteria, like those normally found in the GI tract. Probiotics can be found in dietary supplementsin capsules, tablets, and powdersand in some foods, such as yogurt. To help ensure coordinated and safe care, people should discuss their use of complementary and alternative medical practices, including their use of dietary supplements and probiotics, with their health care provider. Read more at www.nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics. Tips for talking with health care providers are available at www.nccam.nih.gov/timetotalk. Diverticular Bleeding Diverticular bleeding is rare. Bleeding can be severe; however, it may stop by itself and not require treatment. A person who has bleeding from the rectumeven a small amountshould see a health care provider right away. To treat the bleeding, a colonoscopy may be performed to identify the location of and stop the bleeding. A CT scan or angiogram also may be used to identify the site of the bleeding. A traditional angiogram is a special kind of x ray in which a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is threaded through a large artery, often from the groin, to the area of bleeding. Contrast medium is injected through the catheter so the artery shows up more clearly on the x ray. The procedure is performed in a hospital or an outpatient center by an xray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist. Anesthesia is not needed, though a sedative may be given to lessen anxiety during the procedure. If the bleeding does not stop, abdominal surgery with a colon resection may be necessary. In a colon resection, the surgeon removes the affected part of the colon and joins the remaining ends of the colon together; general anesthesia is used. A blood transfusion may be needed if the person has lost a significant amount of blood. Diverticulitis Diverticulitis with mild symptoms and no complications usually requires a person to rest, take oral antibiotics, and be on a liquid diet for a period of time. If symptoms ease after a few days, the health care provider will recommend gradually adding solid foods back into the diet. Severe cases of diverticulitis with acute pain and complications will likely require a hospital stay. Most cases of severe diverticulitis are treated with intravenous (IV) antibiotics and a few days without food or drink to help the colon rest. If the period without food or drink is longer, the person may be given parenteral nutritiona method of providing an IV liquid food mixture through a special tube in the chest. The mixture contains proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. |
What are the treatments for Diverticular Disease ? | Diverticulitis can attack suddenly and cause complications, such as an abscessa painful, swollen, pusfilled area just outside the colon wallcaused by infection a perforationa small tear or hole in the diverticula peritonitisinflammation of tissues inside the abdomen from pus and stool that leak through a perforation a fistulaan abnormal passage, or tunnel, between two organs, or between an organ and the outside of the body intestinal obstructionpartial or total blockage of movement of food or stool through the intestines These complications need to be treated to prevent them from getting worse and causing serious illness. In some cases, surgery may be needed. Abscess, perforation, and peritonitis. Antibiotic treatment of diverticulitis usually prevents or treats an abscess. If the abscess is large or does not clear up with antibiotics, it may need to be drained. After giving the person numbing medication, a radiologist inserts a needle through the skin to the abscess and then drains the fluid through a catheter. The procedure is usually guided by an abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan. Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. A person with a perforation usually needs surgery to repair the tear or hole. Sometimes, a person needs surgery to remove a small part of the intestine if the perforation cannot be repaired. A person with peritonitis may be extremely ill, with nausea, vomiting, fever, and severe abdominal tenderness. This condition requires immediate surgery to clean the abdominal cavity and possibly a colon resection at a later date after a course of antibiotics. A blood transfusion may be needed if the person has lost a significant amount of blood. Without prompt treatment, peritonitis can be fatal. Fistula. Diverticulitisrelated infection may lead to one or more fistulas. Fistulas usually form between the colon and the bladder, small intestine, or skin. The most common type of fistula occurs between the colon and the bladder. Fistulas can be corrected with a colon resection and removal of the fistula. Intestinal obstruction. Diverticulitisrelated inflammation or scarring caused by past inflammation may lead to intestinal obstruction. If the intestine is completely blocked, emergency surgery is necessary, with possible colon resection. Partial blockage is not an emergency, so the surgery or other procedures to correct it can be scheduled. When urgent surgery with colon resection is necessary for diverticulitis, two procedures may be needed because it is not safe to rejoin the colon right away. During the colon resection, the surgeon performs a temporary colostomy, creating an opening, or stoma, in the abdomen. The end of the colon is connected to the opening to allow normal eating while healing occurs. Stool is collected in a pouch attached to the stoma on the abdominal wall. In the second surgery, several months later, the surgeon rejoins the ends of the colon and closes the stoma. |
What to do for Diverticular Disease ? | The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, recommends a dietary fiber intake of 14 grams per 1,000 calories consumed. For instance, for a 2,000calorie diet, the fiber recommendation is 28 grams per day. The amount of fiber in a food is listed on the foods nutrition facts label. Some of the best sources of fiber include fruits; vegetables, particularly starchy ones; and whole grains. A health care provider or dietitian can help a person learn how to add more highfiber foods into the diet. Fiberrich Foods Beans, cereals, and breads Amount of fiber 1/2 cup of navy beans 9.5 grams 1/2 cup of kidney beans 8.2 grams 1/2 cup of black beans 7.5 grams Wholegrain cereal, cold 1/2 cup of AllBran 9.6 grams 3/4 cup of Total 2.4 grams 3/4 cup of Post Bran Flakes 5.3 grams 1 packet of wholegrain cereal, hot (oatmeal, Wheatena) 3.0 grams 1 wholewheat English muffin 4.4 grams Fruits 1 medium apple, with skin 3.3 grams 1 medium pear, with skin 4.3 grams 1/2 cup of raspberries 4.0 grams 1/2 cup of stewed prunes 3.8 grams Vegetables 1/2 cup of winter squash 2.9 grams 1 medium sweet potato, with skin 4.8 grams 1/2 cup of green peas 4.4 grams 1 medium potato, with skin 3.8 grams 1/2 cup of mixed vegetables 4.0 grams 1 cup of cauliflower 2.5 grams 1/2 cup of spinach 3.5 grams 1/2 cup of turnip greens 2.5 grams Scientists now believe that people with diverticular disease do not need to eliminate certain foods from their diet. In the past, health care providers recommended that people with diverticular disease avoid nuts, popcorn, and sunflower, pumpkin, caraway, and sesame seeds because they thought food particles could enter, block, or irritate the diverticula. However, recent data suggest that these foods are not harmful.5 The seeds in tomatoes, zucchini, cucumbers, strawberries, and raspberries, as well as poppy seeds, are also fine to eat. Nonetheless, people with diverticular disease may differ in the amounts and types of foods that worsen their symptoms. |
What to do for Diverticular Disease ? | Diverticular disease is a condition that occurs when a person has problems from small pouches, or sacs, that have formed and pushed outward through weak spots in the colon wall. The problems that occur with diverticular disease include diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding. When a person has diverticula that do not cause diverticulitis or diverticular bleeding, the condition is called diverticulosis. Scientists are not certain what causes diverticulosis and diverticular disease. Although diverticular disease is generally thought to be a condition found in older adults, it is becoming more common in people younger than age 50, most of whom are male. Health care providers often find diverticulosis during a routine x ray or a colonoscopy, a test used to look inside the rectum and entire colon to screen for colon cancer or polyps or to evaluate the source of rectal bleeding. To diagnose diverticular disease, a health care provider may schedule one or more of the following tests: blood test; computerized tomography (CT) scan; lower gastrointestinal (GI) series; colonoscopy. A health care provider may treat the symptoms of diverticulosis with a highfiber diet or fiber supplements, medications, and possibly probiotics. Diverticular bleeding is rare. Bleeding can be severe; however, it may stop by itself and not require treatment. If the bleeding does not stop, abdominal surgery with a colon resection may be necessary. Diverticulitis with mild symptoms and no complications usually requires a person to rest, take oral antibiotics, and be on a liquid diet for a period of time. Diverticulitis can attack suddenly and cause complications, such as an abscess, a perforation, peritonitis, a fistula, or intestinal obstruction. These complications need to be treated to prevent them from getting worse and causing serious illness. |
What is (are) Abdominal Adhesions ? | Abdominal adhesions are bands of fibrous tissue that can form between abdominal tissues and organs. Normally, internal tissues and organs have slippery surfaces, preventing them from sticking together as the body moves. However, abdominal adhesions cause tissues and organs in the abdominal cavity to stick together. |
What is (are) Abdominal Adhesions ? | The abdominal cavity is the internal area of the body between the chest and hips that contains the lower part of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The esophagus carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach, which slowly pumps them into the small and large intestines. Abdominal adhesions can kink, twist, or pull the small and large intestines out of place, causing an intestinal obstruction. Intestinal obstruction, also called a bowel obstruction, results in the partial or complete blockage of movement of food or stool through the intestines. |
What causes Abdominal Adhesions ? | Abdominal surgery is the most frequent cause of abdominal adhesions. Surgeryrelated causes include cuts involving internal organs handling of internal organs drying out of internal organs and tissues contact of internal tissues with foreign materials, such as gauze, surgical gloves, and stitches blood or blood clots that were not rinsed away during surgery Abdominal adhesions can also result from inflammation not related to surgery, including appendix rupture radiation treatment gynecological infections abdominal infections Rarely, abdominal adhesions form without apparent cause. |
Who is at risk for Abdominal Adhesions? ? | Of patients who undergo abdominal surgery, 93 percent develop abdominal adhesions.1 Surgery in the lower abdomen and pelvis, including bowel and gynecological operations, carries an even greater chance of abdominal adhesions. Abdominal adhesions can become larger and tighter as time passes, sometimes causing problems years after surgery. |
What are the symptoms of Abdominal Adhesions ? | In most cases, abdominal adhesions do not cause symptoms. When symptoms are present, chronic abdominal pain is the most common. |
What are the complications of Abdominal Adhesions ? | Abdominal adhesions can cause intestinal obstruction and female infertilitythe inability to become pregnant after a year of trying. Abdominal adhesions can lead to female infertility by preventing fertilized eggs from reaching the uterus, where fetal development takes place. Women with abdominal adhesions in or around their fallopian tubes have an increased chance of ectopic pregnancya fertilized egg growing outside the uterus. Abdominal adhesions inside the uterus may result in repeated miscarriagesa pregnancy failure before 20 weeks. Seek Help for Emergency Symptoms A complete intestinal obstruction is life threatening and requires immediate medical attention and often surgery. Symptoms of an intestinal obstruction include severe abdominal pain or cramping nausea vomiting bloating loud bowel sounds abdominal swelling the inability to have a bowel movement or pass gas constipationa condition in which a person has fewer than three bowel movements a week; the bowel movements may be painful A person with these symptoms should seek medical attention immediately. |
What are the symptoms of Abdominal Adhesions ? | A complete intestinal obstruction is life threatening and requires immediate medical attention and often surgery. Symptoms of an intestinal obstruction include severe abdominal pain or cramping nausea vomiting bloating loud bowel sounds abdominal swelling the inability to have a bowel movement or pass gas constipationa condition in which a person has fewer than three bowel movements a week; the bowel movements may be painful A person with these symptoms should seek medical attention immediately. |
How to diagnose Abdominal Adhesions ? | Abdominal adhesions cannot be detected by tests or seen through imaging techniques such as x rays or ultrasound. Most abdominal adhesions are found during surgery performed to examine the abdomen. However, abdominal x rays, a lower gastrointestinal (GI) series, and computerized tomography (CT) scans can diagnose intestinal obstructions. Abdominal x rays use a small amount of radiation to create an image that is recorded on film or a computer. An x ray is performed at a hospital or an outpatient center by an xray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologista doctor who specializes in medical imaging. An x ray does not require anesthesia. The person will lie on a table or stand during the x ray. The xray machine is positioned over the abdominal area. The person will hold his or her breath as the picture is taken so that the picture will not be blurry. The person may be asked to change position for additional pictures. A lower GI series is an xray exam that is used to look at the large intestine. The test is performed at a hospital or an outpatient center by an xray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist. Anesthesia is not needed. The health care provider may provide written bowel prep instructions to follow at home before the test. The person may be asked to follow a clear liquid diet for 1 to 3 days before the procedure. A laxative or an enema may be used before the test. A laxative is medication that loosens stool and increases bowel movements. An enema involves fl ushing water or laxative into the rectum using a special squirt bottle. For the test, the person will lie on a table while the radiologist inserts a flexible tube into the persons anus. The large intestine is fi lled with barium, making signs of underlying problems show up more clearly on x rays. CT scans use a combination of x rays and computer technology to create images. The procedure is performed at a hospital or an outpatient center by an xray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist. Anesthesia is not needed. A CT scan may include the injection of a special dye, called contrast medium. The person will lie on a table that slides into a tunnelshaped device where the x rays are taken. |
What are the treatments for Abdominal Adhesions ? | Abdominal adhesions that do not cause symptoms generally do not require treatment. Surgery is the only way to treat abdominal adhesions that cause pain, intestinal obstruction, or fertility problems. More surgery, however, carries the risk of additional abdominal adhesions. People should speak with their health care provider about the best way to treat their abdominal adhesions. Complete intestinal obstructions usually require immediate surgery to clear the blockage. Most partial intestinal obstructions can be managed without surgery. |
How to prevent Abdominal Adhesions ? | Abdominal adhesions are diffi cult to prevent; however, certain surgical techniques can minimize abdominal adhesions. Laparoscopic surgery decreases the potential for abdominal adhesions because several tiny incisions are made in the lower abdomen instead of one large incision. The surgeon inserts a laparoscopea thin tube with a tiny video camera attachedinto one of the small incisions. The camera sends a magnified image from inside the body to a video monitor. Patients will usually receive general anesthesia during this surgery. If laparoscopic surgery is not possible and a large abdominal incision is required, at the end of surgery a special fi lmlike material can be inserted between organs or between the organs and the abdominal incision. The fi lmlike material, which looks similar to wax paper and is absorbed by the body in about a week, hydrates organs to help prevent abdominal adhesions. Other steps taken during surgery to reduce abdominal adhesions include using starch and latexfree gloves handling tissues and organs gently shortening surgery time using moistened drapes and swabs occasionally applying saline solution |
What to do for Abdominal Adhesions ? | Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing abdominal adhesions. A person with a partial intestinal obstruction may relieve symptoms with a liquid or low fiber diet, which is more easily broken down into smaller particles by the digestive system. |
What to do for Abdominal Adhesions ? | Abdominal adhesions are bands of fibrous tissue that can form between abdominal tissues and organs. Abdominal adhesions cause tissues and organs in the abdominal cavity to stick together. Abdominal surgery is the most frequent cause of abdominal adhesions. Of patients who undergo abdominal surgery, 93 percent develop abdominal adhesions. In most cases, abdominal adhesions do not cause symptoms. When symptoms are present, chronic abdominal pain is the most common. A complete intestinal obstruction is life threatening and requires immediate medical attention and often surgery. Abdominal adhesions cannot be detected by tests or seen through imaging techniques such as x rays or ultrasound. However, abdominal x rays, a lower gastrointestinal (GI) series, and computerized tomography (CT) scans can diagnose intestinal obstructions. Surgery is the only way to treat abdominal adhesions that cause pain, intestinal obstruction, or fertility problems. |
What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control ? | Diabetes problems are health problems that can happen when you have diabetes. If your diabetes is not under control, you will have too much glucose*, also called sugar, in your blood. Having too much glucose in your blood for a long time can affect many important parts of your body, such as your blood vessels and heart nerves kidneys mouth eyes feet You can do a lot to prevent or slow down these health problems if you keep your diabetes under control. This chart shows the body parts that can be affected by diabetes and the resulting health problems you may have. Affected Body Part Resulting Health Problems You May Have Blood vessels and heart Heart disease Heart attack Stroke High blood pressure Poor blood circulation, or flow, throughout your body Nerves Pain, tingling, weakness, or numbness in your hands, arms, feet, or legs Problems with your bladder, digestion, having sex, and keeping your heartbeats and blood pressure steady Kidneys Protein loss through your urine Buildup of wastes and fluid in your blood Mouth Gum disease and loss of teeth Dry mouth Thrush, or the growth of too much fungus in the mouth Eyes Loss of vision and blindness Feet Sores Infections Amputation *See the Pronunciation Guide for tips on how to say the the words in bold type. |
What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control ? | The A1C test, also called the hemoglobin A1C test, HbA1C, or glycohemoglobin test, is a blood test that reflects the average level of glucose in your blood during the past 3 months. Your A1C test result is given in percents. Your doctor might use the A1C test to help diagnose your diabetes. Your doctor will draw a sample of your blood in the office or send you to a lab to have a sample of your blood drawn for the test. After being diagnosed with diabetes, you should have the A1C test at least twice a year. Your A1C result plus your record of blood glucose numbers show whether your blood glucose is under control. If your A1C result is too high, you may need to change your diabetes care plan. Your health care team can help you decide what part of your plan to change. For instance, you might need to change your meal plan, your diabetes medicines, or your physical activity plan. If your A1C result is on target, then your diabetes treatment plan is working. The lower your A1C is, the lower your chance of having diabetes problems. This chart shows the A1C goals for different types of people with diabetes. Types of People A1C Goals Most people with diabetes below 7% Women with diabetes who want to get pregnant or who are pregnant below 6% A1C goals can also depend on how long you have had diabetes whether or not you have other health problems Ask your doctor what goal is right for you. This chart shows how your A1C result may match up to your average blood glucose number. What Your A1C Result Means My A1C Result My Average Blood Glucose Number 6% 135 7% 170 8% 205 9% 240 10% 275 11% 310 12% 345 |
What to do for Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control ? | Following a healthy eating plan is a key step in living with diabetes and preventing diabetes problems. Your health care team will help you make a healthy eating plan. More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, What I need to know about Eating and Diabetes or call 18008608747. |
How to prevent Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control ? | You can take steps each day to prevent diabetes problems. Steps Healthy Eating Follow the healthy eating plan that you and your doctor or dietitian have made. Learn what to eat to keep your blood glucose levels under control. Make wise food choices to help you feel good every day and to lose weight if needed. Blood Glucose Check your blood glucose every day. Each time you check your blood glucose, write the number in a record book to share with your health care team. Treat low blood glucose quickly. Physical Activity Even small amounts of physical activity help manage diabetes. Aim for 30 to 60 minutes of physical activity most days of the week. Children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes who are 10 to 17 years old should aim for 60 minutes of activity every day. Not all physical activity has to take place at the same time. Do aerobic activities, such as brisk walking, which use your large muscles to make your heart beat faster. The large muscles are those of the upper and lower arms and legs and those that control head, shoulder, and hip movements. Do activities to strengthen muscles and bone, such as lifting weights or situps. Aim for two times a week. Stretch to increase your flexibility, lower stress, and help prevent muscle soreness after physical activity. Increase daily activity by decreasing time spent watching TV or at the computer. Children and adolescents should limit screen time not related to school to less than 2 hours per day. Limiting screen time can help you meet your physical activity goal. Always talk with your doctor before you start a new physical activity program. Medicines Take your medicines as directed, including insulin if ordered by your doctor. Feet Check your feet every day for cuts, blisters, sores, swelling, redness, or sore toenails. Mouth Brush and floss your teeth every day. Blood Pressure Control your blood pressure and cholesterol. Smoking Dont smoke. |
How to diagnose Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control ? | This chart lists important tests, exams, and vaccines to get at least once or twice a year. Tests, Exams, and Vaccines to Get at Least Once or Twice a Year Make Sure to A1C test Have this blood test at least twice a year. Your result will tell you what your average blood glucose level was for the past 3 months. Cholesterol test Get a blood test to check your total cholesterol LDL HDL triglycerides Kidney tests Once a year, get a urine test to check for protein. At least once a year, get a blood test to check for creatinine, a waste product healthy kidneys remove from the body. Eye exam See an eye doctor once a year for a complete eye exam that includes using drops in your eyes to dilate your pupils. If you are pregnant, have a complete eye exam in your first 3 months of pregnancy. Have another complete eye exam 1 year after your baby is born. Dental exam See your dentist twice a year for a cleaning and checkup. Flu vaccine Get a flu vaccine each year. Pneumonia vaccine Get this vaccine if you are younger than 64. If youre older than 64 and your vaccine was more than 5 years ago, get another one. Hepatitis B vaccine Get this vaccine if youre younger than 60 and you have not already had the vaccine. Prevent exposure to Hepatitis B by not sharing blood glucose monitors or other diabetes equipment. |
What is (are) Hemorrhoids ? | Hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins around the anus or in the lower rectum. The rectum is the last part of the large intestine leading to the anus. The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract where bowel contents leave the body. External hemorrhoids are located under the skin around the anus. Internal hemorrhoids develop in the lower rectum. Internal hemorrhoids may protrude, or prolapse, through the anus. Most prolapsed hemorrhoids shrink back inside the rectum on their own. Severely prolapsed hemorrhoids may protrude permanently and require treatment. |
What are the symptoms of Hemorrhoids ? | The most common symptom of internal hemorrhoids is bright red blood on stool, on toilet paper, or in the toilet bowl after a bowel movement. Internal hemorrhoids that are not prolapsed are usually not painful. Prolapsed hemorrhoids often cause pain, discomfort, and anal itching. Blood clots may form in external hemorrhoids. A blood clot in a vein is called a thrombosis. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids cause bleeding, painful swelling, or a hard lump around the anus. When the blood clot dissolves, extra skin is left behind. This skin can become irritated or itch. Excessive straining, rubbing, or cleaning around the anus may make symptoms, such as itching and irritation, worse. Hemorrhoids are not dangerous or life threatening. Symptoms usually go away within a few days, and some people with hemorrhoids never have symptoms. |
How many people are affected by Hemorrhoids ? | About 75 percent of people will have hemorrhoids at some point in their lives.1 Hemorrhoids are most common among adults ages 45 to 65.2 Hemorrhoids are also common in pregnant women. |
What causes Hemorrhoids ? | Swelling in the anal or rectal veins causes hemorrhoids. Several factors may cause this swelling, including chronic constipation or diarrhea straining during bowel movements sitting on the toilet for long periods of time a lack of fiber in the diet Another cause of hemorrhoids is the weakening of the connective tissue in the rectum and anus that occurs with age. Pregnancy can cause hemorrhoids by increasing pressure in the abdomen, which may enlarge the veins in the lower rectum and anus. For most women, hemorrhoids caused by pregnancy disappear after childbirth. |
How to diagnose Hemorrhoids ? | The doctor will examine the anus and rectum to determine whether a person has hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoid symptoms are similar to the symptoms of other anorectal problems, such as fissures, abscesses, warts, and polyps. The doctor will perform a physical exam to look for visible hemorrhoids. A digital rectal exam with a gloved, lubricated finger and an anoscopea hollow, lighted tubemay be performed to view the rectum. A thorough evaluation and proper diagnosis by a doctor is important any time a person notices bleeding from the rectum or blood in the stool. Bleeding may be a symptom of other digestive diseases, including colorectal cancer. Additional exams may be done to rule out other causes of bleeding, especially in people age 40 or older: Colonoscopy. A flexible, lighted tube called a colonoscope is inserted through the anus, the rectum, and the upper part of the large intestine, called the colon. The colonoscope transmits images of the inside of the rectum and the entire colon. Sigmoidoscopy. This procedure is similar to colonoscopy, but it uses a shorter tube called a sigmoidoscope and transmits images of the rectum and the sigmoid colon, the lower portion of the colon that empties into the rectum. Barium enema x ray. A contrast material called barium is inserted into the colon to make the colon more visible in x ray pictures. |
What are the treatments for Hemorrhoids ? | Athome Treatments Simple diet and lifestyle changes often reduce the swelling of hemorrhoids and relieve hemorrhoid symptoms. Eating a highfiber diet can make stools softer and easier to pass, reducing the pressure on hemorrhoids caused by straining. Fiber is a substance found in plants. The human body cannot digest fiber, but fiber helps improve digestion and prevent constipation. Good sources of dietary fiber are fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. On average, Americans eat about 15 grams of fiber each day.3 The American Dietetic Association recommends 25 grams of fiber per day for women and 38 grams of fiber per day for men.3 Doctors may also suggest taking a bulk stool softener or a fiber supplement such as psyllium (Metamucil) or methylcellulose (Citrucel). Other changes that may help relieve hemorrhoid symptoms include drinking six to eight 8ounce glasses of water or other nonalcoholic fluids each day sitting in a tub of warm water for 10 minutes several times a day exercising to prevent constipation not straining during bowel movements Overthecounter creams and suppositories may temporarily relieve the pain and itching of hemorrhoids. These treatments should only be used for a short time because longterm use can damage the skin. Medical Treatment If athome treatments do not relieve symptoms, medical treatments may be needed. Outpatient treatments can be performed in a doctor's office or a hospital. Outpatient treatments for internal hemorrhoids include the following: Rubber band ligation. The doctor places a special rubber band around the base of the hemorrhoid. The band cuts off circulation, causing the hemorrhoid to shrink. This procedure should be performed only by a doctor. Sclerotherapy. The doctor injects a chemical solution into the blood vessel to shrink the hemorrhoid. Infrared coagulation. The doctor uses heat to shrink the hemorrhoid tissue. Large external hemorrhoids or internal hemorrhoids that do not respond to other treatments can be surgically removed. |
What to do for Hemorrhoids ? | Hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins around the anus or in the lower rectum. Hemorrhoids are not dangerous or life threatening, and symptoms usually go away within a few days. A thorough evaluation and proper diagnosis by a doctor is important any time a person notices bleeding from the rectum or blood in the stool. Simple diet and lifestyle changes often reduce the swelling of hemorrhoids and relieve hemorrhoid symptoms. If athome treatments do not relieve symptoms, medical treatments may be needed. |
What is (are) Short Bowel Syndrome ? | Short bowel syndrome is a group of problems related to poor absorption of nutrients. Short bowel syndrome typically occurs in people who have had at least half of their small intestine removed and sometimes all or part of their large intestine removed significant damage of the small intestine poor motility, or movement, inside the intestines Short bowel syndrome may be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how well the small intestine is working. People with short bowel syndrome cannot absorb enough water, vitamins, minerals, protein, fat, calories, and other nutrients from food. What nutrients the small intestine has trouble absorbing depends on which section of the small intestine has been damaged or removed. |
What is (are) Short Bowel Syndrome ? | The small intestine is the tubeshaped organ between the stomach and large intestine. Most food digestion and nutrient absorption take place in the small intestine. The small intestine is about 20 feet long and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum: duodenumthe first part of the small intestine, where iron and other minerals are absorbed jejunumthe middle section of the small intestine, where carbohydrates, proteins, fat, and most vitamins are absorbed ileumthe lower end of the small intestine, where bile acids and vitamin B12 are absorbed |
What is (are) Short Bowel Syndrome ? | The large intestine is about 5 feet long in adults and absorbs water and any remaining nutrients from partially digested food passed from the small intestine. The large intestine then changes waste from liquid to a solid matter called stool. |
What causes Short Bowel Syndrome ? | The main cause of short bowel syndrome is surgery to remove a portion of the small intestine. This surgery can treat intestinal diseases, injuries, or birth defects. Some children are born with an abnormally short small intestine or with part of their bowel missing, which can cause short bowel syndrome. In infants, short bowel syndrome most commonly occurs following surgery to treat necrotizing enterocolitis, a condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed.1 Short bowel syndrome may also occur following surgery to treat conditions such as cancer and damage to the intestines caused by cancer treatment Crohn's disease, a disorder that causes inflammation, or swelling, and irritation of any part of the digestive tract gastroschisis, which occurs when the intestines stick out of the body through one side of the umbilical cord internal hernia, which occurs when the small intestine is displaced into pockets in the abdominal lining intestinal atresia, which occurs when a part of the intestines doesn't form completely intestinal injury from loss of blood flow due to a blocked blood vessel intestinal injury from trauma intussusception, in which one section of either the large or small intestine folds into itself, much like a collapsible telescope meconium ileus, which occurs when the meconium, a newborn's first stool, is thicker and stickier than normal and blocks the ileum midgut volvulus, which occurs when blood supply to the middle of the small intestine is completely cut off omphalocele, which occurs when the intestines, liver, or other organs stick out through the navel, or belly button Even if a person does not have surgery, disease or injury can damage the small intestine. |
How many people are affected by Short Bowel Syndrome ? | Short bowel syndrome is a rare condition. Each year, short bowel syndrome affects about three out of every million people.1 |
What are the symptoms of Short Bowel Syndrome ? | The main symptom of short bowel syndrome is diarrhealoose, watery stools. Diarrhea can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and weight loss. Dehydration means the body lacks enough fluid and electrolyteschemicals in salts, including sodium, potassium, and chlorideto work properly. Malnutrition is a condition that develops when the body does not get the right amount of vitamins, minerals, and nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function. Loose stools contain more fluid and electrolytes than solid stools. These problems can be severe and can be life threatening without proper treatment. Other signs and symptoms may include bloating cramping fatigue, or feeling tired foulsmelling stool heartburn too much gas vomiting weakness People with short bowel syndrome are also more likely to develop food allergies and sensitivities, such as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have digestive symptomssuch as bloating, diarrhea, and gasafter eating or drinking milk or milk products. More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, Lactose Intolerance. |
What are the complications of Short Bowel Syndrome ? | The complications of short bowel syndrome may include malnutrition peptic ulcerssores on the lining of the stomach or duodenum caused by too much gastric acid kidney stonessolid pieces of material that form in the kidneys small intestinal bacterial overgrowtha condition in which abnormally large numbers of bacteria grow in the small intestine Seek Help for Signs or Symptoms of Severe Dehydration People who have any signs or symptoms of severe dehydration should call or see a health care provider right away: excessive thirst darkcolored urine infrequent urination lethargy, dizziness, or faintness dry skin Infants and children are most likely to become dehydrated. Parents or caretakers should watch for the following signs and symptoms of dehydration: dry mouth and tongue lack of tears when crying infants with no wet diapers for 3 hours or more infants with a sunken soft spot unusually cranky or drowsy behavior sunken eyes or cheeks fever If left untreated, severe dehydration can cause serious health problems: organ damage shockwhen low blood pressure prevents blood and oxygen from getting to organs comaa sleeplike state in which a person is not conscious |
What are the symptoms of Short Bowel Syndrome ? | People who have any signs or symptoms of severe dehydration should call or see a health care provider right away: excessive thirst darkcolored urine infrequent urination lethargy, dizziness, or faintness dry skin Infants and children are most likely to become dehydrated. Parents or caretakers should watch for the following signs and symptoms of dehydration: dry mouth and tongue lack of tears when crying infants with no wet diapers for 3 hours or more infants with a sunken soft spot unusually cranky or drowsy behavior sunken eyes or cheeks fever If left untreated, severe dehydration can cause serious health problems: organ damage shockwhen low blood pressure prevents blood and oxygen from getting to organs comaa sleeplike state in which a person is not conscious |