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1
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ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡
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ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู‡ู†ุชูƒู…ู„ ููŠ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ
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ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุฑุงุฌุนู†ุง ุดุจุชุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุดุจุชุฑ ุงุซู†ูŠู†
4
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ุดุจุชุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุญู†ุง ูู‡ู…ู†ุง ุนุงู…ุฉ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง
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ุนู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุณุงุนุชู‡ุง ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒูŠุฉุŒ
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ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠุฉุŒ
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ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏุŒ
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ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุŒ ุงู„ smart materialsุŒ ุงู„ nano
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materialsุŒ ุงู„ piece of ceramic materialsุŒ chapter
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ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูƒุงู† ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ ..ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
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ุงู„ Bohr model ู„ู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ quantum mechanics
12
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ูˆ ุงู„ wave ูˆ ุงู„ wave mechanics model ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ ..
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ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง four quantum numbers ุงู„ principle quantum
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number ูˆ ุงู„ ..ูˆ ุงู„ angular momentum quantum
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number ูˆ ุงู„ magnetic quantum number ูˆ ุงู„ spin quantum
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number ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง shells ูˆ sub shells ุญูƒูŠู†ุง
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ S ูˆ ุงู„ P ูˆ ุงู„ D ูˆ ุงู„
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F ูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑู‡ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑูŠ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ููŠ
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ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุตูุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงู…ู„ุฉ ุจุนุฏูŠู†
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ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ 1A ุฅู„ู‰ 7A ูˆ 1B ุฅู„ู‰ 7B ูˆุดูˆูู†ุง ูƒูŠู
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ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุฃูˆ ุงู„ trend ุงู„ุชูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุนุงู… ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต
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ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑูŠ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู„ู‰
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ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฑูˆุงุจุท ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
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ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฑุงุจุทุฉ ุงู„ุฃูŠูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุทุฉ ุงู„ุชุณุงู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุทุฉ
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ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู†ูŠุฉ
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ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู‡ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ู„ู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตู„ุจุฉ
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ุงู„ุณุคุงู„
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ู„ูŠุด
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ุฅุญู†ุง ุจู†ุฏุฑุณ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตู„ุจุฉุŸ ู„ูŠุด ู†ุฏุฑุณ
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ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตู„ุจุฉุŸ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ููŠ ุงุฎุชู„ุงู
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ู…ู„ุญูˆุธ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุต ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠุฉ
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ู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุฐุง
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ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุจูŠุฌูŠ ู„ู‡ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„
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diamond ุจู„ูˆุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงููŠุช ู…ุด crystal ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ูุณ
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ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ crystal ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงููŠุช ู…ุด ุนู„ู‰
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ุดูƒู„ crystal
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ุงู„ู€ Crystalline Materials ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุจุชุดูƒู„ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุดูƒู„ ู…ู†ุชุธู… ู…ุชูƒุฑุฑ ููŠ 3D
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00:02:58,410 --> 00:03:01,390
ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุชูƒุฑุงุฑ ู…ู†ุชุธู… ููŠ ูƒู„
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ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ X Y Z ุงู„
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lattice ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุท ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง lattice points
42
00:03:13,830 --> 00:03:22,130
ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ ุจุชุฑุชูŠุจ ู…ู†ุชุธู… periodic ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูŠุชูƒุฑุฑ ู…ุญูŠุท
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00:03:22,130 --> 00:03:26,930
ูƒู„ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู„ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุญุงุทุฉ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ูˆ ู†ูุณ ุนุฏุฏ
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ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุท ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุฑุงุญ ุชุตุจุญ ู…ุญุงุทุฉ ุจู€ 6 ู†ู‚ุงุท
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ุฃูˆ ู…ุญุงุทุฉ ุจู€ 12 ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ูู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ lattice ุฅุญู†ุง
46
00:03:36,630 --> 00:03:42,180
ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุจุชุฑุชู‘ุจ ููŠ ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ู…ู†ุชุธู… ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุซู„ุงุซูŠ
47
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ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ู…ู†ุชุธู… ูˆ ู…ุชูƒุฑุฑ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุฅูŠุด crystal ุจู„ูˆุฑุฉ ู„ุฃู†
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ู‡ูˆ ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ู…ู…ุชุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ 3D ูˆ ู…ุชูƒุฑุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡
49
00:03:53,880 --> 00:03:58,820
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุตุบุฑ ุญุฌู… ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู…ุซู„ ุงู„
50
00:03:58,820 --> 00:04:03,080
crystal ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุญุชูุธ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุต ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ crystal
51
00:04:03,080 --> 00:04:07,400
ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ unit cell ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ smallest repeating
52
00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:12,800
representative volume of a crystal ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู‚ู„ ุญุฌู…
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00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:18,180
ู…ู…ุซู„ ู„ู„ุจู„ูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฌู… ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุถู„ ูŠุชูƒุฑุฑ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง
54
00:04:18,180 --> 00:04:23,780
ุจุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ unit cell ูƒู…ู…ุซู„ ู„ู„ crystal
55
00:04:25,310 --> 00:04:30,070
ุทุจุนู‹ุง ูƒู„ unit cell ู„ู‡ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุต ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠุฉ
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00:04:30,070 --> 00:04:37,250
ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ crystal ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ lattice
57
00:04:37,250 --> 00:04:39,090
parameters ุงู„ lattice parameters ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง
58
00:04:39,090 --> 00:04:44,110
ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฅุญุฏุงุซูŠุงุช x y z ุทุจุนู‹ุง ู‡ุฐุง right hand
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00:04:44,110 --> 00:04:48,590
coordinate system ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ู„ูุช ุงู„ x ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ y ุจู‡ุฐุง
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00:04:48,590 --> 00:04:54,360
ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ุฅูŠุด z ุงู„ lattice parameters ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ size
61
00:04:54,360 --> 00:04:58,980
ูˆุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ unit cell ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ unit cell
62
00:04:58,980 --> 00:05:06,920
ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุซู„ุงุซูŠ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ู…ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ a ูˆ b ูˆ c
63
00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:13,700
ููŠ ุซู„ุงุซ ุฒูˆุงูŠุง alpha ูˆ beta ูˆ gamma ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ general
64
00:05:13,700 --> 00:05:21,160
ุงู„ a ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ B ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ C ูˆ ุงู„ Alpha ูˆ ุงู„ Beta ูˆ
65
00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:27,520
ุงู„ gamma ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู€ 90 ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ู‡ู†ุดูˆู
66
00:05:27,520 --> 00:05:32,460
ุฃูˆู„ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ crystals ููŠู‡ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ face
67
00:05:32,460 --> 00:05:38,620
centered cubic face centered cubic ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช
68
00:05:38,620 --> 00:05:41,860
ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ููŠ ู…ูƒุนุจ
69
00:05:44,740 --> 00:05:49,360
ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุถู„ุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ู„ุช ู„ู‡ ุชุณุงูุฑูŠู† ุชุฑุชุนูˆุง ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุงูŠู‡ุŸ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„
70
00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:54,860
corner ููŠู‡ ุฐุฑุฉ ูˆุนู„ู‰
71
00:05:54,860 --> 00:06:03,080
ูƒู„ face ููŠู‡ ุฐุฑุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุนุจ ูƒู… corner ุงูŠู‡ุŸ ู…ูƒุนุจ
72
00:06:03,080 --> 00:06:08,560
ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ corners ููŠู‡ ุฐุฑุงุช ูˆ
73
00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:16,570
ูƒู… ูˆุฌู‡ุŸ ุณุชุฉ ุณุชุฉ ุฃูˆุฌู‡ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ูƒู… ุฐุฑุฉ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ
74
00:06:16,570 --> 00:06:22,870
ุงู„ unit cell ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู†
75
00:06:22,870 --> 00:06:29,790
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญูƒูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ corners ุงู„
76
00:06:29,790 --> 00:06:34,370
corner ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ ุจูŠู† ุซู…ุงู† unit cells ู…ุชุฌุงูˆุฑุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
77
00:06:34,370 --> 00:06:39,030
ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ corners ููŠ
78
00:06:39,030 --> 00:06:50,090
ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ unit cells ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุณุช ุฃุณุทุญ ููŠ ู†ุต ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูˆุงุถุญ ุฅู†ู‡ ู†ุตูŠู†
79
00:06:50,090 --> 00:06:57,710
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุฅู† ูƒู„ unit
80
00:06:57,710 --> 00:07:03,850
cell ุจุชุณุชุญูˆุฐ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุน ุฐุฑุงุช ู„ุญุงู„ู‡ุง
81
00:07:07,730 --> 00:07:13,030
ุงู„ FCC crystal structure ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ู…ุนุงุฏู† ุฒูŠ
82
00:07:13,030 --> 00:07:20,050
ุงู„ุฃู„ู…ู†ูŠูˆู… ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุฑุตุงุต ุฒูŠ ุงู„ูุถุฉ ูˆ ุฒูŠ
83
00:07:20,050 --> 00:07:25,970
ุงู„ู†ูŠูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุจุชุงุนู‡ุง FCC ุงู„
84
00:07:25,970 --> 00:07:30,330
coordination number ู‡ูˆ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุฉ ุฃูˆ
85
00:07:30,330 --> 00:07:34,070
ุงู„ู…ู„ุงู…ุณุฉ ู„ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุช ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู…ูƒู†
86
00:07:34,070 --> 00:07:36,990
ู…ุญูŠุท ู„ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุช ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ coordination
87
00:07:36,990 --> 00:07:42,010
number ููŠ
88
00:07:42,010 --> 00:07:45,830
ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ FCC ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏุช ูƒู„ ุฐุฑุฉ ูˆ ุฑุณู…ุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ solidwork
89
00:07:45,830 --> 00:07:50,890
ูˆ ุฑุณู…ุชู‡ุง ุจู€ 3D ู‡ุชูƒุชุดู ูƒู„ ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ุญุงุทุฉ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุช ู…ุญูŠุทุฉ ุจู€
90
00:07:50,890 --> 00:07:56,210
12 ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ coordination number ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡
91
00:07:56,210 --> 00:08:01,770
ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฅูŠุด 12 ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฃุฎุฐูˆุง ูƒุฐุง unit cell ูˆ
92
00:08:01,770 --> 00:08:05,330
ุชูƒุฑุฑูˆู†ู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ solid work ูˆ ุชู„ูˆู† ูˆ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ูˆ ุชุดูˆู ูƒู…
93
00:08:05,330 --> 00:08:09,850
ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ุญุงุทุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุช ู‡ุชูƒุชุดููˆุง ุฅู†ู‡ู… ุงุซู†ุง ุนุดุฑ ุฐุฑุฉ
94
00:08:09,850 --> 00:08:14,970
ุฎุงู†ุฉ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ atomic packing factor ุจูŠุญูƒูŠ
95
00:08:14,970 --> 00:08:22,430
ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅุดุบุงู„ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ unit cell ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุฅุญู†ุง
96
00:08:22,430 --> 00:08:26,550
ุงู„ model ูุฑุถู†ุง ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุฅูŠุด ูƒุฑุฉ
97
00:08:28,530 --> 00:08:32,710
ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒุฑุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุชุนุจุฆุฉ unit cell ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ
98
00:08:32,710 --> 00:08:35,330
ุญุงู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ูƒุนุจ ู…ูƒุนุจุงุช ุจูŠุนุจูŠู‡ุง ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ
99
00:08:35,330 --> 00:08:40,790
ู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ูƒุฑูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ unit cell ููŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ูุฑุงุบุงุช
100
00:08:40,790 --> 00:08:44,650
ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุฅู† ุงู„ unit cell ู…ุด ู…ุดุบูˆู„ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุงู…ู„ ุงู„ atomic
101
00:08:44,650 --> 00:08:49,130
packing factor ุจู…ุซู„ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ volume of atoms ููŠ one
102
00:08:49,130 --> 00:08:53,930
unit cell ุนู„ู‰ total unit cell volume
103
00:08:59,530 --> 00:09:04,390
ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฌุฏูˆู„ 3-1 ู…ุนุทูŠู†
104
00:09:04,390 --> 00:09:07,390
ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุฎู„ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ FCC Aluminium
105
00:09:07,390 --> 00:09:15,450
FCC ู…ุนุทูŠู† ุงู„ atomic radius ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ nickel FCC
106
00:09:15,450 --> 00:09:21,110
ู…ุนุทูŠู† ุงู„ atomic radius ุทุจุนู‹ุง ููŠ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„
107
00:09:21,110 --> 00:09:28,420
crystal structures ุฒูŠ ุงู„ HCP ุฒูŠ ุงู„ BCC ูุฅุญู†ุง ุญุงู„ูŠู‹ุง
108
00:09:28,420 --> 00:09:32,840
ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ FCC ุงู„ FCC ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ aluminium ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„
109
00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:39,640
ู†ุญุงุณ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุจ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฑุตุงุต ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ nickel ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„
110
00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:50,080
plutonium ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูุถุฉ ุงู„ silver ูˆ ุจุณ ุทูŠุจ ู†ุงุฎุฐ ู…ุซุงู„
111
00:09:50,080 --> 00:09:52,980
ุจูƒูŠููŠ ู†ูƒู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠุช
112
00:09:55,750 --> 00:10:00,450
ุงู„ู€ lattice parameter ุจุฏู„ุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ atomic radius R ู„ู€
113
00:10:00,450 --> 00:10:04,990
FCC unit cell ุฃู†ุง
114
00:10:04,990 --> 00:10:10,370
ุจุงูŠู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุณู… ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ unit cell ุฏูŠ
115
00:10:10,370 --> 00:10:11,850
ุจุชุทู„ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ู…ุนูŠู†
116
00:10:46,240 --> 00:10:53,260
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ lattice parameter A ูˆู‡ุฐุง
117
00:10:53,260 --> 00:11:00,760
A ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช
118
00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:12,910
ุชุชุดู†ุฌ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠ R ูˆ R 2 ูˆ R 3 ูˆ R 4 ูˆุงู„ู‚ุทุฑ
119
00:11:12,910 --> 00:11:17,670
ู…ุซู„ุซ ู‚ุงุฆู… ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑ = 4 R ุฅุฐุง ุจุฃุณุชุฎุฏู…
120
00:11:17,670 --> 00:11:23,870
ููŠุซุงุบูˆุฑุซ ุญูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ 4 R ุชุฑุจูŠุน
121
00:11:23,870 --> 00:11:33,150
ุจุงู„ุชุณุงูˆูŠ 2 A ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุตุญุŸ A ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุฒูŠ A ุชุฑุจูŠุน ูŠุนู†ูŠ
122
00:11:33,150 --> 00:11:39,910
A ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุงู„ุชุณุงูˆูŠ 4 R ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฐุฑ 2 ุตุญุŸ
123
00:11:43,160 --> 00:11:48,800
ู„ูˆ ุถุฑุจุช ุงู„ุจุณุท ููŠ ุฌุฐุฑ 2 ูˆ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ููŠ ุฌุฐุฑ 2
124
00:11:48,800 --> 00:11:52,420
ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู†
125
00:11:52,420 --> 00:12:00,540
ุงู„ a ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ 2 ุฌุฐุฑ 2 ุงู„ R ุฃู†ุง ุฌุงูŠุจ 2
126
00:12:00,540 --> 00:12:03,080
ุฌุฐุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงูŠุด ูŠุณุงูˆูŠุŸ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุน ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงุชู†ูŠู†
127
00:12:03,080 --> 00:12:09,160
ูููŠ ุตูุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุฌุฐุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู€ R ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุฃู†ุง ุญุณุจุช ุงู„ู€
128
00:12:09,160 --> 00:12:12,660
lattice parameter ุจุฌู„ุงู„ุฉ ู†ุตู ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ
129
00:12:16,410 --> 00:12:21,010
ุทุจ ุงูŠุด ุงู„ู€ volume ู„ู„ู€ unit cellุŸ
130
00:12:21,010 --> 00:12:27,770
ุงู„ู€ volume ู„ู„ู€ unit cell ุงูŠุด ูŠุณุงูˆูŠุŸ
131
00:12:27,770 --> 00:12:38,950
ู…ูƒุนุจุŒ ุงูŠุด ุญุงุฌุฉ ู…ูƒุนุจุŸ ุฃูŠ ุชูƒุนูŠุจุŸ ุญุงุฌุฉ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠุŸ ุงุชู†ูŠู†
132
00:12:38,950 --> 00:12:50,850
ุฌุฐุฑ ุงู„ุงุชู†ูŠู† are ูƒู„ ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ
133
00:12:50,850 --> 00:13:02,970
ู‡ุงุฏ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู‚ูุตู‘ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชุตูŠุฑ ุชูƒุนูŠุจ
134
00:13:02,970 --> 00:13:12,230
ู‚ูุตู‘ ุชุณุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู‡ุชุตูŠุฑ ู„ู…ุง ุชูƒุนุจู‡ุง ู‡ุชุตูŠุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู†
135
00:13:14,860 --> 00:13:25,640
ู‚ูุตู‘ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆ ู†ุต ุตุญุŸ ุญุธูˆุธุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู‚ูุตู‘ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
136
00:13:25,640 --> 00:13:32,620
ููŠ ุฌุฐุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุณุชุงุดุฑ ุฌุฐุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู†
137
00:13:32,620 --> 00:13:40,940
ุณุชุงุดุฑ ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุณุชุงุดุฑ ุฌุฐุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงุฑ ุชูƒุนูŠุจ
138
00:13:45,980 --> 00:13:52,420
ุทูŠุจ ุจุฏู‡ ุงู„ู€ atomic packing factor ุงู„ู€ atomic
139
00:13:52,420 --> 00:14:00,300
factor ุจูŠุณุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ู€ volume of atoms ุฌูˆู‡ ุงู„ู€ unit cell
140
00:14:00,300 --> 00:14:08,780
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ volume ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ู€ unit cell ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ
141
00:14:08,780 --> 00:14:16,150
ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ FCC ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฐุฑุงุช ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
142
00:14:16,150 --> 00:14:25,630
ุดูˆ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠุŸ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุจุงูŠ ุงุฑ ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู€ unit
143
00:14:25,630 --> 00:14:36,430
cell ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุณุชุงุดุฑ ุฌุฐุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงุฑ ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ุณูŠุจูˆู‡ุง ุชุทู„ุน
144
00:14:36,430 --> 00:14:39,790
ุชุทู„ุน 0.74
145
00:14:43,660 --> 00:14:47,820
ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุดุบู„ ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ู…ุงุฎุฏุฉ 74% ููŠ
146
00:14:47,820 --> 00:14:52,380
ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู€ unit cell 74% ุงู„ู„ูŠ
147
00:14:52,380 --> 00:14:56,980
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู…ุดุบูˆู„ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ููŠ ูุฑุงุบุงุช ุงู„ู€ volume ุจุชุงุนู‡ุง
148
00:14:56,980 --> 00:15:10,560
ู…ุซู„ 26% ู‡ุฐุง
149
00:15:10,560 --> 00:15:19,330
ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ BCC BCC unit
150
00:15:19,330 --> 00:15:24,830
cell
151
00:15:24,830 --> 00:15:37,610
ู‡ุฐุง
152
00:15:37,610 --> 00:15:41,170
ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจู„ูˆุฑุฉ ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ body
153
00:15:41,170 --> 00:15:47,380
centered cubic ุงู„ู€ body centered cubic ุนู†ุฏ ู…ูƒุนุจ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„
154
00:15:47,380 --> 00:15:52,940
corner ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุนุจ ููŠู‡ ุฐุฑุฉ ูˆููŠ ู‚ู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ูƒุนุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุชุฑ
155
00:15:52,940 --> 00:15:59,840
ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ touching ุฃูˆ
156
00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:04,120
ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ touching ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฐุฑุฉ ุนู†ุฏู‡
157
00:16:04,120 --> 00:16:11,560
ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูƒูŠู ุฃุฌุณุฑ ุงู„ุชู†ุชูŠู†ุŸ ุชู‚ูˆู… ููŠ ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏ
158
00:16:11,560 --> 00:16:15,960
ูˆููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฌูˆุง ูƒุงู…ู„ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุนุฏุฏ ุฐุฑุงุช ู„ูƒู„ unit cell
159
00:16:15,960 --> 00:16:22,200
ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูƒู„ ุฐุฑุฉ ุทุงู„ุนุฉ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุต
160
00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:26,780
ุจูŠุญูˆุทู‡ุง ุจุซู…ุงู† ุฐุฑุงุช ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ู€ coordination number
161
00:16:26,780 --> 00:16:36,900
ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ atomic packing factor 68% ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„
162
00:16:36,900 --> 00:16:39,380
ู†ุฌุฏ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุจูŠู†
163
00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:46,600
ุงู„ู€ Lattice parameter A ูˆ ู†ุตู ู‚ุทุฑ ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูˆุด ุฏูŠ
164
00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:55,760
ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุด ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏุช ุงู„ู…ูƒุนุจ
165
00:17:26,840 --> 00:17:32,360
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุถู„ุน A
166
00:17:32,360 --> 00:17:45,160
ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง A ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง A ุตุญ
167
00:17:45,160 --> 00:17:54,060
ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฐุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุต ูู†ุฏูŠ
168
00:17:54,060 --> 00:18:02,530
ู‡ู†ุง ุฐุฑุฉ ููŠ ุฐุฑุชูŠู† .. ููŠ ุฐุฑุชูŠู† touching ุตุญุŸ ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏุช
169
00:18:02,530 --> 00:18:07,350
ุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซ ู‡ุฐุง ูุงู†ุญูƒูŠ
170
00:18:07,350 --> 00:18:17,490
A B C ุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซ
171
00:18:17,490 --> 00:18:18,030
A ุจ C
172
00:18:26,490 --> 00:18:33,050
ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุถู„ุน A B ุฅูŠุด ูŠุณุงูˆูŠุŸ ุงู„ุฌุฐุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฌุงูŠ
173
00:18:33,050 --> 00:18:36,070
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู… ุตุญุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุงูŠ A ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุฒุงุฆุฏ A ุชุฑุจูŠุน
174
00:18:36,070 --> 00:18:46,790
ุชุญุช ุงู„ุฌุฐุฑ ูู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฌุฐุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู† A ูˆุงู„ุถู„ุน B C ุฅูŠุด ุทูˆู„ู‡ุŸ
175
00:18:46,790 --> 00:18:50,850
A ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซ A B C ููŠ ููŠุซุงุบูˆุฑุณ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ A C
176
00:18:50,850 --> 00:19:01,740
ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ A B ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุจูŠ ุณูŠ ุชุฑุจูŠุน ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู†
177
00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:06,580
ุงู„ู€ A C ุชุฑุจูŠุน ู„ุญุธุฉ ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฐุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุต ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
178
00:19:06,580 --> 00:19:11,980
ุงุชู†ูŠู† R ูˆุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ R ูˆุนู†ุฏูŠ R ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑ
179
00:19:11,980 --> 00:19:17,940
ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† 4 R ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ 4 R ู„ูƒู„
180
00:19:17,940 --> 00:19:25,420
ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุจุชุณุงูˆูŠ A B ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ 2 A ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุฒุงุฆุฏ B
181
00:19:25,420 --> 00:19:26,680
C ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ A ุชุฑุจูŠุน
182
00:19:29,530 --> 00:19:36,730
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ 3 A ุชุฑุจูŠุน ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ A ู‡ุชุณุงูˆูŠ 4 R
183
00:19:36,730 --> 00:19:42,670
ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฐุฑ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ
184
00:19:42,670 --> 00:19:47,870
ุทูŠุจ ู„ูˆ ู†ุญุณุจ ุงู„ู€ volume ุชุนุงู„ูŠู† ุงู„ู€ cell volume ุชุนุงู„ูŠู†
185
00:19:47,870 --> 00:19:51,430
ุงู„ู€ cell ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู†
186
00:19:51,430 --> 00:19:54,850
ุณุงูˆูŠ A ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ุตุญุŸ
187
00:19:57,990 --> 00:20:03,090
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† 64 R
188
00:20:03,090 --> 00:20:08,930
ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฌุฐุฑ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ููŠ ุฌุฐุฑ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ููŠ ุฌุฐุฑ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ
189
00:20:08,930 --> 00:20:14,850
ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุฌุฐุฑ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ
190
00:20:14,850 --> 00:20:18,650
ุทูŠุจ
191
00:20:18,650 --> 00:20:21,130
ุงู„ู€ volume ู„ู„ู€ atoms ููŠ ุงู„ู€ unit cell ุงูŠุด ูŠุณุงูˆูŠุŸ ุงู„ู€
192
00:20:21,130 --> 00:20:26,150
volume ู„ู„ู€ atoms ุฌูˆู‡ ุงู„ู€ unit cell ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฐุฑุฉ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
193
00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:36,960
ุฐุฑุชูŠู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง 4/3 ุจุงูŠ R ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡
194
00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:45,060
ุงู„ู€ atomic packing factor ุงู„ู€ V ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ atoms ุนู„ู‰ V
195
00:20:45,060 --> 00:20:50,820
ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ unit cell ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุณุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† 8
196
00:20:50,820 --> 00:20:54,480
ุจุงูŠ
197
00:20:54,480 --> 00:21:04,220
R ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ 64
198
00:21:04,220 --> 00:21:07,420
ุงุฑุชูƒูŠุจ
199
00:21:07,420 --> 00:21:20,460
ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุฌุฐุฑ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู‡ูŠุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุงุฑุชูƒูŠุจ ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ู…ุน
200
00:21:20,460 --> 00:21:27,680
ุงู„ุงุฑุชูƒูŠุจ ูˆุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุงู…
201
00:21:27,680 --> 00:21:32,280
ูŠุนู†ูŠุŸ ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงุญุณุจูˆู‡ุง
202
00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:39,720
ุจุชุทู„ุน ุชุทู„ุน 0.68
203
00:21:39,720 --> 00:21:44,640
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ BCC unit cell ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃู†ุง ุดุงุบู„ 68% ูˆ
204
00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:47,580
60 ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู€ unit cell ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
205
00:21:47,580 --> 00:21:50,140
32% ูุฑุงุบ
206
00:21:59,310 --> 00:22:05,570
ู‡ูˆ ุฅุญุตุงุฆูŠู‹ุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ุจุญุฑูƒุฉ ุฏุงุฆู…ุฉ
207
00:22:05,570 --> 00:22:11,810
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุงู„ู€ shells ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุญุธูŠู‹ุง ู…ุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ุด ู„ุญุธูŠู‹ุง
208
00:22:11,810 --> 00:22:16,390
ู…ุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุชุบูŠุฑ ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€
209
00:22:16,390 --> 00:22:19,270
orbitals ูˆููŠ ุนู†ุฏูƒ ูƒู„ ุฐุฑุฉ ู„ุญุงู„ู‡ุง ุจุชู‡ุชุฒ
210
00:22:34,350 --> 00:22:39,470
ุทูŠุจ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุฅู† ู†ุฑุฌุน ู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู†
211
00:22:39,470 --> 00:22:43,290
ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจูŠุฌูŠ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจู‡ุง BCC ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฏุงุฑุณ
212
00:22:43,290 --> 00:22:49,790
ุดุนูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† BCC ุฅุฐุง ุจุชุณุฎู† ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 900 ุงูŠุด
213
00:22:49,790 --> 00:22:55,110
ุฒูŠ ูƒุฏู‡ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ FCC ุณุฎู†ู‡ุง ู„ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 1000 ูˆุดูŠุก ูˆ ุฃูƒุชุฑ ุจูŠุฑุฌุน
214
00:22:55,110 --> 00:23:06,510
BCC ุงู„ู€ .. ุงู„ู€ Chromium BCC ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู€ ู…ูˆู„ูŠุจุฏูŠู†ูŠูˆู… BCC ูˆุนู†ุฏ
215
00:23:06,510 --> 00:23:18,250
ุงู„ุชู†ุฌุณุชู† BCC ููŠ
216
00:23:18,250 --> 00:23:22,930
ู†ูˆุน ุชุงู„ุช hexagonal
217
00:23:22,930 --> 00:23:27,250
closed packed structure HCP
218
00:23:33,140 --> 00:23:38,120
ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุณุฏุงุณูŠ
219
00:23:38,120 --> 00:23:41,240
ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ
220
00:23:41,240 --> 00:23:46,240
ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ ุดูƒู„ ุณุฏุงุณูŠ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฃุถู„ุงุน ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡
221
00:23:46,240 --> 00:23:47,820
ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡
222
00:23:47,820 --> 00:23:47,840
ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡
223
00:23:47,840 --> 00:23:48,060
ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡
224
00:23:48,060 --> 00:23:50,240
ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡
225
00:23:50,240 --> 00:24:00,700
ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡
226
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:09,020
ุฃูŠูˆุงู„ุฃุณูู„ ููŠู‡ ุงูŠุด ุฐุฑุฉ ูˆููŠู‡
227
00:24:09,020 --> 00:24:13,160
ุทุจู‚ุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช
228
00:24:13,160 --> 00:24:19,940
ุงู„ุฎุถุฑ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุทู„ุน ุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู… ูˆุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซ
229
00:24:19,940 --> 00:24:25,000
ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู… ุฌุงุก ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ุฐุฑุฉ touching ู…ู† ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู„ุงุช ุฐุฑุงุช
230
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:29,480
ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ูˆ touching ุงู„ุชู„ุงุช ุฐุฑุงุช ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ู…ู† ุฃุณูู„ ุฃู†ุง ุญุงู„ูŠู‹ุง
231
00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:35,440
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู… ููˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ
232
00:24:35,440 --> 00:24:42,660
ููŠ ุฐุฑุฉ ุจุฑุถู‡ touching ู„ุชู„ุงุช ุฐุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุชุญุช ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ
233
00:24:42,660 --> 00:24:50,200
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆู…ู† ุฃุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ููˆู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡
234
00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:57,330
ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุชุนุงู„ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฐุฑุฉ ุชุงู„ุชุฉ touching ู…ู† ุชุญุช
235
00:24:57,330 --> 00:25:05,390
ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆู…ู† ุฃุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏ
236
00:25:05,390 --> 00:25:15,190
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ HCP ุนู„ู‰
237
00:25:15,190 --> 00:25:21,150
ูƒู… ุฐุฑุฉ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุนู†ุฏ
238
00:25:21,150 --> 00:25:22,470
ุฃูƒุงู… corner
239
00:25:29,540 --> 00:25:38,420
12 ููŠู‡ ุงุชุถุฑุน ุงู„ู€ corner ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ
240
00:25:38,420 --> 00:25:43,720
ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู…ุŸ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ
241
00:25:43,720 --> 00:25:48,940
ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุญุท ูƒู…ุงู† ุทุจู‚ุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅู†ุชู‡ ุณุฏุณ ุงุชู†ุงุดุฑ
242
00:25:48,940 --> 00:25:49,520
ููŠู‡ ุณุฏุณ
243
00:25:55,630 --> 00:26:07,810
ุทูŠุจ ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุต ุฒุงุฆุฏ
244
00:26:07,810 --> 00:26:12,670
ููŠ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุฌูˆุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ
245
00:26:12,670 --> 00:26:18,790
ุฃู†ุง ู‡ุงูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุฒุงุฆุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ
246
00:26:31,610 --> 00:26:35,410
ุงู„ุขู† ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุญูˆุฌ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ A ูˆ ุงู„ู€ atomic radius
247
00:26:35,410 --> 00:26:41,010
ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฎุฏ ุงู„ู€ face ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ face ุงู„ุณูู„ูŠ
248
00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:44,180
ู‡ูŠูƒ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู€ touching ู‡ุฐุง
249
00:27:44,180 --> 00:27:51,000
ุทู„ุน A
250
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:54,020
ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‡ุฐุง A ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง A 60ุŒ 60ุŒ 60ุŒ 60ุŒ
251
00:27:54,020 --> 00:27:54,640
ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ
252
00:27:54,640 --> 00:27:54,900
ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ
253
00:27:54,900 --> 00:27:55,220
ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ
254
00:27:55,220 --> 00:27:58,120
ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ
255
00:27:58,120 --> 00:28:01,100
ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ
256
00:28:01,100 --> 00:28:04,620
ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุณุช
257
00:28:08,340 --> 00:28:17,040
ุทูŠุจ ููŠ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† C ูˆ AุŒ C ุนู„ู‰ A ุจุณ
258
00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:25,380
ูˆุงุญุฏ ูุงุตู„ุฉ ุณุชุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุนุดุงู† ู†ุญุณุจ .. ู†ุฌูŠุจ
259
00:28:25,380 --> 00:28:29,740
ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ู‡ุงุฎุฏ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ุŒ ู†ุฑุฌุน ู„ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡
260
00:28:37,620 --> 00:28:43,280
ู‡ุงุฎุฏ ุงู†ุฏู‡ุงูŠ ุถุงุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุงุซู†ุชูŠู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฏูŠ ุงู„
261
00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:47,160
touching ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ touching ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ุนู…ู„ู‡ ู‡ุฑู…
262
00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:52,640
ู‚ุงุนุฏุชู‡ ู…ุซู„ุซ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฃุถู„ุงุนุŒ ู‡ุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฑู…
263
00:29:17,280 --> 00:29:24,420
ุฎุฑู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูŠู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ
264
00:29:24,420 --> 00:29:31,280
ู‡ุฏ ุงูŠู‡ ู‡ุฏ ุงูŠู‡ ูˆ ู‡ุฏ ุงูŠู‡ ุตุญุŸ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ุฏ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡
265
00:29:31,280 --> 00:29:42,280
ุงูŠู‡ ูˆู‡ุฏ
266
00:29:42,280 --> 00:29:45,660
ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ูƒู… ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุฉ ู†ุต
267
00:29:53,090 --> 00:30:00,630
ู…ุตุจูˆุญุŸ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู„ูˆ ู‡ู†ุฒู„ ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ู…ู† ุฑุฃุณ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู… ู„ู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ
268
00:30:00,630 --> 00:30:06,850
ู‡ูŠุฌูŠ
269
00:30:06,850 --> 00:30:17,090
ุญูŠุจุฑ
270
00:30:17,090 --> 00:30:25,600
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุตูุงุชุŒ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุตูุงุช ู„ุฃู† ุฎู†ุงุฎุฏ ู…ุซู„ุซ ู„ุญุงู„ู‡
271
00:30:25,600 --> 00:30:26,940
ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฃุถู„ุงุน
272
00:30:49,580 --> 00:30:57,680
ู‡ุฐุง ุงูŠู‡ ูˆู‡ุฐุง
273
00:30:57,680 --> 00:31:02,300
ุงูŠู‡ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงูŠู‡
274
00:31:02,300 --> 00:31:07,940
ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงูŠุด ู„ุฃู† ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซู„ุซ ุฃูˆ ุงุถู„ุงุน ูˆ ุจุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุณุชู‚ูŠู„
275
00:31:07,940 --> 00:31:13,800
ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู…ุตุฑ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ูƒู…ุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃ ุนู„ู‰
276
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:14,240
ุงุซู†ูŠู†
277
00:31:18,640 --> 00:31:24,180
ูˆู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏุช ุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซ ุฏู‡ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุซุบูˆุฑุซ ุงูŠ ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ..
278
00:31:24,180 --> 00:31:27,820
ุฎู„ู†ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง
279
00:31:27,820 --> 00:31:37,760
.. ุณุงู…ุน ุณุงู† ูƒูŠูˆ ู…ุซู„ุง ุงูŠ
280
00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:38,600
ุชุฑุจูŠุฉุŸ
281
00:31:48,440 --> 00:31:53,400
ุฃูŠ ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงูŠุด ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงูŠู‡
282
00:31:53,400 --> 00:32:02,320
ุนู„ู‰ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู„ูƒู„ ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ุฒุงุฏ q ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† q ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ
283
00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:07,180
ุจุชุณุงูˆูŠ
284
00:32:07,180 --> 00:32:10,420
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
285
00:32:10,420 --> 00:32:11,040
ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
286
00:32:14,210 --> 00:32:21,850
ุงูŠู‡ ุชุฑุจูŠุน ูŠุนู†ูŠ Q ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุซู†ูŠู†
287
00:32:21,850 --> 00:32:28,890
ุงู„ A ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงูŠุด ุฏู‡ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุทุจ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงูŠุด ุซู„ุซูŠู†
288
00:32:28,890 --> 00:32:37,430
ุซู„ุซูŠู† ู‡ุฐุง ุซู„ุซูŠู† ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏุช ุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง
289
00:32:37,430 --> 00:32:42,110
ู‡ุณู…ูŠู‡
290
00:32:42,110 --> 00:32:55,820
A B C ุฎู„ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃุทู„ุนู‡ ุจุฑุง ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ A A
291
00:32:55,820 --> 00:33:06,740
B C 90 ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ A ุจูŠ ุฃูƒู… C ุนู„ู‰
292
00:33:06,740 --> 00:33:07,540
ุงุซู†ูŠู†
293
00:33:12,140 --> 00:33:21,180
ูˆ ุจูŠ ุณูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุทูˆู„ุชูŠู† ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญ ุจูŠ ุณูŠ ุจุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุทูˆู„ุชูŠู† Q
294
00:33:21,180 --> 00:33:30,500
ุตุญ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ู‡ูƒูˆู† ุทูˆู„ุชูŠู† ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงู„ A
295
00:33:30,500 --> 00:33:33,860
ูŠุนู†ูŠ
296
00:33:33,860 --> 00:33:53,820
ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงู„ A ู‡ู†ุง ุชู‡ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงู„
297
00:33:53,820 --> 00:34:00,400
A ูˆ
298
00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:05,180
ุงู„ A C ุงูŠุด ุจุงู„ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุง
299
00:34:05,180 --> 00:34:08,760
ู‡ูˆ touching ุจุงู„ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ุงูŠ R ูˆ ู‡ุงูŠ R ุจุงู„ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ
300
00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:11,040
ุงูŠู‡ ุงู„ A C
301
00:34:14,460 --> 00:34:22,620
ุจุณุงูˆูŠ HLA ุจุฑุถู‡
302
00:34:22,620 --> 00:34:34,940
ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠุซุงุบูˆุฑุซ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู†
303
00:34:34,940 --> 00:34:43,680
ุนู†ุฏ A ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุจุณุงูˆูŠ C ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฒุงุฆุฏ
304
00:34:46,540 --> 00:34:54,160
ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ A ู„ูƒู„ ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุซู„ุซ A ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ
305
00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:57,380
ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡
306
00:34:57,380 --> 00:35:09,000
ุซู„ุซูŠู† A ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ูŠุณุชูˆูŠ C ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡
307
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:21,770
C C ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ A ุชุฑุจุนุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„
308
00:35:21,770 --> 00:35:27,950
C ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงุญุตูˆู„ ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ
309
00:35:27,950 --> 00:35:28,510
ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
310
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:51,480
ูˆุงุญุฏ ูุงุตู„ุฉ ุณุชุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ A
311
00:35:51,480 --> 00:36:00,300
ู…ุน ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† C ูˆ A one point six ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงู„
312
00:36:00,300 --> 00:36:05,040
atomic packing factor ุงูŠุด
313
00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:11,380
ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ atomic packing factor ุงู„ volume ุจุชุงุน ุงู„
314
00:36:11,380 --> 00:36:17,700
atoms ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ volume ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ unit cell ุงู„ volume ุจุชุงุน
315
00:36:17,700 --> 00:36:22,940
ุงู„ unit cell ู…ุด ุณูˆู‰ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ A ุจุชุงุน ุงู„
316
00:36:22,940 --> 00:36:31,080
base ููŠ ุฏู‡ ุงู„ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงูŠู‡ุŸ C ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ
317
00:36:52,680 --> 00:36:58,800
ู‡ุฐุง ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ุงูŠู‡ ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู‡ุชูƒูˆู†
318
00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:07,320
ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุณุช ู…ุซู„ุซุงุช ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ A ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ base ู‡ุฐูŠ
319
00:37:07,320 --> 00:37:15,540
ุฒูŠ ุณุชูŠู† ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุจุงู„ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุฃูŠ ู…ุซู„ุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง ุญุงุตู„
320
00:37:15,540 --> 00:37:19,000
ุถุฑุจ ุถู„ุนูŠู† ู†ุต ุญุงุตู„ ุถุฑุจ ุถู„ุนูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…
321
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:20,560
ู†ุต
322
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:31,360
A ุชุฑุจูŠุน sin 60 sin 60 ู‡ูˆ ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุตุญุŸ
323
00:37:31,360 --> 00:37:41,420
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ A ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุทุจุนุง ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง
324
00:37:41,420 --> 00:37:46,720
ู†ุญูƒูŠ ู‡ุงุฏุฆ A ู„ู…ุซู„ุซ
325
00:37:50,040 --> 00:37:58,080
ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ base ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุณุชุฉ ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ A ุชุฑุจูŠุน
326
00:37:58,080 --> 00:38:08,240
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุซู†ูŠู† A ุชุฑุจูŠุน ูˆ
327
00:38:08,240 --> 00:38:13,140
ุงู„ A ุงูŠุด ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† R ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ R ุชุฑุจูŠุน
328
00:38:13,140 --> 00:38:23,950
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ุณุชุฉ ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ R ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุงู„
329
00:38:23,950 --> 00:38:30,690
volume ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ unit cell ุณุงูˆู‰ ุณุชุฉ ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงู„ R
330
00:38:30,690 --> 00:38:37,230
ุชุฑุจูŠุน ููŠ ุงู„ C ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูุงุตู„ุฉ ุณุชุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
331
00:38:37,230 --> 00:38:44,630
ููŠ ุงู„ A ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† R ู‡ุฐุง
332
00:38:44,630 --> 00:38:47,450
ุงู„ volume ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ unit cell ุงู„ volume ุจุชุงุน ุงู„
333
00:38:47,450 --> 00:38:47,790
atoms
334
00:38:59,920 --> 00:39:09,440
ุงู„ุณุชุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ by R ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ุทูŠุจ
335
00:39:09,440 --> 00:39:16,820
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ atomic packing factor ุญูŠุซ
336
00:39:16,820 --> 00:39:20,580
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ volume ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ atoms ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุณุชุฉ ููŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
337
00:39:20,580 --> 00:39:23,600
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณุชุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
338
00:39:26,030 --> 00:39:36,470
ุงุซู†ูŠู† ููŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงุซู†ุง ุนุดุฑ by ุงุฑุชูƒุงุจ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ
339
00:39:36,470 --> 00:39:42,090
ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ
340
00:39:42,090 --> 00:39:52,430
by ุงุฑุชูƒุงุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ volume ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ unit cell ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
341
00:39:52,430 --> 00:39:55,750
ุณุชุฉ ููŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงุซู†ุง ุนุดุฑ
342
00:39:57,990 --> 00:40:10,970
ูˆุงุญุฏ ูุงุตู„ุฉ ุณุชุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฌุฐุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงุฑุชูƒุงุจ ุญุณุจูˆู‡ุง
343
00:40:10,970 --> 00:40:17,810
ุชุทู„ุน
344
00:40:17,810 --> 00:40:19,610
ูุงุตู„ุฉ ุณุจุนุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
345
00:40:25,480 --> 00:40:30,580
ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุฅุดุบุงู„ ุญุฌู… utensil ู†ูุณ ุงู„ FCC ุงู„ HCB ู†ูุณ ุงู„
346
00:40:30,580 --> 00:40:37,620
FCC 0.74 ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุดุบู„ 74 .. ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุงุช ุจูŠุดุบู„ 74% ู…ู†
347
00:40:37,620 --> 00:40:44,220
ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุทูŠุจ
348
00:40:44,220 --> 00:40:49,400
ุงู„
349
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:56,610
density ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ุญุณุงุจุงุช ุงู„ density ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ุฃู†ุง
350
00:40:56,610 --> 00:40:58,650
ุจุนุฑู ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑูŠ ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู…ุนุงูŠุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุนุฑู ุงู„
351
00:40:58,650 --> 00:41:03,030
density ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ุง ุญุณุงุจูŠุง ุงู„
352
00:41:03,030 --> 00:41:13,690
density ุจุตูุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ mass ุนู„ู‰ volume ุงู„
353
00:41:13,690 --> 00:41:18,750
mass ููŠ ุงู„ unit cell ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนุฏุฏ
354
00:41:18,750 --> 00:41:23,690
ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ูƒู… ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ุธุจูˆุท number of atoms
355
00:41:28,340 --> 00:41:30,800
ุฃู†ุง ูƒู†ุช ุจู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุทุจุง ูƒูˆูŠุช .. ุงู„ุฃุทุจุง ูƒูˆูŠุช ..
356
00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:36,760
ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃุทุจุง ูƒูˆูŠุช ุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ mass ููŠ ุงู„ .. ููŠ ุงู„ .. ู„ูƒู„
357
00:41:36,760 --> 00:41:41,240
.. ููŠ ุงู„ ู…ูˆู„ .. ููŠ ุงู„ ู…ูˆู„ .. ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุทุจุง ูƒูˆูŠุช
358
00:41:48,020 --> 00:41:52,980
ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุงู‚ุณู… ุนู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฏ ุฃููˆุฌุงุฏุฑูˆ ู„ุฃู†
359
00:41:52,980 --> 00:42:03,800
ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ ุจูŠุญุชูˆูŠ 6.022ร—10ร—23 ุฐุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฏ ุฃููˆุฌุงุฏุฑูˆ ู‡ุฐุง
360
00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:11,100
ุงู„ mass ุงู„ volume ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ unit cell ุงู„ V ุจุชุงุน ุงู„
361
00:42:11,100 --> 00:42:14,340
unit cell ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุงู„ number of atoms
362
00:42:14,340 --> 00:42:16,580
ุจูŠุญูƒูŠ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุชุงุด atoms ุตุญุŸ
363
00:42:19,010 --> 00:42:29,070
ุงู„ู€ atom weight ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู„ ุนุฏุฏ
364
00:42:29,070 --> 00:42:37,290
of ุฌุฑุงู… atoms ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰
365
00:42:37,290 --> 00:42:42,210
ุงู„ volume ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ุฃูˆ ู…ุชุฑ
366
00:42:42,210 --> 00:42:48,650
ู…ูƒุนุจ whatever units ูู‡ูŠุฑูˆุญ ุฃู† ุงู„ atoms ู…ุน atoms ู…ูˆู„
367
00:42:48,650 --> 00:42:57,430
ู…ุน ู…ูˆู„ ุจูŠุตูู‰ ูŠุง ุดูŠุฎ ุงู„ gram ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ
368
00:42:57,430 --> 00:43:07,390
mass ุนู„ู‰ volume ุชุดูˆู
369
00:43:07,390 --> 00:43:13,470
ู…ุซุงู„ copper has an atomic radius of 0.128
370
00:43:13,470 --> 00:43:22,400
nanometer ู†ุญุงุณ ู…ุณูƒูˆุชุฑุฏุงุฑุชูˆ ุงู„ R 0.128
371
00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:27,320
nanometer ูˆ
372
00:43:27,320 --> 00:43:36,080
ุงู„ structure ุจุชุงุนู‡ FCC ูˆ
373
00:43:36,080 --> 00:43:42,380
ุงู„ atomic weight ู„ู„ู†ุญุงุณ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
374
00:43:42,380 --> 00:43:43,000
ุณุชูŠู† ูˆ ู†ุต
375
00:43:46,880 --> 00:43:53,520
ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ู„ู…ูˆู„ ..ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุฒู† ูƒู…ุŸ ูˆุฒู† 6.022ร—10ร—23
376
00:43:53,520 --> 00:43:57,900
ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ
377
00:43:57,900 --> 00:44:04,580
ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆู„.. ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ ุจุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุนุฏุฏู†ุง ุทูŠุจ
378
00:44:11,430 --> 00:44:13,850
Compute its theoretical density and compare it
379
00:44:13,850 --> 00:44:17,530
with the
380
00:44:17,530 --> 00:44:29,550
measured value ุงู„ู€ ฯ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุนุฏุฏ ุฐุฑุงุช ููŠ
381
00:44:29,550 --> 00:44:38,350
molecular weight ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ V ุชุงุน ุงู„ู€ unit cell ููŠ ุนุฏุฏ
382
00:44:38,350 --> 00:44:43,790
ู„ูˆ ูŠู‚ุฏุฑูˆุง ุตุญุŸ ู‡ูŠ FCC ุงุญู†ุง ุญุงูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ V
383
00:44:43,790 --> 00:44:51,450
ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ unit cell ุงูŠุด ุชุณุงูˆูŠ A ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ูˆุงู„ู€ A ููŠ ุงู„ู€
384
00:44:51,450 --> 00:44:59,210
unit cell ุงูŠุด ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ FCC A
385
00:44:59,210 --> 00:45:02,990
ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุฒูŠ A ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุจูŠุณุชูˆูŠ 16 A ุชุฑุจูŠุน ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุณุชูˆูŠ
386
00:45:02,990 --> 00:45:10,190
ุฌุฐุฑ 8 ุฌุฐุฑ 8 R ุตุญ ุงู„ู€ A ุจูŠุณุชูˆูŠ ุฌุฐุฑ 8
387
00:45:11,960 --> 00:45:22,080
ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ู†ุต ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ููŠ R ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ
388
00:45:22,080 --> 00:45:26,880
ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ู†ุต ููŠ 3 ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃู‚ุตู‰ 3 ุนู„ู‰ 2 ุตุญุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
389
00:45:26,880 --> 00:45:37,380
ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† 8 ููŠ ุฌุฐุฑ 8 ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ
390
00:45:37,380 --> 00:45:38,120
R ุชูƒุนูŠุจ
391
00:45:40,940 --> 00:45:47,740
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† 8 ููŠ ุฌุฐุฑ 8 ุงู„ู€ 4 ู†ุงู†ูˆ ู…ุชุฑ point
392
00:45:47,740 --> 00:45:52,880
1 2 8 ู†ุงู†ูˆู…ุชุฑ ู†ุงู†ูˆู…ุชุฑ ูƒู… ุจุงู„ุงุณู…
393
00:45:52,880 --> 00:45:57,140
ู„ู„ู…ุชุฑ 10 ุฃุณ ุณุงู„ุจ 7 ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ sound 10
394
00:45:57,140 --> 00:46:04,660
ุฃุณ ุณุงู„ุจ 7 10 ุฃุณ ุณุงู„ุจ 7 centimeter ุงู„ูƒู„ ุชูƒุนูŠุจ
395
00:46:04,660 --> 00:46:06,140
ุงู„ู€ raw
396
00:46:13,030 --> 00:46:20,270
ุนุดุงู† ู†ุณูˆูŠ ุฃู†ุง ูƒู… ุฐุฑุฉ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ FCC 4 ููŠ
397
00:46:20,270 --> 00:46:29,790
ุงู„ู€ atom of Kuwait 4 atoms ููŠ
398
00:46:29,790 --> 00:46:36,730
atom of Kuwait 36.5 ุฌุฑุงู… ููŠ ูƒู„ ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ูˆ
399
00:46:36,730 --> 00:46:40,430
ู…ูƒุนุจ ุนู„ู‰
400
00:46:40,430 --> 00:46:42,470
ุงู„ู€ volume ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ู€ unit cell ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ุทู„ุนู†ุง ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง
401
00:46:44,490 --> 00:46:51,250
ูƒู…ุŸ 4.75 ุฃู†ุง
402
00:46:51,250 --> 00:46:55,430
ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ุฃู†ุช
403
00:46:55,430 --> 00:46:59,350
ุชูƒุนูŠุจ ุฃูƒู„ุช
404
00:46:59,350 --> 00:47:03,450
4.75 ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงูŠุดุŸ ุงูŠู‡ุŸ ุฃุนุทูŠู†ูŠ.. ุฃู†ุง
405
00:47:03,450 --> 00:47:07,190
ุนุงู… ูƒู… 4.74.5
406
00:47:12,620 --> 00:47:18,680
7 4 5 ููŠ 10 ุฃู‚ู„ ุณุงู„ุจ ูƒู…ุŸ 10 ุฃู‚ู„ ุณุงู„ุจ
407
00:47:18,680 --> 00:47:27,000
23 ููŠ 10 ุฃู‚ู„ ุณุงู„ุจ 23 ุณู†ุช
408
00:47:27,000 --> 00:47:33,780
ู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุญุท ู‡ู†ุง 4.745
409
00:47:33,780 --> 00:47:38,760
ููŠ 10 ุฃู‚ู„ ุณุงู„ุจ 23 ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ
410
00:47:51,400 --> 00:47:56,000
ููŠ 6.022 ููŠ 10 ุฃูˆ ุฃุณ 3 ูˆ
411
00:47:56,000 --> 00:48:04,140
20 atom ู„ูƒู„ mole ุญุณุจู‡ุง
412
00:48:04,140 --> 00:48:14,660
8
413
00:48:14,660 --> 00:48:16,720
.9
414
00:48:25,960 --> 00:48:32,420
ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„ ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ูƒุนุจ ุฑูˆุญ
415
00:48:32,420 --> 00:48:33,760
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ
416
00:48:51,960 --> 00:48:59,560
ุงู„ู€ 8.94 ูƒุชุจุช
417
00:48:59,560 --> 00:49:05,080
ุงู„ู€ 8.92 8.94 8.92
418
00:49:05,080 --> 00:49:11,740
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุทุฑุญุช 8.94 ู†ุงู‚ุต 8.9
419
00:49:11,740 --> 00:49:15,040
2 ุนู„ู‰ 8.94 ููŠ 100
420
00:49:18,730 --> 00:49:29,470
8.94 ู…ู‚ุตุฏ 8.92 ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู‚ุณู… ุนู„ู‰ 8.94 ููŠ 100 ูƒู…
421
00:49:29,470 --> 00:49:38,890
1% ุฃูˆ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 1% ูƒู…
422
00:49:38,890 --> 00:49:46,100
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ 100 ูŠุนู†ูŠ 20/100 ูŠุนู†ูŠ 2/1000
423
00:49:46,100 --> 00:49:52,180
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุถุนูŠู ุฌุฏุง ููŠูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ุตุช ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ููŠูƒูˆู†
424
00:49:52,180 --> 00:49:52,500
ุนุงููŠุฉ